SERMAN PRAYOGI (082084040) Chapter 71 Politeness and InteractionFactors of Politeness and Instruction External Internal Social Distance Amount of imposition Or Degree of Friendliness 1 Yule, Georg, 1996. Pragmatics. (page 59-70) Oxford: Oxford University Press Politeness Politeness Definition: The means employed to show awareness of another person‟s General Principles of Politeness: .Being Sympathetic towards others face. Face means the public self-image of a person.Being Modest . .Being Generous .Being Tactful . it is described as a In everyday social interaction. Being given the possibility that some action might be interpreted as a threat to another‟s face. . This is called generally behave as if their expectations concerning their public self- image. a face saving act. people face threatening act.Face Wants Face Wants If a speaker says something that represents a threat to another individual‟s expectations regarding self-image. the speaker can say something to lessen the possible threat. negative face is the need to be independent. even liked. to have freedom of action. it‟s just the opposite pole from „positive‟. and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. by others. Positive face = Positive Politeness Negative Face = Negative Politeness . The word „negative‟ doesn‟t mean „bad‟. and not to be imposed on by others.Negative and Positive Face A person‟s A person‟s positive face is the need to be accepted. to be treated as a member of the same group. Example: “Give me a pen” “Uh. I forgot my pen” . Example: On Record: You can directly address to other as a means of expressing your needs.Self and Other: Say Nothing One way to see the relevance of the relationship between these politeness concepts and language use is to take a single speech event and map out the different interpretations associated with different possible expressions used within that event. Say something: Off and ON record Off Record: You can simply produce a statement but it‟s not directly addressed to the other. Positive and Negative Politeness Positive Politeness Strategy >> Leads the requester to appeal to a common goal.How about letting me use your pen This strategy has a high risk of refusal by the hearer. and even friendship. Negative Politeness Strategy >> Performs a save saving act such as: . such as: .Could you lend me a pen? The most typical form used is a question containing a modal verb. This strategy is used in most Englishspeaking contexts . emphasizing closeness between speaker and hearer. Everyone will be there.Strategies Strategies The tendency to use positive politeness forms. We‟ll have fun. emphasizes the hearer‟s right to freedom. can be seen as a Deference strategy. if you can make it. . Example: Come on. The tendency to use negative politeness forms. Example: There‟s going to be a party. let‟s go on to the party. It will be fun. can be seen as a Solidarity Strategy. One way of avoiding risk is to provide an opportunity for the other to halt the potentially risky act. and pre-announcement. Her: Are you busy? Him: Not Really. (= request) Him: Okay (= accept) . (= pre-request) (= go ahead) Her: Check over this memo.Pre-sequences That face is typically at risk when the self needs to accomplish something involving other. preinvention. The greatest risk appears to be when the other is put in a difficult position. It‟s called a Pre- sequence-involving pre-request.