REFERENCE GUIDE
JOINT FIRE SUPPORT Handbook for planning & co-ordination
Edition 3.2 / 2017
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PREFACE The aim of the Edition 3.2 of ‘Joint Fire Support Reference Guide 2017’ is to provide guidance to all staff officers and non-commissioned officers involved in planning and conducting Joint Fire Support (JFS) as a part of the overall campaign plan. This handbook offers a ‘common language’ for the planning and co-ordination of fire support. It is not the intention that this handbook should restrict the authority of the maneuver commander. He is expected to organize the forces assigned to him and to plan and execute operations in a manner he deems appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of his mission. JFS Reference Guide 2017 Version 3.2 is effective upon receipt and supersedes former JFS Reference Guide Handbooks, which shall be destroyed in accordance with the local procedures for destruction of documents. This JFS Reference Guide applies to: - Joint Fire Support, 2013…. Field Manual, Austrian Armed Forces - STF Land, 2016.…………. Regulation (DEU) - Handbook JFSCG, 2017… Interim Publication 3rd Version (DEU) - Opposing Forces, 2016...... Handbook (AUT) - ATP-3.3.2.1(C), 2011…… Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for CAS and AI - AArtyP-5 EdB/1, 2015….. Fire Support Doctrine, NATO STANAG 2484 - AArtyP-1 EdC/1, 2015….. Land Based Fire Support Procedures, NATO STANAG 2934 - STANAG 3805/AJP 3.3.5. Allied Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control - JFIRE, 2016……………... Multi Service Techniques and Procedures for JFS, U.S. - APP-06(D), 2015……...... Allied Procedural Publication for Joint Military Symbology - STANAG 2014 (Ed. 9)….. Formats for Orders - ATP-04 (Ed. F), 2014...... Allied Naval Fire Support, STANAG 1034 - Pamphlet No. 11 Part 1….. Battlespace Management, RSA, April 2008, UK - ACP 125(F)……………… Radiotelephone Procedures, September 2001 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used commercially, adapted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. With the exception of commercial sales, this does not apply to NATOmember or partner (PfP) nations.
AUSTRIA, August 2017
WO1 M. WIRTH Chief Instructor & Senior-NCO | Joint Fire Support | Austrian Armed Forces.
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Table of Contents A. 1. 2. 3. 4.
JOINT FIRE SUPPORT ..........................................................................................9 What is Joint Fire Support? .......................................................................................11 Joint Fire Support Elements ......................................................................................12 JFS - EFFECTS ........................................................................................................ 15 JFS Processes............................................................................................................16
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
BATTLESPACE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................19 Battlespace Coordination ..........................................................................................21 Measures for Battlespace Control..............................................................................22 Deconfliction ............................................................................................................26 Methods of Achieving Separation .............................................................................28 Common Geographic Reference System (CGRS) ......................................................31 Keyhole Template Method ........................................................................................31 Fire Support Coordination Measures (FSCM) ...........................................................32 Airspace Control Usages (ASU) ................................................................................36 Airspace Control Means (ACM) Sections .................................................................39 Airspace Coordinating Measures Request (ACMREQ) .............................................42
15. 16. 17. 18.
LAND BASED INDIRECT FIRE SYSTEMS ....................................................... 43 Role of Land-Based Indirect Fire Systems (IFS) ....................................................... 45 Tasks of Land-Based IFS ..........................................................................................46 Standard Fire Support Tactical Tasks ........................................................................46 Command and Control Relationships ........................................................................48
B.
C.
D.
STA – CAPABILITIES ..........................................................................................51 19. Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) ...............................................................53 20. Weapon Locating Radars- and Zones ........................................................................54 21. Air Recce Target Category List .................................................................................55
E. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
LAND BASED FS CAPABILITIES .......................................................................73 Land Based Indirect Fire Systems .............................................................................75 IFS (Land) Ammunition Capabilities ........................................................................ 89 Austrian (AUT) Field Artillery Ammunition .............................................................90 German (DEU) Field Artillery Ammunition ..............................................................90 Required AMMO expenditure for Fire Missions .......................................................91 Trajectory Correctable Munitions ..............................................................................92 International Artillery Weapon Ranges ..................................................................... 95 Call For Fire (CFF) Format .......................................................................................96 Message to Observer (MTO) .....................................................................................97 Fire Mission Command .............................................................................................98 Example of FS/CFF communication procedure ....................................................... 100
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F. 33. 34. 35. 36.
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OPFOR FS CAPABILITIES ............................................................................... 101 OPFOR Motor Rifle Division ................................................................................. 103 OPFOR Motor Rifle Regiment ................................................................................ 103 OPFOR Independent Motor Rifle Brigade............................................................... 103 Surface-to-air Missile / ADA Threat Capabilities .................................................... 104
G.
SEA BASED FS CAPABILITIES ........................................................................ 105
H.
AIR BASED FS CABABILITIES ........................................................................ 109 37. Air Delivered Indirect Fire Systems ........................................................................ 111 38. Aircraft-Delivered Munitions .................................................................................. 125 39. Air to Ground / Standard Conventional Loads (SCL) .............................................. 133
I. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.
CAS & CCA .......................................................................................................... 137 Close Air Support Methods ..................................................................................... 139 Close Air Support Execution ................................................................................... 143 CAS – Briefing ....................................................................................................... 146 CAS – ‘9-Liner’ ...................................................................................................... 148 Types of Terminal Attack Control ........................................................................... 150 Close Combat Attack (CCA) ................................................................................... 153 Universal Briefing Format for CCA / DSF / ECAS ................................................. 154 Brevity Words – CAS Briefing Procedures ............................................................. 157 Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (JTAR) ................................................................ 158 Air Support Request Cycle ...................................................................................... 162
50. 51. 52. 53.
OPERATIONAL LAW........................................................................................ 163 Legal Considerations............................................................................................... 165 Collateral Damage Methodology Overview............................................................. 169 Target Authorization Record ................................................................................... 172 Graduated Enforcement Matrix ............................................................................... 173
54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.
PARAMETERS & GRAPHICS ........................................................................... 175 Target Location Error (TLE) ................................................................................... 177 Weapon Accuracy (2DRMS) .................................................................................. 177 Risk Estimate Distances (RED) ............................................................................... 178 Minimum Safe Distances (MSD) for Land Forces ................................................... 185 Tactical JFS Graphics ............................................................................................. 186 Target Overlay Examples ........................................................................................ 190 Intelligence Preparation of Battlespace (IPB) .......................................................... 193 Land Tactical Parameters ........................................................................................ 194 Conversion Tables .................................................................................................. 195 International Effects-Table (English-German) ......................................................... 197
J.
K.
L.
D3A TARGETING METHODOLOGY............................................................... 198 64. Decide -Detect -Deliver-Assess (D3A) .................................................................... 199 65. Targeting - DMP - FS-Planning - Relations ............................................................. 201
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M. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.
FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING .............................................................................. 203 Decision-Making Process (DEU-NATO-AUT) ....................................................... 205 Principles and Concept of Fire Support Planning..................................................... 205 JFS Mission Analysis Brief - Format....................................................................... 207 Annex Fire Support (STANAG 2014) ..................................................................... 209 Brigade Fire Support Execution Matrix ................................................................... 212 Combined HPTL-TSS-AGM-List ........................................................................... 214 Battalion Fire Support Execution Matrix ................................................................. 215 SOP Fire Support Execution ................................................................................... 216 Joint Fire Support Liaison Network - Brigade ......................................................... 217
N.
RADIO & VOICE PROCEDURES .................................................................... 219 Speech Technique ................................................................................................... 221 List of Proword ....................................................................................................... 222 J-Chat Abbreviations & Terms (AIR) ...................................................................... 227 9-Line MEDEVAC Request .................................................................................... 229
75. 76. 77. 78. O.
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 231
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A. JOINT FIRE SUPPORT
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1. What is Joint Fire Support? Firepower is a critical enabler of land combat on the battlefield, primarily through its relationship with, and contribution to, maneuver. The term firepower is commonly used to describe the collective offensive capabilities of a military force or, alternatively, the military capability to direct force at an enemy. Firepower destroys, neutralizes, suppresses, demoralizes and influences. It can be delivered by sea, land and air platforms. It has physical, psychological and physiological effects. Firepower provides the force to amplify or enable the effects of tempo, simultaneity and surprise. Its effectiveness depends on its volume, accuracy, and its suddenness or unpredictability. It allows force to be applied precisely, different systems to be concentrated against a single task, and the rapid switching of fire between targets. The psychological and physiological effects of firepower are transient, and should be exploited by maneuver before they wear off. Hence effective operations require close coordination between firepower and maneuver. Firepower and maneuver are two of the Combat Functions, identified in (land) tactical doctrine. Joint Fire Support (JFS) is defined as the coordinated and integrated employment of land-, air- and naval fire support platforms delivering indirect fires to achieve the required effects on ground targets to support Land Operations in the full spectrum of conflict. It encompasses the integration of indirect fires and effects in order to influence the adversary forces, installations or functions. Depending on national doctrine, the Joint Fire Support Element (JFSE) could either encompass influence elements as e.g. PSYOPS, CIMIC, EW or be incorporated in a wider cell dealing with overall influence activities.
Figure. Firepower and within JF and JFS contributes to the Targeting Process
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2. Joint Fire Support Elements Joint Fire Support Element (JFSE)1 is the element responsible for the overall planning, coordination and employment of all allocated JFS assets at all levels. It is the single point of contact for JFS coordination at all levels. This element should always be tailored to the mission and to the level of force and reinforced by all necessary liaison cells as required. The JFSE at the different tactical levels are: a. Company/Platoon JFSE (Joint Fire Support Team, JFST) (1) COY/PLT Fire Support Officer (COY-FSO) (2) Forward Observer (FO) Team / (“Surface to Surface Team”) (3) Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) with Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) / (“Air to Surface Team”) (4) Other personnel tailored to mission (e.g. spotter) b. Battalion / Battle Group JFSE (Joint Fire Support Coordination Team, JFSCT) (1) Direction / Control cell with BN Fire Support Officer (BN-FSO) (2) Artillery/Mortar Cell (e.g. Fire Direction Element) (3) Personnel to coordinate and/ or deconflict airspace e.g. JTAC. c. Brigade (to Corps) JFSE (Joint Fire Support Coordination Group, JFSCG) (1) Direction / Control cell with BDE Fire Support Officer (BDE-FSO) (2) Artillery Cell (3) Army Aviation Cell (AHs) (4) Air Forces Cell (5) Navy Forces Cell (if required) and (6) Airspace Control and/ or Coordination Cell (7) Other cells tailored to mission (e.g. Air Defense cell or UAV cell)
1
This is a generic phrase not intended to replace any national term.
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FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER (FSO) The primary responsibility of the FSO is to ensure the integration of the fire support plan with the maneuver plan, both during planning and execution. Integrating fire support must achieve synergy between the different assets and effects. Secondarily the FSO commands and directs his terminal control elements (Forward Observer (FO), Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) and spotter, (if allocated) during planning and execution. The FSO is also the link to the higher echelons JFSE for the planning and coordination of external fire support. The FSO is the commander’s advisor for all (joint) fire support related matters. The FSO advises the commander on the capabilities, limitations, and employment of all fire support assets available to support his operation. The FSO bases his actions on the needs of the supported force as directed by the maneuver commander's guidance. The FSO must have the proper rank and experience for the mission, and have the commander’s full confidence. FORWARD OBSERVER (FO) The FO acts as the eyes of the land based fire support. The primary duty of the FO is to locate targets and call for and adjust indirect land based fire support. The FO is a trained service member able to execute safe and effective land based fire support. He is qualified to request Call for Fires (CFF), or to order fires from a fire direction center (FDC) of organic or supporting land based fire support units. Due to his qualification he conducts all types of Call for Fires (Fire Missions) including explosive fires, smoke, illumination, danger close missions and all available types of ammunition included Precision Guided Munitions (PGM). In some countries the FO is also trained to provide JTAC target information for Close Air Support (CAS) Type 2 and Type 3 controls where the JTAC cannot see the target. The concept of operation is that these additional trained FOs will observe a large battle area and liaise with one JTAC, multiplying the effective area of operations for that JTAC. See also Joint Fires Observer (JFO). MORTAR FIRE CONTROLLER (MFC) The MFC is a trained service member able to execute mortar fire support. In some countries the MFC is not fully certified / qualified as a FO but he can provide the necessary target information to the FO in order to engage a target with Artillery Fire Support and conduct adjustments, if necessary. ALL ARMS OBSERVER A Service member trained to request land based fire support (Call for Fire). The All Arms Observer is not fully certified / qualified as a FO. The all arms observer can provide the necessary target information to the forward observer in order to engage a target with land based fire support and conduct adjustments, if necessary. The concept of operation is that multiple all arms observers will observe a large battle area and liaise with one FO, multiplying the effective area of operations for that FO. JOINT FIRES OBSERVER (JFO) A JFO is a trained and certified Service member who can request, adjust, and control surfaceto-surface fires. For air-to-surface fires, he can provide timely and accurate targeting information to the JTAC or, when approved by the JTAC, to the aircraft directly, and perform autonomous terminal guidance operations (TGO). The JFO adds joint warfighting capability but cannot provide terminal attack control during CAS operations. A JFO is usually an advanced FO.
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TACTICAL AIR CONTROL PARTY (TACP) The Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) is the principal air liaison element aligned with land force maneuver units from company through corps. The primary mission of battlegroup through corps -level TACP is to advise their respective ground commanders on the capabilities and limitations of air power and assist the ground commander in planning, requesting, and coordinating CAS (Commonly known as TACP Air Liaison Officer (ALO)). Below this level the TACP’s primary task is to support the JTAC during terminal attack control of CAS in support of ground forces - commonly known as TACP (JTAC). Only a JTAC is authorized to perform terminal attack control. AIR LIAISON OFFICER (ALO) The ALO is the senior TACP member attached to a ground unit from battalion through corps, who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operations. An ALO is usually an aeronautically rated officer and is an expert in the capabilities and limitations of air operations. The ALO plans and executes CAS in accordance with the ground commander’s guidance and intent. The commander uses a liaison officer to transmit critical information while bypassing layers of staff and headquarters. A trained, competent, trusted and informed ALO is the key to effective liaison. JOINT TERMINAL ATTACK CONTROLLER (JTAC) CAS is defined as air action by Fixed Wing (FW) and Rotary Wing (RW) aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces. It requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. Planning and executing safe and effective CAS should include a terminal attack controller who is specifically trained, certified and qualified to conduct terminal attack control, achieve the ground commander’s intent, maximize and integrate fires on the battlefield, and mitigate fratricide. The JTAC is a qualified individual who, from a forward position on the ground or in the air, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support of land forces. A JTAC operating from an airborne platform is known as a FAC(A). A JTAC may be employed outside of a TACP. SPOTTER The Maritime fire support observer for ground troops is called the Spotter. The JFSE on company level has the additional responsibility of observing and controlling Naval Fire Support (NFS) in support of the land component. The NFS procedures and amphibious Tactics, Techniques & Procedures (TTP) are described in detail respectively in ATP-04 and 08. A maritime fire support group consists of naval combatants assigned to support Land Forces operations ashore by NFS.
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3. JFS - EFFECTS Physical and functional effects2: Harassment Repeated, deliberate and intimidating activities intended to discourage, impede and disrupt. Those fires are delivered on an irregular timeframe and location with a reduced amount of delivery platforms. Suppression Suppression fires are fires on/or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives. The effect of suppressive fires usually lasts only as long as the fires are continued. Suppression is used to prevent effective fire on friendly forces. It is typically used to support a specified movement of forces. Neutralization Fire Fire delivered to render the target temporarily ineffective or unusable. Neutralization fire results in adversary personnel or materiel incapable of interfering with a particular operation or the accomplishment of a particular course of action. Destruction Destruction fire physically renders an adversary force combat-ineffective unless it is reconstituted, or so damaged that it cannot function as intended nor be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt. Terrain effects FS units are able to deliver area and precision effects by employing a wide variety of munitions. Psychological effects All delivered fires and even the presence of FS assets has a positive effect on own troops besides the classical effects generated on the adversary power. Even if FS assets just fire nonlethal ammunition, friendly forces show their resolve and the readiness to use lethal ammunition if necessary. Psychological effects encompass deter, demoralize, discourage, etc. Operational effects Those effects are known as e.g. delay, disrupt, defeat, divert, deter, degrade, dislocate, deny, deceive, dissuade, limit, interdict, canalize, isolate, block, area control, separate, fix, contain, compel, obscure, illuminate, coerce, hinder, hamper, contain, turn, neutralize, demonstrate, eliminate, prevent, retaliate, etc.
SMOKE The capability to use smoke (SMK) can significantly reduce the enemy's effectiveness both in the daytime and at night. Combined with other fires, it gives more opportunities for maneuver forces to deploy and aircraft to attack frontline targets. Obscuring smoke - Use and effects of a smoke screen placed directly on or near the enemy with the primary purpose of suppressing observers and minimizing their vision. Screening smoke - A smoke curtain used on the battlefield between enemy observation points and friendly units to mask maneuvers. Deception smoke - A smoke curtain used to deceive and confuse the enemy as to the nature of friendly operations. Signaling smoke - Smoke used to establish a reference for friendly forces. 2
For appropriate Task Verb Definitions see Page 184
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4. JFS Processes Fire support in the context of JFS follows a dynamic process strictly oriented to a predetermined procedural sequence whose contents might, however, be influenced by numerous factors dependent on the situation and mission. An essential characteristic of JFS is that calls for fire are generated “bottom up” to the command level which may decide on engagement or assign appropriate delivery systems. In this context, responsibilities and target engagement authorities (TEA) must be delegated as required by the situation so that engagement decisions may be taken at the lowest possible command level. The information obligation towards superior command levels remains unaffected.
a. Process levels. (1) REQUEST LEVEL The need for fire support arises at the request-level. This level requests an effect and ensures target surveillance until completion of engagement. Request-levels may include all tactical levels of national and international forces involved in a land operation. (2) DECISION MAKING LEVEL The respective decision-making-level may draw on forces and assets attached, directed to cooperate or assigned for JFS in the operations area. It checks the legal parameters, assesses and prioritizes calls for fire within conduct of operations, decides on deployment of delivery systems and ensures coordination. Decision-making authorities can be flexibly assigned to the command levels as directed and extend from unit level up to JFC level. The applicable ROE have an impact on the type and scope of fire support and the designation of decision-making authorities. In low intensity stability operations, decisions are generally taken at high levels. In high intensity operations, however, decision-making-levels must be low to ensure minimum JFS response times. (3) PROVIDER LEVEL The provider-level has the responsibility for the tactical employment of the delivery system. Provider-levels are: (a) For land forces: Artillery battalion, Artillery regiment, Infantry battalion (mortars), army aviation/air mobile task force. (b) For air forces: Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC), Air Operations Coordination Center (AOCC). (4) EXECUTION LEVEL The execution-level has the responsibility for execution of weapons employment in accordance with the decision-making- and provider-level. Execution levels are for example: (a) Howitzer units/ subunits. (b) Mortar units/ subunits. (c) Rocket launcher units/ subunits. (d) Attack helicopter units/ subunits. (e) Jet flight sections. (f) Seagoing units (e.g. frigate), incl. on-board helicopters and airborne naval assets.
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b. Engagement seven stages process. (1) IDENTIFICATION Target identification and target location can be provided by Platoon- or Coy-JFSE, maneuver forces (reconnaissance patrol, convoy etc.) special forces, ground-based and airborne ISR and other sensors. In the scope of ROE, targets located by radar and sound-ranging systems may require verification prior to engagement, using groundbased or airborne imaging sensors (eyes on target) to provide surveillance of target environment. (2) REQUEST Besides target data, calls for fire against identified targets comprise unanimous effects requirements. Effect requests always comprise evaluation of hazards to friendly and neutral forces and civilians associated with safety distances to be observed. This estimate of the situation is always part of the decision that should have Target Engagement Authority (TEA) IAW the operation order. (3) PRIORITIZATION On submission of several target reports, engagement of identified targets must be prioritized by JFSE cell chief IAW the force commander`s requirements and synchronized with the operation, among others with missions from the targeting process. (4) DECISION Considering restrictions and ROE, targets must be evaluated at the respective decisionlevel as part of an integrated approach22, and confirmed as targets or exempt from engagement, as required. This includes, among others, a legal review and comparison with target lists, Effects Guidance Matrix (EGM), Restricted Target List (RTL) and No-Strike-List (NSL). This decision-making process can take valuable time and should consequently be determined from the outset in the major formation SOP. If available, legal advisors (LEGAD) should be involved in the decision-making process from the beginning. Proper assignment of TEA and procedures is crucial for fast decision making IOT ensure target engagement in a reasonable time. (5) ASSIGNMENT The most appropriate delivery system to achieve the desired effect is assigned for target engagement. If no delivery systems/forces are attached or directed to cooperate, appropriate and available delivery systems/forces should be requested suitable to the level as part of the ordered or standardized reporting system (e.g. via Air Support Request - ASR). For sea- and airborne delivery systems, assignment is generally the
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responsibility of the BG-JFSE subsequent to release by the responsible command levels (e.g. MCC, ACC). (6) EXECUTION Following the assignment of delivery systems, engagement is provided by direct cooperation of request-level and provider-level (e.g. COY-JFSE – Fire Direction Centre (FDC) Artillery/Mortar, Aircraft, and Ship). The decision-making-level orders establishment of communications and provides possibly required information (e.g. frequencies, call-signs etc.). The JFST establishes early contact with the delivery system and ensures the required information exchange. Target data and safety distances should be updated continuously. Direct cooperation has no impact on the information obligation towards superior coordination levels and supported maneuver forces. (7) ASSESSMENT Weapons employment and effects are followed by Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) and Re-Attack Recommendation (R/R) if necessary.
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BATTLESPACE MANAGEMENT
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5. Battlespace Coordination Battlespace. The Battlespace is defined as ‘all aspects of air, surface, sub-surface, land, space and the electromagnetic spectrum that encompasses the area of operations’. Dimensions of the Battlespace. The six dimensions of the Battlespace are Land, Sea, Air (including Space), Electro Magnetic Spectrum (EMS), Computer Generated Space (CGS) and Time. Battlespace Management (BM). BM is the use of means and measures that enable the dynamic synchronization, prioritization and deconfliction of activity across all dimensions of an assigned area of operations within the battlespace.
PRINCIPLES OF BM a. Command Led. BM is a core G3 function and must be command led throughout. Authority can be delegated liaison but responsibility remains with the commander. b. Define the Battlespace. The volume of Battlespace which a commander is allocated must be clearly defined across all 6 dimensions of BM. The responsibilities within that Battlespace must also be clear, so areas of activity which may cause friction can be identified and it is understood who holds the authority to resolve potential conflict. c. Shared Situational Awareness. Information Management (IM), Information Exploitation (IX) and SSA are the key to conducting effective BM. The level, timeliness and granularity of the SA will define the level of integration which can be achieved during an operation. At the lowest levels of SA, BM will be limited to procedural methods but approaching real time SSA, positive control of activity will be possible. d. Identify the Level and Type of BM. Throughout both planning and execution the levels of activity at each phase of an operation must be reviewed and evaluated, enabling the type of BM, from procedural to positive, required to enable an operation. Additional resources may be required for specific phase of an operation or the complexity reduced if an appropriate level of command and control cannot be achieved. e. Continuous Process. BM activity must be continuous. There are elements of the Battlespace which once defined will endure, requiring only occasional reviews. However there will be activity in all dimensions of the Battlespace, particularly during intense periods of operations, where BM evaluation must be continuous in order to avoid loss of tempo. f. Collaborative Planning. BM is a collaborative process. It is the responsibility of all levels to coordinate activity and ensure that friction is removed or reduced wherever possible. Planning and execution must routinely consider BM.
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g. Simplicity. Simple BM controls and procedures are easier to manage and are less prone to cause confusion or error. Complex BM is potentially inflexible, increases decision and reaction times and can increase risk. h. Resilience. BM planning must be resilient in the face of enemy action, loss of CIS or communications. Procedural controls and procedures must be clear and robust to allow operations to continue if positive control is degraded or fails.
6. Measures for Battlespace Control LEVELS OF ACTIVITY The function of BM is to coordinate activity in the Battlespace. The closer activity comes to real time control the more demanding and resource intensive BM becomes. Coordination requires forces to act together to achieve shared objectives. It prevents fratricide and duplication, and ensures that effects complement each other. The degree of coordination required is defined by the level of activity being conducted.
Figure. The Range of Interaction
The levels of activity within BM are as follows: a. Independent Activity. Independent Activity is coordinated by the most basic form of BM, where forces are separated in time and/or space. The deconfliction of activity in this manner avoids fratricide and duplication, but does not contribute to synergy. b. Synchronized Activity. Synchronized activity allows discrete elements of a force to follow specified courses of action (COAs), enabling them to conduct a joint task without fear of unexpected interference and with a controlled level of risk. Synchronisation is the focusing of resources and activities to produce maximum combat power at the decisive time, but not in space. c. Integrated Activity. Integrated activity is at the opposite end of the range from independent activity. It requires a complete state of mutual awareness and understanding between 2 or more elements of a force such that they can conduct simultaneous activity with impunity in the same portion of Battlespace. It typically requires faster and more precise planning, with real-time communications and liaison.
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CONTROL MEASURES Land combat is complex, dynamic and unpredictable with a large number of force elements concentrated into a small volume of battlespace. Control is essential and BM can be executed in a number of ways to achieve this. Procedural Control. In its simplest form battlespace can be allocated procedurally. Volumes of battlespace are allocated by time, and force elements operate within these without constraint. While simple, this is inflexible and most suited to a situation where all elements of a force can achieve their aims by conducting independent actions. Activity may be synchronised in time, but not in space, or vice versa. It has the advantage of being less susceptible to disruption.
Figure. Procedural Airspace Control Means
Procedural Airspace Control Means/Measures. The purpose of airspace control is to maximise the effectiveness of military operations by promoting the ability of air land and maritime forces to operate in and efficient, integrated and flexible manner with minimal mutual interference and without undue restraint and risk to friendly forces and neutral air. Procedural Airspace Control relies on previously agreed and promulgated orders (ATO/ACO/SPINS) and set procedures (ACM). It is more restrictive than positive control but is less vulnerable to interference by electronic and physical attack. 1. Coordination Level (CL). Definition: “An altitude or height used to establish airspace control responsibilities primarily to deconflict airspace users.” The CL is an altitude below which Air Force controlled traffic must be coordinated with army aviation through the airspace coordination centre, and above which army controlled air traffic must be coordinated with air force agencies to minimize the disruption of each user`s operations and collisions between fast and slow traffic. The CL is procedural means to separate fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft normally will not fly. (a) The height of the CL will be published in the Airspace Control Plan (ACP). (b) Slow moving traffic will normally operate below the CL, fast moving traffic will normally operate above it. (c) The ACP/ACO will specify whether the CL is advisory or mandatory.
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Figure. Altitude Bands / Preferred CAS Flight Level
2. Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF) Switching Line. IFF Switch OFF and IFF Switch ON Lines are to be established and will be published in the ACO. All aircraft enroute to targets beyond the IFF Switch ON Line will stop squawk as they cross the IFF Switch OFF Line. Aircraft conducting operations between the IFF Switch On/Switch OFF Lines, or those returning to friendly territory after crossing the Switch ON Line, should squawk at all times. For example:
Figure. IFF Switch OFF line, Showing Change in Co-ordination Level
3. Restricted Operating Zone (ROZ). Definition: “Airspace of defined dimensions, designated by the Airspace Control Authority in response to specific situations and/or
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requirements within which the operation of one or more airspace users is restricted.” A ROZ is one of the principle ACM used by the fire support advisor when deconflicting fires from air users. It offers a short-term volume of airspace (usually smaller than a HIDACZ), reserved for a single activity, within which the designated commander can exercise complete freedom for the specified activity. A ROZ may permanently be established but not activated until specific criteria are met or created for a particular operation or phase of battle.
Figure. GMLRS ROZ “Hot Wall”
4. High Density Airspace Control Zone (HIDACZ). The HIDACZ is airspace of defined dimensions, designated by the Airspace Control Authority, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and varied weapons and airspace users. It offers a short-term volume or airspace within which a ground commander can exercise freedom of action for specified users (e.g. for CAS/CCA) A HIDACZ may be permanently established but not activated until specific criteria are met or created for a particular operation or phase of battle. Land Battlespace Procedural Control. Fire support coordination is used to coordinate and integrate land, air, and maritime fires to support the manoeuvre commander’s intent and operations plan. As such Fire Support Coordination Measures (FSCM) are a key part of managing the Land Battlespace. Terrain Management using boundaries, ARA/AMAs, routes, Phase/Report Lines, movement orders etc. is another aspect of procedural control. Some aspects of Battlespace Spectrum Management can be conducted procedurally, such as frequency management, EMCON and some coordination of EW assets. 1. Dynamic Procedural. To allow BM to react to the unexpected (including enemy action) procedural measures may be developed in order to enable synchronised and focussed actions which will better achieve the required effect. The Dynamic Procedural approach to BM still requires a pre-established architecture based on FSCM/ACM/WCS etc. but presupposes that these measures can be quickly activated and deactivated. This will enable synchronised activity within the Battlespace, with the flexibility quickly to respond to changing circumstances. The volume of Battlespace which this method can effectively control is finite, as the larger and busier the volume is, the less responsive this method of control can be. The use of GMLRS ‘walls’ is an example of dynamic procedural. A wall can be routinely established, but with sufficient planning time planning
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(1-24hrs) the trajectory can be calculated to enable aircraft to fly below it. Where a more dynamic response is required (1,001 ft > 305 m
Weapon Accuracy (2DRMS)
The definition for the Weapon Accuracy is the difference between the coordinates generated for a target (TLE!) and the de facto point at which a projectile or bomb impacts or is expected to impact (Mean Point of Impact - MPI). These errors (MPI-Error) are also expressed in terms of circular errors (Circular Error Probable - CEP). CEP is an indicator of the delivery accuracy of a weapon system, used as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within which half of a missile’s projectiles or bombs are expected to fall (CEP 50). 2 DRMS expresses a circular error probability of 95% (CEP50 x 2.4).
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Risk Estimate Distances (RED)
1. Surface-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances. 42 Danger close is usually 600 meters for cannon, mortars and GMLRS. WARNING: Mortar and Howitzer REDs were calculated assuming an observer has adjusted fires onto the target. Unadjusted fire for effect (FFE) missions may significantly increase the 0.1% Pi (Standing) distances!
Table 1. Unguided Ballistic Munitions Risk-estimate Distances 43 0.1 % PI (meters / feet) (Standing)
0.1 % PI (meters / feet) (Prone)
1/3 Rng
2/3 Rng
Max Rng
1/3 Rng
2/3 Rng
Max Rng
Item / System
Description, ammo
M252 / M29
81mm mortar
170 / 558’
195 / 640’
195 / 640’
160 / 525’
190 / 624’
185 / 607’
M120 / M327
120mm mortar
280 / 919’
395 / 1,296’
430 / 1,411’
260 / 853’
365 / 1,198’
410 / 1,345’
M109 SPH
155mm Howitzer HE (White Bags)
300 / 984’
460 / 1,509’
695 / 2,280’
285 / 935’
440 / 1,444’
665 / 2,182’
M109 SPH
155mm Howitzer RAP (eRW 44)
360 / 1,076’
530 / 1,739’
1,045 / 3,428’
360 / 1,181’
520 / 1,706’
965 / 3,166’
Table 2. Precision Guided Munitions Risk-estimate Distances 0.1 % PI Standing
0.1 % PI Prone
0.1 % PI Prone Protected
155mm (X)M982 Excalibur, PGM (PX-Fuse)
175 / 574’
150 / 492’
115 / 377’
(not range dependent)
(not range dependent)
(not range dependent)
Unitary Warhead, (PX-Fuse)
250 / 820’
210 / 689’
170 / 558’
(not range dependent)
(not range dependent)
(not range dependent)
Item / System
Description, ammo
M109 (L52) M777A2 GMLRS, MARS-II
Note: - Lethal Blast Radius - Point Detonation: 40m, Splinter Distance: 200m
WARNING: 0.1% probability of incapacitation numbers are for combat use only during “danger close” situations and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime training. Commanders, controllers, and aircrew will still apply Danger Close conditions at or inside the ranges listed under the Standing column for air-to-surface REDS. NOTE: The REDs in this document are highly generalized.
42
Do not confuse the “Danger Close” method of engagement with risk estimate distances (RED) or minimum safe distances (MSD). 43 Reference: The methodology and assumptions concerning the REDs are available via a White Paper on the ALSA classified Web site: http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/library/mttps/jfire.html. 44 eRW: „erhöhte Reichweite“
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2. Air-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances. Danger close is usually 1000 meters. Prone Protected REDs. a) Some operating environments (such as urban battlefields or those with armor-shielded troops) provide an enhanced degree of protection for friendly forces. In these cases, friendly troop postures could potentially allow supporting arms fires to be safely employed at closer ranges than would be possible in more open battlefields. b) The Prone Protected column lists REDs that are modeled for situations in which friendly ground troops are afforded a greater degree of protection than is the case for Standing and Prone columns. Even with a greater degree of protection, however, careful consideration is required with regard to weapons selection and delivery profiles.
Table 3. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances 0.1 % PI (meters / feet) Weapon
Description
Danger Close or Standing
Prone
Prone Protected
Mk-82/BLU-111 Contact
500-lb bomb
305m / 1,001’
225m / 738’
165m / 541’
Mk-82/BLU-111 Airburst
500-lb bomb
425m / 1,394’
325m / 1,066’
255m / 837’
Mk-83/BLU-110 Contact
1,000-lb bomb
345m / 1,132’
270m / 886’
205m / 673’
Mk-83/BLU-110 Airburst
1,000-lb bomb
435m / 1,427’
350m / 1,148’
295m / 968’
Mk-84/BLU-117 Contact
2,000-lb bomb
355m / 1,165’
255m / 837’
195m / 640’
Mk-84/BLU-117 Airburst
2,000-lb bomb
440m / 1,444’
335m / 1,099’
270m / 886’
CBU-87 1)
CEM 2)
300m / 984’
285m / 935’
255m / 837’
GBU-10
2,000-lb LGB
315m / 1,034’
230m / 755’
165m / 542’
GBU-12
500-lb LGB
275m / 902’
200m / 656’
130m / 426’
GBU-16
1,000-lb LGB
310m / 1,017’
245m / 804’
165m / 541’
Notes: 1) 2)
Cluster munitions not recommended for use in proximity to friendly forces. Combined Effects Munition
WARNING: 0.1% probability of incapacitation numbers are for combat use only during “danger close” situations and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime training.
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Table 3. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances (cont’d) 0.1 % PI (meters / feet) Weapon
Description
Danger Close or Standing
Prone
Prone Protected
GBU-24/B
2,000-lb LGB
340m / 1,115’
235m / 771’
180m / 591’
GBU-31 Contact
2,000-lb JDAM
335m / 1,099’
235m / 771’
180m / 591’
GBU-31 Airburst
2,000-lb JDAM
420m / 1,378’
295m / 968’
230m / 754’
GBU-32 Contact
1,000-lb JDAM
320m / 1,050’
250m / 820’
180m / 591’
GBU-32 Airburst
1,000-lb JDAM
410m / 1,345’
315m / 1,034’
255m / 837’
GBU-38 Contact
500-lb JDAM
290m / 951’
200m / 656’
140m / 459’
GBU-38 Airburst
500-lb JDAM
410m / 1,345’
295m / 968’
220m / 722’
GBU-38v4 Contact
500-lb LCDB 3) (BLU-126)
175m / 574’
115m / 378’
90m / 296’
GBU-38v5 Contact
500-lb LCDB (BLU-129)
140m / 460’
90m / 296’
65m / 214’
GBU-39 Contact
250-lb SDB 4)
205m / 673’
145m / 476’
100m / 328’
GBU-48 5)
1,000-lb EPW II
625m / 2,050’
GBU-49 Contact
500-lb EPW II
290m / 951’
205m / 673’
145m / 476’
GBU-51 Contact
500-lb LCDB (BLU-126)
150m / 492’
105m / 345’
70m / 230’
GBU-54 Contact
500-lb JDAM/ LJDAM
290m / 951’
200m / 656’
140m / 459’
GBU-54v5
500-lb LJDAM LCD BLU-129
140m / 460’
90m / 296’
65m / 214’
380m / 1,247’
260m / 853’
185m / 607’
BLU-109 PGM (GBU-24A/B/GBU31V3) Notes: 3) 4) 5)
2,000-lb Penetrator
305m / 1,000’
Low Collateral Damage Bomb Small Diameter Bomb Raytheon's Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-16. Although GBU-48 etc. are the formal designation for the versions with GPS/INS, they are widely referred to as EGBU-16 etc. ("Enhanced GBU-16"). Carried on Eurofighter.
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Table 3. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances (cont’d) 0.1 % PI (meters / feet) Weapon
Description
AGM-65
Danger Close or Standing
Prone
Prone Protected
Maverick (All)
175m / 574’
115m / 378’
80m / 263’
AGM-158A
JASSM 5)
290m / 952’
195m / 640’
140m / 459’
AGM-176 II Contact
Griffin
120m / 394’
90m / 296’
80m / 263’
AGM-176 II Airburst
Griffin
145m / 476’
120m / 394’
90m / 296’
Mk151/229/261
2.75” Rockets Med Alt
265m / 870’
250m / 820’
240m / 788’
Mk151/229/261
2.75” Rockets Low Alt
290m / 952’
265m / 870’
250m / 820’
Mk24
5” Zuni Rocket
340m / 1,116’
300m / 984’
265m / 870’
FW Gun
20mm
95m / 312’
75m / 246’
70m / 230’
FW Gun
25mm/30mm
95m / 312’
85m / 278’
65m / 214’
AC-130
40mm
95m /312’
80m / 263’
65m / 214’
AC-130
105mm cannon
190m / 624’
140m / 460’
100m / 328’
AC-130W
30mm
100m / 328’
90m / 296’
70m / 230’
AGM-114 K/M/N/FA
Hellfire
110m / 361’
100m / 328’
80m / 263’
AGM-114R
Hellfire
130m / 426’
90m / 296’
Paveway IV
500-lb PGM 6)
480m / 1,575’
320m / 1,050’
Dual Mode Brimstone
UK Hellfire 7)
175m / 574’
90m / 296’
Notes: 6) 7)
Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile REDs for the Paveway IV and Brimstone were calculated using NATO methodology
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Table 4. Rotary-wing Risk-estimate Distances 0.1 % PI (meters / feet) Weapon
Firing Range
M134 (OH-58B, 7,62mm Minigun)
Danger Close or Standing
Prone
KM Distance
0,5
1
1,5
4
10
15
20
25
30
KM Distance
1
02:00
01:00
00:40
00:15
00:06
00:04
00:03
--
00:02
1
1,5
03:00
01:30
01:00
00:22
00:09
0:.06
00:04
--
00:03
1,5
2
04:00
02:00
01:20
00:30
00:12
00:08
00:06
00:05
00:04
2
2,5
05:00
02:30
01:40
00:37
00:15
00:10
00:07
00:06
00:05
2,5
3
06:00
03:00
02:00
00:45
00:18
00.12
00:09
00:08
00:06
3
3,5
07:00
03:30
02:20
00:52
00:21
00:14
00:10
00:09
00:07
3,5
4
08:00
04:00
02:40
01:00
00:24
00:16
00:12
00:10
00:08
4
4,5
09:00
04:30
03:00
01:07
00:27
00:18
00:13
00:11
00:09
4,5
5
10:00
05:00
03:20
01:15
00:30
00:20
00:15
00:13
00:10
5
5,5
11:00
05:30
03:40
01:22
00:33
00:22
00:16
00:14
00:11
5,5
6
12:00
06:00
04:00
01:30
00:36
00:24
00:18
00:15
00:12
6
6,5
13:00
06:30
04:20
01:37
00:39
00:26
00:19
00:16
00:13
6,5
7
14:00
07:00
04:40
01:45
00:42
00:28
00:20
00:17
00:14
7
7,5
15:00
07:30
05:00
01:52
00:45
00:30
00:22
00:18
00:15
7,5
8
16:00
08:00
05:20
02:00
00:48
00:32
00:24
00:20
00:16
8
8,5
17:00
08:30
05:40
02:07
00:52
00:34
00:25
00:21
00:17
8,5
9
18:00
09:00
06:00
02.15
00:54
00:36
00:27
00:22
00:18
9
9,5
19:00
09:30
06:20
02:22
00:57
00:38
00:28
00:23
00:19
9,5
10
20:00
10:00
06:40
02:30
01:00
00:40
00:30
00:25
00:20
10
15
--
15:00
10:00
03:45
01:30
00:45
00:45
00:37
00:30
15
20
--
20:00
13:20
05:00
02:00
01:20
01:00
00:50
00:40
20
25
--
25:00
16:40
06:15
02:30
01:40
01:15
01:03
00:50
25
30
--
30:00
--
07:30
03:00
02:00
01:30
01:15
01:00
30
35
--
35:00
--
08:45
03:30
02:20
01:45
01:28
01.10
35
40
--
40:00
--
10:00
04:00
02:40
02:00
01:40
01:20
40
45
--
45:00
--
11:15
04:30
03:00
02:15
01:53
01:30
45
50
--
50:00
--
12:30
05:00
03:20
02:30
02:00
01:40
50
KM Distance
0,5
1
1,5
4
10
15
20
25
30
KM Distance
---------------- Speed - km/hrs --------------->
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Use Table 1 to calculate the number of minutes : seconds that it will take an aircraft to go from the IP to the target at various ground speeds. Ground speed (GS) is airspeed adjusted for winds at altitude. Table 2 converts meters to feet. Table 1: Speed and Time Conversions GS nm (kts) /min 60 1 80 1.3 90 1.5 110 1.8 120 2 150 2.5 270 4.5 300 5 330 5.5 360 6 420 7 450 7.5 480 8 510 8.5 540 9 Aircraft Run-in Speeds: Aircraft AH-1 MH-60 OH-58 B-1 B-2 B-52
8 nm 8:00 6:00 5:20 4:22 4:00 3:12 1:47 1:36 1:28 1:20 1:09 1:04 1:00 0:57 0:53
9 nm 9:00 6:45 6:00 4:55 4:30 3:36 2:00 1:48 1:39 1:30 1:17 1:12 1:08 1:04 1:00
10 nm 10:00 7:30 6:40 5:28 5:00 4:00 2:13 2:00 1:50 1:40 1:26 1:20 1:15 1:11 1:07
GS (kts) 60 - 120 60 - 120 60 - 90 480 - 540 400 - 460 380 - 440
11 nm 11:00 8:15 7:20 6:00 5:30 4:24 2:27 2:12 2:00 1:50 1:34 1:28 1:23 1:18 1:13 Aircraft AH-64 AH-6 A-10 AV-8B F-15E/F-16 TORNADO
12 nm 12:00 9:00 8:00 6:33 6:00 4:48 2:40 2:24 2.11 2:00 1:43 1:36 1:30 1:25 1:20
13 nm 13:00 9:45 8:40 7:05 6:30 5:12 2:53 2:36 2:23 2:10 1:51 1:44 1:38 1:32 1:27
14 nm 14:00 10:30 9:20 7:38 7:00 5:36 3:07 2:48 2:33 2:20 2:00 1:52 1:45 1:39 1:33
15 nm 15:00 11:15 10:00 8:11 7:30 6:00 3:20 3:00 2:44 2:30 2:09 2:00 1:53 1:45 1:40
GS (kts) 60 - 120 60 - 90 270 - 350 420 - 480 480 - 540 480 - 540
Table 2: Distance Conversion (1 meter = 3.28 feet) Meters 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500
Feet 82 164 246 328 410 492 574 656 738 820 902 984 1,066 1,148 1,230 1,312 1,394 1,476 1,538 1,640
Meters 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1,000
Feet 1,722 1,804 1,886 1,968 2,050 2,132 2,214 2,296 2,378 2,460 2,542 2,624 2,706 2,788 2,870 2,952 3,034 3,116 3,198 3,280
Meters 1,025 1,050 1,075 1,100 1,125 1,150 1,175 1,200 1,225 1,250 1,275 1,300 1,325 1,350 1,375 1,400 1,425 1,450 1,475 1,500
Feet 3,362 3,444 3,526 3,608 3,690 3,772 3,852 3,936 4,018 4,100 4,182 4,264 4,346 4,428 4,510 4,592 4,674 4,756 4,838 4,920
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Yards
Centimeters
Feet
Inches
Meters
Statute Miles
Nautical Miles
Kilometers
Table 3: Conversions
1 Inch
----
2.54
0.0933
1
0.0254
----
----
----
1 Feet
0.333
30.5
1
12
0.3048
----
----
----
1 Yard
1
91.4
3
36
0.9144
----
----
----
1 Meter
1.0936
100
3.28
39.37
1
----
----
----
1 Kilometer
1,094
----
----
----
1,000
0.62137
0.5399
1
1 Statute Mile
----
----
5,280
----
1,610
1
1.151
1.6093
1 Nautical Mile
----
----
6,076
----
1,853
0.869
1
1.853
Distance / Length
Table 4: Speed Knots
NM per minute
360 420 480 540
6 7 8 9
11.118 12.971 14.824 16.677 Speed of Sound (Mach 1.0)
660
63.
340 meters per second
Kmph 667 778 890 1,000 1,223
International Effects-Table (English-German) English
Desired Effect interdict illuminate engage blind suppress block harass overwatch anihilate destroy destruct
48
Km per minute
Abbr.
One-Letter (Task Verb)
int ill eng bli sup blo --ovw anni destr destr
I
B S
D
Bundeswehr (gem. D2-227/0-0-2050) Kurz Geforderte Expected ENY Wirkung Default ABR Abriegeln 30 % 48 BEL Beleuchten BEK Bekämpfen 10 % BLE Blenden NIE Niederhalten 20 % SPE Sperren STÖ Stören 10 % UBW Überwachen VER Vernichten 40 % ZSL Zerschlagen 30 % ZST Zerstören
with a probability of 90%
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L.
D3A Targeting Methodology
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Decide -Detect -Deliver-Assess (D3A)
The emphasis of targeting is on identifying resources (targets) that the adversary can least afford to lose or that provide him with the greatest advantage, then further identifying the subset of those targets which must be acquired and effected, to achieve friendly success. (Tactical) Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them, taking into account operational requirements and capabilities. The Land Targeting Cycle is based on a cycle of functions; Decide, Detect/Track, Deliver and Assess. This methodology provides a systematic approach to enable the right target to be effected with the appropriate system at the right time and place.
The DECIDE function is divided into 6 elements: 1 - Identify Target Types. Target types and categories will depend on the nature of the operation and the range of effects available. Targets will be developed into target lists and further refined through intelligence collection and the need to manage the dynamic nature of the formation/maneuver commanders' operational requirements.
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2 - Identify Target Areas. This stage will consider the Area of Operations and identify areas of targeting interest. All dimensions of the battlespace environment should be considered and limitations such as protected areas taken into account. 3 - Establish Target Accuracy. The capabilities of available detection systems and effects systems will dictate technical and procedural limits that should be established. It is important to match appropriate ISTAR and effects systems in order to engage targets. 4 - Input to Intelligence Collection Plan. Targeting input to the intelligence collection mechanism aims to provide a focus for the management of detection systems. Input will identify priority targets, how they might be detected and whether target tracking is required. 5 - Establish Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) Criteria. Decisions must be made early in the process as to what can be defined as a successful (or unsuccessful) attack. There should also be decisions concerning the direction of systems to obtain BDA. Only effective BDA can assess that the effects desired by the formation/maneuver commander are being produced. 6 - Develop Attack Guidance Matrix (AGM). The AGM provides a consolidated, tabulated support tool for operational targeting decisions and is the culmination of the Decide phase of the cycle. The matrix is intended to act, as far as practical, as an executive document allowing rapid engagement decisions to be made during current operations. AGM should be developed for each phase of an operation and for different operations.
Decide Function Products The result of the Decide function should be a focused targeting effort and a series of supporting products. Some of the product possibilities are listed below: a. High Value Target (HVT) List (HVTL). The HVTL is derived from consideration of the mission, enemy intentions and vulnerabilities, and direction provided by the formation/maneuver commander arising from the formation estimate process. The HVTL is normally generated by the intelligence staff. HVTs are those assets, the loss of which would significantly damage the enemy's capability to achieve his intentions. There will be several categories of warfighting target and, probably different non-warfighting targets. b. High Payoff Target List (HPTL). The HPTL identifies those HVTs; the loss of which would significantly contribute to the success of the commander’s mission and which can be effected, given the systems available. The HPTL should change according to the phase and nature of operations and may be used to focus the intelligence collection effort. The HPTL is a Command decision and should be disseminated accordingly. c. Target Selection Standards (TSS). TSS are criteria that are applied to possible future targets to determine what degree of accuracy and timeliness is required from detection systems, to enable the selected attack weapon system to achieve a successful attack.
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d. Attack Guidance Matrix (AGM). The AGM provides detail on specific HPT's, when and how they should be attacked and any attack restrictions. It allocates assets to targets and, in so doing, facilitates future tactical and logistic planning. The AGM may also identify target tracking requirements. e. Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) requirements. Those targets on which BDA is required are identified and passed to the intelligence staff/section. BDA is further discussed in the Assess function. f. Combined HPT/TSS/AGM. It may be useful to combine decision products. Individual products should still be developed and maintained to provide a decision audit function. (An Example you find on page 214).
65.
Targeting - DMP - FS-Planning - Relations
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M.
FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING
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66.
Decision-Making Process (DEU-NATO-AUT)
67.
Principles and Concept of Fire Support Planning
GENERAL. The Land Component Command (LCC) provides planning of operations based on instructions/orders from the Joint Forces Command (JFC) as directed by COM LCC. The outcome of this planning process is implemented in the Concept of Operations (CONOPS), the Operation Plan (OPLAN) or Operations Order (OPORD) in coordination with other Component Commands, including required coordinating instructions. For the future JFS planning process, it is important, that initial guidelines especially for the decision-making authorities are already included, i.e. which level may decide on delivery systems employment dependent on the situation, mission, intensity, available delivery systems and Collateral Damage Estimate (CDE) Level. JFS represents a significant contribution to the maneuver commander’s combat power. It is essential to have a concept of JFS that is synchronized with and supports the maneuver commander’s concept of operations. The ultimate purpose of the JFS planning, coordination and synchronization is to optimize the use of all JFS assets delivering lethal or non-lethal effects. Although the concept shall be drafted by the JFS staff, the commander is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the application of JFS is synchronized with the other elements of his force.
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CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS. The JFS planning, coordination, and synchronization ensures that all available lethal and non-lethal FS assets are employed in accordance with the commander's concept of operations. The JFSE chief at all appropriate levels is the primary staff officer concept of FS. The concept of operation describes his intent and priorities for the FS. The JFS plan should reflect this concept of FS. a. Intent for Joint Fire Support The intent for JFS is the maneuver commander’s declaration of what the FS assets must accomplish. b. Joint Fire Support Priorities The commander’s guidance prioritizes the targeting effort, and clarifies the expected availability of FS assets for a given operation or period, and how resources should be allocated during the execution of the operation. c. The commander frequently delegates authority for drafting of the concept of FS and the planning and execution of FS for the operation to the JFSE.
CONCEPT OF JFS-PLANNING. In order to plan effective employment of FS assets, the FSO will rely on the following principles: a. Early involvement of all liaison and command elements deployed within the scope of the JFSE (e.g. TACP Air Liaison Officer [ALO]) in order to guarantee integrated and effective planning of non-land organic FS assets, b. Early and continuous planning (in order to effectively integrate FS with the scheme of maneuver), c. Exploitation of all target acquisition assets (from own, higher and adjacent echelon), d. Effective employment of FS assets and capabilities (lethal/non-lethal, lowest suitable assets capable of achieving required effects [economy of forces], integration of all restraints), e. Air, naval and land coordination in order to minimize the risk of fratricide/collateral damage by deconflicting the use of the three dimensional battle space, f. Rapid and proactive coordination in order to support the battle effectively, g. Establishing coordinating measures as FSCM or requesting other measures as ACM in order to speed up the target engagement process while safeguarding friendly forces, h. Flexibility in order to facilitate future operations (e.g. contingency, sequel, branch, on order plan).
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68.
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JFS Mission Analysis Brief - Format
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Annex Fire Support (STANAG 2014)
1. This Annex provides the commander’s direction to fire support commanders. It informs the supported units of the fire support they will receive and gives necessary details of fire support coordination and, in particular, the part they play in such coordination. The Fire Support annex serves as the basis for preparing the Fire Support Orders/Appendices of the air, aviation, artillery and naval gunfire support elements and the Fire Support Orders/Appendices for chemical and nuclear weapons when they are required. 2. A paragraph concerning each type of fire support should be provided. These types of fire support may be in alphabetical order but such an arrangement should not be used if logic dictates otherwise. 3. The example format shown below provides an aid memory/check list of the content for the sub-paragraphs of the Fire Support Annex. The detailed content of sub paragraphs should be included as necessary.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
ANNEX …. (FIRE SUPPORT) TO OPERATION ORDER No… Copy No. _____ of _____ copies Issuing Headquarters Place of Issue (may be in code) Date-Time Group of Signature Message Reference No.
References: Maps, charts and relevant documents Time Zone used throughout the Order:
1. SITUATION (Any items of information which affect fire support and which were not included in Paragraph 1 of the Operation Order or which need to be expanded should be given here.) a. Enemy Forces / Conflicting Parties. (1) See Annex __ to Operation Order No. __. (2) Enemy Forces / Conflicting Parties air support (fixed wing and helicopters), artillery, air defense and naval gunfire capabilities. b. Friendly Forces. (1) Outline higher unit/formation mission and commander’s intent. (2) Outline of higher and adjacent unit/formation Fire Support Plans. (3) Note additional air, naval and nuclear resources supporting the unit/formation. c. Attachments and Detachments. List fire support resources attached to the unit/formation by higher headquarters along with any unit/formation elements detached under command or control of the higher headquarters or adjacent units/ formations. Differences will exist between national command and control terminology.
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2. MISSION. A clear, concise statement of the task or tasks including a unifying purpose of the fire support elements. 3. EXECUTION. a. Concept of Operation. A brief statement of the fire support operation to be carried out, including any major grouping/arrangement of forces and allotment of effort. b. Air Support. (1) General. Outline major supporting roles/tasks to be carried out by the Air Component (and/or air assets of other components as applicable). (2) Allocation. Allocation by sorties, of close air support (CAS) including any priorities or specific control arrangements. (3) Miscellaneous. Points of detail not covered above or reference to an Air Support Order/ Appendix. c. Aviation Support. (This paragraph may be omitted and information put in an Army Aviation Annex [H]) (1) General. Outline major roles/tasks to be carried out by Army aviation elements in support of operations. (2) Allocation. Allocation of aviation support including any priorities or specific control arrangements. (3) Miscellaneous. Points of detail not covered above or in the tasks to the Aviation maneuver unit subparagraph or the Aviation annex. d. Artillery Support. (1) Field Artillery. (a) General. General concept, including major comments on the phasing, duration or general employment. (b) Allocation. The grouping/organization for combat. (c) Miscellaneous. Some points to include, if applicable , are: 1. Deployment areas (overlay). 2. Counter-battery policy. 3. Location of Surveillance and Target Acquisition Assets. 4. Priority tasks. 5. Reference to Artillery Order/Appendix. 6. Artillery Controlled Supply Rate (CSR). (2) Air Defense Artillery: (Can be a separate annex). (a) General. Concept of employment and major comments on tactical control procedures. (b) Allocation. The grouping/organization for combat. (c) Miscellaneous. Some point to include, if applicable, are: 1. Deployment areas (overlay). 2. Command and control procedures. 3. Air Defense Artillery (ADA)/Controlled Supply Rate (CSR). 4. Weapons Control Status.
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e. Naval Gunfire Support. (1) General. Concept of employment, including limitations related to duration of phasing of the support. (2) Allocation. The grouping/organization for combat, including: (a) Allocation of observers/spotters. (b) Allocation of ships to units/formations. (3) Miscellaneous. Some points to include, if applicable, are: (a) Trajectory limitations. (b) Frequency allocations. (c) Reference to Naval Gunfire Support Order/Appendix. f. Nuclear Fire Support. NIL. g. Coordinating Instructions. (1) Battlespace Synchronization. (a) Timings (Z-, Local Time). (b) Reference Systems (e.g. UTMREF). (c) Altitudes (feet/meter). (2) Command and control procedures. (a) Procedural Control, Formal FSCM (CFL, ACA, NFA etc). (b) Airspace Control. (3) Battle Rhythm & Formats. E.g. Request for Fire, „Daily Reports“, etc (4) Miscellaneous. (a) Target Numbering System. (b) Essential ROEs for JFS (e.g. Qualified Controller, PID, WRA etc). (c) Safety Regulations (Danger Close, REDs etc). Collateral Damage Estimation. (d) IPB. (e) Weather & Meteorology. 4. ADMINISTRATION/LOGISTICS. a. Reference to Administrative/Logistics Orders. b. Location of ammunition supply points. c. Daily maintenance requirements/expenditure rates for each weapons system. 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. a. Command. (1) Locations of main and alternate headquarters. (2) Location of formation artillery Command Post (CP) and/or Fire Support Coordination Cell (FSCC)/Fire Support Elements (FSE)/Air Liaison Elements. (3) Liaison. b. Signal. (1) Signal Operating Instructions (SOIs). (2) Counter-Surveillance Instructions. (3) Code-words. ACKNOWLEDGE: NAME (Commander’s last name) RANK OFFICIAL: (Authentication) APPENDICES: (e.g. Fire Support - Target Overlay etc) DISTRIBUTION: NOTES:
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70. 8MECHINFBDE Headquarters
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
Brigade Fire Support Execution Matrix FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX 02 for Phase 2 B - offensive operation IVO LANGAU
PHASE
FSEM HQ, BDE 12apr
2b - 1
2b - 2
2b - 3
TF (BN) OBJ 81, 82, 12
BDE OBJ “LIMA”
Consolidation
Essential Fire Support Tasks (EFSTs)
Task / Purpose - Surveillance and Recce - Demonstrating combat power by all available Joint Fire Support Assets. - Force protection
- Non-compliant forces will be enforced to withdraw by measured steps including limited attack IAW ROE - Measured actions against non-statutory forces (NSF) endangering MFOR FOM
Surveillance and Force Protection
Supported Units
Method
8AUTBDE / HQ
JFSCG/Brig responsible for coordination and synchronization of fire support IAW ROE
AVNTF-11 BAE
(OH-58 for CAS / CCA, NTM 15’)
TF-81 FS-Elements: JFSCT-1/ ARTYBN, 3 x MFC
POF 1 POF o/o TF-11 plans and ensures 3 msn ARTY Fire for OBJ “81” Trigger: Force protection
TF-82 FS-Elements: JFSCT-2 ARTYBN, 3 x MFC 1. RECCE COY (mech)
POF o/o
POF o/o
POF o/o
POF o/o (P) Series Target “FOXTROTT” JT8431-8436 (à 2 x SMOKE, S, D 30%), Trigger: o/o. (P) JT 8402 D30% of mortar PLT: Trigger: hostile act IAW ROE 99a/b, FSCM: CFL “LIMA”, NFAs active. (A for 2.RECCE): JT 8301 D100% /GMLRS, (P) Target Group “N 81/2” (SEAD & CAS) Trigger and FSCM: o/o ICCW JFSCG
POF o/o
POF o/o (P) JT 8301 D100%. (P, A=1.RECCE) JT8302 D100% /GMLRS. (A for BFO-2) Series Target “LIMA” JT84118419. Trigger for all TGTs: o/o FSCM: CFL “LIMA”, NFAs active
POF o/o
POF 1 (P, A = 2 RECCE COY) Series Target “LIMA” JT8411-8419 (à 3 x SMOKE, S, D 30%). Trigger for all TGTs: o/o FSCM: CFL “LIMA”, NFAs active
FS-Element: BFO-3/ RECCEARTYBN
2. RECCE COY (mot) FS-Element: BFO-1 / RECCEARTYBN
BFO-2/ RECCEARTYBN (TACOM)
TACP (JTAC-01) (TACOM) Required Effects, End state
Phase 2b-3 will be ordered in a separate FRAGO
JFSCG (Arty, AH, AIR)
Terminal Attack Control for 4 msn CAS (TORNADO) o/o JFSCG Force protection to maneuver units successful.
Non-compliant forces have removed to cantonment areas. Reduced threat from TBD
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FA / FS ORG for CMBT
AIR / FIRE SUPPORT
(C) DOS / ammo
th
FA: 10 RECCEARTYBN JFSCG / HQ / 8AUTBDE consists of - C2-Cell (Chief = ECOORD) - ArtyCell - AVN/AH-Cell (linked to BAE) - AIR Liaison Cell - Battlespace/Airspace Coordination Cell Standard IFS tactical mission: DS
AMMO
TACP (ALO)………to HQ / 8AUTBDE TACP (JTAC-1)……HQ / 8AUTBDE TACON
AIR
OH58
5 DOS
SMOKE ILLUM
AVNTF-11/BAE… to HQ / 8AUTBDE QRF available
7,62 mm
X
AGM65E
X
GBU-24
X
High Pay-off Targets (HPT)
FSCMs / SAFETY REGULATIONS AVN / AIRSPACE COORDINATION: SAAFR, CL max. ALT 150ms AGL width: 2500ms HOLDING AREA for HELI: ACP H1: WQ 46870709
Arty
HE/+RAP
Rubian Land Forces (RLF)
TargetSystem(s)
NFAs (all ammo) IFS Safe distance:1500 ms. Ø General MSD / SPH: 700 ms to own troops if unprotected and in open terrain. Danger Close Missions under authority of tactical Cdr, REDs IAW Annex II to OPORDER-01
TargetElement(s) of
Priority
41RLFBDE
1a
C3IS, Sensors
1b
AD
2
ARTY, MRT
3a, 3b
Tanks, ATGW
4
Target Selection Standards *) a 50m b ≥Coy c < 25’ a 10m b Single c < 10’ a 20m b PLT c < 15’ a 20m b (-) PLT c < 15’ a 20m b (-) PLT c < 10’
Remarks
CAS/AI only with PGMs, TLE CAT ≤2 ARTY
ARTY, CAS/AI MORTAR, ARTY, KHS
*) a) Target Location Error b) Minimum Target Size, c) Timeline (if necessary)
PAAs 8th RECCEARTYBN
Cut off time / Fire Support Plan submitted
Fire for Registration & Field Training
o/o
o/o
NIL
Limitations, ROE
TGT-Numbering System (1) Artillery & Mortars
Coordinating Instructions
73a: Prior to an engagement PID (Positive Identification) has to be achieved either with a single sensor (visual, IR/TI, electro-optic-real time) or by at least two of the following sensors – e.g: SIGINT / EW, SATINT, electrooptic-time delayed, Radar & track behavior, flight plan correlation, acoustic intelligence or other secure active/passive systems 99a/b: If Conflicting parties are displaying hostile act, (not constituting an actual attack), use of offensive force – including lethal force – is permitted. E.g.: (1) No-Flight Zone trespasses. (2) Establish roadblocks inside DMZ. (3) Switched-on (active) AD-Radar-Systems. (4) Bringing IFS-weapons to bear which can endanger targets inside the DMZ Battlespace. (5) Mine laying or laying IEDs.
JT8400-8499
HQ/8AUTMECHINFBDE
JT8300-8399
RFT : GMLRS/LCC
JT8200-8299
TF-82 / DS Arty planning
JT8100-8199
TF-81 / DS Arty planning
JT8500-8599
mortar/TF-81
JT8600-8699
mortar/TF-82
Weapons Release Authority: BDE CDR Warning Shots have to be in following sequence: Arty: 1. 1 round SMOKE 2. 1 volley SMOKE 3. 1 round HE
(2) AIR (REQUEST) NUMBERING SYSTEM First Digit
Second Digit
Third / fourth digits. Calendar day (01-31)
1
Immediate CAS
A
LCC
Last two digits. Sequence number (01-99)
2 3
Pre-planned CAS Reconnaissance
B C
4
Air Interdiction
D
AUTBDE GEBDE UKBDE
Example: “2B1402”, pre-planned CAS for AUTBDE on 14. Calendar day, second msn for this day.
Explanation, Remarks Acronym POF QRF P, A
Priority Of Fire (DS) Quick Reaction Force (HELI) primary, alternate observer
Mission DESTROY …% (D) NEUTRALIZE (N) SUPPRESS (S)
Degree of Effectiveness …30%-100% casualties or material damage …10 %, render a target out of the battle temporarily … temporary or transient degradation (minimum 4 minutes)
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Combined HPTL-TSS-AGM-List
This HPTL (actually combined with an attack guidance matrix [AGM] and the target selection standards [TSS] – footing on guidelines of the effect guidance Matrix [EGM]) is a key product for prioritizing targets and used to determine Fire Support attack guidance.
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72.
Battalion Fire Support Execution Matrix
TF-10 (BN) HQ
FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX (FSEM) Joint Fire Support for offence operation in the area of RADESSEN
No. 1
050800A mar12
PHASE 1
2
3
RECCE / FIX NONDORF / TF-10 APPROACH H
HASTY DEFENCE / OBJ “N” & “S”
OBJ 2
EFF 1125 0/0 Essential Fire Support Tasks (EFSTs) Ü Recce and Target Acquisition in ÜDelay and disrupt proceeding ENY Ü Surveillance the area of KLEIN-ULLRICHSCHL, motINFBN “SUMMA” IVO and LANGAU IOT ensure conditions ZISSERDORF IOT provide the Ü Ensure Force protection for Joint Fires Engagements. defence of 4th MECHINFCOY. and DS for TF-10 attacking Ü Destroy ENY mortar in Ü DS for attack OBJ “N” & “S” OBJ 2 RADESSEN Ü Destroy ENY Reserve entering Ü Ensure Force protection from KLEIN-ULLRICHSCHLAG. Supported Units Method JFSCT/TF-10 responsible for coordination and synchronization of available fire support assets HQ/TF-10 1 msn AIR (CAS/AI) 1115 -1212, 1 mission AAVN (CAS/CCA) and Reinforcement by GMLRS on request --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> (-)RECCE-Element POF o/o (P&A) Destroy MBTs and ATGW-Capacity of motINFBN “SUMMA” / 1 msn AI/CAS in TAI “LIMA”. LANGAU JFS-Element: Trigger: ENY crosses boarder north of LANGAU / minimum size (+) COY. JFST-1 BBT destroy ENY ArtyBn northeast of LANGAU o/o (FO+JTAC) FSCM: POF o/o (P&A) (-)RECCE-Element POF 1 (P&A) Destroy ENY mortar in RADESSEN Destroy MBTs and ATGW-Capacity of ResCoy / 1 msn AHS KL-ULLRICH JFS-Element: HPT No… 4 msn ARTY/MRT-Fire (CAS/CCA) in TAI “ROMEO” IVO KLEIN-ULLRICHSCHLAG 2nd FO (pre-planned asset: MRT/5thBN) Trigger: immediate-if recce - NLT own forces crossing LD in ICC with Trigger: o/o PHYRAHOFSIEDLUNG 4thMECHINFBN / FSCM: [ plans 3 msn ARTY Fire for DS of fixing elements ] penetration area Trigger: on request / FSCM: NIL POF 1 (P&A) (+)4th Destroy MBTs and ATGW-Capacity of motINFBN “SUMMA” / 1 MECHINFCOY msn AI/CAS in TAI “BRAVO” JFS-Element: [ (+)4th plans 3 msn ARTY Fire ] 3rd FO Trigger: attack of motINFBN “SUMMA” north of ZISSERDORF FSCM: CFL “XXX” (TF-10) active nd NIL POF 2 (P, A = (±) 1st COY ) POF o/o (-)2 nd [ ( )2 plans 3 msn ARTY Fire for TKCOY DS of OBJ “NOVEMBER” ] Trigger: Crossing LD JFS-Element: st FSCM: CFL “XXX” (TF-10) active 1 MRC st NIL POF o/o (P & A) POF o/o (±) 1 st [ (±) 1 plans 3 msn ARTY Fire for MECHINFCOY DS of OBJ “SIERRA” ], Trigger: Crossing LD JFS-Elements: ALTERNATE for (-)2nd TKCOY 2nd MRC, rd Trigger: o/o 3 MRC FSCM: CFL “XXX” (TF-10) active Observer Positions occupied. LANGAU or ZISSERDORF: 6 - 8 Mission kill of 50% mortars in MBTs / ATGWs destroyed. RAFFHOLZ. KL-ULLRICHSCHLAG: 4 - 5 MBTs BDA Force Protection for TF-10 / ATGWs of ResCoy destroyed. Endstate successful. TF-10 gained OBERE SASS ATK of OBJ N/S successful Task / Purpose
2nd page analogical to a BDE FSEM
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SOP Fire Support Execution
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74.
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
Joint Fire Support Liaison Network - Brigade
The figure above plots the ‘joint fire support liaison network’ from the viewpoint of a Brigade Fire Support Coordination Group (JFSCG, see also page 15), without Naval Surface Fire Support.
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RADIO & VOICE PROCEDURES
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75.
Speech Technique
# Phonetic Alphabet A ALFA B BRAVO C CHARLIE D DELTA E ECHO F FOXTROT G GOLF H HOTEL I INDIA J JULIETT K KILO L LIMA M MIKE
AL-FAH BRAH-VO CHAR-LEE DELL-TAH ECK-OH FOKS-TROTT GOLF HOH-TELL IN-DEE-AH JEW-LEE-ETT KEY-LOH LEE-MAH MIKE
N NOVEMBER O OSCAR P PAPA Q QUEBEC R OMEO S SIERRA T ANGO U UNIFORM V VICTOR W WHISKEY X XRAY Y YANKEE Z ZULU
NO-VEM-BER OSS-CAH PAH-PAH KEH-BECK ROW-ME-OH SEE-AIR-RAH TANG-GO YOU-NEE-FORM VIK-TAH WISS-KEY ECKS-RAY YANG-KEY ZOO-LOO
# Figures Figure 1 2 3 4 5
spoken as WUN TOO TREE FOW-ER FIFE
Figure 6 7 8 9 0
spoken as SIX SEV-EN AIT NINE-ER ZE-RO
# Rules for Figures Figure 23 50 146 200 1,009 1,630 hours
Satisfactory conditions Twenty three Fifty One hundred and forty six Two hundred One thousand and nine Sixteen thirty hours
Difficult conditions FIGURES two three FIGURES five zero FIGURES one four six FIGURES two zero zero FIGURES one zero zero nine FIGURES one six three zero hours
# Spelling - Difficult conditions - Unpronounceable words - Obscure words
“I SPELL:………“
Always spelling: - Callsign - UTM grid references - Target indications - Authentication - DTG - Encrypted text
Without I SPELL!
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76.
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
List of Proword
Proword
Explanation
ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK)
An instruction to the addressee that the message must be acknowledged
ADDRESS GROUP
The group that follows is an address group
ALL AFTER
The portion of the message to which I have reference is all that follows……………
ALL BEFORE
The portion of the message to which I have reference is all that precedes…………..
ANSWER AFTER
The station called is to answer after call sign…….. when answering transmissions.
ASSUME CONTROL
You will assume control of this net until further notice
AUTHENTICATE
The station called is to reply to the challenge which follows
AUTHENTICATION
The transmission authentication of this message is……….
BREAK
I hereby indicate the separation of the text from other portions of the message
BROADCAST YOUR NET Link the two nets under your control for automatic rebroadcast CALL SIGN
The group that follows is a call sign
CLOSE DOWN
Stations are to close down when indicated. Acknowledgments are required
CORRECT
You are correct, or what you have transmitted is correct.
CORRECTION
a) An error has been made in this transmission. Transmission will continue with the last word correctly transmitted. b) An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated). The correct version is…… c) That which follows is a corrected version in answer to your request for verification
DISREGARD THIS TRANSMISSION OUT
This transmission is in error, disregard it. (This proword shall not be used to cancel any message that has completely transmitted and receipted).
DO NOT ANSWER
Stations called are not to answer this call, receipt for this message, or otherwise transmit in connection with this transmission. When this proword is employed, the transmission shall be ended with the proword OUT.
EXECUTE
Carry out the purport of the message or signal to which this applies. (To be used only with the Executive Method.)
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Proword
Explanation
EXECUTE TO FOLLOW
Action on the message or signal which follows is to be carried out upon receipt of the proword EXECUTE. (To be used only with the Delayed Executive Method.)
EXEMPT
The station(s) immediately following is (are) exempted from the collective call or from collective address
FIGURES
Numerals or numbers follow.
FLASH
Precedence FLASH.
FROM
The originator of this message is indicated by the address designator immediately following
GRID
The portion following is a grid reference GROUPS This message contains the number of groups indicated by the numeral following
GROUP NO COUNT
The groups in this message have not been counted.
I AM ASSUMING CONTROL
I am assuming control of this net until further notice
I AUTHENTICATE
The group that follows is the reply to your challenge to authenticate
IMMEDIATE
Precedence IMMEDIATE
IMMEDIATE EXECUTE
Action on the message or signal following is to be carried out on receipt of the EXECUTE. (To be used only with the Immediate Executive Method.)
INFO
The addressees immediately following are addressed for information
I READ BACK
The following is my response to your instructions to read back
I SAY AGAIN
I am repeating transmission or portion indicated
I SPELL
I shall spell the next word phonetically.
I VERIFY
That which follows has been verified at your request and is repeated. (To be used only as a reply to VERIFY.)
MESSAGE
A message which requires recording is about to follow. (Transmitted immediately after the call. This proword is not used on nets primarily employed for conveying messages. It is intended for use when messages are passed on tactical or reporting nets.)
MORE TO FOLLOW
Transmitting station has additional traffic for the receiving station
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Proword
Explanation
NEGATIVE
No. Cancel message(s) sent by the Delayed Executive Method. (NEGAT may be used to cancel a single message or a group of messages awaiting execution.)
NET NOW
All stations are to net their radios on the unmodulated carrier wave which I am about to transmit.
NO PLAY
During exercises the words NO PLAY are used to distinguish real activity from messages concerned with exercise play e.g. a real emergency or real casualty. The first words of any message is to contain the works exercise (nickname e.g. Red Flag) NO PLAY
NOTHING HEARD
To be used when no reply is received from a call station
NUMBER
Station serial number.
OUT
This is the end of my transmission to you and no answer is required or expected.
OVER
This is the end of my transmission to you and a response is necessary. Go ahead, transmit…
PRIORITY
Precedence PRIORITY
READ BACK
Repeat this entire transmission back to me exactly as received
REBROADCAST YOUR NET
Link the two nets under your control for automatic rebroadcast.
RELAY (TO)
Transmit this message to all addressees (or addressees immediately following this proword). The address component is mandatory when this proword is used.
RELAY THROUGH
Relay your message through call sign………
ROGER
This is a method of receipt. I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.
ROUTINE
Precedence ROUTINE.
SAY AGAIN
Repeat all of your last transmission. Followed by identification data means “Repeat………… (Portion indicated).”
SEND YOUR
I am ready to receive your message, report, etc. (Used only in reply to the offer of a message, etc., on tactical or reporting nets.)
SERVICE
The message that follows is a SERVICE message
SIGNALS
The groups which follow are taken from a signal book. (This proword is not used on nets primarily employed for conveying signals. It is intended for use when tactical signals are passed on non-tactical nets.)
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Proword
Explanation
SIGNALS
The groups which follow are taken from a signal book. (This proword is not used on nets primarily employed for conveying signals. It is intended for use when tactical signals are passed on non-tactical nets.)
SILENCE (Repeated three or more times)
Cease transmissions on this net immediately. Silence will be maintained until lifted. (Transmissions must be authenticated by use of a self-authenticated system, code word, etc.)
SILENCE LIFTED
Silence is lifted. (Transmissions must be authenticated by means of self-authentication system, code word, etc.)
SPEAK SLOWER
Your transmission is too fast. Reduce speed of transmission.
STOP REBROADCASTING
Cut the automatic link between the two nets that are being rebroadcast and revert to normal working.
THIS IS
This transmission is from the station whose designator immediately follows.
THIS IS A DIRECTED NET From now until further notice this net is directed. THIS IS A FREE NET
From now until further notice this net is directed.
THROUGH ME
Relay your message through me
TIME
That which immediately follows is the time or date time group of the message.
TO
The addressees immediately following are addressed for action
--TO--
The portion of the message to which I have reference is all that which appears between the groups………and………
UNKNOWN STATION
The identity of the station with whom I am attempting to establish communication is unknown.
USE ABBREVIATED CALL SIGNS
Call signs are to be abbreviated until further notice.
USE ABBREVIATED PROCEDURE
As conditions are normal, all stations are to use abbreviated procedure until further notice.
USE FULL CALL SIGNS
Call signs are to be sent in full until further notice
USE FULL PROCEDURE
As conditions are not normal, all stations are to us full procedure until further notice.
VERIFY
Verify entire message (or portion indicated) with the originator and send correct version. (To be used only at the discretion of, or by, the addressee to which the questioned message was directed.)
WAIT
I must pause for a few seconds
UNCLASSIFIED - 225 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
Proword
Explanation
WAIT – OUT
I must pause for longer than a few seconds.
WILCO
I HAVE RECEIVED YOUR SIGNAL, UNDERSTAND IT, AND WILL COMPLY. To be used only by the addressee. Since the meaning of ROGER is included in that of WILCO,
WORD AFTER
The word of the message to which I have reference is that which follows…………..
WORD BEFORE
The word of the message to which I have reference is that which precedes…………..
WORDS TWICE
Communication is difficult. Transmit each phrase (or each code group) twice. (This proword may be used as an order, request, or as information.)
WRONG
Your last transmission was incorrect. The correct version is…….
Punctuation
Spoken as
Symbol
Full stop/period
Full stop
.
Comma
Comma
,
Slant/Oblique
Slant
/
Hyphen
Hyphen
–
Left-hand bracket
Brackets on
(
Right-hand bracket
Brackets off
)
Colon
Colon
:
Semi-colon
Semi-colon
;
Question Mark
Question Mark
?
Decimal point
Day-See-Mal
.
Underscore
Underscore
_
backslash
Backslash
\
At
At
@
UNCLASSIFIED - 226 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
77. a, arr a/c a/s abn ack aff, affirm afk ar arct ata atd att c c/s cba cfa chk cip cir, cird cnx, canx cnx ff consol d, dep d/o dc decon df enr, enrt eta ete f+ fl frg g2w, qtw gt gtg hc i+ ib idf IFE ifr iot iso ivo l/c lz
J-Chat Abbreviations & Terms (AIR)
arrived aircraft airspace airborne acknowledged affirmative away from keyboard air to air refueling air to air refueling time actual time of arrival actual time of departure at this time copy call sign closed before air closed for air check come in please clear(ed) cancel cancel flight follow consolidate departed drop off disconnected deconflicted direct fire en route estimated time of arrival estimated time of enroute frag plus flight level (altitude in hundreds) fragged good two way good test good to go how copy instantaneous inbound indirect fire in flight emergency in flight report in order to in support of in vicinity of loud and clear landing zone
mc, msn mx neg np nstr o/c o/s ob pax pers pls, pse poi poo pri pt px r/r rgr rip rolex ron rpt rs30 rtb rtd rtn rx saf sb, sby slide sod sof t t/o thx tx ty unk urg urg surg w/d w/u wkg words wspr wx yoyo
mission complete, mission maintenance negative no problem nothing significant to report on channel on station outbound people (e.g. persons to seat) person please point of injury / impact point of origin priority play time position radar and radios (good) roger remain in place move timings remain overnight report a/c on 30 mins standby to launch return to base return to duty routine receive small arms fire standby move timings safe on deck show of force test take off thanks transmit than you unknown urgent urgent surgical wheels down wheels up working direction whisper (private conversation) weather a/c to air refueling individually
NOTICE: All BREVITY words and tactical abbreviations are still in effect.
UNCLASSIFIED - 227 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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78.
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
9-Line MEDEVAC Request
Long Message Procedure is required to reduce time spent on the air and allow another station to break in with precedence traffic if required. Transmission length should be no longer than 20 seconds in any one transmission.
Line 1 Location of the pick-up site Line 2 Call sign, HLZ frequency Line 3 Number of patients by precedence Line 4
Line 5
Line 6
Line 7
Line 8
Line 9
UTM POSREP (8 digit format) Call sign and suffix may be transmitted in the clear A – Urgent (w/in 2 hrs) (P1) B – Priority (w/in 4 hrs) (P2) C – Routine (w/in 24 hrs) (P3) Special equipment required A – None B – Hoist C – Extraction Equipment D – Ventilator – Other (Specify) Number of patients to be carried L – Number of patients (Litter) A – Number of patients (Ambulatory) E – Escorts (e.g. children) Security at pick-up site N – No enemy troops in area In Peacetime: number and types P – Possible ENY troops in area of wounds, injuries, and illness E – Enemy troops in area (Caution) X – Armed Escort Required (Hot pick-up site) Method of marking pick-up site A – Panels B – Pyrotechnic signal C – Smoke signal D – None E – Other (Specify) Patient nationality and status A – Coalition or NATO/PfP Military B – Coalition or NATO/PfP Citizen C – Non-Coalition or Non-NATO/PfP Military D – Non-Coalition or Non NATO/PfP Citizen E – Opposing Force / PW / Detainee F – Child HLZ Terrain and Obstacles
Include a “(Z) M.I.S.T AT” Report: [Z – ZAP-Number] M – mechanism of injury I – injury S – signs and symptoms T – treatment A – Adult/Child T – Time Example: “AN39 this is VH23 MEDEVAC request over.” “This is AN39, send your request, over.” “This is VH23. Line one: landing zone EAGLE, Grid 33T WU 2339 6878, break. Line two: HF 245.5 VH23. Line tree: one ALPHA, two CHARLIE. Line fower: ALPHA, break. Line five: one LIMA, two ALPHA. Line six. NOVEMBER Line seven: ALPHA Line eight: ALPHA, break. Line niner: LZ clear, small bushes, over.” “This is AN39, roger, stand-by for MEDEVAC, over.”
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
UNCLASSIFIED - 230 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
O.
ABBREVIATIONS
UNCLASSIFIED - 231 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
A 2DRMS
Two Distance Root Mean Square (CEP50 x 2.4 = 95%)
A
Alternate
A/S
Air-to-Surface
AA
Assembly Area
AAA
Anti-Aircraft Artillery
AAOB
Army Aviation Operating Base
AAR
After Action Review
AArtyP
Allied Artillery Publication
AAVN, AAVn
Army Aviation
AAVnLO
Army Aviation Liaison Officer
ABF
Attack by Fire (-Position), (Air, HELI)
ACA
Airspace Coordination Area
ACA
Airspace Control Authority
ACE
Allied Command Europe
ACM
Airspace Coordinating Measures; Airspace Control Means
ACMREQ
Airspace Coordinating Measures Request (or “Control Means”)
ACO
Airspace Control Order
ACP
Air Control Point
ACP
Ammunition Control Point
ACP
Airspace Control Plan
AD
Air Defense (Defence / brit.)
ADM
Air Deconfliction Message
ADP
Automated Data Process (e.g. Arty Fire Command & Control)
ADW
Air Defense Warning
AGF
Anti-Government Forces
AGL
Above Ground Level
AGM
Attack Guidance Matrix
AGM
Air-to-Ground Missile
AH
Attack Helicopter
AI
Air Interdiction
AIRREQ
Air Request
ALICE
Air Liaison & Coordination Element
ALO
Air Liaison Officer
UNCLASSIFIED - 232 -
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
ALR
Artillery Locating Radar
ALT
Altitude
AMA
Artillery Maneuver Areas
AMSL
Above Mean Sea Level (UK)
AMMO, ammo
Ammunition
AO, AOO
Area of Operations
AOC
Air Operation Centre (Center)
AOCC
Air Operations Coordination Centre (Center)
AOCC (L)
Air Operations Coordination Centre (Land)
AOD
Air Operations Directive
AOR
Area of Responsibility
AP
Armor Piercing
APAM
Anti-Personnel, Anti-Armor
APICM
Anti-Personnel Improved Conventional Munition
APKWS
Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System
APOD
Airport of Debarkation
AR
Air Route
ARA
Artillery Reserved Areas
ARRC
Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (NATO)
ARTY
Artillery
ASAP
as soon as possible
ASC
Air Space Coordination
ASC
Air Space Control
ASCA
Artillery Systems Cooperation Activities
ASFAO
Anti-Surface Force Air Operations
ASM
Airspace Manager / Management
ASP
Acoustic Sounding ranging Post (UK)
ASP
Ammunition Supply Point
ASR
Available Supply Rate
ASR
Air Support Request
ASZ
Air Safety Zone
AT
anti-tank
AT
Air Transport
ATACMS
Army Tactical Missile System
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UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
ATC
Air Traffic Control
ATGM
Anti-Tank Guided Missile
ATGW
Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
ATI
Artillery target Intelligence Zone
ATK
Attack
ATM
Air Tasking Message
ATO
Air Tasking Order
ATRZ
Acquisition Target Report Zone (Radar Zone)
AVN, Avn
Aviation
AVTF, AVNTF
Aviation Task Force
AVS
Acoustic Vector Sensor (micro flown)
AWACS
Airborne Warning and Control System
AWL
Acoustic Weapon Locating
B BAE
Brigade Aviation Element
BAE
Battlespace Area Evaluation (common known as IPB)
BALO
Brigade-ALO
BB
Base-Bleed (arty ammo)
BDA
Battle Damage Assessment
BDE, Bde
Brigade
BDZ
Base Defense Zone
BG-JFSE
Battle Group-Joint Fire Support Element
BIP
Ballistic Impact Point (arty)
BKB
Blue Kill Box
BLU
Bomb Live Unit
BMCT
Begin of Morning Civil Twilight
BMNT
Begin of Morning Nautical Twilight
BOC
Bomb on Coordinate (CAS, AI)
BOT
Bomb on Target (CAS, AI)
BP
Battle Position
BPSE
Brigade PsyOps Element
BPT
be prepared to
BR
Beam Riding (e.g. Missile Guidance by Laser)
UNCLASSIFIED - 234 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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BRDM
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
“Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina” (armored reconnaissance vehicle)
BS
Battlespace
BSM
Battlespace Management
BTRY, BTY, Bty
Battery
BXP
Border Crossing Point
C C/S
Call Sign
C2IS
Command & Control and Information System
C
3
Command, Control and Communication
C2W
Command and Control Warfare
CA
Counter Air
CA
Coordination Altitude
CAEL
Commander’s Approved Effect List
CAESAR
franz. Camion Equipe d’un Système d’Artillerie
CAOC
Combined Air Operations Centre
CAP
Combat Air Patrol
CASEVAC
Casualty Evacuation
CBRN
Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear
CBU
Cluster Bomb Unit
CC
Component Command
CCA
Close Combat Attack
CCF
Course Correcting Fuse
CCIR
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements
CCIRM
Collection, Coordination and Intel Requirement Management
CCT
Combat Camera Team
CCTL
Components Candidate Target List
CD
Collateral Damage
CDA
Collateral Damage Assessment
CDE
Collateral Damage Estimation
CDM
Collateral Damage Methodology
CE
Casualty Estimate
CEM
Combined Effects Munitions
CEP
Circular Error Probable (Probability) UNCLASSIFIED - 235 -
UNCLASSIFIED
::www.bundesheer.at::
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
CER
Collateral Effects Radius (for the largest CH distance)
CFA
Cease-Fire Agreement
CFF
Call For Fire
CFL
Coordinated Fire Line (NATO-FSCM)
CFL
Cease-Fire Line (EU, UN)
CFZ
Critical Friendly Zone (Radar Zone)
CGRS
Common Geographic Reference System
CHA
Collateral Hazard Area (formed by the CER)
CHB
Clear - Hold - Build (tasks in COIN-operations)
CHG
(propellant) Charge (ammo)
CIMIC
Civil-Military Co-operation
CIVCAS
Civilian Casualties
CJSOAC
Combined Joint Special Operations Air Command
CJSOCC
Combined Joint Special Operations Component Command
C/K
Capture or Kill (option; mission)
CKP
Checkpoint
CL
Coordination Line
CL
Coordination Level (airspace)
CLOS
Command to Line-Of-Sight
CMD
Command
CMSD
Collateral/Combat Minimum Safe Distance
CNA
Computer Network Attack
CND
Computer Network Defense
CNE
Computer Network Exploitation
CNO
Computer Network Operations
COA
Course(s) of Action
COIN
Counter-Insurgency Operations
COLT
Combat Observation and Lasing Team
COM, COMD
Commander, command
CONOPS
Concept of Operations
COP
Common Operational Picture
COS
Chief of Staff
CP
Contact Point, Command Post
CPHD
Copperhead (arty)
UNCLASSIFIED - 236 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
CPOE
Comprehensive Preparation of the Operational Environment
CRAM, C-RAM
Counter Rocket Artillery & Mortar (protection)
CRM
Composite Risk Management
CS
Combat Support
C/S
Call Sign
CSAR
Combat Search and Rescue
CSS
Combat Service Support
CTOC
Combined Tactical Operation Center
CUAV
Combat Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
CWA
Consent Winning Activities (e.g. with money)
CZ
Censor Zone (Radar Zone)
D D
Destroy
D3A
Decide, Detect, Deliver & Assess (Tactical Targeting)
DAMRA
Defense Against Mortar Rocket Attack
DARB
Daily Recce Board
DCA
Defensive Counter Air
DE
Desired Effect
DEAD
Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses
‘DH’
‘Delta Hotel’ (direct hit)
DMLGB
Dual-Mode Laser-Guided Bomb
DMPI
Desired Mean Point of Impact
DMS
Degrees - Minutes - Seconds
DMZ
De-Militarized Zone
DNL
Do Not Load!
DOS
Day of Supply
DP
Decision Point
DP
Displaced Persons
DPI
Desired Point of Impact
DPICM
Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munition
DS
Direct Support
DSF
Defensive Suppressive Fire
DSM
Decision Support Matrix
UNCLASSIFIED - 237 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
DSO
Decision Support Overlay
DT
Dynamic Targets
DTG
Day-Time-Group
DTWG
Division Targeting Working Group
DVO
Direct View Optics
E E
enhanced
EA
Engagement Area
EA
Electronic Attack
E-CAS, ECAS
Emergency CAS
EBA
Effects Based Approach
EBAO
Effects Based Approach to Operation
ECR
Electronic Counter Reconnaissance
ECM
Electronic Counter Measures
ECOORD
Effects Coordinator
EECT
End of Evening Civil Twilight
EEFI
Essential Elements of Friendly Information
EENT
End of Evening Nautical Twilight
EFATs
Essential Field Artillery Tasks
EFF
effective
EFSTs
Essential Fire Support Tasks
EGM
Effects Guidance Matrix
ELINT
Electronic Intelligence
ELM
Element
EMCON
Emission Control
EN, ENY
enemy
ENG, eng
engage
EO
Electro Optical
EOB
Electronic Order of Battle (EW)
EOD
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
EOM
End of Mission
EPW
Enhanced Paveway
EPW
Enemy Prisoner of War
UNCLASSIFIED - 238 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
ER
Extended Range
ERGM
Extended Range Guided Munition (e.g. naval gunfire)
ESM
Electronic Support Measures
EST
estimated
ET
Emerging Targets
ETA
Estimated Time of Arrival
EW
Electronic Warfare
EZ
Engagement Zone (Radar Zone)
F FA
Field Artillery
FABINT
Forensic and Biometric Intel
FAC
Forward Air Controller
FAC(A)
Forward Air Controller (Airborne)
FARP
Forward Arming & Refueling Point
FASCAM
Family of Scatterable Mines (arty)
fb
followed by (brit.)
FDC
Fire Direction Centre
FEBA
Forward Edge of The Battle Area
FEZ
Fighter Engagement Zone
FFA
Free Fire Area
FFIR
Friendly Forces Info Requirement
FFE
Fire for Effect
FIST
Fire Support Team
FL
Flight Level (air)
FLIR
Forward-Looking Infrared
FMV
Full Motion Video
FNC
Framework Nations Concept
FNU
(a person’s) First Name Unknown
FO
Forward Observer
FOB
Forward Operating Base
FOM, FoM
Freedom of Movement
FRAG
Fragmentation
FRAGO
Fragmentary Order
UNCLASSIFIED - 239 -
UNCLASSIFIED
::www.bundesheer.at::
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
FS
Fire Support
FSC
Fire Support Cell / Centre / Coordinator
FSCC
Fire Support Coordination Centre
FSCL
Fire Support Coordination Line
FSCM
Fire Support Coordination Measures
FSE
Fire Support Element
FSEM
Fire Support Execution Matrix
FSLO
Fire Support Liaison Office
FSO
Fire Support Officer
FST
Fire Support Task
F(I)ST
Fire Support Team
ft
feet (0,3048 meters)
FW, F/W
Fixed Wing
FWD
forward
FZ
Fuse, Fuse (ammo)
G GAAI
Ground Assisted Air Interdiction (Air)
GARS
Global Area Reference System
GAT
Guidance, Apportionment & Targeting
GBAD
Ground-based Air Defense
GBFS
Ground-based Fire Support
GBU
Guided Bomb Unit
GCAS
Ground Alert Close Air Support
GEM
Graduated Enforcement Matrix (wirth©)
GEOINT
Geospatial (Geographic) Intelligence
GIRoA
Government Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
GLE
Gun Location Error
GLTD
Ground Laser Target Designator
GMLRS
Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System
GND
ground
GP
General Purpose
GRG
Grid Reference Graphics
GS
General Support
(Air Planning)
UNCLASSIFIED - 240 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
GSR
General Support Reinforcing
GSV
‘go and see visit’
GTL
Gun-Target Line
H H/A
High Angle (arty, brit.)
HA
Holding Area (AVN)
HA
Humanitarian Assistance
HALE
High Altitude Long Endurance (UAV)
HARM
High-Speed Antiradiation Missile
HBCT
Heavy Brigade Combat Team
HD
High Drag (air / bomb)
HE
High Explosive
HELTASK
Helicopter Tasking
HEP
High Explosive Plastic
HEAT
High Explosive Anti-Tank
HHQ
Higher Headquarters
HICON
Higher Control
HIDACZ
High-Density Airspace Control Zone
HIMARS
High Mobility Artillery Rocket System
HLZ
Helicopter Landing Zone
HMCS
Helmet Mounted Cueing System
HNS
Host Nation Support
HOB
Height of Burst (arty, brit.)
HOTO
Hand Over - Take Over
HOW
Howitzer
HPT
High Pay-Off Target
HPTL
High Pay-Off Target List
HRF
High-Readiness Force
HTS
HARM-Targeting-System
HUD
Head-up Display
HUMINT
Human Intelligence
HVAA
High Value Airborne Asset
HVI
High Value Individual
UNCLASSIFIED - 241 -
UNCLASSIFIED
::www.bundesheer.at::
HVT
::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
High Value Target
I IA
Influence Activities
IA
Interdiction Attack (same as AI)
IAM
Inertial Aided Munition
IAW
in accordance with
IC
International Community
ICG
Intelligence Collection Group
ICM
Improved Conventional Munitions
ICP
Intelligence Collection Plan
ICW
in coordination with / in co-operation with
IDP
International Displaced Persons (UN)
IED
Improvised Explosive Device
IFF
Identification: Friend or foe
IFREP
In-Flight Report
IFS
Indirect Fire System(s)
IFR
Information Requirements
ILL, ILLUM
Illumination
IMINT
Imagery Intelligence
INFLTREP
In-Flight Report
INS
Insurgent(s), Insurgency
INS
Inertial Navigation System
INTREP
Intelligence Report
IO
International Organization
IO, Info Ops
Information Operations
IOCB
Info Ops Coordination Board
IOO
Issuing of Orders
IOT
in order to
IP
Initial Point
IP
Information Protection
IPB
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace
IRT
Incident Response Team (for CASEVAC / MEDIVAC))
ISR
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
UNCLASSIFIED - 242 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
ISTAR
Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance
IVO
in vicinity of
IZ
Inhibit Zone (Radar Zone)
J JAAT
Joint Air Attack Team
JAM
Jammer, jamming
JARN
Joint Air Report(ing) Net
JCMB
Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board
JDAM
Joint Direct Attack Munition
JEC
Joint Effects Cell
JEL
Joint Effects List
JEO
Joint Effects Observer
JFACC
Joint Force Air Component Command (er)
JFHQ
Joint Force HQ
JFO
Joint Forward Observer
JFIB
Joint Fires and Influence Branch
JFS
Joint Fire Support
JFSCG
Joint Fire Support Coordination Group
JFSCT
Joint Fire Support Coordination Team
JFSE
Joint Fire Support Element
JFST
Joint Fire Support Team
JI(P)TL
Joint Integrated (Prioritized) Target List
JMC
Joint Military Committee
JPEL
Joint Prioritized Effects List
JPTL
Joint Prioritized Target List
JRFL
Joint Restricted Frequency List (Electronic Warfare)
JSOW
Joint Stand-Off Weapon
JSP
Joint Service Publication (brit.)
JSTARS
Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System
JTAC
Joint Terminal Attack Controller
JTACC
Joint Terminal Attack Controller Competence Center
JTCB
Joint Targeting Coordination Board
JTL
Joint Target List
UNCLASSIFIED - 243 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
JTP
Joint Targeting Process
JTST
Joint Time Sensitive Targeting
JTWG
Joint Targeting Working Group
K K
thousand
KEA
Kinetic Effects Area (wirth©)
KIAS
knots indicated airspeed
KLE
Key Leader Engagement
KLEP
Key Leader Engagement Plan
KT
Key Terrain
KTD
Key Terrain District
KTAS
knots true airspeed
L L/A
Low angle (arty, brit.)
LAT
latitude
lb, lbs
pound, pounds
LCC
Land Component Command(er)
LCDB
Low Collateral Damage Bomb
LCMR
Light Counter-Mortar Radar (brit.)
LCR
Limited Combat Ready
LD
Line of Departure
LD
Low Drag
LEGAD
Legal Advisor
LGB
Laser-Guided Bomb
LGM
Laser-Guided Missile
LGW
Laser-Guided Weapon
LJDAM
Laser Joint Direct Attack Munition
LM
Loitering Munitions
LOA
Limit of Action
LOA
Line of Attack
LOAC
Laws of Armed Conflicts
LOB
Line of Bearing (EW)
LOC
Lines of Communication
UNCLASSIFIED - 244 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
LONG
longitude
LoO
Line of Operation
LOS
Line of Sight
LR
long range
LRF
Laser Range Finder
LSD
Lethal Splinter Distance (brit.)
LTD
Laser Target Designator
LTL
Laser Target Line
LTM
Laser Target Marker (commonly referred to as IR marker)
LZ
Locating Zone (required to be covered by radar)
M MAAP
Master Air Attack Plan
MALE
Medium Altitude Long Endurance (UAV)
MANPAD
Man-Portable Air Defense
MANPADS
Man-Portable Air Defense Systems
MAOP
Master Air Operation Plan
MASINT
Measurements and Signals Intelligence / “Technical INTEL”
MAX
maximum
MDMP
Military Decision Making Process
ME
Main Effort
MEZ
Missile Engagement Zone
MEA
Munitions Effects Assessment
MEDEVAC
Medical Evacuation
MET
Meteorological
METAR
Meteorological Aviation Routine Weather Report
METGM
Meteorological Gridded Message
MET-TC
Military-Enemy-Terrain / Time-Civilians
MFC
Mortar Fire Controller
MFOM
MLRS - Family of Munitions
MFOR
Military Forces
MGRS
Military Geographic Reference System
MISCDR
Mission Commander
MICLIC
Mine Clearing Charge
UNCLASSIFIED - 245 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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::JFS REFERENCE GUIDE 2017::
MISREP
Mission Report
MLC
Military Loaded Class
MLRS
Multiple Launch Rocket System
MND
Multinational Division
MNSE
Multinational Support Element
MOE, MOEs
Measures of Effectiveness
MOOTW
Military Operations Other Than War
MOP
Massive Ordnance Penetrator (14t)
MOP
Measure of Performance
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPI-E
Mean Point of Impact-Error
MPSM
Multi-purpose Submunition
MRF
Multi-role Fuse
MRR
Minimum-Risk Route
MRSI
Multiple Round Simultaneous Impact
MRT, MORT
Mortar
MSD
Minimum Safe Distance
MSL
Missile
MSL
Mean Sea Level
MSN, msn
Mission
MSR
Main Supply Route
MST
Military Stabilization Team
MSU(s)
Maneuver Subordinated Units
MT
Mechanical Time (Fuse)
MTV
Medical Task Force
MV
Muzzle Velocity (Vo)
MVR
Maneuver, Maneuver
(Arty firing mode)
N N
Neutralize
N/A
not available
NAI
Named Area of Interest
NCL
Non-Compliant(s) - (Troops)
NCR
Non-Combat-Ready
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NET
not earlier than
NFA
No-Fire Area
NFS
Naval Fire Support
NFTL
No-Fire Target List
NGF
Naval Gun Fire
NGLO
Naval Gunfire Liaison Officer
NGS
Naval Gunfire Support
NIL, nil
nothing in line
NKET
Non-Kinetic Effects Team
NLT
not later than
NM
Nautical Mile
NMR
Next Moonrise
NMS
Next Moonset
NOE
Nap-of-the-Earth
NOSIG
no significant change (e.g. weather)
NSF
Non-Statutory Forces
NSFS
Naval Surface Fire Support
NSL
No-Strike List
NST
No-Strike Target(s)
NTISR
Non Traditionnel Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
NTM
Notice to Move
NVD
Night Vision Device
NVG
Night Vision Goggles
O O/O, o/o
on order
OA
Operational Analysis
OBJ, Obj
Objective
OCA
Offensive Counter Air
OCC
Operational Coordination Center
OISIG
Operational Intelligence Supporting Group (brit.)
OMF
Opposing Militant Forces
OOTW
Operations other Than War
OP
Observation Post, Orbit Point
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OPCOM
Operational Command
OPCON
Operational Control
OPFOR
Opposing Force
OPLAW
Operational Law
OPORD
Operation Order
OPSEC
Operation(al) Security
ORBAT
Order of Battle (Report)
OSC
On-Scene Commander
OSINT
Open Sources Intelligence
OTC
Officer in Tactical Command
OTL
Observer Target Line
P P
Primary
P/K, PK
Probability of Kill
PA
Position Area
PA
Public Affairs
PAA
Position Area for Artillery
PAO
Public Affairs Officer
Pax
Official military term for people
PCAT
Police Combined Action Teams
PD
Point Detonating
PDD
Point Detonation Delay (includes Short Delay and Delay)
PDSS
Persons with Designated Special Status (Law, RoE)
PE d / PE r
Probable Error in Deflection / Probable Error in Range
PFF
pre-formed fragments
PGK
Precision Guidance Kit (arty ammo)
PGM
Precision Guided Munition
PGMM
Precision Guided Mortar Munition
PI
Probability of Incapacitation (%)
PID
Positive Identification
PIFWC
Person Indicted for War Crime
PIR
Prioritized Intelligence Requirements
PKB
Purple Kill Box
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PL
Phase Line
PLT
Platoon
POA, PoA
Point of Aim
POF
Priority of Fire
POI
Persons of Interest
PoL
Pattern of Life
POL
Petroleum, Oil & Lubricants
POLAD
Political Advisor
POO
Points Of Origin
PPP
Presence-Posture & Profile (of Troops)
PR, PRIOR
Priority
PRDSS
Properties with Designated Special Status (Law, RoE)
PRI
Priority Immediate (CAS; to distinguish from “routine immediate”)
PRX
Proximity
PSE
PsyOps Support Element
PSU
Pilot-Sight-Unit
PTL
Prioritized Target List
Q QNH
(„Query Newlyn Harbor“) Code for atm air pressure / QNH 1012 hPa
QRF
Quick Reaction Force
QRS
Quick Reaction Section (e.g. air mobile)
R R, RFT, rft
Reinforcing, Reinforcement
RA
Remaining Area (Radar Zone)
RAAMS
Remote Anti-Armor Mine System
RAF
Request of Authority to Fire
RAP
Rocket-Assisted Projectile
RAP
Recognized Air Picture
RB
Reach Back
RBFA
Rear Boundary (of) Forward Area (Air)
RCH
Red card Holder (for national caveats)
Rds, rnds
rounds (arty ammo)
RED
Risk-Estimate Distance
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REF
Reference(s)
RFA
Restricted Fire Area
RFF
Request for Fire Support
RFI
Request for Intelligence/Information
RFL
Restrictive Fire Line
RIP
Relief in Place
RL
Report Line
RND(s)
round, rounds (arty)
RNG, Rng
range
ROA
Restricted Operations Area
ROA
Remotely Operated Aircraft
ROE, RoE
Rules of Engagement
ROEREQ
Rules of Engagement Request
RoL
Rules of Law
ROVER
Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver
ROZ
Restricted Operations Zone
RP
Release Point
RPA
Remotely Piloted Aircraft
RP/C
Rocket Pod Container
RPV
Remotely Piloted Vehicle (UAV)
RS
Readiness State (Air Defense)
RSA
Royal School of Artillery (United Kingdom)
RSR
Required Supply Rate
RTL
Restricted Target List
RW, R/W
Rotary Wing
S S
Suppress
SA
Staging Area
SA
Situational Awareness
SAA
Slow-Aviation-Assets
SAAFR
Standard used Army Aircraft (Aviation) Flight Route (Network)
SACEUR
Supreme Allied Command Europe
SADARM
Search & Destroy Artillery Munition UNCLASSIFIED - 250 -
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SAF
Small Arms Fire
SAL
Semi-active Laser
SALUTE (-Report)
Size / Activities / Location / Uniform / Time / Equipment
SAM
Surface-to-Air Missiles
SANDA
(Intelligence) Sources and Agencies (brit.)
SAPHEI
Semi-Armor Piercing, High Explosive Incendiary
SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar
SAR
Search & Rescue
SASE
Safe And Secure Environment
SATCOM
Satellite Communications
SBF
Support by Fire (- Position)
SC
Special Corridor
SCAR
Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance (Air)
SCATMIN
Scatterable Mines
SDB
Small Diameter Bomb
SEAD
Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
SER
Self-Defenses - Extended Self-Defenses - Request
SFA
Security Force Assistance
SFW
Sensor-Fused Weapon
SHAPE
Supreme Allied Command Europe
SHL
Shell (ammo)
SHOF
Show of Force
SHORADEZ
Short Range Air Defense Engagement Zone
SIGINT
Signal Intelligence
SIP
Subject Intelligence Pack(age)
SIR
Special Intel Requirement
SITREP
Situational Report
SKB
Surface Kill Box
SL
Safe Line (ASCM)
SLAM
Stand-Off Land Attack Missile
SLAM-ER
Stand-Off Land Attack Missile – Expanded Range
SMK
Smoke (ammo)
SOATU
Special Operations Air Tasking Unit
SOF
Special Operations Forces
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SOI
Standing Operation Instructions
SOLE
Special Operations Liaison Element
SOP
Standing Operating Procedures
S oS
System of Systems
SOTAC
Special Operation Terminal Attack Controller
SOTG
Special Operations Task Group
SOTU
Special Operations Task Unit
SP
Self-Propelled
SPH
Self-Propelled Howitzer
SPGH
Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer (e.g. “ARCHER”)
SPINS
Special Instructions (air)
SPOD
Seaport of Debarkation
SQD
Squad
SQDN
Squadron (AVN)
SQOC
Squadron Operations Centre
SSA
Shared Situational Awareness
SSR
Security - Sector Reform
STA
Surveillance & Target Acquisition
STANAG
Standardization Agreement (NATO)
SWO
Squadron Weapons Officer
T TA
Target Audience
TAA
Target Audience Analysis
TAC
Tactical
TAC
Terminal Attack Control (Air)
TACOM
Tactical Command
TACON
Tactical Control
TACP
Tactical Air Control Party
TACP (ALO)
Tactical Air Control Party - Air Liaison Officer
TACP (JTAC)
TACP - Joint Terminal Controller
TACRES
Tactical Reserve
TAD
Tactical Air Direction
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TADS
Target Acquisition and Designation System
TAI
Target Area of Interest
TAL
Tactical Air Lift
TAR
Tactical Air Reconnaissance
TARN
Tactical Air Request Net
TAT
Tactical Air Transport
TB
Targeting Board
TBC
to be considered
TBD
to be determined
TBM
Tactical (Theatre) Ballistic Missile
TCM
Trajectory Correctable Munitions
TCT
Tactical CIMIC Team
TD
Time Delay (fuse)
TD
Targeting Directive (brit.)
TDL
Total Daylight
TEA
Target Engagement Authority
TEREC (TER)
Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance
TF
Task Force
TFR
Terrain Following Radar
TGO
Terminal Guidance Operation (Air)
TGP
Targeting Pod
TGT, Tgt
Target
TGTG, Tgtg
Targeting (wirth©)
THP
Terminally-Homing Projectile(s), e.g. STRIX
TIC, TiC
Troops in Contact
TIM
Toxic Industrial Material
TIO
Targeting and Information Operations
TIP
Target Intelligence Pack(age)
TLAM
Tomahawk Land Attack Missile
TLE
Target Location Error
TLP
Troop Leading Procedures
TLSA / TLSR
Transfer of Lead Security Authority / ….Responsibility
TMRR
Temporary Minimum-Risk Route
TNL
Target Nomination List
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TOC
Tactical Operation Centre
TOF
Time of Fire
TOT
Time on Target
TOW
Tube-Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided
TPT
Tactical PsyOps Team
TR
Transit Route (air)
TRA
Temporary Restricted Area
TRP
Target Reference Point
TSA
Target System Analysis
TSC
Target Support Cell
TSK
Tasking
TSS
Target Selection Standards
TSS
Target Summary Sheet (brit.)
TST
Time Sensitive Targets / Targeting
TTF
Time to Fire
TTP
Tactics, Techniques & Procedures
TTT
Time to Target
TUAS
Tactical Unmanned Aerial Systems
TV, TVS
Television, Television Sensor
U-V-W U
utility
UAS, UAV
Unmanned Aircraft System, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UH
Utility Helicopter
ULH
Ultra-Lightweight Howitzer (e.g. M777)
USAR
Urban Search and Rescue
UXO
Unexploded Ordnance
VBIED
Vehicle Borne (Buried) Improvised Explosive Device
VCP
Vehicle Check Point
VDL
Video Downlink
VE
Vertical Error
VJTF
Very High Readiness Joint Task Force
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VOIED
Victim Operated Improvised Explosive Device
VOL
volley (arty)
VRT
Visual Reporting Team
VT
Variable Time (Fuse)
W/, w/
with
WB
White Bag (arty ammo)
WCMD
Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser
WCS
Weapon Control Status
WFF
War Fighting Functions
WFZ
Weapons Free Zone
WGS
World Geodetic System
WLR
Weapon Locating Radar
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction
WNGO
Warning Order
WOC
Wing Operations Centre
WRA
Weapon Release Authority
WSO
Weapon System Operator (Air, Avn)
WP
White Phosphorous
WX
Weather
X-Y-Z XCAS
Airborne Alert Close Air Support
ZULU
Universal Time
UNCLASSIFIED - 255 -
Copyright by
Austrian Armed Forces WO1 Michael WIRTH
[email protected]
With the friendly assistance of