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F OINSTITUTE FESSION PRO AL LL TE IN IGENCE N IA O Words on Intelligence Volume 2, Number 1 • 2005 • ISSN 1039-1525 RS ICE FF AU ST RA L ISSN 1039-1525 Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers Incorporated, 1991 © This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, articles may be reproduced provided that suitable acknowledgement is given to this Institute. Editor's Comment In this second edition of “Words on Intelligence”, we present a further series of quotes, ranging from one word to paragraphs, from pundits, practitioners, policymakers and reformers on various aspects of our multi-faceted profession. A significant proportion of the quotes included can be found on that treasure chest, the WorldWide Web. A number of selections are relevant to more than one aspect of intelligence, and their placement inevitably is somewhat arbitrary. Inclusion does not indicate endorsement of or identification with the particular view being expressed. “Nuggets” of commentary and judgement can lurk in obscure places, and if you come across a quote that you believe to be worthy of inclusion in the following edition, we would welcome receiving it. A form for completion and contact details are provided at the end of this edition. November 2005 ISSN 1039-1525 FESSION PRO AL LL TE IN F O INSTITUTE IGENCE Volume 2, Number 1 2005 Contents The Role of Intelligence . . . . Intelligence and Policymakers . . . The Nature of Intelligence . . . . The Process of Intelligence . . . . Focuses of intelligence . . . . . Law Enforcement . . . . . Commercial Intelligence . . . . Military Intelligence . . . . . National Security . . . . . Sources of Intelligence . . . . ELINT . . . . . . . HUMINT . . . . . . . MASINT . . . . . . . IMINT . . . . . . . OSINT . . . . . . . SIGINT . . . . . . . Skills and Qualities in Intelligence . . . The Culture of Intelligence . . . . Images of Intelligence . . . . Ethics in Intelligence . . . . Accountability and Intelligence . . . Counter-Intelligence . . . . Intelligence “Failures” . . . . Intelligence Reform . . . . . Australia . . . . . . . Europe . . . . . . . Southeast Asia . . . . . . United States . . . . . . Department of Homeland Security . . Director of National Intelligence . . Counter-Terrorism . . . . . Iraq . . . . . . . The Region . . . . . . Threats Against Australia . . . . "Words on Intelligence" Suggested Additions Form Regalia order form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 13 14 18 18 20 22 24 24 24 24 29 30 30 30 31 35 36 38 40 43 47 50 51 51 52 52 54 54 55 58 58 59 61 63 RS ICE FF AUS TR AL Words on Intelligence N IA O recognising individual excellence in the field of intelligence through the establishment of accreditation levels for members commensurate with qualifications and experience. (iv) facilitating the interchange of information and views on the theory and practice of intelligence and related subjects through the provision of a neutral forum. N o. (v) (vi) AIPIO Board of Management and Editorial Panel President Vice President (Administration) Vice President (Programs) General Secretary Treasurer Registrar Web Coordinator Public Affairs Officer Seminar Coordinator Board Member AIPIO Editors Journal Newsletter Dr Ian Wing Chris Clark Terry-Anne O'Neill John King Gavin Bell Graeme Slattery Fiona Peacock Brett Peppler David Maybin Jeff Corkill Terry-Anne O'Neill Gavin Bell W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 . (AIPIO) The aim of AIPIO is to promote intelligence as a recognised profession in Australia. The Institute's aim shall be achieved by: (i) fostering of a sense of professionalism and esprit de corps within the field of intelligence through the setting of membership standards. fostering of the concept of self-improvement through the provision of professional standards. encouraging research into the theory and practice of intelligence and the development and application of new ideas. (ii) (iii) recognising organisational excellence in the field of intelligence through the provision of affiliation status.2 The Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers Inc. Director-General. in Allard. do the people talking actually know what they are talking about. 1996 “Intelligence deals with all the things which should be known in advance of initiating a course of action”. Office of National Assessments. if not in the dark. Verse 2. who has acquired it. – Dr Kim Jones. “[discipline involved in the evaluation of intelligence] means working out first of all what it is. in what circumstances are they talking. and without that intelligence. N o. DG ONA to PJC Inquiry into Intelligence on Iraq’s WMD 2003 “We see ourselves as servicing ministers’ needs for assessed intelligence”. – Hoover Commission Report. policy makers are working. So every analyst. It is a really important discipline of intelligence analysis and it is absolutely fundamental”. as they look at every piece of intelligence goes through this process of evaluation to reach a conclusion on how much weight to place on the piece of intelligence. Intelligence has something of the same variation”. what are they talking about. who is talking here. Tom. – Transcript of verbal testimony of Dr Kim Jones. Intelligence Power in Peace and War.26 “If we are to think seriously about the world. it is the eyes and ears on the ground that provide the confirmation of decisions taken or plans being made. to whom are they talking. – James Adams. even if they do know what they are talking about are their views actually important. Chapter 8. p 7 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. doctors in general practice are said to spend most of their time on things that affect patients’ quality of life. some sort of simplified map of reality…is necessary”. “Intelligence stand hardened overnight”. Huntington “Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free”. but occasionally their role is life-saving. p. Aldrich Ames and the Corruption of the CIA. and so on. 2 March 2004. “Perhaps in some ways [intelligence] is like medicine. – John. – Michael Herman. – Samuel P. 1 . then certainly partially blind”. 1955. Sydney Morning Herald. and act effectively in it.3 The Role of Intelligence “…In intelligence. how does this information come. 1 .4 “We do not collect intelligence for its own sake. Columbia University). March 2005. I don’t know why he went away. 29 July 2002 Intelligence and Policymakers “Those who cannot handle secret intelligence are better off without it”. I wish that man would go away”. President of Russia. – Vladimer Putin. One spy could decide the fate of thousands of people”. 1 September. – David J Rothkopf (former deputy undersecretary of commerce. speech at the Ridderzaal. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. on his childhood dreams of joining the KGB. Blueprint Magazine. – Anonymous “Last Wednesday upon the stair. N o. physical or political”. – Anonymous. US officials are determined to warn every American about every threat they can lay their hands on”. and ex-KGB colonel. there is no point. Netherlands. – Dr Christopher Andrew “Fixed on protecting their posteriors. Imperial Hubris — why the West is losing the War on Terror. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. adjunct professor.88 “…preemption is an intelligence-driven concept. The Atlantic Monthly. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”.. The Hague. I met a man who wasn’t there. He wasn’t there again on Thursday. We need to develop and act on it for the safety of all our citizens”. 2004 p. He wasn’t there again today.84 “When I was walking down the stair I met a man who wasn’t there. Brassey’s Inc. 2005 “What amazed me most of all was how one man’s effort could achieve what whole armies could not. implying that we can identify threats well before they can be realized and that our information can be specific and detailed enough that we can act on it without unnecessary collateral damage. Washington DC. p. chairman and CEO of Intellibridge Corporation. Binnenhof. ‘Bridging the Intelligence Gap”. – Anonymous. Campbell’s [political adviser] claims that the dossier wasn’t sexed up are absolute rubbish”. IC Wales & Sunday Herald online. This bastard’s from the CIA! – Anonymous “ This process [selectivity in what to tell policymakers] also yields the deselection of data that would spur policy-maker requests for action that if taken. policymakers. p. Scotland on Sunday. “You must be Mr. but I also think that at the end of the day. “We all work for the KGB”. 29 June 2003 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. “To you I’m Comrade Major-General!” Reprimanded by a Red! So back into my flat I fled. I think they said it sincerely. He wasn’t there again today.238 “There was a predisposition in this administration to assume the worst about Saddam…They were inclined to see and interpret evidence a particular way to support a very deeply held conviction…I just think they felt there needed to be some sort of rallying point for the American people. Imperial Hubris. I met a man who wasn’t there. N o. we’ll find out their interpretations of the intelligence were wrong”. I saw the Red Star on his Trilby! I said. – Anonymous recently retired senior military officer described as deeply involved in the war planning for the invasion of Iraq in 2003. might yield an IC failure – and so criticisms from Congress. or the media – or expose the IC’s unaddressed systematic failures”.5 He looked so furtive. That is still the case. AFP online. Philby!” His answer haughty tho’ emphemeral. Just yesterday upon the stair. 1 June 2003 “There was absolute scepticism among British intelligence over the case for the invasion of Iraq. half-alive. I asked “Are you from MI5?’ “Five or Six are one” said he. 1 . – Anonymous senior British intelligence officer. – “A chill descends on a once cosy club”. especially over the mass of allied intelligence briefings Canberra relied on”. I don’t believe they misled the government and I think people should just be a little bit patient”. the Australian agencies [regarding the presence or not of WMD in Iraq]. they weren’t in any way pressured. Hansard. p 6 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. if contestability is a value. consensus. The Australian. 1 . 2 March 2004.329 “[Advisers] need occasions at which they can openly consider different ideas without being accused of undermining their masters. and pitfalls. “Intelligence test for spies”. – Editorial. in intelligence assessments being biased towards desired policy outcomes rather than being objective in their own right…Put simply. some say. Canberra Times. And if there are no such occasions. lowest common denominator ultimate view: what you want. the intelligence agencies remain confident in the judgements they made. we replied on the normal intelligence sources which are available. and probably within. and inevitably there were debates and disputes between. is to have the different perspectives displayed right up to the top level”. it appears that ONA [Office of National Assessments] has too many analysts who are salesmen good with words rather than enough all-rounders thoroughly ground in the mechanics. not a precise science. 27 November 2003. sanitised. AAP Online. we relied on the normal intelligence sources. – Yogi Berra “Well. 2 March 2004 “It’s hard to make predictions. I’m not going to start. however unconsciously. for most obviously of reasons I’m not going to start saying what is quote independent or not independent. AAP Online. – Australian Defence Association. 11 June 2003 “You do not want a uniform. especially about the future”. p. of the intelligence profession”. 18 August 2003 “Intelligence is a political art.6 “The large numbers of intelligence agency staff with policy-making backgrounds or ambitions has too often resulted. – Senator Brandis. N o. Press Conference. – Prime Minister Tony Blair. the quality of the information and advice coming to government suffers and the quality of government deteriorates because no-one associated with government can afford to be in a situation where a piece of paper or a phrase uttered might be used to embarrass politicians”. the Knight replied”. Eliot.J. N o. Vol. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. – Lewis Carroll. “Designing intelligence”.2.. July 2000. said the Knight. said Alice to the Knight. – President Bill Clinton. if they do come. Sherman Kent Center Occasional Papers. 1995 “…intelligence officials must function very much like entrepreneurs. analysts find it difficult to distinguish between bona fide tradecraft criticism and complaints generated by the politics of policymaking”. I don’t choose to have them running all about…You see.218 “The intelligence I receive informs just about every foreign policy decision we make. “It isn’t very likely there would be any mice on the horse’s back’. less likely that American lives will have to be put at risk. The study of intelligence is a study of practical epistemology. ‘but. – Jack Davis. unable to learn from error or to change their minds. can understand that world and they do affect it. finding markets for their services while at the same time seeking to find out what the market wants”. But we couldn’t do without it. p. Part 1. It gives us a chance to prevent crises rather than forcing us to manage them”. perhaps’. ‘But what are they for?’ Alice asked in a tone of great curiosity.S. “Where is the life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?” – T. – Dr Philip H. it’s as well to be provided for everything. 1945-1990”. Through the Looking Glass. It’s easy to take it for granted.48 “Policymakers believe criticism of what they see as inadequate analysis is part of their job description. Wordsworth Classics. “To guard against the bites of sharks’. p. of course. In isolation any single piece of information is useless and meaningless.. “Coming in from the Cold War” The Historiography of American Intelligence. – John Ferris. It illuminates not merely why statesmen act but how they think”. ‘Not very likely. Statesmen. That’s the reason the horse has anklets round his feet’. 1934 “Most academic students of intelligence would probably accept a view like the following. Asian Defence and Diplomacy. 2004. 1 . Unique intelligence makes it less likely that our forces will be sent to battle. The Rock.7 “’I was wondering what the mousetrap was for’. Number 2. Davies. Its effect depends upon its interpretation in the context of a set of conditions that govern expectation and usability. They are not mere prisoners of perception. – Pentagon consultant. CIA. N o. Reuters. – John Ferris. Ibid. – Lyndon B. – Porter Goss. Unfortunately. it is easier to blame the analyst than himself. “Intelligence After the Cold War: A Global Perspective”. The New Yorker. If the distinction between those who provide intelligence and those who promote policies becomes blurred. 5 March 2004 “We count on the intelligence community to be truth-tellers.Baker Jr. Chapman and J. The Intelligence EdgeHow to Profit in the Information Age. in David Morgan.8 “Intelligence is the servant of strategy. 1966 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. It cannot be a good servant to a bad master”. And that. C. as lawyers know only too well. but one of several factors which guide the use of power…Intelligence cannot tell you what to do – that is the province of policy. Friedman. we are all in trouble”. no matter how inconvenient that truth may be for policymakers.. ‘In matters of national security. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. 22 September 2005 “As Scoop Jackson used to say. Intelligence is only the servant. “CIA to do its own spywork overseas”. 1 . Ranking Member. Director. My fact is better than your fact”. American Enterprise Institute press release. and M. is life”. – G.S. “The Stovepipe”. as we say. in Seymour M Hersch. 27 October 2003 “The best intelligence is essential to the best policy”. “It became a personality issue. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. Johnson. the best politics is no politics’”. 1997 “The CIA credo is that the US must always have the place of primacy among our interests”. 1994 “The intelligence analyst is only as good as his customer: This is where the ultimate responsibility rests. It is not a form of power. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Spying and Democracy: The Future of Intelligence. “The Stovepipe”. – Sir Robert Menzies. – Lord Palmerston. Our interests are eternal and perpetual. 1 . State Department. in Seymour M Hersch. in Seymour M Hersch. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. N o.9 “Intelligence not only has to train new recruits but also to educate its customers. “The Stovepipe”.” – John Bolton on his insistence on receiving “raw intelligence”. “We have no eternal allies. The New Yorker. – Herbert Meyer. This is a formidable task…They have to be convinced of what intelligence can. “Intelligence must be the servant and not the master of operational policy”. If that puts someone’s nose out of joint. Real World Intelligence. that intelligence should be taken into the confidence of policy-makers if these wish to obtain relevant information”. – Greg Theilmann. Ibid. in Seymour M Hersch. 1841 “[The White House] dismantle[d] the existing filtering process that for fifty years had been preventing the policymakers from getting bad information”. – Donald McLachlan. The New Yorker. and those interests it is our duty to follow’. I didn’t want it filtered. I wanted to see everything — to be fully informed. the Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control] seemed to be troubled because INR was not telling him what he wanted to hear…and I was excluded from his meetings — according to an aide ‘The Under-Secretary wants to keep this in the family’”. sorry about that. and we have no perpetual enemies. a former National Security Council expert on Iraq. and what it cannot achieve: they must learn that an overload of requests will result in diminishing returns. “Politicians are always dealing with things they do not understand”. Room 39: A Study in Naval Intelligence. 27 October 2003 “I found that there was lots of stuff that I wasn’t getting and that the INR analysts weren’t including. – Kenneth Pollack. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1960 “For intelligence officers the trick is to bring policy makers the bad news they need to know without seeming to attack the entire policy”. – Professor Walter Laquer. 27 October 2003 “Bolton [John Bolton. Australian Defence Minister. speech at the Ridderzaal. The Guardian. Binnenhof.” – Robert Hill. N. In terms of public confidence it needs to be open and frank. 5 March 2004 “I’m quite comfortable that we made the right decision on the basis of the information that was available to us. Ranking Member. In relation to intelligence. 417. it’s not just black and white. You’ve got to make a decision on the basis of the best information available and this was not a hasty decision…. Her Majesty’s Government Printer. Netherlands. It is a cardinal rule of intelligence”. 1 September. the agencies’ longterm capacity to provide warnings is being eroded”. Intelligence. UK. But there is an inherent danger in setting up a stovepipe that forwards raw intelligence to policymakers without sufficient peer review. when you are dealing with a regime of deception such as Saddam Hussein’s. even if it leads to a debate as to whether the intelligence was good enough or not. – Paul Lashmar and Raymond Whitaker. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller.10 “ Policymakers have every right to seek information from a variety of sources. 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 2003 “The committee believes that. American Enterprise Institute press release. 2 June.1 “It is the responsibility of governments to address the causes. you can’t get absolutes. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. with the focus on current crises. June 2003 “You cannot just cherry-pick evidence that suits your case and ignore the rest. p. The Hague. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. set the legal frameworks for countering terrorism so that Services can collect intelligence by all means including through the retention of data. – Intelligence and Security Committee.and they get it wrong – we should all learn lessons”. Annual Report to Parliament. N o. and ensure the development and implementation both of pan-government policies and international initiatives to protect ourselves to the best possible level”. 24 February 2003. 1 . Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”.I actually think that it’s important for public confidence that the full story is told. When policymakers reach for information to support their policies and stifle contrary information . It doesn’t mean it’s a fact. April 26. I mean. ASIO. N o. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Sir”. Vol 9. “These are not assertions we’re giving you. December 2004. October 2003). no 1. You know. – Dr Gus Weiss. – Major Frank Soholm Grevil. Tuttle. 2003 (cited in testimony at the Inquiry into 9/11. Director-General. It’s just – it’s intelligence.. former US Assistant Secretary of Defense for space policy. “Decision Superiority and Intelligence”. – Then CIA Director George Tenet reassuring President Bush in 2002 that Iraq did have WMD. US Department of Defense Briefing. – Dennis Richardson. after announcing a Presidential Commission to investigate the US intelligence agencies’ poor performance on Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) after no WMD were found in Iraq. 1 .and so. Intelligence doesn’t necessarily mean something is true. former Danish Intelligence officer on summarising and simplifying of intelligence reports on WMD by Danish Defence Ministry officials prior to the invasion of Iraq. 2003 “So what you may end up with are much too clear-cut conclusions that lose the nuances”. AAP online. they are facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence”. – General Myers. Defence Intelligence Journal. February 2003 “We need to find out what went wrong in the intelligence-gathering”. – Jerry O. “Any suggestion that we would play with threat levels for political purposes is wrong”. that’s not what intelligence is. – US President Bush.. is a dumb term”.11 “…you act off intelligence. – US Secretary of State Colin Powell to the UN Security Council. TIME. 2004 p. you make judgements”. June 24. “Those were the two dumbest words I ever said”. “The expression ‘smart push’ is one which implies that the Intelligence Community knows what the user needs and will provide it. – George Tenet on his assurance to President Bush that it was a “slam dunk” that Iraq has WMD. it’s your best estimate of the situation.16 “It’s a slam dunk. 30 April. don’t ask to see the calculations”. 2000 “When you hear ‘calculated risk’. only the liaison services of friendly countries”. – Joseph Bulik. in The Transatlantic Monthly.12 “…there is a fine line between presenting the facts in the best light to suit your case. misunderstandings and raise the possibility of compromise”. and cannot. p. retired CIA official “Australia’s intelligence interests do not. – Paul Wolfowitz “We are all spying on each other. and misrepresenting those facts”. 2 March 2004. We also need constantly to reassess the benefits to Australia from intelligence relationships with other countries against the costs”. But if you have more troops. Sydney Morning herald. Therefore. by definition. double the risks of exposure. Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security.11 “The problem was recognising who the enemy was and having actionable intelligence to find them. – Justice Hope. You have a heavier American footprint. 1977 “There are no such things as friendly liaison services. 1996 “Joint operations. They don’t last long if they ignore what they see when they cut an issue open”. p. although we can and should benefit from exchange of information and views with friends and allies. coincide with those of any other country. we need our own intelligence collection and assessment capabilities. – Anon. N o. “Iraq intelligence: no sexing up but some exaggeration”. It would be as vital today to know where your European partners are coming from as it used to be know the order of battle of Soviet forces”. – Anonymous W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. source in Mark Urban. which means alienating more people. 1 . – Hugh White.” – Paul Wolfowitz. collateral on collateral. that creates a new set of problems. Jul/Aug 2005.116 “Policymakers are like surgeons. UK Eyes Alpha: The Inside Story of British Intelligence. You need belts and braces. And without better intelligence you can’t do anything with more troops. Report of the Inquiry into Australian Intelligence Agencies. May 2002 “Information is not intelligence and only a fragment of all kinds of analysis is ‘intelligence’ analysis… Intelligence analysis is not about information processing. – Sir Mansfield Cumming. July 2004 pp. “Stop bugging the agents defending our way of life”. University of Lund. that has to be analysed and assessed. Ibid. “Intelligence is information on which action can be taken”. rarely complete. Some will ignore intelligence others consider vital”.13 The Nature of Intelligence “When everything is intelligence — nothing is intelligence…broadening the concept [of intelligence] is one thing — to flatten it out is something quite different”. – Dennis Shanahan.Intelligence analysis or assessment is the process of using intelligence. the key characteristic of intelligence information is that it is obtained without the authority of the government or group who ‘owns’ the information…. “People don’t trust their own systems. – Phillip Flood. You always think that the chap next to you knows more than you do”. Intelligence analysis combines the dynamics of journalism with the problem-solving of science”. 1 August 2003. and other information. at Kent Center Conference. Analysts will come to different conclusions based on the same information. – John le Carre. to form a picture of an issue or occurrence”.11 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. in “Alan Judd. – Professor Wilhelm Agrell. 5-6 “Intelligence is information. political editor. c. p. Sweden. – Professor Wilhelm Agrell. While it may take a number of forms. N o. Intelligence is like exams. 1922. 1999 “Intelligence is covertly obtained information. “The Quest for C : Sir Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the British Secret Service. The Tailor of Panama. The Australian. 1 . Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.21-22 “We need to understand the operational environment of our customers. – Bruce G.191 “The simple fact is that lots of people. – Maureen Baginski. That does not make them ‘intelligence’. said the Cat”. Brassey’s Inc. Much ingenuity and effort is spent on making secret intelligence difficult to acquire and hard to analyse…intelligence seldom acquires the full story…it is often…sporadic and patchy. Center for Defence Information. Against All Enemies — Inside America’s War on Terror.. Sherman Kent Occasional Papers. Free Press. How you got [intelligence] is not important. it is another to expect them to be psychic”. NY 2004 p. – Butler Report. It is one thing to expect perspicacity from them. – Lewis Carroll. Ibid. ‘That depends a good deal on where you want to get to’. – Richard A. Analysis. in turn. Clarke. President. Washington DC. 269 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2.14 The Process of Intelligence “…one of my first supervisors often said they key to framing and solving intelligence problems was to first ‘do the checkables’”. Jane’s online. Clarke. 19 July 2004 “[Intelligence analysts] cannot outperform the laws of reason. pass along many rumors and they end up being recorded and filed by US intelligence agencies in raw reports. not merely their enumeration or weighing them by the pound. particularly in the Middle East. FBI and former head of signals intelligence. which way I ought to go from here?’ asked Alice. 1 . p. and. 11 December 2003 “The most important limitation on intelligence is its incompleteness. NSA. N o. even after analysis may still be at best inferential”. that’s a tough shift to make. Imperial Hubris — why the West is losing the War on Terror. sometimes they don’t notice that it doesn’t add up to anything”. 2004 pp. Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction. involves finding independent means of corroborating the reports”. Blair. – Richard A. The information and the pedigree of the information is what counts”. 2004 “’Could you tell me please. “If you overload people with a large number of small facts. – Anonymous.. Intelligence involves analysis of raw reports. Executive Director for Intelligence and National Security. N o. C. and M.15 “Intelligence is…more a matter of pulling together myriad facts..56 “Cranks and crackpots run a close second after the fabricators as mischief-makers and time-wasters for the intelligence service”. and M. S. – G. – French Service de Renseignement rules of 1930s “The mortal enemies of intelligence are time and wishful thinking”. 1997 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1963 p. Intelligence and Appeasement. Baker Jr. Friedman. making a pattern of them. – Allen Dulles. C. – OSS Chief General William Donovan “The most serious occupational hazard we have in the intelligence field. – G. The Intelligence Edge: how to Profit in the Information Age. and drawing inferences from that pattern”. “I hear – rumour I see – reliable source I know – absolute truth”. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. The Craft of Intelligence. Ibid. Chapman and J. – John Ferris. 1997 “Collection without analysis is like foreplay without orgasm — only more frustrating”. 1 . modes of thought and attitudes”.213 “Intelligence involves the collection of information and its interpretation through the light of individual preconceptions. S. – Allen Dulles.. p. Indulged in All Too Little?: Vansittart. London. Chapman and J. The Intelligence Edge: how to Profit in the Information Age. is prejudice”. the one that causes more mistakes than any foreign deception or intrigue. Friedman. Baker Jr. “In the textbooks. upon its making the proper use of its records – knowing what it knows – and there have been examples of services seeking information they already hold or. and warnings promulgated to appropriate federal. since without them it does not know how it has got what. pre-empt and prevent terrorist operations. Part 1. use of watch lists to deny terrorists US visas and entry into the US. jarring events. more dramatically but thankfully more rarely. covert action. The basics are easy to learn and good texts can be found in any library. – Thomas Mann (attrib. This depends. state and local government agencies. clear communications. or who has access to what. Staff Director. former CIA officer. – Alan Judd. Although it is easy to make mistakes under pressure. the cycle is a deeply human experience. for example. the intelligence cycle is depicted as a cleanly sweeping curve. from tasking to dissemination. replete with potholes. Joint Inquiry Staff.16 “The Intelligence Community employs various offensive and defensive tools to disrupt. only the advanced subjects — like multiplying fractions or manipulating double agents — are particularly complex”. it can only be like a back country road. These tools include: intelligence gathering. – Eleanor Hill. Johnson. attempting to recruit people they have already recruited”. In reality. raids on suspected terrorist facilities. from whom. including. and inevitable mistakes and surprises. It depends on personal relations of trust and rapport. The Quest for C: Sir Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the British Secret Service. and even bridges out. “Any intelligence service is only as good as its records.) W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 . analysis and dissemination. liaison relationships with foreign intelligence and law enforcement services. and certain almost universally accepted security practices…The fact is that tradecraft is like arithmetic: it has been around for centuries. 1999 “Order and simplification are the first steps towards the mastery of a subject”.” – Loch K. Analysis for a New Age. the private sector. close affinities — not always attainable in this world of strong egos. experience. the aviation industry. of course. Joint Inquiry Staff Statement. For despite its mechanical moniker. and the American public. detours. N o. – William Hood. criminal investigations and prosecutions in the US and overseas renditions of terrorists abroad for prosecution in US courts. 18 September 2002 “Tradecraft may be mysterious to outsiders but it is little more than a compound of common sense. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”. saves lives. – Christian Reus-Smit. events are context and path dependent. – A. ASIO. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. Ibid. The Sydney Morning Herald. analysis and assessment.A. some is dross and all of it requires validation. The Hague. as far as he knows. occurs outside of history. – Jeffrey O’Leary.. 1 September 2005 “In sum. – Dennis Richardson. some [intelligence] is gold. P. RSPAS. When identified as dross it needs to be rejected: that may take some confidence”. When it is gold it shines and illuminates. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. says ASIO chief”. but sometimes he feels that there really is another way. Surprise and Intelligence: Towards a Clearer Understanding. ANU.no event. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. speech at the Ridderzaal. if only he could stop bumping for a moment and think of it. bump. And then he feels that perhaps there isn’t”. the only way of coming downstairs. 1. Director-General. p 4. 1 .17 “… it is often simply impossible to explain what lies behind a public alert”. Milne “Presupposed ideas are the glasses through which new intelligence data is seen and evaluated”. bump bump. It is. Netherlands. Department of International Relations. Binnenhof. All too often there is the temptation to have a bet each way and to seek to say all thing to all people for fear of being wrong”. “Flood of intelligence imperils quality control. however cataclysmic. October 2001 “…no-one wants to be left standing when the music stops. Better to share it [low-end information] around and make a judgement that it’s nonsense than run the risk of missing a dot…A sharp increase in available information requires a capacity to discard the rubbish. and actors respond to challenging situations by drawing on established ‘mentalities’ and ‘frames of action’”. in The Day The World Changed? Terrorism and World Order. protects nations and informs policy. on the back of his head. “What is truth?” – Pontius Pilate “. N o. “Here is Edward Bear.. 1 August 2003. behind Christopher Robin. coming downstairs now. veteran FBI agent and former Head of the US Drug Enforcement Administration. 26 April. and that we do not know what we do not know. – William Safire. 1 .16 “The power of the FBI is in its distributive nature. things do not become more comprehensible.” – Australian Federal Police Annual Report 2002-2003 p. TIME. – Maureen Baginski. Sleeper Spy. 2004. – Australian Federal Police Annual Report 2002-2003 p. Convictions. N o. – Albert Schweitzer “To know that we know what we know. Edgar] Hoover pounded into us as important”. but more mysterious”. – Robert Casey. to be effective. – Jack Lawn. Executive Director for Intelligence and National Security. savings and recoveries were the things that [J. requires a relationship with the community”. [intelligence] is information about those who would do us harm in the form of terrorist acts or other crimes. be they property crimes or violent crimes’. 1995 “As we acquire more knowledge. – Henry David Thoreau Focuses of Intelligence Law Enforcement “Our revamped intelligence is targetted more at direct and timely dissemination rather than a process of osmosis.18 “Never assume the obvious is true”. 2004 “Traditional agents who weren’t good on the street were put into intelligence. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2.16 “ Intelligence. that is true knowledge”. FBI. 19 July 2004 “In the law enforcement/national security business. spreading intelligence through layers of assessment that slows down its transmission. FBI Deputy Assistant Director of the Office of Intelligence. The trick is how you enable that strength and orchestrate it against a central set of procedures of doctrine”. fines. There was no measure of success on that side. Jane’s online. – Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS0. Staff Statement No. US Department of Justice. global anti-money laundering managing director. 1 . 10 December. Intelligence-Led Policing: The Integration of Community Policing and Law Enforcement Intelligence. 15 November 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. US Department of Justice. 2003 “Rather than being simply an information clearinghouse that has been appended to the organization. 2004 p 41 “Even without an intelligence unit.19 “. Citigroup. ILP [intelligence-led policing] provides strategic integration of intelligence into the overall mission of the organization”. – Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS0. 12. and Intelligence Collection in the United States.the directed and purposeful collection and analysis of intelligence has not previously been a primary mission focus of the FBI”” – Robert Mueller. Intelligence-Led Policing: The Integration of Community Policing and Law Enforcement Intelligence. as opposed to categories of admissibility and degrees of contribution to the ultimate criminalinvestigative aim of proof ‘beyond reasonable doubt’. The Asian Banker. – Richard C. FBI Director. Reforming Law enforcement. a law enforcement organization must have the ability to effectively consume the information and intelligence products being shared by a wide range of organizations at all levels of government…Hence. Counterterrorism.. The ‘analyst’ mindset is thus radically different than that cultivated by training and acculturation within a carefullymanaged bundles of information about specific individuals or organizations for specific purposes”. Shelby. N o. each law enforcement agency must have an understanding of its intelligence management capabilities regardless of its size or organizational structure”. Vice Chairman. 2002 “There is no way in heck that we will find a terrorist unless the government tells us who they are”. – Richard Small. 2004 p13 “Intelligence analysts think in degrees of possibility and probability. US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The subject requires study. and other steps affecting the commercial world must precede the actual start of any expedition. if the target is so ‘soft’ why task the intelligence services against it at all? It is also quite true that the intelligence services cannot match the media for ‘late breaking news’. the odds are that trusted employees in your company are right now stealing your product designs. Just ask the executives at Avery Dennison. Believe it or not. Brander.economic intelligence does not generally fit ‘traditional officers’ self-image defined by ‘hard targets’. Britain. – Minh Luong. Whenever warlike operations are about to be undertaken. which I believe to be one of the main reasons for success in every operation of war”. October.J. Joy Mining Machinery. 1893 “. PPG. business models. Chapman. but scooping the free press is not why governments develop intelligence capabilities in the first place. 2003 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Davies. 1 . Gillette. – Anonymous former ASIS official in “Death watch — Bali spy fiasco”. “The Economics of Economic Intelligence”. F. – General E. it is clear that the issues of contracts. 1998 “Commercial intelligence may very largely supplement political intelligence. 1998 “If you don’t think we’re being exploited by friends and enemies. Bulletin 12 October 2005 “…espionage activity acts like a subsidy”. Philip H. research and development files. – Walter Deeley. It is…in order to find out precisely that which they cannot learn by overt means”. assistant director of International Security Studies at Yale University. – James A. – Dr. you’re crazy”. if it is to be properly used. US NSA. but then.20 Commercial Intelligence “[In the 1990s] your ideal contact was a cabinet functionary or a mining company executive rather than a general or a spook”. but the great advantage we possess over other nations. Director of Military Intelligence. marketing plans. in possessing the closest commercial relations with every port…should gain us in the matter of obtaining information. “Economic Intelligence and the Asian Financial Crisis”.. and many other companies – large and small – that have lost thousands of research hours and millions of dollars through corporate and industrial espionage”. and other intellectual property. N o. former Deputy Director. Eastman Kodak. Buster. scientific. 1995 “Today’s espionage is essentially economic.. 1 September. speech at the Ridderzaal. spy satellites and sophisticated strategic espionage”. N o. 1996 “We can handle the ordinary industrial spy. Friendly Spies. for anticipation of that to become an integral part of business planning”.. – Pierre Marion. FMC Corporation. Binnenhof. Netherlands. A strategic trade policy that embraced economic espionage would most likely be adopted in a country where government and industry have close links and where there are companies that could be considered national champions and therefore possible recipients of intelligence”. scientific and economic spheres. former Director. – Jim Royer. Economic and Commercial Interests and Intelligence Services. 1998 “Everyone is partly a competitor of everyone else and to that degree properly an intelligence target…Competition is cooperative and cooperation is competitive”. technological and financial. Porteous. – Peter Schweizer. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”. French Intelligence “A country’s economic structure and attitude towards government involvement in the private sector would be key factors in the successful planning of any policy advocating economic espionage. but we don’t have the technology and know-how to combat the type of advanced technologies governments can throw at us. – South African White Paper on Intelligence. 1 . – Claude Silberzahn. [Economic spying on allies] is a normal action of an intelligence agency”. For example. The Hague. 1994 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. This competition may involve the. 2005 “Economic espionage is a fact of life”. Le Monde. 1993 “[The role of intelligence is] to identify opportunities in the international environment. through assessing real or potential competitors’ intentions and capabilities.technological. – Samuel D.21 “The narrow definition of the threat to corporate security has traditionally been focussed on crime and fraud: it needs to be widened to include terrorism. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. particularly in the field of trade”. 22 “Today, our economic well being is probably more a factor in our national security than our military strength and economic spying is no more immoral than military spying”. – Admiral Stansfield Turner, former DCI. “Guaranteeing access to other countries’ markets is a responsibility not only of the Economics Ministry but of foreign intelligence”. – Boris Yeltsin Military Intelligence “I remember being in Vietnam for two tours and not getting a single piece of useful intelligence, not once. It has gotten better, but we still can’t get down to the company level what they need to do the job”. – Lt. Gen. Walter Boomer, Vietnam and Gulf War veteran “I have yet to meet the senior officer who bears with equanimity the trials and tribulations inflicted on a suffering world by the clandestine organizations. The trouble is that they are not (repeat not) commanded locally. They are only controlled locally”. – Lt Gen. Browning, Chief of Staff, SEAC, 23 Feb 1945 “If we were acquainted beforehand with the intentions of the enemy, we should always be more than a match for him even with an inferior force. It is an advantage which all generals are anxious to procure, but very few obtain”. – Frederick the Great, Article XII of Military Instructions to Generals. “By and large, military commanders are not stupid. Even the most intellectually challenged general has always understood that war is a matter of at least two sides and wants, understandably, to be on the winning team. Victory will bring him honours, riches, rewards and the applause of his countrymen. Why then, with such incentives, do approximately 50 percent of them get it so consistently wrong?… In the majority of cases, defeat can usually be traced back to a lack of knowledge of the enemy. Whether from overconfidence, ignorance, gullibility or just a failure to comprehend the facts, military defeat is almost invariably associated with an intelligence defeat”. – Colonel John Hughes-Wilson, Military Intelligence Blunders, 1999 “How can any man say what he should do himself if he is ignorant of what his adversary is about?” – Jomini, Precis de l’art de la Geurre, 1838 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2, N o. 1 23 “For an army that will have to act secretly, unconventionally, and in advance of crises rather than during them, intelligence is critical. Indeed, the growth of Special Forces might be a crude indication of the collapse of any distinction between our military and intelligence services. Yes, the CIA itself might be done away with. What the CIA does, however, will not only grow in importance but also have the support of armed troops within the same bureaucratic framework”. – Robert D. Kaplan, Special Intelligence, 1998 “Nothing is more worthy of the attention of a good general than the endeavour to penetrate the designs of the enemy”. – Niccolo Maciavelli, Dis corsi xviii, 1531 “A general who does not campaign in the desert, but in a fairly populated country, and has no information, is ignorant of his calling”. – Napoleon “What is of the greatest importance is to acquire news. Send, therefore, agents and spies, and, above all, capture some prisoners”. – Napoleon to Marshal Murat 1805 “Adequate intelligence constitutes the fundamental basis for the calculation of risks, the formulation of plans, the development of material, the allocation of resources, and the conduct of operations”. – General Matthew B. Ridgeway “To lack intelligence is to be in the ring blindfolded”. – General D .M. Shoup, USMC 1960 “It is essential to know the character of the enemy and of their principal officers – whether they be rash or cautious, enterprising or timid, whether they fight on principle or from chance”. – Vegetius, 378 AD. “There is nothing more necessary than good intelligence to frustrate a designing enemy and nothing that requires greater pains to obtain”. – George Washington W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2, N o. 1 24 National security “Intelligence is cheap compared with armed forces or policing; governments can afford to buy a lot of it for the cost of a frigate, or for the police manpower employed on antiterrorist protection. The British government is said to be spending almost as much on private consultancy fees for the Civil Service as it spends on intelligence”. – Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War, 1996 “ASIO’s role is defined in legislation by subject matter — not geography” – Paul O’Sullivan, Director-General of ASIO, in lecture at Bond University, 13 October 2005 “I doubt if anyone has ever arrived on their first day as head of a significant organisation knowing less about it than I did about ASIO, or having less experience of administration”. – Edward Woodward, Director-General of ASIO (1975-1980), One Brief Interval” — a memoir by Sir Edward Woodward, The Miegunyah Press, 2005, p.161 Sources of Intelligence “Intelligence comprises two principal branches — ‘HUMINT’ or human intelligence; and ‘ELINT and SIGINT’, or electronic signals intelligence. Without the latter, we are blind and deaf. Without the former, we are dumb”. – Count de Marenches, former chief of DGSE, The Fourth World War. ELINT “This tool has been consistently able to demonstrate that it’s valuable in investigating serious crime and gathering security intelligence”. – Phillip Ruddock, Australian Attorney-General, outlining to Parliament increased powers for security agencies to intercept emails, in News.com.au, 10 March 2004 HUMINT “Spying is natural and is one part of diplomatic life”. – Ali Alatas, Indonesian Foreign Minister, The Independent, 2 June 1995 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2, N o. 1 “The ideal recruit would be someone with very good academic qualifications. – former Secretary of State Madelaine Albright. Penguin 2000. perhaps Lebanese or Asian. probably university — or TAFE — educated. and what innocuous could well be suspicious. Ibid. in Richard A. preferably in history or politics. 277 “OK. They would love languages and want to protect moderate Islam…they cannot get these sorts of people”. Against All Enemies. I know who’s going to win this war”. 22 October 2005. N o. university-educated intelligence officers with bad language skills and little knowledge of Islam against poor. with good language skills and from an ethnic background other than Anglo Celtic background”. Head of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre.2 “…today it’s a much more attractive environment than being sidled up to by some sleazy academic in a patched tweed coat”. the Australian National University.25 “It [the CIA] has battered child syndrome”. Canberra Times. zealous. – Professor Hugh White. p. – Tom Clancy. p 338 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. – anonymous former ASIS official in “Death watch — Bali spy fiasco”. on ASIO’s recruitment process. Islamic-extremist men with nothing to lose and who want to become suicide bombers. 1915 “One of the problems with intelligence operations was that what looked suspicious was often innocuous. – anonymous former ASIS official. 1 . on the CIA’s perceived riskaverse approach to operations. Bulletin 12 October 2005 “The ideal ASIS recruit at the moment would be a second-generation Muslim. – Professor Hugh White.Clarke. He or she would not drink. The Bear and the Dragon. so we’re trying to pit young. mostly white. p. they would understand the good book [the Koran] and go to mosque on a Friday night. whose dad is a bus driver and [who] has a stay-at-home mum. “For anyone who is tired of life the thrilling life of a spy should be the finest reciperator”. middle-class. Ibid. – Lord Robert Baden-Powell. P.a second’s pause… “All right.Against All Enemies… pp. Clarke. Ten Thousand Eyes. founding Director-General of ASIS. 1 . “Speak English?” “Fluently. The IPCRESS File. 1955 “Money is to espionage what petrol is to the motor car”. Richard. the whole place blew up.. “Any decorations?” “None. E. – Alfred Deakin Brookes. Regular or temporary?” “Regular. N o. mon General”. outside. mon General”. in 1939.. – Captain Andre Dewarin describing his meeting with General Charles de Gaulle in which the French Resistance espionage service was formed at St Stephen’s House. you can start my Intelligence Service — the Deuxieme Bureau. 83-84 “Money opens the most secret cabinets of princes”. yeah. in Collier. 1603 “You want to look at your security services as the goal-keeper and your clandestine service as the full forward”. 1958 p.26 “ I needed relative certainty that the missiles had hit and none of you guys could give me that…. mon General”. so they called him …the cousin said. & Co. – Hotman de Villiers. mon General”. referring to proof that US missiles had hit the Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters in 1993. Lieutenant de Boislambert. but their cameraman in their Jordan bureau had a cousin or some relative who lived near the intelligence headquarters. – Len Deighton.16 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. will find you an office”. Westminster. in Richard A.so I called CNN…they didn’t have anybody in Baghdad tonight. “Done any fighting yet?” “I was at Narvok. . – President Bill Clinton.. He was certain…so I figured we had relative certainty’”. 97 “Once trust has been earned. Director. 1 . Hitz. notions.. true two-way information sharing can occur”. Alfred A. because he was sick of lying and hiding and fearing and came to believe that death was the better bargain”. – Marcel Girard. particularly of what passes in a camp. When a spy is discovered he is hanged immediately”.. Ten Thousand Eyes. – Encyclopaedia Britanica. 1771 “Unilateral operations will return to be part of the governing paradigm for the CIA…we are going to be in places people can’t even imagine”. western regional organiser for Century and Secret Army chief for 14 departments of Normany. p. National Infrastructure Protection Center.P.79 “Confirming and amplifying information acquired by other means is often the role spy information plays best”. 2004. – Frederick P. E. Ibid. Dick. in David Morgan. Anjou and Maine. Director of the CIA. 1977 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1640 “Running spies is far more complex than setting collection requirements and receiving raw intelligence information in exchange for money. FBI. of another. in Collier. thinking of it clinically. as a job to be done. Brittany. & Co.79 “Espionage is illegal and the clandestine service’s job is to break those laws without being caught”. day by day. – Ronald L. N o. Statement for the Record before the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. etc. Knopf. 1958 p. Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security. – George Herbert. Hitz. 8 May 2002 “Spy — a person hired to watch the actions. It often entails getting into the head and guts of the recruited spy”. – Frederick P.27 “One could do only one’s best. p. Poitou. – Justice Robert Hope. 22 September 2005 “The life of spies is to know. The Great Game — the Myth and Reality of Espionage. New York. Outlandish Proverbs. Richard. CIA to do its own spywork overseas. pressing back the terror and the sense of loneliness and the knowledge that a man could manufacture his own defeat in the recesses of his heart. – Porter Goss. not to be known”. there is nothing like a keen-witted. the Great Game is finished. Morgan. the sights and sounds of the women’s world on the flat roofs. he knew that much.28 “A million raindrops flowing into the Amazon”. Patterns of Global Terrorism. Kim. N o. the crawl up a water-pipe. – Wong Kan Seng. 2001 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. of course. handsome woman”. as he had known all evil since he could speak. – David Leigh. Kim. 1983 — orig. discussing collection of intelligence on terrorism. – Geoffrey McDermot. China specialists at Singapore’s East Asia Institute. – Rudyard Kipling. 83-84 “Singapore is so small. Free Press. “For intelligence. Picking and Training Them.J. original published 1901. Not before”. pp. New York 2004 pp. eventually people do talk about it. Bantam Classics. and the headlong flight from housetop to housetop under cover of the hot dark”. – Dr W. Desolation Island. – Patrick O’Brian. retired British diplomat “The man who abhors chaos and confusion and who cannot endure disappointments had better stay out of the spy business”. 6 June 2005 “It was intrigue. in Richard A. The Wilson Plot. no matter how small you are in size. Spies and Saboteurs. published 1901 “One man’s ‘agent’ is another man’s lunch guest”. describing Chinese espionage practice. p. 1988 “Some of my best friends are spies”. in The Sydney Morning Herald. in comfy trailer homes that they had flown in by the Air Force’” – Army Special Forces Colonel Mike Sheehan. Then they sent in a few guys who had never been there before. but what he loved was the game for its own sake — the stealthy prowl through the dark gullies and lanes. Clarke. Against All Enemies — Inside America’s War on Terror. – David Kelly. – Rudyard Kipling. 1 .56 “They [CIA] had nobody in the country [Somalia] when the Marines landed.2-3 “When everyone is dead. Bantam Classics. and we get information”. 1983. They swapped people out every few weeks and they stayed holed up in the US compound on the beach. Home Minister. King Henry V. – Admiral Wemyss. Jeremiah reported that technical experts — who look for ‘technical signatures’ of WMD programs — have typically dominated WMD intelligence. – Sun Tzu. “Foreknowledge cannot be gotten from ghosts and spirits. people who know the conditions of the enemy”. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. “The king hath note of all that they intend. The Intelligence Community must more effectively integrate analysis of what I call ‘human signatures’ — the attitudes and motivations of foreign leaders as well as social. Ashenden: or: The British Agent. “An army without secret agents is exactly like a man without eyes and ears”. 1918 MASINT “Another important lesson for improving WMD analysis comes from the report of Admiral David Jeremiah after the failure to predict the Indian nuclear tests in May 1998. American Enterprise Institute press release. originally published 1928. Cultures of Spying. A lot of it is uncommonly useless”. – Sun Tzu “Espionage is an effort to find windows into men’s souls”. – W. The Art of War. spies do not graze the field aimlessly. N o. cannot be had by analogy. p. – James Sherr. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. and regional trends — into analyses of WMD programs”. New York. cannot be found out by calculation. Act II.4. Scene II “The work of an agent in the Intelligence Department is on the whole extremely monotonous. – attributed to Francis Walsingham “[espionage produces] uncertain information from questionable people” . 1941. by interception which they dream not of”. Ranking Member. 5 March 2004 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. they carry out tasks”. – William Shakespeare.29 “…spying is not a custom but a tool of policy. cultural. British First Sea Lord. Doubleday. It must be obtained from people. 1 . Somerset Maugham. – Robert D. – Lt. Gen. National technical mechanisms cannot be allowed to atrophy further. N o. National Security Agency. so the rules [of classification] need to be reviewed”. OSINT is the foundation for all-source collection and all-source analysis. – Chinese proverb “Pictures that only nation-states used to have are now commercially available with a credit card. Open Source Intelligence: Executive Overview. Washington Post. Evil and conflict are a natural condition of man. As our national infrastructures and social fabric become increasingly complex and vulnerable to attack by individuals and gangs. – Michael Scheuer.8 “OSINT is not a substitute for spies or satellites or other sensitive collection capabilities. In SIGINT you sometimes need volume to find the right information. In reality. The Australian. Executive Director for Intelligence and National Security at the FBI and former head of signals intelligence. 1 . all-source intelligence provides the only viable means of obtaining timely intelligence.30 IMINT “One picture is worth more than ten thousand words”. p. 16 October 2003 OSINT “There’s no better way to find out what Osama bin Laden’s going to do than to read what he says”. 9 August 2005. 19 July 2004 “To date. Both HUMINT and SIGINT capabilities should W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Steele. and not to be confused with the result”. – Maureen Baginski. however. Jane’s online. Thomas Goslin. in Noah Shachtman. Deputy Commander. former chief of the CIA’s Al Qaida Unit. but you cannot always be in gather mode…you have to get the right dots”. Spies Attack White House Secrecy. SIGINT has provided decisionmakers with the vast bulk of operational information on counterterrorism. 1998 SIGINT “Sometimes you need lots of dots to discern the high quality dots. it will be ever more imperative that our clandestine collection capabilities be fully effective. US Strategic Command. and vice versa — to develop innovative synergies. p. – Anonymous. Our spies must have attention for detail and the ability to sift information for the tiniest clues to help foil a terrorist attack”. and hear nothing from idiosyncratic. that the IC leaks this kind of sentiment [there is a shortage of expertise eg.245 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Cilluffo. the ‘signal-to-noise ration’ must be improved. – Ibid. and that makes them vulnerable to technical intelligence gathering” – Dame Stella Rimington. when they want to put their ‘pets’ in charge of programs for which they have no substantial expertise. Imperial Hubris — why the West is losing the War on Terror. Washington DC. Salmoiraghi” The Use and Limits of US Intelligence”. 28 March 2004 “ I have found. in my career. In addition. the agencies must develop mechanisms to separate actionable intelligence from empty warnings”. Conversant in many topics. Brassey’s Inc. articulate and politicallysensitive dilettantes. communicate over distances and move around.. The Washington Quarterly. Language skills. elected leaders get access to well-dressed. Marks and George C. intuitive. the officer who changes jobs every two years. Because officials received dozens of threats each week. The Guardian. expert in none. Winter 2002 P. N o. 1 . – Frank J.29-30 “ Most prized is the ‘generalist’. relating to a target] only when senior managers have failed to develop a cadre of substantive experts. Sunday Telegraph. these usually male officers are fast-tracked for senior management…For their money. – Anonymous intelligence official. flitting from Europe to East Asia to arms control to narcotics. or when they want to prepare the public for failure’. 4 September 2002 Skills and Qualities in Intelligence “Bond had to be good at the blackjack table and behind the wheel of an Aston Martin. and reality-prone experts”.67 “ They do have to talk to each other. Ronald A. 2004 pp. Former Head of MI5.31 be bolstered…some of the largest areas of potential improvement lie in utilizing the overlap between two intelligence disciplines — using SIGINT to reinforce HUMINT. p. Ibid.47 “…jobs in intelligence are manifold and there is room for many kinds of talent”. – Allen Dulles. He had a flair for the unusual and for the dangerous. into some specialised area of intelligence”. 3 October 2005. In short. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. – Allen Dulles. N o. Ibid.000 or $US200. – Allen Dulles. “….000.15. p.it is the patient analyst who arranges. “CIA faces spy shortages as staffers go private”. They are there because of the opportunity to serve their country. if he is a technical expert. He understood people. What he is bringing to the task is the substantive background.32 “It’s frankly scary to look at the number of middle managers that are diving out with 10. It reduces what we call the blue badge…government people with clearances…Often you leave behind the deadwood. – Allen Dulles.159 “… the so-called ‘tradecraft’ of intelligence is unique to a degree that there are few colleges which provide studies which automatically place one man in a more advantageous position than another. The Craft of Intelligence.171 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 . government service and politics. ponders. p. in David Morgan. The deadwood gets in charge. he had the qualities to be desired in an intelligence officer”. Ibid. He knew the world.175 “Our people [CIA] do not go into intelligence for financial reward or because the service can give them. p. Reuters. – Allen Dulles. tempered with judgement. 1963 p. – Anonymous CIA official. high rank or public acclaim.256 “…he [William J. tries out alternate hypotheses and draws conclusions. and then even more people move on”. or more towards one geographic area of the world than another. The only influence previous studies or experience has on a man’s career in intelligence is to direct him more towards the analytical or the collective side as the case may be. in return for their work. the imagination and originality of the sound and careful scholars”. the fascination of the work and the belief that through this service they personally can make a contribution to our nation’s security”. Ibid. 20 years in because they’re going to make $US175. Donovan of OSS fame] had divided his busy life in peacetime between the law. London. or. having travelled widely. – Willared Gaylin (M. P. in Alexander Marks. Director of the CIA. N o. Jones.33 “When I was at Cambridge it was. my ambition to be approached in some way by an elderly homosexual don and asked to spy for or against my country”. a spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations. – Stephen Fry “…when your only instrument is a hammer. – R. Reuters. linguists and technologists — but this game shows how generalist skills can also play a part”. I also expect it to go right. PublicAffairs [sic] New York. – George Kennedy Young. 1996 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Old Dagger: How Britain’s Spies Came in from the Cold. 2 September 2004 “Intelligence is best done by a minimum number of men and women of the greatest possible ability”. 2003. the opposite happens/ The outsider knows neither the qualities of the individuals in the Service nor how in their daily routine work the events arise which determine their decisions”. Hatred — the Psychological Descent into Violence. assistant director. – Porter Goss. in David Morgan.D. New Cloak. everything looks like a tack”. former Deputy Chief of MI6. and generally regarded as the father of scientific and technical intelligence. In fact. And when it goes wrong. in Michael Smith.gchq. I will support you”. but I know it won’t go right all the time.20 “This new game gives a good indication of the various skills that enable us to make a vital contribution to the security of the UK. – GCHQ spokesman on the release of an interactive scenario-based computer game to test the skills of potential applicants. 22 September 2005 “It’s difficult to recruit people to join organisations when they feel besieged by them”. www.V. 13 October 2004.). The Christian Science Monitor.uk “I expect and encourage calculated risk-taking — and it will be rewarded. “Recruiting spies: tricks of a murky trade”. 1 . Western Daily Press. Royal Air Force Intelligence Section during World War II. “There was a belief in Whitehall that putting an outside man in charge of the Secret Services will bring them under better control and curb the ‘wild men’. – Ibrahim Hooper. naturally enough I felt. It’s common knowledge that we are always on the lookout for gifted mathematicians.gov. “CIA to do its own spywork overseas”. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. What he understood best was English rot. back at his university appointments board for the fifth or fifteenth occasion…he proposed that national Trust…with trembling fingers the Secretary lifted a corner of a file and peered inside. with a chin like the cut-water of a battleship”. Department of Political Science. 1 September 2005 “Many of these people are unknown in the field and some.000 applications. no proven skills outside the golf course and the bedroom. speech at the Ridderzaal. the good intelligence officer must also have two other qualities to help him sublimate the ugly aspect of his calling: a deep love of his country and an unshakable belief in his principles. Take this to a dark corner and fill it in with invisible ink’”. “He is an extraordinary old bird. Open recruiting attracts people who have confused MI5 with the SAS’ ”. sexually agnostics on the make. He had scores to settle…A great animal charity had him and for a while he believed he had found his trues vocation…for a giddy week he contemplated the Anglican Church. 1 . indeed. 13. obstinate as a mule. Here. The Tailor of Panama. and what he needed was a decaying English institution that would restore to him what other decaying institutions had taken away. – Compton Mackenzie. if they like Spanish…’ ‘The National Trust?’ “No. describing the contemporary “C”. Binnenhof. on some academics involved in offering terrorism and counterterrorism courses. Australian National University. You’re disreputable. His piety evaporated when his researches revealed to him that catastrophic investment has reduced the Church to unwelcome Christian poverty…’How about the BBC?’ he asked the Secretary.34 “He had no craft or qualification. His first thought was Fleet Street. To be a master of spies. The Australian. 29 February 2004 “…In addition to being right most of the time. which traditionally offered swift promotion to glib. Netherlands. 1916 “Intelligence work requires careful training and people who are shrewd. He was semi-literate and unfettered by principle. are charlatans”. The Hague. – Michael McKinley. – MI5 source quoted in The Independent on Sunday. Charm of a sort. N o. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”. no. it got 14. – John Le Carre. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. objective and sensible and can manage the uncertainty of intelligence”. ‘I suppose they might take you. the spies.000 were in need of serious medical help. 26 October 2005 “ ‘ The first time MI5 advertised in The Guardian. Bilingual. p. for the most part.164 The Culture of Intelligence “Across the intelligence community and across the law enforcement agencies. Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Yom Kippur War. p. 14 July 2003 “Intelligence is not uniquely worthy of belief. because without them the mass of information with which they have to cope would become unmanageable. with those theories acting as blinkers to exclude any evidence that does not conform to their expectations”. The tertiary qualification was seen as indicating a level of intelligence. 2005. What we were looking for were not dedicated anticommunists. “The Velvet Glove. Director-General of ASIO (1975-1980). but people with an interest in public and international affairs who did not have strong political prejudices. and commitment to achieving a goal. in “Britain’s intelligence services — Cats’ Eyes in the Dark”. – Lord Butler. We were not concerned about the types of degrees they held. – Malcolm Muggeridge. – Anonymous intelligence source. The Sydney Morning Herald. N o. Chronicle of Wasted Time: The Infernal Grove. dealing in fantasy”. 17 March 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 . The Miegunyah Press. “That intelligence analysts should hold theories is in a way inevitable. you get a scattering of senior people who are of the brethren and have difficulty in seeing the wider canvas. Intelligence is uniquely worthy of scepticism”. and the historians who try to reconstruct the past out of their records are.35 a man must be above all a master of himself and must be convinced of the intrinsic goodness of his cause”. Where organisations can work effectively together is where they’ve outgrown that”. The Economist. rather than as providing a particular expertise”. – Avi Shlaim.349 “I decided to advertise publicly for intelligence officers. in Deborah Snow and Darren Goodsir. are even bigger liars than journalists. former Head of Czech Military Intelligence 1938-1948 “Diplomats and Intelligence agents. stipulating a tertiary qualification as a prerequisite. The Steel Fist”. – Edward Woodward. But they can easily become the prisoners of their theories. in may experience. One Brief Interval” — a memoir by Sir Edward Woodward. – General Frantisk Moravec. It is a genre replete with dualities. Read it one way and it can be filed under adventure. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. generally on the sanguine principle that two improbabilities added together make a possibility. 1 . 1996 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. or even a potent philosophical metaphor. Bletchley Park People — Churchill’s Geese that Never Cackled. and duplicity. But at the same time it is also one in which patriotism. or cloak itself in shifting ambiguities: celebrate cynical manipulation as much as honourable enterprise. N o. or how it never was. “’The Army people wore Intelligence Corps insignia. pure and simple. 5 March 2004. – Kingsley Amis “The world of the spy story is. Marion. the gifted amateur who is called. Oxford University Press. – Anonymous. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. when MI5 is baffled and the Cabinet is in despair”. or just happens to wander in. All sorts of stories were given credence. betrayal. and it becomes propaganda. sometimes it is all three at once”. The spy story can present itself as a plain non-nonsense thriller. – Antonia Fraser. I was to find that there were quite a few of those and very charming they were’”. by definition. Indeed. and four improbabilities a certainty”.36 “The campaign of rumour [on whether Charles II had married his mistress and so altered the succession] had begun in the late summer. UK. founded on deception. 2004 Images of Intelligence “Bond’s professionalism is one of the best things about him. Ranking Member. tell it like it is. in Hill. in Introduction to The Oxford Book of Spy Stories. – Michael Cox. both as a moral quality and as a relief from that now defunct and always irritating personage. Phoenix Books. read it another. Sutton Publishing Ltd. King Charles II. duty and selfless sacrifice supply the springs of action. described to me by one of them as a ‘pansy resting on its laurels’. 1979 ‘We should ensure intelligence gathering tools residing in different agencies will work seamlessly across agency boundaries while moving from a ‘need to know’ culture to a ‘need to share’ culture”. 1999 “Old MI6 hands do not knock Mr. reassuring people. like Bond’s will be service of their country”. The Quest for V: sir Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the British Secret Service. p. Knopf. Humour is strangely absent from most spy books. – Alan Judd. an officer from MI6 can sometimes rely on brand image alone”. – Dennis Shanahan. saying too much. – MI6 spokesperson Nev Johnson during the launch of MI6’s first web site.Bond. 17 March 2005 “It’s time to give our intelligence agencies a go. Hitz. 1 August 2003. The Great Game — the Myth and Reality of Espionage. whether memoirs or novels. not saying enough. too late. – Anonymous MI6 officer. Perhaps it is hard to be thrilling while being funny. Even in the rare spy story that does have it …the humour arises from the absurdities of those who take themselves too seriously rather than from individual character and institutional spirit”. political editor.11 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 2004. too hard. The Australian. Alfred A. They are belted from pillar to post for acting too early. “Stop bugging the agents defending our way of life”. 1 . N o. where they may need a brown envelope stuffed with dollars. – Frederick P. The Economist. p. real espionage cases are often more bizarre. too soft. he helps reduce that gap in spending power between the Brits and the Americans. not spotting warnings but falling for false alarms and always acting against our interest and civil liberties in a McCarthyist fashion”.37 “…if one leaves the more fantastic conceits of Ian Fleming and Tom Clancy aside. more deserving of a place in Ripley’s than the fictional accounts”. New York. in “Britain’s intelligence services — Cats’ Eyes In the dark”. CIA veterans acknowledge that. alarming people. AFP 13 October 2005 “Purposeful leg-pulling…is a small pointer to the tradition of humour and self-mockery that became one of the British Secret Service’s best-kept secrets.6 “It’s important for the public to know more about the service and to explain why MI6 has to be secret in its operations and personnel…staff who join SIS can look forward to a career that will have moments when the gap between truth and fiction narrows just a little and the certainty of a stimulating and rewarding career which. London. Journal of Defence and Diplomacy.38 “Of course. Greenhill Books. – Nigel West. anti-Labor. novelists have preferred to portray dedicated intelligence professionals. after all. 1 . p. as ‘moles. – Les Aspin. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. 1984 Government service. of course. in fact. Director-General of ASIO (1975-1980). far removed from the popular conceptions encouraged by imaginative thriller writers and unimaginative journalists. 1963 p. – Michael Barratt. as description that he pointed put to his former protégé ‘makes the intelligence job no easier’ ’’. and to retain a government position one should live up to certain standards of moral conduct.” – Edward Woodward. shits and homosexuals’. out of control and deserve to be frustrated and exposed wherever possible. 2005. It is. The Craft of Intelligence. The Miegunyah Press. – Allen Dulles. is a privilege not a right. – Allen Dulles W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. One Brief Interval” — a memoir by Sir Edward Woodward. standards which should be higher than those applied to others”. in the introduction to Alexander Kouzminov. as John Bingham complained to John le Carre. an article of faith among almost all journalists that intelligence organisations are antidemocratic.17 “The work of the Organisation is.191 Ethics in Intelligence “The game of espionage is too dirty for anyone but a gentleman”. p. N o. morons.233 “Espionage is not a game for archbishops”. Biological Espionage. Former US Secretary of Defense “Espionage is the world’s second oldest profession and just as honourable as the first”. 2005. – Anonymous British intelligence officer “Americans want to know what’s going on in the whorehouse. but you can’t find out by talking to Mother Teresa”. – R. American spy during the American War of Independence.V. her chief of intelligence The very term ‘spy’ conveys to our mind something dishonourable and disloyal. Reflections on Intelligence “O ye who believe! Shun much suspicion. – Nathan Hale.A. or a low sneak who. – Elizabeth I to William Cecil. from unworthy motives. In the large back rooms we find out who we are — what we want. And spy not. and that if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy you shall show it to myself only”. A man with scruples is useless in our business”. to turn the knowledge he acquires to his personal account. N o. His underhand dealings inspire us with such horror that we would blush at the very idea of having to avail ourselves of any information obtained through such an agency”. 1895 ‘Every kind of service. that a civilized state may find it necessary to undertake”. in the general acceptance of the term. The World of Espionage W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. necessary to the public good. and that. it stinks but someone has to do it”. what are our ethical priorities.12) “Espionage is the secret theatre of our society. and what other freedoms we will give up to protect them”. it should be conducted with the minimum trespass against national and individual human rights. 1775 “One of the canons governing military or police action is the doctrine of minimum force. – Colonel G. – The Koran (Surah XLIX. – John le Carre “(Espionage) is like being a lavatory attendant. for lo! Some suspicion is a crime. and a parallel canon should govern intelligence. – Donald Maclean “A spy must be a man of integrity and yet must be prepared to be a criminal. without respect of my private will. becomes honourable by being necessary”.Jones. what freedoms we value. dodges the actions of his fellow beings. both external and internal. Furse.39 “This judgement I have of you that you will not be corrupted with any manner of gift. This canon applies to all forms of intelligence. – Bernard Newman. you will give me that counsel that you think best. and that you will be faithful to the State. 1 . A spy. neither backbite one another”. or two. Washington Post. The Steel Fist”. – Anonymous intelligence source. authorities need to make information available “by job” to whoever needs it…regardless of their security clearance”. 14 July 2003 “Disclosure is like pulling teeth. the Sydney Morning Herald. by a police force becoming more like an intelligence agency or security agency”. that needs to be declassified”. – Paul Seabury. – Porter Goss. We err on the side of classification. by an intelligence agency becoming more like a police force. 16 October 2003 “There is no question in my mind…that we overclassify. when there’s a serious threat. we needlessly classify some things. In peacetime it seems foolish. “The Velvet Glove. 16 October 2003 “…A profession whose end purpose is to root out the truth cannot afford to resist asking where its limits should be set”. Washington Post. Drexel Godfrey. former chair of the House Intelligence Committee. Issue No. and current head of the CIA. Intelligence Requirements for the 1980s: Covert Action. in Federal Association of Scientists Project on Government Secrecy Volume 2002. There is probably a great deal of information that should not be classified. in Deborah Snow and Darren Goodair. Accountability and Intelligence “You can arrive at a police state through one of two means: one. “Spies Attack White House Secrecy”. The craft of intelligence can have as its practitioners those who were able to maintain their integrity while being liars and obfuscators”. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. it doesn’t seem quite so foolish. 21 June 2002. “Spies Attack White House Secrecy”. “Rather than putting data into separate partitions. So I would say it depends a little bit on your perspective. People might imagine the classification serves the interest of the government. in Noah Shachtman. Ethics and Intelligence. but it’s molasses in the gears of the policy process”. 1 . 56. – E. – Richard Clarke in Noah Shachtman.40 “The exercise of power does not necessarily corrupt. They [intelligence agencies] see little room or need for public oversight. – Steven Aftergood. I would say generally we have overclassified. head of the Federation of American Scientists’ Project on Government Secrecy. In wartime. N o. where only a few people have access to it. former special assistant for intelligence to Donald Rumsfeld. “Spies Attack White House Secrecy”. where judicial oversight is more deferential. 1996 “. in Noah Shachtman. – Frederic F. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. Former Executive Director of the CIA. The Spy who Came in from the Cold. Waxman. – David R. Democrat. – Lyman Kirkpatrick. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”. Manget. N o. Binnenhof. originally published 1963 “Legislative oversight is policy-related. regardless of its source”. 11 July 2002 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. as opposed to judicial oversight and its concerns with legal questions. The Hague. 16 October 2003 “I submit that there is no federal agency of our government whose activities receive closer scrutiny and ‘control’ than the CIA”. Washington Post. Democrat... 1 September 2005 “Basic government-in-sunshine laws. such as the Freedom of Information Act and the Federal Advisory Committee Act. Washington Post. Obey.41 “Our secrecy system is all about protecting secrecy officers. Ballantine Books. And legislative oversight tends towards micromanagement of executive decisions. Another dilemma”. that is oversight. – Rich Haver. and Henry A. Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Intervention. speech at the Ridderzaal. It’s causing a total meltdown of our intelligence processes”. have been limited in their application to the new Department [of Homeland Security]”. 1992. and has nothing to do with protecting secrets. 1 . But a rule of thumb for a simple country lawyer is that when you have to go and explain to someone important what you have been doing and why. California. 1971 “Intelligence work has one moral law — it is justified by results”. Netherlands. It’s a self-licking ice-cream cone…We’re compartmentalizing the shit out of things.the world has changed and there needs to be a debate on whether some erosion of what we all value may be necessary to improve the chances of our citizens not being blown apart as they go about their daily lives. Wisconsin. – John le Carre. One Brief Interval — a memoir by Sir Edward Woodward. – Paul O’Sullivan. 31 October 2005 “Too many people in the world today know how we go about our business…I would argue that what I will call intelligence oversight “hobby shopping” by individuals who get a kick out of just supplying information…especially when it’s for no real cause. – Timothy R. We have a very high degree of transparency and accountability within the system to demonstrate to the inspector-general. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. given the dangers of such agencies acting as autonomous forces.413. but in the name of “openness’…have absolutely no idea what the impact of their information is. p. “National Security Law in a Changing World. this committee. N. The Miegunyah Press. Virginia. the minister. Director-General of ASIO (1975-1980). Staff Director. ASIO must have become the world’s most accountable intelligence service.” – Reg Whitacker. the parliament and so on that we use the resources we are given in a way that is directed at real problems. Director-General. speaking at an American Bar Association conference.42 “ If the argument is that we simply do things in order to make it seem to supervisory authorities and so on that we have been using the resources we have. ASIO. then I can assure the committee that this is not the case. ASIO.189 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. N o. Sample. and how damaging it can be”. Intelligence. Director-General. p. 16 December 2002.15 “Too distant a relationship between elected governments and the permanent intelligence community with its special powers and privileges might be seen as both a cause of inefficiency and a matter of irresponsibility on the part of elected officials. AAP 5 September 2005 “We will conduct our work with legality and probity and with due regards to human rights and civil liberties…Ultimately ASIO will only be effective so long as we continue to enjoy the trust of the community in which we serve and in which we operate”. The Politics of Security Intelligence Policy Making in Canada “During my six years as Director-General. Arlington. AAP.” – Edward Woodward. – Paul O’Sullivan. not simply ones that justify their existence”. 2005. 1 . 3. we have never heard of thee. it is not that you have been offered payment to give information. – Anonymous “I met (him) at a Legation Ball where he welcomed me with shouts of ‘Hello. ideology. “The potential of the new resources. and supportive rhetoric given to the intelligence community is. It is not that you want to give information. 1970. being sapped in a losing battle against Washington’s corps of leakers”. it is always a great temptation to show that you know it.etc. – DCI John Deutch. Thou shalt not get caught. British Intelligence Officer later captured by the SS in 1939 “I wonder if a man is less a traitor when he is twice a traitor?” – G. Imperial Hubris — why the West is losing the War on Terror.43 Counter-Intelligence “The Three Intelligence Commandments: 1. It is that you want to show how important you are. it’s as simple as that. shame for their sexual preferences. in other words.K. 1966. Chesterton. lack of promotion. people. – Anonymous.. Given the foregoing. to talk about it. – Sigismund Payne Best.” – Mr Robinson. laws. The Deceiver. 1 . unfortunately. 2. The last I saw of him he was vomiting on some lady’s lap”. – Frederick Forsyth. Yes. The Fairy Tale of Father Brown “ If you know a thing. and that is not finding a spy in your organisation”. If thou ist caught. in Agatha Christie. Washington DC. here is old Best the arch spy — know all about you’ etc. 2004 p. no other commandments are necessary”. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Passenger to Frankfurt.195 “There is only one thing worse than finding a spy in your organisation. N o. hatred of a single superior. Brassey’s Inc. fear of being summonsed home in disgrace”. “People betray the land of their fathers for many reasons: resentment. The Intelligence Edge: How to Profit in the Information Age 1997 “Someone once said to me that four or five years in counter-espionage is too long. Friedman. Knopf. To relieve the pressure you would tell half a secret.44 “As soon as you tell someone that something is secret. wrong habits and so on. Espionage and Subversion in an Industrial Society “What took you so long?” – Robert Hanssen. wrong clothes.S. intelligence services require public support and need to earn public trust to be completely functional. Grigoriev. p. 2004. Night Soldiers “…the way to an intelligence officer’s heart is through his stomach”. – Sir Martin Furnival Jones. their brains go into overdrive trying to figure out what the secret is”. The sources of information and the methods by which information is gathered must remain unknown to the targets of intelligence. like a devil that beats you over the head with your own secrets until you had to let one out. – Peter Hamilton. – Lt. Chapman and J. – Frederick P. New York. It was too strong. used-up secret. Without such support and trust. – Alan Furst. Baker Jr. or an old. N o. stricken with an urge to confide. it is a way of thinking and seeing. and causes insanity”. the ability to view the dark side of the moon”. by indiscreet talk. but his communications are his point of maximum vulnerability”. it is the glass half empty. Alfred A. The Great Game — the Myth and Reality of Espionage. The cursed things had a life of their own. and M. C. the services will not be able to obtain resources or W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. FBI agent and Russian mole. Gen. K. But in modern democracies. like weeds that threatened to grow right out of your head into plain sight”. KGB officer who recruited George Blake by slipping him bread and chocolate during his captivity in North Korea “A spy’s security can be breached in many ways. The extent of knowledge about an adversary has to be hidden as well as must the operations aimed at him. 1 . former head of UK Security Service “He was. or boast of the secrets you knew. – G. like other intelligence officers. Hitz.56 “Secrecy in intelligence is a virtue as well as a necessity. when arrested for espionage “CI is defensive. Spies!” – usual greeting by an American agent in the bar of the Park Hotel. A and Boyes. Bring out the beautiful spies”. I’m a spy”. and their judgements will be questioned by those who use the intelligence product.C. – song favored by the pianist in the same hotel “It is a commonplace of counter-espionage work that success comes and spies are caught not through the exercise of genius or even through the detective’s flair for obscure clues. R. 2002. Autumn 2001.45 recruit talented people. disclosing information on intelligence sources and methods puts sensitive information into the public arena where any foreign government. – John le Carre. baby.”Openness: Being Public About Secret Intelligence”. Hulnick. 231 “ Boo. Copenhagen Danmarks Radio 19 March 2004 “Never trust people with vices you can’t see”. p. I’m a swinger. Istanbul. Harper Collins. National Security Studies Quarterly. The Double Cross System W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. The Perfect Spy “Hello. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. or hostile non-state actor may discover it”. Vol 12 No 4 “Simply put. but by means of the patient and laborious study of records”. terrorist organization. in Lelor. a common meeting point during World War 2. Legacy. p. – Alan Judd. – Nikita Khruschev to Allen Dulles. N o. – Michael Hurt” Leaking National Security Secrets: Effects on Security and Measures to Mitigate”. p. US DCI “I don’t give a damn about protocol.11 “An intelligence service should be watertight so that its sources don’t dry up…” – Danish Defence Minister Svend Aage Jensby on intelligence leaks. 1 .130 “You and I have some of the same people working for each other”. – Henry Kissinger “Secrets are a strain”. 1988. Maintaining secrecy while gaining public support creates a dilemma for intelligence services in democracies…” – Arthur S. Masterman. Surviving Hitler — Corruption and Compromise in the Third Reich. boo. – J. 123 “In general. Water on the Brain.from a desire to score off the big-wigs who never even knew of his existence. – W. It might be that it was vanity that had impelled him. The third and fourth lack body”. Smith. – Compton McKenzie.Ashenden. Hitz. and must at all costs be maintained…” – Malcolm Muggeridge. – Joseph B. Somerset Maugham. or. William Heinemann 1928 “Spies. Czech Military Intelligence “Secrecy is as essential to intelligence as vestments and incense to a Mass. 1974. impish desire to do mischief”. I do not agree with spying against one’s country”. former chief of MI6 “To betray you must first belong. codenamed HOLA.46 “The whole point of s Secret Service is that it should be secret”. British national and former KGB spy. Chronicles of a Wasted Life. he was a man of modest tastes…It might be that he was one of those men who prefer devious ways to straight for some intricate pleasure they get in fooling their fellows…. or darkness to a spiritualist séance. – General Frantisek Moravec. or just a puckish. N o. The first pressings from them are the best. that he had turned spy…. after being exposed in 1999 for having spied on Britain’s nuclear weapons program for some 40 years “Defectors are like grapes. – Paul Redmond in Frederick P. 1967 “Americans are just too nice to do counterintelligence well”. – Kim Philby. a feeling that his talents had not received the recognition they merited. often invent a better-sounding motive as their sole reason for betraying their country is money”. 1 . retired CIA official W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Ibid. p. – Sir Maurice Oldfield. p. being human.62 “Counter intelligence is paranoia made systematic by a card index”. The British Agent. – Melita Norwood. former head. “He did not think [Cayper] had become a spy merely for the money. I never belonged”. There are always enough dots that look strange”. Columbia UP.182 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2.47 “Treason is a matter of dates”. The Man Without a Face : The Memoirs of a Spymaster. in Allen Dulles. – Kim Beazley. The Craft of Intelligence. or ignored…” – Mia Bloom. most important.19 “They’re baaaaack…. 2005. 1 . London. 7 July 2004 “It wasn’t an issue of ‘sexing up’ the advice. New York.4 “[intelligence failure can be defined as] where there was information that reasonably could have been collected but wasn’t. p 19 “95 percent of our secret information has been published by newspapers and slick magazines”. Indiana. Democrat. – US senior intelligence official. February 7. – Markus Wolf. – President Harry Truman. p. 1997 Intelligence “Failures” “It’s also important to have a devil’s advocate. misused. 1963 p. rule of successful intelligence work: No one must know anything he does not explicitly need to know”.” – former senior US Cold War era counterintelligence official on the upsurge in the number of Russian spies in the US. I’m afraid some of that may have gotten lost”. Reuters. February 7. TIME. Hauptverwaltung Aufklarung (HVA). N o. 2005. Dying to Kill — the allure of suicide terror. 2005 p. somebody playing the contrarian.233 “The first. TIME. or that was collected but was misanalyzed. former head of East Germany’s foreign intelligence service. – Senator Evan Bayh. 2 March 2004. p. – Talleyrand “There’s always evidence of another mole because there are always unexplained events. it was an issue of ignoring the advice”. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. The Age. they will blind us. Home Secretary in the Blair government. March 2004 “Espionage and show business have in common that tradition that everyone abandons you when you are in trouble”. 5 March 2004 “Intelligence can never understand foreign states completely and forecast all their actions.48 “Wars have typically been fought against proper nouns (Germany. N o. crime. former counter-terrorism chief during Clinton and George W.“The Wrong War. 1 . Such opponents never give up”. Those entrusted with protecting you failed you. – Phillip Flood. – Grenville Byford. – reaction of Iraqi politician Ahmad Chalabi to charges that he gave false pre-war intelligence to the US “There may have been a failure of intelligence but it was not a failure of the intelligence services”. – Charles Clarke. But if we turn around and face the future. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. The Evening Standard. If we stare into them. drugs) have been less successful. Bush presidencies in apology to the families of 9/11 victims in testimony to National Inquiry into September 11 events. But there is a puzzling record of consistent failure to provide warning of surprise attack. Wars against common nouns (poverty. W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. those past failures will light our path forward”. – Richard A. Foreign Affairs July/August 2002 “An urban myth”. ambiguous and incomplete”. as is insufficient weight given to collectors’ interpretations of their material. Clarke. on intelligence regarding Iraq’s possession of WMD “Someone once said that our past failures are like the rays of the setting sun behind us. 8 July 2005 “Your government failed you. say) for the good reason that proper nouns can surrender and promise not to do it again. Ibid. Ranking Member. And I failed you”. defending the failure to predict the July 7 2005 London bombings. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. American Enterprise Institute press release. – Len Deighton. Close-Up “Thin. Limitations of intelligence collection are partial explanations in some cases. If there is a weakness. Basic Books. Canberra Times. N o. Minister for Defence. TIME. is to shield those it serves against surprise”. p. 2004. 1985. in “Claws are out for senior spy agency”. 3 February 2004 “A major mistake leads to surprise and thus an intelligence failure. – John Howard. – Robert Hill. Laquer.49 But some evidence has usually been available pointing to an increased likelihood of attack or preparations for it. speech at the Ridderzaal. TIME. 1996 “We don’t have a major capability in getting raw intelligence from that part of the world ]Middle East]. 1 September. if history shows a weakness. – Michael Brown. – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. Intelligence Power in Peace and War. All-source analysis has failed to draw the correct conclusion”. – W. The Australian. 1 . they should have done that”. after sustained bi-partisan criticism of his failure to heed warnings of the threat of Hurricane Katrina. A World of Secrets. therefore. and Australian intelligence agencies are no exception…. praising Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Head. p. New York. the main function of an intelligence service. it might be demonstrated that the advice was inaccurate”. the chances are it was in the raw intelligence rather than the assessments that were made on it”. Netherlands. The Hague. it’s easy when there are terrorist attacks for people to say they should have done this. and his perceived incompetent response to the resultant destruction in New Orleans.1 “Intelligence agencies are going through a rough time all around the world. Bush. 2 September 2005 “I’m turning in my resignation today”. Michael Brown in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. – President George W. – John Howard on the alleged possession of WMD by Iraq. Binnenhof. – Michael Herman. 2005 “Brownie. 15 April 2004 “In the fullness of time. 12 September 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 March. you’re doing a heck of a job”.255 “We are judged by what we do not know and did not prevent”. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”. our intelligence analysts did miss the moribund state of Iraq’s WMD programs. – Avi Shlaim. but no. our intelligence assessments relied heavily on US and British raw intelligence. p 113 “It’s a draw. Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Yom Kippur War. July/August 2005. and methods and mentalities of the Cold War to the seamlessly collaborative. Free Press. “Iraq intelligence: no sexing up. Against All Enemies — Inside America’s War on Terror. on the Saddam loyalist insurgents. The Atlantic Monthly. there were not as far from the mark as their US or British counterparts. it was not as bad as the British or United States governments. Sydney Morning Herald. – David J Rothkopf . New York 2004. p. – Richard A.11 Intelligence Reform “…. Yes. p.50 “The greatest derangement of the mind is to believe in something because one wishes it to be so. the blame is often laid at the door of the intelligence community”. Yes. 2 March. but some exaggeration”. 29 July 2002 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. 1 .349 “I think most people underestimated how tough these bastards are”. Ibid. but no. the Government exaggerated the evidence provided by its intelligence agencies about Iraq’s WMD. 2004. but no. Clarke. they were not skewed by political pressure. it is easier to waste time on bureaucratic reorganisation than it is to accomplish anything concrete”.” – Louis Pasteur “When a nation suffers such setbacks as a result of being unprepared. – Paul Wolfowitz. Yes. hierarchies.” – Hugh White. centralization. p. more open possibilities of the Information Age”. N o. 90 “Transforming intelligence…reveals the need for a next-generation intelligence capability that graduates from the stove-pipes. distributed. a search for scapegoats frequently takes place. on a bilateral basis”. A terrorist can be halfway across Europe before the European police have their boots on. 29 March 2004. – French security official. – Richard C. “Spies report : must do better”. – Phillip Flood.28 “Europe woke up and then hit the snooze button”. 29 March 2004.51 “The road to real intelligence reform is littered with the carcasses of forgotten studies and ignored reports”. Foreign Affairs spokesman for Germany’s Christian Democrat Party.27. 23 July 2004 Europe “When in doubt. p. in Tom Allard and Cynthia Banham.Report of the Inquiry into Australian Intelligence Agencies. TIME. Shelby. and must give optimum performance to meet the demands of the new security environment”.29 “The birth of Euro-intelligence would be the death of intelligence…sharing will always be. – Graham Watson. p. adopt a czar”. It comes down to sharing sovereignty”. TIME. Vice Chairman. and is best handled. on European security responses to the Madrid Bombing “[European law enforcement and intelligence agencies] continue to operate in an atmosphere of mistrust. US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The Sydney Morning Herald.terrorism activities across the EU.28 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. p. TIME. TIME. 10 December 2002 Australia “Australian intelligence agencies are performing well overall and represent a potent capability for government…But Australia’s intelligence community can do better. head of the European Parliament’s Liberal Democrat Party. 1 . – Friedbert Pfluger. p. N o. – comment on EU Interior Ministers’ agreement in March 2004 to create a “coordinator” to manage counter. 29 March 2004. 29 March 2004. but only 50 per cent of the provinces are covered due to financial and human resource difficulties. – Robert Mueller.52 Southeast Asia “We had regional posts before. N o. Philippines Govt. – Vince Cannistraro. 92. p. BIN spokesman. Director. referring to implementation of the 1994 MOU between Tony Lake and Janet Reno on information sharing between the National Security Council and the FBI “The need for change was apparent even before September 11. however. – Muchyar Yara. 1 . Clarke. – President George W Bush. equipment”. on the intelligence reform process. It has become more urgent since then”. – Roilo Golez National Security Adviser. 6 June 2002 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. AAP 6 June 2002 “An honest and comprehensive examination of the pre-September 11 FBI reflects an agency that must evolve and that must change if our mission. our structures. FBI. the suspicions and insights of some of our frontline agents did not get enough attention”. our priorities. maybe military assistance. We are now proposing an increase in budgets and recruitments to fill in the posts in regions that are still uncovered”. 5 June 2004 “Usually. – Richard A. 1 December 2002 United States “We are now learning that before September 11. our technologies. Reuters. 6 June 2002 “A lot of rice bowls are going to be broken”. the FBI acted like Lake-Reno was a resort in Nevada”. Ibid. Straits Times. not in the form of manpower but in the form of technology. in The Houston Chronicle. our workforce are to evolve to the one central paramount premise of preventing the next attack”. a former high-ranking CIA officials. 29 November 2002 “There should be a multilateral effort where countries should exchange intelligence information if there is a need for. – Robert Mueller. and so it has kicked the can down the road until March 2005. from the recruitment — the types of people we are trying to attract – to the way we bring them in. – Porter Goss. CIA. Florida. Ranking Member. when a new WMD Commission — our sixth such effort to review the Iraq problems — makes its recommendations. They have so little to show for their work and we have so little time to take action now. Democrat. Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. There will be hell to pay if we don’t use the next 60 days [before a war with Iraq might begin] to do everything in our power to dismantle their capability”.53 “We’re fixing it with quantity and quality.13 “In the parlance of reality TV: This is a case where a single botox injection won’t help. We’re changing systems. they may be here in the US legitimately and they have committed no crime…And what do we do for the next five years? Do we surveil them? Some action has to be taken”. p. what their intentions are. – Senator Bob Graham. We’re changing it from the beginning to the end. ‘I’m sorry I can’t fix your brakes this week. We are focussed very much on finding ways to get our eyes and ears out and about on a global basis. We’re changing methods. 413. That will not make us safer. – Congresswoman Jane Harman. to the ways we get them on station or in places where they are of use to us. what kind of support network they have. N o. 16 December 2002. but don’t worry because I made your horn louder’”. Our intelligence community needs an extreme makeover”. 5 March 2004 “The White House is unwilling to fix the problems in an election year. how many are here. on reform of CIA human intelligence. TIME 27 June 2005 p. Director. American Enterprise Institute press release.47 “They [the FBI] still don’t know where the terrorists are. to the experience we give them in training. – Robert Mueller. No evidence I’ve seen shows they have a sense of urgency or a thoughtful plan or very much information to predicate a plan on. Intelligence. N. 6 June 2002 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. That is like the auto-mechanic who says. And we are doing it in ways that you can’t even imagine and I’m not even going to slightly discuss”. They are supporters of al Qaeda…they may have sworn jihad. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. They can’t give me an answer because they don’t have one. – Congresswoman Jane Harman “Our biggest problem is we have people we think are terrorists. 1 . and that is what the president has done for the security of all Americans”.54 “The ‘wall’ is down”. – Bob Woodward. – David J Rothkopf.. His experience was that it generally understated problems. South Dakota Democrat. Reuters. 6 June 2002 “I only say that it is about time. – Senator Joe Lieberman. to be sure. Chair. 2003 “Reinventing America’s intelligence community is. Reuters.John understands America’s global intelligence needs because he spent the better part of his life in our foreign service”. – Robert Meuller. Ibid “Rumsfeld was always suspicious of intelligence. and because that which works well is woven so intricately with that which does not”. – Senator James M Jeffords (I-Vt). because its missions are complex. that bad things too often went undetected for years”. on FEMA’s incorporation into the Department of Homeland Security. 6 June 2002 “It shows real leadership to be willing to change direction. Reuters. p. Bush. referring to the pre 9/11 arbitrary differentiation between intelligence and law enforcement.. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee. a complex task. 11 July 2002 Director of National Intelligence “John will make sure that those whose duty it is to defend America have the information we need to make the right decisions. Reuters.174 Department of Homeland Security “It’s all part of going from a peacetime society to a society mobilising for war”. White House spokesman on the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. 6 June 2002 “I am deeply concerned about how this move will affect FEMA’s responsibilities in areas unrelated to terrorism”. – President George W. 1 . on the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. Plan of Attack. N o. and I hope that it is not too late”. – Ari Fleischer. It is complex because the community itself is so complex. 17 February 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Washington Post. – Senator Tom Daschle. p. don’t meddle in extremism. TIME. p. and identify perpetrators so that they can be taken out of action”. Council on Hemispheric Affairs think tank. The best way to intercept attacks is to penetrate the organizations. US Director for Counterterrorism.26 “He is a sophisticated rogue…Negroponte’s stint in Honduras was filled with chicanery and deception”. N o.The rules of the game have changed”. 1 November 2005 “Human intelligence is key because the essence of the terrorist threat is the capacity to conspire. – Prime Minister Tony Blair. steep trail. and we have done a lot to encourage people to hate us”. We have done a lot to fuel the fires. – Madeleine Albright. 17 February 2005 “I would almost equate it to getting rid of a 60-lb. back sack. Foreign Affairs. climbing up a big. in announcing new counter-terrorism regulations following the London bombing and attempted bombings in July 2005. Washington. then you’re going to go back out again….” – Porter Goss. on ceding his regular Presidential briefing role to the new Director of National Intelligence. Reuters. the new Director of National Intelligence. – Larry Burns. p 47 Counter-Terrorism “We were not attacked on September 11th by a noun. 2005. 8 August 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Jan-Feb 2002.55 “Both”. to the House-Senate Joint Inquiry Report on 9/11 “We have had some very important successes getting individual terrorists. TIME 27 June. CIA Director. – Daniel Benjamin. – Richard K. But I think the broader story is really quite awful. US National Security Council 1994-1999. on John Negroponte. “Fixing Intelligence”. – John Negroponte on whether he should be congratulated or offered condolences on being named the US’s first Director of National Intelligence. The Guardian. 1 . If you meddle in it or engage in it. Betts. 28 February 2005. Reuters. learn their plans. terrorism”.46 “…if you come to our country from abroad. former Chief of the Australian Defence Force on responding to terrorism. either you’re with us or against us. unfortunately. Islamic terrorism is like the AIDS virus: it constantly mutates. p. You can’t create models to track this threat. but then it changes its shape and ends up eluding you”. we were tackled off…a high building by terrorists and we were in free fall with them. Reuters. law enforcement officers who sift for clues and search for suspects”. we depend on the skill of our people: the troops we send to battle. N o. Sometimes the information is more specific. or you’re on the other side of the fence”. 70 to 80 percent of their information on terrorist activities comes from clandestine intelligence sources”. intelligence operatives who risk their lives for bits of information. October 18 2001 “Every day I review a document called the threat assessment. We can’t climb back up”. 6 June 2002 ‘We’re just going to have to enforce the doctrine. Smart Intelligence W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. You join the coalition of freedom. Reuters. as in a recent case when an Al Qaeda detainee said attacks were planned against financial institutions. AAP 8 August 2005 “Counterrorism relies heavily on intelligence. – President George W Bush. – Loch K. which is what Westerners. You have to stay agile mentally and not let yourself be a prisoner of precedents. especially Americans. a new reality in American life and we have recently seen an increase in the volume of general threats. appropriate law enforcement and local officials are alerted. – General (Retd) Peter Cosgrove. It summarises what our intelligence services and key law enforcement agencies have picked up about terrorist activity.56 “Resist pigeonholing the enemy. Add your eyes and ears to the protection of our homeland. 16 July. When credible intelligence warrants. unveiled by President Bush. – President George W Bush. Wall Street Journal. Go about your lives. 1 . always try to do. In protecting our country. Johnson. Combating Islamic terrorism requires a revolution in methodology. but pay attention to your surroundings. – Blueprint for the Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. Sometimes the information is very general — vague talk. Washington Post. Although policymakers can access a wide array of public information on most issues.A01 “When 9/11 happened. 13 June 2002 “One fact dominates all homeland security threat assessments: terrorists are strategic actors”. 2002. – Jean-Louis Bruguiere. You grab it one day. Americans should continue to do what you’re doing. bragging about future attacks. These warnings are. International Terrorism Watch Programme. First-rate intelligence remains the key element in each of these areas. economically. and. Additional Secretary (retd. Director General of the British Security Service in “The International Terrorist Threat and the Dilemmas in Countering It”.Don’t spread collective guilt. too vague to lead to charges and possibly convictions. – Toronto Star. Focus instead on potential troublemakers and deal with them within the rule of law. we must remain resolute in our commitment to confront this criminal behaviour in every way — diplomatically.). Netherlands. Binnenhof. .Distinguish between the terrorism of the UBL kind and resistance born of state repression or occupation. and respond to threats of terrorism with an expanded intelligencegathering capability”. Distinguished Fellow. Furthermore the intelligence may be highly sensitive and its exposure would be very damaging as revealing either the source or our capability”. Director.57 “We can believe. 1 . prevent. 1 September 2005 “The Internet enables every jihadi to feel part of a larger whole. Cyber space has become the spawning ground of jihadi warriors. legally. It enables every Muslim to become a participant in the jihad in his or her own way. The Hague. with or without a leader. November 2005 “We can never legislate an end to terrorism. Government of India. It enables every angry Muslim to give vent to his or her anger in myriad ways. terrorism”. speech at the Ridderzaal. that a terrorist atrocity is being planned but those arrested by the police have to be released as the plan is too embryonic. Chennai. – President Ronald Reagan. Cabinet Secretariat. We will continue to improve our ability to predict. . 4 April 2004 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2.Be wary of those who exploit public fears for political gain at home and geopolitical agendas abroad.The greater the credibility of law-enforcement agencies. N o. the higher the likelihood of cooperation and hence success. when necessary. militarily. Raman. 1986 “The lessons are clear: . – Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller. However. – B. . correctly. Institute for Topical Studies. It is by ignoring such guidelines since 9/11 that we have ended up with more. not less. It has strengthened Islamic solidarity. 23 September 2002 Iraq “…unfortunately the stiff upper British lip became hard-headed…” – Abu Izzadeen. But globalization and technology have exacerbated the problem of terrorism and increased the potential for mass destruction. but the cultures have not changed between all the intelligence agencies…I don’t believe they’re sharing information. AAP. – Syed Hamid Albar. 7 November 2005 “Homeland security must be the shared responsibility of every Singaporean”. Malaysian Foreign Minister.58 “Absolutely. N o. like other asymmetric threats. on being asked whether the country could still be blind-sided. central place yet to do it”. on the UK’s refusal to end its military commitment to Iraq. Republican. Singaporean Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. 1 . 2 December 2002 “We don’t have an ID system. – Richard Shelby. we should do away with sovereignty or the rights of states. so it is really very difficult”. – Wong Kan Seng. British-born Muslim. There’s no fusion. Intelligence is about determining intentions and motives…” – Dr Tony Tan. – Ricardo Blancaflor. Home Affairs Minister. We’ve made some adjustments. London Sky News. 2002 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. Straits Times. Straits Times. Undersecretary. Philippines government. or act outside the rule of law”. Terrorism is not even a crime in this country. 18 May 2002 “Terrorism. To think otherwise would be folly. is not new. Today’s terrorists have more available means to inflict extensive damage than at any time in history…Good intelligence is paramount when operating in an environment where the adversary remains in the shadows and wars are campaigns with no clearly defined boundaries. 8 August 2005 The region “I don’t think that because of the threat of terrorism. AAP. anywhere in Indonesia and could be directed at any locations known to be frequented by foreigners”.AAP.” – John Howard. – John Howard. on the Commonwealth Games to be held in Melbourne in March 2006. AFP 6 September 2005 “Yesterday. 15 November 2005 “There have been people in our community for some time who would want to do harm. – Victorian Premier Steve Bracks. 11 September 2005 “One of the problems we face with terrorism is that we are dealing not only with evil and hostility to our way of life but we are also dealing with total irrationality”. Los Angeles and Melbourne.gov. AAP.dfat. AAP 8 November 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. www.au. 1 . The authorities have a greater understanding of what people are about now than what they did six months ago. Tomorrow. – al Qaeda operative Adam Gadahn of Orange County. November 2005 “We hope we run a reasonably tight ship but I guess you can’t make it unsinkable”. London and Madrid. God willing”. – John Howard. ABC News Internet Ventures. They have been within our community now for some time — not a lot and a tiny minority. N o. who were pleased about the terrorist attacks in Bali and in London. – Foreign Minister Alexander Downer about the possibility of a terrorist attack on Australia. and pleased about some of the terrorist attacks elsewhere in the world. 8 November 2005 “Attacks could occur at any time. – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Travel Advice to Australians considering travel to Indonesia.59 Threats Against Australia “It will be one of the safest games ever because of the work we’re putting in”. AAP 4 November 2005 “This country has never been immune from a possible terrorist attack – that remains the situation today and it will be the situation tomorrow”. California. in an apparent al Qaeda communique broadcast on ABC [US] news. – Paul O’Sullivan. Co-convenor of the global terrorism research project. AAP. and former analysts. is provide a short-term security. Terrorists then adapt to the new legislation and the new laws and then we enter the cycle again”. ONA. Director General. 3 November 2005 W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2. AAP. 1 .60 “While it may be two decades since there has been an attack on Australian soil the security threat that Australia faces today is nevertheless real and it is not abating”. typically. Monash University. N o. 31 October 2005 “All they [anti-terrorism laws] do. – David Wright-Neville. ASIO. ......... ..................... .. .. ... ... .. ..... ........... ......................... .. .............. . ........ ....... ..... ........ . ... ... ............ 1 .. .... .... ... . ... .asn. . ............ ................ .............. .... ..... .. ....... .......... . .............. ..... .......... . . . ................. ...... ..... .. ... .. .... N o...... ... . .. . .. .. . .... .... .. ........... . ......... ........... . ................... .. . ..... .... .. .. ....... ......... .. ..... ... ..... .. ... ... .. .... ..... .. . ................................... ................... ........... . ....... .. .... .... .... ..au W o r d s o n I n t e l l i g e n c e • 2 0 0 5 • V o l u m e 2.... .. ............. . .. ..... ... .. .. .......... .. ......................... .. ...... Forward to: AIPIO PO Box 1007 Civic Square ACT 2608 Australia Or to journal@aipio....................... . ..... ............... .. .... ... ................ ...... ...... ....... ..... . .......... .... . ................ ........ .... .. .... . .. ........ ...... ......... . ... . ... ..... ...................... ............. ... ........... ....... ...... .. . .. . . ......61 Words On Intelligence ~ Suggested Additions Form ~ Have you heard a good quote on intelligence? 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