PM1D Tutorial

PetroMod 1Dand 1D Express Tutorial Software Version 9.0 SP3 The PetroMod 1D and 1D Express Tutorial offers a general overview over the PetroMod 1D software package, including information on how to install the program and on how to get started as well as an introduction to individual features and functions. It consists of a series of lessons, which leads the first-time PetroMod user through a typical project using a fairly standard workflow within each module. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 2 PetroMod 1D and 1D Express Rev. 9.0. SP3.Tutorial Rev. A ©3/2006 All rights reserved. IES GmbH Integrated Exploration Systems Ritterstraße 23 D – 52072 Aachen www.ies.de PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 3 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 5 2 INSTALLATION .................................................................................................... 7 2.1 INSTALLATION VIA DOWNLOAD OR FROM CD................................................................7 2.2 OPENING PETROMOD 1D ...........................................................................................8 3 EXERCISE 1 BUILDING A 1D MODEL................................................................... 10 3.1 CREATING A NEW WELL IN PETROWELLS..................................................................10 3.2 HOW TO DELETE A WELL ..........................................................................................12 3.3 ENTERING DEPOSITIONAL THICKNESS AND AGE ........................................................13 3.4 ENTERING LITHOLOGIES AND SOURCE ROCK PROPERTIES ........................................14 3.4.1 LITHOLOGIES....................................................................................................14 3.4.2 FACIES.............................................................................................................15 3.4.3 PETROLEUM SYSTEM ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS .....................................................15 3.4.4 SOURCE ROCK PROPERTIES.............................................................................16 3.4.5 SALT MOVEMENT (PETROMOD 1D ONLY) ..........................................................16 3.4.6 INPUT BURIAL HISTORY DIAGRAM......................................................................19 4 EXERCISE 2 SETTING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ................................................... 21 4.1 LOADING THE 1D MODEL..........................................................................................21 4.2 OPENING THE BOUNDARY ASSIGNMENT TABLE..........................................................21 4.3 SETTING PALEO WATER DEPTH................................................................................22 4.4 SETTING THE SEDIMENT WATER INTERFACE TEMPERATURE ......................................23 4.5 SETTING HEAT FLOW................................................................................................24 5 EXERCISE 3 SIMULATION / DEFAULT OUTPUTS ................................................... 26 5.1 SIMULATION.............................................................................................................26 5.2 EXAMPLES FOR THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED TEMPLATES.......................................27 5.3 CUSTOMIZING THE DEFAULT OUTPUT DISPLAY ..........................................................29 5.3.1 HOW TO RESIZE THE PANELS............................................................................29 5.3.2 HOW TO ADD VALUES TO THE SCALE IN THE BURIAL HISTORY PLOT...................30 5.3.3 HOW TO BLEND OUT THE PALEO WATER DEPTH................................................31 5.3.4 HOW TO CHOOSE A DIFFERENT OVERLAY AND CHANGE THE UNITS....................31 5.3.5 HOW TO USE THE VALUE POINTER....................................................................33 5.3.6 HOW TO CHANGE THE OVERLAY COLORS..........................................................34 5.3.7 HOW TO ADJ UST THE SCALE IN THE TEMPERATURE DEPTH PLOT.......................36 5.3.8 HOW TO MODIFY THE HORIZONTAL SCALE.........................................................38 5.3.9 HOW TO MODIFY THE VERTICAL SCALE .............................................................38 5.3.10 SOME FURTHER OPTIONS TO MODIFY THE GRAPHICS........................................39 5.4 EXTRACTING AN IMAGE.............................................................................................40 PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 4 6 EXERCISE 4 CREATING YOUR OWN OUTPUT TEMPLATES ................................... 41 6.1 CREATING AN ADDITIONAL OUTPUT TEMPLATE ..........................................................41 6.2 CUSTOMIZING THE NEW TEMPLATE IN THE OUTPUT TAB ............................................51 7 EXERCISE 5 USING PETROWELLS TO IMPLEMENT CALIBRATION DATA.................. 56 7.1 CREATING WELLS IN PETROWELLS...........................................................................56 7.1.1 HOW TO CREATE A WELL LIST ..........................................................................57 7.1.2 HOW TO CREATE WELLS ...................................................................................57 7.1.3 HOW TO ENTER CALIBRATION DATA..................................................................58 7.2 REMOVING A WELL...................................................................................................62 8 EXERCISE 6 CALIBRATION................................................................................. 64 8.1 LOADING CALIBRATION DATA DIRECTLY INTO ONE OUTPUT PANEL ............................64 8.2 LOADING ALL CALIBRATION DATA AT ONCE ...............................................................66 8.3 CALIBRATING THE MODEL DATA................................................................................67 9 IES SUPPORT.................................................................................................. 70 PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 5 1 Introduction PetroMod 1D is part of the PetroMod software package that fully integrates seismic, seismic- stratigraphic and geologic interpretations with multi-dimensional simulations of thermal, 3-phase fluid- flow and petroleum migration histories in sedimentary basins. The PetroMod family offers full 3D hydrocarbon generation and migration modeling capabilities. The full package combines the technically most advanced 1D, 2D and 3D technologies with a unique degree of usability for the best results of your petroleum systems analysis. PetroMod is mostly used in exploration work, but has also proven to be a valuable tool in research applications. PetroMod is equally valuable in new exploration areas where only a few data are available, as well as in already explored areas where problems such as source-reservoir correlations, seal efficiencies, and overpressure systems are investigated - in addition to the fundamental task of obtaining the most accurate prediction of timing and location of petroleum generation, expulsion, and migration processes. PetroMod 1D can be used as a stand alone tool or as a fully integrated component of IES’ modeling systems, the PetroMod 2D and 3D packages. Single point data (wells and pseudo-wells) can be constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models. Calibration results such as heat flow trends can then be used directly by the 2D and 3D simulators. The result is that calibration work is performed much faster in all packages. An easy-to-use input table enables the user to create and manage individual wells within one or several projects. Boundary conditions such as basal heat flow and paleo water depth can be set graphically or through direct tabular input. The simulation is initiated automatically by opening the Output window. The results can be displayed in individually customized templates made up of one or more panels. PetroMod 1D Express is a restricted freeware version and has not the full functionality of PetroMod 1D. However, it has full compatibility with PetroMod's 1D, 2D and 3D packages. Some of the links that refer to other PetroMod applications may not be active. The freeware version has the same source code as the fully functional version and is actually the same executable. License control is simple: if a license key is not found, the software automatically starts in the freeware mode. PetroMod 1D Express makes it possible for an unlimited number of 1D licenses to be used, for example as a 'reader' for 1D models or for points extracted from 2D/3D models. Please see the table below for a comparison of the features of PetroMod 1D and PetroMod 1D Express. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 6 PetroMod 1D Express (freeware) PetroMod 1D (full version) Product Goal 1D data reader/viewer and basic modeling tool 1D modeling package, fully integrated with all PetroMod 2D/3D packages Data Sources No special tools Direct extraction of well data from OpenWorks and GeoFrame projects Thermal History Modeling NEW! Full non-steady state thermal history modeling Full non-steady state thermal history modeling Pressure Modeling NEW! Full pressure history modeling Full pressure history modeling Property Editors No lithology or kinetics editors, only default library Complete range of lithology and kinetics editors Special Modeling Tools None Fully integrated with IES’ PetroRisk* modeling tool Licensing No license controls, automatically in Express mode if no license found Full FLEXIm multi-platform license controls, optional dongle control Platforms Windows XP/2000 Sun, SGI, Windows XP/2000, Linux Cost Freeware <US$10,000 for all platforms Note *PetroRisk is IES' unique risk management system which enables the user to determine and statistically evaluate the effects of uncertainties in specific types of geologic input data on the results. IES' PetroRisk technology can be applied to all PetroMod 1D (complete version only), 2D and 3D packages. The PetroMod 1D and 1D Express Tutorial offers a general overview over the PetroMod 1D software package, including information on how to install the program and on how to get started, as well as an introduction to individual features and functions. It consists of a series of lessons, which leads the first- time PetroMod user through a typical project using a fairly standard workflow within each module. The lessons have been written in a simple step-by-step format. They cover all of the features of the PetroMod module. In this tutorial, you will learn how to build a 1D well model from scratch beginning in PetroWells, how to set boundary conditions, customize your output model and create your own output panel template, and finally how to calibrate your 1D model to optimize your output. Since the individual features build on each other, it is suggested that you take the time to go through the tutorial in one sitting, which should take about 4-6 hours. Most parts in this tutorial are valid for both PetroMod 1D and for 1D Express. The parts that refer exclusively to PetroMod 1D are clearly marked as such. We, at Integrated Exploration Systems (IES) constantly strive to improve our products and wish to make the usage of our software as convenient as possible. If you have any suggestions, questions or concerns, please feel free to contact us via email at [email protected]. For further contact options please see chapter 9 “IES Support” at the end of this tutorial. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 7 2 Installation PetroMod 1D Express (Windows) can be downloaded by itself directly from the IES website (www.ies.de). To install PetroMod 1D (Windows) or the versions for Unix and Linux you need to download the full PetroMod package. When installed only the free Express version or the versions for which you have acquired a license will function. IES PetroMod 1D Express is also distributed together with other PetroMod modules (1D, Input 2D/3D, SeisStrat 2D/3D, Simulator, etc.) on CD. 2.1 Installation via Download or from CD Open the IES costumer support website: http://www.ies.de/Support/Support.html. From here you can download IES software, documentation and tutorials. Follow the online instructions. The InstallShield Wizard will open automatically. Follow the guide through the installation procedure. PetroMod 1D Express will self-extract. Figure 2.1: The InstallShield Wizard Notes • The download is free of charge! To use programs that are not freeware tools you will need to acquire a license. While PetroMod 1D Express is freeware, PetroMod 1D requires a license. For detailed information on different PetroMod license packages please contact [email protected]. • Hardware requirements: Please visit us at www.ies.de for a list of hardware requirements. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 8 2.2 Opening PetroMod 1D 1. Double-click the shortcut. The PetroMod Command Menu will open. Figure 2.2: The PetroMod Command Menu The Project Dir: button at the bottom left of the PetroMod Command Menu indicates an automatically created PetroMod directory. 2. Click the Project Dir button to change the project directory. The Select Project Path window will open (see Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3: The Select Project Path window Note The big panel in the Select Project Path window displays the Project History. In our case this panel is empty since we have not yet created any PetroMod project directories. If several project directories would be listed here, you could choose one by double-clicking PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 9 directly its name in the Project History panel. The bar below indicates the path to the current project directory. (The bar may be empty as well.) 3. In the Select Project Path window, click the Create New Project Directory button . The Enter Directory Name window will open. 4. Enter a name for your new project directory, for our example enter 1DProject into the Enter Directory Name field. You have now created a new project directory, the name of this directory will be shown in the Project bar (and under Project History) of the Select Project Path window. 5. Click the OK button twice. The new path to the project directory will now be shown in the PetroMod Command Menu. 6. Open PetroMod 1D by clicking 1D on the menu bar or simply by clicking the PetroMod 1D button on the PetroMod Command Menu. The PetroMod 1D window will open (Figure 2.4). Figure 2.4: The PetroMod 1D window The main PetroMod 1D user-interface has three tabs (Input, Boundary Assignment, and Output). By default the window will open with the Input tab open. We will begin here with 1D model building. You can now move on to “Exercise 1. Building a 1D Model”. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 10 3 Exercise 1 Building a 1D Model We will begin our exercise in the first section by creating a new well model from scratch using the IES well editing tool PetroWells. Then, we will load our well into PetroMod 1D and build a 1D model using the PetroMod 1D tabular input. The well will be further defined by assigning values for thickness, age, lithologies, and source rock properties. 3.1 Creating a New Well in PetroWells 1. Open PetroMod 1D. By default the Input tab will be open. There will be only one tab within the Input tab (at the bottom of the page): Well1, since no other wells have yet been created. Nothing will be listed in the project path nor will there be any groups in the WellData tab in the lower right part of the window. We can now begin to create our own well from scratch (see Figure 2.4). 2. Click the Well Editor button (Calibration Data Editor) . PetroWells will open as a separate application. Figure 3.1 The PetroWells window 3. Click Wells in the tree in the Objects window. A small window at the bottom left will open. 4. To create a new well type a name into the List box, TestWell_1, and click the New Well List button . PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 11 5. The newly created well list will appear in the Objects and in the bottom left windows. 6. Click TestWell_1 in the tree in the Objects window. The title in the window at the bottom left will change to TestWell_1. Figure 3.2: Windows in PetroWells 7. Click the Save button or click Save on the File menu to save your newly created group. 8. Click Edit in the TestWell_1 window. The Wells in List window for TestWell_1 will open. 9. Fill in manually the name and coordinates for our main well TestWell_1 according to Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3: The Wells in List window 10. Click the Apply button to apply and save your settings and close the Wells in List window. You can now see a graphic representation of the well location in the PetroWells main area. 11. Click Save to save the newly created well. Close PetroWells. 12. Close and reopen PetroMod 1D. 13. Click the Well Data tab in the bottom right window. Extend the well list under TestWell_1. You will find our newly created TestWell_1. Figure 3.4: The Well Data window PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 12 14. Click TestWell_1 with the left mouse button and drag and drop the well into the Input table on the left. A new tab with the well name TestWell_1 will appear. Figure 3.5: The New TestWell_1 tab 15. Save your project in the PetroMod 1D menu. The Save As window will open. Enter as the file name for this exercise TestWell_1 and click the Save button. The newly saved model will appear in the data tree under the Project tab in the upper right part of the PetroMod 1D window. Note The data tree will always be displayed when you access the same project directory in PetroMod 1D. Individual wells can be loaded e.g. by "drag-and-drop" from the Project tab (right) into the Input table (left). Figure 3.6: The Project Tree TestWell_1 (i.e. your 1D model) is now ready for geological data assignment, e.g. layer thickness, lithologies, source rock properties, etc.. 3.2 How to Delete a Well This part of the tutorial interrupts the flow of the tutorial for information on how to delete a well in case you have created a well by mistake. You do not need to follow this exercise to proceed with Exercise 2. 1. In the lower right panel of the PetroMod1D window, click the Well Data tab (per default, the Layer Properties tab is active). On the left side, the Well Data tab shows a data tree structure. 2. In the data tree, click the + symbol to expand the ALL group list. The ALL group list contains all wells that have been created or imported so far. 3. Click the name of the well you wish to delete. 4. Click that well with the right mouse button, which causes a submenu to open. 5. Click Delete. Notes • Well groups can also be created, renamed, or deleted in the 1D Base Map using the respective commands from the shortcut menu. • The functionalities described above are also available in PetroWells. The well data are automatically stored in the well subdirectory of the project directory. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 13 If the well has already been loaded into the Input table, it needs to be deleted in the PetroMod 1D Input table as well as in the Well Data box. 6. Click the tab for the well to be deleted at the bottom of the Input table. 7. Click the well with the right mouse button which causes a shortcut menu to open. 8. Click Delete. 9. Save your model. Quit PetroMod and re-open the program. 3.3 Entering Depositional Thickness and Age We will start model building by entering the necessary data into the table for TestWell_1. 1. Make sure that the Input table is open. If not, click the Input tab at the top left of the PetroMod 1D window. The TestWell_1 tab should appear in white, ready for the input of geological data. Note The Input table works to a large degree in the same way as the spread sheets in Microsoft Excel. Double-click in a cell to edit the cell contents, use the drag-and-drop function to copy data. Begin now with the input of geological data: 2. Enter names for the individual layers into the Name column according to Figure 3.7. The default name of the top layer is always Sediment Surface and cannot be changed. 3. The present-day water depth shall be 0 m in this exercise. This means that the top of the layer directly underneath the sediment surface (here layer_10) is also at 0 m. This corresponds to the default setting. Do not change the default setting. Figure 3.7: Entering data into the Input table. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 14 4. Enter the values for the Top and Bottom depths OR the Thickness values into the table columns according to Figure 3.7. You only have to enter one item, depth or thickness. The other will be calculated and inserted automatically. Note No erosion will be entered in this exercise. The erosion columns can be turned off by clicking the Erosion button . 5. Enter the values into the Deposition Age from column according to Figure 3.7. When you enter the values into Deposition Age from from top to bottom, the values for Deposition age to will be calculated and inserted automatically. If however, you wish to enter a hiatus, you need to fill in both columns manually. 6. Click Save on the File menu to save the model. 3.4 Entering Lithologies and Source Rock Properties For compaction calculations your 1D model needs besides depth and age, information about the lithologies of the respective layers. Additionally, for maturity calculations we will determine the petroleum system elements and source rock properties. 3.4.1 Lithologies When a lithology is set for a specific layer, its lithological properties, e.g. porosity, density, and permeability, will automatically be assigned along with it. PetroMod offers a range of default lithologies with corresponding lithological properties. In the full version of PetroMod 1D, additional lithologies can be created, customized and edited using the PetroMod Lithology Editor ( ). For this tutorial however, only the default lithologies will be used. 1. To assign a lithology to a specific layer, double-click in the respective cell in the Lithology column of the Input tab to open the lithology group selection window: Figure 3.8: The lithology group selection window 2. Double-click a lithology group (e.g. SHALE) to open a table of lithologies belonging to that group (e.g. various SHALE lithologies). PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 15 3. Double-click the desired lithology (e.g. SHALEcarb or pure SHALE) to place it into the marked cell. 4. Follow Figure 3.9 when assigning lithologies to the respective layers. 5. Click Save on the File menu, or click the Save button to save your input. 3.4.2 Facies The Facies column is hidden by default. To make it available, click the Facies button . When you create a new 1D model a facies number will be entered automatically. This number cannot be edited. However, if wells are imported from 2D or 3D projects, facies names and colors will be displayed according to their data assignments in PetroMod 2D/3D. Figure 3.9: The Input table completed with values 3.4.3 Petroleum System Essential Elements The petroleum system elements are based on the concept introduced and described by MAGOON, L.B. & DOW, W.G. (1994): “The Petroleum System” - In: MAGOON, L.B. & DOW, W.G. (eds.): The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap. - AAPG Memoir 60: 3 - 24. 1. Click the Petroleum System Essential Elements (PSE) button to display the PetroSys Essential Elements column (column 12) in the Input table. Per default, the PetroSys Essential Elements column is hidden. 2. In order to assign PSE terms to the individual layers of a well, double-click in the respective cell in the PSE column. The essential elements list will appear. Figure 3.10: The PSE list 3. Double-click an element to assign it to the cell. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 16 4. Follow Figure 3.10 when assigning Petroleum System Essential Elements to the layers. 5. Save your model. 3.4.4 Source Rock Properties Source rock properties include Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Hydrogen Index (HI), and Kinetics. In PetroMod 1D it makes no sense to simulate migration, yet it is possible to calculate the petroleum generation potential for a certain kinetic reaction. PetroMod offers a range of default kinetics. In the full version of PetroMod 1D, kinetics can be created, customized and edited using the PetroMod Kinetics Editor ( ). For this tutorial however, only the default kinetics will be used. 1. Click the Source Rock Properties button to display the TOC, HI, and Kinetics columns. Note HI, TOC and Kinetics columns are available for petroleum kinetics. The kinetic type can be chosen. Please refer for more information about the different types of kinetics to the reference literature listed in the detailed bibliography in the PetroMod 1D User Manual. In this tutorial, we will enter petroleum kinetics with the HI. 2. Enter 5 wt% for the TOC and 500 mgHC/gTOC for HI petroleum kinetics into the respective cells for the source rock layer_4 (see Figure 3.9). 3. Double-click in the Kinetics cell of layer 4 to open the selection list and click Tissot_et_al(1988)_T2 for the kinetic reaction. 4. Click Save on the File menu, or click the Save button . 3.4.5 Salt Movement (PetroMod 1D only) The full version of PetroMod 1D offers a range of special tools (i.e. Cementation, Fracturing, Intrusion, Piercing, Salt Movement, and Thrusting) that allow further geological refinements of the model to adapt it to the situation in the field. In this tutorial, the layer based model "Salt Movement" will be assigned to the salt layer (layer_2). This exercise refers to the full version of PetroMod 1D only. At the end of this exercise we will remove the data again to proceed to the common sections of PetroMod 1D and 1D Express. Users of PetroMod 1D Express should move on directly to Chapter “3.4.6. Input Burial History Diagram”. 1. Click the Layer Properties tab in the bottom right section of the screen. 2. Click in the cell for the salt layer (layer_2) in the Name column of the Input table. The chosen layer name will now be displayed in the Selected Layer(s) panel under the Layer Properties tab. The right panel of the Layer Properties tab lists the available Layer Based Models (see Figure 3.11). PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 17 Figure 3.11: Choosing the Layer Based Model 3. Select the Salt Movement check box. The Salt editor window will open. It displays Age and Thickness columns for three layers and three graphical input panels, one for each layer (see Figure 3.12). Since only one layer (layer_2) in the 1D Input has been determined for salt movement, only the Age and the Thickness columns for that layer contain default data. 4. There are two ways to set up salt thickness through time: a) by entering numerical values directly into the table or b) by drawing the changes directly into the graph. Click in the graphic panel. The cursor will turn into a cross hair. Click on the trend, a node (small black square) will appear. Drag the node to any desired place (to drag, hold the left mouse button and move the cursor) and drop it with another click. Note To delete a node, click it with the middle mouse button. Either way, follow Figure 3.12 to enter age and thickness data into the columns for layer_2. Note It is not possible to enter any property (such as Thickness) for a layer prior to its deposition. Therefore, in this example, salt movement can only begin after deposition of layer_2, i.e. after 40 Ma. Figure 3.12: The Salt editor PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 18 5. Click OK to apply the modifications and close the Salt editor window. Note The salt layer (layer_2) in the Input table will now show a light green background color. The color indicates that salt movement has been assigned to that layer. When you click in the cell of layer_2 in the table on the left, you will see that the small square next to Salt Movement in the lower right window is checked (see Figure 3.13). Figure 3.13: Changes to the Input panel after entering salt movement 6. Save your model. 7. In the upper right panel of the PetroMod 1D Input window, click the Input Burial History tab. The graphic for the Input Burial History will be displayed (see Figure 3.14). The thickness of the salt layer (layer_2) varies over time. Important When you select this tab for the first time, it may take a few seconds until the calculation has completed and the geometry can be displayed. What you see, is not yet the result of a simulation. This input burial history is a mere graphic representation of the built geometry and does not take compaction into account. The Input Burial History diagram allows you to check the geometry evolution of your model prior to simulation. Figure 3.14: The Input Burial History diagram displaying the salt movement. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 19 8. In order to proceed with the tutorial version that is valid for PetroMod 1D and 1D Express, we need to take off the data for the salt movement again. To do this, click in the cell of layer_2 in the Input table on the left and deselect the Salt Movement check box in the lower right window (see Figure 3.13). 9. Save your model again. 3.4.6 Input Burial History Diagram The main 1D model input data have been entered. You can now check visually the geometry evolution of your model through the Input Burial History tab. When you click this tab for the first time, it may take a few seconds until the calculation has completed and the geometry can be displayed. What you see is not yet the result of a simulation. This input burial history is a mere graphic representation of the built geometry and does not take compaction into account. The Input Burial History diagram allows you to check the geometry evolution of your model prior to simulation. 1. In the upper right panel of the PetroMod 1D Input tab, click the Input Burial History tab. The input burial history will be displayed in a diagram (see Figure 3.15). 2. Check the geometry evolution of your model prior to simulation. Figure 3.15: The Input Burial History tab for verification of your input data Before running the simulation, boundary conditions (e.g. heat flow) need to be set. Please proceed to “Exercise 2. Setting Boundary Conditions”. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 20 PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 21 4 Exercise 2 Setting Boundary Conditions In this exercise we will set boundary conditions for our model – basal heat flow (HF), paleo water depth (PWD), and sediment water interface temperature (SWIT). The boundary conditions define the basic energetic conditions for the temperature and burial depth of the source rock and, consequently, for the maturation of organic matter through time. 4.1 Loading the 1D Model Load the model you built in Exercise 1. You can simply drag TestWell_1 from the right panel (Project tab or Base Map tab) to the Input table on the left. Alternatively, 1. click Open on the File menu. The Open PetroMod Model Directory window will appear. In the Look in: field you will find the data path to the subdirectory pm1d of your project directory 1D_Project. 2. Click TestWell_1. 3. Click OK. 4.2 Opening the Boundary Assignment Table Click the Boundary Assignment tab next to the Input tab. The Boundary Assignment tab consists of an input table on the left side, and three graphics on the right side of the screen: PWD (Paleo Water Depth), SWIT (Sediment Water Interface Temperature), and HF (Heat Flow). The values can be set either by manually writing the numerical values into the table or by moving the graph. Note As long as no user-defined trends have been entered, the Boundary Assignment tab only displays the default trends, i.e a time-invariant PWD, SWIT, and HF of 0 m, 20 centigrades, and 60 mW per m 2 , respectively. Important In some cases it is possible that the default age in the first row of the Age columns in the Boundary Assignment table is not set correctly. If this is the case, please correct the value to 60 Ma manually. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 22 Figure 4.1: Boundary Assignments – default configuration 4.3 Setting Paleo Water Depth Changing/Setting the Values Graphically 1. In the Boundary Assignments tab move the cursor over the PWD trend area on the right side. In the graphics panel the cursor will turn into cross hairs. 2. Click in the graphic panel to activate the display. When it is active, it will have a thicker black frame. 3. Click on the trend. It will be highlighted in bright yellow. A node (small solid square) will appear over the trend line. Click the node with the left mouse button and drag it to any desired place (to drag, hold the left mouse button and move the cursor). The x-y coordinates (age and PWD value) will be displayed during editing. To delete a node, click it with the middle mouse button. 4. Graphically set a trend (with positive PWD values) more or less similar to Figure 4.3. The values in the table will be updated automatically. 5. Save the model. Notes • The age and water depth settings can be modified at any time by either dragging the nodes to a new position or by entering a new value into the table. As the graphics and the tables are "communicating with each other", each modification in one widget will immediately be updated in the other. Using the Table to Create a Trend: All values can be entered directly into the table without using the graphical mode. 1. Enter values according to Figure 4.3. This way you can also modify the age or depth values, which have been set graphically before. 2. Save the model. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 23 4.4 Setting the Sediment Water Interface Temperature IES offers a special tool to simplify setting the sediment water interface temperature (SWIT). It could also be done in the same way as the PWD and HF trends. However, this would be quite time consuming. Additionally, data for SWIT variations over the geologic past are often missing. Therefore, we will use a tool to calculate and set the SWIT trend automatically. This tool has been integrated in all PetroMod modules (PetroMod 1D, PetroBuilder 2D and Input 3D). Setting an Automatically Calculated SWIT Trend: 1. Click the Location Editor for SWI Temperature Calculation button . The Global Mean Surface Temperature window will open. It displays a simplified map of mean sea surface temperatures over the past 360 million years for both hemispheres according to Wygrala (1989) - see Figure 4.2. 2. Select the SWI Location On/Off check box to activate the automatic SWIT calculation. Per default, the dialog box is set to Off. 3. Let us presume that TestWell_1 lies in the Northern German Basin. Select the present-day hemisphere Northern from the drop-down list, the continental zone Europe, and the latitude 55. The temperature evolution through time will be reconstructed accordingly taking into account continental drift and climate change. A black line tracks the movement of the respective location over time. Important The automatic SWIT temperature assignment provides only a rough approximation to the actual sediment-water interface temperatures. The temperature calculation takes the paleo water depth into account. For this, the paleo water depth (PWD) needs to be set before assigning the SWIT temperature. Figure 4.2: Global Mean Surface Temperature calculation based on Wygrala (1989) PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 24 4. Click Save on the File menu of the Global Mean Surface Temperature window. The corresponding SWI temperatures (corrected for the PWD) will automatically be entered into the Boundary Assignment table. Temperatures will be shown for all ages for which PWD trend data have been entered (see Figure 4.3). 5. Save the edits in the PetroMod 1D window. Changing/Setting the Values Graphically Although it is more user-friendly to use the tool, you could also create or modify the SWIT trend in the same way as PWD and HF by either dragging the nodes to a new position or by entering a new value into the table. Using the Table to Create a Trend J ust like PWD and HF values, SWIT values can be entered directly into the table without using the graphic mode. In case of automatic SWIT calculation no values need to be entered manually. Notes • As the graphics and the tables are "communicating with each other", each modification in one widget will be updated automatically in the other. • The annotation for the age-axis is only shown above the PWD graph, but is also valid for the SWIT and HF trends. 4.5 Setting Heat Flow A heat flow trend (HF) can be set in the same way as the PWD trend. Changing/Setting the Values Graphically 1. Move the cursor over the HF graphic on the right side. In the graphics panel, the cursor will turn into cross hairs. 2. Click in the graphic panel to activate the display. When it is active, it will have a thicker black frame. 3. Click with the left mouse button on the trend line. It will be highlighted in bright yellow. A node (small solid square) will appear over the trend line. Click the node with the left mouse button and drag it to any desired place (to drag, hold the left mouse button and move the cursor). The x-y coordinates (age and HF value) will be displayed during editing. To delete a node, click it with the middle mouse button. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 25 4. Graphically set a trend more or less similar to the graph in Figure 4.3. The values in the table will be updated automatically. 5. Save the model. Notes • The age and water depth settings can be modified at any time by either dragging the nodes to a new position or by entering a new value into the table. As the graphics and the tables are "communicating with each other", each modification in one widget will immediately be updated in the other. • The annotation for the age-axis is only shown above the PWD graph, but is also valid for the SWIT and HF graphs. Using the Table to Create a Trend All values can be entered directly into the table without using the graphical mode. 1. Enter the values according to Figure 4.3. You may also modify the age or depth values, which have been graphically set before. 2. Save the model. Figure 4.3: Boundary Assignments with all values entered You have now completed setting the input parameters and boundary conditions. Your 1D model is ready for simulation. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 26 5 Exercise 3 Simulation / Default Outputs In this exercise we will run a simulation. We will then go over a few examples of the default output panel combinations of PetroMod 1D. Later in the exercise the output panels will be adapted and modified. PetroMod 1D also offers the user the opportunity to create a new output panel which suits better his/her needs. We will go over this option in exercise 4. With Petromod 9.0 SP3 we have launched a new tool, the Default Manager which enables the user to choose which 1D output templates should appear per default in the Output panel. For more information please refer to the Quick Reference Guide of the Default Manager. 5.1 Simulation The simulation will start automatically, when the Output tab in PetroMod 1D is opened for the first time. No specific simulator options need to be set. The settings in the Input table (e.g. age, lithologies, kinetics, salt movement, etc.) are automatically considered for the simulation. 1. Click the Output tab. The simulation will be performed automatically. Depending on the speed of your computer, this may take only a very short time. A progress report can be followed in the lower left part of the PetroMod 1D window (see Figure 5.1). Figure 5.1: Progress report during simulation 2. To enlarge the display of the output panels as much as possible, click the Control Panel and the Report buttons. The Output Control panel and the simulation report panel at the bottom of PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 27 the PetroMod 1D Output window will disappear. The Output Control Panel can only be displayed along with the simulation report panel. Click both the Control Panel and the Report buttons to display the Output Control Panel again. In the Output Control Panel, you have the options to clear the diagrams (Clear Panels button), re-run a simulation (Calculate button), and display newly calculated results in the output templates (Apply button). After the simulation has ended, the results will be displayed in standard templates. In the Output window click the respective tab at the bottom of the templates (see Figure 5.2) to open an individual template. Figure 5.2: Selection of Output Panel tabs after simulation (the figure split the panel in two parts to fit the manual) 5.2 Examples for the Most Frequently Used Templates Example A: Temp_Ro_bh (Temperature - Vitrinite Reflectance - Burial History) displays two depth plots for temperature and vitrinite reflectance on the left, and a burial history plot with a temperature overlay on the right. Click the Report button to enlarge the graphics. Figure 5.3: Temp_Ro_bh PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 28 Example B: Temp_Ro (Temperature-Vitrinite Reflectance) displays two depth plots for temperature and vitrinite reflectance trends on the left, as well as two time plots for temperature and vitrinite reflectance on the right (For information on how to adjust the readability of the units see the section “5.3 Customize the Output Display” in this chapter.) Figure 5.4: Temp_Ro Example C: Pressure displays a depth plot for lithostatic, hydrostatic and pore pressure on the left side, and on the right, the burial history with a porosity overlay. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 29 Figure 5.5: Pressure Further templates can be created and customized. That way any simulation result or combination of results can be displayed (see also the chapter 6 “Create Additional Templates”). Next, we will customize the look of the existing output displays. 5.3 Customizing the Default Output Display PetroMod 1D allows you to modify and customize the visual presentation of the panels. For example, you will be able to resize panels, individualize colors, or highlight or delete certain parts of the output. In the following we will go through some examples to demonstrate the possibilities to you. The newly created output panels will then also appear locally in the Default Manager, a new tool we launched with Petromod 9.0 SP3. It enables the user to determine the default units, the colors for the overlays, and which 1D output templates should appear per default in the Output panel. For more information please refer to the Quick Reference Guide of the Default Manager 5.3.1 How to Resize the Panels 1. Click the Temp_Ro_bh tab to display the Temperature - Vitrinite Reflectance - Burial History template. 2. Click the splitter between two output panels, e.g. the temperature-depth plot on the upper left side and the vitrinite reflectance-depth plot (Sweeney & Burnham(1990)) on the lower left side. 3. Move the cursor while holding the left mouse button: Move the splitter(s) so that only the temperature-depth plot on the left, and the burial history with the temperature overlay on the right will be displayed, i.e. hide the vitrinite reflectance-depth plot on the lower left side. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 30 Figure 5.6: Hiding the Vitrinite Reflectance Depth plot Note Of course, you can also re-size the entire window to increase the size of the individual diagrams by clicking the lower right corner of the window frame (in Windows, the cursor will turn into a two-headed arrow), hold the left mouse button and move the cursor towards the lower right corner of your screen. The PetroMod 1D window will be re-sized proportionally. 5.3.2 How to Add Values to the Scale in the Burial History Plot The age scale (top of the burial history plot on the right side of the Temperature - Vitrinite Reflectance - Burial History template) has expanded due to the resizing of the panel. The values are well readable, yet there is enough space to show more details, e.g. one value every 10 million years. 1. Double-click on the age scale or one of the values on the age scale. The Units - limits dialog box will open. This box allows you to specify and edit the characteristics of the chosen axis. Note The Major Ticks refer to absolute values (e.g. one major tick every 10 million years). Numerical values are displayed at each major tick. The number to be entered for Minor Ticks refers to the number of intervals between two major ticks. The minimum number of minor ticks is therefore 1 (=one interval between two major ticks). 2. Set the value for Major ticks to 10, i.e. one major tick and displayed value every 10 million years, and for Minor ticks to 5 corresponding to 5 intervals of 2 million years each. Click OK. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 31 Figure 5.7: Units–limits dialog box - Age 5.3.3 How to Blend out the Paleo Water Depth Per default the burial history plot displays paleo water depth (PWD), i.e. the PWD values that we have set as boundary conditions in the Input table in exercise 2. In the Output, the PWD is displayed as a white margin at the top of the burial history plot, which - according to the PWD settings - thins and thickens and finally pinches out in the Neogene (PWD =0 m at 10 Ma). 1. Click in the burial history plot (right panel). A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. 2. To display the burial history plot without paleo water depths, click the Water Depth button . The white margin will disappear. Compare now the burial history plots in Figures 5.6 and 5.8. 5.3.4 How to Choose a Different Overlay and Change the Units With Petromod 9.0 SP3 we have launched a new tool, the Default Manager which enables the user to determine the default units, the colors for the overlays and which 1D output templates should appear per default in the Output panel. For more information please refer to the Quick Reference Guide of the Default Manager. 1. Click with the right mouse button in the burial history plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 2. Click Overlay, point to HC Zones, then click Zone_Tissot_et_al(1988)_T2. The hydrocarbon zones according to the specified kinetic will be displayed. 3. Click the Source Rock button . The HC Zone overlay will now be displayed for the source rock only (in our example layer_4 - see Figure 5.8), i.e. for the layer that has the assigned source rock properties (TOC, HI, kinetics) in the Input tab. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 32 Figure 5.8: Burial history with hydrocarbon zone overlay for source rock layer only Note Generation of liquids ("oil") does not start until about 8 Ma in this model. The major part of the source rock is still immature. 4. Click again the Source Rock button. The HC Zone overlay will be displayed for all layers again. 5. Click with the right mouse button in the burial history plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 6. Click Overlay, point to Compaction, then click Pressure: Effective Stress. The calculated effective stress of your 1D model and its variation over time and depth will be displayed. The default unit for pressure overlays is the SI (=International System of Units) unit MPa (10^6 Pascals or Newtons per square meter). 7. Click with the right mouse button in the burial history plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 8. Click Overlay Settings. The Overlay settings box will open. 9. In the list click psi (pounds per square inch) to choose as the overlay unit. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 33 Figure 5.9: Burial history plot with Pressure: Effective Stress (psi) overlay 10. Click OK. The Overlay settings box will close. The effective stress will now be displayed in psi units and the legend will be updated accordingly. Note When you move the cursor over the burial history plot, the Cell number, the X and Y coordinates (age and depth, respectively), and the overlay Value (pore pressure in psi units) will be displayed in the lower right corner of the PetroMod1D window. For this functionality, the burial history panel needs to be active (highlighted by a thicker black frame). 5.3.5 How to Use the Value Pointer 1. Click in the burial history plot (right panel). A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. 2. Click the Value Pointer button on the toolbar of the PetroMod1D window. 3. Click with the left mouse button anywhere in the burial history plot. A label with the overlay value (effective stress in psi units) will be displayed at the location where you have clicked. 4. Repeat the labeling for different locations in the burial history plot. 5. To remove the labels, click the Clear Value Pointers button . 6. Now, right-click in the burial history plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 7. Click Store Overlay in the list. The values for the current overlay have been stored and will be available even if a different overlay will be chosen. 8. Right-click again in the burial history plot. 9. Click Overlay, point to Temperature, then click Thermal Conductivity: Vertical. The calculated vertical thermal conductivity for your 1D model and its variation over time and depth will be displayed. The default unit for thermal conductivity is Wm/K. 10. Click again the Value Pointer button on the toolbar of the PetroMod1D window. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 34 11. Click with the left mouse button anywhere in the burial history plot. A label will be displayed at the location, where you have clicked. It will show overlay values for vertical thermal conductivity (in W/mK units) and effective stress (in psi units), because we had previously stored that. Figure 5.10: Burial history with vertical thermal conductivity overlay and value pointers Note Due to the properties of the chosen salt lithology, the salt layer (layer_2) shows considerably higher vertical thermal conductivities than the other layers. 5.3.6 How to Change the Overlay Colors With Petromod 9.0 SP3 we have launched a new tool, the Default Manager which enables the user to determine the default colors of the overlays. For more information please refer to the Quick Reference Guide of the Default Manager. 1. Click with the right mouse button in the burial history plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 2. Click Overlay Settings in the list. The Overlay settings box will open. 3. Click Options…, and then click the Colormap tab in the Options window. 4. Click ies_purpblwhtrd from the drop-down list. Note The ies_purpblwhtrd map has 64 colors (in contrast to the 20 colors of the Standard color map). 5. In the Color Map panel, set the size of the color map to 64. 6. The visible range for the color distribution in the overlay can also be adapted. Click the Classes tab, then select the visible range check box and set the max value at 3.5 and select use ranges. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 35 Figure 5.11: Setting the Colors 7. In the Overlay Settings window click OK to apply the modifications and to close the Overlay Settings box. 8. Finally, click the Layer Lines button in the toolbar of the PetroMod1D window to display the layer lines in the burial history plot. After all these modifications, your burial history plot should look similar to Figure 5.12. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 36 Figure 5.12: Burial history plot with modified colors and layer lines 5.3.7 How to Adjust the Scale in the Temperature Depth Plot The temperature scale at the top of the temperature-depth plot on the left side of the PetroMod 1D Output window has been "compressed" due to the re-sizing of the panel. The values are not properly readable. 1. Double-click on the temperature scale or one of the temperature values at the top of the temperature-depth plot. The Units - limits dialog box will open. 2. Play with the Min and Max values and the Major and Minor Tick values to increase the readability of the temperature axis scale. Click Apply to see the result of each modification. For instance, set the Max value to 200 and the Major and Minor Ticks distance to 100 (one tick for every 100 centigrade) and 1 (one interval between two ticks) respectively. Figure 5.13: Units - limits dialog box: Depth >Temperature PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 37 3. Once you find the results satisfying, click OK to confirm the modification and close the Units - limits dialog box. 4. Click with the left mouse button in the temperature-depth plot. A thick black frame will indicate that the plot is active. 5. Now, click with the right mouse button in the plot which causes a shortcut menu to open. 6. Click Overlay, point to Compaction, then click Pressure: Effective Stress. The calculated pore pressure of your 1D model and its variation with depth will be displayed. The default unit for pressure overlays is the SI unit MPa (10^6 Pascals or Newtons per square meter). A horizontal axis for pore pressure will be added on top of the diagram. Proceed in the same way to add another graph to the depth plot: 7. Click Overlay, point to Compaction, then click Pressure: Lithostatic. The calculated lithostatic pressure of your 1D model and its variation with depth will be displayed. 8. Double-click on the horizontal axis or one of the values at the top of the pressure-depth plot. 9. Scale the axis as before, so that the numbers above the axis can easily be read. 10. Now, click left on the annotation Temperature - TestWell_1_Default at the bottom of the depth plot. The text will be displayed in bold letters, and the respective curve will be highlighted. 11. Click on the curve with the right mouse button. 12. Click Delete on the shortcut menu. The curve will disappear. Figure 5.14: Pressure: Effective Stress and Lithostatic PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 38 5.3.8 How to Modify the Horizontal Scale 1. Double-click on the horizontal scale or one of the values at the top of the pressure-depth plot. The Units - limits dialog box will open. The box allows you to specify and to edit the characteristics of the selected axis. The default unit is the SI unit MPa (10^6 Pascals or Newtons per square meter). Click psi (pounds per square meter) in the Unit drop-down list. 2. Set the Max value to 15000 psi. 3. In the Ticks panel, set the Major ticks to 3000, i.e. one major tick for every 3000 psi, the Minor ticks to 3, i.e. 3 intervals of 1000 psi each between two ticks (see Figure 5.15). Figure 5.15: Units - limits dialog box: Depth >Pressure Effective Stress 4. Click OK to apply the modifications and to close the Units - limits dialog box. 5.3.9 How to Modify the Vertical Scale 1. Double-click on the vertical scale or one of the values on the left side of the pressure-depth plot. The Units - limits dialog box will open. The box allows you to specify and edit the characteristics of the selected axis. The default Unit is the SI unit meter. Click ft (feet) in the Unit drop-down list. 2. Set the Max value to 13000 feet. In the Ticks panel, set the value for Major ticks to 3000 and for Minor ticks to 3 (see Figure 5.16). Figure 5.16: Units - limits dialog box: Temperature >Depth 3. Click OK to apply the modifications and to close the Units - limits dialog box. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 39 5.3.10 Some Further Options to Modify the Graphics Make sure that the pressure-depth plot is active, this will be indicated by a thick black frame. 1. Click the Lithology button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window. The lithology will not be displayed anymore. Note To display the lithology in a black and white pattern, leave the Lithology button, and click the Lithology BW button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window . 2. Click the Layer Lines button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window. The layer lines will not be displayed anymore. 3. Click the Cell Grid button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window to display grid lines. After these modifications, your pressure-depth plot should look similar to Figure 5.17. Figure 5.17: Modified Pressure-Depth plot PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 40 5.4 Extracting an Image If you need to use the images for a report or a PowerPoint presentation you can easily copy them into the application of your choice. 1. Click with the right mouse button in the image you would like to place into a different document. A shortcut menu will open. 2. Click Copy Image. The image including the axis scaling is copied as a .png file to the clipboard. 3. Open a new file in a presentation, word or image processing program (e.g. PowerPoint, Word, CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator, ...). 4. In the presentation, word processing or graphics program of your choice, click Edit/Paste (or the respective command in the language of your application) on the menu bar to paste the content of the clipboard. The graphic will appear in the chosen application. It can now be modified, saved, exported, etc ... The operations of the example above and many more can be handled in the same way for any panel and for any template, where output data are available. In the following chapter, an additional output template will be created. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 41 6 Exercise 4 Creating Your Own Output Templates Advanced users appreciate PetroMod 1D's built-in functionality to create additional templates for the output of 1D models. This tool allows you to create almost any arrangement of depth and time diagrams. While the structure and the content of the new template will be defined during the creation of a template, output features such as colors, grid lines etc. will be conveniently customized in the Output, i.e. when actual model results will be displayed. 6.1 Creating an Additional Output Template The following section will give you an overview over how to create templates in PetroMod 1D. You are free to choose the number and sizes of panels within a template. The default templates (see Exercise 4) may serve as examples of how to set up individual panels. The size and resolution of your screen are crucial for the proper synoptical display of the diagrams within a template. The size and proportion of individual panels can later be changed in the Output window simply by moving panel borders with the left mouse button. In case you have closed the PetroMod 1D Output, 1. Open PetroMod 1D 2. Load your model, i.e. TestWell_1 3. Click the Output tab, click Clear Panels in the Output Control Panel and re-run the simulation by clicking Calculate. Then click Apply to display the output panels. 4. To create a new template, click the Template Wizard button. The Output Template Wizard window will open (see Figure 6.1). 5. Type a name for the new template, in our example MyNewTemplate into the Name field. 6. Press Enter (NOT OK!) to confirm the entered new name. An undefined main panel will be displayed and the name MyNewTemplate will appear in the lower left panel of the wizard. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 42 Figure 6.1: The Output Template Wizard window 7. Click the Add Vertical Splitter button in the right top corner of the Output Template Wizard window. 8. Click in the dimmed panel to subdivide it into individual compartments (panels) according to Figure 6.2. If necessary, you can click the Undo last split action button to undo a separation. 9. Proceed in the same way for the horizontal splitter , which can also be found in the right top corner of the Output Template Wizard window. This will determine the general look of the template. If necessary, you can click the Undo last split action button to undo a separation. Notes • The size and proportion of the individual panels can later be fine-tuned in the Output window by moving the panel borders with the left mouse button. • As soon as you have created more than one panel in the Output Template Wizard window, the active panel, i.e. the panel, to which properties can be assigned, appears dimmed, while the others remain white. In Figure 6.2, the left panel is active. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 43 Figure 6.2: The Output Template Wizard window with split panels 10. Click OK and close the Output Template Wizard window. 11. Click the Update Current Template button on the PetroMod 1D menu bar and click Yes to save the new template. Caution! If you click the Update Current Template button in the PetroMod 1D menu bar while the Output Template Wizard window is open, the program might crash. How to Assign an Output to the Left Panel 1. Click the Template Wizard button to open the Output Template Wizard window again. 2. Click in the large left panel. It will appear dimmed (active), while the others remain white (inactive). 3. Click the option Depth Display from the Panel type selection list at the top of the Output Template Wizard window. 4. Properties to the panel type can be assigned in the tabs in the lower right panel of the Output Template Wizard window. Click the General tab to expand it. Here, the general settings, including colors, axis alignment, and the distance from the axis to the panel margins can be determined. Leave the default settings. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 44 Figure 6.3: Settings in the General tab. 5. Scroll further down and click the Depth/Time Burial tab to expand it. Here, an overlay can be chosen and its appearance (i.e. legend, grid, lithology patterns, etc.) specified. Figure 6.4: Settings in the Depth/Time Burial tab 6. Click the Add New Overlay button , point to Temperature, and then click Temperature to choose an overlay from the list. 7. Click the Depth Axis button . The Units - limits dialog box will open (see Figure 6.5). Note The button for the Time Axis will be inactive, when Depth Display has been determined as the Panel type. 8. Set the Major ticks to 500. The default is 1000. Leave 5 as the setting for the Minor ticks. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 45 Figure 6.5: Setting the Depth units. 9. Click OK to apply the modifications and close the Units - limits dialog box. The other tabs (PSE, Base Map, and User Defined) will be inactive, when Depth Display has been determined as Panel type. In the following they will be described, yet no changes will be made. Petroleum System Elements (PSE) Tab - Inactive in Our Example This tab is available, when Petroleum System has been determined as Panel type. Under the PSE tab, colors for individual petroleum system events can be chosen. Figure 6.6: The PSE tab to assign a PSE to a new panel template. Notes • The Petroleum System Events are based on the concept introduced and described by MAGOON, L.B. & DOW, W.G. (1994): “The Petroleum System.” - In: MAGOON, L.B. & DOW, W.G. (eds.): The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap. - AAPG Memoir 60: 3 - 24. • You will also have the possibility to enter/change the settings by clicking with the right mouse button in the PSE chart of the Output window and then clicking Settings in the shortcut menu. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 46 Base Map Tab - Inactive in Our Example This tab will be available, when Base Map has been determined as Panel type. Under the Base Map tab, well colors and the unit for the world coordinates can be set. Figure 6.7: The Base Map User Defined Tab - Inactive in Our Example This tab will be available, when User defined has been determined as Panel type. Under the User defined tab, table properties can be set or a picture can be loaded. Figure 6.8: The User Defined Entries How to Assign an Output to the Upper Right Panel: 1. Click in the upper right panel of the new template (see Figure 6.9). It will appear dimmed, while the others remain white. 2. Click the option Time Display from the Panel type selection list at the top of the Output Template Wizard window. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 47 Figure 6.9: The Time Display panel 3. Assign properties to the panel type using the tabs in the lower right panel of the Output Template Wizard window. Click the General tab to expand it. 4. In the Axis alignment panel, click Right for the Vertical axis alignment and Top for the Horizontal axis alignment. Figure 6.10: Setting Properties in the General Tab. 5. Scroll further down and click the Depth/Time Burial tab to expand it. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 48 6. Click the Add new overlay button , point to Petroleum Generation Potential, and then click Comp_Medium Oil_Tissot_et_al(1988)_T2. This will display the calculated transformation ratio in the upper right panel according to Tissot et al. (1988). 7. Click the Time Axis button to define the settings for the time axis of the panel display. The button for the Depth Axis is inactive, because Time Display had been chosen as the Panel type. The Units - limits dialog box will open. Figure 6.11: Setting the time axis 8. Adjust the settings as shown in Figure 6.11 and click OK to close the Units - limits dialog box. Note The other tabs (PSE, Base-Map, and User Defined) will be inactive, when Depth Display has been chosen as the panel type. How to Assign an Output to the Lower Right Panel 1. Click in the lower right panel of the new template (see Figure 6.12). It will appear dimmed, while the others remain white. 2. Click the option Petroleum System from the Panel type selection list at the top of the Output Template Wizard window. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 49 Figure 6.12: The Petroleum System panel 3. Assign properties to the panel type using the tabs in the lower right panel of the Output Template Wizard window. If not yet expanded, click the General tab to expand it. 4. In the Axis alignment panel, click Right for the Vertical axis alignment. Figure 6.13: Setting the axis alignment PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 50 5. Scroll further down and click the PSE (Petroleum System Elements) tab to expand it. Figure 6.14: The PSE tab 6. Leave the colors of the different petroleum system elements and events at their default. Note The other tabs (Depth/Time Burial, Base-Map, and User Defined) will be inactive, when PSE has been chosen as the panel type. Now, the settings for the different panels of your new template in the Output Template Wizard are done! 7. Click OK to confirm your settings and to close the Output Template Wizard window. The output of your model will automatically be displayed in the newly created template. According to the settings in the Output Template Wizard window, it displays a depth plot with a temperature overlay in the left panel, a time plot of the Tissot_et_al(1988)_T2 hydrocarbon zone in the upper right panel, and a petroleum system events chart in the lower right panel (see Figure 6.15). PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 51 Figure 6.15: The new template Note Overlays that need to be calculated during simulation such as Hydrocarbon Zones, Petroleum Generation Potential, and Calibration can only be added after simulation took place. Important When you create a new template to display your data while being in the Output window (i.e. after simulation), you may need to close the application and reopen PetroMod 1D to allow an update on the new template. Otherwise, the panels/results may not be displayed in the new template. 6.2 Customizing the New Template in the Output Tab While structure and content of the new template are defined during the creation of a template in the Output Template Wizard, it is useful to customize the display for the individual panels in the Output tab, when you are able to see the actual results of your model. PetroMod 1D provides a range of built- in functions to customize diagrams. Some of them (e.g. to change the axis scaling) have already been introduced for depth and burial history plots in exercise 4. How to Customize the Time Plot 1. Click in the upper right diagram displaying the evolution of the transformation ratio with time. A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. Layer_1 is displayed by default, you can see that by the blue fill in the bottom cell of a vertical stack of cells at the right margin of the panel. However, the transformation ratio is only meaningful for layers, which contain organic carbon (i.e. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 52 source rock layers). Layer_1 is not the source rock layer. In our model layer_4 was specified as the source rock layer. 2. Move the cursor, which has turned to cross-hairs over the right margin of the panel. A column with the vertical stack of cells is displayed at this margin. Each cell conceals a layer label. When you move over the stack, the label of each cell will be displayed. 3. Move the cursor over the 4th cell from below (see Figure 6.16). 4. Click in that cell. The transformation ratio curve will be displayed for layer_4, the label will change accordingly. Note The calculated transformation ratio is much lower for your source rock (layer_4) than that for layer_1. This is simply due to the fact that layer_4 has not subsided as much as layer_1, which is the bottom layer in your model. Layer_4 has therefore encountered lower pressure and temperature conditions than layer_1. The calculated transformation ratio of the organic matter is hence lower. For layer_1, which according to your input does not contain organic matter, the calculated higher transformation ratio is purely theoretical. Figure 6.16: Customizing the Transformation Ratio Diagram (1) 5. Double-click on the vertical scale or one of the numbers on the right scale of the transformation ratio diagram. The Units - limits dialog box will open. 6. Type 0.33 for the Max value to be displayed. 7. Click OK to confirm the modification and close the Units - limits dialog box. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 53 Figure 6.17: Customizing the Transformation Ratio diagram (2) 8. Now double-click on the horizontal scale or one of the values on the top of the Transformation Ratio diagram. The Units - limits dialog box will open. 9. Type 18 for the Max value to be displayed, set the Major Ticks to 5 and the Minor Ticks to 5. 10. Click OK to confirm the modification and close the Units - limits dialog box. The time scale of the transformation ratio curve will now be concentrated on the main period of petroleum generation (compare Figures 6.16-6.18). Figure 6.18: Customizing the Transformation Ratio diagram (3) 11. Make sure that the curve in the Transformation Ratio diagram is active. This will be indicated by appearing in yellow. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 54 12. Click with the right mouse button in the Transformation Ratio diagram. A shortcut menu will open. 13. Click Curve Properties. Here the line width, shape and color, can be chosen (see Figure 6.19). 14. Determine the desired width, shape and color of the line and click the Select button at the bottom of the box to confirm your selection. Figure 6.19: Setting the curve properties 15. Click the Update Current Template button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window to update the displayed template. The modifications you have applied to the design of the diagrams will be stored for the current session. You will be asked, whether you wish to save the template update. Click Yes. The changes will now be saved for MyNewTemplate. This means that the update of the MyNewTemplate template is now permanent. 16. Move now to a different template, e.g. the Temperature-Vitrinite Reflectance template, by clicking the Temp_Ro tab at the bottom of the output panels. The Temperature-Vitrinite Reflectance template will be displayed. 17. Go back to your newly created template, by clicking the MyNewTemplate tab at the bottom of the output panels. The template you have created will be displayed again. In the upper right panel, the Transformation Ratio evolution will be directly displayed for layer_4. Due to the update, no further modifications of the display are needed. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 55 How to Edit the Petroleum Systems Elements Chart As a final example in this tutorial, the Petroleum System Elements chart will be edited. See Exercise 4 to see how the depth plot (left panel) could be modified. 1. Click in the diagram in the lower right panel of MyNewTemplate. A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. This panel displays the Petroleum System Elements (PSE) chart. 2. Right-click in the PSE chart which causes a shortcut menu to open. 3. Click Settings. The Petroleum system events box will open. In this box, petroleum system events can be defined. 4. Fill in the Petroleum system events box according to Figure 6.20. Figure 6.20: Setting the Petroleum Systems Events 5. Click OK to close the box. Your entries will be updated according to the definitions in the Petroleum system events box. Figure 6.21: The Petroleum System Events Chart PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 56 7 Exercise 5 Using PetroWells to Implement Calibration Data PetroWells is part of the PetroMod Editors family. It is the tool to generate and edit wells for any given project (chosen from the PetroMod Command Menu or from within one of the PetroMod modules). It is included for free in this software package. Calibration data are essential for the verification of geological models. Here, you can implement actual empirical data for calibration by creating and editing wells. The well data of an individual project can then be accessed from all PetroMod applications and are thus available to each individual module within the same project. Well calibration data inserted into this 1D or 1D Express model can later be accessed from all other PetroMod applications. 7.1 Creating Wells in PetroWells To open PetroWells from within the PetroMod 1D module, click the Calibration Data Editor button . The PetroWells window will open (see Figure 7.1). Figure 7.1: The PetroWells window PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 57 The PetroWells window allows you to import, generate, and manage individual calibration wells and well lists, i.e. groups of wells. The left panel of the window displays ALL wells of the current project. The right panel allows you to view the well. Only wells that are read into a Well List can be edited. 7.1.1 How to Create a Well List 1. Click Wells in the tree. The Wells box will open Figure 7.2: The Wells box 2. Enter a name for the well list, in our example enter Group1, in the top line of the window and click the New Well List button. 3. Both windows will be updated with the newly created well list. The wells belonging to a specific well list or group are displayed in the tree. In this exercise, you will create three wells belonging to Group1. 7.1.2 How to Create wells 1. Make sure that well list Group1 is higlighted in the tree. Figure 7.3: The PetroWells group window PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 58 2. In the Group1 box, click Edit. The Wells in List table will open. 3. Fill in the columns for Well Names, Common Names if you like, Well Symbol Color, X-Y World coordinates, etc. according to Figure 7.4. All PetroMod tables contain cells for manual input and cells which offer an input selection. Double-click in the latter (e.g. Well Symbol Color and World Coordinate Unit columns) and make your selection. Figure 7.4: The Well Data table Notes • The UWI (unique well identifier) will be assigned automatically to the well. For each well a different UWI will be assigned. • In the Symbol list of the Symbol column (12), you can select either a Marker (e.g. Asterisk, Circle, Plus, etc.) or a Wellsymbol (e.g. Abandoned, Gas w/ oil show, Dry hole). • The TDV (Time/Depth Velocity) allows the integration of special time/depth conversion models. • Click i for a list of different abbreviations. 4. Click the Apply button (green check mark) in the Wells in List window to confirm your settings. 5. Click Close on the File menu to close the Wells in List window. The ALL list as well as the Group1 list will be updated with the three new wells. 6. Click the Save button to save the newly created wells. 7.1.3 How to Enter Calibration Data In this exercise, we will enter empirical data for vitrinite reflectance and temperature into CalibWell1. The data will later be used in the next exercise for the calibration of our model calibration. 1. If you closed PetroWells click the Calibration Data Editor button in PetroMod 1D to reopen it. 2. Click Group1 in the tree in the PetroWells window. 3. In the Objects box point to CalibWell1. Click CalibWell1 to open further options. CalibWell1 will be highlighted in the graphic (see Figure 7.5) and a series of options will appear under CalibWell1 in the tree. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 59 Figure 7.5: The PetroWells main window 4. In the tree, click Calibration Data to open the Calibration Data window at the bottom left of the screen. Figure 7.6: The Calibration Data window (1) PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 60 5. Click Temperature in the parameter group selection bar in the lower left panel. A selection of parameters relating to Temperature will be listed underneath. Click Temperature. Now, Temperature will also be listed in the upper left panel tree. Figure 7.7: The Calibration Data window (2) 6. Double-click Temperature under Group1/CalibWell1 in the tree. The Temperature Overlay Data table for CalibWell1 will open. 7. Fill in the calibration data according to Figure 7.8. Note If you plan to utilize IES PetroRisk, it is important that you insert the values for Min. and Max. into the table. You would need a mean, a minimum and a maximum value to run PetroRisk. PetroRisk is IES' unique risk management system which enables the user to determine and statistically evaluate the effects of uncertainties in specific types of geologic input data on the results. IES' PetroRisk technology can be applied to all PetroMod 1D (complete version only), 2D and 3D packages. Please refer to the PetroRisk Tutorial and PetroRisk User Manual for further information. Figure 7.8: The Temperature Overlay Data table PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 61 8. Click the Apply button on the toolbar of the Temperature Overlay Data table and close the window. The graphic display of the Calibration Plot will automatically appear in the bottom right panel. Note • In all PetroMod input tables values can either be entered manually (i.e. Depth, Value, Symbol Size, etc...) or picked from a selection list (i.e. Value Unit, Color, Symbol). 9. Click again Calibration Data in the Objects window. 10. Click Calibration in the parameter group selection bar in the lower left panel. A selection of parameters relating to Calibration will be listed underneath. Click Vitrinite Reflectance. Figure 7.9: Calibration Data assignment 11. Double-click Vitrinite Reflectance in the upper panel to open the corresponding input table for CalibWell1. 12. Manually enter the vitrinite reflectance calibration data into the table according to Figure 7.10. Figure 7.10: Entering Vitrinite Reflectance data PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 62 13. Click Save on the File menu or click the Apply button on the toolbar of the Vitrinite Reflectance Overlay Data window to save the settings. Close the window. The graphic display of the Calibration Plot will automatically appear in the bottom right panel. Figure 7.11: Setting Compaction/Pressure: Pore 14. Click Save on the File menu or click the Save button on the toolbar of the Calibration Data window to save your data and click Exit to close PetroWells. 7.2 Removing a Well In case you made a mistake or you wish to remove a well in PetroWells, follow the steps below. Otherwise proceed to the next chapter. 1. If you closed PetroWells, click in PetroMod 1D the Calibration Data Editor button in PetroMod to open the program again. 2. Click Group1 on the tree in the Objects window. The Group1 box will appear at the bottom left. All wells associated with Group1 will be listed. 3. To remove a well, click the name of the well and then click the Remove Well(s) from List button . A dialog box will ask you to confirm the deletion of the well. Click Yes. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 63 Figure 7.14: Removing a Well 4. Save your data and close PetroWells. 5. To ensure that your data will be loaded in PetroMod 1D or 1D Express close PetroMod and reopen it. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 64 8 Exercise 6 Calibration Certain templates contain depth plots of calculated trends. These trends can be compared to calibration data. The calibration is necessary to adapt the model to observations in the field. In “Exercise 5. Using PetroWells to Insert Calibration Data” empirical data for vitrinite reflectance, and temperature have been entered into CalibWell1 using PetroWells. We will now use these data in PetroMod 1D for calibration. The calibration data can be plotted in individual panels alongside the output of our model TestWell_1. A synoptical view of modeled data and calibration data allows you to adapt the model input. For instance, heat flow (Boundary Assignment tab) can be modified, so that the simulation results of the adapted model fit the calibration data. 8.1 Loading Calibration Data Directly into One Output Panel 1. Load the model TestWell_1 in PetroMod 1D. Click the Output tab. 2. Choose a template that displays depth plots of temperature and/or vitrinite reflectance, e.g. the default template Temp_Ro. 3. Click in the Temperature or the Vitrinite Reflectance (Sweeney&Burnham(1990)_EASY%Ro) panel. A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. 4. Click with the right mouse button in the panel which causes a shortcut menu to open. 5. Click Calibration Data... Alternatively, you can also click the Add Calibration Data button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window. In either case, the Well Selection window will appear (see Figure 8.1). The Well Selection window pulls data from PetroWells and displays all of the wells within a well list. 6. Click Group1 in the Well Lists drop-down list. The wells belonging to Group1 will be displayed. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 65 Figure 8.1: Well Selection window 7. Click CalibWell1 on the list. 8. Click OK to display the calibration data of CalibWell1 and close the Well Selection window. The comparison data will now be displayed with the settings you have previously chosen in PetroWells (in this case: size =10 for the calibration data symbols; blue solid triangles for temperature; red solid circles for vitrinite reflectance - see Figure 8.2). Figure 8.2: Comparison of model data with calibration data prior to calibration PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 66 The temperature and vitrinite reflectance calibration data fit the model results reasonably well. However, we will calibrate the model data to create a closer match between real empirical and model data. Before we continue, we will practice an alternative way to load the calibration data. We need to first clear the calibration data from the displays again. How To Remove Calibration Data from the Display 1. Click the calibration value in the panel or the annotation at the bottom of the panel, in our example CalibWell1. The annotation font will change to bold, the symbols in the panel will be highlighted in yellow (hardly visible). 2. Right-click the symbol or the annotation. A shortcut menu will appear. 3. Click Delete to delete the calibration data. The selected calibration values and the annotation will disappear. 8.2 Loading All Calibration Data at Once There is an alternative way to load calibration data, which is recommended, when calibration data are available for many different parameters (temperature, vitrinite reflectance, etc.). The advantage: once loaded, the calibration data will automatically be displayed for each parameter in the output. 1. Click the Input tab in the PetroMod 1D window. Make sure that your model TestWell_1 has been loaded. 2. Click the Auto. Calibration Data tab in the lower right panel of the PetroMod 1D Input window. This tab lists the well groups and wells in a panel on the left (see Figure 8.3). Figure 8.3: Automatic loading of all calibration data 3. Expand Group1, in case it is not yet expanded. Group1 contains two wells. CalibWell1, and CalibWell3. We deleted CalibWell 2 in exercise 7.2. 4. Click CalibWell1, hold the left mouse button, drag it over to the right, and drop it into the Assigned to Model: [TestWell_1] panel. The well name CalibWell1 will appear in the right panel. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 67 All calibration data related to CalibWell1 will now automatically be loaded into your model TestWell_1. Note To unload the calibration data again, right-click the well name in the Assigned to Model: [TestWell_1] panel and click Delete on the shortcut menu. 5. Click the PetroMod 1D Output tab. The PetroMod 1D Output window will be displayed. Click the Temperature/Depth panel (Temp_Ro). If you followed this tutorial so far, only the graphs for temperature and vitrinite reflectance should be displayed, but no calibration values since we removed them at the end of exercise 8.1, "How To Remove Calibration Data from the Display". 6. In the Output Control panel, click the Clear panels button to empty all panels. Note There is no need for another simulation, so we will not click the Calculate button. 7. Then click the Apply button. The diagrams will be displayed again, but this time along with the calibration values for temperature and vitrinite reflectance that you have loaded from CalibWell1. 8. Click the Temp_Ro tab to display the model template along with the calibration data. 8.3 Calibrating the Model Data When you click the Temp_Ro tab to compare the model with the calibration values, you can see that the temperature data of our calibration well and of TestWell_1 show some discrepancies. We will now calibrate TestWell_1 against the calibration data to find a better fit and thus adapt the model to the situation in the field. 1. When you look at the Temperature/Depth plot you will notice that the calibration values for the temperature are lower than those in our test well. Click the Boundary Assignment tab. The values for the Heat Flow are in the right column of the table. 2. You can either change the values by manually adjusting the graph on the right or by changing the values in the table. Set the values according to Figure 8.4. When you change the values in the table you will notice that the graph on the right will change accordingly. Figure 8.4: Adjusting the heat flow data for calibration. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 68 3. Click again the Output tab to display . 4. Click Clear Panels in the Output Control Panel at the bottom right. 5. Click Calculate. The simulator will run through a new calculation. You can follow the progress in the report window at the bottom left. The calculation will be finished when Calculated appears in the Status column in the Output Control Panel. 6. Click Apply. The Output panels will be updated with the new calculations. 7. Click in the Temperature panel in the Temp_Ro tab. A thick black frame will indicate that the panel is active. 8. Click with the right mouse button in the panel which causes a shortcut menu to open. 9. Click Calibration Data... on this menu. Alternatively, you can also click the Add Calibration Data button on the toolbar of the PetroMod 1D window. In either case, the Well Selection window will appear (see Figure 8.1). The Well Selection window pulls data from PetroWells and displays all of the wells within a well list. 10. Click Group1 in the Well Lists drop-down list. The wells belonging to Group1 will be displayed. 11. Click CalibWell1 on the list. 12. Click OK to display the calibration data related to CalibWell1 and close the Well Selection window. You will notice immediately that the model matches the calibration data much better than before (compare Figures 8.2 and 8.5). Figure 8.5: Comparison of model data with calibration data after calibration PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 69 13. Save your model. Click Exit on the File menu to exit PetroMod 1D or 1D Express. Congratulations! This is the end of the tutorial. You have now completed our step-by-step procedure through the main functions of PetroMod 1D or 1D Express. You have created your own model from scratch, set up boundary conditions, performed a simulation, built your own template, created calibration wells in PetroWells and calibrated your model data against the empirical data. You should now have a better understanding of the software’s functions and application. Please refer for further and detailed information on the program to the User Manual. PetroMod 1D and 1D Express SP3 – Tutorial 70 9 IES Support Thank you for choosing our software. We, at Integrated Exploration Systems (IES) constantly strive to improve our products and wish to make the usage of our software as convenient for the users as possible. If you have any suggestions, questions or concerns, please feel free to contact us immediately. We offer support in a couple of ways: To Submit Questions Via E-mail [email protected] Your messages will be forwarded to the staff member currently assigned to support. To Submit Your Complete Input Via Internet 1D models, interpreted sections and input files are complicated to explain on the telephone without having the complete visual, i.e. the complete model at hand. Therefore, it would be beneficial to transmit a complete input (separate directory model_name/in) to our support staff. This can be done via postal service on CD, but we recommend the direct electronic transmission as it is much faster. To compress the data for electronic transmission, 1. Click Tools on the PetroMod Command Menu 2. Click Back up Model in the drop-down list. A window will open with all available models listed. 3. Highlight the model in question, choose a location for the backup file, fill in a file name, click All Files or Input Files Only (It depends on your problem. If you have a problem running the simulation, then send the input files only, and we will run the simulation from here. If in doubt, email us first and we will gladly help you with your decision) and click Apply. A window with the progress report will appear. The selected files will now be zipped. 4. Close the Project Manager Output window and email the compressed file (in .zip format) as an attachment to [email protected] or alternatively upload your files to the incoming directory of our FTP-site. address: ftp.ies.de user: anonymous password: your e-mail address Please notify us via email that you have uploaded your files. Bug Reports Should a program failure ("bug") occur, please, do not hesitate and forward us a bug report. The description should be as detailed as possible, i.e., a step-by-step procedure description leading to the program failure or bug.