Rabbit Nutrition and Feed Ingredients

F.LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report, 8th World Rabbit Congress - Puebla 2004 – page 1 REFLECTIONS ON RABBIT NUTRITION WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZATION LEBAS F., 2004. Reflections on rabbit nutrition with a special emphasis on feed ingredients utilization. 8th World Rabbit Congres Puebla Mexico, WRSA Ed. Invited paper, 686-736. LEBAS F. Cuniculture, 87a Chemin de Lassère, 31450 Corronsac, France [email protected] ABSTRACT In this invited communication the author proposes a list of nutritional recommendations for rabbits of different categories : growing from 18 to 42 days, from 42 to 80 days, for breeding does according to productivity (40-50 kits weaned per doe/year or more than 50) and for a single diet usable for all rabbits. Recommendations taking account the last published data, are divided in 2 groups. The first corresponds to nutrients which contribute mainly to feed efficiency : digestible energy, crude and digestible protein, amino acids, minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins. The second group corresponds to nutrients which contribute mainly to nutritive security and digestive health: different fibre components (lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses) and their equilibrium, starch and water soluble vitamins. In a second part, were analysed 387 papers published during the last 30 years on raw material utilisation in rabbit feeding. In a total of 14 tables, the 542 corresponding experiments were summarised each by the identification of the raw material, by the highest level of incorporation used in the experiment, by the highest acceptable level, by the main ingredient(s) replaced by the raw material studied, and finally by the authors reference. Raw materials studied were those used in temperate as well as in tropical countries. The raw material were grouped according to the following categories : raw material used as single food (24 experiments), cereals and by-products (43 exp.), other carbohydrates source of energy (62 exp.), fats (27 exp.), full-fat oleaginous grains (10 exp.), oil cakes and meals (43 exp.), proteic seeds such peas or beans (42 exp.), miscellaneous sources of protein such yeast or leaf protein (18 exp.), animal products (21 exp.), non-protein nitrogen source such urea (9 exp.), forages (157 exp.), cereal straws, alkali treated or not (33 exp.), cover or parts of dried grains source of fibre such stalks, hulls or cobs (19 exp.) and industrial by-products usable as fibre source (51 exp.). Key words : nutritional recommendations, raw materials, data basis F. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report, 8th World Rabbit Congress - Puebla 2004 – page 2 NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS Recent progresses in rabbit nutrition research have increased the number of criteria included in the nutritional recommendations, specially in the domain of fibrous components (GIDENNE, 2000; FORTUN-LAMOTHE and GIDENNE 2003). Thus it becomes very difficult to conceive an economical diet which respects exactly all recommendations. More, the basic reason of some recommendations is the highest performance possible in term of production or feed efficiency. For some others, the basic reason is the digestive flora nutrition and the digestive health of the rabbit. In the first group are recommendations for energy, protein quality and quantity, fatsoluble vitamins or minerals. For these nutrients, the objective of the nutritionist is to conceive a diet which, after digestion, absorption and blood transport, can provide the rabbit cells for the vital elements at the lowest physiological price possible. This means that diet's digestibility must be as efficient as possible and that the nutrients proportions must be as balanced as possible in order the avoid deficiencies or nutrients excesses which would be eliminated at great cost through urine or faeces. In the second group, are recommendations for starch, fibre quantity and quality (lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and their equilibrium) and for water soluble vitamins normally synthesized by the flora. For these nutrients, the objective of the nutritionist is to conceive a diet which provides balanced carbohydrate sources for the flora, and to provide water soluble vitamins in case of flora malfunctioning (first step of any digestive trouble). Recommendations for the best digestive functioning make necessary the inclusion in diets of components with low or very low digestibility such as cellulose and lignins. It is well known that these recommendations are conflicting with the highest possible diet's digestibility or feed efficiency, if the health situation of the rabbits is perfect. Thus we have separate the new proposed recommendations for rabbits nutrition in 2 groups (table 1) : the first corresponds to recommendations for an optimum feed efficiency and the second corresponds to recommendations which must be scrupulously respected in case of endangered digestive situation in the rabbitry. Data included in the table were determined mainly according to the most recent synthesis available in the literature (DE BLAS and VISEMAN, 1998; GIDENNE, 2000; FORTUN-LAMOTHE and GIDENNE 2003, LEBAS, 2003) and according to our own experience and literature knowledge. Despite the recent direct demonstration made by GUTIERREZ et al. (2003) of the noxious consequences of a high ileal flux of protein entering the caecum, no quantitative recommendation was made in relation with the optimum protein flux at the end of the small intestine. The reason is the absence of quantification of the optimum flux and the absence of characterisation of ieal digestibility of a sufficient number of feed ingredients. Such determination in the future would certainly represent an important step for the improvement of rabbits nutrition security. Recommendation for total sulphur amino-acid (TSSA) was made without proposition of a minimum level for methionine. Effectively a lot of years ago, COLIN (1978) has clearly demonstrated that methionine can replace cystine in the TSAA and vice versa within the widest possible range of variation. Since that time, as far as we know, nobody had experimentally demonstrated that a minimum of methionine (or of cystine) must be provided in rabbits diets. F. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report, 8th World Rabbit Congress - Puebla 2004 – page 3 Table 1 : Nutrients recommendation for rabbit feeding. Type or period of production Without any other indication, unit = g/kg as fed (90% DM) GROWTH 18 => 42 42 => 75-80 days days 2400 9,5 150-160 110-120 45 10,7 20-25 7,5 5,5 5,6 1,2 8,0 7,0 4,0 2,2 < 15 2,8 3,0 2,5 50 6 25 8 6 000 1 000 ≥30 1 2600 10,5 160-170 120-130 48 11,5 25-40 8,0 6,0 5,8 1,4 9,0 8,0 4,5 2,2 < 20 2,8 3,0 2,5 50 6 25 8 6 000 1 000 ≥30 1 REPRODUCTION (1) Intensive 2700 11,0 180-190 130-140 53-54 12,7-13,0 40-50 8,5 6,2 7,0 1,5 8,0 12,0 6,0 2,5 < 18 3,5 4,0 2,5 100 10 50 12 10 000 1000 (<1500) ≥50 2 ½ intensive 2600 10,5 170-175 120-130 51-53 12,0-12,7 30-40 8,2 6,0 7,0 1,5 8,0 12,0 6,0 2,5 < 18 3,5 3,0 2,5 100 10 50 12 10 000 1000 (<1500) ≥50 2 Single feed (2) 2400 9,5 160 110-125 48 11,5-12,0 20-30 8,0 6,0 6,0 1,4 8,0 11,0 5,0 2,2 < 18 3,0 3,0 2,5 80 10 40 10 10 000 1000 (<1500) ≥50 2 GROUPE 1 : Recommendations for the highest productivity Digestible Energy (kcal / kg) MJoules/ kg Crude Protein Digestible Protein ratio Digest. Protein (g / 1000 kcal) / Digestible Energy (g / 1 MJoule) Lipids Amino acids - lysine - sulfur amino acids (methio.+cyst.) - threonine - tryptophan - arginine Minerals - calcium - phosphorus - sodium - potassium - chloride - magnesium - sulphur - iron ( ppm ) - copper ( ppm ) - zinc ( ppm ) - manganese ( ppm ) Fat-soluble Vitamins - vitamin A ( UI / kg ) - vitamin D ( UI / kg ) - vitamin E (mg / kg ) - vitamin K (mg / kg) GROUPE 2 : Recommandation for the best health possible for rabbits ≥ 190 ≥ 170 ≥ 135 ≥ 150 ≥ 160 Ligno-cellulose ( ADF ) ≥ 55 ≥ 50 ≥ 30 ≥ 30 ≥ 50 Lignins ( ADL ) ≥ 130 ≥ 110 ≥ 90 ≥ 90 ≥ 110 Cellulose ( ADF – ADL ) ≥ 0,40 ≥ 0,40 ≥ 0,35 ≥ 0,40 ≥ 0,40 ratio lignins / cellulose ≥ 320 ≥ 310 ≥ 300 ≥ 315 ≥ 310 NDF ( Neutral Detergent Fiber) ≥ 120 ≥ 100 ≥ 85 ≥ 90 ≥ 100 Hemicelluloses ( NDF – ADF ) ≤ 1,3 ≤ 1,3 ≤ 1,3 ≤ 1,3 ≤ 1,3 ratio (hemicelluloses+pectins) / ADF ≤ 140 ≤ 200 ≤ 200 ≤ 200 ≤ 160 Starch Water soluble Vitamins 250 250 200 200 200 - vitamin C (ppm) 2 2 2 2 2 - vitamin B1 (ppm) 6 6 6 6 6 - vitamin B2 (ppm) 50 50 40 40 40 - nicotinamid (vitamin PP) (ppm) 20 20 20 20 20 - pantothenic acid (ppm 2 2 2 2 2 - vitamin B6 (ppm) 5 5 5 5 5 - folic acid (ppm) 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 - vitamin B12 (ppm) 200 200 100 100 100 - choline (ppm) (1) For does, ½ intensive production means a average yearly production of 40-50 weaned kits in the rabbitry, and an intensive production corresponds to a higher productivity (more than 50 kits /doe/year). (2) The single feed recommendation corresponds to a diet used for all rabbits in the rabbitry. It is a compromise between requirements of the different categories of rabbits. F. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report, 8th World Rabbit Congress - Puebla 2004 – page 4 For amino-acids in general, the correct recommendations would be done in term of digestible amino-acids as correctly proposed by the Madrid research staff (DE BLAS and MATEOS, 1998). But up to the moment no table for the feed's digestible aminoacids content is available for the rabbit. More, the correct recommendation would be done in amino acids digestible at the end of ileum because of the previously mentioned effect of excessive proteic-N entering the caecum. Thus the inclusion of recommendations for digestible amino acids remains of theoretical interest. For this reason they were not included in the tables of recommendations. For the other components, composition of raw materials usable in a feed's formulation respecting the table 1 recommendations could be found for example in the recent tables of composition published by SAUVANT et al. (2002). This tables describe most of feed resources in use in Western European countries, for the gross composition including the fibre fractions, but also composition in amino acids, macroand micro-minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and nutritional value for the farm animals, rabbits included. When available, for rabbits are indicated the digestible and metabolizable energy content and digestibility coefficient of energy and nitrogen. An other important information source for raw materials, usable in most of the developing countries is AFRIS, the FAO data basis on Animal Feed Resources Information System. AFRIS is available on Internet with free access (AFRIS, 2004). For an impressive list of raw materials are given some explanations on the product (origin and possibilities of utilisation), data on gross composition, digestibility (mainly by ruminants), amino acids composition and a list of some references (with abstract available on line) on the use of this material, sometimes by rabbits. In addition this data basis is available in English but also in French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese language. FEED INGREDIENTS UTILISATION Methodology for the estimation of the nutritive value of feed ingredients All the analysis described in composition tables are useful to search the nutrients mentioned in recommendations. They are used by nutritionists with the help of a computer to know if a specific raw material is able or not to provide such or such nutrient mentioned in the recommendations, and how to mix different raw materials to obtain a balanced diet. But raw ingredient components are more complex than the description made through a list of nutrients, even if the list is very long. Some molecules present in a raw material may have consequences on the animal physiology, that of rabbits in particular. Some of these molecules can be tolerated if their final level in the complete diet is not too high e.g. case of mimosine content in diets with Leucaena leucocephala (SZYSZKA et al., 1985), for other molecules, rabbits may prefer an intermediate concentration, e.g. for the saponin concentration in diets with lucerne (AUXILIA et al., 1983). For these raw materials, the "key" molecules (mimosine or saponin) are known. Then a chemical determination can be done before utilisation and the result may be included in the computer for formulation. But for many raw materials, such components are not known. But that does not mean they don’t exist and that they have no effect. Up to now the only reliable method to know if a raw material can be used for rabbit nutrition is to ask rabbits themselves. The most common method consists to include the carcass characteristics. When the highest acceptable level is an intermediate level it means that at this level the performance is higher or equivalent to that observed with the control. one or some others ingredients must be withdrawn. and that a higher level induced a significant .F. published during the last 30 years (1973-2003). The final list contains 387 publications corresponding to 542 studies of diets with various levels of a raw material : most generally one control without the studied material and 1 to 5 levels of incorporation. the studied material is introduced in substitution to one unique ingredient or to the basal diet. But in many cases the authors have also determined the feed efficiency. Most of studies were made with growing rabbits (91. to establish the highest acceptable level of incorporation of the raw material. at the highest level of substitution the experimental diet is not balanced. Nevertheless. Then. The CAB International interrogation has given an abstract for each reference. For this reason many published experiments could be interpreted symmetrically from the reverse side as a progressive reduction of the incorporation level of an other raw material. and sometime the meat quality. it means that at this level the growth rate (more generally the performance) was not significantly different from that observed with the control diet. a reliable synthetic position may be established after a critical analysis of the different works published on the nutritive value of the studied raw material. methodological aspects To make possible a reliable synthetic position. This list is not exhaustive. In the later case if the basal diet (or control diet) is balanced according to rabbit's requirements. for a supposed easy future interpretation. mortality rate or blood parameters. But the total of the ration remains always at 100% . Which one is responsible of the observed variation of the performance ? the increase of the first or the decrease of the second ? In many cases. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. The data basis was obtained through a CAB International interrogation on Internet and through the analysis of all communications presented during the successive World Rabbit Congresses (1st to 7th) or during the successive French rabbit Days (1st to 10th). or was significantly better.4% of the experiments and 1. but represent probably more than 90% of the literature available. 8th World Rabbit Congress . when the highest acceptable level of incorporation is identical to the highest level studied. Full text and abstract were available in the CD Rom of the World Rabbit Congresses (available at the WRSA office) or in the CD Rom of the French rabbit Days (available at the ITAVI office in Paris).7%). In the experiments with growing rabbits we have given priority to the growth rate observed during the whole duration of the study. we have analysed a great number of works on raw material evaluation. the digestibility of the experimental diets. then if one ingredient is introduced at graded levels.5% of the studies were made using angora wool production as the main criterion for evaluation or using various other physiological criteria. and to measure the performance. Breeding does were used for 5. Revue of literature on raw material studies. In the following tables (3 to 15). is the resulting performance a consequence of the presence of the studied ingredient or only a consequence of the ration imbalance ? We consider that there is no perfect solution.Puebla 2004 – page 5 graded levels of the studied raw material in rabbits ration. 1994 Bamikole et al. Nevertheless.. Verano sweet potato tops (dehydrated) wheat bran (98.75%) type of rabbit growing growing adult adult adult adult growing growing adult growing growing growth growing or pregnant growing adult adult adult adult growing growing growing growing growing growing Maintenance or growth OK OK no no OK OK OK OK OK OK no OK OK OK no OK OK OK OK (!?) OK OK no OK OK Authors Nieves et al. 1985 Singh et al.... Only a comparative analysis of the different publications made in great detail can give a beginning of answer.. 1989 Deshmukh et al. But in many other cases.. it means that at all incorporation levels the performance of the experimental rabbits was significantly lower than that of the control. When the highest acceptable level is 0%..... 1993a Deshmukh et al.. 1999 Perez et al. 1993b Deshmukh et al.... 1986 Deshmukh et al.. 2002 Perez et al. 1989 Deshmukh et al.. The direct analysis of the publication reveals the Table 2.. Raw ingredients studied as only feed. Raw materials studied as only feed Some raw materials were used as the only feed source in some experiences (table2).. It's the occasion for each of us to exercise his or her critical sense. 1989 Ngodigha et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1994 Pascual et al. preflowering) rabbit faeces dried (98%+minerals) !!!!!! robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) leaves robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) leaves Stylosanthes hamata cv.. 1998 Prasad et al. and the raw material must be discarded from rabbit nutrition. 1996 Erdman. 8th World Rabbit Congress . Sometimes the reason was a real contreperformance.Puebla 2004 – page 6 reduction of the performance. the lower performance observed after introduction of the raw material was only the consequence of the imbalance created by this introduction. 2000b Prawirodigdo et al. a careful analysis of the other studies made on the same raw material is necessary to establish a correct opinion. 1999 Bamikole et al. 1989 Fekete et al.5%+NaCl) maize whole grain soaked overnight mulberry fresh leaves (Morus alba) mulberry fresh leaves (Morus alba) oats (green. 1999 Abu et al. 1997a Singh et al.. 1990 Rohilla et al. 1986 . 1996 Deshmukh et al. When some growth or adult live weight maintenance were observed (marked "OK") it means that the studied raw ingredient had no important toxic compound and nutrients are relatively balanced. 1985 Deshmukh et al.. 1999 Robinson et al. one of the questions which remains frequently unanswered is the following: was the raw material studied in different publications effectively the same or not ?. 1989 Deshmukh et al.F.. Ingredients Arachis pintoi + Pennisetum purpureum arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) forage bermuda grass fresh (Cynodon dactylon) bermuda grass fresh (Cynodon dactylon) berseem fresh (Trifolium alexandrinum) berseem fresh (Trifolium alexandrinum) broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) fresh or dried cabbage leaf wastes Grewia optiva leaves groundnut haulms guinea grass (Panicum maximum) lucerne (100%) lucerne (96%) lucerne (99. In this case. 1989 Lanza et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. Most of the cereals and by-products can clearly be used up to 40-50%.. 1999 Bagliacca et al. 1984a growth Seroux.. maize. 1986 100% of 100% of 3 cereals 3 cereals 100% cereals 100% of cereals 46% 42% 42% 10% 8% 60% 56% 23% 100% of wheat 100% cereals 0% 46% 0% 42% 10% 8% 60% 56% 23% 100% of wheat barley grain barley grain barley grain barley grain. 1987 Tor-Agbidye et al... flaked barley radicle barley roots (by-product malt industry) buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) hard wheat bran hard wheat middlings maize grain maize grain maize grain maize grain maize grain.. 1982 Continuation on next page => . maize. 2001 Akram et al. 2000 Cossu et al. Ingredient barley (hydroponic.Puebla 2004 – page 7 real performance which is an indirect estimation of the nutritional balance of the raw material. Table 3 : Experiments on the incorporation of cereals and cereal by-products in rabbit feeding... To be as complete as possible. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1995 Seroux.. specially the starch maximum when rabbitry health is not optimum. triticale barley.. When the growth or maintenance column is marked "no". flaked barley grain. 1986 Struklec et al.. but in no way we will recommend the inclusion of faeces in the rabbit nutrition because of the corresponding uncontrolled sanitary risk. 1987 Struklec et al. wheat triticale oats 3 cereals barley barley barley maize & wheat mill run barley & soybean m. triticale oats 3 cereals maize Evaluation on growth growth growth Authors Kriaa et al. 1984a Seroux. 2000 Berchiche et al.F. wheat barley. 2002 Lanza et al. Utilisation of cereals and cereal by products To interpret correctly all experiences made on progressive introduction of cereals in rabbits rations (table 3) it is necessary to search the cereal in the "ingredient" column as well as in the "substitution" column. 1989b Seroux. (1985) where rabbit faeces were used as quasi only feed for rabbits (98% inducing a growth rate of 12 g/day). barley & soybean m. green. The main limitations are those associated with diets nutritional balance.. 1990 Berchiche et al. 10 days) barley grain barley grain Nb Levels 2 2 2 Highest level studied ~40% 100% of maize Acceptable level ~40% 100% maize substituted mainly to basal diet maize barley. flaked 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Sinatra et al... we have mentioned the work of FEKETE et al. it means that this raw material was nutritionally completely imbalanced or contained a toxic compound. 1995 100% of 100% of 3 cereals 3 cereals 100% cereals 39% 38% 0% 39% 38% growth Seroux. 1982 Ibrahim et al. 1984) probably in relation with the batch of citrus used. 1983 rice-polish 3 15% 15% maize growth Bhatt. 1999 maize offals 2 maize maize maize starch 3 14% 0% wheat straw breeding Lebas et al.. cassava roots) or other highly digestible carbohydrates (e. meal rice (broken rice) 2 40% 20% maize growth Oanh... m. 1990 wheat bran 3 ~40% ~40% maize growth Singh et al. 1997b wheat bran 3 20% 20% lucerne growth Gippert et al. 1989 barley & barley & sunflower sunfl.. m. growth Lanza et al. 1989a Carbohydrates source of energy. 1996 100% of 100% of maize growth Uko et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1987 triticale grain 2 wheat. 1985 wheat 100% of 100% of sorghum offals 2 maize maize maize offals growth Uko et al.. 8th World Rabbit Congress .. .. flaked 2 41% 41% wheat growth Seroux. and most of them were introduced in substitution to cereals. For example citrus pulp is frequently proposed and used without botanical indication. 1983 rice bran 5 92.. The same type of citrus pulp (orange) may also be positively evaluated in on experiment and negatively in a second (LETO et al...Puebla 2004 – page 8 Table3 : utilisation of cereals and cereal by-products (continuation) maize offals 2 34% 34% maize growth Onifade et al... 1999 millet offals 2 maize maize Milurex (byproduct of wheat 5 40% 20% basal diet growth Perez et al. 100% 100% growth Sinatra et al. molasses). 1986 triticale grain 2 3 cereals 3 cereals triticale triticale grain 2 30% 30% barley growth Bonanno et al.. 1993 100% of 100% of maize growth Uko et al. 2000 sorghum grain 5 56% 56% maize growth Carregal et al.. growth Sinatra et al.. 1987 wheat grain 2 cereals cereals wheat wheat grain 2 42% 42% 3 cereals growth Seroux.5% 60% growth Raharjo et al.. Many of such raw materials are listed in the table 4. 100% of 100% of maize. sunfl. 1983 rice feed meal 2 40% 40% maize growth Oanh.F. beet or citrus pulp. but citrus pulp from lemon and from orange are not necessary equivalent.. other than cereals If in numerous rabbit's rations cereals are the main source of digestible energy. 1982 wheat grain. 100% 100% triticale.. 1997 starch production) 100% of 100% of oats grain 2 maize growth Akram et al. 1997 barley. 1989 maize maize 100% 100% barley & oats grain 2 growth Jensen et al. flaked 2 41% 41% wheat growth Seroux. many other ingredients can provide also starch (e.g. 1999 offals offals barley. cereals cereals triticale barley.. 1988 rice bran 2 40% 20% maize growth Oanh. A special attention should be made the technological quality of the raw material studied and to the exact origin of the product.g. 1984a wheat grain. 1988 wheat grain 2 ~46% ~46% maize growth Nizza et al. 1980b barley & sorghum grain 4 20% 15% growth Demchenko et al. . 1999 Omole et al... in rabbit feeding... 1978a Skrivanova et al. 1992 growth Radwan et al. 1993 Agunbiade et al. 1983 Gippert et al. seeds banana fresh fruits. 1995 El-Adawy et al.. green beet molasses stillage (condensed) beet pulp (sugar beet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp)) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp) beet pulp (sugarbeet pulp)) beet pulp (dried) + 35%molasses beet pulp (molassed sugarbeet pulp) beet root slices buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidisima) dried root meal buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidisima) dried root meal cane molasses concentrate cassava peel meal cassava peel meal cassava peel meal cassava peel meal cassava peel meal cassava peel meal cassava peel...F.. 2001 growth Okeke et al. 1988b Onifade et al.. 1992 Battaglini et al.... 1998 Evans et al. 1980 Cobos et al... Experiments on the incorporation of carbohydrates sources of energy other than cereals. 1989 growth El-Gendy. 1994 Continuation on next page => . 2000 Jensen et al. ensiled meal cassava root meal cassava root meal cassava root meal Nb Levels 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 2 4 2 Highest level studied 27% 30% 40% 30% Acceptable level 9% 10-20% 40% 20% substituted mainly to cereals & wheat bran maize basal biet lucerne barley barley maize cereal grains lucerne or barley wheat grain& straw barley lucerne lucerne sorghum sorghum concentrate maize maize maize maize maize maize maize basal diet barley Evaluation on growth growth growth growth growth Authors Saikia et al.. 1992 Colaghis et al.. 1999 Franck et al. 1993 Okeke et al. 1992 Garcia et al. 1988 Morales Zuñiga. 1990 Gidenne. 1986 Agunbiade et al. 2000 Omole et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1981a Esonu et al.. 1996 Trocino et al.. 1987 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth El-Zeiny et al... 8th World Rabbit Congress .. 1985a 32% DM 32% DM 5% 25% 15% 30% 50% 30% 15% 20% 15% 30% 50% 100% of lucerne 30% 20% 25% 30% 30% 5% 31% 45% 100% of maize 40% 100% of maize 100% of maize 45% 25% 50% 22% 5% 25% 15% 15% 15% 10% 8% 20% 15% 30% 50% 0% of lucerne 15-20% 20% 25% 30% 30% 5% 0% 15% 100% of maize 40% 50% of maize 100% of maize 30% 25% 50% 22% breeding Cavani et al. 1983 Garcia et al. 1993 Jensen et al.. 1986 growth Ratnakumar et al... 1993 Fajinmi et al.. 1979 Reddy et al. Ingredient ajar seed kernel (Lagestroemia flos-regina) Amaranthus caudatus (residual pulp from leaf fractionation) amaranthus seed (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) Azadirachta indica = neem.. 1980 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Cavani et al. 1980 breeding Morales Zuñiga.Puebla 2004 – page 9 Table 4.. .. 1999 Ngodigha et al. dried radish (Raphanus sativus) seed raw or autoclaved Samanea saman. 1984 Nowar et al. 1984 Leon et al. whole pods. In later case the conclusion is that all the oils can be changed from one to the other.. 2000 Kuzniewicz et al. 1997 Abu et al. 2000 Agwunobi et al. 1995 Sanchez et al. maize sweet potato tops maize maize (?) maize molasse & beet pulp growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Ikurior et al.. 1989 Fanimo et al. 1999 Bamgbose et al.. 1996 Pinheiro et al.. 1992 Agwunobi et al. 1999 Martinez Pascual et al.F.. 1996 Leto et al. 1985 Leto et al. 1979 Wojsyk-Kuzniewicz et al..... 1998 Soliman. 1980 Onifade et al. 1981 Sanchez et al. autoclaved sweet potato meal. In many other studies one type of fat was introduced in substitution to an other source of fat. dried and sieved for garri production) molasse (sugar cane molasse) oak acorn (Quercus coccifera) olive pulp plantain peel (Musa cv) sun dried potatoes starch potatoes steamed. 1984 Alicata et al.. sweet potato root meal tager-nut (Cyperus rotundus L. 1994 Tortuero et al..) tall fescue seeds (Festuca arundinacea) tannia cocoyam tuber meal (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) vinasse (high in yeast cell walls) 6 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 6 6 5 5 3 75% ~20% 30% 10% 20% 30% 100% of maize 14% 30% 22% 40% 10% 100% of maize 50% 100% of maize 80% 100% of maize 8% 45% ~20% 20% 5-10% 20% 30% 66% of maize 14% 30% 22% 0% 10% 100% of maize 20% 60% of maize 80% 100% of maize 8% basal diet concentrate maize basal diet maize maize wheat basal diet cereals & bran wheat & soybean m. 1994 Fat use in rabbit nutrition The different fats were frequently studied in addition to a basal diet or in substitution to one of the ingredient in order to increase the digestible energy of the diet (table 5). 1993 Abu et al...Puebla 2004 – page 10 Table 4 : Carbohydrates source of energy other than cereals (continuation) 100% of 100% of cassava root meal 2 maize growth maize maize meat cassava root meal 2 20% 20% barley quality cassava root meal 4 45% 45% breeding cassava root meal 4 45% 45% growth cassava root meal (unpeeled) 2 31% 31% maize growth 100% of 100% of maize growth cassava waste meal 5 maize maize citrus (lemon) pulp 2 20% 0% maize growth citrus (lemon) pulp 2 20% 20% barley growth citrus (orange) pulp 4 18% 18% maize growth citrus (orange) pulp 2 20% 0% maize growth citrus pulp 4 25% 25% growth citrus pulp fodder beet roots (fresh) garri sievate (residue of grated cassava fermented.... 2000 Maertens et al.... LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. In some experiments the highest substitution level was very high : 8-9% .. 1984 Oduguwa et al. 1994 Eshiett et al.. 1980 Bassuny et al. 1980 Eshiett et al. 1997 Tor-Agbidye et al... 1984 Leto et al. 8th World Rabbit Congress .. dried potatoes steamed.. . LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1996 Falcão-e-Cunha et al.. 1979 growth Carregal et al. up to 3040% (table 6).. When the diets were balanced. 1995...Puebla 2004 – page 11 and even 16% (HEMID et al.F. a special mention must be done for the sunflower .. Nevertheless. 1979 Hemid et al... but with such levels it is impossible to obtain pellets of acceptable quality.50% 6% 4% 3% 6% 1% Substituted mainly to soya oil maize barley maize oil basal diet maize starch soya oil soya oil maize oil basal diet EvaluaAuthors tion on growth Fernandez et al. 1980a wheat straw breeding Lebas et al. 1995 Abd-El-Rahim et al.. growth 1996b Fernandez-Carmona et breeding al.5% 6% 5% 8% 8% 16% 6% 3% 7% 5% 9% 1% 1% 9% 9% 7% 3% 4.50% 6% 4% 3% 6% 1% Acceptable level 6% 3% 4% 4% 8% 6% 5% 4% 8% 16% 3% 3% 7% 5% 9% 1% 1% 5% 9% 7% 3% 4... 1995 breeding no added fat Christ.. In this case the raw material provides non only lipids but also protein. 1993 growth Fernandez et al. maize oil growth 1994 Full fat oleaginous grains The increase of diet's lipid content – and generally of the digestible energy content could be done with the incorporation of pure fats as studied in the previous section.. 1976 growth King. 1999 + growth soya oil growth Kessler et al. but it is also possible with the use of oleaginous grains. 1996 breeding Christ.. Ingredient beef tallow beef tallow beef tallow beef tallow beef tallow calcium soap groundnut oil groundnut oil maize oil maize oil oleins oleins palm oil palm oil palm oil palm oil soapstock... acidulated palm oil soapstock...e. starch growth 2000 Abd-El-Rahim et al. poultry fat rapeseed oil rapeseed oil soybean oil soybean oil soybean oil soybean oil sunflower oil sunflower oil vegetable oils (mixed waste from edible oil refining) Nb Levels 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 Highest level studied 6% 3% 8% 8% 8. 1993 Omole. Table 5.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . maize oil growth 1994 basal diet breeding Tawfeek et al. : Experiments on fat incorporation in rabbit feeding. 1994 growth Omole.. 1996 Fernandez Carmona et growth al. BEYNEN. acidul.. all tested oleaginous grains were considered as usable at the highest tested level i. 1996 growth Raimondi et al. 1988 Fernandez et al. 1979 growth Raimondi et al. 1992 Fernandez et al. 1981 growth growth growth growth growth growth Beynen. 1988). 1996 Kessler et al. 1994 basal diet growth Hemid et al. 1992 growth Fernandez et al. 1999 no added fat + growth basal diet growth Meirelles et al. 1976 Falcão-e-Cunha et al. For rabbits as for the other animals. some pollutant had reduced the acceptability of seeds (BALOGUN et al.. extruded whole seed rapeseed grain (00 cultivar) safflower seeds.. whole seed linseed. concentrate soybean m. maize & oil Evaluation on growth meat quality growth growth growth Authors Johnston et al. cereals soybean m.. 1982 Johnston et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1996 growth growth growth growth Johnston et al. extruded soya lipids (oil + full-fat soya) soybean seeds (full-fat soya.. Thus we suggest that in the 2 experiments with sunflower seeds mentioned in table 6.. Not less than 15 oil cakes were studied. Experiments on oil cakes (meals) incorporation in rabbit feeding. 2000 breeding Johnston et al. generally for human utilisation.. 1984a Seroux et al.Puebla 2004 – page 12 seeds. heat-treated) sunflower seeds (full-fat) sunflower seeds (whole with husks) Nb Levels 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 Highest level studied 43% 8% 39% 10% 34% ~7% 20% 6% 30% 30% Acceptable level 43% 8% 39% 10% 34% ~7% 20% 6% 20% <10% substituted mainly to soybean m.. However some additional experiments with this raw material should be welcome. The lower performance observed with 30% of full-fat seeds is surprising because when seeds are separated in 2 parts. barley soybean m. sunflower oil and sunflower meal. extruded) soybean seeds (full-fat soya.. soybean m. 1994 Oil cakes and meals When the oil is removed from oleaginous seeds. 1994). 2003 Johnston et al.. soybean meal Evaluation on growth Authors Joseph et al. Ingredient cotton seeds whole. Experiments on oleaginous-seeds incorporation in rabbit feeding. and they can provide up to 60% of the diet's protein without problem. MESINI.. Most of them can be introduced at 15-20% or more. Table 7. 1991. the remaining part is protein rich and may be used for animal nutrition.F. the reference meal is the toasted soybean meal. extruded linseed. both parts can be used without restriction other than the diet's balance (tables 5 and 7). 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1984a Cavani et al. 1982 quality Continuation on the next page => .. 1991 Mesini.. Table 6.. 1996 Balogun et al. 1984 Cavani et al. 2000 2 2 2 24% 43% 20% 0% <43% 20% growth Fotso et al. Ingredient bambara groundnut toasted meal (Voandzeia subterranea) cottonseed meal cottonseed meal cottonseed meal Nb Levels 5 Highest level studied 25% Acceptable level 25% Substituted mainly to poultry offals & wheat bran soybean m. 1985 semen McNitt et al. 1984a Fernandez-Carmona et breeding al... . 1980 Lebas et al.. dehulled rapeseed oilmeal (low in erucic acid) 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 10% 60% of the total protein 17% 16% ~20% 24% 30% 11% 60% of diets protein 40% 23% 100% of groundnut meal 60% of diets protein 100% of groundnut meal 100% of groundnut meal 20% 10% 23% 30% 30% ~40% 12% 20% 20% 18% 15% 15% 100% of soybean meal 20% 100% sunflower meal 10% 60% of the total protein 17% 16% ~20% 0% 30% 0% 60% of diets protein 40% 23% 100% of groundnut meal 60% of diets protein 100% of groundnut meal 100% of groundnut meal 10% 0% 23% 30% 30% ~40% 12% 20% 20% 18% 15% 15% 100% of soybean meal 20% 100% sunflower meal groundnut cake groundnut cake soybean meal soybean meal sunflower meal fish meal sunflower meal soybean m. 1981 Prasad et al.. 8th World Rabbit Congress .. 1987 Throckmorton et al. 1999 Nasr et al. lucerne sulla hay sunflower meal soybean m.. 1976 breeding Lebas. 1997 Leto et al.. sunflower meal growth angora growth growth growth growth growth growth angora growth growth angora Prasad et al. soybean m.. sunflower meal sunflower meal soybean meal soybean m. 1994 Chaabane et al.Puebla 2004 – page 13 Table 7.. 1978 breeding Lebas.. 1977 Continuation on the next page => .. soybean m. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. groundnut cake soybean m.... 1980 breeding Lebas et al.. 1996 Ben Rayana et al.. soybean m. 1981 Aduku et al. 1987 3 angora Gowda et al.. 1998 Singh et al...F. 1980 Singh et al. 1997 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 4 2 2 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth breeding growth growth Gowda et al. 1978 growth Throckmorton et al. 1988 Gippert.. 1998 Gowda et al. 1987 McNitt et al.. 1996b Colin et al. 1982 Scapinello et al. 1982 McNitt et al.. 1997 2 angora Singh et al.. 1982 Lebas et al. 1982 growth Lebas et al. 1988 Gippert.. Oil cakes and meals (continuation N°1) cottonseed meal cottonseed meal cottonseed meal (expeller extracted) cottonseed meal (pre-press solvent extracted) groundnut cake groundnut cake hempseed oil cake (Canabis sativa) linseed meal linseed meal meadow foam meal (Limnanthes alba) mustard cake mustard cake (urea/NH3 treated or not) mustard cake neem kernel meal (Azadirachta indica) (urea/NH3 or NaOH treated) neem kernel meal (Azadirachta indica) (urea/NH3 or NaOH treated) neem seed kernel meal (Azadirachta indica) Nigela sativa meal olive oil cake olive oil cake olive oil cake.. 1988 Omole et al. groundnut cake groundnut cake groundnut cake groundnut cake groundnut cake groundnut cake basal diet soybean m... 2000 Vasanthakumar et al. 1982 Aduku et al. ± kernelled palm kernel meal rapeseed meal rapeseed meal rapeseed meal rapeseed meal rapeseed meal (non toasted) rapeseed meal (toasted) rapeseed meal (Tower) rapeseed meal. F. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. presence of mimosine in the Leucaena leucocephala seeds – AWOSANIA et al. soybean m.1989).6% 7% 60% ~30% of diets proteins 30% 10% 16% 15% 10% ~30% of diets proteins 21.. 1989 Johnston et al.. For some others.. 1987 Harris et al. 100% soybean soybean meal m. lucerne soybean meal groundnut cake basal diet groudnut cake soybean m. 1977 Gippert.. 1999 Battaglini et al. debittered Lupinus mutabilis . 8th World Rabbit Congress . Ingredient African locust-bean (Parkia filicoidea) (raw.Puebla 2004 – page 14 Table 7. 1998 Nasr et al.. beans. the presence of a noxious compound is the main factor limiting the incorporation in rabbit's ration (e. 1983 Johnston et al. Experiments of utilisation were conducted with not less than 18 types of proteic seeds (table 8). 1996). 1999 Proteic seed (peas. 2003 Ismail et al. 1980 Gutierrez et al. 1988 Johnston et al. 1988 Johnston et al. Oil cakes and meals (continuation N°2) rapeseed protein concentrate safflower meal soya protein concentrate soybean meal soybean meal sunflower meal sunflower meal sunflower meal sunflower meal sunflower meal 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 5 7% 60% ~30% diets protein 30% 10% 24% 15% 10% ~30% of diets proteins 21. 1983 Sanchez et al. autoclaved or water extracted) beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) raw or autoclaved pinto beans bitter lupin seeds (Lupinus mutabilis) debittered seeds bitter lupin seeds (Lupinus mutabilis) debittered bitter lupin seeds (Lupinus mutabilis) raw or toasted bitter lupin seeds (Lupinus mutabilis) raw or toasted Nb Levels 4 2 2 2 2 2 Highest level studied 27% 40% 100% soybean m.g.. …) Leguminous seeds with medium to low lipid content (less than 10% in general) and some similar seeds may be also sources of protein for rabbits.. soybean 29% meal soybean 0% meal 0% soybean soybean meal meal Evaluation on growth growth growth growth growth growth Authors Balogun et al.. soybean meal growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Liu et al. 1996 Bhatt et al.JOHNSTON et al... peas.. For some other seeds such Lathyrus cicera the antinutritional factors which reduces feed intake and growth rate were not Table 8...g. 1980 Gutierrez et al. …) incorporation in rabbit feeding.. 2003 Prasad et al.. Experiments on proteic seeds (beans. 29% 29% 100% soybean meal Accepsubstituted table mainly to level 27% oil cakes & water maize extracted lucerne & 0% soybean m.6% silkworm chrysalid & soybean m. 1989 Continuation on the next page => . Some of the seeds can be used only if different components of the seed are removed by an adequate treatment (e... & oat soybean m. 1995 Caro et al. 1991 Crizon Navarrete et al. 1996 El-Rahim. 1992 Alicata et al...Puebla 2004 – page 15 Table 8. soybean m. 1999 Seroux. 1986 . soybean m. whole pods sweet lupin (Lupinus albus) sweet lupin (Lupinus albus) sweet lupin (Lupinus albus) sweet lupin (Lupinus albus) Vicia sativa = vetch. 1989 Seroux... soybean m. 1991 Alicata et al.5% 21% 30% 50% < 20% 20% 20% 20% 100% barley protein 37% 26. 1995 Falcão-e-Cunha et al. soybean m.5% 21% 10% 50% soybean m. 1990 Sarhan.. 1984b Yalcin et al. Proteic seeds (continuation) chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) = Bengal gram horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds horse bean (Vicia faba) seeds jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) cooked seeds jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) raw seeds jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) raw seeds jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) autoclaved seeds Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) boiled seeds Job's tears (Coix lachryma) corticated grain Latyrus cicera seeds Leucaena leucocephala seeds. & maize soybean m. soybean meal bran & oil cake maize & fish meal soybean m. 1996a Awosanya et al.. 2000a Gupta et al. wheat & soybean m. 1991 Colin et al. 1995 Berchiche et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1991 Oduguwa et al.. & barley basal diet soybean m.. 1993 Lebas et al.. 1988 Berchiche et al. 1976 Maitre et al. seeds Vigna unguiculata cowpea 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 4 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 20% 20% 20% 20% 100% barley protein 37% 37% 30% 20% 10% 30% 20% 20% 28% 28% 30% 30% 40% 30% 32% 18% 22% 100% soybean meal 30% 21% 100% soybean meal 20% 29% 30% 10% 16% 10% 21.. 1996 Amber. 1988 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Johnston et al........ 2000 Battaglini et al. soybean m.. wheat & soybean m. 1984b Esonu et al. 1996 Esonu et al. 1996 El-Rahim. 1982 Berchiche et al.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1989 Nieves et al.. 1988 Sastry et al. 1996 Bamikole et al.. 1991 Maitre et al.. oil cakes soybean m. roasted mung beans (Phaseolus aureus = Vigna radiata) pea (Pisum sativum variety Frijaune) pea (Pisum sativum) pea (Pisum sativum) pea (Pisum sativum) pea (Pisum sativum) spring pea pea (Pisum sativum) toasted pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Prosopis chilensis algaroba fruit dried quinoa grain (Chenopodium quinoa) Samanea saman. & maize soybean meal soybean m. 1976 Johnston et al.. barley soybean m.F. 2003 Aduku et al. 1999 Colin et al.. soybean m. soybean m. 1990 Seroux. soybean m. 2000 Castellini et al.50% 30% 20% 10% 30% 20% 10% 28% 28% 10-20% 30% 10% 10% 24% 18% 22% 100% soybean meal 30% 21% 100% soybean meal 0% 29% 30% 10% 8% 10% 21. 1984b breeding Seroux.... wheat bran growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Alicata et al. 1999 Scapinello et al. mycelium. 1996).. 1994 El-Adawy et al. 1979 100% 50% soya protein soya soya concentrate protein c...5% 0% 30% growth plasma El-Adawy et al. protein c. : Experiments on incorporation of yeast... 2000b Atabekyan et al. leaf protein and other protein concentrates. Ingredient alga Scenedesmus acutus amaranth (unthreshed mature grain seedhead ) Aspergillus niger (dried mycelium) beet (fodder beet) leaf protein concentrate berseem leaf protein concentrate (Trifolium alexandrinum) brewer's yeast cassava leaf protein concentrate guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) substrate waste water haycinth leaf protein concentrate (Eichhornia crassipes) yeast (Saccharomyces sp) dried by rotation roller yeast (Saccharomyces sp) dried by rotation roller yeast (Saccharomyces sp) spray-dried yeast (Saccharomyces sp. 1998).).5% 100% of soybean meal 30% 6% 50% of soybean meal 22. The consequence is that up to now. 1992 3 2 3 2 5 4 3 6 5 6 5 5 5 2 50% of 50% of soybean soybean soybean meal meal meal 100% 50% soya protein soya soya concentrate protein c. 1997 Carregal et al.. soybean 20% 15% meal same yeast 5-20% 0% spray-dried soybean 20% 15% meal 100% of 100% of soybean soybean soybean meal meal meal soybean 20% 20% meal 100% of 75% of soybean soybean soybean meal meal meal Saccharom. 1986 Muzic et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.). Table 9. 1999 Scapinello et al.. 1990 Battaglini. in rabbit feeding. 1992 Prasad et al. 1998 Schurg et al. mycelium. 1979 Bamikole et al. 1996a Scapinello et al....F. 1999 casein/soya cholesterol Abreu et al. 1999 Scapinello et al... 6% 50% of soybean meal 22... 1994 soybean meal groundnut cake soybean meal lucerne & oil cakes growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth El-Baki et al.Puebla 2004 – page 16 identified (FALCÃO-E-CUNHA et al. 1976 El-Baki et al... Yeasts.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1999 Scapinello et al.. spray-dried yeast (Saccharomyces sp. that cannot be used in rabbit nutrition is the raw guar meal (residue after extraction of the guar gum) even when it's introduction represents only 25% of the soybean protein (Prasad et al.. the only solution is to discard this protein source from rabbit nutrition. spray-dried yeast (Sacchomyces cerevisiae) yeast Candida utilis Nb Levels 2 4 4 3 Highest level studied 12% 30% ~10% Acceptable level <12% 10% ~10% substituted mainly to soybean meal oil cakes fodder yeast Evaluation on growth growth growth growth Authors Battaglini et al. protein c. 4% 4% cerevisiae . leaf protein and other protein concentrates The only raw material of this heterogeneous group. 1997 Carregal et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1990 growth Furlan et al.. 1974 Aggarwal et al.. Table 10.40% substituted mainly to fish meal soybean meal soybean m. 1987 Coppings et al..F.. 1988 Handa et al. 1990 Halga.. which is a source or energy (lactose)..... 1997 El-Adawy. poultry offals animal protein meat meal fish meal fodder yeast no milk fish meal soybean meal barley basal diet barley Evaluation Authors on growth Sahu et al. The only noticeable exception is the whey. 1986 Fotso et al. fish meal soybean m. 1990 Masoero et al. All the tested products seem to be usable. enzymatically digested fish meal krill meal leather hydrolysates meat meal milk (dried skimmed) milk (dried skimmed) milk (dried skimmed) poultry viscera meal rumen liquor sediment (dried) rumen liquor sediment (dried) silkworm chrysalis meal (Bombix mori) whey (dried) whey (dried) whey (dried) ± viable cells whey (fresh liquid sweet whey) whey (hydrolysed condensed) Nb Levels 2 5 Highest level studied 10% 100% of soybean meal ~12% 6% 30% 16% 6% 4% 10% 5% 16% 15% 8% 20% 20% 100% of soybean meal 20% 5% 5% 60%DM 6. 2000 Niedzwiadek et al. 1982 Colina et al. 1996 Fekete et al. 8th World Rabbit Congress .. 1977 Sahu et al. 1981 Verita et al. the hydrolysed leather or feather residues included.Puebla 2004 – page 17 For the other protein concentrates.. 2001 El-Adawy. Animal products Most of animal products experimented in rabbit nutrition were tested as source of protein. fresh or dried.. 1990 Ahlawat et al. 1991 Blas et al.. 1997 Orozco Almanza et al.40% Acceptable level 10% 50% of soybean meal ~12% 6% 30% 16% 6% 4% 10% 5% 16% 15% 8% 15% 10% 100% of soybean meal 20% 0% 5% 40%DM 6.. 1980 Masoero et al. 1982 2 5 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 6 4 2 3 4 3 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth plasma choleste rol preweaning growth growth breeding growth growth growth growth growth growth . the main limiting factor seems to be the protein quality when no correction of the amino acids balance was made at the occasion of the substitution. Ingredient blood meal cattle hide scrap (hydrolysed meal) earthworms meal from Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus extruded hatchery waste feather meal.. : Experiments on animal products incorporation in rabbit feeding. 1989 Masoero et al... 2002 Forage studied for rabbit nutrition In the forage group we have included about 80 raw materials. dried leaves Acacia saligna.5% 0% Substituted mainly to soybean m.. growth 1992 growth Eleraky et al. When the protein level of the basal diet was very low (12% or less) a real utilisation of urea or biuret was generally demonstrated (table 11). dried leaves Nb Levels 5 4 3 4 Highest level studied 20% 60% 30% 30% Acceptable level 20% 40% 30% 30% substituted mainly to concentrate basal diet clover hay (berseem) EvaluaAuthors tion on growth Igwebuike et al.6 5.F.5% 3% Acceptable level 1. Experiments on the incorporation of industrial non-protein nitrogen sources in rabbit feeding. the non-proteic source was valueless. Table 11. 1996 growth El-Gendy.6% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0. 1988b Gioffre et al. 1976 Okeke. Most of them can be used in rabbit nutrition..3 1% 1.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . fish meal fish meal ground nut cake groundnut cake addition Evaluation on N retention N retention growth N retention breeding breeding growth growth growth Authors Gioffre et al. 1975 Niedzwiadek et al. the only positive result is that it demonstrates that rabbits can tolerate up to 2% urea in their ration without trouble.. Ingredient biuret oxycellurea urea urea urea urea urea urea urea Nb Levels 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 Highest level studied 1. Ingredient Acacia albida pods Acacia saligna Acacia saligna. (1985) which have worked with extracted mimosine to determine the acceptable level of this toxic amino acid.. In this case..5 2% 2% 0. 1999 Abdel-Samee et al. 1983 Singh et al. many experiments were conducted to try to replace in rabbit feeding true proteins by industrial non proteic compounds.50% 1. They also correspond to the whole or a part of the vegetative apparatus of plants harvested when growing.. These feed ingredients have in common a chemical composition relatively close to nutritional recommendations. 1988b Abou-Ashour et al. 1983 Gioffre et al. 1988b Niedzwiadek et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1999a Continuation on next page => ... Table 12.75% 1.. But when the basal diet has 13-14% of true protein or more.Puebla 2004 – page 18 Urea and other non protein sources of nitrogen Because rabbit's caecal flora can use urea to synthesise true proteins (SALSE et al. 1990 Zhou et al.. Experiments on forages incorporation in rabbit feeding. even those with antinutrional factors such Leucaena leucocephala (20 experiments in the table 12) For this specific forage we have also include the study of SZYSZKA et al. 1977). 1988 Mendes et al. 2000b Fomunyam. 1976a Fedeli Avanzi et al. 2000a Corino et al. 8th World Rabbit Congress ... dried 3 10% 10% azolla (sun dried) 4 36% 24% Azolla filiculoides (sun dried) 4 36% 12% 100% of 50% of Azolla filiculoides dried meal 3 soybean soybean meal meal Azolla pinnata (sun dried) 4 60% 20% banana leaves (fresh green) 4 60% DM 40% DM barley whole plant. 1977 Polidori et al. 1982 Auxilia et al. 1985 El-Adawy et al... 1996 ~75% ~75% 100% of 100% of Cynodon Cynodon dactylon dactylon 37% 3% 45% 35% 60% 28% 3% 0% 20% 60% growth El-Kerdawy et al. fresh green 5 40% 30% artichoke leaves... 2000 Grandi et al.. 1992a Omole et al. 1992 Rohilla et al.. 1985 Champe et al. 1996 Bonomi et al.. 1993 Rohilla et al. Forages (continuation N° 1) amaranth meal (vegetative 5 60% 15% parts) Amaranthus ~40% 0% hypochondriachus sun dried Arachis glabrata perennial 100% of 100% of 2 groundnut plant lucerne lucerne Arachis pintoi pinto peanut.. 1976 Shqueir et al. 1983 Daniels et al. 1976 A-Eleraky. dried Bauhinia variegata tree leaves (fresh) bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) berseem hay (Trifolium alexandrinum) berseem silage (Trifolium alexandrinum) birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) Boehmeria nivea hay (ramie hay) Bromus catharticus hay (first cut) broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) cabagge (fresh) cabbage (fresh) cabbage residues (fresh) Cajanus cajan hay Cajanus cajan hay (guandu hay) carrot leaves carrot roots (fresh) carrot tops (sun dried) carrot tops (sun dried) 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 5 3 4 3 3 2 4 2 5 2 2 3 4 35% 28% 35% to appetite ~20% 100% of lucerne 100% of lucerne 100% of fresh berseem 32% 50% 24% 100% 25% 24% 35% 28% 35% ~15% DM 0% 100% of lucerne 100% of lucerne 100% of fresh berseem 32% 25% 24% 40% 15% 24% lucerne lucerne lucerne basal diet lucerne clover hay basal diet soybean meal lucerne basal diet meadow hay cereal meal hay (meadow ?) basal diet lucerne lucerne lucerne fresh berseem lucerne lucerne concentrate maize mixed cereals basal diet Cynodon dactylon hay lucerne stylosanthes mixed cereals berseem hay - growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth angora growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Alfaro et al. 1980 Grandi. 1998 Nieves et al.... 1998 Nieves et al. 1992 Crespi et al.. 1983 Huang et al. 2001 Abdella et al. 4 30% 10% dried Arachis pintoi. 2000 El-Ayouty et al. 1998 Gualtieri et al... 1999 Abou-Zeid et al.. dried barley whole plant.....F...... 1992 Continuation on next page => .Puebla 2004 – page 19 Table 12. 1987 Harris et al. 1981a Gomez-de-Varela et al. 1984 Negi et al.. dried 2 15% 15% Arachis pintoi. 1984 Fedeli Avanzi et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1985 Moura et al. dried barley whole plant. 1988 Wittouck et al.... 1986 Gidenne. 1983 Continuation on next page => . 1998 Scapinello et al. 1983 Marai et al. 1982 Negi et al. Forages (continuatioN° 2) carrot tops (sun dried) cassava leaves and stems hay cassava leaves and stems meal cassava leaves Manihot esculenta cassava leaves meal (dried) cassava leaves meal dried Cassia tora (tropical legume forage) Cistus ladanifer flour Clitoria ternata (tropical legume forage) clover hay coconut (spent part after preparation of coconut milk) Commelina benghalensis (stems and leaves) Crotalaria ochroleuca. 1981b Fotso et al. 1999 Rao et al...... 1985b Magouze et al.. air dried Desmodium distortum Desmodium distortum (tropical legume forage) fodder beet leaves (fresh) Gliricidia leaf meal Gliricidia maculata leaves. 1999 Harris et al. 1986 Ngodigha et al. 2000 Toson et al.) 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 3 75% of soybean meal protein 30% 50% 40% 42% 40% 100% of lucerne 24% 100% of lucerne 60% 30% 40% 45% 40% 100% of lucerne ~40% 15% 27% ~10% DM 100% barley protein to appetite 50% 100% 27% 100% 27% 18% 75% of soybean meal protein ~40% 100% of lucerne 75% of soybean meal protein 10-20% 50% 0% 42% 40% 100% of lucerne 24% 100% of lucerne 20% 0% 40% 15-30% 40% 100% of lucerne ~40% 5% 27% 10% 0% ~15% DM 20% 50% 27% ~10% 27% 0% 75% of soybean meal protein ~40% 0% of lucerne soybean meal clover hay lucerne poultry offals & wheat bran copra meal lucerne lucerne lucerne basal diet sunflower meal lucerne lucerne concentrate berseem meal concentrate barley basal diet wheat bran basal diet berseem meal concentrate berseem meal basal diet soybean meal lucerne lucerne growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Magouze et al. 1981b Cheeke et al....Puebla 2004 – page 20 Table 12... 2000 Ravindran et al....... 2000 Harris et al. 1984 Cheeke et al.. 1986 Onwudike. 1985 Aduku et al. 1998 2 2 growth growth Harris et al. 1986 Bamikole et al. 1999 breeding Herbert. dried Gliricidia maculata leaves. 1994 Laswai et al. 1998 growth growth growth angora growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Rao et al. 1994 Rao et al.. sepium) Grevia oppositifolia leaves Grewia optiva tree leaves (fresh) groundnut haulms groundnut haulms groundnut hay guinea grass (Panicum maximum) hay hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves horse bean leaves.. 1986 Cheeke et al...F. fresh (=G.. 1995 Sastry et al. 1983 Zamora Lozano et al.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . sun dried (Vicia faba) Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) kudzu (Pueraria spp. 1979 Eekeren et al. 1983 growth Bassuny et al. 1981a Gomez-de-Varela et al... 1991 Mtenga et al.. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. . Forages (continuation N°3) kudzu (Pueraria ryegrass 4 50% 25% growth Randhir et al. 1998 leaves fresh Leucaena leucocephala 4 24% 24% wheat bran growth Muir et al.F... 2000 leaves (treated : heated. 1996a leaves dried Leucaena leucocephala 5 20% 15% lucerne growth Ghazalah et al. mimosine extracted from 4 0. 1980 barley & breeding Fernandez-Carmona et lucerne hay 3 96% 92% soybean m.. 1994 leaves dried 20% or Leucaena leucocephala 0% basal diet growth Mtenga et al... 1994 2 40% leaves dried hard wheat Leucaena leucocephala growth Parigi-Bini et al. 2001 lettuce (dried at 25-35°C) 3 20% 20% beet pulp growth Goby et al. 2000 Continuation on next page => ... 8th World Rabbit Congress .39% 0.26% basal diet growth Szyszka et al... 1990 meal Leucaena leucocephala leaf untreated meal with mimosin converted 3 60% 0% growth Tangendjaja et al. 5 20% heated silage.... 1985 seeds of … Leunae cornuta stems and 2 40% 40% basal diet growth Mtenga et al.Puebla 2004 – page 21 Table 12. 1996a 1. 1995 2 DM leaves fresh mash Leucaena leucocephala growth Onwuka et al.2% FeCl3 Leucaena leucocephala 2 15% 15% growth Nieves et al. 2003 Leucaena leucocephala hay 6 23% 23% lucerne growth Scapinello et al.. leaves into DHP Leucaena leucocephala 20% growth Awosanya et al... LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1998 leaves dried Leucaena leucocephala leaves dried and treated with 3 50% 50% basal diet growth Gupta et al. 1987 pregnanc lucerne dried 2 96% 96% basal diet Pascual et al. 1995 whole plant Leucaena leucocephala 3 30% 30% basal diet growth Mtenga et al. 1983 lucerne dried 3 40% 40% growth Reddy.. 2001 leaves dried Leucaena leucocephala 2 20% 0% growth Nieves et al.. 2000 cultivar «Cunningham» Leucaena leucocephala leaf 4 60% 0% growth Tangendjaja et al.... 1990 Leuc. at 30°C al. 1994 thunbergiana) vine hay lettuce (dried at 25-35°C) 4 30% 30% basal diet growth Goby et al. 1992 leaves fresh ~10% Leucaena leucocephala 0% concentrate growth Onwudike. 1984 4 30% 30% bran leaves dried Leucaena leucocephala 3 50% 25% basal diet growth Gupta et al. sundried) Leucaena leucocephala 5 20% 15% growth El-Galil et al.. 2002 ies lucerne dried 2 50% 50% basal diet growth Payne et al... 1983 lucerne dried 5 40% 40% growth Cheeke et al. 1992 3 50% <30% concentrate leaves fresh Leucaena leucocephala 4 60% DM 40% DM basal diet growth Rohilla et al. 1999 leaves fresh other Leucaena leucocephala breeding Muir et al. 1995 2 24% 0% forages leaves fresh Leucaena leucocephala.. 1994 leaves (wild lettuce) Lolium perenne (ray grass) 3 14% 14% lucerne growth Grandi. 2000 Leucaena leucocephala hay 6 22% 22% lucerne growth Scapinello et al... . fluitans Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Psophocarpus tetragonolobus hay rape (fresh) Robinia pseudoacacia . 1999 Sanjiv et al... dried maize whole plant.. 1992 Dahlan et al. 1978 Harris et al... 2000c Meena et al. 2000 Auxilia et al. black locust leaves meal Robinia pseudoacacia leaves Robinia pseudoacacia leaves Robinia pseudoacacia leaves (partially sun dried) Robinia pseudoacacia leaves (dried) ryegrass 3 96% 0% barley & soybean m. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1980 Masoero et al. 1990 El-Gendy. 1979 Polidori et al.. 1983 Continuation on next page => ...+ Pennisetum basal diet basal diet basal diet 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 5 3 21 4 4 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 50% 40% 100% of lucerne 100% of fresh berseem 28% 40% 40% 40% 35% 35% 70% 40% 50% 38% 50% 100% fresh forage 45% 100% 40% 8% 40% 22% 21% 40% 40% 100% ~33% DM 75% 50% growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Perez et al. 1983 4 35% best with lucerne low 0.6% concentra.. 1999b Cheeke et al.... 2000 at ~22°C growth Auxilia et al..Puebla 2004 – page 22 Table 12.. 1977 Auxilia et al. dried Morus alba mulberry fresh leaves Morus alba mulberry fresh leaves Neonotonia wightii hay (perennial soya) oat plant meal oats + vetch forage. bran & barley lucerne lucerne mixed cereals lucerne lucerne Concentr.. 1990 El-Sayaad et al.dried maize whole plant... 1985 Fedeli Avanzi et al. ensiled orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) seed screening palm frond leaves (oil palmtree) poplar leaves (Populus tremuloides) Potamogeton natans L.. 2001 Kennou et al. 1979 Auxilia et al. 1976 Harris et al. 2000 Bhatt et al. 1992b Grandi. dried maize whole plant. 1984 Cheeke et al. 1980 Rohilla et al. 1984 Seroux et al.. 1983 El-Ayouty et al. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1984 Singh et al. 1992b Bhatt et al. 1999 Crespi et al. dried maize whole plant. breeding Pascual et al.... 1982 Polidori et al.. dried maize whole plant. dried maize whole plant . dried lucerne.. var. 1994 Ayers et al.. dehydrated after ensiling lupin (Lupinus albus) as green forage Macroptilium lathyroides (tropical legume forage) maize silage (whole plant) maize whole plant. 2000 growth Payne et al.F. Forages (continuation N°4) lucerne hay lucerne with high saponins concentration. saponin of saponin in diet 0% 20% 100% of lucerne 100% of fresh berseem 28% 40% 40% 40% 35% 35% 70% 40% 50% 38% 25% 100% fresh forage 45% <<50% 40% 8% 0% 22% 21% 0% 0% 100% ~ 17% DM 75% 50% lucerne basal diet lucerne fresh berseem cereal meal maize maize hay hay (meadow ?) wheat grain & straw concentrate basal diet lucerne basal diet same fresh green forage lucerne basal diet lucerne lucerne.. 1981b Grandi et al... 1986 Abu et al. 1995 Ghazalah et al.. 1998 El-Adawy et al. common vetch sun dried Vigna umbellata (ricebeans) green Vigna unguiculata cowpea testa... 1992 Sreemannarayana et al. Forages (continuation N°5) ryegrass straw (NH3 treated) Schleichera oleosa leaf meal seaweed (Ulva fasciata) dried seaweed (Ulva fasciata) dried Sesbania aegyptica (dried leaves) star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) Stylosanthes Stylosanthes hamata cv. 1989 Harris et al.. 1996 Biobaku et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report...F.. dried Vigna unguiculata owpea leaves... 1981a Grandi et al. 1999 Cucchiara. 1991 Auxilia et al. 1977 . 1991 breeding Moreland et al. 1995 Sreemannarayana et al.. 1981b Bamikole et al. sun dried water haycinth (Eichhornia crassipes) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) prebloom stage water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) dried water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) dried leaves water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) dried wheat whole plant (dried) 2 3 4 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 4 2 3 5 3 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 20% 10% 15% 15% 20% ~40% 40% 100% 35% 40% 27% 100% 50% 30% 60% ~25% 80% 75% of soya protein 100% of lucerne 10% 12% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 28% 20% 10% 15% 5% 15% 0% 0% 50% 35% 0% 27% 80% 0% 30% 60% ~50% 60% 0% of soya protein 0% of lucerne 10% 12% 30% 30% 10-20% 30% 30% 30% 28% rygrass straw basal diet concentrate basal diet lucerne basal diet lucerne concentrate lucerne lucerne berseem meal sweet potato roots basal diet lucerne growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Aderibigbe et al. 2001 Grandi et al...Puebla 2004 – page 23 Table 12.. 2000 Grandi... 1999 Magouze et al. 1988 lucerne hay breeding Lopez et al... 1991 growth growth growth growth growth Zeweil et al.. 2000 Harris et al... 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1981a Rao et al. 1991 Eleraky et al. 1999 Bhatt et al. 2001 Raju et al.. 1996b Sese et al. 1996 basal diet poultry mash soybean meal lucerne lucerne lucerne lucerne barley basal diet cereal growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Gupta et al... 1998 Ramchurn et al. 1983a Moreland et al. 1993 Biobaku et al.... Verano hay sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) sunflower leaves sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea) dried sweet potato tops tall fescue hay Trifolium pratense red clover hay Vicia sativa. 2001 Parigi-Bini et al. 1984 Huang et al... Ingredient barley straw barley straw barley straw (NaOH or NH3 treated) barley straw (NaOH treated) barley straw (NaOH treated) barley straw (NH3 treated) rice straw (5% NaOH treated) rice straw (NaOH treated or not) rice straw fermented with Trichoderma sp.. 1984 Lebas et al.. 1982 Continuation on next page => . The normal incorporation level can be increase up to 15-20% with satisfactory results..... 1999 Masoero et al. 1996a breeding Bielanski et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report... 1979 breeding Lindeman et al..Puebla 2004 – page 24 Cereal straws (alkali treated or not) Straws have generally a poor nutritive value for rabbits. 1987 Masoero et al. but this type of raw material may be an excellent source of fibre. 1988a Radwan et al. 1984 Gioffre et al. With higher level it is clearly impossible to formulate a balanced diets. 1995 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth breeding growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth digest. growth Partridge et al. 1983 Radwan et al. 1983 Jensen... 1978 Lebas et al. 1984 Abd-Ellah.F.. 1995 Bielanski et al. 1983 growth Ben Rayana et al.... & Azotobacter chroococcum wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw wheat straw (NaOH treated) wheat straw (NaOH 4-8% treated ) wheat straw (NaOH or NH3 treated) wheat straw (NaOH or NH3 treated) wheat straw (NaOH or NH3 treated) wheat straw (NaOH treated or not) wheat straw (NaOH treated) wheat straw (NaOH treated) wheat straw (NaOH treated) Nb Levels 4 2 4 4 4 4 3 5 3 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 5 2 2 2 2 5 3 2 4 Highest level studied 45% 10% 45% 18% 45% 45% 25% 30% 25% 10% 10% 19% 20% 10% 10% 20% 15% 30% 50% 25% 25% 12% 12% 12% 30% 20% 10% 30% Acceptable level 15% 10% 0% 18% 15% 15% 15% 30% 25% 10% 10% 19% 13% 10% 10% 20% 15% 0% 0% 20% 25% 12% 12% 12% 30% 20% 10% 30% substituted mainly to basal diet lucerne untreated straw lucerne basal diet basal diet lucerne lucerne hay wheat bran grass meal grass meal lucerne lucerne hay lucerne basal diet meadow hay basal diet lucerne straw grass meal grass meal lucerne hay untreated straw untreated straw EvaluaAuthors tion on growth Radwan et al. 1990 Bielanski et al. 1988 King. 8th World Rabbit Congress .. Alkali treatment which makes soluble one part of lignins may sometime improve the nutritive value. Table 13. but it also modify the "fiber" ability of treated straw to provide fibre component necessary for digestive health control (table1 part 2). 1975 Payne et al.. 1983 Lebas et al.. 1994 Pomytko et al. 1996b growth growth growth growth Guermandi. 1996a Bielanski et al.. 1978 Lebas et al... 1978 Gippert et al. Experiments on straw (alkali treated or not) incorporation in rabbit feeding. 1983 Sfairopoulos et al. 1996b Franck et al.. cobs. Straws (continuation) wheat straw (NaOH treated) wheat straw (NH3 treated) wheat straw (treated 2% NaOH) wheat straw (untreated) wheat straw ± treated 2 2 4 4 4 50% 50% 30% 30% 20% 50% 0% 30% 30% 20% untreated straw untreated straw lucerne lucerne growth growth growth growth growth Payne et al.... Nevertheless for formulation it must be taken in account that fibrous cell walls composition vary widely from one source to the other (SAUVANT et al. 1990 Evans et al. …) or for industry (wood for sawing or paper production. Experiments on hulls.F.. husks... 2003 Lebas et al. the utilisation of the cover of some dried grains may provide fibres of different qualities. 1988 Martina.. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1988 Ridzwan et al. 1980 Chiofalo et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report. 1984 Hulls. 1984 Payne et al. 1990 growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth breding growth growth growth growth growth growth Gippert et al. 2002). 1983 Gippert et al. 2003 El-Gamal. 1988 Tag-El-Din et al. 1982 Raharjo et al.Puebla 2004 – page 25 Table 13.. 1984 Mercier et al... stalks.. 1980 Mercier et al. 1983 Martina.. husks..…) . 1988 El-Gamal. 1983 Gippert et al. 1995 A-Eleraky... 1993 Ridzwan et al. Most of these products may be used widely in rabbit nutrition (table 14) and the acceptable incorporation level may be increased up to 1520% as it is for straws. 1981 Lebas et al.. 1984 Industrial by products used mainly as fibre source The treatment of vegetable products for human consumption (tomatoes for juices or sauces. … incorporation in rabbit feeding. grapes for wine... Ingredient almond hulls beans straw (Phaseolus vulgaris ?) cocoa-pod husks cocoa-pod husks maize cobs maize cobs maize cobs [corn cobs] maize stalk maize stalk [corn stalk] peanut hulls peanut skins rapeseed hulls rapeseed hulls rice hulls soybean hulls soybean hulls sunflower hulls sunflower hulls sunflower husks Nb Levels 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 2 6 2 3 4 3 6 Highest level studied 60% 10% 30% 25% 20% 42% 20% 30% 20% 18% 39% 40% 20% 30% 10% 20% 20% 20% 25% Acceptable level 40% 10% 30% 25% 10% 14% 10% 20% 20% 12% 0% 40% 0% 10% 10% 20% 15% 20% 18% substituted mainly to lucerne lucerne Berseem hay lucerne clover hay lucerne berseem hay berseem hay lucerne wheat & straw lucerne lucerne basal diet EvaluaAuthors tion on growth Aderibigbe et al.. 1999 Gippert et al. and that a mixture of various fibre sources is frequently the only solution to meet the qualitative recommendations during rabbits diet formulation. Table 14. 1996 Marai et al. 1979 Gippert et al.. corn and stalks Parallel to that of straw. ... 1981b Bagliacca et al.50% 30% 30% 40% 10% 15% 20% 15% growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth Ayers et al.. dried barley screenings brewer's grains. but the risk of mycotoxins presence (LEBAS et al.Puebla 2004 – page 26 produces a lot of fibrous by-products which can be used in rabbit nutrition..50% 30% 30% 40% 10% 15% 20% 15% lucerne beet pulp lucerne lucerne basal diet lucerne lucerne soybean meal & wheat bran lucerne lucerne maize offals Evaluation on growth Authors alder bark (Alnus) Ayers et al..F. 1999).. 1980 Bonanno et al. 1992a alder sawdust (Alnus) apple pomace (dried) apple pomace (dried) apple pomace (dried) artichoke bracts. dried brewer's grains. most of the others can be used at 15-20% and sometimes up to 30% (table 15). 1988a Alicata et al. Experiments on industrial by-products used mainly as source of fibre in rabbit feeding. 1993 Continuation on next page => . 1999 Grandi et al. 1998). 1992a El-Sayaad et al... 1995 Schurg et al.. the first precaution is to study its industrial process of production and storage and to evaluate the risk of mycotoxins presence. 1999 Cavani et al. their main problem is not the proportion of such or such nutrient... Nevertheless according to our experience on the practical utilisation of products of this group. 1983c Harris et al.. 1996 Parigi-Bini et al.. 1995 Evans et al. dried brewer's grains. 1980 Garcia et al.g... For this reason before to try to use one product of this category in rabbit feeding.. 1999 Maertens et al. date pits – ABOU-ELA et al. 1983 Omole et al.... 1992 growth Abu et al. 1992a Gippert et al. 1980 Schurg et al. 1997 Aboul-Ela et al.. 1988 Sawal et al. 1988a 3 2 2 4 4 10% 8% 25% 45% 10% 10% 8% need of balanced diets 45% 10% growth growth growth growth Grandi.. 1994 El-Sayaad et al. 1980 Motta Ferreira et al. dried artichoke bracts.. 1987 Ayers et al. Table 15. 30% & maize 30% basal diet 0% 3.. Even if some of them have no interest as feed source (e. Effectively these products are generally damp when produced and they are rarely processed quickly enough to avoid mouldy developments. dried date pits eggplant (Solanum melongena) waste from the freezing industry grape pomace grape pomace grape pomace grape pomace grape seed meal (defatted) grape seed meal (dehulled) grape seed meal (whole) marrow (Cucurbita pepo) industrial waste malt oak sawdust (Quercus) orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) seed screening palm oil mill effluent (dried) 2 3 4 5 3 3 2 4 2 2 5 3 2 4 6 2 2 3 2 25% 20% 30% 50% 30% 20% 20% 45% 30% 30% 20% 6. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.. 1976b Berchiche et al.. Ingredient Nb Levels 2 Highest level studied 25% Accepsubstituted table mainly to level need of balanced lucerne diets need of balanced lucerne diets 20% lucerne 11% 30% 15% lucerne 20% 20% lucerne 15% soybean m. 8th World Rabbit Congress . receptacle and central core tea marc tobacco fibrous residues after removal of protein fractions tomato pomace (dried) tomato pomace (dried) tomato pomace (dried) tomato pomace (dried) tomato pomace (dried) tomato processing residues tomato skins without seeds tomato skins and seeds tomato skins and seeds tomato skins and seeds vine residues (dried) 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 25% 25. 1995 El-Razik.5% 15% 10% 15% 10% 8% 18% 24% 10% 50% 10% 20% 13% 20% <<10% 10% 20% 20% 5% hay lucerne lucerne concentrate maize lucerne wheat bran & lucerne oats oats lucerne lucerne - growth growth growth growth King. Toulouse) for her valuable help in the CAB International Internet interrogation... 1983 CONCLUSION This invited report has been for the author the occasion to propose a practical updated table of nutrients recommendations for rabbits feeding. 1992a Olumeyan et al. dried 5 20% 12% maize rumen content.... 1978b Battaglini et al. 1989 Omole et al. Acknowledgments The author would particularly like to thank Mrs Sylvie COMBES (INRA Rabbit Research Station. 1993 Caro et al. 1988 Sawal et al. LEBAS Reflections on rabbit nutrition – Invited report.... 1979 Radwan. 1989 Battaglini et al. 8th World Rabbit Congress . 1983 Lebas. 1981b Fayek et al. .F. 1991 Costantini et al. as complete as possible. 1988 Caro et al. It may be risky to use the highest acceptable levels mentioned in tables 3 to 15 for a specific raw material without reading of original papers... 1996 Rojas et al. sun-dried sawdust sawdust sawdust sawdust (4%NaOH treated) sawdust (urea-treated) sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) discarded stalk. 1983b Eekeren et al. 1996 Abd-El-Rahman et al. 1996 Martina.... if some raw material were extensively studied and don’t need more experiments (wheat or barley straw for example). 1978b Alicata et al. 1989 Marai et al..5% 20% 10% 10% 8% 18% 24% 40% 50% 10% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 20% 20% 10% 15% 8. In addition... 1983d growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth growth angora growth growth growth growth growth growth growth breeding growth Ayers et al. 1988b Alicata et al. 1989 Grandi et al.. 1980 Grandi et al.. 1994 Fayek et al. for many others new experiments would be welcome. 1996 Gippert et al. 1976 Schurg et al. source of fibre (continuation) paper (ground paper) 2 10% 10% hay paper (ground salvaged 3 20% 20% lucerne paper) pear pomace 2 10% 10% peas (Pisum sativum) waste 3 10% 10% lucerne from the pea processing industry need of Robinia pseudoacacia bark 2 25% balanced lucerne diets rumen content.Puebla 2004 – page 27 Table 15 : Industrial by-products.. The long list of ingredients studied for rabbit feeding must be considered mainly as an annotated list of references on the subject... DIM N. ONIFADE A. ABDEL-SAMEE A. NJOKU P. 1998. ... 1990.. .. nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of rabbit fed sweet potato based diets.. 1996.Puebla 2004 – page 28 REFERENCES ABDELLA M. F. CHEEKE P.. French. KANSAL V. Evaluating date pits as a waste product of food industries in feeding NZW rabbits. ABU O. Effect of addition of brewer's yeast to soy protein and casein on plasma cholesterol levels of rabbits. Inclusion of rumen contents in rations for rabbits. 1999. Milchwissenschaft 46:766-769. N. 1999. AGANGA A. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 44:18-22. Cassava peels and leaves in the diet of rabbits: effect on performance and carcass characteristics. . GAD A. ABU O. O. . O. AGUNBIADE J. FASINA O. Using some of unusual waste vegetable oils as fat supplements in growing rabbit rations. A. EL-SAYAAD G. OHAZURIKE N. M. GHAZAL F. AFRIS. TEWE O. 1989. 1992. ABD-ELLAH A. EL-GENDY K... N. O. M. A. ABU O.htm (consultation of 15th May 2004) AGGARWAL A. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science 2:13-22. 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