Grammar referenceUnit 1 Verb To be – PresenT interrogative Am Are is is is Are Are Are I? you? he? she? it? we? you? they? I You He She It We You They negative ’m not ’re not (aren’t) ’s not (isn’t) ’s not (isn’t) ’s not (isn’t) ’re not (aren’t) ’re not (aren’t) ’re not (aren’t) I You He She It We You They Affirmative ’m (am) ’re (are) ’s (is) ’s ( is) ’s (is) ’re (are) ’re (are) ’re (are) PossessiVe aDJecTiVes My Your His Her Our their names are name is Lenny. Carlos. Bill. Sarah. Tom and Ted. Sandra and Kate. Unit 3 imPeraTiVes Affirmative Do it now! Close your books, please. turn on the lights. Stay here! Move! negative Don’t do it! Don’t close your books! Don’t turn on the lights. Don’t stay here! Don’t move! Unit 2 QUesTion WorDs What What time Where How How old Who When Why Which Whose is is is are is are is are is is it? it? your phone? you? she? they? her birthday you here? your pen? that car? It’s a book. It’s ten o’clock. It’s in my pocket. I’m fine, thanks. She’s seventeen. They’re my friends. It’s in October. Because I study here. The blue one. It’s my car! Unit 4 simPle PresenT Tense Affirmative I You We They interrogative Do I you we they know you? live in São Paulo? have to do it? work here? work live study here. in Rio. there. I You We They Short answer Yes, you do. No, I don’t. Yes, you do. No, they don’t. negative don’t work don’t live don’t study here. in Rio. there. PossessiVe: –’s Bill’s Maggie’s birthday is on Saturday. very beautiful. on Bond Street. Peter Erika Pam & Kim is isn’t are Ann’s brother. daughters are is Rachel’s friend. Donald’s sisters. My friend’s house Use The Simple Present Tense is used to express: • A habit. • A fact that is always true. • A fact that is true for a long time. They always drive to work. Cheetahs run very fast. / Lions don’t fly. I live in São Paulo. Unit 5 PresenT conTinUoUs Tense Affirmative I He She It We You They ’m (am) ’s (is) studying. working. watching TV. eating. talking. I He She It We You They negative ’m not isn’t studying. working. watching TV. eating. talking. singular is there a library here? is there a mall nearby? is there sugar in this coffee? interrogative Short answer plural Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. Yes, there is. Are there new students here? Are there e-books in there? Are there free samples? Short answer Yes, there are. No, there aren’t. Yes, there are. Unit 6 simPle PresenT Tense – 3rd person singular Affirmative He works lives studies here. in Rio. there. He She It negative doesn’t work doesn’t live doesn’t study here. in Rio. there. ’re (are) aren’t interrogative am is What are I he she it we you they Short answer She It doing? eating? reading? Are you working? Is she cooking? Are we going? Yes, I am. No, she isn’t. Yes, we are. Does interrogative he she it live in São Paulo? have to do it? work? Short answer Yes, he does. No, it doesn’t. Yes, it does. Use The Present Continuous Tense is used to express: • An activity happening at the moment of speaking (now). Sue is cooking in the kitchen. • An activity happening around now. I’m studying English at college. / He’s writing a book. aDVerbs of freQUencY 0% never rarely sometimes often usually 100% always PrePosiTions At • at ten o’clock • at Christmas • at night • at the mechanic • at the hospital in • in the evening • in September • in the winter • in 2001 • in Miami • in Brazil • in my bedroom • in my pocket On • on Monday • on Sunday morning • on New Year’s day • on June 29 • on the weekend • on Baker Street • on the first floor How often do you play tennis? I never play tennis. How often does Joe go to the movies? Sometimes. I always drive to work, but my friend never goes to work by car. Unit 7 DemonsTraTiVe PronoUns Singular this • that • this jacket? that watch? these shoes? those DVDs? these •• Plural those •• It’s fifty dollars. It’s five hundred dollars. They’re seventy dollars. They’re ten dollars each. THere To be Singular affirmative/negative a book on the table. there is a library in this school. there isn’t a big museum in the city. Plural affirmative/negative there are 35 students here. there separate bedrooms for boys and girls. aren’t many children playing in the garden. is How much are going To – inTenTions anD Plans in THe fUTUre Affirmative/negative I He She It We You They ’m / ’m not is / isn’t going to are / aren’t work. study. eat. cook. am is What are interrogative I he she it we you they Long adjectives normal rule: “more”+ adjective (than) sophisticated more sophisticated interesting more interesting boring more boring going to do? Lara’s laptop is more sophisticated than Gabriel’s computer. negaTiVe QUesTions Question word negative auxiliary don’t Why doesn’t you we they he she subject other words go by plane? tell her? invite them? buy a cooler? stay home? Clara is going to travel in October. I’m not going to do my homework on Saturday. Are Susan and Paul going to get married? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. Unit 8 obJecTiVe PronoUns I You He She It We You They me you him her it us you them When is Peter going to see her? us? Tomorrow. We’re taking you to the beach. What do you think of me? I really like you. Unit 10 moDal Verb can – QUesTions / eXPressing abiliTY Modal verb subject you Ronaldo the technician the students speak play fix do verb other words Where are you taking Can French? basketball? the motherboard? the exercise? maKing reQUesT / asKing Permission Modal verb subject I you we open turn on sit have verb other words the window? the radio? here? another cookie? Unit 9 comParaTiVe forms of aDJecTiVes Short adjectives Group 1: 1-syllable adjectives Group 2: 2-syllable adjectives ending in “–y” Rule 1: add “–er” Rule 2: Adjective ending in –e, just add “–r” Rule 3: Adjective ending in consonant, vowel, consonant (CVC), double the last consonant Rule 4: Adjective ending in –y, change the y to i John is older than Peter. young, tall easy, pretty old late fat older later fatter 2-word compound noun Can Unit 11 comPoUnD noUns apartment building paper bag apple tree convenience store Arizona travel agencies three-day holiday gas station attendant easy easier pretty prettier 3-word compound noun Maggie is funnier than Patricia. Verb To be – PasT Tense Statements Subject I You He She It They was/were was (not) were (not) was (not) were (not) Short answers Yes / no questions Contractions was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t at home. Subject Did I you he she it we you they base form Short answers Affirmative you I s/he it did. we you they negative you I s/he we you they run alone? Yes, No didn’t. We You Yes / no questions Was/were Was Were Was subject I you s/he it we you they at home? Unit 13 PasT ProgressiVe Statements Subject I You weren’t. Affirmative you I Yes, s/he it you we they were. was. was. negative you I No, s/he it you we they weren’t. wasn’t. wasn’t. was/were was were It was were nOt + base form of verb + –ing other words Were were. He She We You (not) running in the park. They Unit 12 simPle PasT Tense: regUlar anD irregUlar Verbs Affirmative statements Subject I You He She We You They It (the school) verb Yes / no questions Was/were Was subject I you he she it running in the park? base form of verb + –ing other words studied ran closed became alone. on election day. a cultural center. Contractions Were Was Were we you they Short answers Affirmative negative were. was. she we it they was. were. No, you I he you she we it they weren’t. wasn’t. wasn’t. weren’t. negative statements Subject I You He She We You They It (the school) did not base form of verb study open become other words did not = didn’t you did not alone. Yes, on election day. a cultural center. I he you did not Unit 14 moDal Verbs: Degree of necessiTY Absolutely necessary; obligatory Subject I He She It (the document) Unit 16 embeDDeD QUesTions DirecT WH– QUesTions other words modal verb We They have to has to has to has to main verb get take finish be Question word What time Why When Where auxiliary verb does did did are subject the bank the boys Linda the car keys? main verb open? miss graduate other words You a visa do go to the USA. the medicine. the project by 5 pm. sent today. the school bus? from college? Advised Subject I You He She We You They modal verb (+ not) should (not) main verb change other words the memory module. embeDDeD WH– QUesTions Auxiliary verb in question position Do you have any idea question word what time why when where subject the bank the boys Linda the car keys main verb (conjugated) opens? missed graduated are? the bus? from college? other verbs Unit 15 QUanTifiers UseD WiTH coUnTable noUns Subject I You He She We You They There were Could you tell me countable noun Do you know Do you know verb It ate quantifier many several few a couple of cookies. Yes / no QUesTions Auxiliary verb subject the bank the boys Linda other words open on Monday? miss the bus? graduate from college? QUanTifiers UseD WiTH UncoUnTable noUns Subject I You He She We You They There was Is Did Did chicken. verb It ate quantifier a little little a bit of a great deal of no uncountable noun embeDDeD Yes / no QUesTions Auxiliary verb in question position Do you have any idea Could you tell me Do you know if if if if subject the bank the boys Linda main verb (conjugated) opens missed graduated other verbs on Monday? the bus? from college? QUanTifiers UseD WiTH boTH coUnTable anD UncoUnTable noUns Subject verb quantifier countable / uncountable noun I You He She It We ate You They all of the / some / most of the / enough / cookies. / chicken. a lot of / lots of Base form be become begin break bring build buy catch come cost cut do drink drive eat feel find forget get give go have hear keep know Past simple was/ were became began broke brought built bought caught came cost cut did drank drove ate felt found forgot got gave went had heard kept knew Past participle been become begun broken brought built bought caught come cost cut done drunk driven eaten felt found forgotten got/gotten given gone had heard kept known Base form leave lose make meet pay put read run say see sell send sing sit sleep speak spend swim take tell think understand wear win write Past simple left lost made met paid put read ran said saw sold sent sang sat slept spoke spent swam took told thought understood wore won wrote Past participle left lost made met paid put read run said seen sold sent sung sat slept spoken spent swum taken told thought understood worn won written
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