. Manalaysay. Patria V. RN .THESIS WRITING Main Reference: ―Understanding and Doing Research: A Handbook for Beginners‖ by Fely David Other Reference: ―Nursing Research Made Easy‖ by Dr. It needn‘t. it is nothing but a state of mind— a friendly. Research for practical men. instead of a fiddler mind. instead of the ‗yesterday mind. instead of waiting for it to come. The research state of mind can apply to anything. It is the problem-solving mind as contrasted with the let-well-enough-alone mind. it is the ‗tomorrow‘ mind. It is the composer mind. big or little.‖ .F. welcoming attitude towards change.C. It is rather simple. Kettering . Personal affairs or any kind of business. Going out to look for change. is an effort to do things better and not to be caught asleep at a switch. Essentially.― Research is a high-hat word that scares a lot of people. Chapter 1 Research: Its Nature. Types. and Role in Development . students will be able to answer the following questions: .At the end of Chapter 1. Is also defined as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem. undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles (Webster. .What is Research? Is defined as a careful. 1984). systematic study in a field of knowledge. to validate or test an existing theory. This process cannot be called research unless they follow systematic procedures. . To determine whether their hunches are correct. People ask questions and when they cannot answer them. evaluate their guesses and decide on the best answer. ask the appropriate questions and use reliable and valid instruments. they make hunches. they ask questions. policy makers. counselors. health service providers. . teachers and students. administrators. managers. or to perform their functions more effectively. need information to make decisions. enterpreneurs.Value of research Educators. Functions of Research It helps us answer questions. It allows us to validate existing theories or generate new ones. It helps us identify and understand the causes and effects of a situation or a phenomenon. solve problems and make decisions. It enables us to see and understand how and why a situation or problem exists. . It helps us discover new things and ideas. Role of Research in Improving Quality of Life New skills/ Practices/ behaviors Improved Condition/ welfare New Knowledge RESEARCH New Technology New Tools/ Devices/ Approaches . bank withdrawal and deposit. payment of bills. Discovery of computers and its use in banking – ATM. fund transfer. Lung cancer is associated with lung cancer –intensified campaign against smoking. .To illustrate. Describe a population (people. institutions. objects. etc. .) Compare two conditions or groups of population. research can be used to: Determine/describe an existing situation (situation analysis).As a Scientific Process. research can be used to: Determine existence. treatment or exposure. and Predict the value of a certain characteristic. or nature of relationship between two or more factors. Evaluate and/or compare effectiveness of an intervention. . degree.As a Scientific Process. General Types of Research Descriptive Research Correlation or Association Research Experimental or Intervention Research . cooperative. What may be described are characteristics of individuals or groups (students. entrepreneurs. business establishments. what.) or physical environments (schools. administrators.) .) or conditions (epidemic. leadership styles. where and how. etc. calamities. patients. etc.Descriptive Research Type of study that finds answer to questions who. sales and profit. etc. Describes a situation or a given state of affairs in terms of specified aspects or factors. anxiety level. productivity. when. hospitals. Examples of Descriptive Research ―The management style of school administrators in Iloilo City‖ ―Tardiness and absenteeism among high school students‖ Smoking habits of health service providers in government and private hospitals‖ ―The medicinal components of five kinds of Philippine backyard plants‖ . The factors related to the problem. This type of study answers the questions why and how. however. need not be viewed as real ―causes‖ of the problem. .Explanatory or Correlation Research It attempts to explain the possible factors related to a problem which have been observed in a descriptive study. but factors which are associated with or may contribute to the occurrence of the problem. The researcher usually uses a theory or a hypothesis to account for or explain the forces that are ―assumed to have caused‖ the problem.Explanatory or Correlation Research Correlation –investigates relationships between factors or variables. Certain factors are ―assumed‖ to explain or contribute to the existence of a problem or certain condition or the variation in a given situation. . Example for relationships between the following pairs of variables that can be studied: Local government employee‘s knowledge about the local government code Gender Knowledge about cancer Work performance Grades Compliance with medical regimen . Examples of Research Topics under the Explanatory / Correlation ―Knowledge About Cancer and Compliance with Diet, Exercise and Medical Regimen Among Cancer Patients‖ ―Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism Among High School Students in the District Jaro‖ Examples of Research Topics under the Explanatory / Correlation ―Attitudes Toward Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers in Government and Private Hospitals in Iloilo City‖ ―Factors Associated with Extent of Involvement in Local Governance Among Barangay Officials in Region IV‖ Intervention or Experimental Research Evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular intervention or treatment. It studies the ―cause and effect‖ relationship between certain factors on a certain phenomenon under controlled conditions. The subjects of the study are randomly assigned to the experimental group and to the control group and both groups are exposed to similar conditions except for the intervention/treatment. .Intervention or Experimental Research For example. one can assess or compare the effect or outcome of two or more methods of teaching math on mathematical ability of students. or two or more management styles on employee‘s productivity. two or more health management practices on the recovery of patients. Examples of Research Problems in Intervention or Experimental Type of Research ―The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain Reaction of Selected Post-Operative Patients‖ ―Advertising: Its Effect on Sales and Profit of Auto Parts Business Establishment in Metro Manila‖ ―The Effect of In-House Training on Human Relations on the Productivity and Efficiency of Office Employees in Private Banks in Iloilo City‖ ― The Effect of Different Levels of Applied Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Rice‖ . 1994) Pure Basic vs.Other Classifications of Research (Jackson. .Goal: to offer better descriptions and better explanation of human behavior. . The intention is to accumulate knowledge about a certain phenomenon. 1995. 1. Applied Research Pure Basic Research-Attempts to describe an existing situation and/or explain certain patterns of behavior using either or both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Mercado. . Applied Research Applied Research – aims to see an immediate solution to a problem. . school achievement. or performance or increase in revenue. like improvement of health. .An experimental study comparing the effectiveness of two methods of improving health practices can yield results that recommend a better practice.Pure Basic vs.focuses on variables or factors which can be changed by intervention in order to achieve a desired goal. . and why relationship exists. Explanatory. . – seek more specific answers to ―why‖ and ―how‖ questions.Exploratory vs.primary goal: to understand or explain a relationship between factors which may have already been identified in exploratory studies. Explanatory Research Exploratory – describe an existing problem situation and examine the underlying factors that contribute to the emergence of the problem. the nature of which is not yet well known. . .measures the number of respondents or objects possessing a particular characteristic. . .emphasizes precise measurement and often times requires statistical analysis of data or the testing of hypothesis based on a sample of observations. Qualitative Research Quantitative – seeks to quantify or reflect in numbers the observations on the characteristics of the population being studied.Quantitative vs. Quantitative vs. . Qualitative Research Qualitative – emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human behavior and practices in an attempt to understand how the units or members of the study population experience or explain their own world. . 4. 3. Experimental Method Survey Method Historical Method Content Analysis .Research Methods 1. 2. Research Methods 1. . Experimental Method = use to determine the effectiveness of a treatment or an intervention or the ―cause and effect‖ relationship of certain phenomena under controlled condition. Research Methods 2. . The use of the survey approach is appropriate for most descriptive and correlation studies. Survey Method= obtains data to determine specific characteristics of a group. The purpose is to get a general picture of the characteristics of a study population at a particular time. accounts. documents. such as records. Most of the data used in this method are collected from secondary sources. written materials. organization or institution. . etc. organization or institution. The description is based on information about some past aspects of the group. Historical Method = used to determine the growth and development of a group.Research Methods 3. before they are printed for distribution. = determining authenticity for documents and in literary research. Content Analysis = use when the intention of the researcher is to ascertain the quality of message or information found in a document or in mass media. literary analysis and criticism.g. e. . =to test the level of readability of certain books.Research Methods 4. textbooks for elementary pupils. e.g. Exercises . Exercises . . . Chapter 2 Problem Identification and Definition . there is no need to conduct research. Without a problem. . Every research starts with a problem. . or theories they wish to validate. difficulties that want to eliminate. or information gaps they wish to fill.What is a Research Problem? For researchers. problems could be conditions they want to improve. questions for which they want answers. .What is a Research Problem? A research problem could also be an issue that should be settled. It may be a question about the unknown characteristics of a population or about factors that explain the presence or occurrence of a phenomenon. Example: Do mothers who have attended health education classes have better health care management practices than those who have not? .Identifying a Research Problem Initially. a research problem is stated in a form of a question. which serves as the focus of the investigation. Example:To what extent do students use the internet? Example: Does the students‘ use of the internet affect their performance in school? . b. .Not all problems require research A potential researchable problem exists when the following conditions are present (Fisher. et.) There is a perceived discrepancy between what is and what should be.al.) There are two or more plausible reasons for the discrepancy.1991) a.. because the causes of the discrepancy are known at this particular time. Even if there is a discrepancy between what is and what should be. there is no need to conduct research anymore. then the problem is not researchable. There may be an existing difficult or disturbing situation. . but if this condition is expected to happen because of known circumstances. Example of Non-researchable Problem . Non-researchable Problem . Example of Researchable Problem . Researchable Problem . Defining Research Problem Problem definition – explains the existence & seriousness of the problem Shows evidences that prove the problem really exists. that it is serious and/or widespread The definition of a problem identifies elements . Defining Research Problem The following questions are usually answered: . . Relevant . problem must be . 3. 4. A research A research ethical. problem must be problem must be problem must be clear. A research feasible.Characteristics of a Good Research Problem 1. A research relevant. 2. Relevant . Feasible . Clear . Ethical . Sources of Problems Some aspects of patient care Studies reported in journals Review of review Important issues & problems in nursing Problems already found Every obstacle & opportunity for the exercise of ingenuity . Sources of Problems Some aspects of patient care Studies reported in journals Review of review Important issues & problems in nursing Problems already found Every obstacle & opportunity for the exercise of ingenuity . Requisites of a Good Title The title is a brief descriptive Label that subsumes the theme of the study as a whole It names the major variables that are subject of investigation. thereby giving an instant group of what the study is all about Should be ―eye catching‖ and ―thought provoking‖ . Groupings . Institutional Nursing 2-Nursing Service 3 – Nursing Procedures 4 – Nursing Education 5 – Community Health Nursing . CON) 1.Group work assignment: (to be passed next week) Give 5 Thesis Titles ( for approval of the Dean. Group work assignment: (to be passed next week) 1 notebook –serves as logbook for group meetings. Ghant Chart Read Chapters 3 and 4 of ―Understanding and Doing Research‖ by Fely David . Thank you………. .