3 Radio planning with Atoll.The purpose of this paper is to provide the plan and design a UMTS mobile communications network to give coverage to the town of Seville. We used the software tool Atoll radio planning and simulation, developed by the company Forsk. With the help of this tool will determine the design parameters of the network and relevant simulations will be performed to verify that the objectives have been achieved quality. 3.1 About Atoll. Today is no longer regarded the implementation manual or any programming of all necessary calculations for radio planning as described in Chapter 2 of this document.In a professional environment they are always planning tools, except in very simplified. ATOLL is a radio planning environment based on windows, easy to use, supports wireless carriers throughout the lifetime of the network. From initial design to the optimization phase and during the various extensions [2]. More than an engineering tool, ATOLL is a technical information system open, scalable and flexible that it can be easily integrated into other telecommunications systems, increasing productivity and reducing development time. ATOLL allows a wide variety of deployment scenarios. From a single server, up configurations using parallel and distributed computing. The main features of Atoll are: · Advanced properties in network design: a tool for calculating propagation of high-performance, multi-network support and hierarchical traffic shaping, and automatic frequency planning and network optimization codes.It supports GSM / TDMA, GPRS, EDGE, IS-95 CDMA, W-CDMA / UMTS, CDMA 2000. Allows network planning technologies (GSM / UMTS, GSM / GPRS, CDMA/CDMA2000 ...). · Open and flexible architecture: it supports multi-user environments through architecture innovative databases that can share data, manage the integrity of the data and easy integration with other telecommunications systems.Allows the integration of proprietary modules (AFP propagation models) through a set of programming interfaces (APIs). It also allows the integration of macros. · Parallel and distributed computations: ATOLL allows the distribution of computation among multiple workstations and supports parallel computations in multiprocessor servers, dramatically reducing the time of simulation and prediction, taking full advantage of hardware. · Art GIS, geographical data ATOLL supports multi-format and multiresolution and integration with GIS tools. Allows loading complex databases and display geographic information interactively with multiple layers, including engineering studies and prediction.Includes raster and vector editor. ATOLL is composed of a core module that can add modules such as UMTS module (allowing projects CDMA / CDMA 2000) specifically for the analysis and network planning W-CDMA/UMTS, the Measures module allows you to import and manage specific measures CW or test data mobile routes, Module Automatic Frequency Planning for the optimization of frequency plans GSM / TDMA and Microwave Planning module. This module allows users to plan and analyze microwave links. The advantages for our purposes is obtained from this application are based mainly on three aspects: · Allows us to have databases of high resolution topographic and access to them for terrain profiles and data to be used for calculations of propagation. · We can use methods of predicting the radio propagation more elaborate and much more laborious calculations, which would be impossible to perform manually. · It also allows us to have databases with existing or planned equipment.This makes it easier to compare different potential sites, antenna height, power equipment, etc. We have therefore a much higher range of possibilities and simplifies the process of network optimization. Atoll is based on digital terrain maps.The program can perform calculations on information extracted from these maps and databases that the engineer generates information on the network. Maps, databases and the results of these calculations are grouped into program files called "projects." 3.2 Traffic modeling. The first objective is to model in some way the traffic generated by the user population of the city of Seville [1] [2], [7]. We create a UMTS-type project (File | New) by selecting the template UMTS HSDPA. The first is to import the maps for the city of Sevilla (File | Import), select the index files of different folders that are grouped charts: Heights (map type altitudes) Clutter (clutter type classes) , Ortho (image) and Vector (lineare). The resolution of the maps that we use is 25 m, which in principle is sufficient because the target area topography is fairly uniform and regular. The map is a map of heights and contains altimetry and topographic relief of the work area.The information contained in this map is used for the calculation of coverage and spread. Altimetry map we use for our study is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10: Map of altimetry Seville. The clutter map is the map of land uses and in it, each type corresponds to a color field.The clutter that we will use is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11: Map of land use (clutter classes) in Seville. Is shown in Figure 12: . buildings (BUILDINGS). water (INLAND_WATER). forest (FOREST). residential (RESIDENTIAL). village (VILLAGE). As shown in the legend. in the case of Sevilla have 12 types of zones: the open (OPEN). Ortho map is simply an aerial photo of the city. opened in town (OPEN_IN_URBAN). industrial (INDUSTRIAL). parks (PARKS) and dispersed urban (SCATTERED_URBAN). urban average (MEAN_URBAN) urban sprawl (DENSE_URBAN). the map identifies Vectors roads. rivers.Figure 12: orthophoto map type. railway lines. Finally. . etc. Vectors map we will use is shown in Figure 13. orthophoto and vectors. The result of this overlap map shown in Figure 14: . The layers of different maps overlap each other.Figure 13: Map type Vectors of the city. We will arrange to appreciate all the time clutter maps. Order can be changed by moving the mouse for almost all visible simultaneously. To model the traffic generated by the city are going to define user profiles.Figure 14: Overlay of all city maps.2 kbps 3 dB MMS UDD64 Packet mode No 0 0. Service Name R99 Bearer Service Type Soft handoff allowed Priority Factor activity in the UL Factor activity in the DL Average date rate in the UL Average date rate on the DL Lost by the body Voice LCD12 Circuit mode Yes 2 0.75 64 kbps 384 kbps 0 dB Video conference LCD64 Circuit Mode Yes 1 1 1 64 kbps 64 kbps 0 dB Table 1: Characteristics of UMTS services. and each one will assign a number of UMTS services with certain parameters that indicate the user traffic generated by each service.4 12.2 kbps 12. It was not deemed necessary to modify the default values for these services Atoll.75 0.We are only going to include in the model of services: voice. The service features are included in Table 1.75 0. as are typical for UMTS planning in cities. Internet access and video conferencing. MMS.4 0.75 64 kbps 64 kbps 0 dB Internet UDD384 Packet mode No 0 0. . [4]. · Service Adolescent (10-20 years): Terminal Calls per Type hour Telephone 0. Terminal Minimum power Maximum Noise Type (dBm) power (dBm) Figure (dB) Telephone -50 21 8 PDA -50 25.000 - Voice MMS Mobile Telephone Mobile Access Telephone The Internet Mobile Video Telephone Conference Mobile Table 3: Traffic generated by the user Adolescents.005 Call duration Volume of data Data volume in in the UL DL (Kbytes) (sec) (Kbytes) 250 125 150 200 150 6.These services can be obtained from different types of terminals. We will consider two different types of terminals: mobile phone and PDA. 7 Active set size 3 1 Table 2: Characteristics of UMTS terminals. User profiles with their services and associated terminal types listed in Tables 38.25 0 0 0. and are listed in Table 2. · Service Voice MMS Young (20-30 years).25 275 Phone Mobile 0 200 200 Phone .These values are set with reference to other studies dimensioning of UMTS networks to which access has been [1]. Terminal Calls per Call duration Volume of data Data volume in Type hour (Sec) in the UL DL (Kbytes) (Kbytes) Mobile 0. The terminal characteristics are those that have default Atoll. 025 Call duration Volume of data Data volume in in the UL DL (Kbytes) (sec) (Kbytes) 200 100% 100% 200 100% 6.000 - Mobile Phone MMS Mobile Phone Internet Mobile Access Phone Video Mobile Conference Phone Table 5: Traffic generated by the user Median age.000 - Table 4: Traffic generated by young users. Terminal Calls per Type hour 0. · Service Elderly (+65 years).000 - Table 6: Traffic generated by the user age.00125 Call duration Volume data in Data volume in (sec) the UL (Kbytes) DL (Kbytes) 120 60 100% 200 100% 6.001 0. Terminal Calls per Type hour Call duration Volume of data Data volume in in the UL DL (Kbytes) (sec) (Kbytes) .005 0 0.Internet Access Video Conference Mobile Phone Mobile Phone 0 0. Terminal Type Mobile Phone Mobile Phone Mobile Phone Mobile Phone Calls per hour 0 0.2 0. · Service ` MMS Internet Access Video Conference Middle age (50-65 years).0025 0. · Service Voice Middle-aged (30-50 years).005 150 300 - 7. 000 - Table 8: Traffic generated by the user person business. which is only noted on the map to that type of environment is for each pixel of the map. each of which will assign a population density of users associated with their mobility. The types of mobility (Table 9) are those set by default Atoll.25 0 0. Average speed mobility rate (Km / h) Eo / Io (dB) Threshold HG-SCCH Ec / Nt (dB) .25 0 Mobile Phone MMS Mobile Phone Internet Mobile Access Phone Video Mobile Conference Phone Voice PDA MMS PDA Internet PDA Access Video PDA Conference Call duration Volume of Data volume in (sec) data in the UL DL (Kbytes) (Kbytes) 350 200 350 200 200 500 200 500 200 10. as they are considered typical values of UMTS in cities. The next step for modeling the traffic generated by the city is to define a series of "environments" type. Later on the map available generate an environment map. Terminal Calls per Type hour 0.0005 0. · Service Voice Business Person.00125 0.000 200 10.05 0.00005 60 30 100% 100% - 100% 3.5 0 0.000 - Table 7: Traffic generated by the user person further.5 0 0.Mobile Phone MMS Mobile Phone Internet Mobile Access Phone Video Mobile Conference Phone Voice 0. 200 1800 275 1000 2. 1200 200 400 1. 50 150 . but ensures that the network does not saturate easily. The densities were chosen by reference to demographic studies which have been accessed [7].050 Young 21 eight hundred.600 Medium 39 1. Environments are defined as set out in Table 10. 150 75 1. Type Teenage environment Open 8 Urban Urban dense Residential Manufacturing Buildings 425 eight hundred. Then we estimated the density associated with each environment for each user group. [11]. 1200 200 400 1. Is to size the network assuming that pays a 20% of the inhabitants of the city.The results are shown in Table 11. Percentage is quite optimistic.600 other 9 700 900 150 75 1. Each environment is characterized by a series of pairs "user profile" mobility "and a population density associated with each of them.200 Business 2 75 100% 25.400 older 21 eight hundred. again taking as reference demographic studies of the National Institute of Statistics [11]. which may take a long time even achieved or not achieved.Pedestrian 50 Km / h 90 Km / h 3 50 90 -14 -14 -14 -9 -9 -9 Table 9: Types of mobility And finally we define the environments. Type of environment (ab/Km2) Open Urban Dense urban Residential Industrial Great Buildings Population density (hab/Km2) Density of subscribers 400 20000 30000 5000 10000 40000 100 4000 6000 1000 2000 8000 Table 10: Types of environments from the city of Seville. which is intended to restrict vehicle access in the near future. . being mainly the old town area. For a dense urban environment has been a percentage of subscribers in much lower vehicle.Table 11: Densities and types of users associated with Sevilla environments. For this open environment User type Mobility Teen Young Median age older other Business is shown in Table 12: Pedestrian 50 Km/h 2 3 7 7 13 13 7 7 3 3 0 1 90 km/h 3 7 13 7 3 1 Table 12: Types of users and mobility associated with the open environment Table 13 shows what we have estimated for an urban environment: User type/Mobility Pedestrian 50Km/h 90km/h Teen 375 25 25 Young 700 50 50 Medium 1000 100 100 Older 700 50 50 Other 40 40 620 Business 50 13 12 Table 13: Types of users and mobility associated with the urban environment.Densities associated with the binomial type of user-mobility are shown in Table 14: User Type /Mobility Teen Young Median Older Other Business Pedestrian 780 1170 1760 1170 880 95 50Km/h 10 15 20 15 10 3 90km/h 10 15 20 15 10 2 Table 14: Types of users and mobility associated with dense urban environment. Finally. we must define what percentage of each user densities associated with the environment presented by each type of mobility. Terminals.You can delete and add entries for folders: Environments. Mobility Types. All these parameters can be completed in the UMTS parameters folder in the data tab of the browser window. The next step is to create a traffic map. To do this. scenario-based or raster. Services and within each entry you can change various settings for each input. and we mark on the map kind of environment that belongs to each zone. on a digital map of Seville we will define a number of areas and each of them we assign one type of environment (environment map or raster). The map of environments we will generate a similarity of map of land uses which have the city of Seville. The result is shown in Figure 15 .The associated densities are given in Table 15: user type /Mobility Pedestrian 50 Km / h 90 km / h Teen 140 5 5 Young 180 10 10 Middle 250 13 12 Older 180 10 10 Other 140 5 5 Business 20 3 2 Table 15: Types of people associated with residential mobility. To create a traffic map Atoll Geo select the tab of the browser window.The land use map or clutter classes each zone shows a different color. create a new road map.For the residential environment are also considered low densities for cases 50 km / h and 90 km / h. User Profiles. as they are considered low-traffic areas. 800 MHz and 2. as is the case at hand. COST231) is a variation of the Hata formula for systems operating at 1. the Okumura-Hata method is only for frequencies below 1500 MHz Cost-Hata (or Hata.Open Residential Urban Dense urban High buildings Industrial estates Parks Figure 15: Map of surroundings of the city of Seville.000 MHz [4].3 Propagation model. Propagation Models folder in the Modules tab of the browser window assign a different formula for each type of clutter map area. It will use the propagation model Cost-Hata. The allocation formula is that of Table 16: Zone Type Field (OPEN) Water (INLAND_WATER) Residential (RESIDENTIAL) Urban average (MEAN_URBAN) Urban sprawl (DENSE_URBAN) Buildings (BUILDINGS) Pueblo (VILLAGE) Industrial (INDUSTRIAL) Cost-Hata formula Rural (open area) Rural (open area) medium-sized city and suburban Metropolitan Center Metropolitan Center Metropolitan Center medium-sized city and suburban Metropolitan Center . Hata formula is specially designed for applications in mobile communications in any environment (COST231 is only for urban environments) and on the other hand. 3. 5 m.7) H r . define Predictions folder as the default method of propagation Cost-Hata with a resolution according to the resolution of the maps (25 m) and a terminal height of 1.9 to 6.9 .82 logHb + (44.0.(1.9 .8) Total = Lu .94 Finally.0.82 logHb + (44.78 log 2 logf f + 18.4.82 log Hb + (44. These specifications pertain to the equipment described in Chapter 4.33 . This value for the height of the terminal is a typical value used for such studies and that implies that all active users are at ground level.3 + 33.13.4.9 to 6.56 log f .1 logf .0.8) Total = Lu .9 to 6.7) H r .3 + 33. ie in the worst case (further away from the base station) .40.3 + 33.13.(1.9 log f .8) Total = Lu .55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1.(1. We will try to model with these teams Atoll as realistic as possible so that the results of the simulations are close to reality as possible.56 logf .0.Open city (OPEN_IN_URBAN) Forest (FOREST) Parks (PARKS) Dispersed urban (SCATTERED_URBAN) Rural (almost open) Rural (almost open) Rural (almost open) medium-sized city and suburban Table 16: Allocation of Cost-Hata formulas to different types of environment.a (H r) .78 log 2 logf f + 18.82 logHb + (44.9 .1 log f .(1.a (H r) · Medium-sized city and suburban: Lu logf = 46.55 log Hb) gives log (M r) = (1.0.13.0.8) Total = Lu .9 to 6.13.a (H r) . The terms set out in the Atoll database for this method are: · Metropolitan Center: Lu = 49. We will introduce information about the technical characteristics of the computer in your network.35.33 .55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1.56 logf .94 · Rural (open area): Lu logf = 46.55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1. .7) H r .a (H r) · Rural (almost open): Lu logf = 46.4 Network equipment.1 logf .1 logf .56 logf .0.3 + 33. 3.0.7) H r . The characteristics of the antenna set are shown in Table 17.4. Name Manufacturer Gain Power Tilt Beamwidth maximum frequency Minimum frequency UD01P_D18BB Kathrein 18 dBi 4º 63 º 2. We will create a new antenna from scratch.170 MHz 1920 MHz Table 17: Properties of the antenna Atoll.1 of Chapter 4. The patterns of horizontal and vertical filing of the antenna are shown in Figures 16 and 17 respectively. which is as close as possible to our actual antenna.3. .1. Atoll contains a database with some antennas defined by default.1 Antennas.4. To do this we create a new folder antenna Antennas Data tab of the browser window. The description of the antennas are going to use is found in paragraph 4. the antenna has a beamwidth of 63 ° in the horizontal plane (3 dB drop at 63 º) the attenuation is 10 dB at 120 º and the attenuation of the lateral lobes (90 º) is 20 dB (see Figure 16). . As described in Chapter 4.Figure 16: horizontal radiation pattern of the antenna UD01P_D18BB in Atoll. The base station model chosen is the IN-60 from Nortel.Figure 17: Radiation pattern of the antenna vertical UD01P_D18BB in Atoll. select manage staff.4. 3.5 degrees and has introduced a power tilt 4 º (see Figure 17). The selected parameters are those of Table 18: Number of sectors Antenna model B 2 Frequency Band Height 3 UD01P_D18B . whose main characteristics will be found in Chapter 4. On the vertical beamwidth is 6.170 MHz 30 m .2 Base Station. make a copy of an old template and fill it with the specifications of our base station. The characteristics of the base station is included in Atoll in the corresponding deployment template. In the radio toolbar. 5 Deployment planning.000 Kbps 256 256 3. The template urban uses hexagonal cells. Once we have modeled the traffic of the city of Seville can begin to locate the sites and have run simulations to achieve quality objectives. Internet access service is the lowest priority and is also the most penalized other services. with 550 m cell radius and a single carrier. We will begin the deployment of sites using the available templates. We deployment of Node Bs throughout the target area. we will use the urban insole to begin the deployment and conduct the first simulations and assessments. In principle we will look quality objectives in Table 19: Service Probability of service denial or delay Voice 2% MMS 5% Internet access 10% Video Conference 2% Table 19: Quality objectives. 5 dB 33 dBm 21 dBm 30 dBm 5 dB 43 dBm 75% 50% 1. As most of the target area is urban type. it is likely therefore to be the most likely to be rejected by the network and we may be difficult to obtain high levels of availability . We set a target of availability of Voice and Video Conferencing as telephone networks are usually designed for a 2% chance of rejection. the result is shown in Figure 18: .000 Kbps 1.base station Noise figure Pilot Channel Power SCH Power Power other CCH AS Threshold Maximum power Maximum load on the DL (peak) The maximum load on the UL Maximum date rate per user at DL Maximum date rate per user at UL Maximum number of CEs in the DL channel Maximum number of CEs in the UL Table 18: Table of characteristics of the base station Atoll. We have set a quality goal of 5% for MMS because it has a lower priority than those of the services operating in circuit mode (it is considered less critical) and not a delaysensitive service. etc.The objective of the algorithm is to minimize interference and maximize network capacity. the result is a distribution of users with different network parameters: level of interference. . connection refused . the terminal state (connected.Since the user distributions of traffic map Atoll generates a population of users on the map and for each of these users the simulator executes a power control algorithm for the uplink and downlink.This will restrict the connection to the network users who use low-priority services and generate a lot of interference. Atoll UMTS simulations are based on a Monte Carlo simulator [1]. In UMTS each mobile station receives interference from base stations other than their own cells.). load factor for each cell. With an array of these features can cover the city's urban core with 36 locations.This process creates a snapshot of the UMTS network.. but not other phones. and all base station receives interference from their cell phones and other cells..Figure 18: Deployment design and hexagonal cell radius 550 m. but not the other base stations. We will perform a first simulation to gauge whether the cell size and number of carriers is adequate or not. they are rejected. Unlike the pilot channel and synchronization and control channels. By running 10 simulations with all restrictions and value the results of the simulation average. If certain users penalize others too mobile. b) If the above restrictions are observed. The results obtained (on average) are shown in Tables 20-22 (in parentheses indicates the standard deviation): Traffic requested: Users Active on the DL Active in the UL Active DL+ UL Inactive .The sum of the power of traffic channels. synchronization. · Exceeding the maximum power that can transmit moving in the UL (Pmob> Pmob max). Have been exhausted channel elements per site. and pilot can not exceed the maximum power transmitted per cell. The minimum and maximum power of traffic channels for each service are detailed in Table Services for UMTS Parameters. Atoll simulates the power control mechanism using an iterative algorithm in each iteration. the number of traffic channels and their powers depend on the data traffic. and is one of the parameters in the simulations is determined through the control algorithm power. one by one. the rejections are caused by network congestion: · · · · It exceeds the load factor (in admission or congestion). control. another to control channels and the rest is shared among the traffic channels. to the network. with the decision of rejection correlated with service priority. A portion of the transmitter power is intended to pilot channel.In Atoll distinguished the following reasons for rejection: a) The signal quality is poor: · The carrier / interference in the DL is below the threshold (Ec / Io <Ec / Io min). another to the synchronization channel. Have exhausted the spreading code.We have already said that UMTS capacity depends on the total received interference. we will perform a group of several simulations and study the results statistically. all the population of mobile users generated try to be connected. Instead of sticking to the results of a single simulation. Not enough power to transmit cell. · It exceeds the maximum power available for traffic channels in the DL (PTCH> PTCH max). 2 398.9 (50.8(9.1 448.5 iterations on average per simulation): Number of users rejected Exceeding the maximum power of the terminal in the UL (Pmob> Pmob max) It exceeds the standard maximum power available for traffic Channels in DL (PTCH> PTCH max) The carrier-interference in the pilot channel (DL) is below threshold (Ec / Io <Ec / Io min) Saturation loading in the Refusal of admission 1086 635.Total Voice MMS Internet access Video Conference 3.6(57.85) 595.7%) Table 21: Breakdown of rejected connections as the cause of rejection.4 398.2 134.04) 0 Table 20: Traffic demand at a given instant.480.6 0 0 0 2.3 136.9 300.3%)(44.684.2 1867.4 413.55) 459.9 1.483.6) 1.1%)(50.6 69.6 (18.005. Simulation results (16.8 893.5 61. Users online online on the DL Services Total Voice 1816(49. Broken down by services.8(68.17) 820.8(8.2 183.4) 1689.8 846 593.1 0 1.6 DL 10.9 61.28) 67.5(68.6 893.6 268.8 online in the DL online DL+UL .2 0 461.6 1. 6(51.5 53.94) 31. As the service requires the highest date rate.We see that indeed most penalized services are the lowest priority (MMS and Internet access) and more specifically the penalty is Internet access.MMS Internet access Video Conference 17. Connection Rejection Figure 19: Snapshot of the state of the network terminals.1(12.9 0 0 0.93) 78.6 24.8%)(8.1%)(6.2 31. the results are consistent with the tables drawn from the simulations.5%)(4.6 Table 22: Breakdown of courses by the service connections We can also study these models in a more graphic. . Visually.7(7. The simulation results are far from the established quality objectives. we can see that about half of the users are being rejected. Figure 19 shows the position of all the terminals at the time of the simulation are trying to access a service and the state found. which is what generates more interference.6 0 9.76) 7. is the most traffic demand and therefore more traffic channels required and the cell that needs more power (generating interference in other phones). In this case we see those red and black line that are being rejected or delayed. We add two carriers to each cell of the network to check if this cell size can meet the quality objectives.493.5 888.6 0 0 0 Table 23: Demand for a given traffic. The results of repeating the previous simulations.6 65.5 (7. but with 3 carriers per cell are shown in Tables 23-25. That is.02) 131 (12. it would be advisable to reduce the cell size.7 iterations on average per simulation): Number rejected (20. Traffic requested: Users Inactive Total Voice MMS Access Internet Video Conference 3.86) 60. not to have too tight design.6 205. If amply fulfilled.6 888.Looking at Table 18. to allow for future network expansions.9 60. we see that the second cause of rejection is the saturation on the DL.03) 1.700.1 (43. we do not have sufficient traffic channels to meet demand. In principle. .9 0.4 835. the easiest way to increase the number of traffic channels is adding new carriers.2 161. And adding more transmitters also helps that there is more power to distribute among the traffic channels and may help to improve the quality of the signal.041.3 (14.4 65.467.2 593. which would also be attacking the main cause of rejection (the carrier interference pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (E c / I o <E c / I or min)).76) Active In the DL 1. Simulation results (14.1 392.2 0 Active in the DL 864. Are met by a small margin.7 users 1.56) 2.2 592.1 487.3 (54.5%) Exceeding the maximum power of the terminal in the UL (Pmob> Pmob max) It exceeds the standard maximum power available for traffic channels in DL (PTCH> PTCH max) The carrier-interference in the pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (Ec / Io <Ec / Io min) Saturation load on the DL Refusal of admission 756.2 0 Active DL+ UL 454.1 Table 24: Breakdown of rejected connections as the cause of rejection.4 106.7 0 0. we can reduce the number of carriers in the cells. but the rejection rate remains high.5%)(53. In this case we can represent the map of Seville on the results of these simulations (Figure 20).7 0 0.7 36.7 Table 25: Breakdown of courses by the service connections.61) 58. In this case shown on the map in Figure 20 the result of several simulations simultaneously. We see that the connection terminals are clearly more numerous.4 294.6 0 online in the DL 735.4(79. Connection Rejection Figure 20: State of the terminal cells of 550 m radius and 3 carriers.71) 75.79) online In the DL 905.Broken down by services: Users Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference online 2943.5%)(9.7 574.6 381.2 58.49) 416.3(97%)(58.1) 2393.1 (40%)(9.3(57.3 0 online DL+ UL 440.5 38.9 121.7 575.7(97%)(7. . The simulation results are shown in Tables 26-28: Traffic requested: Users Total 3.3 889. Initially we will size the network to its maximum capacity.The results are greatly improved but still inadequate. with three carriers per cell. to give him room for network growth and lower the initial cost of deployment.471. the result of covering the urban area of Seville with cells of this size would be the one shown in Figure 21: Figure 21: Deploying UMTS cells 350 m radius. ie. we must rule out possible to cover UMTS to Seville with the cell size.4 Inactive . The template dense urban target area divided into cells of 350 m radius.669.9 Assets in DL 1.2 Assets in UL 847 Assets in DL + UL 462. In this case the number of sites has increased significantly to 82. Let's try using the following template available for deployment of UMTS Atoll in areas with high population density. If we find that the cell size is sufficient we can begin to reduce the number of carriers at less charged cells. 1 0 online in the DL 816.2 61.82) Conference (5.6(92.04) 997.5%)(5.12) online On the DL 1.6 0 1.11) 134.7 800.05) 120.8%)(46.476.5 889.5 67.7 0 0 The Internet (18.239.8 (10.4(99.5 583.4 Table 28: Breakdown of courses by the service connections.1(75. 67.7 399. In this case we can represent the map of Seville on the results of these simulations (Table 23): .4 577.5 0 195.9(99.2%)(15.2%)(10.2 584.1 61.5 603 59.31) 61.39) 2474.9%)(41.(38.3 0 0 603.06) Table 26: Demand for a given traffic.1 230.2(89.96) Voice MMS Access Video 2.1 399.9 61.4 Simulation results (18 iterations on average per simulation): Number rejected users Exceeding the maximum power terminal in the UL (Pmob> Pmob max) It exceeds the standard maximum power available for traffic channels in the DL (PTCH> PTCH max) The carrier-interference pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (Ec / Io <Ec / Io min) Saturation load on the DL Refusal of admission 263.2%) 0 30 3.3 (7.14) 750.2 0 Table 27: Breakdown of rejected connections as the cause of rejection.2 (41.4 0 0.1 0 online DL+UL 461.6 60.Broken down by services: Users Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference online 3406.8 172. Connection Rejection Figure 22: State of the terminal cells of 350 m radius and 3 carriers. After making the deployment on the map the result is shown in Figure 22: . Predefined templates Atoll UMTS cell sizes do not allow minors. We will define a template image of the dense urban. so let's try to reduce a little the size of the cell. This is explained we've made a pretty optimistic traffic modeling (from the point of view of the operator) to cover our backs and make sure that the network later on staying small. The results are still not achieving the quality objectives. but with a cell size of 200 m 3 carriers. 33 583. The simulation results shown in Tables 29-31: Traffic requested: Users Total Voice MMS Access Video Conference 3.65) 125.67 415 889.488.67 .Figure 23: Deployment of UMTS cells of 200 m radius.33 Active in the UL 830.69) 62.008.33 (13.684 (57.33 63 0 0 602.72) 1.67 0 183.35) 2.4 Claims on the DL 1.67 (4.67 (16.78) 823.33 Active in the Inactive DL + UL 470.33 54.67 0 1 54.67 0 0 The Internet (29.495.67 894. 33 0 83.Table 29: Demand for a given traffic.398.67(100%)(16.33 61 735. Simulation results (17.4%)(43.67 61.33 average per simulation iterations): Number of users rejected Exceeding the maximum power terminal in the UL (P mob> P mob max) It exceeds the standard maximum available power for traffic channels in the DL (P tch> tch P max) The carrier-interference in the pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (E c / I o <E c / I or min) Saturation load on the DL Denial of admission 97 (2.67 602.7%)(15.37) 54.33 178 0 online DL+ UL 470.67 415 0 1 54. Broken down by services: Users Services Total Voice MMS Internet access Video Conference online 3587(97.67(100%)(4.6%) 0 13.33(97.67 0 Table 30: Breakdown of rejected connections as the cause of rejection.72) 914.65) 122.6%)(13.18) 2495.78) online In the DL 1. In this case we can represent the map of Seville on the results of these simulations.33 0 online in the DL 823 583.67 Table 31: Breakdown of courses by the service connections.33(90. The state of the network shown in Figure 24: . However. dense urban buildings and in fact. virtually all of the requested connections have been accepted. many of them are on the edges of the target area and only use 50% of the surface of some of their cells. there are areas of the map with a density of users / traffic much smaller. We rely on that to assume that if we remove the border sites to cover small target area and eliminate some sites open and industrial areas. To obtain these results are needed 250 locations. It is expected that these sites are not providing service to many users and the traffic of these users can be taken up by neighboring cells without the degree of saturation increased significantly.Connection Rejection Figure 24: State of the terminal cells of 200 m radius. the probability of . in previous simulations most of the rejected users come from these areas. so small cells do not need to support this traffic. As expected. These results if they meet the quality objectives set initially. we even have some room to try to minimize the cost of the network (number of sites) and reduce the number of carriers in some transmitters to provide a network for further margin expansion.200 m cells are essential in urban. Similarly. We dimensioned the network to the rejection in urban areas is acceptable. We have also reoriented the antenna sites within the village that gave coverage to low traffic areas (such as parks.75 (32. In residential and industrial areas that are surrounded by dense areas and have maintained those sites that serve as reinforcement to support the traffic of the surrounding areas.460.25 577.rejection need not be accepted.The final configuration results are shown in Tables 32-34: Assets Assets Assets in Inactive Users in DL in UL DL + UL Total 3.647.85) Voice 2. open type).463.75 601 386. to strengthen coverage of the surrounding areas more densely populated.75 446.75 898 841.25 1.5 898 . We see that we have eliminated most of the sites on the edge of the target area and those in which only one cell was missed we reoriented the antenna to give coverage within the area of interest. but in doing so we have oversized the network in other areas. After you delete and add sites several times and repeat the simulations as often as necessary were obtained the configuration of Figure 25: Figure 25: Deployment of final locations of the UMTS network. We have also eliminated some sites of the environments with lower traffic density (open area and industrial area). showing where the terminals are located rejected the previous simulations.75 0 Table 33: Breakdown of rejected connections as the cause of rejection.67 386.5 (8.25 177 0 online DL+UL 470. This is also confirmed in Figure 26.25 0 84.25(90.08) online In the DL 1.18) 2463. .75 63 729 0 online in the DL 823 601 57.67 577.75 57.37) 908.09) 1.25(100%)(34. Reducing the number of sites by approximately 25% have achieved similar or even better for some services (MMS). while the industrial area just west of the river has a dozen rejections with only 7 base stations.2%)(11.398.4%)(43.004 12.1 57.75 average per simulation iterations): Number of users rejected Exceeding the maximum power terminal in the UL (P mob> P mob max) It exceeds the standard maximum available power for channels Traffic on the DL (P tch> tch P max) The carrier-interference in the pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (E c / I o <E c / I or min) Saturation load on the DL Refusal of admission 98 (2.37) 120.08) 0 0 57. Simulation results (16.(34.25(98. We see that areas with higher density of sites are still the highest density of terminals has rejected.25 57.7%) 0 13.37) MMS Access The Internet Video Conference 122.66) 57. This shows that some of the projected sites added nothing to the network and that something as simple as redirecting some antennas to areas of high traffic density can increase the network capacity.5 0 2.5 0 818.5(100%)(8.75 0 64.5 Table 34: Breakdown of courses by the service connections. Broken down by services: Users Services Total Voice MMS Internet access Video Conference online 3587(97.75 0 0 Table 32: Demand for a given traffic.5 (12.5%)(4.25 183 2. It can be set globally or individually in the table cells. Atoll easy viewing of neighboring cells on the map. Atoll is possible to establish automatically neighborhoods by imposing some restrictions on certain cells that may be part of a neighborhood. which allows easy management. · -Overlap between the coverage areas of the reference cell and a cell candidate neighbor.Connection Rejection Figure 26: Location of the connections rejected. The algorithm for automatic assignment of neighboring cells is based on the following parameters: · -Max neighboring cells. .6 Establishment of neighborhoods. or its signal to interference (Ec / Io). Once established neighborhood relations.The concept of coverage here refers to the level of the pilot channel. 3. · Inter-Site-Max distance is the maximum distance that can exist between the reference cell and a cell candidate neighbor. 200 m: in urban areas the distance between adjacent sites is around 600 m.200 meters these are not considered neighbors.But sites that cover open or industrial areas are more isolated. Atoll generates a huge table with all the neighbors of each cell.Each cell is surrounded by a maximum of 6 other cells. With this restriction we make sure that even if more than 20 pairs of transmitter / carrier that are less than 1. To perform automatic assignment of neighboring cells we will Automaticac allocation option.Setting a maximum distance of 1. Forcing symmetry-neighborly relations.If each physical cell Atoll are 3-cell (cell = torque transmitter / carrier) we will have 6 x 3 = 18 + 2 (the others carry the same physical cell) = 20. more than about 1.· -Power which contributes to the total interference. Additionally you can set the following additional restrictions: · · · · "Forcing all cells of the same site are neighbors. We will impose the following restrictions on the establishment of neighborhood algorithm: Distance between neighboring sites: 1. -Establish exceptional couples. -Force that are geographically adjacent neighboring cells. which is in Neighbours option within the cells of the folder option transmitters of the data tab of the browser window. This restriction aims at limiting the number of residents in such locations. As such information becomes unmanageable will be included in Table 36.000 of the closest locations. Maximum number of neighbors: 20: This restriction is intended for sites in the most populated areas.200 meters to ensure that these are neighboring sites only closer. which shows only few cells have a given number of neighbors to see which is approximately the average number of neighbors per cell Number of neighbors 13 January 2005 10 9 8 7 Number of cells 6 9 26 13 54 137 . At all times you can check the consistency of the current code assignment on the network under study. or automatically on all cells or a group of cells. In addition. as well as additional restrictions based on the list of neighboring cells. Groups Group 1 Group 2 Group 3+ Group 4 Minimum 0 32 64 96 Maximum 4 36 68 100% Step 1 1 1 1 . defining exceptional couples. distances and neighborhoods. criteria and minimum distance pairs exceptional. in 4 groups of 5. Atoll provides a mapping tool based on an algorithm that takes into account the definition of groups and code domains.7 Allocation of primary scrambling codes.The code assignment can be done either manually or automatically. In the second case. In the browser window. Depending on the allocation strategy may be imposed various restrictions on code groups and domains. and codes from 0 to 511. In UMTS there are 512 scrambling codes that are distributed in 64 clusters of 8 codes. It is advisable to assign different codes to a given cell and all cells belonging to its list of neighbors. Table 36 lists the 20 codes are initially elected.6 5 4 3 2 1032 205 91 17 3 Table 35: Number of cells with a given number of neighbors. The assignment can be done manually for each cell. It is essential that a cell and its neighbor does not have the same code as the maximum number of neighbors that we introduced in the calculation algorithm neighborhoods is 20 going to try initially to run the algorithm with 20 codes to see what it gives. The randomization codes allow you to separate from other cells. we will Transmitters | Cells | Primary Scrambling Codes | Domains and call codes Sevilla. second neighboring cells. First let's create a code for domain Atoll. The clusters are numbered from 0 to 63. we have seen that 20 is the number of cells in the space adjacent to another cell in the area of highest density of sites. so it seems a reasonable value to start. 3. It does not seem advisable to abuse of the codes that way in such a large network. Groups Group 1 Group 2 Group 3+ Minimum 0 32 64 Maximum 4 36 68 Step 1 1 1 . If forced to use different code to the neighbors of neighbors to 20 codes was too weak.The associated dialog box. you can select the parameters that the algorithm takes into consideration: · -Existing Neighbours: using the table of neighborhoods. On the other hand.So groups of 5 were added to the domain code of codes until the algorithm converged to reach a total of 55 codes. they must have different codes. The codes used are those in Table 37. in Transmitters | Cells | Primary Scrambling Codes | Automatic allocation. we will be very restrictive in this regard and set a manifestly greater reuse distance: 2. a cell can not have the same scrambling code to its neighboring cells.Table 36: Codes of randomization initially elected.000 m. · "Reuse Distance: Minimum distance from which codes can be reused. The first execution of the algorithm given error. We follow the same criteria to choose the number of codes. Activate only as constraints Neighbours and Additional Existing Ec / Io conditions. it was impossible to enforce these restrictions by using only 20 codes. This option is in the browser window. and between all codes must be different. Since it is very critical that we have in our network signals with power levels of the same order of magnitude using the same code in the same cell. Before running the algorithm we have to go to the table cell (Cells Transmitters | Open Table) and fill the field Scrambling code domain with the domain created: Codes Sevilla.200 m. · -Second Neighbours: the previous condition spreads to neighboring cells to their neighbors. · -Additional Ec / Io conditions: all stations belonging to the active set of the reference cell in the area where it provides the best signal. We can run the allocation algorithm. we have seen that there is distance between neighboring sites if up to 1. With the results of the algorithm.593 cells. We have 177 sites. which makes a total of 1. for which we assigned 55 codes. which gives an average of .) Figure 27: Allocation of randomization codes for UMTS network.Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 96 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 100% 132 164 196 228 260 292 324 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Table 37: Codes of randomization used. Atoll generates statistics that show the number of times the algorithm has assigned a specific code (Figure 27) and the number of times you have used a code for a given cluster (Figure 28 . each with 3 sectors and 3 carriers per sector. The aim of these studies is to document graphically the network and verify that the design is adequate. Let us now use the cluster: Figure 28: Use of cluster codes for our UMTS network. .8 Study coverage In this section we will perform a series of studies on the deployed network coverage. We then used 11 clusters. Coverage studies provide us with information on the status of the network at all locations of the target area. UMTS has 64 clusters of 8 codes each. each group therefore a distinct cluster. Could therefore be added to the network 33 new codes without the need for a new cluster 3. each with 3 free codes. We see that the code assignment revolves around the aforementioned value. We have defined a code domain consisting of 11 groups of 5 codes. indeed of the 11 sets of codes we see that there are 6 in all codes exceeded that average and 5 in which none does.28.96 cells per code. The different types of site surveys that can be performed in Atoll are: · Study coverage signal level. Handover study. Study of effective service area. The study provides a graphical representation of the signal level received by the terminal (downlink coverage. Study of noise on the DL. . Study overlap. Study of the service area in the UL. Study of signal to interference in the pilot channel. See the results of different studies: Study coverage signal level.) The site survey performed by the signal level shown in Figure 30.· · · · · · · · Study transmitter coverage. Study of the service area on the DL. This study will cover a different color mark the footprint of each transmitter in this case we used 10 colors and have been alternating for treating adjacent transmitters that do not match the same color. while more isolated sites provide coverage to some areas significantly higher. the signal level should not be a problem for our network. We have already said that UMTS is an interference limited radio system. This study shows the number of base stations that each point on the map above the threshold power at the reception. Taking a value of a typical sensitivity of -105 dBm mobile terminal we have 15 dB of gross margin for fading. The result of the study are shown in Figure 31. Study overlap.Figure 30: Study level of signal coverage. In any case we have a signal level of -90 dBm over the entire target area (including interiors). the coverage area roughly coincides with the corresponding cell. Figure 31: Study transmitter coverage. . so in principle. Study transmitter coverage. We see the sites in the village. so that the signal level who is not in principle limited coverage. All types of predictions that we will henceforth always refer to a simulation or set of simulations is performed for a terminal.The study for the voice service and telephone terminal shown in Figure 33.The results of the study conducted overlap shown in Figure 32: Figure 32: Study overlap. service and mobility determined. We will conduct two studies on the level of interference. one for the majority case. This study evaluates the total interference received in the downlink. Study the level of interference in the DL. telephone and voice terminal and one for the most critical case: terminal telephone and Internet access. . These studies are done to the population generated by the simulation average of 10 made for the final configuration of the above. The same goes for the Internet access service. because as explained in Chapter 2. . to overcome a certain threshold of Ec / Io (UMTS typical value is 14 dB) is sufficient to discriminate signal and interference. As discussed in the study of signal-interference in the pilot channel. We see that the total interference level generated is significantly higher than the signal level of the site survey in Figure 30.Figure 33: Study of the noise level of the Voice of the terminal telephone service. and as will be seen in Figures 35 and 36 this occurs for almost the entire target area. but in this case the noise levels are even higher. The results of the study for this service are shown in Figure 34. This is because Internet access service requires a higher bandwidth and therefore needs more power transmission in the downlink.Anyway it should not worry. UMTS systems are resistant to interference and due to the CDMA technology is easy to discriminate between the receptor interference and the desired signal. we will conduct a study to the most common (and your voice) and for the most critical case (telephone and Internet access).As in the previous case we have chosen the population generated by the simulation average of 10 simulations. Just as before. The results of the study for voice service and telephone terminal are the 35Figura . Study of signal to interference in the pilot channel. This study places a test terminal type selected in each pixel and analyzes the relationship between E C / I O of the received signals.Figure 34: Noise Study service Internet access to your terminal. so in principle confirms the results of the simulations and we should not just rejection by poor signal quality for this service. We can see the results of the study to the Internet access service in Figure 36: . We see that virtually the entire target area will have values above -15 dB.Figure 35: Ec / Io in the pilot channel for voice service telephone terminal Table 9 is set threshold E C / I O for all mobilities in -14 dB. The results are very similar to the voice service. Study of the service area on the DL.The findings are equivalent to the previous case. for which a running Atoll power control algorithm . This study is very interesting because it is the mobile that checks are rejected because of network congestion. we have an Ec / Io above -15 dB throughout the target area. then there is traffic that has to be rejected. which is logical since the transmission power in the pilot channel is the same and the interference is the same for all services. This study evaluates whether the test terminal can obtain service in the downlink. so it is likely that there just rejections due to poor signal quality.We know that the power intended for traffic channels depends on the amount of traffic that has to be handed-over.Figure 36: Ec / Io in the pilot channel for Internet access service telephone terminal. and if at some point we have to transmit more power than the maximum. taking into account the limited traffic capacity based or active bases. confirming the results of simulations. This is consistent with the results of simulations and for the voice service had no rejections. We see that we can get service at all locations of the target area.that determines how much power goes to each connection and power connections are not (are rejected). This study places a test terminal at each location of the target area and see if you can get service or according to the results of simulations. This means that in 10 (which are the times you have repeated the simulation) we have made snapshots of the network with traffic demand within the normal range. there were no rejections. . Figure 37: Study of the service area on the DL for the terminal voice phone service. The results for the telephone and voice terminal are shown in Figure 37. We must remember that this does not mean never going to have rejections for this service. In exceptional situations, where demand for passenger traffic to grow, such as disasters, Fair, Easter, New Year ... it certainly will be significant even rejection rates for voice service. The results of the study for the terminal telephone and Internet access are shown in Figure 38. Figure 38: Study of the service area on the DL for the Internet access service telephone terminal. We see that most of the target area can get service, but especially in dense urban areas, there are some locations where our connection attempts would be rejected.This confirms the results of the simulations, they gave us half a rejection rate of 9.5% for this service.Of course, the majority of these rejections would occur in the area of greatest density. Study of the service area in the UL. It is analogous to the above but for the uplink, taking into account the limited power of the mobile terminal. The results of the study for the terminal telephone and voice are as shown in Figure 39. Figure 39: Study of the service area in the UL for voice service telephone terminal In other mobile communications systems such as GSM or TETRA uplink is usually more limiting than the downward, as the need to take small, manageable terminals forces us to take power in the upstream transmission very low and not get compensated designing high sensitivity receivers in base stations. However, our UMTS network behaves the opposite. As seen in Figures 39 and 40 get service in the increase in all locations of the target area, which agrees with the results of the simulations, which gave us 0 rejections excess load on the ascendant. This is logical because the Internet access service has a very asymmetric traffic with a high demand in the downstream and far less on the up, it makes sense that the network has to reject many more connections than the other. Figure 40: Study area in the UL service for Internet access service telephone terminal Study of effective service area. This study provides the area intersection of the two. As we have seen, the downlink is much more restrictive than the upwardly, so the results of this study are virtually identical to the study of the service area in the downlink. The results for the telephone and voice terminal are shown in Figures 41 and 42: Figure 41: Study of effective service area to service your voice terminal . Figure 42: Study of effective service area to service Internet access to your terminal Handover study. Each of the bases involved keeps in touch with the phone until the attenuation to one of them is excessive. when you leave the link on that basis. the signal transmitted by the mobile is detected by the base stations involved.Thanks to universal frequency reuse is possible to connect the call to the candidate to the handover station before disconnecting it from the source station. A call can be supported by the three sectors of a base station and / or by two or more stations. make a selection or combination of demodulated signals. for base stations located at different sites. This prediction studies the active set of a test mobile located at each point on the map. keeping both links simultaneously for some time. it is easier to select the signal of higher quality (soft .Let us briefly explain the concept of the active set in UMTS. In general. In the UMTS system uses a handover mechanism for transferring called continuity. during the handover period continuously. SHO (Soft / Softer Handover). In the uplink. and renders it according to selected criteria. as in sectorized cells. the physical proximity to combine the signals (soft hand-off) before demodulation. defined for each cell in the table Transmitters | Cells | Open Table. The criteria used for a station is part of the active set of a terminal is based on the concept of threshold for handover (AS THRESHOLD). · "They must be nearby stations of the best base if you selected AS Neighbours restricted to the characteristics of the equipment.For base stations located on the same site.hand-off).The maximum number of stations that can be part of the active set of a mobile (Active Set Size) depends on the type of terminal. The set of bases with a mobile is known as the Joint Contact Active (Active Set). The results of this study are shown in Figures 43 and 44: .The transmitters that constitute the active set of a tower should meet the following conditions: · "They must use the same frequency · "The quality of the pilot (Ec / Io) of the best season to exceed a threshold defined for terminal mobility (in this case -14 dB). · "The pilots of the other bases in the active set must have a Ec / Io that does not fall below the threshold of handover on the best season. As before.Figure 43: Study of the asset to the Voice of the terminal telephone service Just as occurred in studies of Ec / Io. these studies are identical for both services and the level of the pilot channel signal and interference are the same for both. studies have been done to the population generated by the average of 10 simulations of the final configuration. . Any signal that arrives at a terminal that is not one of its bases is active interference. It is appropriate that each location on the network has the maximum number of active bases. as this benefits the soft handover. which translates into interference. At each pixel indicating whether the number of bases that are received Ec / Io enough is "excessive" in the sense that exceeds the maximum number of active bases allowed by the choice of mobile terminal. Interference studies conducted in the pilot channel are shown in Figures 45 and 46 .Figure 44: Study of active Internet service's terminal access to your Study of interference in the pilot channel. but if we have more bases than allowed only thing is to get more signal level waste. We hardly have seasons interfering in most locations.Figure 45: Study of interference in the pilot channel for the service of Voice of the telephone terminal. . where we have not had any rejection for voice service). This affects very low levels of denial of connections to the network (as we have seen in the simulations. 3. and therefore any base station exceeds the threshold Ec / Io instead of being part of the active set. In this section we make a study of how it degrades the quality of network service as the number of subscribers increases and substantial improvements are made as extensions of the building. This is because Internet access service is not configured to support soft handover. or you may not even reach these amounts.4%) (16. it becomes an interfering base station. which scales the traffic demand by multiplying by the scaling factor.7 (99. 10% of subscribers): Online Services Total Voice 345.4 means that the simulations were performed considering 40% of actual traffic. When the simulation is allowed to use a parameter called Global Scaling Factor.01) . initially carried out the deployment with a single carrier per sector. As mentioned above.03) 234. the network has been designed to meet quality objectives when the forecast of subscribers has reached its peak (20% of the inhabitants of the city). Let us assume that the number of subscribers increases linearly at a rate of 10% maximum per year to reach the maximum number of subscribers to 10 years of the implementation of the network. The logical thing is to make an initial deployment with a single carrier per cell into expanding capacity to measure the number of subscribers need them. which results in a rejection rate higher than for voice service (which we have seen in the simulations). As mentioned above. 1 year after deployment (1 carrier per cell.Figure 46: Study of interference in the pilot channel for Internet access service telephone terminal.9 Network evolution. and that requires working in compressed mode.4 (100%) (17. Have also discussed the difficulties involved for a CDMA system the handover between different frequencies.A factor of 0. so they agree to limit as far as possible the areas that must be produced using various carriers.It is expected that the number of subscribers later years to reach those numbers. In this case the number of interfering base stations is much higher. Not seem necessary or desirable then the use of three carriers per cell since the launch of the network. Atoll can easily simulate such scenarios due to the scaling factor. 2 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell. another advantage of not displaying all the carriers from the initial moment is that you avoid the wear suffered all these carriers to be operational. We found that indeed.07) Table 39: Connections accepted by the network (20% of users and 1 carrier). Quality objectives continue to be met comfortably 2 years after completion of the deployment.MMS Internet Access Video Conference 12.9 (98.5 (97.5%) (1.3 (98.22) 745. This also saves on maintenance and improvement in the quality of network service. 3 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell. Besides the capacity expansion of the network are zero-risk investment.81) 93.3 (100%) (17. 30% of subscribers): Services Total Voice Online 1079. since the network is operational and therefore billing from day one. 20% of subscribers): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 720.6%) (23:43) 490. lower failure rate). thus prolonging the life of the network and Minimizing the number of failures in the network (unless carriers.3%) (9.27) 5.94) . In addition to reducing the investment required for implementation of the network.9 (100%) (2.07) 13.81) 25.1 (100%) (1.64) Table 38: Connections accepted by the network (10% of users and 1 carrier). This allows us to significantly reduce the initial investment for setting up the network and guarantees a better initial performance of the network (at work with only one carrier per sector). there is no need to start the deployment with the racks at full capacity.9%) (18.5 (99.6%) (6.7 (100%) (17.7 (98. because traffic is rejected and the money we lose the ability to increase income means increasing systematically.76) 191 (94. Avoid oversizing and also get the network itself to finance its expansion of capacity.1%) (7. 4 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell.1 (100%) (3.2 (100%) (39.It is therefore the time of the first expansion of network capacity.08) Table 41: Connections accepted by the network (40% of users and 1 carrier).8 (100%) (37. 40% of subscribers): Services Total Voice Online 1426. as these data provide for the entire network and would ideally be met for all cells).7 (98.We will not make the expansion of capacity in a progressive manner. after 4 years of operation of the network of low priority services have fallen below the quality objectives.97) 990.3%) (7.5%) (15. As expected.8 (85.73) 272.5%) (4. 40% of subscribers): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conferencing Online 1408.9 (95.24) 343.9 (90. which would be optimal.8%) (20.02) .8 (94.32) 49. but only at the entire network (most operators do not or globally). We will simplify and as we have done until now we demand that quality objectives are met in all cells.2 (99.6%) (5. Adding one carrier per sector the results of the simulations are: 4 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell. We see that in this case the quality objectives are met by a small margin. Let's go on pretending until the quality objectives are no longer met.09) 25.8%) (42.MMS Internet Access Video Conference 41. It is clear that during the 3 rd year of operation of the network will have to start to be the first expansion of capacity.44) 983. at which will double the network capacity by adding a carrier to all sectors. adding a carrier in the most loaded (which will probably make time to be risen from 10% to reject the service Internet access.3%) (9.21) Table 40: Connections accepted by the network (30% of users and 1 carrier).22) 19.1 (98. it is possible that the capacity expansion planning when otherwise it would be appropriate to consider that if the capacity expansion that migration brings is enough to meet increased traffic demand or need to continue to deploy carriers.04) 29.3%) (7.3 (99. However. we know that the first UMTS network in Seville began operation on June 1.42) 370. 6 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell. It is accepted that between the deployment of each generation of mobile spend about 10 years and that 5 is normal to migrate to an intermediate technology.4%) (37. The capacity expansion has had the expected and the network could grow a few more years before needing a new extension.67 (97.4%) (6.38 (94.06) 1259.38 (98.1 (95.67 (97.8%) (20. 50% of subscribers): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 1817. it is normal at 5 years is thought to migrate to new technology (in this case would be HSDPA). 2002 and five years later.72) . in 2007 and we cover HSDPA (3.3%) (22.1) 464.55) 1472.95) Table 43: Connections accepted by the network (50% of users and 2 carriers).9 (99.88 (100%) (3.24) 63.6%) (5. 60% of users): Services Total Voice MMS Online 2158.5 (100%) (28.MMS Internet Access Video Conference 47. Quality objectives continue to be met satisfactorily. In fact.69) 84.17 (100%) (50.79) Table 42: Connections accepted by the network (40% of users and 2 carriers). so it is going to plan the expansion of capacity without regard to migration.7%) (45. HSDPA escapes the objectives of this project. With this new technology. Anyway.5G) [10].44) 24.63 (99%) (5. 5 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell. 24) 45.27) 614.6 (96.97) 654 (95. following the same approach as before.26) 86 (96.3%) (33.2 (88. 70% of capacity): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 2523.58) 1755.5 (100%) (4.However.05) 96.8 (98.2 (100%) (5.42) Table 46: Connections accepted by the network (70% of users and 3 carriers). but have fallen back below the quality objectives.9%) (10. 70% of users): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 2498. We see that for some. not to simulate 3 carriers to fall below the quality objectives. 7 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell.74) Table 45: Connections accepted by the network (70% of users and 2 carriers).4%) (10. 8 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell.56) 1728 (100%) (30.8) 37. 90% and 100% of the number of subscribers expected. 80% of users): .6 (100%) (45. Little else is there to comment. 7 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell. with 70% of the number of subscribers and the network to its maximum capacity exceeded the targets.33 (92%) (19.9%) (40.8 (100%) (5. Already beginning to be seen again as the increase in the number of subscribers is gradually degrading the quality of service.53) 42. Tables 39. As we expected.6%) (65.6 (98. It is therefore the time of the last upgrade of the capacity of our network.Internet Access Video Conference 564.6%) (7. 40 and 41 show the simulation results for 80%.57) Table 44: Connections accepted by the network (60% of users and 2 carriers). 88) 1972.4%) (43.87) Table 48: Connections accepted by the network (90% of users and 3 carriers).41) 2187 (100%) (36. This raises the question of what to do after 10 years when the number of subscribers continues to grow and the quality of network service getting worse.5 (97.25) Table 47: Connections accepted by the network (80% of users and 3 carriers).6%) (9. 100% of users): Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 3587 (97.85) 47.5 G) served as a bridge between GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) technologies appear to provide increased capacity of .25 (100%) (34.2%) (11.5 (100%) (8.08) Table 49: Connections accepted by the network (100% of users and 3 carriers). Even the most visionary could guess back in 2000 when these networks were planned just as GPRS (2.52) 103.75 (100%) (6.8 (98.Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 2886.5%) (4. "increase the number of sites? The answer is clearly no.25 (90.3%) (54.18) 2463. 9 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell.4 (100%) (10.4) 119.6 (93.8%) (30.37) 120.9%) (30.86) 49.9%) (52.6) 847 (92.6 (98.37) 908.25 (98.2 (100%) (32.9%) (12.88) 761.75 (97.66) 57. 90% of users) Services Total Voice MMS Internet Access Video Conference Online 3201. 10 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell. HSDPA and HSPA already in operation. The evolution of technology is virtually unpredictable and as I said before is not thought advisable to design networks that will be in operation for many years may become obsolete before starting to recover its investment. 5 years after the launch of UMTS in Seville and there is talk that it is possible the emergence of the first 4G network in the United States later this year [10]. 4 G may begin to appear at any time between 2008 and 2012. and if it turns out. .UMTS. This means that a UMTS network in Seville may have a lifespan of well over 10 years. are always bridges to support technologies that increase in traffic demand.