INTRODUCTION The handloom was devised about 2000 Years ago and was brought toEngland by the Romans. The process consisted of interlacing one set of threadsof yarn (the warp) with another (the weft). The warp threads are stretched lengthwise in the weaving loom. The wefts, the cross-threads, are woven into thewarp to make the cloth.W eaving remai ned unchanged for hundreds of yea rs until J ohn Kaydevised the flying shuttle. This enabled a weaves to knock the shuttle across theloom and back again using one hand only. The speed of weaving was doubled,and a single weaver could make cloths of any width, whereas previously two menhand sat together at a loom to make broad cloth. By 1800 it was estimated thatthere were 250000 handlooms in Britain.Kerala, the greenish land lies between the western ghat and Arabian Sea,about 15000 square miles with varying scenic beauty. Kerala is known as theepitome of India. Historically Kerala has long been a land of racial mixture andco-existence.The milestone i n Keral a‟s his tory is t hat by fi rs t Christian c hurc h, Fi rs t Muslim mosque and first synagogue were established in Kerala. A number of historically important Hindu Temples can be seen in Kerala.Tolaracne and cosmopolitan out look are the characteristics of a “Keralite”.Thi s may be attributed to the religious and trade contrac t, whic h exi sted for c e n t u r i e s w i t h o u t s i d e I n d i a . H a n d i c r a f t h a n d l o o m w e a v i n g , i v o r y w o r k s , W eaving of coi r are well k nown heritage of Kerala.Kerala handloom i ndus trycarries a vital role in states economy as well as in the field of employment. A very large number of looms are located in rural areas. The rhyth m of handloom can be heard in almost every village in Kerala. There are men andwomen weavers for whom weavi ng i s a wa y of li fe. In earl y days maj ority of handloom weavers followed the hereditary line. The main communities engagedin weaving are saliyas and devangas. With the available information it is clear that the saliyas and devangas migrated from the near by princely states.Earlier they were producing cloth for their own consumption and for theneed of thei r vill age. Increas e in produc ti on and i m prov ement i n trans port facilities removed the hindrances of time and easy the exchange of commodities.The skill of weaving has been passed from parents to children.During 15 th century, British, French and Portuguese people visited Kerala.The things like spices, ivory and beauty of handloom fabrics attracted them. Theybegan to purchase large quantities and exported to their countries.Germany has established a mission called „Basal mission‟ in 1829. This missionpaved the way of changing form home production to factory system. Apart fromthis, French people started to give training in weaving. The imported versatileloom and introduced principle designs from hooks. After the British captured India they took up and nourished handloomindustries fro the purposes. At the end of 18 th century the monopoly came to anend. Sinc e 19 th c entury wi th the adv ent of Indus trial revoluti on, The E ngl ish people gave up all. They started mechanical production in their land during thisperi od of forei gners the weav ers of Kerala l earned al tec hniques and theyparalleled the way for the production of furnishing fabrics according to the newstyle of demand.During the dawn of 20 th century, the Sree Narayana movement influencedKerala society by and large prompting the caste-based culture to change towards secular and modern industrious culture. So that many people from traditionalThiyya/Ezhava community had take up their employment in handloom industry todo away with the to day tapping to respond with the advice of Sree NarayanaGuru. These changes also have its own mark in making the present shape of Kerala handloom industry. It has resulted in the production of various types for artistic handloom goods in Kerala.The women all over India for their fineness of count and natural colours,texture and gold borders praise the „Kerala Kasavu Sarees‟. Kerala is also knownfor its unbleached cotton handloom crepe popularly known as „Kora‟ cloth thishas entered in the foreign market and occupied a proud place in the garmentindustry.The secret of furnishing fabrics from Malabar is the excellent structure andtexture of the cl oth, unique c olour combination, wi de width (98” - 120” ) and craftsman ship. When we look back to the history of Kerala, it can be seen that in1498 vascode Gama, the Portuguese navigator visited Calicut in Malabar. So it iswell known that 15 th century handloom cloths of excellent qualities were exportedto Asian and European countries.Balaramapuram, in Thiruvananthapuram district is the most historicallyi mportant place for handl oom fabri c s . The weav ers bel ong to sali yas weremigrated from Nagar Coil and Thi runalv eli i n Tamil Nadu duri ng the time of Balarama Varma before 250 Years. Here they produced super fine „MundumN e r i y a t h u ‟ , f o r t h e n e e d o f r o y a l f a m i l y . S t i l l t h e y a r e e x i s t e n c e a n d c a r r y i mportant part of the total produc tion. The technique of producing s uperfin ef a b r i c s s p r e a d e d f r o m t h e m t o t h e l o c a l w e a v e r s i n B a l a r a m a p u r a m a n d surrounding places. Initially they were producing „Mundu‟ for men with 0.4cm of wi dth of “Kara” (c ross border) wi th bl ack yarn. Before 100 years the j eri from Surat takes to Balaramapuram and “Kasavu Sarees” production was started. Koothampalli in Thrissur district is also well known for handloom fabric.Here Dev angas immi grated from Karnataka are e ngaged in weavi ng. The „Kasavu Sarees‟, which are being produced here, is mostly with half fine jeri. Themiddle class people would like to purchase this sarees because of its cheapness.The price of a saree can be reduced from 5000 to 1000 by using half fine jeriinstead of pure jeri.C h e n d a m a n g a l a m , i n t h e E r a n a k u l a m d i s t r i c t i s a l s o a n i m p o r t a n t handl oom c enter i n Keral a. Here th ey hav e been produci ng the double and „Mudnu‟ and „Neriyathu‟. The distinction of these fabrics is in its structure in theplain structure, they have producing a special effect in weft direction. AREAWISEANALYSISOFHANDLOOM IN KERALA lik e sarees . Almost two lakhs of weavers are earning their livelihood from handloom 75% of the mare in the co-operative line. T h e handloom i ndus try is s pread all ov er the state. Earez ha thorthu (bathi ng towel ) „Mel mundu‟ e tc. Btu while going to northern side called Malabar themain production changed to coarser verities like furnishing items. dhothies and „ S et Mundu‟ etc . towelsetc. And i n the map of handloom also it has an important place. A district wise analysis gives us a clear out idea about th e places wherehandlooms are concentrated and the places. But the handl oom i ndus try is concentrated in certain places. The southern Kerala is famous for its superfine produc ts. The other produc ts here are s et mundu „mundum neriyathum‟. The common production in Kerala is „Thorthu‟ (bathing towel) and „Lungies‟. during with special design Balaramapuram is very famous for itsfi ne grey s arees wi th Kas av u (J eri ). The mai n products of dis trict are fine cotton textures. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The c api tal c ity has its own his toric al importance. Almost five lakhs families are depending uponhandloom industry. There are 349 societies and 44700weav ers are worki ng wi th thei r l ooms. Other pl aces where handloom concentrations are Parassala the south most of Kerala where weaversare involved in . spreads.Kerala has 14 districts from Thiruvananthapruam t o K a s a r g o d . 1. which are important for traditionalverities. The middl e Kerala als o engaged with such products.(Traditional dress for a malayalee lady) „Mundu‟ (dhothi for men). In east Eranakulam. Dhothies. Kulathur are theother places where handloom density places. Cheravinkeezhu. . dhothis.woven with half fine jeri. Here also the productions are ase x p l a i n e d a b o v e b e r a n g e o f c o u n t s i s 6 0 s – 1 2 0 s . matc hi ng s et etc . of BBM 6. T h e j e r i u s e d h e r e i s superfine one Project Report 2006Dept. syntheti c and sil k s arees .. lungies etc. The productions are set mundu. earzha thorthu. This fine grey sarees arethe produc t of Eranakulam Di strict. Here a tradi ti onal vari ety named „ Koothamp all y Saree‟ is produced. Koothampally is a place situated in Thrissur. IDUKKI: In this district there are 11 societies and 414 weavers with their looms.weaving of sarees.There are 30 societies in Thrissur and 6052 weavers.The main products are sarees. THRISSUR: The c ultural capi tal of Kerala has an i mportant role i n the tradi ti on of Kerala. 7. ERANAKULAM: „Chennamangalam Sarees‟ is famous in Kerala. The main products are super fi ne doubledhothies. Lungies are also produced in this district. There are 30 societies and 8494 weavers withtheir looms. 8. etc. In Parav oor 120s fine double dhothies are produced. and cheaper variety bed sheets are produced. Here main products are sarees. Taliparamba Arts & Science College. Karimpuzha are some of the handloom concentratedplace situated in the district.9. PALAKKAD: In this district is handloom weaving is very popular Chittur. here silk sarees production also started recently. lungiesetc. Pudunagaram.Kanhirangad 13 . Peruvemba. dhothies.Kollengode. There are 45 societies and11236 weavers depending on the handloom weavers with their looms. . “Common wealth Trust” which is situated in Calicut is one such company. etc. Vatak ara. The products are mainly coming fromMalabar loom. KOZHIKODE: The distri ct from Mal apuram to Kas aragod k nown as Mal abar. In olden daysforeigners establis hed s ome companies. There are 13 societies and 2774 weavers. The other famous of this placeis. whic h in fluenced from Calic ut andsarees. There are 41 societies (most of them are industrial societies) are inthis district. The products will be a part of Calicutand Kannur.The main products are furnis hi ng i tems . WYANAD: There is not that much important in this high range. of BBM 10. Bedsheet. Some of them remai ning now also. Furnishing. The main places are Tiro or. Qual andi . andManiyur etc. There are only four societies in this district and 136 weavers. MALAPURAM: A number of Muslim weavers are here. The main c enters are Kozhikode. Themain products are mainly meant for export. lungie.The products from Kozhikode have an excellent value in domestic marketals o. in olden days famous “calico cloth” came from C alicut only. 12. Chombal. coarser varieties etc. The famous “Malabar loom” came from this place only. Jacquard products. . Tablemats. 11.Project Report 2006Dept. The weavers aremainly working industrial societies. v ari eti es lik e crepe is the donati on of this distri ct. KANNUR: Kannur is called as “the Manchester of Kerala”.Kanhirangad 14 . Taliparamba Arts & Science College. The famous Kannur sportss hi rting.13. . 11 societies are here and 3401 weavers working in there societies. The products a re c oaser v arieti es Kannur Mundu are a popular variety.There are 73 societies established in this district and with about 50 exporters inprivate sector together have. Chi rak k al.Turkish towels. KASARAGOD: Kasaragod is the north most district in Kerala. Kalyassery. Kuthupara mbu. Mayyil. Jacquard.Kanhirangad 15 . Morazha. and Pappinissery etc. 13667 weavers working this field. Mancheswaram are maincenters. Sateen sheets. Taliparamba Arts & Science College. Azhi kode. Now a days there is a veryg o o d d e m a n d f o r t h e s i l k s a r e e s w o v e n w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o l o u r s p a t t e r n a n d ornamented sarees. Panoor.Project Report 2006Dept. Iri nav. Here sarees are producedand export varieties also produced here. Kanhi rode. of BBM For export of handloom products Kerala mainly depending upon the productsfrom Kannur. 14. Earzhathorthu etc for domes tic purpose. The main products are shirting. Kasaragod. Crepe such export oriented and Lungies.Kasaragod sarees are very famous in Kerala.The main c enters are Kannur. made-ups. Furnishing. . • To know about the production processes carried out in the KWCS.RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: • To know about the administration and management of KWCS. secretary. • . • To known about the marketing strategies of the KWCS. and other staff of the society. • To know about the quality control measures used by KWCS. • Secondary data is collected from company‟s annual reports and other published materials. • To known about the financial policy of the KWCS. • Interactions with various departmental heads and supervisors. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: • Primary data is collected through personal intervi e w w i t h m a n a g e r .• To know about the personnel policies of the KWCS. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: • A detailed study could not be made due to time constraints. Kanhirangad 17 COMPANYPROFILE The Kanhi rode weav ers c o-operativ e P & S s oci ety is one of the mai nhandloom manufac turing uni t in Kerala.130Rupees. . Taliparamba Arts & Science College.A comparative study with a similar concern was not made. This s oci ety is regis tered as a co-operative society under the Act of VI of 1932 (Madras) on 16-9-1952 and startedits function on 0510-1952. At that item it‟s paid up share capital was only 10. It is also known as “weaveco”. The society has very good market for its products. Later bullock cart have used to carry these goods. Which were sold different partsof the country through agents. Taliparamba Arts & Science College.65‟s wasthe period.The society is engaged for manufacturing various kinds of cotton fabrics.Which is suitable for export market as well as local market.Duri ng 1973 74.The main object of the society is to provide regular employment to poor workers at a reasonable wages and there by improving the standard of living andeconomic conditions of the weavers. which gave the society a hope to shine in the textile world and theystarted to produce shirting.Kanhirangad 19 . lower count lungies. T h e n a g a i n s t a r t e d p r o d u c t i o n o f furni shi ng fabrics s ui tabl e fo r export market and the produc ts to merchant exporters. The 1964.I n t h e i n i t i a l p e r i o d . It is the first ISO certified handloom co operative society in the state. They sold these products in their locality by theweavers. the s oci ety s tarted to produci ng c repe fabri cs whic ha t t a c h e d o r d e r s o f m e r c h a n t e x p o r t e r s .T he Kanhirode weavers co-operative society is an ISO 9001-2000 certifiedcompany. t h e c o m p a n y a h s o n l y 2 0 0 m e m b e r s a n d t h e y produced “Thorth” and “Pudava”. . Q u a l i t y . M u n d e r i a n d Anjarakandy Amsams in Kannur and Koodali in Tellichery Taluk.For the diversification of products. Kanhirode post in theTaluk of Taliparamba.Napkin.The society‟s address shall be Kanhirode village. bed spread. Theyare also having 30 stitching machines and two dehumidification rooms to keepthe geniuses of fabrics. Dhothies. bed sheet. for local marketand furnishing fabrics. 3 . shritings.2 . Cushion covers etc for export markets. For the last 8 years the companyengaged in direct exporting. Thorth etc. and a jute devel opment c enter. the company had established a silkweavi ng c entre.Working capital for handloom development centre. There by ens uri ng the economic freedom of the major households in around the locality. crepe.The company having workforce of 500 workers and 300 working looms with various width capacity from 48-90 inches.1.Maj ority of the s oci ety employees are females. jacquard items. Towels.The company mainly producing different items like lungies. satenand printed bed sheet. The earn 75% of profit from international markets. shirting. in the cannanore district.They produced goods on the basis for customers requirement. table cover. It includes five looms for silk. S i l k w e a v i n g u n i t . Its operation shall be confined toK a n h i r o d e a n d K u t t i a t o o r A m s a m i n T a l i p a r a m b a T a l u k . thesociety had availed financial assistance from central and state government for the following purposes. qu ality dyei ng unit etc . Kanhirangad 20 .draining u n i t . Taliparamba Arts & Science College.Proj ec t pack age sc heme.J ute development c e ntre. 4.5. . • Cabinet dyeing machine with capacity of 250 Kg. How ever thec ompany s tric tl y supported to all mandatory requi re ments of s afety l ik e fire extinguishers. • Dyeing chamber with capacity of 500 Kg. Kannur. This company ahs permanent building and adequateworkforce. first aid facilities. . VARIOUS FECILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE KWCS.The important requirements for any business activities are land. Al these fac iliti es are v ery helpf ul i n the s uccess of thissociety. T h e c o m p a n y a l s o h a s a d e q u a t e e q u i p m e n t s f o r manufacturing as well as other documentation requirements like computer andother acc ess ori es. This place is 15KM away from Kannur and it is near to the Mattannur. “city of Looms and lores” lies in northern part of Kerala. wages etc.capital and organization. LOCATION OF KWCS. Thekanhirode weavers co operative P & S society Ltd. storage places and other working environment requirements as per t h e f a c t o r y a c t o f L a n d .The society has a better working environment. The workers enjoy the bestworking atmosphere. is located at Kudukkimotta. labour. Like space. fabrics and made-upsmanufacturing is not hazardous to the personnel involved in it. machinery. • 300 working looms with up to 90 inches. of India during 1993-94. Taliparamba Arts & Science College. Govt. • In house stitching unit with 30 numbers juki machines. AWARDS GOT BY KWCS: 1.The fi rst ISO 9001 -2000 c erti fi ed primary handl oom c o-opera tiv e soci ety i n the state.T he Govt. • 10 numbers silk weaving loom width up to 90 inches. • Dehumidification rooms for moisture control of fabrics. T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s o c i e t y i n t h e field of craftsmanship was wella p p r e c i a t e d and awarded with GOLD MEDAL fo r t h e B E S T PERFORMACNE by the ministry of textiles.3.2 .Kanhirangad VISION OF KWCS A complete range of handloom fabrics inheriting ageold tradition of classic warp weft combinations importing modern chrematistics of conveniencewithout compromising up on the core values of quality.T h e f a b r i c r a n g e h a s b e e n c r e a t e d t h r o u g h a d e q u a t e r e s e a r c h a n d expertise that will enable Indian textile to acquire a competitive edge in globalmarket. of India had . . Germany during 1995 and 2004.s el ected this s oci ety for partici pati on i n i nternati onal Trade Fair at Frankfurt. Every member shall take at least one share. or installment. Application for admission as members and for allotment of shares shall bemade to the s ec retary in the form.MEMBERSHIP The liability of the members of the society shall be limited to the sharecapital subscribed by them. T h e B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s w h o s h a l l b e d isposed of by the Board of Directors who shall ha ve power to grant admission or to refuse it without assigning reasons shall dispose of every such application. when paid in installment Rs 25/.made upof 40000 shares of Rs 100/. provided that the total payment of entrance fee by any member of all the shares held by him shall not exceed Rs. In very member except govt. if any. Themonthly installments shall be paid on before 15 th day of the months to which itrelates. In the case of weaver members.shallbe paid at the time of taking share and the balance in five months commencingfrom the months subsequent to that in which share was taken.for each share taken by him. of Keralashall pay on entrance fee or Rs 5/.each.The capital of the society shall for the present be Rs 4000000/. as stipulated in bylaw 16 CA. at the time of taking the share. but no member shall takem o r e t h a n 5 0 s h a r e s . The value of each share shall be paid either inone lumsum on allotment. 5/-.No member shall be permitted to withdraw . B u t t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e s h a r e participation by the Government of Kerala. presc ri bed by the soc iety for thep u r p o s e . installment maybe collected. provided. he shall be paid back the share capital actually paid byhim with the dividend declared if any. as they existed on the date when he ceased to be member. firstly that he has given at least six months notice of withdrawal.The estate of a deceased member shall be liable as provided in the bylaw3 for the debts due by the society.The Govt. A past member shall be liable as provided in bylaw 3 for the debts due bythe society. But amember may with draw shares with the consent of the board of directors after such period. thirdly thatthere are no debits due to the society and fourthly. that there are no debts due tothe society in regard to which he has stood surety. as they existed on the date of his decease for a period of two yeas after his decease. secondly that the total amount of share capital that is permitted to bewithdrawn in any one year does not exceed 10 percentage of the aggregate paidup s hare c apital of the s oci ety. for aperiod of two years from such date. as i t was on J une 30 th proceeding. . of Kerala shall have the right to withdraw the share participationin the society at any time with out assigning any reason thereof.No member shall be permitted to transfer his share or shares or create acharge in respect of the same in favour of another member or person except withthe previous sanction of the Board of Directors.any of the shares held by himin the society with in three years after the date when he took such shares. When a member withdrawsshares under this bylaw. All the members of the Board of Directors shall vacate t heir offices onc ompl etion on thei r term of five years unle ss the period is extended by theRegistrar under sub-rule (2) of Rule 39 of the Kerala Co-operative Rules. All themembers of the board of directors shall be elected at one and the same time for the specified period of five years. The Board of Directors shall consists of not more than a members of whom 7 members s hall be el ected as sti pulated in byl aw No.The members of the board of directors shall be elected as per the rule 35of Kerala co-operative rules for a period of five years from among the membersfor the period of the members of the Board the year shall begins from the date of assumption of the office. which hasnot been filled. The proceedingsof the board of directors shall not be invalidated on account of any vacancy or vacancies of the board that remain unfilled. A retiring member of the Board shall be eligible for re-election. 20 and the two members shall be nominated by the District industries officer from his staff andthei r term of offic e s hall be s ubjec t to the di rection of the District Industri es Officer. may be fill ed up by the el ection as per rul e 35 of Keral a c o operative rules for the unexpired portion of the original period. Any member of the board of directors may at any . Any interim vacancy or vacancies.MANAGEMENT OF THE SOCIETY Subj ect to such res oluti ons as the general body may from time to time pass the Executive Management of the affairs of the society shall vest in a Boardof Directors. After the member of the Board of Director are elected they shall electedfrom among themselves a president and a vicepresident. T h e p r e s i d e n t o r i n h i s a b s e n t .Kannur. In case of urgency where there maynot be sufficient time to convene a meeting of the Board of Directors and in allc as e i n whic h s uc h a procedure may from time the s ec retary may obtai n the orders of the Board of Directors by circulation of papers among members presentat the headquarters of the society such division arrived at by . if necessaryt o c o n d u c t t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e s o c i e t y . The secretary shall not have a seat in the board. All the questions before the board of directors shallbe deci ded by a maj ori ty of v otes. Shoul d there be an equality of v otes thepresident or other presiding members shall have a casting vote. The board shall appoint a full time paid secretary from among suitablequalified persons approved by the general manager. District industries officer. V i c e . In the absence of the botha chairman shall be elected from among the members present.president shall preside over the meeting of the board.The board of directors shall meet once a fortnight or oftener. No member of the board of directors shall be present at any meeting of the board of directorss h a l l b e present at a meeting of the board when any m a t t e r i n w h i c h h e i s personally interested 15 being discussed.time resign from hisoffice by sending a letter of resignation to the secretary of the society but such resignation shall take effect only from the date o f t h e s o c i e t y b u t s u c h resignation s hal l take effect onl y from the date on which it is ac cepted by t he board of directors. The quorum for the directors meeting is four. circulation shall beplaced before the next meting of the board of directors for their rectification. But if the default has been for a period of 3 monthsor less. Itshould a difference of opinion arise in the course of such circulation the member shall not be decided by the circulation but shall be placed before a meeting of theBoard of Directors. Theboard of directors shall be competent to fix the amount and nature of the securityif any.or the manager who ever is selected by the board of directors to discharge hisfunction. to be given by the office establishment.for any time. In no circumstances a defaulter continue to hold office as amember of the board of directors if his default has continued for more than three months. as prescribed by the Registrar. It shall be competent to the secretary to insurethe peti contingent expenditure subject to a maximum of Re. Receipt shall be issued for all moneys paid to the society.The services of the .The board of Directors shall have power to prescribe from time to time thescale of office establishment and to inure such expenditure as may be necessaryfor the management of the society with reference to the scale and with in budgetallotment sanctioned by the general body for each year which will be subjected tothe approval of the Dy. For moneyspaid by members the receipts shall be signed by the president or the secretary. the defaulter may reinstated by the General body on his showing goodcause for the default. 1/. In the case of borrowing from non-members or from other society thereceipt of the bond shall be execut ed by at least four members of the board of directors of whom the president shall be one. Registrar. Any member of the Board of Directors who commits default in respect of aloan taken by him from the society shall ipso facto be considered disqualified tocontinue as an office bearer. sub-committee meeting and the president shall be eligiblefor a daily allowance for attending the office. dail y allowanc es and Travel ing allowances should be fixed by the committee and approved by the registrar.members of the Board of Directors shall be gratuitousexc ept as prov ided under byl aw 50. The board of direc tors shall alsoeligible for Traveling allowance for the journey performed in connection with theaffai rs of the soci ety. . They s hall be eligible for si tti ng fee for attending the board. The rate of si tting fees . Sri. Sri. 3.1. 6. Kumaran :Director P. Smt. Kumaran :Director P. 4.P. M. Sri. BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF KWCS Kala Balan :President K. Pavithran :Director V. Sumithra :Director . Sri. Sri. 7. Sri. Sri. Rameshan :Director M. 8. K. Rajan :Director P. 2. P. 5. Narayanan : Vice President K.