Quartz

QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS66 Quartz & Other Silica Minerals he term `quartz' is often referred to as a synonym for silica. Silica (SiO2) is one of the ubiquitous materials in the earth's crust. Quartz, quartz crystals, quartzite, silica sand, sand (others) and moulding sand are all coined together in one generic name 'silica minerals'. This is because all these commodities are essentially crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2) with variations mostly related to their crystalline structure and presence of minor or trace impurities. Silica occurs in several forms giving rise to different varieties. Crystalline Varieties The important varieties of crystalline quartz are vein quartz (massive crystalline quartz); milky quartz (white, translucent to opaque); ferruginous quartz (containing brown limonite and red haematite and almost opaque); aventurine quartz (containing glistening flakes of mica or haematite); cat's eye (opalescent greenish quartz with fibrous structure); rock crystal (clear, colourless, well-crystallised transparent quartz); amethyst (clear-purple or violet-blue), transparent quartz; rose quartz; smoky quartz; etc. Occurrences of massive crystalline quartz in veins or pegmatites have been recorded in almost all the states. Clastic or Granular Varieties These varieties include sand consisting largely of unconsolidated quartzose grains (0.06 mm to 2 mm diameter), gravel consisting of largely unconsolidated coarse quartzose grains or pebbles (2 mm to 8 mm in diameter), sandstone and quartzite. The occurrences are reported from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, etc. The silica sand from Naini area in Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh is of a very high quality. Cryptocrystalline Varieties This group includes chalcedony, agate, jasper, onyx, flint and chert. These varieties appear noncrystalline (amorphous) in hand specimens, but under microscope show double refraction which reveals their concealed crystalline nature. These varieties are reported from Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Punjab. The most important occurrences of agate are in Ratnapur, Rajpipla area and T further west between Tapi and Narmada rivers in Bharuch district, Gujarat, where it is found as pebbles in varying sizes associated with clay washed down with the river flow. Other occurrences of economic importance are reported from Amravati, Aurangabad, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Nashik and Pune districts in Maharashtra; beds of Krishna and Godavari rivers in Andhra Pradesh; Dumka district in Jharkhand; Dhar, Mandsaur, Sihore and Shahdol districts in Madhya Pradesh; and Kachchh district in Gujarat. RESOURCES As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2005, the total resources of quartz and silica sand in the country are estimated at 3,238 million tonnes out of which 24% i.e. 771 million tonnes are placed under reserves category while 76% i.e. 2,467 million tonnes are placed under remaining resources category. Resources of foundry and moulding grades are 20%, glass grade 10%, ceramic & pottery grade 10% and ferro-silicon grade 6%. About 53% resources are of unclassified, others and not known grades. Haryana alone accounts for about 56% resources, followed by Rajasthan (8%), Jharkhand (5%), Maharashtra (5%), Tamil Nadu (5%), Andhra Pradesh (5%), Kerala (4%), Gujarat (3%), Uttar Pradesh (3%), Karnataka (2%) and Orissa (2%) (Table - 1). The total resources of quartzite in the country as per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are estimated as 1,145 million tonnes of which reserves are about 99 million tonnes (about 9%) and remaining resources are 1,046 million tonnes (about 91%). Bulk resources of about 54% are located in Haryana followed by Bihar (24%), Punjab (7%), Orissa (5%) and Jharkhand (3%). Resources of refractory grade are 26%, ceramic & pottery grade 19% and BF grade 6%. Remaining 49% resources are of low, unclassified, others and not known grades (Table - 2). EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT Exploration for quartz and silica minerals was c o n d u c t e d b y D M G, R a j a s t h a n , H a r y a n a , Jharkhand, DGM, Maharashtra, DMM, West Bengal, CGM, Gujarat and DG, Orissa. Details of exploration carried out for quartz and other silica minerals during 2006-07 and 2007-08 are given in Table - 3(A) and Table - 3 (B), respectively. 66-1 Table – 1 : Reserves/Resources of Quartz and Silica Sand as on 1.4.2005 (By Grades/States) (In '000 tonnes) Reserves Probable STD121 190580 17065 4434 533 2018 27314 112 992 137285 826 7717 3111 138259 980 3464 765 11 5037 502 11668 433 18621 11 1615 305 167 161 40 33112 304 21964 129444 6222 13582 749 35 27937 990 65736 6054 2275 912 84455 727 51442 267900 14414 32321 2379 152 65624 2399 181145 40398 26991 1162 22 307 959 20 2442 114776 941 1504 1626 524 96 5351 4476 2248 5114 457 1736 7708 96071 1223 1829 1753 75 29079 3964 73 2992 5924 2144 27839 428 64 80 14611 47 66 3387 326 652 1502 2999 46300 758 80 31419 316 355 177 63077 2550 167 95837 6307 55840 1790 23378 282 18248 30017 1257938 2500 3110 135745 44397 76350 2195 52624 6906 4022 1377 69181 26828 164 51421 5203 52808 23751 7225 68995 43536 427 56720 37052 18800 135390 61889 10115 145097 148132 2993 58638 186261 22994 183 1728 399 307 10142 8845 1186 17850 26778 61494 4714 3955 12007 2924 20 26636 107155 274 1113 1941 2340 28 6334 15161 31704 1682 65589 146 9958 32080 1860 46221 94307 164197 44553 31810 122660 305281 815 865694 188443 146063 100 17 6 100 6 17 309314 771508 2618 134965 152072 55566 251843 1869517 123 STD122 STD221 STD222 2466703 190651 121940 33162 183439 488184 815 929722 272213 246579 69461 1790 23378 739 20004 45311 1543231 2928 3110 140352 48211 125759 2634 82581 7083 67362 3927 78890 130601 490 63659 5203 3238211 326041 183829 43277 328536 636315 3807 988360 458474 269573 153916 1790 23378 1466 20004 96753 1811131 2928 3110 154766 80532 128138 2786 148205 7083 69761 3927 260035 170998 490 90650 6365 Total (A) Feasibility STD211 Pre-feasibility Measured STD331 Indicated STD332 Inferred STD333 Reconnaissance Total STD334 (B) Remaining resources Total resources (A+B) Grade/State Proved STD111 All India : Total By Grades Glass Ferrosilicon Sodium silicate Ceramic and pottery Foundry and moudling Abrasive Others Unclassified Not known 271614 65516 33704 2357 74084 77282 2454 926 11924 3369 QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS 66-2 By States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal 43626 424 26367 196 7213 15276 864 106 32650 907 103741 33910 6095 239 Figures rounded off. Table – 2 : Reserves/Resources of Quartzite as on 1.4.2005 (By Grades/States) (In '000 tonnes) Reserves Remaining resources Total (A) Feasibility STD211 Pre-feasibility Measured STD331 Indicated STD332 Inferred STD333 Total (B) 1046413 656142 111326 91089 STD221 STD222 96281 1144957 98544 801 90774 Total resources (A+B) Probable STD121 STD122 46074 26051 Grade/State Proved STD111 All India 26419 By Grades 5845 10711 20036 926 97 3888 24922 275 54999 31130 197 53 66016 20935 39799 13 145 54147 2080 35206 34 18 316 48034 6240 48 153 600 52098 5737 2104 2901 2283 12096 1290 28670 1007 376 2067 1186 2057 4478 3730 1728 834 396 7750 1290 247678 91003 8458 63117 75232 126151 44503 277511 166057 8505 63606 75899 349947 104888 297547 218155 14242 2104 66507 78181 362043 106178 Refractory 3480 Ceramic/pottery 18949 Low 1000 Ferro silicon - BF - Others 701 Unclassified 2289 QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS 66-3 3496 7187 13982 89742 753 1125 1014 18 114 48 18213 11664 31902 134 1112 825 724 75 18498 289 12084 4121 16200 39 416 680 43 4075 104 1125 6114 4142 1112 28 11160 2 96165 - Not known - By States 3118 86951 197 823 22306 85333 275 234 3178 4586 5270 227568 14688 231887 38934 393 832 17 36534 78734 706 15994 4588 5270 252992 14688 590078 48 39405 393 832 17 39473 81912 724 15994 18570 5270 271205 26353 621980 182 1112 40230 1116 832 92 57971 81912 1013 17119 Andhra Pradesh 3300 Arunachal Pradesh - Bihar 16 Chhattisgarh 3402 Haryana 15702 Himachal Pradesh 95 Jammu & Kashmir - Jharkhand 409 Karnataka 43 Madhya Pradesh - Maharashtra 4 Orissa 3263 Punjab - Rajasthan 185 Sikkim - Figures rounded off. 43 million tonnes quartzite and 0. Pegmatite bodies of quartz and feldspar located.S.000 1:10.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 3(A) : Details of Exploration Activities for Quartz.000 - - - - DMG. Quartzite not suitable for refractory grade and hence resources were not estimated.5 million tonnes N/V Gopalgarh to Dhoreri. Rajasthan Alwar N/V Narka Dhauli. Pegmatite bearing area of 1760 m length x 20 m width x 15 m depth was demarcated for quartz and felspar resources.58 million tonnes sand resources near village Gadhaner and 2. Bhim & Devgarh Tehsil 1:50. Estimated 0.2 150 10 100 10 1 - - 18 Jaisalmer Karuli - - 20 28 Rajsamand Near Vill.5 million tonnes N/V Bariya Richhoti & 7.000 1:1000 1:4000 75 5 1. 1:10. Bhawanipura. Tentative resources of silica sand.5 - - 30 Chhittorgarh - - - 66-4 .31 million tonnes sand.000 Guwara. Estimated about 12. Chobriwala 1:2. 1:10. 1:10.5 million tonnes N/V Khirkhira. N/V Kundal 158 thousand tonnes and Chobriwala village 126 thousand tonnes. etc. Estimated 2. Near village Lathi deposits of silica sand demarcated. etc. Kharwar. Bhivandi.000 Bhitura Toposheet 1:10. Gopalgarh 1:2000 110 6 8.8 million tonnes of felspar. Reconnoitory Survey of approx.1:50. 1:50. etc. Estimated 0.000 Bhanwata. 2. Santhali.000 1:5. Haliakhed. Bharatpur 150 15 1 - - 24 Dausa Near villages 1:50.000 35 5 - - - Occurrences of agate located near Math Jalgaon.88 million tonnes near village Karwar.000 1:10.60 million tonnes quartz & 0. 4 sq km.76 million tonnes of ferruginous quartzite and one million tonnes of chert resources.000 Near village 1:50. N/V Jitiya.000 1:2000 100 10 100 8 0. QUARTZ/SILICA SAND DMM.000 4 - - 5 Kultanr Jambad. Kundal.000 Richhoti. Swadri.000 1:10. Quartzite and Silica Sand. Kotri Gadhaner. Maharashtra Jalna Nandi village 1:50.000 Khirkhira.000 Bhadriya. near village Bhanwata 75 thousand tonnes. Rajasthan Bhilwara - - - - Quartz width of 5 m to 30 m was exposed over a dissected strike length of about 900 m. Maramu.1 - - 30 QUARTZITE DMG. Khatanga. Bariya.000 1:50. 2006-07 Mineral/ Agency/ State/District Location Mapping Scale Area (sq km) Drilling Boreholes Meterage Sampling Remarks AGATE DGM. 1:50. West Bengal Purulia Kaliasota Mahisnadi. etc. South of village Minana in Manji Ka Gura & Uthail area of 1:50.000 No 46 I/2 1:2000 Near village Lathi.5 million tonnes inferred resources of sand out of which about 2.000 150 10 1 - - 30 Dungarpur Near village Sugwara. Estimated 0. Chidhrriyas. Kalandia Teh. Neturis -do- 1:50. etc in Pahari Tehsil. P.000 1:2. Bodka villages. Boradia. An area of 50 sq.Thekri. Gujarat Sabarkantha Golulpara.47 million tonnes.000 1:10. Bhogikatha.75 million tonnes N/V Dothana.5 - - 13 Two jasper veins located. Near village Khuhra Teh. 1:50. 1:50.000 100 10 0.km coverd by ground survey Quartz resources estimated at 11. 42 0.Silwar Khurd. 100 10 1 - - 24 Estimated about 0. 1:2000 Fatta. 1:50.000 1:10. Sialgothani. Neundi DMG. 1:2000 North of Jatra Jamtara Gariyanala. etc.000 Mayurbhanj Nuagaon. Malpur & Bayad Taluka - - - - An area of 54 sq km coverd by ground survey.etc. QUARTZ/SILICA SAND Commissioner of Geology & Mining. Katkua.38 - - 20 - Directorate of Geology Orissa Keonjhar & Kesna. Bodma.Budli 1:10. Langarbas.) 66-5 .000 & Laban. Sabarkantha & Nadiad Rambhoda. Amrit 1:50. Ubhran. Estimated quartz resources of the order of 11.000 Deola. Adipur. Jestika. Rajasthan Alwar 108 - - 83 Seven quartz bodies were identified. Maipur & Virpur Taluk - - - - Directorate of Geology. 1:50. Khata. Dothana.35 - - 6 Estimated 1. Estimated about 517 thousand tonnes of silica sand. Pokhran.47 million tonnes.82 million tonnes sand resources N/V Jeslika and 3.000 Satsal. Jharkhand Hazaribagh Charhi. 2007-08 Mineral/ Agency/ State/District Location Scale Mapping Area (sq km) Drilling Boreholes Meterage Sampling Remarks JASPER DMG. Bharatpur Near village Piruka.000 1:2. The length of quartz veins extend up to 30 m. 1:50. Magdo. 100 0.Kishangarh 1:2000 Bas. Quartzite and Silica Sand.000 Teski.000 1:2000 150 15 1 - - 33 Jaisalmer 300 10 2 - - 20 - (Contd. etc.684 million tonnes resources of quartz. Dantala.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 3 (B) : Details of Exploration Activities for Quartz.1:10. Tehsil 1:2000 Pahari & Nagar.000 Tehsil . Bhuta.000 Nagar. Rajasthan Jalore N/V Bandi 1:50. 000 Tehsil Girwa & 1:2000 Vallabhnagar - - - DMM. Domestic prices of quartz are furnished in (Table . Rajasthan 22%. Sampling Remarks Sirohi N/V Bhimana Sarupganj. PRODUCTION. STOCKS & PRICES Quartz The production of quartz at 265 thousand tonnes in 2007-08 decreased by 10% as compared to that of preceding year due to non. QUARTZITE DMG. There were 51 reporting mines in 2007-08 as against 70 in preceding year. Haryana Bhivani Kalayana. P. Besides.do - Kaliasota.000 1:10.3 (B) (Concld.3 million tonnes of silica sand resources estimated of which 21. Jharkhand 9%.5 - - - Udaipur Near Village Gurli 1:50. Pindwara Tehsil 1:50.availablity of labour.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table . etc. The average daily labour employed in quartz mines in 2007-08 was 595 as against 802 in the previous year. The share of public sector mines.) Mineral/ Agency/ State/District Karauli Location Mapping Scale N/V Saimarda Garain Khirkhira 1:50. Mahisnadi.do - Hirapur Mouza - - - - 12 . in the total output was about 2% as against 1% in the previous year.08 4 Quartz resources estimated at 1. 1:10.4 to 7). The mine-head stocks of quartz at the end of the year were 110 thousand tonnes as against 94 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year (Table . Andhra Pradesh continued to be the major producing State of quartz during the year accounting for 33% of the total production followed by Gujarat 26%.8).9).000 Bombara-Ponundi. Quartz milky in colour & bouldery to fragmented in nature.46 lakh tonnes (upto depth of 20 m). 66-6 .000 1:2000 Area (sq km) 200 20 2 Drilling Boreholes Meterage 51 A total of about 30.500 1 - - 9 Thin bands of glass sand sandwiched between sandstone layer identified. - . The share of 9 principal producers was about 60% of the total output.S. Butter 2 Band of ferruginous quartzite demarcated. There are number of pegmatite bodies exposed in the area.Maharashtra 5% and Tamil Nadu 2 percent . development work and less demand in the market.9 million tonnes was estimated in 2007-08 Estimated 5 lakh tonnes inferred category quartz resources. These Six states reported 98% of the total production during the year under review (Tables .000 1:10.000 1:2000 100 20 1 200 20 1. West Bengal Purulia Janipur Mouza (Manbazar) 1:3960 0. Kheri. Neturis 1:12. the production of quartz was also reported from 23 mines as an associated mineral. Post. P. 38. Andhra Pradesh. Smt. value in Rs.B3-14. C/o D. Jharkhand. Pattikonda. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By States) (Qty. Street. Chennai-600 001.Chandwa-829 203. Post-Teka-440 017. 38. Main Road. C/O Dolphine Mines. B. Tonk. Vaibhav Society. V. Shri Vijaya Gimpex Mining Pvt. Hyderabad. Dist. Narshimlu.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 4 : Principal Producers of Quartz. Nagpur.Kabara. Rajasthan. H. Ramana Reddy. Vaibhav Society. Sheetal Mineral. Gimpex House. Garha Minerals. 2007-08 Location of mine Name & address of producer State Sri Ram Minerals Industries. Tamil Nadu. Godhra-389 001. Panchmahal. Godhra. Solanki. Ltd.Pandya. Dist. Godhra-389 001. P. Chandwa. Gujarat. Huda Colony. Dr. Maharashtra. Post & Village . Latehar. Chanda Nagar.R. Kurnool. Suresh kumar Fakirchand Parmar. Kusumben Sureshbhai Parmar. Near Hanuman Mandir. Rajasthan District To n k Gujarat Panchmahal Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Jharkhand Latehar Andhra Pradesh Mahabubnagar Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Gujarat Panchmahal Maharashtra Nagpur Gujarat Panchmahal Table – 5 : Production of Quartz. in tones.C. Ambedkar Marg. Patthar Talawadi. 181 L. Habib Nagar. No. Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat. '000) 2005-06 State Quantity India Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Jharkhand Haryana Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu 302259 111981 910 53142 26610 237 23628 10 8338 63819 13584 Value 44036 16719 86 4479 3447 24 3032 ++ 997 7386 7866 Quantity 293660 101504 72490 33103 13004 90 15076 1600 50153 6640 Value 45134 14440 6869 3588 1063 6 3388 400 8153 7227 Quantity 264664 88180 69255 24487 2500 1562 13442 1000 58410 5828 Value 38963 11749 6361 1852 153 94 1648 250 10352 6504 2006-07 2007-08 (p) 66-7 . D. QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 6 : Production of Quartz.’000) 2006-07 State No. in tonnes.) 66-8 . 2006-07 and 2007-08 (By Sectors/States/Districts) (Qty. value in Rs. of mines 51(23) 1 50(23) 16(7) 1 2 1 (3) 5 1 3(4) 1 2 7 7 6(3) 1 (1) (1) 4(1) 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 Quanity 264664 4147 260517 88180 652 14005 33793 13314 6120 3174 280 9505 7337 69255 69255 24487 1108 604 960 18605 3210 2500 2500 1562 1562 13442 10847 2595 Value 38963 5350 33613 11749 86 1050 5052 1539 1102 836 35 1229 820 6361 6361 1852 136 71 114 1056 475 153 153 94 94 1648 1414 234 2007-08 (p) (Contd. of mines India Public sector Private sector Andhra Pradesh Khammam Krishna Kurnool Mahaboobnagar Medak Nalgonda Nellore Ranga Reddy Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Gujarat Dahod Panchamahal Jharkhand Dumka Hazaribagh Jamtara Latehar Ranchi Saraikala-Kharsawan Karnataka Bellary Tumkur Madhya Pradesh Balaghat Chhatarpur Katni Maharashtra Bhandara Chandrapur Nagpur 70(30) 1 69(30) 18(7) 2 1 1(4) 5 2 2(3) 2 1 2 9 1 8 7(3) 1 (1) (1) 4(1) 1 1 4 1 3 1(1) 1 (1) 4 3 1 Quanity 293660 4350 289310 101504 820 4460 23164 30293 9960 4022 5624 10581 12580 72490 201 72289 33103 806 2022 2114 23736 109 4316 13004 253 12751 90 80 10 15076 14599 477 Value 45134 5612 39522 14440 153 335 3544 3418 1667 1223 668 2116 1316 6869 26 6843 3588 97 247 254 27 2101 863 1063 25 1038 6 5 1 3388 3318 69 No. 26 18.24 2007-08 100.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 6 (Concld. of mines (1) (1) 7(12) 2(6) 1 1(5) (1) 3 10 1 1 4 1 1 2 Quanity 1000 1000 58410 11983 125 996 45306 5828 90 1038 242 52 177 4229 Value 250 250 10352 1955 25 119 8253 6504 27 882 127 22 27 5419 2007-08 (p) * Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines with kyanite and sillimanite.63 60.00 2007-08 1.60 5.23 29.00 2.77 4. 2006-07 & 2007-08(P) (By Frequency Group) (Qty.) 2006-07 State No.00 55. of mines Production for the group 2006-07 293660 7550 9322 59397 87467 129924 2007-08 264664 4688 5992 47686 46651 159647 Percentage in total production 2006-07 100.00 1.77 26.03 22. of mines Orissa Sundergarh Rajasthan Ajmer Alwar Bhilwara Bundi Rajsamand Udaipur To n k Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Dindugul Erode Karur Madurai Nammakal Salem (1) (1) 16(18) 8(8) 1 1(8) (2) 2 4 11 1 3 3 1 2 1 Quanity 1600 1600 50153 22266 1006 3842 1471 15 21553 6640 587 896 87 372 4698 Value 400 400 8153 3823 201 400 114 1 3614 7227 499 691 74 56 5907 No.76 100.77 2.17 20. Table – 7 : Production of Quartz.60 3.01 17. 66-9 . in tonnes) Production group No.04 39.76 44.33 Cumulative percentage 2006-07 2.67 100.00 2006-07 All Groups Up to 500 501-1000 1001-5000 5001-10000 10001 & above 70(30) 31(12) 7(6) 13(10) 11(1) 8(1) 2007-08 51(23) 23(11) 2(6) 13(4) 6 7(2) Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines. QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 8 : Mine-head Stocks of Quartz.70 315 295 75 264 370 500 150 190 2007-08(p) 825 200 1300 190 210 1450 235 150 130 47.70 NQ 400 300 125 100 85 47.o. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (Domestic Markets) (In Rs.70 NQ 400 300 125 100 85 47.5% SiO2. 3 mm (Powder) Grade A Grade B Medium Grade Market Ex-mine L. Patti (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine L. spotted 96-98.o.r.70 315 295 75 264 370 150 170 2006-07 825 200 1300 190 210 1450 235 150 130 47. N. 6 mm 96-98% SiO2. Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) f. per tonne) Grade Grade A Grade B Grade A Grade B Grade B Grade A Grade B Grade A Grade B 90% SiO2 Lump I Grade II Grade III Grade Waste 98. 2007-08 (p) (By States) (In tonnes) State India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu At the beginning of the year 93628 48594 4166 3107 6053 250 4737 237 24025 2459 At the end of the year 109919 68054 5191 2363 4607 345 2024 1005 20545 5785 Table – 9 : Prices of Quartz.5% SiO 2 80-90% SiO2 Snow-white Semi-snow-white Conglomerated (sub-grade). Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) Ex-mine MML (Karnataka) Ex-mine MML (Karnataka) Ex-mine Jamkanali (Jharkhand) 2005-06 825 200 1300 190 210 1450 235 150 130 47.r. N. Patti (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Sungakaranpatti (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Sungakaranpatti (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Agraharakunnathur (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Gudacharry (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Gudacharry (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Pugambadi (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine Pugambadi (Tamil Nadu) Ex-mine basis (Karnataka) Ex-mine Godhra (Gujarat) Ex-mine Ajmer (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Ajmer (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Ajmer (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Ajmer (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) Ex-mine Basavanagudi (Karnataka) Ex-mine Rambas (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Rambas (Rajasthan) Ex-mine Rambas (Rajasthan) f.70 80 400-450 200-250 100-125 70-90 85 47.70 315 295 75 299 370 500 150 190 66-10 . Andhra Pradesh. Chillakur .Mandal. there were 117 reporting mines as against 139 in the preceding year.O. P. P. Domestic prices of silica sand are furnished in (Table-15). Near Mahalaxmi Hall. The share of public sector in the total production was 2% in 2007-08. The average daily employment of labour in 2007-08 was 2. Ramesh Kumar. P. Bharuch. 255 A-1.O. Jharkhand Maharashtra (11%). Mine-head stocks of silica sand at the end of 2007-08 were 2625 thousand tonnes as against of 850 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year (Table-14). Asha Yadav Nagla Mukrab Teh:Kaman. Dist.. each producing less than 5000 tonnes annually (Tables-10 to 13). During 2007-08. Maharashtra. Ltd. 2007-08 Location of mine Name and address of producer State Kumaraswamy Silica Mine. the leading producing state accounted for 55% of the total production during the year followed by Rajasthan(12%). Dist. Maharashtra. Kasarda Co-operative Mining Society.Gudur-524 101. Table – 10 : Principal Producers of Silica Sand. Chittorgarh. CTQ Kankavali.. .Street. Ten principal producers accounted for about 70% of the total production. Post . Andhra Pradesh the major producing State reported an increase of about 136% in comparison with the previous year due to more production and demand.Chittorgarh. Bhavani Minerals P. Southern Silica Mine C/O P. Mohamad Sher Khan Pathan Post Sawa-312 613 Taluka.Kolhapur-416 003.167 in the previous year. Kutti Mohalla. Bharuch Gujarat. Gudur. New India Mineral Industries. O. Dist.Shivakumar Reddy 7/105. Bilong Distt. Gujarat.Ponda Ghat.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Silica Sand The production of silica sand at 3. O. The remaining 3% of the output was contributed by 59 mines. O. Nellore.931 thousand tonnes in 2007-08 increased by about 48% over the previous year due to market trend and more demand. At.325 as against 2. Post . Andhra Pradesh. ESMO Minechem Industry. Ponda Ghat-416 601. Sindhudurg 66-11 . Rajasthan. P. Gudur-524 101. East Street. Andhra Pradesh.Kankarali. About 80% of the total production of silica sand was contributed by 22 mines (including 2 associated mines). C/o Chirag Sanditext Pvt. M. Vyapar Bhawan. Sindhudurg. Gujarat. Gujarat (10%). Kasarda Dist. Bhilod-393 135 Dist. Sindhudurg. Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Highway Park Aptt. the production of silica sand was also reported as an associated mineral by three mines during the year. Nishita Mines & Minerals.O. 6/160. Bharatpur. Maharashtra. the same as in the preceding year. 16. Besides. At . Nellore. The remaining seven percent of production was the contribution of Kerala.Kasarda Taq. Dist. Kaman-393 135. Dist. Himmat Nagar-383 001.P. Ltd. Andhra Pradesh Nellore Gujarat Bharuch Maharashtra Sindhudurg Rajasthan Chittorgarh Maharashtra State Mining Maharashtra Corp. Dist. (including one associated mine) each producing five thousand to fifty thousand tonnes. Kolhapur. Andhra Pradesh District Nellore Gujarat Bharuch Gujarat Bharuch Rajasthan Bharatpur Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Nellore Sindhudurg (3%) and Karnataka 2 percent. Momidi P. Rajasthan. each mine producing more than 50 thousand tonnes annually and about 17% by 39 mines.O. P. in tones. 2006-07 and 2007-08 (By Sector/States/Districts) (Qty.) 66-12 . in tonnes.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 11 : Production of Silica Sand. 2006-07 to 2007-08 (By States) (Qty. value in Rs. of mines India Public sector Private sector Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Nellore Gujarat Bharuch Kachchh Sabarkantha Surat Surendranagar Jharkhand Sahibganj 139 (3) 4 135 (3) 38 6 32 15 (1) 12 (1) 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 (1) Quanity 2663289 45990 2616299 922686 3635 919051 607261 606811 317 50 83 119909 119909 Value 377887 13614 3642273 63753 340 63413 81186 81119 51 6 10 34901 34901 No. '000) 2006-07 State/District No. '000) 2005-06 State Quantity India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh 2369977 751093 532933 56507 123955 36449 850 303513 20100 314773 36332 193472 Value 287542 41780 65345 19645 12023 3414 96 51014 4523 43473 13206 33023 Quantity 2663289 922686 607261 119909 147021 35928 316955 17444 295170 22679 178236 Value 377887 63753 81186 34901 19887 9221 64103 3803 51965 9013 40055 Quantity 3931351 2181564 383349 111143 89713 38552 90 443259 8106 464575 27206 183794 Value 414979 111315 39876 32045 8792 18298 11 96313 2027 67578 10264 28460 2006-07 2007-08 (p) Table – 12 : Production of Silica Sand. value in Rs. of mines 117 (3) 4 113 (3) 27 4 23 12 (1) 9 (1) 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 (1) Quanity 3931351 74579 3856772 2181564 2487 2179077 383349 348920 2045 55 32329 111143 111143 Value 414979 18434 396545 111315 240 111075 39876 39003 59 6 808 32045 32045 2007-08 (p) (Contd. kaolin and steatite.) 2006-07 State/District No. of mines Karnataka Belgaum Davangere Gulbarga Haveri Udupi Uttar Kannad Kerala Alappuzha Madhya Pradesh Khargone Maharashtra Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Orissa Sundergarh Rajasthan Alwar Bharatpur Bundi Chittorgarh Dausa Karauli Tamil Nadu Kanchipuram Villupuram Cuddalore Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Chitrakoot 30 3 1 6 6 10 4 8 8 16 5 11 1 1 7(1) 1 4 1 (1) 1 7 4 3 16 15 1 Quanity 147021 375 600 8210 34585 77956 25295 35928 35928 316955 17562 299393 17444 17444 295170 6729 201775 58898 1650 26118 22679 15630 7049 178236 174646 3590 Value 19887 45 45 1301 3079 13271 2146 9221 9221 64103 3803 60300 3803 3803 51965 908 26496 17964 198 6399 9013 5483 3530 40055 39703 352 No. 66-13 . of mines 24 2 1 2 3 11 5 7 7 1 1 15 6 9 1 1 10(1) 1 6 1 (1) 1 1 6 3 2 1 13 12 1 Quanity 89713 900 660 2093 23430 37470 25160 38552 38552 90 90 443259 55811 387448 8106 8106 464575 6010 297636 53712 70662 14640 21915 27206 17335 2117 7754 183794 180119 3675 Value 8792 108 50 139 880 5460 2155 18298 18298 11 11 96313 11914 84399 2027 2027 67578 661 34957 18799 8325 3587 1249 10264 8588 901 775 28460 28100 360 2007-08 (p) Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines with agate.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 12 (Concld. ballclay. 09 3.14 13.10 0.22 0.00 2006-07 All Groups Up 501 1001 3001 5001 to 500 to 1000 to 3000 to 5000 to 10000 139(3) 25 9 22 (1) 11 26 8 11 (1) 11 16 (1) 2007-08 117(3) 13 13 18 15 15 3 14 (1) 6 20 (2) 10001 to 15000 15001 to 25000 25001 to 50000 50001 and Above Table – 14 : Mine-head Stocks of Silica Sand.87 1.26 1.00 0. 2007-08 (p) (In tonnes) State India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh At the beginning of the year 850340 159590 346677 7561 91526 7708 116032 1595 76860 23 42768 At the end of the year 2625317 1749247 458370 1521 86229 5926 192873 1004 89934 29 40184 Table – 15 : Prices of Silica Sand.83 23. in tonnes) Production group No.47 2.70 80.61 5.10 7.61 14.29 3.16 0.22 2007-08 100.78 100.60 106.29 2.97 1.00 2007-08 0.42 2.04 14.40 140 230 2007-08(p) 61.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 13 : Production of Silica Sand.00 0.97 37. per tonne) Grade Non-glass Grade Glass Grade Glass Grade/ Foundry Grade Market Ex-mine Rajpardi (Gujarat) Ex-mine Rajpardi (Gujarat) Ex-mine Sindhudurg (Maharashtra) Ex-mine Sambalpur (Orissa) 2005-06 61.95 11.60 106.76 5.07 Cumulative percentage 2006-07 0. of mines Production for the group 2006-07 2663289 4350 7053 49493 44099 188889 100953 243555 367718 1657179 2007-08 3931351 3757 8754 38051 57808 108240 43421 299344 224073 3147903 Percentage in total production 2006-07 100.51 6. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (Domestic Markets) (In Rs.60 106.81 62.40 140 230 66-14 .32 1.66 7.40 140 230 2006-07 61.79 9.22 19.93 100. 2006-07 and 2007-08 (p) (By Frequency Groups) (Qty.75 1.16 0.10 0. Orissa District Jharsuguda Bihar Munger Bharat M ining Company. Singhbhum. P. Bihar. During the year under review.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Quartzite Production of quartzite at 84 thousand tonnes in 2007-08 decreased by 18% as compared to that in the previous year due to shortage of labour. B. Circuit house Road. Table – 16 : Principal Producers of Quartzite 2007-08 Location of mine Name and address of producer State Tata Refractories Ltd.16 to 18). Albert Road.Bonli. Rajasthan 6%. Jharkhand. The average daily employment of labour during the year under review was 349 as against 403 in 2006-07. Dist. Mine-head stocks of quartzite at the end of the year 2007-08 were 24 thousand tonnes as against 29 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year (Table . Sawai Madhopur. Domestic prices of quartzite are furnished in Table . Khalsa Stone Works. No. Jharkhand Post. Jharkhand 16%.Sundernagar. Singhbhum (West). Orissa. value in Rs. lack of demand and heavy rains. 5. Jharkhand. Rajasthan. Entire output of quartzite was reported from mines operated in the private sector. ’000) 2005-06 State Quantity India Andhra Pradesh Bihar Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Karnataka Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan 109210 17061 23130 9375 41 50793 8810 Value 54590 5476 31327 938 14 15513 1322 Quantity 102711 156 30870 23704 10997 568 30786 5630 Value 95191 8 10409 72562 990 48 10611 563 Quantity 84312 260 22440 3278 13152 100 39289 5793 Value 24940 13 7414 3640 1315 14 11965 579 2006-07 2007-08 (p) 66-15 . Banwari Lal Goel C/O Ashok Minerals Post.19). Jharkhand Singhbhum(E) Singhbhum(E) Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur Table – 17 : Production of Quartzite. Munger. five principal producers accounted for about 76% of the total production. in tonnes. Belpahar. Chhattisgarh 4% and Karnataka contributed 1% of the total production (Tables . Jamalpur.20.O. Chaibasa-833 201. Orissa was the leading producing state during the year under review contributing above 46% of total production which was followed by Bihar 27%. There were 14 reporting mines during 2007-08 as against 15 mines in the previous year. At & P. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By States) (Qty. Banwari Lal Newatia. of mines India Private sector Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Bihar Munger Chhattisgarh Raigarh Rajnandgaon Jharkhand Singhbhum (East) Karnataka Belgaum Orissa Boudh Jharsuguda Keonjhar Mayurbhanj Sonepur Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur 15(1) 15(1) (1) (1) 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 3 1 1 1 Quanity 102711 102711 156 156 30870 30870 23704 23604 100 10997 10997 568 568 30786 8090 12830 3485 6381 5630 5630 Value 95191 95191 8 8 10409 10409 72562 72552 10 990 990 48 48 10611 1205 8224 390 792 563 563 No. of mines 14(3) 14(3) (1) (1) 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 6(2) 1 1 (2) 3 1 1 1 Quanity 84312 84312 260 260 22440 22440 3278 3228 50 13152 13152 100 100 39289 229 18875 10225 6039 3921 5793 5793 Value 24940 24940 13 13 7414 7414 3640 3635 5 1315 1315 14 14 11965 23 9482 1462 511 487 579 579 2007-08 (p) Table – 19 : Mine-head Stocks of Quartzite. value in Rs. in tonnes.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 18 : Production of Quartzite. 2006-07 and 2007-08 (By Sector/States/Districts) (Qty. 2007-08 (p) (By States) (In tonnes) State India Andhra Pradesh Bihar Chattisgarh Jharkhand Karnataka Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan At the beginning of the year 29439 156 1458 2831 54 142 7 18390 6401 At the end of the year 23721 1916 1472 317 60 15375 4581 66-16 . ’000) 2006-07 State/District No. 21 to 23). Table – 21 : Producers of Sand (Others) 2007-08 Location of mine Name and address of producer State Singareni Collieries Co. Khammam. '000) 2005-06 State Quantity India Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra 2277632 1875872 401760 Value 77523 55908 21615 Quantity 1770235 1206032 564203 Value 67080 37406 29674 Quantity 1424103 901161 522942 Value 58859 32346 26513 2006-07 2007-08 (p) 66-17 . Andhra Pradesh District KarimNagar Western Coal Fields Ltd Sasti Colliery.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 20 : Prices of Quartzite.O. The entire production was reported by public sector in both the years (Tables . Ltd. All mines were captive in nature and contract labour were employed by the producers. T h e Singareni Collieries Co. P .O. Railway. in tonnes. per tonne) Grade Refractory Grade (100 mm to 350 mm) Refractory Grade (50 mm to 150 mm) Refractory Grade (50 mm to 100 mm) +96% SiO2 +98% SiO2 Market Ex-mine Mirzapur Baradah (Bihar) f. Dist. Jamalpur (Munger) (Bihar) Ex-stock yard Naya Ramnagar (Uttar Pradesh) Ex-mine Rairangpur (Orissa) Ex-mine Rairangpur (Orissa) 2005-06 425 700 750 110 170 2006-07 520 700 750 110 170 2007-08(p) 520 700 750 110 170 Sand (Others) The production of sand (others) at 1424 thousand tonnes in 2007-08 decreased by about 20% as compared to that in the previous year due to lack of demand in Andhra Pradesh. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By States) (Qty. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (Domestic Markets) (In Rs. Ltd P. Maharashtra Chandrapur Table – 22 : Production of Sand (Others). Sasti. Minehead stocks at the end of 2007-08 were 342 thousand tonnes as against 568 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year (Table 24). Station S. value in Rs.o.r. having seven mines in Andhra Pradesh contributed about 63 % of the total production of sand (others). The remaining 37% was from two mines of Western Coal Fields Ltd located in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. Dist. Andhra Pradesh. C. Chandrapur. Kothagudam Collieries. There were nine reporting mines in 2007-08 as a g a i n s t e l e v e n i n t h e p r e c e d i n g y e a r. Bhadrachalam Road. 1. Table – 25 : Producer of Agate 2007-08 Location of mine Name & address of producer State Almiya I. 2007-08 (p) (By States) (In tonnes) State India Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra At the beginning of the year 568106 435745 132361 At the end of the year 341608 236231 105377 Agate The production of agate at 15 tonnes in 2007-08 decreased by more than two times as compared to the preceding year due to less demand. Saiyad. '000) 2006-07 State/District No. Gujarat. Jasper No production of jasper was reported during 2006-07 and 2007-08.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 23 : Production of Sand (Others). All the four mines were closed due to lack of demand.25 to 27). Himmatnagar. The mine-head stocks of jasper at the beginning of 2007-08 were 1. value in Rs.16. of mines India Public sector Andhra Pradesh Karimnagar Vizianagaram Maharashtra Chandrapur 11 11 9 8 1 2 2 Quanity 1770235 1770235 1206032 1183926 22106 564203 564203 Value 67080 67080 37406 36698 708 29674 29674 No. Vyapar Bhawa. 2006-07 and 2007-08 (By Sector/States/Districts) (Qty.96 lakh was produced in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. There was a single private sector mine reporting production in both the years (Tables .091 tonnes and at the end of the year were 85 tonnes. Mine-head stocks of agate at the end of the year 2007-08 were nil as against 40 tonnes at the beginning of the year. The average daily employment of labour was 3 in 2007-08 as against 4 in the previous year. of mines 9 9 7 7 2 2 Quanity 1424103 1424103 901161 901161 522942 522942 Value 58859 58859 32346 32346 26513 26513 2007-08 (p) Table – 24 : Mine-head Stocks of Sand (Others). In 2005-06 about 536 tonnes of jasper valued at Rs. District Gujarat Bharuch 66-18 . in tonnes. In the USA. value in Rs.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 26 : Production of Agate. 66-19 . silica sand and gravel mines.of mines 1 1 Quantity 15 15 Value 9 9 2007-08 (p) MINING Mining for silica minerals is carried out by manual opencast method. APMDC owns two crushing plants in Mahaboobnagar district in Andhra Pradesh having a crushing capacity of 45 tonnes and 1. Ltd has a 50. There is a potential threat of "silicosis" to the workers in quartz. of mines I n d i a /Private sector Gujarat/Bharuch 1 1 Quantity 38 38 Value 23 23 No . quartzite and silica sand are used in various industries like glass. It is sometimes crushed and marketed. B e s i d e s . paints. etc. 2006-07 and 2007-08 (By Sector/State/District) (Qty. refractory. cosmetic. value in Rs. has declared that any material containing more than 0. '000) 2006-07 State/District No. ceramic. Quartz produced in the form of lump along with other associated minerals is invariably hammered to pieces and manually sorted before it is despatched to the consuming industries. electrical. in tonnes. on the basis of significant information in International Agency for Research on Evaluation of Cancer. foundry. abrasives. Glass sand is generally screened and washed to remove all the deleterious constituents for its use in glass industry. r e s p e c t i v e l y. Maharashtra Minerals Corp. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By State) (Qty.in tonnes.’000) 2005-06 State Quantity India/Gujarat 9 Value 5 Quantity 38 Value 23 Quantity 15 Value 9 2006-07 2007-08(p) Table – 27 : Production of Agate. The plant has advanced technology in washing both by water and chemicals and further grading it in required fractions.000 t o n n e s a m o n t h . HEALTH HAZARDS The regulation of respirable silica continued to cause main concern to miners and consumers since many minerals contain crystalline silica.1% crystalline silica should indicate its carcinogenic hazard. the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) listed "crystalline silica" as one of their top five priorities for making formal rule. especially in industrial sand and gravel. The OSHA.000tonne per year beneficiation plant at Phondaghat in Sindhudurg district. USES Quartz. (where silica is used as a refractory. foundry. resins. Glass Main use of silica minerals is in the manufacture of different types of glasses. etc. for sandstowing in mines. glass containers. in horticulture. engine sand.1-0. Big pieces are used in making mortars and pestles for laboratory use.02-0. vacuum bottles and other glasswares.Based Industries'. size and shape of grains. Other major uses are in metallurgy. paints. Chromium compounds. the grains should be angular rather than rounded. glass sand and grinding and polishing sand. etc.e. Chromium compounds are undesirable because these compounds impart more colouration to the glass than iron.750 tonnes. For glass manufacturing.5 0. putty. Silica flour is used as a filler in plastic and rubber products. alumina. Because of its piezoelectric properties. According to its suitability for different purposes. Flint and chert are used in abrasives and tubemill lining. bottles. Alumina tends 66-20 . fluxes and as a source of silicon for the production of silicon metal and ferro-silicon and other ferro-alloys).005-0. amber glass containers. epoxy and polyester. chronometers. planes and bearings of precision instruments. it may be named as building sand.05 0. and for ornamental purposes. but in some cases where the glass plants are located far away from silica deposits. 2007) of bottle glassware was 803. Agate pieces after cutting and polishing are sold as semiprecious stones. because angular grains melt more readily than the rounded ones. Silica sand usually contains iron oxide. the silica sand must be uniform in chemical composition. The different cryptocrystalline varieties of transparent and translucent chalcedony are valued as semiprecious stones and are carved out into a variety of ornaments and used for making different ornamental wares or articles of decoration.2 0. quartzite and silica sand are used mainly in glass. silicon carbide manufacture. i. calcite and barytes.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS The primary use of silica is in the manufacture of virtually all types of glasswares. Uniform grain size promotes even melting in the glass tank.5-0. Iron is the most objectionable impurity because it imparts colouration to the glass. chemical and construction sectors. potassium oxide and sodium oxide in small amounts. soundproofing material and as a filler. pebbles. the silica sand should be fairly free from contaminations of clay materials. The common permissible limits of iron oxide in silica sand for use in the manufacture of different types of glass are as follows: Glass type Optical glass Flint or soda-lime glass Plate glass White bottles or window glass Dark bottle glass Fe 2O 3 % 0. ferro-alloys and refractory industries and also as building materials. For use in glass industry. paving sand. As a general rule. ceramics and ceramic glazes. The sand should not be coarser than 20 or 30 mesh and finer than 100 to 120 mesh.526 tonnes and 674. crushed quartz is also used. and as a natural abrasive. filter sand. calcium oxide.008 0. Sand is also used as a fireproofing material. foundry mould. The status of glass industry is also discussed in the Review on 'Mineral. Agate cut into requisite shapes are also used as fulcra of scientific balances and in making edges. as a filtration medium. depth-sounding devices. quartz. high quality quartz crystal is used in electronic devices. The production during 2006-07 and 2007-08 (up to Dec. multiple telephone lines. range finders. respectively. Besides. refractory sand or furnace sand. lime and magnesia are the other deleterious impurities. Silica sand is also used to maintain or increase the permeability of oil and gasbearing formations. chert is used in crushed form as aggregate for concrete and road surfacing. clear flint glass. as a filler in acid proof cements. Rounded pebbles of chalcedony are used as balls in ball mill for finer crushing and grinding felspar.7 INDUSTRY & SPECIFICATIONS In India. The natural silica sand is the preferred material in glass industry.2-0. moulding or foundry sand. Coimbatore cluster is famous for pump sets castings. A special feature of domestic foundry industry is its geographical clustering i. Silica flour produced by fine grinding of quartzite. besides other constituents except for bone china in which it is not used at all. In organised sector. 66-21 . The estimated production during 2007-08 of ceramic tiles was 290 million sq m. Table – 28 : Ceramic Industry 2006-07 Industry Unit Units (No.781 tonnes and sanitaryware 365. 2007-08. Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion. renders the ceramic body to dry easily and provides compatability between the body and the glass to prevent crazing or peeling. These products are manufactured both in the large and small scale sector. S . In addition.) Production (Estimated) 290 Ceramic Tiles million sq m 16 + 200 SSI Units 16 + 1200 SSI Units 7 + 200 SSI Units 220 16 +200 SSI Units 16 + 1200 SSI Units 7 + 200 SSI Units Potteryware Sanitaryware tonnes tonnes 39187 251625 58781 365695 Source : Ministry of Commerce & Industry. less than 0.01% or less. The maximum permissible limit for lime and magnesia is about 0. Kolhapur and Belgaum cluster for automotive castings. Most of the foundry units use moulding sand having 40 to 65 A .5% SiO 2.500 MT per annum capacity in the country.43. F. silica flour is used in formulation of ceramic body for enamels and frits. there were over 200 units of sanitaryware with capacity of 53.2% Fe 2O 3.16 units for potteryware wih 43. Rajkot cluster for diesel engine castings and Batala and Jalandhar cluster for machinery parts and agriculture implements. A large number of foundries in both ferrous and non-ferrous sectors are functioning in the organised sector in the country.000 MT per annum. The silica flour should contain more than 97. Ceramic The ceramic industry in India is around 100 years old and ranks 7 th in the world in terms of production of ceramic tiles. Purity and small particle size (BS mesh200) are fundamentally important for silica in manufacture of ceramics. In small scale sector.695 tonnes (Table . Ceramic whiteware contains about 40% silica. The silica serves to provide whiteness. potteryware 58.28).) Production 2007-08 Units (No. medium.55% Al 2O 3 and less than 0. The maximum quantity of alumina permissible in sand is 1.5 percent. ( A m e r i c a n F o u n d r y m e n ' s S o c i e t y ) numbers. there were 16 units for ceramic tiles with an installed capacity of 2.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS to decrease transparency and makes the batch more difficult to melt. sanitaryware and crockeryware items. This industry is well established in the country and is spread across a wide spectrum consisting of large.e. 1200 plants of potterywarae with a capacity of 3 lakh MT per annum.000 MT per annum and 7 units for sanitaryware with 1. sandstone or lump quartz are used in enamels. Annual Report.1 million tonnes per year.05% and for alkalies it is 0. small and tiny sector. Foundry The Indian foundry industry is the fifth largest in the world. Ceramic industry comprises ceramic tiles. Main source of silica for this application is silica sand. Silica flour shall be produced by crushing. which is relatively clay-free so as to get the optimum properties desired in the sand mixture.1200 to 1350oC Grade C . A. possess strength. However.78 tonnes quartz is required besides other raw materials like coke. plasticity and refractoriness to varying extent depending upon the clay minerals present. For the manufacture of refractory bricks. 66-22 . metallic iron (steel scrap and turnings) and a reducing agent like coke. As far as possible. carbon. ceramic kilns. Silica flour is particularly used in the steel foundry in dressing for moulds and cores and also for adding to moulding sand mixtures. iron scrap. Silica bricks have excellent load resistance capacity at high temperture.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Silica sand is used in both foundry cores and moulds because of its resistance to thermal shock. silica mineral should be free from aluminosilicates (felspar. use of quartzite is restricted as it contains higher alumina and iron and more likely that it would break down in the furnace. having high bulk density and low porosity. high density and resistance to metal penetration in cores. Silica is also used to balance the lime and silica ratio of the blast furnace mix. in L. the sand shall be free from gravel. etc. natural moulding sand for use in foundries shall be of three main grades. it is blended with river sand. Grade A B C Clay (%) 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 Refractory Quartz and quartzite are used in the manufacture of refractory silica bricks. silica bricks continue to be used in coke ovens. It is also used to obtain elevated temperature strength.) as aluminosilicates adversely affect refractoriness of the bricks. Refractoriness of the natural moulding sand based on sintering temperature range should be as follows: Grade A . recently these bricks are being replaced by basic linings of magnesite. quartzite. The silica content should be as high as 90% with minor amounts of impurities like iron and alumina up to 1. namely. It is estimated that for the manufacture of one tonne ferro-silicon of 70-75% grade.1350 to 1450oC Grade B . However. Washed grains shall be mostly sub-angular to rounded shape. Nevertheless. Silica rock (raw material) should be hard. Fluxes Massive quartz. Occasionally. basic oxygen and electric furnaces. therefore. Silica content of 85% is used in iron casting. quartzite is also used.. Lump silica in the size range from 3/4 to 5 inches are generally preferred.1100 to 1200 C Washed sand grains are required to be subangular to rounded shape. dolomite or natural types such as bauxite.5% maximum. charcoal or wood chips. Quartz is the major source of silica in the manufacture of ferro-silicon. silica content should be at least 95 percent. etc. sandstone and unconsolidated sands are the main sources of silica to be used as flux in smelting base metal ores where iron and basic oxides are slagged as silicates. washing and grading high grade quartz/quartzite rocks or white silica sand or other deposits sufficiently pure to get the desired material. Silica reacts readily with basic slag and is therefore unsuitable in the basic steel making process. B and C with respect to clay content. As per IS:3343-1965. When it contains more clay. glass tank crowns and as blast furnace chequers in some steel mills. These sands. about 1. mica. Ferro-silicon is produced by smelting a mixture of quartz. etc. Natural moulding sand contains variable amount of clay which acts as a bond between the sand grains. o Ferro-silicon and Other Alloys Ferro-silicon contains about 75-90% silicon and minor amounts of iron.D. etc. In steel foundries. Kerala. 53000 10560 4000 3000 66-23 . V. substitutes low carbon ferro-manganese in steel industry. Andhra Pradesh. a combination of 60-70% manganese. 10-20% silicon and 20% carbon. 9300 19000 25000 6000 1800 NA 24000 NA NA Silicon Metal A high purity quartz containing about 99. The production of silicon metal is similar to that for ferro-silicon except that no iron is added. Phosphorus or arsenic should not be present in quartz. without any other contaminant. Pallakad. Dist. If Al 2 O 3 is more than the prescribed limit. Pudducherry. However. Kerala. Ltd.3%) is present in quartz. Therubali. Namchi. Dhanbad.2% each of Fe 2O 3 . Srikakulam. about 2. Medak. If higher iron (more than 0. Khammam. CaO and MgO. the fusion in the furnace takes place at lower temperature and affects reduction process. Indsil Electrosmelts Ltd. The production of ferro-silicon was estimated at around 83. Vijayanagaram. Andhra Pradesh. Pallabhari. VBC Ferro Alloys Ltd. As per Indian Ferro Alloys Producers' Association. Erumathala Aluva. Andhra Pradesh. Jharkhand. Pudducherry. Silico-manganese. Jharkhand. 35 units having a capacity of 205. it affects reduction in the electric furnace. Dist. Karnataka Shri Laxmi Electrosmelters Pvt. Table – 29 : Principal Producers of Ferro-silicon Name of the plant Installed capacity (tpy) 8000 Ferro Alloys Corp.6 tonnes silica is consumed.K. Alkali has a tendency to promote a sticky slag which contaminates the products. Sandur Manganese & Iron Ore Ltd. (Ferro Alloys Division). Ltd. Orissa. Paloncha. presently only 20 units are in operation with a total capacity of 145 thousand tpy.1% each with calcium and phosphorus contents each restricted to 0. Dist. is used in the production of silicon metal. Anjaney Ferro-alloys Ltd.402 tonnes in 2007-08.005 percent. Dist.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Quartz suitable for ferro-silicon production should have more than 98% SiO 2. Thuthipet. Vyasankere. The Silical Metallurgic Ltd. less than 0.700 tonnes in 2007-08. List of principal producers of ferro-silicon is furnished in Table-29. Sikkim Hindustan Malleables & Forgings Ltd.750 tpy were established for the production of ferrosilicon. Ferro-alloys Ltd. Cuttack.S. Dumka. Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd. Snam Alloys Ltd. Ltd. Another important factor is that quartz should have good thermal stability at 1200oC or more. Specifications of silica minerals to be used in different industries are given in Tables . The alumina and iron contents are specified to be below 0. Pudducherry. Akshay Ispat & Ferro Alloys Ltd. For production of one tonne of silicon metal. Andhra Pradesh. Ravivalasa. Distt.30 to 32. Dist. Navbharat Ferro-alloys Ltd. Bellary.80% SiO2 .4% Al2 O 3 and not more than 0. The details of silicon ferro-alloys are also discussed in the 'Ferro-Alloys' review. Village Kariamanickam. Mihijam. GMR Technologies & Ind. The production of silico-manganese including medium and low carbon silico manganese was estimated at 911. Reaffirmed 2002).07 (min) (max) - - - 0. +5 mm fraction should be more than 90%.10 (max) Gr.0 0. lampware. viz. BIS has prescribed following specifications : . Hard. viz. Physical specifications Grade Chemical Specifications SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 99 0.0 0.04 (min) (max) - - - 0.0 1.10 (max) - Gr. After prescribed tumbling test on +5 mm material.S. containerware.0 2.020 (min) TiO 2 (%) 0. III 97% 0. Gr.1998. Remarks Glass Silica sand IS: 488 1980 (Second Revision. For manufacturing decolourised glassware. Second Revision). For manufacturing of decolourised and some coloured glasses.25 0. Quartz quartzite for production of ferro-alloys (IS : 13054-1991. I 98. 100% silica flour should pass through 150-micron I.5 0.5 (min) (max)(max)(max) 96. Suitable for white opaque.silica for paint industry (IS : 67 . For manufacturing glassware where slight tint is permissible. transparent glaze & whiteware body. II 97.0 (min) (max)(max)(max) 96-98 2-4 - - 0. tableware and decoratedware. Reaffirmed 2003). crystal glass.0 5 0 max 52 (Fe) - - - - Note : In addition. Reaffirmed 1998) Special Gr. Banded -doHematite Quartzite -do- - 48-50 1. I 98. II - - Iron (BF) Quartzite IS:13676 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Lumpy. +19 mm fraction should be more than 55% and -5 mm fraction should be less than 5%. etc.10 P (%) For manufacturing high-grade colourless glass.10 (max) 1. Reaffirmed 2003) - 98. The fusion temperature should be >1700oC.0 (min) - - - - - - Ceramic Quartz IS:11464 1985 (Reaffirmed 2001) Gr. 66-24 . sieve and atleast 95% through 75-micron sieve.2 (max) (max) - - - - - Foundry Silica flour IS:3339 1975 (First Revision.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 30 : BIS Specifications of Silica Minerals for Various Industries Mineral Industry consumed BIS No.0 1. Second Revision. High-silica sand for use in foundries (IS : 1987-2002.0 1. Non-friable of size -150 to +10 mm - - - After prescribed thermal stability test on -25+19 mm material.0 (max) - - Gr. Silica flux 90 1.2 5-6 mm Source: Industrial Minerals 66-25 .1 Absent 100 mesh No phosphorus is allowed.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 31 : General Industrial Specifications of Silica (International) End-use Minimum SiO2(%) Maximum Al2O3(%) Variable Maximum Fe2O3(%) 0.05% TiO2. - Silica flour 97-98 0.4 - 0.1-0. Silicon carbide 99. Maximum 0. Ferro-silicon 96.4 0.25 0. Silica brick (refractory) 96-98 0.1% P maximum.06-0.030 - Foundry sand 88-99 Extremely variable - - 20-200 mesh Chemical composition variable.0 0.5 1. Colourless domestic container/flat 99.013 0.0 0.02 0.5 mm Must be less than 6 ppm chromium. Grain size and purity constant. 2 ppm cobalt and 0.25 0.05 20-100 mesh Same as glass grade.5 - 0.25% Al2O3.5 0. 98-99% SiO2 is preferred.5 0.5 0.2 - 25 mm diameter 0.1-0. Sub-angular to rounded grains.5 0.01-0.5 98.2 each 25 mm diameter No arsenic/ phosphorus allowed.2 - Micron Silicon 98.5 0.008 Minimum CaO/MgO(%) Grain size Remarks Glass sand optical 99.1 Low - 8 mesh - Sodium silicate 99 0. ) .6 18 to 100 mesh 80 (min) 1% moisture (max) - Medium. The ratio of Na2CO 3 to SiO2 can be varied to obtain a wide range of products. There is no rigid specifications in this industry.03 0. Quartz Ferrosilicon - 98 Less than 0. 1-1. Some steel plants use banded haematite quartzite in place of quartzite.75 Less than 1 Quartzite Iron & steel The quartzite is added to the blast furnace charge to correct silica to alumina ratio. In some cases. No phosphorus/arsenic should be present in quartz. Indian Standard Specification for Standard sand for testing cement is IS : 650-1966.75 Less than 1 Less than 0. silica sand or crushed sandstone is used as additive to make for the silica deficiency in the raw mill. Silica sand/sand/ crushed sandstone Cement Silica sand Fertilizer (Contd. Quartz should have good thermal stability at 12000C or more. Potassium silicate can be manufactured with silica minerals by using potassium carbonate in place of sodium carbonate. Al2O3 should not be more than prescribed limits. I +98 - High silica is essential with least possible Al2O3 free from iron bands and pyrite spots.Table – 32 : Specifications of Silica Minerals by User Industries Physical property 20 to 100 mesh 99 Less than 0. QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS 66-26 Chips 10 to 80 mm 94 (min) 1 (max) 65-98 3. river sand is used.05 SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) Combined CaO/MgO (%) Remarks Mineral consumed Industry Silica sand or powder Sodium & potassium silicate Combined CaO/MgO content of 0. compact cryptocrystalline. granular texture homogeneous Less than 0.5 to 0. II +96 Gr.58 to 10 0.25 0.4 Quartzite Refractory (Product: acid silica bricks) Gr.85% with sodium carbonate at 1200-14000 C. Silica sand is used in fertilizer industry as a filler to balance the fertilizer grades. fine-grained.5 In cement industry.4 0.2 0. Mostly high silica quartz with low iron content is used in ceramic industry. 5.1 (-) 0. size frequency distribution is very important. silica sand is used as one of the ingredients in the flotation process of coal. Specifications (IS:67-1979) stipulate that lead content in SiO2 shall not exceed 0. Flint is used with silica 99% and low iron as far as possible. Iron is the most deleterious constituent and it should be as less as possible. Silica sand and quartz powder Electrode Silica sand Coal washery Quartz powder Paint . For abrasives. Silica sand having 99% SiO2 and free from iron is used in the manufacture of ultramarine blue. In coal washeries. Silica powder is used as one of the constituents in the manufacture of asbestos-cement sheets/pipes.5%. Quartz is also used for the manufacture of sandpaper.2 (max) Silica sand or quartz powder is used as one of the components of welding flux mixture in electrode industry. Sulphur should be 0. magnesia and phosphorus.9 0.5 30 100 mesh Crystalline and amorphous dry powder - Silica powder Asbestos products 1. Sand having constant density of more than 2. Clay content is limited to 0.599.) Physical property 97-99.03% and colour particle shape shall closely match with the approved sample.Table . Silica sand & quartz Silicon carbide & other abrasives - 99% 0.32 (Concld.1 to 2 0.1 - Quartz Chemical - + 96 - - - QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS 66-27 + 97.05-1 SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) Combined CaO/MgO (%) Remarks Mineral consumed Industry Quartz Ceramic Quartz is used in ceramic industry to reduce shrinkage while drying & firing and to impart rigidity to the body.5/0.5 +95 100 200 mesh 97. It should not contain lime. Specification is not that very rigid.8 (CaO) (R2O3) Silica sand Insecticide Silica sand is used as a carrier in the insecticide industry. Quartz is used in the manufacture of phosphorus pentasulphide.03% max.64 is used. 66-28 . consumed the remaining 10%. cement (20%). Other industries like iron & steel. The consumption of quartzite was estimated around 274 thousand tonnes out of which iron and steel industry consumed about 55%. insecticide. dry cell battery.000 tonnes for 2007-08 and 585. chemical.4. subject to 'No Objection Certificate' by CAPEXCIL within the annual ceiling of 450. Major consuming industries were glass (38%). alloy steel. olivine and zircon are alternatives to foundry sands. the exports of silica sands and quartz sands are restricted and permitted under licence. abrasive.8. Major consuming industries were iron & steel (83%).000 tonnes for 2008-09. olivine are used in sand blasting to avoid the risk of silicosis. Garnet and to a lesser extent. replacement of natural quartz crystal by cultured quartz crystal is increasing steadily. electrical. However. Major consuming industries were foundry (91%).33 to 36). 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By Industries) (In tonnes) Industry All Industries Alloy steel Cement Ceramic Ferro-alloys Fertilizer Foundry Glass Iron & steel 2005-06(R) 1511500 14500 280700 68700 244100 158700 122900 558400 16000 (10) (14) (37) (28) (4) (31) (51) (1) (74) 2006-07 1494300 14500 274500 68500 258800 128300 127300 558400 14200 49800 (10) (14) (37) (30) (4) (32) (51) (1) (75) 2007-08(p) 1457800 14500 283400 68900 236200 105800 127200 558400 13500 49900 (10) (14) (37) (30) (4) (32) (51) (1) (75) Others (Abrasive. POLICY Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) for 2004-2009 was notified on 31. dolomite and high alumina bricks) have replaced silica in a large number of applications.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS CONSUMPTION The consumption of quartz and silica sand was estimated at 1. Table – 33 : Reported Consumption of Quartz/Silica Sand. alloy steel (12%) and foundry (5%) (Tables . ceramic.5 million tonnes in 2007-08. mag-chrome. Wollastonite is more favoured than free silicon for use in the ceramic industry. refractory.2004 and made effective from 1. paint. again due to the risk of silicosis. Consumption of moulding sand in 2007-08 was estimated to be unchanged at 59.600 tonnes. freely allows the import of quartz and quartzite lumps and powder as also silica sands and quartz sands. In electronic industry." a variety of materials are used as substitutes for silica. Data collected on non-statutory basis. ferro-alloys (16%). etc. The amended Export and Import Policy incorporated in the FTP and effective from 1.2004.2008. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the organised sector reporting consumption. The total ferro-silicon consumed by various industries in 2007-08 was estimated at 45.5%). SUBSTITUTION In order to reduce the potential threat of "silicosis. followed by mining machinery (9%) and iron & steel (2%). followed by refractory and ferro-alloys (19% each) and cement (6. Chromite. foundry (9%) and fertilizer (7%).9. Basic and neutral refractories (including magnesite. refracatory and rubber) Figures rounded off. pesticide.900 tonnes. The export of river sand to Maldives is permitted. 47500 asbestos. Data collected on non-statutory basis. Table– 36 : Reported Consumption of Ferro-silicon. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the organised sector reporting consumption. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By Industries) (In tonnes) Industry All Industries Alloy steel Electrode Ferro-alloys Foundry Iron & steel Sponge Iron 2005-06 (R) 44500 5500 ++ 100 2200 36700 (13) (8) (1) (25) (12) 2006-07 44200 5500 (13) ++ 100 (6) (1) 2007-08 (p) 45600 5500 ++ 100 2200 37800 (13) (6) (1) (26) (13) (1) 2200 (26) 36300 (13) 100 (1) Figures rounded off. 66-29 . 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By Industries) (In tonnes) Industry All Industries Foundry Iron & steel Mining machinery Others (Sugar & Textile) 2005-06(R) 59900 54300 1400 4100 100 (15) (4) (3) (7) 2006-07 59900 54300 (15) 1400 4100 100 (4) (3) (7) 2007-08 (p) 59900 54300 1400 4100 100 (15) (4) (3) (7) Figures rounded off. Data collected on non-statutory basis. 2005-06 to 2007-08 (By Industries) (In tonnes) Industry All Industries Cement Ferro-alloys Foundry Iron & steel Refractory 2005-06 (R) 229300 8000 41600 800 129100 49800 (2) (11) (4) (15) (13) 2006-07 243900 18800 43200 800 (2) (11) (4) 2007-08(p) 274200 17900 52700 800 (2) (11) (4) 133400 (15) 47700 (13) 150300 (15) 52500 (13) Figures rounded off. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the organised sector reporting consumption. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the organised sector reporting consumption. Table – 35 : Reported Consumption of Moulding Sand.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 34 : Reported Consumption of Quartzite. Data collected on non-statutory basis. 691 tonnes in the previous year. 66-30 .47 to 55). Bangladesh (15%). silica is abundant in the earth's crust. Imports of silica sand increased to 12.701 tonnes in 2007-08 from 69. The world production of industrial silica sand and gravel by principal countries is given in Table . Japan (12%) and Vietnam (11%).733 tonnes in the previous year. Italy (12%) and Israel (8%). quartz comprised 72% and quartzite 28%. Imports Imports of quartz and quartzite (natural) decreased to 312 tonnes in 2007-08 from 433 tonnes in the previous year.37. Sand and gravel resources of the world are sizable. Table – 37 : World Production of Sand and Gravel (Industrial). Exports of silica sand increased to 88. The world's dependence on these resources will continue to decline because of the increased acceptance of cultured quartz crystal as an alternate material. Exports of agate (cut) declined to 32 thousand carats in 2007-08 from 68 thousand carats in 2006-07.80 million tonnes in the previous year. Italy and China. Spain and USA were the main suppliers. Silica sand was imported mainly from Bhutan. Exports of flint increased to 1. Imports were almost entirely from Nepal. Imports of agate (uncut) were 342 tonnes in 2007-08 compared to 328 tonnes in the previous years.948 tonnes in 2006-07.77 million tonnes in 2007-08 from 1.193 tonnes in 2007-08 from 432 tonnes in the previous year. Quartz-rich sand and sandstone are the main sources of industrial silica sand which occurs throughout the world. A nominal quantity of cut agate was also imported in 2006-07 and 2007-08. Electronic applications accounted for the most industrial uses of quartz crystal. Source : Mineral Commodity Summaries. Imports were mainly from China (Tables .38 to 46). USA was the main buyer in 2007-08 . Vietnam. Exports were mainly to UAE (19%). Exports were mainly to China. 2005 to 2007 (By Principal Countries) (In '000 tonnes) Country World : Total (rounded) Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada France Gambia Germany India Iran Italy Japan Mexico Norway Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Thailand Turkey UK USA Other countries (rounded) 2005 117000 4000 6800 1800 1600 1600 6500 1530 8160 1600 1900 3000 4750 2078 1600 1500 1500 2000 11000 2574 6500 1300 1200 4500 30600 9500 2006 (e) 118000 3700 6800 1800 1600 1600 6500 1390 7700 1600 1900 3000 4600 2630 1500 1500 1500 2000 10000 3216 5100 1200 5000 31700 10600 2007 (e) 120000 3700 6800 1800 1600 1600 6500 1400 7700 1600 1900 3000 4600 2600 1500 1500 1500 2000 10000 3200 5100 1200 5000 35000 11000 FOREIGN TRADE Exports Exports of quartz and quartzite decreased to 160. Out of total exports. Exports were mainly to Bangladesh (61%). Exports of sand (excluding metal bearing) increased sharply to 413.456 tonnes in 2007-08 from 185. Resources of natural quartz crystal suitable for electronics or optical use in the world are limited.541 tonnes in the previous year. Imports were mainly from UK and Turkey. Out of total imports in 2007-08. 2007 and 2008.579 tonnes in 2006-07. All quartz crystals used for electronics were cultured. Imports of flint dropped to 597 tonnes in 2007-08 from 2.203 tonnes in 2007-08 from 6. followed by optical application. those of quartz were 246 tonnes and quartzite 66 tonnes. Exports of agate (uncut) decreased sharply to 1. Exports of silicon increased to 567 tonnes in 2007-08 from 183 tonnes in the previous year.009 tonnes in 2007-08 from 20. Japan (18%).QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS WORLD REVIEW Basically.699 tonnes in 2006-07. Imports of sand (excluding metal bearing) decreased to 1.598 tonnes in 2007-08 from 237. Imports were mainly from China.521 tonnes in 2007-08 compared to 25. China.717 tonnes in the previous year. About 98% exports were to Maldives in 2007-08. Singapore and UAE (Tables . Imports of silicon were 25. '000) 394056 104820 62225 37992 36654 14578 10520 Qty (t) 2007-08 Value (Rs.'000) 402639 82528 73702 47310 36900 24939 21250 20396 17249 14877 5678 57810 114832 18391 28050 22344 6490 6119 5085 4915 3646 3032 1288 15472 Table – 39 : Exports of Quartzite (Natural) (By Countries) Table – 41 : Exports of Silica Sand (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Italy Israel Japan Germany Iran UAE Vietnam New Zealand USA Australia Other countries 42849 5157 5690 16245 2094 768 2650 2267 330 2074 1190 4384 Value (Rs.'000) 614780 180021 46705 68251 78032 38671 51910 15166 24872 14158 11677 85317 Qty (t) 160456 28916 19719 31151 12664 23338 7378 6223 5378 3186 2278 20225 Value (Rs.'000) 236010 80687 48317 47280 10521 7281 6623 5452 4412 4131 1995 19311 All Countries Japan Vietnam Malaysia Tanzania Bangladesh Germany UAE Singapore Italy Israel Other countries Qty (t) 69579 14847 5317 3870 238 23291 476 9192 2050 855 768 8675 2006-07 Value (Rs.'000) All Countries 638649 129808 105626 80325 68713 49161 42352 28531 27770 15465 10750 80148 Israel Germany Malaysia China Other countries 7282 2364 3137 3138 15829 36844 12557 13469 13234 51163 Japan UAE Bangladesh Vietnam Italy Iran 2007-08 Country Qty (t) 142868 25575 24448 23038 5349 31029 1679 Value (Rs.'000) 220724 32127 41188 75201 12315 4646 6026 15256 1932 7158 8260 16615 Qty (t) 2007-08 Country Value (Rs.'000) 279705 124398 60792 25790 12160 10175 7096 4867 4148 3200 2025 25054 45624 13600 7749 10525 1732 1138 3101 888 754 847 175 5115 88701 10994 9855 2273 2992 54206 1056 685 345 479 327 5489 66-31 .'000) 409954 173275 41507 48104 1173 7656 3073 72172 25533 6106 4922 26433 Qty (t) 2007-08 Value (Rs.of Other countries 185717 41820 36186 27098 12972 23328 7616 2447 4458 3305 2763 23724 Value (Rs.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 38 : Exports of Quartz and Quartzite (Natural) : Total (By Countries) Table – 40 : Exports of Quartz (Natural) (By Countries) 2006-07 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Japan Italy UAE Israel Bangladesh Vietnam Iran Germany Malaysia Korea. Rep. '000) 4236 2063 754 384 357 165 163 157 193 2007-08 Country Table – 46 : Exports of Silicon (By Countries) 2006-07 Qty (t) All Countries China Singapore Korea.'000) 1539 367 257 810 27 78 Qty (t) 1193 481 205 198 109 27 55 100 18 2007-08 Value (Rs.'000) All Countries USA UK Japan Germany Chile Hong Kong Italy China Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan Israel Other countries 68 34 2 1 3 3 1 7 4 1 3 9 34358 17208 1081 324 1472 1251 1637 6108 1184 1367 1062 1664 32 17 5 2 1 1 1 ++ 5 17715 10046 2895 764 672 612 134 103 2489 2007-08 Table – 47 : Imports of Quartz and Quartzite (Natural) : Total (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries China USA Vietnam Germany Italy Russia Spain Belgium UK Thailand Other countries 433 177 5 86 52 20 1 71 2 10 7 2 Value (Rs.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 42 : Export s of Sand (Excl. of UAE Kenya Nepal Canada Switzerland USA Saudi Arabia Other countries 183 34 26 1 9 42 30 41 Value (Rs.'000) 7709 520 1002 114 457 3253 1121 1242 Qty (t) 567 140 127 30 105 49 48 18 5 4 3 38 2007-08 Value (Rs.'000) 10708 5339 1939 1287 750 22 341 256 717 57 Qty (t) 1009 741 69 100 15 30 30 10 14 Value (Rs.'000) 235058 174448 1532 7454 2505 4226 3536 4120 8774 28463 Qty (t) 413598 405040 1235 1350 683 275 324 431 203 651 3406 Value (Rs.'000) 12887 3523 1174 4130 2250 156 36 1217 97 162 70 72 Qty (t) 312 93 43 43 25 40 0 51 5 6 6 Value (Rs.'000) 3224 884 770 728 382 147 125 95 93 - Table – 43 : Exports of Agate : (Uncut) (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries USA UK Chile China Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan Japan Germany Hong Kong Israel Lebanon Other countries 20699 4841 4060 628 10014 10 100 30 1000 16 Value (Rs.'000) ('000 Carat) (Rs.'000) 35499 15900 5999 3186 2975 1937 1311 729 544 513 80 2325 Table – 44 : Exports of Agate: (Cut) (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty Value Qty Value ('000 Carat) (Rs. Rep.'000) 386569 347835 6997 6038 3374 1746 1498 1435 782 591 16273 2007-08 Country Table – 45 : Exports of Flint (By Countries) 2006-07 Qty (t) All Countries Djibouti Saudi Arabia UAE Jordan South Africa Sudan Bangladesh Japan Cameroon Thailand 432 90 64 246 4 28 Value (Rs. Metal Bearing) (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Maldives Morocco China Sri Lanka Israel Italy Kuwait Saudi Arabia Nepal Germany Other countries 237691 224703 444 1201 411 1260 684 1831 1904 5253 Value (Rs.'000) 9777 2515 2283 2278 853 506 449 447 242 113 91 2007-08 66-32 . '000) Qty (t) 2007-08 Value (Rs.'000) 5449 1771 840 449 44 42 12 2278 13 Country 2007-08 Table – 51 : Imports of Sand (Excl.'000) 141112 9174 606 41 19630 11683 42279 14595 6365 22843 5382 8514 Qty (t) 12203 5507 2292 512 640 1028 335 720 186 312 671 Value (Rs. Metal Bearing) (By Countries) 2006-07 Qty (t) All Countries Nepal Germany Belgium Jordan USA Bangladesh France UK Netherlands Sweden Other countries 1802997 1802587 232 75 61 1 ++ 20 21 Value (Rs.'000) 204 94 80 30 2007-08 66-33 .'000) 232106 94901 34570 24696 22637 12377 11363 11135 3803 1184 15440 2007-08 Table – 53 : Imports of Agate : Uncut (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Hong Kong USA China Brazil 328 7 320 1 Value (Rs.'000) 262181 247860 6639 3211 2231 1758 233 162 60 27 258882 1768513 249507 1765756 7035 949 856 11 66 363 95 217 270 1271 28 962 3 4 2 Table – 49 : Imports of Quartz (Natural) (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Belgium China Germany Italy Spain Sri Lanka Switzerland Thailand UK USA Other countries 249 1 174 52 14 1 7 ++ ++ Value (Rs.'000) 6972 1128 131 36 47 75 11 156 1096 162 4130 Qty (t) 66 4 16 ++ ++ ++ 1 43 2 Value (Rs.'000) 6554 5486 210 506 257 95 Qty (t) 597 443 145 8 1 Value (Rs.'000) 5915 50 3392 2175 121 56 70 46 5 Qty (t) 246 5 77 25 40 51 3 6 39 ++ Value (Rs.'000) 5598 3743 1803 46 6 2007-08 Table – 50 : Imports of Silica Sand (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries Bhutan Italy Spain Germany China USA UK France Saudi Arabia Norway Other countries 6948 1022 41 1 623 324 702 845 130 1755 176 1329 Value (Rs.'000) 535 50 477 8 Qty (t) 342 12 10 320 Value (Rs.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 48 : Imports of Quartzite (Natural) (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries USA China Russia Belgium Germany France Italy Spain UK Vietnam Other countries 184 5 3 1 1 ++ 1 20 57 10 86 Value (Rs.'000) 4328 198 1675 811 506 447 30 113 512 36 2007-08 Table – 52 : Imports of Flint (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries UK Turkey China France Singapore 2541 478 21 2000 22 20 Value (Rs. '000) 33 33 2007-08 Table – 55 : Imports of Silicon (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty (t) All Countries China France Germany UK Kuwait Italy Norway Hong Kong UAE USA Other countries 25733 24703 556 52 106 30 12 181 2 35 45 Value (Rs. setting up foundries and enhancing their capacities are also linked with metallurgical industry. silica refractories.'000) 1641824 1448323 57977 54621 16730 9867 8792 7452 7278 5981 3893 20910 2007-08 FUTURE OUTLOOK The demand for quartz.'000) 1401899 1244169 45549 57655 8945 8107 2919 9838 1503 13805 6922 Qty (t) 25521 23928 660 27 224 118 20 35 123 71 48 267 Value (Rs. glass and for moulding and casting purposes. Further. silica sand. silico-chrome. 66-34 .'000) 329 7 322 Qty ('000 Carat) ++ ++ Value (Rs.QUARTZ & OTHER SILICA MINERALS Table – 54 : Imports of Agate : Cut (By Countries) 2006-07 Country Qty ('000 Carat) All Countries Germany Hong Kong Thailand ++ ++ ++ Value (Rs. The requirements of these products are linked up directly with iron & steel industry including alloy steel production. silico-manganese. moulding sand and quartzite is increasing over the years to cater to the requirement of ferro-silicon.