Rabindranath TagoreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Rabindranath Tagore Born Died 7 May 1861 Kolkata, Indian Empire 7 August 1941 (aged 80) Kolkata, Indian Empire Pen name Gurudev Occupation Writer, lecturer Nationality Indian Ethnicity Bengali Poet, novelist, short-story writer, essayist, playwright, thespian, educationist, spiritualist, Genres philosopher, internationalist, painter, cultural relativist, orator, composer, song-writer, singer, artist Subjects Literary movement Notable Literature Bengal Renaissance Gitanjali work(s) Notable award(s) Gora Ghare-Baire Nobel Prize in Literature (1913) Spouse(s) Mrinalini Devi (1883–1900) Influenced[show][show] Signature Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali: রবীননাথ ঠাকুর)α[›]β[›] (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941),γ[›] sobriquet Gurudev,δ[›] was an Indian Bengali polymath. He was a popular poet, novelist, musician, and playwright who reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse",[1] and as the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature,[2] Tagore was perhaps the most widely regarded Indian literary figure of all time. He was a mesmerizing representative of the Indian culture whose influence and popularity internationally perhaps could only be compared to that of Gandhi, whom Tagore named 'Mahatma' out of his deep admiration for him. A Pirali Brahmin[3][4][5][6] from Kolkata, Tagore was already writing poems at age eight.[7] At age sixteen, he published his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun Lion")[8][9] and wrote his first short stories and dramas in 1877. Tagore denounced the British Raj and supported independence. His efforts endure in his vast canon and in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University. Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to political and personal topics. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his bestknown works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and contemplation. Tagore was perhaps the only litterateur who penned anthems of two countries: India and Bangladesh: Jana Gana Mana and Amar Shonar Bangla. Contents [hide] • • • 1 Early life (1861–1901) 2 Santiniketan (1901–1932) 3 Twilight years (1932–1941) • • • • • • • • • • 4 Travels 5 Works o 5.1 Novels and non-fiction o 5.2 Music and art o 5.3 Theatre o 5.4 Stories o 5.5 Poetry 6 Political views 7 Impact 8 Corpus o 8.1 Quotations 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links [edit] Early life (1861–1901) Main article: Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1901) In England, 1879 they depicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles. and others.[17] With irony and gravity. two of whom died before reaching adulthood. the Padma. Tagore began managing his family's vast estates in Shilaidaha.[11] Tagore largely declined classroom schooling. [22] These years—1891–1895: Tagore's Sadhana period. preferring to roam the mansion or nearby idylls: Bolpur. Panihati. and Antony and Cleopatra. his father travelled extensively. among his best-known work. young "Rabi" read biographies and was home-educated in history.Tagore and Mrinalini Devi. Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton. Coriolanus. more than half the stories of the threevolume and eighty-four-story Galpaguchchha were written. 1873–1900). to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers. a newly discoveredζ[›] 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet.[20] In 1890. as his mother had died in his early childhood.[11] During this period. they had five children. There. England in 1878. and examined the poetry of Kālidāsa. experts accepted them as the lost works of Bhānusiṃha. a region now in Bangladesh. On 9 December 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi (born Bhabatarini. He read law at University College London. Tagore crisscrossed the holdings while living out of the family's luxurious barge. In 1890. 1883 The youngest of thirteen surviving children. after one of Tagore’s magazines —were his most fecund. one a long poem of the Maithili style pioneered by Vidyapati.[19] he returned degreeless to Bengal in 1880.[16] He wrote "Bhikharini" (1877. but left school to explore Shakespeare and more: Religio Medici. astronomy.[21] As "Zamindar Babu". He was mostly raised by servants. "The Beggar Woman"—the Bengali language's first short story)[17][18] and Sandhya Sangit (1882)— including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall"). who held feasts in his honour. Tagore released his Manasi poems.ε[›] [10] Tagore family patriarchs were the Brahmo founding fathers of the Adi Dharm faith. particularly village life. Tagore left Kolkata on 14 February 1873 to tour India with his father for several months. Tagore was born in the Jorasanko mansion in Kolkata of parents Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).[23] .[14][15] He completed major works in 1877. modern science. A prospective barrister.[12][13] Upon his upanayan initiation at age eleven. They visited his father's Santiniketan estate and stopped in Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie. East Sussex. he was joined by his wife and children in 1898. and Sanskrit. Published pseudonymously. sales of his family's jewellery. 1924 In 1901.000) from his works. Tagore was knighted by the British Crown. gardens. a village . His father died on 19 January 1905. an experimental school. Tagore's wife and two of his children died. and a library. On 14 November 1913. and he published such works as Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) while translating his poems into free verse. his seaside bungalow in Puri. and mediocre royalties (Rs. Tagore left Shilaidaha and moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram which grew to include a marble-floored prayer hall ("The Mandir"). He later returned his knighthood in protest of the massacre of unarmed Indians in 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh. He received monthly payments as part of his inheritance and additional income from the Maharaja of Tripura.[25] By now. his work was gaining him a large following among Bengali and foreign readers alike. including the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. The Swedish Academy appreciated the idealistic and—for Western readers—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material. 1912 Tsinghua University.[edit] Santiniketan (1901–1932) Main article: Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1901–1932) Shot by John Rothenstein. Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction. 2. becoming the first Asian Nobel laureate.[24] There. Hampstead. later renamed Shriniketan—"Abode of Peace"—in Surul.[26] In 1915. Tagore learned that he had won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1921. groves of trees. writing Visva-Parichay (a collection of essays) in 1937. He upbraided Gandhi for declaring that a massive 15 January 1934 earthquake in Bihar—leaving thousands dead—was divine retribution brought on by the oppression of Dalits. he penned untouchable heroes for his poems and dramas and campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits. Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy.[35] Shyama (1939). physics.near the ashram at Santiniketan. which often contained extensive naturalism that underscored his respect for scientific laws. including Chitrangada (1914). into many stories contained in such volumes as Se (1937). and Galpasalpa (1941). Through it. 1930 To the end. among them the prose-poems works Punashcha (1932). Tin Sangi (1940). he remained comatose and .[36] Tagore's last four years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. His exploration of biology. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937. and Patraput (1936). Tagore took an interest in science in his last years.[30][31] [edit] Twilight years (1932–1941) Main article: Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1932–1941) In Berlin. Malancha (1934). Experimentation continued: he developed prose-songs and dance-dramas. Lecturing against these. and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge".[28][29] In the early 1930s. which he despised.[33][34] Fifteen new volumes of Tagore writings appeared. which he detailed in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadow Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Shes Saptak (1935). He also wove the process of science. he targeted India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. and Chandalika (1938). and astronomy impacted his poetry. officials. and Char Adhyay (1934). and wrote the novels Dui Bon (1933). including narratives of scientists. Tagore bypassed Gandhi's symbolic Swaraj protests.[27] He sought aid from donors.[32] He mourned the endemic poverty of Kolkata and the accelerating socioeconomic decline of Bengal. near death for an extended period. Tagore visited more than thirty countries on five continents.[48] With Einstein.[47] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised. Italy. he met Benito Mussolini in Rome the next day. in late 1940. Ezra Pound. staying in Butterton. Tagore died on 7 August 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised. he took a sheaf of his translated works to England. Tagore began touring the United States[44] and the United Kingdom. On 30 May 1926. while Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. On 10 November 1912. Robert Bridges.000 to the school at Shantiniketan (Visva-Bharati) in commemoration of his visits. 1930 Shortly after returning to India. Argentina. Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of Gitanjali. Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends.[43] Indeed. Tagore reached Naples.[45] From 3 May 1916 until April 1917.[51] A warm rapport ended when Tagore criticised Mussolini on 20 July 1926.[50] an ill Tagore moved into the Villa Miralrío at the behest of Victoria Ocampo. and is distinctive for its preoccupation with death. This was followed three years later. In 1912. where they impressed missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F.[37][38] After extended suffering. Tagore went on lecturing circuits in Japan and the United States[46] and denounced nationalism.[52] . including Romain Rolland. The poetry Tagore wrote in these years is among his finest. Thomas Sturge Moore. Andrews. by a similar spell. Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats. He then travelled to Mexico. Each government pledged US$100.[42] many of these trips were crucial in familiarising non-Indian audiences with his works and spreading his political ideas. Ernest Rhys. from which he never recovered. the 63-year-old Tagore accepted the Peruvian government's invitation to visit.[41] [edit] Travels Between 1878 and 1932. and others. this latter by pacifists. He left for India in January 1925.[39][40] his death anniversary is mourned across the Bengali-speaking world.[49] A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires. G. H. stayed at Dartington Hall. in April 1932.[55] There (addressing relations between the British and Indians. Kuala Lumpur. and toured Denmark. a topic he would grapple with over the next two years). then the Soviet Union.[57] Lastly. Siam. he stayed at a Friends settlement in Birmingham. Tehran.[62] [edit] Works Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore . 1932[53] On 14 July 1927. Tagore and two companions began a four-month tour of Southeast Asia. while his paintings were being exhibited in Paris and London. George Bernard Shaw. visiting Bali. and Singapore.[54] In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States. Albert Einstein. Tagore—who was acquainted with the legends and works of the Persian mystic Hafez—was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran. and Germany from June to mid-September 1930.[56] He visited Aga Khan III. There he wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lecturesι[›] and spoke at London's annual Quaker gathering. Once he returned to the UK. Switzerland. Malacca. Java. including visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Ceylon (in 1933). Robert Frost. Wells and Romain Rolland.[60][61] Tagore's last travels abroad. including Henri Bergson. Tagore's travelogues from the tour were collected into the work "Jatri".[58][59] Such extensive travels allowed Tagore to interact with many notable contemporaries.At the Majlis. Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". Thomas Mann. Penang. only sharpened his opinions regarding human divisions and nationalism. terrorism. and thousands of songs. which bears close stylistic similarity to designs used in traditional Haida carvings. [edit] Novels and non-fiction Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas. essays. Shesher Kobita. In it. short stories. matters of self-identity (jāti). Char Odhay. Tagore demonstrates his feminist leanings. simultaneously. and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement. among them Chaturanga. and lyrical nature. his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded. and patriarchical husband. the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of Śiva-Sati. Tagore often embellished his manuscripts with such art. a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments. travelogues. dramas. rakish. Ghare Baire (The Home and the World)—through the lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil—excoriates rising Indian nationalism. he treats the decline of Bengal's landed oligarchy. he is credited with originating the Bengalilanguage version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic. and Noukadubi. As with Ghare Baire. it emerged out of a 1914 bout of depression.[63] Though known mostly for his poetry.[66] . personal freedom. The novel ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's (likely mortal) wounding. indeed. Tagore also wrote novels. optimistic.Tagore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ra-Tha" wooden seal. exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn between her pity for the sinking fortunes of her progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: her exploitative. and family honour. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: common people. Of Tagore's prose. and religion are developed in the context of a family story and love triangle. using pathos to depict the plight and ultimate demise of Bengali women trapped by pregnancy.[65] In Jogajog (Relationships). duty.[64] Gora raises controversial questions regarding the Indian identity. oppressively renowned poet who. they have been given renewed attention via film adaptations by Satyajit Ray and others: Chokher Bali and Ghare Baire are exemplary. ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions. most of which—poems or parts of novels. writing on topics ranging from Indian history to linguistics. stock characters gleefully attack the reputation of an old. It also contains elements of satire and postmodernism. including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry. His songs comprise rabindrasŋgit (রবীন সংগীত—"Tagore Song"). they ran the entire gamut of human emotion. and lectures were compiled into several volumes... Their soundtracks often feature rabindrasŋgit. stories. a poet.Others were uplifting: Shesher Kobita (translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song) is his most lyrical novel. his travelogues. essays.[67] They emulated the tonal color of classical ragas to varying extents. Tagore wrote many non-fiction books. he also blended elements of different ragas to create innovative works. Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works. their appeal. incidentally.[68] For Bengalis.230 songs and was a prolific painter. Influenced by the thumri style of Hindustani music. was such that the Modern Review observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung . or plays alike—became lyrics for his songs. goes by the name of Rabindranath Tagore. Arthur Strangways of The Observer introduced non-Bengalis to rabindrasangeet in The Music . Tagore's music is inseparable from his literature. Even illiterate villagers sing his songs". [edit] Music and art "Dancing Girl". Though at times his songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully. outmoded. Aside from autobiographical works. with poems and rhythmic passages written by the main character. undated ink-on-paper Tagore composed roughly 2. an integral part of Bengali culture. Tagore took up drawing and painting. he wrote his first drama-opera—Valmiki Pratibha (The Genius of Valmiki)—which describes how the bandit Valmiki reforms his ethos. He influenced the styles of such musicians as sitar maestro Vilayat Khan.[71] At age twenty. [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize.. including simple rhythmic designs. calling it a "vehicle of a personality . Haida carvings from the west coast of Canada (British Columbia). successful exhibitions of his many works—which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France[70]—were held throughout Europe.[68] Tagore dabbled in primitivism: a pastel-coloured rendition of a Malagan mask from northern New Ireland At age sixty. Tagore led his brother Jyotirindranath's adaptation of Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. and composes the Rāmāyana. making Tagore unique in having scored two national anthems.of Hindostan. [edit] Theatre At age sixteen. Tagore emulated numerous styles. cross-outs.[63] Tagore also had an artist's eye for his own handwriting. including craftwork from northern New Ireland. or partial lack of (red-green. Tagore—who likely exhibited protanopia ("color blindness"). and the sarodiyas Buddhadev Dasgupta and Amjad Ali Khan.[72] Through it.. and word layouts in his manuscripts with simple artistic leitmotifs. and woodcuts by Max Pechstein. is blessed by Saraswati."[69] Among them are Bangladesh's national anthem Amar Shonar Bangla which became the national anthem of Bangladesh in the year 1971 (আমার োসানার বাঙলা) and India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana is written in the year 1911 (জন গণ মন). embellishing the scribbles. including usage of revamped kirtans and adaptation of traditional English and Irish folk melodies as . Tagore vigorously explores a wide range of dramatic styles and emotions. in Tagore's case) colour discernment—painted in a style characterised by peculiarities in aesthetics and colouring schemes. [73] Another notable play. His other works—emphasizing fusion of lyrical flow and emotional rhythm tightly focused on a core idea—were unlike previous Bengali dramas.[72] The Bengali-language originals included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Dr. In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (Sacrifice). Dance dramas based on Tagore's plays are commonly referred to as rabindra nritya natyas. Korszak thought a great deal about whether one should be able to determine when and how to die. less than three weeks before they were to be deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. Dak Ghar (The Post Office). in Tagore's words.drinking songs. among his most famous dramas is Raktakaravi (Red Oleanders). Raja. Betty Jean Lifton. [edit] Stories . Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl). Polish doctor and educator Janusz Korczak selected "The Post Office" as the play the orphans in his care in the Warsaw Ghetto would perform. According to his main English-language biographer.[76] Lastly. He may have been trying to find a way for the children in his orphanage to accept death. Dak Ghar dealt with death as. eventually rallies the common people to destroy these symbols of subjugation. His works sought to articulate. in her book The King of Children. his dramas probed more philosophical and allegorical themes. A story with worldwide appeal (it received rave reviews in Europe). these included Dak Ghar. The heroine. This occurred on 18 July 1942. "the play of feeling and not of action".[74][75] During World War II. Nandini. describes how a child—striving to escape his stuffy confines—ultimately "fall[s] asleep" (which suggests his physical death). regarded as his finest drama. in Tagore's words. Later. which tells of a kleptocratic king who enriches himself by forcing his subjects to mine. and Mayar Khela. Tagore's other plays include Chitrangada. "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". which was modeled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how Ananda—the Gautama Buddha's disciple—asks water of an Adivasi (belonging to an indigenous tribe) girl. and I. the young Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village zamindar. the glens. Taking pity.[17] They reflect upon Tagore's surroundings. giving play to dreams of a different existence in the distant and wild mountains: "There were autumn mornings. Tagore speaks in first person as a town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains. Shajadpur. was among Tagore's most fecund. At the very name of another country. with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity. providing subject matter for many successful films and theatrical plays. the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest. itself a group of eightyfour stories. these traits were cultivated by zamindar Tagore’s life in villages such as Patisar. such as those of the "Sadhana" period. and on mind puzzles. on modern and fashionable ideas..[77] In "The Fruitseller from Kabul". yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha. the zamindar adopts . my heart would go out to it . [17] Seeing the common and the poor.A Nandalal Bose illustration for "The Hero". The boy reveals that he has run away from home. the forest . and Shilaida.[17] A 1913 illustration by Asit Kumar Haldar for "The Beginning". a prose-poem in The Crescent Moon Tagore's Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) remains among Bengali literature's most popular fictional works.. ". He channels the longing of those trapped in mundane. Nastanirh (The Broken Nest).. 1891–1895.. never stirring from my little corner in Kolkata. In Atithi (also made into a film). Satyajit Ray's film Charulata was based upon Tagore's controversial novella.. only to wander around ever since. part of the 1913 Macmillan release of The Crescent Moon The "Sadhana" period.[78] Many of the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore’s Sabuj Patra period (1914–1917. hardscrabble Indian urban life. Tagore associated his earliest stories. he examined their lives with a depth and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point. would let my mind wander over the whole world. also named for one of Tagore's magazines). Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sita's attempted selfimmolation as a means of appeasing her husband Rama's doubts. in many ways. seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. Haimanti assails Hindu marriage and the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women. hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes. As do many other Tagore stories. in his youth. and how Haimanti. Tagore was awed by the mysticism of the rishi-authors who—including Vyasa— wrote the Upanishads. must—due to her sensitiveness and free spirit—sacrifice her life. thereby proving that she hadn't". she finally declares that she will not return to her husband's home with the statement Amio bachbo.him and ultimately arranges his marriage to the zamindar's own daughter. writes a letter while she is travelling (which constitutes the whole story). Tarapada runs off—again. It details the pettiness of her life and struggles. Strir Patra (The Letter from the Wife) is among Bengali literature's earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. Here. and Ramprasad Sen.[80][81] These— rediscovered and popularised by Tagore—resemble 19th-century Kartābhajā hymns that emphasize inward divinity and rebellion against religious and social orthodoxy. However.and 16th-century Vaishnava poets. Musalmani Didi examines Hindu-Muslim tensions and. the wife of a typical patriarchical Bengali middle class man.[79] Yet Tagore's poetry became most innovative and mature after his exposure to rural Bengal's folk music. which included Baul ballads—especially those of bard Lalon. Though he loves his wife. deeming it unfeminine. [edit] Poetry Bāuls in Santiniketan during Holi Tagore's poetry—which varied in style from classical formalism to the comic. the night before the wedding. visionary. embodies the essence of Tagore's humanism.[82][83] . he wishes to stifle her own literary career. I live". Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man as he acknowledges his wife's talents. The heroine Mrinal. a sensitive young woman. Jibito o Mrito equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram: Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai—"Kadombini died. and ecstatic—proceeds from a lineage established by 15th. describing a fey young man harboring literary ambitions. the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir. Tagore himself. Ei bachlum: "And I shall live. Darpaharan exhibits Tagore's self-consciousness. In the last passage. Gitanjali (গীতাঞিল) is Tagore's best-known collection. which are among the better known of his later poems.[88] Song VII (গীতাঞিল 127) of Gitanjali: Title page of Gitanjali আমার এ গান োছেড়েছ তার সকল অলংকার.[84][85] Tagore responded to the mostly crude emergence of modernism and realism in Bengali literature by writing experimental works in the 1930s. োতামার কােছ রােখ িন আর সােজর অহংকার। অলংকার োয মােঝ পেড় িমলেনেত আড়াল কের. winning him his Nobel Prize. Tomar kachhe khaţe na . Tomar kôtha đhake je tar mukhôro jhôngkar. োতামার কথা ঢােক োয তার মুখর ঝংকার। Amar e gan chheŗechhe tar shôkol ôlongkar Tomar kachhe rakhe ni ar shajer ôhongkar Ôlongkar je majhe pôŗe milônete aŗal kôre. he began using Cholti Bhasha (a more popular dialect).During his Shilaidaha years. He occasionally wrote poems using Shadhu Bhasha (a Sanskritised dialect of Bengali). his poems took on a lyrical quality. Other notable works include Manasi. which he repeatedly revised over the course of seventy years. Sonar Tori's most famous poem—dealing with the ephemeral nature of life and achievement—goes by the same name. Tagore used such techniques in his Bhānusiṃha poems (which chronicle the romance between Radha and Krishna). This figure thus sought connection with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Internationally.[87] and Purobi. later. Sonar Tori (Golden Boat). Balaka (Wild Geese—the title being a metaphor for migrating souls). hauntingly it ends: "শূনয নদীর তীের রিহনু পিড় / যাহা িছল লেয় োগল োসানার তরী" ("Shunno nodir tire rohinu poŗi / Jaha chhilo loe gêlo shonar tori"—"all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat—only I was left behind.").[86] Examples works include Africa and Camalia. speaking via the maner manus (the Bāuls' "man within the heart") or meditating upon the jivan devata ("living God within"). the sixth poem in Gitanjali: কািন আমার কমা কেরা.োতামার কােছ খােট না োমার কিবর গবর করা. "Fatigue"). মহাকিব োতামার পােয় িদেত োয চাই ধরা। জীবন লেয় যতন কির যিদ সরল বঁািশ গিড়. . their jingling would drown thy whispers." "Klanti" (Bengali: কািন. like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music. Jibon loe jôton kori jodi shôrol bãshi goŗi. পেথ যিদ িপিছেয় পিড় কভু। এই োয িহয়া থর থর কঁােপ আিজ এমনতেরা. I have sat down at thy feet. 1926: Bengali and English Free-verse translation by Tagore (Gitanjali. Apon shure dibe bhori sôkol chhidro tar. Ornaments would mar our union. Môhakobi. probhu Pôthe jodi pichhie poŗi kobhu Ei je hia thôro thôro kãpe aji êmontôro.পভু. She has no pride of dress and decoration.কমা কেরা পভু।। Klanti amar khôma kôro. এই োবদনা কমা কেরা." "My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight. আপন সুের িদেব ভির সকল িছদ তার। mor kobir gôrbo kôra. O master poet. they would come between thee and me. Only let me make my life simple and straight. committed in Hungary. From Tagore's hand. verse VII):[89] "My song has put off her adornments. tomar paee dite chai je dhôra. োসই মানতা কমা কেরা.[90] In 1917 his words were translated adeptly and set to music by Richard Hageman (an Anglo. Pichhon-pane takai jodi kobhu. an adaptation of Tagore's poem "Stream of Life" from Gitanjali. as well as composer Garry Schyman's "Praan". Shei mlanota khôma kôro.Dutch composer) to produce what is regarded as one of the finest art songs in the English language: Do not go my love (Ed. khôma kôro probhu.Ei bedona khôma kôro.[21] Evidence produced during the Hindu-German Conspiracy trial and later accounts affirm his awareness of the Ghadarite conspiracy. [edit] Political views Main article: Rabindranath Tagore's political views Tagore hosts Gandhi and wife Kasturba at Santiniketan in 1940 Tagore's political thought was complex. The latter was composed and recorded with vocals by Palbasha Siddique to accompany Internet celebrity Matt Harding's 2008 viral video. mostly composed in his twenties. khôma kôro. িপছন-পােন তাকাই যিদ কভু। িদেনর তােপ োরৌদজালায় শকায় মালা পূজার থালায়. Diner tape roudrojalae shukae mala pujar thalae. He opposed imperialism and supported Indian nationalists. among them classical composer Arthur Shepherd's triptych for soprano and string quartet. কমা কেরা পভু।। Ei dinota khôma kôro. probhu. এই দীনতা কমা কেরা.পভু. Tagore's poetry has been set to music by various composers. probhu.Schirmer NY 1917). and stated that he sought the support of Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake and former Premier Ōkuma .[91][92][93] His views have their first poetic release in Manast. between 1919 and 1921.[107] Tagore also fundraised extensively for the school in Europe and the U. he taught classes in mornings and wrote the students' textbooks in afternoons and evenings.[96][97] Such views enraged many.Shigenobu.[94] Yet he lampooned the Swadeshi movement. a bird is caged and forcefed pages torn from books until it dies. which he named Visva-Bharatiη[›] had its foundation stone laid on 22 December 1918.[108] [edit] Impact .[105] Here. denouncing it in "The Cult of the Charka". ending Gandhi's fast "unto death".[95] He emphasized self-help and intellectual uplift of the masses as an alternative. Walk Alone"). while visiting Santa Barbara on 11 October 1917. with the latter favoured by Gandhi.[99] Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions. Tagore was key in resolving a Gandhi-Ambedkar dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables.[106] Tagore’s duties as steward and mentor at Santiniketan kept him busy. "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear") and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call. an acrid 1925 essay. Tagore worked hard to fundraise for and staff the school. it was later inaugurated on 22 December 1921.S. but of steady and purposeful education". desiring to "make Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world [and] a world center for the study of humanity somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography. Tagore implemented a brahmacharya pedagogical structure employing gurus to provide individualised guidance for pupils. gained mass appeal. He narrowly escaped assassination by Indian expatriates during his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916. even contributing all of his Nobel Prize monies.[103][104] These views led Tagore. stating that British imperialism was a "political symptom of our social disease". The plot failed only because the would-be assassins fell into argument.[101][102] Tagore lampooned rote schooling: in "The Parrot's Training".[98] Yet Tagore wrote songs lionizing the Indian independence movement and renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. urging Indians to accept that "there can be no question of blind revolution."[98] The school.[100] Despite his tumultuous relations with Gandhi. to conceive of a new type of university. ceremonial recitals of Tagore's poetry held on important anniversaries. Ahmedabad Tagore's relevance can be gauged by festivals honouring him: Kabipranam.[113] Tagore's works were . in the United States. he influenced such figures as Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata.[44][109] [110] This legacy is most palpable in Bengali culture.[111] Bust in Prague Tagore was famed throughout much of Europe.[110] Tagore's Bengalilanguage writings—the 1939 Rabīndra Rachanāvalī—is also canonised as one of Bengal's greatest cultural treasures. He cofounded Dartington Hall School. North America. a progressive coeducational institution. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen saw Tagore as a "towering figure". Illinois. ranging from language and arts to history and politics. and East Asia. Tagore's birth anniversary.Tagore Room. Tagore himself was proclaimed "the greatest poet India has produced". the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana.[112] in Japan. being a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker". Sardar Patel Memorial. Rabindra Path Parikrama walking pilgrimages from Kolkata to Shantiniketan. and others. Jiménez developed "naked poetry" (Spanish: «poesia desnuda»). by an astonished Salman Rushdie during a trip to Nicaragua. Tagore's lecturing circuits.widely translated into English. Russian poet Anna Akhmatova. Mexican writer Octavio Paz. In this time. Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder. concluding with his "near total eclipse" outside of Bengal. German. Tagore's works circulated in free editions around 1920 alongside those of Dante Alighieri. Yet. Dutch."[117] Modern remnants of a past Latin American reverence of Tagore were discovered. and other European languages by Czech indologist Vincenc Lesný. Plato.[115] former Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit. Graham Greene doubted that "anyone but Mr.[114] French Nobel laureate André Gide. Zenobia Camprubí. who . In the United States. particularly those in 1916–1917. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader. Tagore was deemed overrated by some Westerners.. and Juan Ramón Jiménez. for example. pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". and Leo Tolstoy. a landmark innovation.[116] and others. Spanish.[118] Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [may stem from the fact that] he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have . the JiménezCamprubí spouses translated twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish and extensively revised and adapted such works as Tagore's The Crescent Moon.. Tagore influenced Hispanic literature: Chileans Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral. Between 1914 and 1922.[117] Via translations.. and Spaniards José Ortega y Gasset.[119] [edit] Corpus — Bengali — Poetry * মানসী * োসানার তরী * গীতাঞিল * গীিতমালয * বলাকা Dramas * বািলকী পিতভা * িবসজরন * রাজা * ডাকঘর * অচলায়তন * মুকধারা * রককরবী Fiction Manasi Sonar Tari Gitanjali Gitimalya Balaka (The Ideal One) (The Golden Boat) (Song Offerings) (Wreath of Songs) (The Flight of Cranes) 1890 1894 1910 1914 1916 Valmiki Pratibha (The Genius of Valmiki) 1881 Visarjan (The Sacrifice) 1890 Raja (The King of the Dark Chamber) 1910 Dak Ghar (The Post Office) 1912 Achalayatan (The Immovable) 1912 Muktadhara (The Waterfall) 1922 Raktakaravi (Red Oleanders) 1926 . Yeats can still take his poems very seriously. were widely attended and acclaimed.. several controversiesθ[›] involving Tagore resulted in a decline in his popularity in Japan and North America after the late 1920s. Miguel de Cervantes. Our fight is a spiritual fight. . for then it becomes temptation. I would give everything to be one with my surroundings.* নষনীড় * োগারা * ঘের বাইের * োযাগােযাগ Memoirs Nastanirh Gora Ghare Baire Yogayog (The Broken Nest) (Fair-Faced) (The Home and the World) (Crosscurrents) (My Reminiscences) (My Boyhood Days) 1901 1910 1916 1929 1912 1940 * জীবনসৃিত Jivansmriti * োছেলেবলা Chhelebela — English — * Thought Relics 1921[120] — Translations — * Chitra 1914[35] * Creative Unity 1922[121] * The Crescent Moon 1913[122] * Fireflies 1928 * Fruit-Gathering 1916[123] * The Fugitive 1921[124] * The Gardener 1913[125] * Gitanjali: Song Offerings 1912[126] * Glimpses of Bengal 1991[127] * The Home and the World 1985[128] * The Hungry Stones and other stories 1916[129] * I Won't Let you Go: Selected Poems 1991 * The Lover of God 2003 * My Boyhood Days 1943 * My Reminiscences 1991[130] * Nationalism 1991 * The Post Office 1914[131] * Sadhana: The Realisation of Life 1913[132] * Selected Letters 1997 * Selected Poems 1994 * Selected Short Stories 1991 * Songs of Kabir 1915[133] * Stray Birds 1916[134] [edit] Quotations • • • The danger inherent in all force grows stronger when it is likely to gain success. it is for Man. I say again and again that I am a poet. I love my fellow beings and I prize their love. that I am not a fighter by nature. is its greatest obstacle. If this field ceases to be one of warfare. wouldn't it have no value after my exit? . and that is Viswabharati. so that we have more faith in worshiping the feet of the priest than the Divinity whom he serves. but it is easy to recognise a twenty seven years old--. the religion of economics is where we should above all try to bring about this union of ours .. ^ β: Romanized from Bengali script: Robindronath Ţhakur. You know the only thing that concerns me? That I have laboured so hard to build Viswabharati. India has ever declared that Unity is Truth. and from now on this is how his life would be guided. then indeed we can reclaim from the hands of the Evil One an immense territory for the reign of peace and goodwill.• • • • • • • • • • • • Creation is an endless activity of God's freedom. it is an end in itself. if there we can prove. It's difficult to know a person until he turns twenty-five---difficult to say what would happen to him . To enjoy something. After sixty years of self-experience. it's essential to guard it with the fence of leisure [edit] Notes Jorosanko Thakurbari • • ^ α: Bengali: pronounced [ɾobind̪ɾonat̪ʰ ʈʰakuɾ]( listen).. I think I have one reservation regarding death. I have found that out and out hypocrisy is an almost impossible achievement. and separateness is maya. that not competition but cooperation is the real truth.. That which fails to illuminate the intellect.it can be said he's become what he's supposed to be.... I have no zeal for life. and only keeps it in the obsession of some delusion. nothing else. there's in left anything in his life to get astonished. Freedom is true when it is a revelation of truth. I believe in the true meeting of the East and the West. It hurts me deeply when the cry of rejection rings loud against the West in my country with the clamour that the Western education can only injure us. Hindi: pronounced [ɾəʋiːn̪d̪ɾənaːt̪ʰ ʈʰaːkuɾ]( listen). Our country is the land of rites and ceremonials. . 20. 6. (2003).. ^ Thompson 1926.[141] close friend Romain Rolland despaired that "[h]e is abdicating his role as moral guide of the independent spirits of Europe and India". p. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane. . Social Thought of Rabindranath Tagore: A Historical Analysis. 2– 3. Abhinav Publications. (1993).S. ^ Datta. xii. ^ Kripalani. ১৩৪৮ বঙাব). ^ Kripalani. p. 8 6. http://nobelprize. ^ Some Songs and Poems from Rabindranath Tagore. pp.com/1090802/jsp/calcutta/story_11299031. T. The Nobel Foundation. ^ Dasgupta. 20 12.• • • • • • • ^ γ: Bengali calendar: 25 Baishakh. Krishna (1971). Krishna (1980). ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913. p. ^ Thompson 1926. p. http://www. pp. 1268 – 22 Srabon. 1984.[137] his yen for Soviet Communism. ^ Das. ISBN 0-8569-2055-X 8. P. or the divinity of Man the Eternal". Orient Longman. retrieved 14 August 2009 2. [edit] Citations 1. which had earlier suffered an acrimonious split. ISBN 8170173027 10. Tagore: A Life. p. ^ η: Etymology of "Visva-Bharati": from the Sanskrit for "world" or "universe" and the name of a Rigvedic goddess ("Bharati") associated with Saraswati. Tagore’s Garden of Eden. 2. p. Jorasanko—the address of the main mansion (the Jorasanko Thakurbari) inhabited by the Jorasanko branch of the Tagore clan. K. "Introduction". 37 11.. Dwarkanath Tagore (1st ed. Parabaas. 27–28 9. pp. the Hindu patron of learning. 12 7. (2008). K. Orient Longman. 21–24 13. "Ancestry".org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/. S (2 August 2009).[138] [139] and papers confiscated from Indian nationalists in New York allegedly implicating Tagore in a plot to use German funds to overthrow the Raj. 3. East-West Publications. ^ θ: Tagore saw no shortage of rows: his dealings with Indian nationalists Subhas Chandra Bose[117] and Rash Behari Bose. 1348 (২৫োশ ৈবশাখ.[105] "Visva-Bharati" also translates as "India in the World". ^ O'Connell.jsp.[135] ^ ε: Tagore was born at No. ISBN 8-1237-1959-0 5. and wholly fictive .telegraphindia.[142] ^ ι: On the "idea of the humanity of our God. ^ δ: Gurudev translates as "divine mentor".[137] His relations with and ambivalent opinion of Mussolini revolted many. ১২৬৮ – ২২োশ শাবণ. ^ Thompson 1926.[136] ^ ζ: . ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995.. ISBN 8-1782-4046-7 4. Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World: A Critical Companion. pp. Retrieved 2009-11-29. Jorasanko was located in the Bengali section of Kolkata. "Red Oleanders (Raktakarabi) by Rabindranath Tagore—A New Translation and Adaptation: Two Reviews". ^ a b Thompson 1926.[140] The latter destroyed Tagore's image and book sales in the U.. M. near Chitpur Road.). ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. 36.retrieved 14 August 2009. That was the first time that the 12-year-old poet had ever left his Chitpur home to come face-to-face with nature and greenery in a Bengal village. He published several books of poetry while in his 20s.org. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. 2001-02-01. 91 16. retrieved 13 August 2009 37. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. J. p. p. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995.com. 109–111 23. ^ a b Scott. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. a collection of religious poems. pp. 31 20. p. pp. http://nobelprize.. p.htm. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1997. "In 1890 Tagore wrote Manast. H (10 December 1913). "[. pp. 363 . ^ a b ""Chitra"". ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. Banglapedia (Asiatic Society of Bangladesh)." 22. 139–140 26. p. 308–309 30. p. pp. ISBN 144863931-X.] the garden in Panihati where the child Rabindranath along with his family had sought refuge for some time during a dengue epidemic. The Nobel Foundation. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995." 27. 133 25. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. http://banglapedia. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. as well as Tagore's first social and political poems. http://www. ^ "Tagore.bd/HT/T_0020. ^ Thompson 1926. retrieved 13 August 2009. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. was the one of his works that especially arrested the attention of the selecting critics. 367 40. p." 14.search. 45 18.. Hindustan Times (Indo-Asian News Service). p. ^ Stewart & Twichell 2003. 265 19. Retrieved 2010-03-20. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913:Presentation Speech. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. The book has innovations in Bengali forms of poetry. 312–313 33. p. Bengali Flower. 3 17. p. ^ Stewart & Twichell 2003. a collection of poems that contains some of his best known poetry.html. pp. 55–56 15. p. "Tagore's Gitanjali: Song Offerings (1912). 242 29. 309 32. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/press. ^ a b c d e Chakravarty 1961. 10.org/etext/2502. 338 38.gutenberg. (2009). 109 24. 373 21. p. Gutenberg. pp. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. pp. 335–338 34. ^ Hjärne. p. 342 35. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. p. p. 303 31. p. ^ "Recitation of Tagore's poetry of death". Rabindranath". 2005 39. 239–240 28. 29. pp. Twayne's world authors series.616445. ^ Chakravarty 1961. 2 59. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1997.html. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. ^ Chakravarty 1961. p. p. p. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995.thedailystar. "Rabindranath Tagore and his World of Colours".uiuc. 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The New York Times. p.gutenberg.com. parabaas.org/etext/6519. retrieved 2009-11-26 Jha.org.org/etext/6842.com/nobelprize/article-9070917?tocId=9070917.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-bio. Retrieved 2010-03-20. A. ^ a b Dutta & Robinson 1995.gutenberg.gutenberg.org/etext/22217 131. http://nobelprize. p.org/etext/6524. A. Gutenberg. Retrieved 2010-03-20.gutenberg.130. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995. 297 139. 214 138. retrieved 2009-1126 Radice. ^ http://www.gutenberg. ^ Dutta & Robinson 1995.html.org/etext/6523. (2003). "Tagore in The Netherlands". 132. 134.parabaas. ^ ""Stray Birds"". 133. Gutenberg.com/rabindranath/articles/pRadice. http://www. 273 [edit] References Articles • • • • • • Frenz. H. p. 2004-09-01. W.org. Gutenberg. Gutenberg. 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2010-03-20. 212 141."Rabindranath Tagore". 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NP (15 February 2005).britannica.gutenberg.parabaas. UNESCO: International Bureau of Education). Rabindranath Tagore—Biography. K (2009-05-07). PROSPECTS: The Quarterly Review of Education (Paris. http://www. A. A Tagore Reader. (1926). ISBN 0-8414-7330-7 Stewart. Saint Martin's Press. Twichell. C. Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore. (1995). (1977)... Nobel Foundation ". . ISBN 0-233-98359-7 Deutsch. ISBN 0-521-59018-3 Som. A. K... (1989). Songs of Ecstasy: Tantric and Devotional Songs from Colonial Bengal. (editor) (1997). Banglapædia ". (2004). ISBN 0-375-71300-X Deutsch. (editor). ISBN 0-19-513901-1 [edit] Further reading • • • • Chaudhuri. Vintage. Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man.. Beacon Press. Robinson. H. Saint Martin's Press. Rabindranath Tagore: The Man and His Poetry. Read. Macmillan Publishing. The Art of Rabindranath Tagore. (1948).. Robinson. ISBN 0-02-615920-1 Thompson. Parabaas ". ISBN 1-55659-196-9 Tagore. Visva-Bharati University . Viking. Robinson. T. (editor. K. Oxford University Press. The Vintage Book of Modern Indian Literature.. ISBN 978-067008248-3 [edit] External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Rabindranath Tagore Wikisource has original works written by or about: Rabindranath Tagore Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rabindranath Tagore Analyses • • • • "Tagore. (editor). G. Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore. Current Articles".". ISSN 0030-8684 Chakravarty. A. B. Copper Canyon Press.. ISBN 0-312-14030-4 Dutta. E. ISBN 0-312-16973-6 Roy. A. "The Hindu Conspiracy: 1914–1917". (editor) (1997).. and his India". R. (1977). Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song. translator). Robinson. Folcroft Library Editions. (editor) (1961). ISBN 14067-8927-5 Urban. A.. Rabindranath Tagore: Lover of God.• • • • • • • • • Brown. A. Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology. Cambridge University Press. (2001). The Pacific Historical Review (University of California Press) 17 (3): 299–310. Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist. K. A. translator) (2003). B. R. A. (editor. The Founder". ISBN 9780807059715 Dutta. (2009). Monthly Review Press. at Wikilivres Complete Works • • ...... School of Wisdom Texts • • • . at Tagore Web . at Project Gutenberg ...Audiobooks • "Sadhana: .. LibriVox Talks • .. with Albert Einstein and H. G.. The complete collection of his works [show][show] v•d•e Bengal Renaissance [show][show] v•d•e Nobel Laureates in Literature [show][show] v•d•e Rabindranath Tagore Periods Aspects Novels Stories Poetry Songs Timeline · Early life · Middle years · Later life Political views Chokher Bali · Ghare Baire · Nastanirh · Jogajog · Shesher Kobita Kabuliwala Gitanjali Rabindra Sangeet · "Amar Shonar Bangla" · "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" · "Ekla Chalo ..".. Wells... A new site dedicated to his works . wikipedia.Re" · "Jana Gana Mana" Retrieved from "http://en.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" Categories: 1861 births | 1941 deaths | Alumni of Presidency College. 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