Rehabilitation IssuesAnd Case Study Of Kedarnath Landslide Submitted by Vikas tyagi m.e (c.m) 1422 INTRODUCTION • Uttarakhand is considered as one of the most beautiful state. • Uttarakhand has a total area of 53,484km2 of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by forest. • Most of the uttarakhand part of the state is covered by high Himalayan peaks and glaciers. • Two of India's largest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna, originate in the glaciers of uttarakhand. • It is well known as the “lands of the gods”. UTTRAKHAND LANDSCAPE • Rugged mountain chain with high relief. • Varied geomorphic landforms: Glacial/ glacio-fluvial and fluvial. • Dominance of erosional & gravitational processes. • Lies in Zone IV & V of Seismic Zoning map of India. • Known to be one of the most landslide prone states in India. • Rainfall & Earthquake are the main triggering factors for slope failures. UTTRAKHAND LANDSCAPE GEOLOGICAL SETUP OF UTTARAKHAND 2013 Flash Floods • On June 16, 2013 at approximately 7:30 p.m., a landslide occurred near Kedarnath Temple. • Water came from Chorabari Tal or Gandhi Tal down Mandakini River at about 8:30 p.m. which washed away everything in its path. • On June 17, 2013 at approximately 6:40 a.m., waters rushed down River Saraswati and from Chorabari Tal or Gandhi Sarovar bringing along with its flow huge amount of silt, rocks and boulders. • The flash floods triggered by very heavy rainfall and cloudburst in Uttarakhand on affected 12 out of the 13 districts in Uttarakhand. The 4 districts that were worst affected were Rudraprayag, Chamoli, Uttarkashi and Pithoragarh. • The deluge has washed away roads, bridges and other infrastructure. Causes of Flood And landslides NATURAL REASONS Due to Cloudburst • Cloudbursts lead to exceptionally heavy rainfall and sudden flash floods in the mountainous streams and rivers, leading to breaching of banks and overflowing of dams. Due To Heavy incessant rainfall • Heavy rainfall in the higher altitude areas. • 325mm in 24 hours between 5PM 15th June and 5PM 16th June at Chorabari Lake (3960masl) as against 272mm in 3days (15-17June) at Ghuttu (~1430mmasl) (Dobhaletal,2013). • Sudden increase in daily rainfall in the month of June 2013 as compared to total rainfall of June for last 5 years. • Rising of water level upto 5-7 m. Increase & pattern in river discharge Damages within flood plains Landslides on banks due to toe erosion Debris slides & flows on banks Man Made Reason………. • However, the true cause of the epic tragedy is growth of tourism, unchecked rapid increase of roads, hotels, shops and multistory housing in ecologically fragile areas and unplanned construction are the reasons of landslides. • Also rapid growth of hydroelectricity dams that disrupt water balances and this also triggered the action of disaster. • More than 220 power and mining projects are running in 14 river valleys in Uttarakhand. • Several rivers are being diverted through tunnels for these projects leading to major disasters in the state. • Deforestation is also one of the most important factor for uttarakhand disaster, which cause frequently landslides. Image of Kedarnath Temple Deaths And Damages…… • 822 were deaths occurred in flood(official estimates). • 1800 were missing persons. • 2232 has fully damaged houses. • 154 bridges get damaged. • 1520 roads get damaged. • 4200 villages were affected. • Over 70,000 people were stuck in various regions because of damaged or blocked roads. • National highway 58, an important artery near region jyotirmath was also washed away. Rescue Operation • National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and Indo-Tibetan Border Police(ITBP) personnel have so far rescued 32,772 peoples from different areas of Uttarakhand following landslides and floods, of the 32,772, including pilgrims and residents, 26,538 were rescued by ITBP while 6,234 were evacuated NDRF personnel. • Defending its role in the rescue operations in the flood-ravaged Uttarakhand, ISRO had played its role in the largest rescue operations in the country, saving thousands of lives. • Several thousand soldiers were deployed for the rescue missions. • ITBP Jawans distribute medicines to stranded pilgrims during Uttarakhand rescue operations. Rescue Operation • The Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan Border Police(ITBP), Border Security Force, National Disaster Response Force(NDRF), Public Works Department and local administrations worked together for quick rescue operations. • Helicopters were used to rescue people. • Local people distribute food to rescued pilgrims near IAF base camp in dara's. • By 21 June 2013 the army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11 helicopters. • The Navy had sent 45 naval divers, and the Air force had deployed 43 aircraft including 36 helicopters. Financial Assistance • Prime minister of India undertook an aerial survey of the affected areas and announced 1000 crore (US$160 million) aid package. • Uttar Pradesh government 25 crore, • The governments of Haryana, Maharashtra and Delhi 10 crore each, • The government of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh 5 crore each. • The US Ambassador to india extended financial help of USD$150,000 through the United State Agency. • Also US announced that the US will provide further financial aid of USD $75,000. Rehabilitation Strategies Science & Technology Strategy for Reconstruction • Short-term strategy • Medium-term strategy • Long-term strategy Short-Term Strategy • Multi-hazard risk zoning. • Detailed geomorphological mapping along major river valleys. • Landslide inventory. • Identifying safer zones for reconstruction. • Reconstruction of houses, roads & communication infrastructure. Medium-Term Strategy • Optimal land use planning. • Strengthening emergency communication systems. • Strict scrutiny and implementation mechanism for EIA and EMP. • Tourism sector. • Enhancing Livelihood Opportunities for Rural Population. Long-Term Strategy • Conservation of Natural Resources and Environment. • Strengthening scientific observational network. • Strengthening institutional capacity and linkage. • Capacity building of community and local bodies of governance. Detail implementation Plan of Central S&T Ministry/Departments • Department of Science & Technology. • Department of Biotechnology. • Ministry of Earth Science. • Department of Space. • Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. • Department of Electronics & Information Technology. • Department of Atomic Energy. Major Influencing factors for Developments in GIS-Technology Financial Requirements Proposal of Uttarakhand Government • Rs. 50 crore for establishment of Science Research Centre. (The financial requirement for the Research centre would be met from the proposal of Department of Science & Technology on establishment of National Centre for Himalayan Glaciers (NCHG) with estimated cost Rs. 211.06 Cr supported by Planning Commission) • 11 hill states need to earmark 2% of their Annual budget for rehabilitation, post disasters like land slide which will be funded through Central Sector. Additional Financial Requirements Development Strategy for Sectorial Perspective • Developing infrastructure. • Propagating tourism. • Diversifying agriculture. • Establishing Small and Medium Enterprises. • Promoting poultry- and wool-based livelihoods. • Capturing linkages with industry and tourism. Developing Infrastructure • The issue of drinking water supply must be part of an integrated water resource like lift irrigation techniques, such as hydrams and guhls can be used to improve irrigation. • The availability of cheap power by way of inexpensive waterlifting systems for irrigation will boost agriculture. • Road networks should be further developed. • The banking sector offers a low credit deposit ratio (CDR) that is only 25 % in hill districts as against 45% in the rest of the state. • People in the hill regions should be made aware that loan schemes are available e.g., SIDBI’s credit guarantee scheme. Promoting Tourism • The state attracts tourists for pilgrimages of different kinds of tourism. • Tourism should be developed in an environment-friendly manner. • Tourist zones have to be connected by formal and informal links in the form of roads, trails and tracks and thematic circuits. • Proper publicity and marketing is required along with the development of skills and the associated service sector to provide world-class service. • The bed-and-breakfast model should also be propagated for lowbudget domestic travelers. Agriculture Diversification and Development of Allied Sectors • Promote agriculture that is based on high-value herbal, medicinal and aromatic plantation. • Intercropping of aromatic plants with conventional grains can also help in diversifying the income basket of small and marginal farmers. • Organic farming methods are the preferred option for the agriculture-based hill region. • A cluster approach should be adopted in the hill regions. • Animal husbandry and forest resource use are a part of hill livelihood; these need to be developed on a commercial basis. Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) • Encourage agro-processing SMEs. • To facilitate the development of these SMEs, the land acquisition process should be handled with sensitivity, stable power supply should be provided by the government. • Create a task force for vocational training and skill upgrading with the active participation of local industries. • The development of business skills in people. Development Strategy for Hill Districts Conclusion It is a well-known fact that both natural and human made disasters force people to move out of their land. Strategies for rehabilitation of thus displaced people are in the first place by way of preventive action. For instance, care is taken to build earthquake proof houses, gather advance information about cyclones and arrange for timely evacuation, build appropriate bunds in flood prone areas, maintain bridges that take regular up and down passing of trains/ road transport vehicles on them in order to avert likely disasters. Secondly, advance preparation on the part of administration and local References • Planning commission of“S&T Intervention for post-disaster reconstruction efforts in Uttarakhand” • Bisht, D.S. (2006). Poverty, Planning and Development - A Case Study of Uttaranchal State (submitted to the Planning Commission). Central Himalayan Institute. Dehradun. Trishul Publications, Dehradun. • Uttarakhand Tourism Development Master Plan 2007-2022 (October 2007). Draft report by the Government of India, the Government of Uttarakhand, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Tourism Organization.
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