Chapter 1: Introduction to Project ManagementTRUE/FALSE 1. Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military and construction industries. ANS: T REF: 2 2. Worldwide IT spending is expected to grow by between 14 percent and 16 percent in the next few years. ANS: F REF: 3 3. One attribute that helps define a project is that a project has a unique purpose. ANS: T REF: 5 4. Projects should go on indefinitely: they do not have a definite beginning, middle, or end. ANS: F REF: 5 5. Projects are often defined narrowly when they begin. ANS: F REF: 5 6. A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. ANS: T REF: 6 7. A project never involves uncertainty. ANS: F REF: 6 8. A good project officer is crucial to a project’s success because he or she works with the project sponsors, the project team, and the other people involved in a project to meet project goals. ANS: F REF: 6 9. Questions about how long a project’s schedule should be are related to the issue of the project’s scope. ANS: F REF: 7 10. Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project. ANS: T REF: 7 11. Because of the uncertain nature of projects and competition for resources, it is rare to complete many projects according to the exact scope, time, and cost plans originally predicted. ANS: T REF: 7 12. Good project management only includes meeting the triple constraint. ANS: F REF: 9 13. In the example of building a new house, the support staff would provide the wood, windows, flooring materials, appliances, and so on. ANS: F REF: 10 14. There are six core knowledge areas of project management. ANS: F REF: 11 15. The 2002 Standish Group report showed that the average cost of a project has been more than cut in half. ANS: T REF: 13 16. The 2002 Standish Group report showed decided decline in the statistics for information technology projects in the past decade. ANS: F REF: 13 to perform many project management functions. such as Gantt charts and network diagrams.3 billion c. Companies that excel in project management often grow their project leaders externally. 1/2 . ANS: T REF: 14-15 19. ANS: T REF: 16 21. New software makes basic tools. $23 trillion ANS: C REF: 2 2. ANS: F REF: 17 22. such as Microsoft Word or Excel.S. A project manager is not responsible for securing needed resources. 1/10 c. $2.17. studies. A 2004 study showed that relationship management is viewed as a top success factor for information systems in China. It is necessary to draw Gantt charts by hand. ANS: F REF: 26 28. A 2001 report showed that the U. inexpensive.S. 1/4 b. Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager. and procurement. Determining the relationships among tasks is not essential in helping to improve project scheduling.S. ANS: F REF: 14 18. ANS: F REF: 11 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. a. and available for anyone to update. 1/5 d. The job description for a project manager can vary by industry and by organization. ANS: T REF: 19 24. Many people still use basic productivity software. Stakeholders’ needs and expectations are only important in the beginning of a project. easy to create. Project management is the silver bullet that guarantees success on all projects. $2. ANS: T REF: 22 26.3 trillion b. It would be very easy for someone with little or no background in information technology to become the project manager for a large information technology project. A 2001 report showed that the U. spends the equivalent of ____ of the nation’s gross domestic product on projects every year. $23 billion d. ANS: T REF: 18 23. ANS: F REF: 15 20. ANS: F REF: 20 25. Project managers must be able to make effective use of technology as it relates to the specific project. ANS: T REF: 31 30. Project managers should posess general management knowledge and skills such as financial management. ANS: T REF: 25 27. spends ____ on projects every year. a. while it is not mentioned in U. accounting. ANS: T REF: 27 29. communications b. managers b. project team. Managers c. constraint d. lower quality b. many projects cross ____ or other boundaries to achieve their unique purpose. Project ____ management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project. support staff ANS: C REF: 10 10. obstacle ANS: B REF: 7 7. and storing project information. and even opponents to the project. scope c. suppliers. lower worker morale ANS: B REF: 4 4. bind c. sponsor d. threat b. project team d. human resource c. procurement d. users. time. Project ____ management involves generating. ____ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor. risk c. time b. In the example of the project of building a house. quality d. leader c. a. spatial d. a. Citizens ANS: B REF: 10 8. project manager b. technological ANS: C REF: 6 5. contractors c. the ____ would normally be the general contractor responsible for building the house. lower profit margins c. support staff. and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the triple ____. a. manager b. customers. In the example of the project of building a house. a. the sponsors would be the potential ____. project sponsors c. disseminating. Many organizations claim that one of the advantages of using project management is ____. support staff d. The limitations of scope. director ANS: B REF: 6 6. resource ANS: C REF: 11 12. departmental b. cost ANS: A REF: 11 11. Project ____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully. Because a project often requires resources from various areas.ANS: C REF: 2 3. collecting. a. The project ____ usually provides direction and funding for the project. communications . financial c. lower costs d. a. Directors b. a. Stakeholders d. a. homeowners ANS: D REF: 10 9. a. a. According to the Standish group. scope b. According to the 2001 Standish Group study describing what factors contribute most to the success of information technology projects. Develop a streamlined project delivery process d. a. What works on one project may not work on another. resources d. marketing. Clear business objectives ANS: A REF: 14 17. These topics are related to which area? a. funding b. sales. Soft Skills b. a. and regulations c.” Which best practice for project delivery does this describe? a. a. more . and contracts. Project ____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken. Experienced project manager b. time ANS: C REF: 12 15. Project environment knowledge d. a. cost c. Use an integrated toolbox b. Project ____ management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas. they must spend ____ time becoming better project managers and ____ time becoming information technology experts in order to successfully lead their project teams. Project managers should understand important topics related to financial management. more. less. 87 c. Executive support c. quality ANS: D REF: 11 14. Measure project health using metrics ANS: C REF: 15 19. less c. a. procurement. Grow project leaders c. which of the following factors contribute most to the success of information technology projects? a. 90 d. quality d. risk REF: 11 d. 97 b.b. standards. time c. Application area knowledge. time d. ____ percent of successful projects are led by experienced project managers. accounting. Although information technology project managers need to draw on their information technology expertise or the expertise of key team members. General management knowledge and skills ANS: D REF: 18 20. User involvement d. so it is essential for project managers to continue to develop their knowledge and ____ in managing projects. procurement ANS: A 13. more. 100 ANS: C REF: 14 18. more b. less d. less. “All project leaders use a shared road map. integration b. focusing on key business aspects of their projects while integrating goals across all parts of the organization. skills ANS: D REF: 14 16. cost c. a. 1960s c. The Manhattan Project cost almost $2 billion in ____. b. pie chart c. First c. C/C++ Programmer d. Fourth ANS: B REF: 24 26. the information technology skill/job that is in the highest demand is ____ a.ANS: B REF: 21 21. Visual Basic Programmer ANS: A REF: 23 25. 1970s d. a. bar graph b. Great Wall of China c. a. while inspiring people to reach those goals. assistant c. Most people agree that the modern concept of project management began with the ____. The military d. The longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project is called the ____ path. 1927 b. line graph d. Second d. essential c. ANS: B REF: 25 29. ____ was the key industry behind the development of several project management techniques. In ____. According to a 2004 survey by CIO. important d. 1817 c. A Gantt chart displays a project’s start and finish dates in a ____ format. first space shuttle d. 1936 c. A(n) ____ focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives. SQL Database Analyst c. critical b. NASA c. 1980s b. a. vital ANS: C REF: 26 30. 1917 d. 1946 d. By the ____. Henry Gantt developed the famous Gantt chart as a tool for scheduling work in factories. CEO d. a. 1990s ANS: B REF: 27 . Steel manufacturing b. According to a 2002 survey. Project Management is the ____ most desired skill by IT executives. Egyptian pyramids b. a. the military had begun to use software to help manage large projects. a. Manhattan Project ANS: D REF: 25 22.com. Oracle Database Analyst b. 1957 ANS: B REF: 25 27. leader b. calendar ANS: D REF: 25 1956 1966 28. a. Third b. Marine biology ANS: B REF: 25 23. manager ANS: C REF: 22 24. a. High-end b. Producer c. and a(n) ____ number of people are earning Masters degrees and doctorates in project management. Municipal b. Facility ANS: A REF: 31 . provides an alphabetical directory of more than 300 project management software solutions a. Money d. Budget ANS: C REF: 27 33. ____ to indicate that there are some problems. a. orange. By the end of May 2004. 820. Practitioner d. ____ project management software integrates information from multiple projects to show the status of active. Summary charts made with enterprise project management software often show status as green to indicate things are going well. approved. a.31. Alliance d. Vega b. 50. red b. yellow ANS: B REF: 27 34. and future projects across an entire organization and provides links to more detailed information. A PMO. is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization. a. Columbia d. and ____ to indicate major problems. Midrange d. yellow. The Project Management ____. PMI provides certification as a Project Management ____ (PMP)--someone who has documented sufficient project experience. a. a. a. decreasing b. a Web site for people involved in project management. unchanging c. yellow c. Low-end c. Professor ANS: C REF: 29 37. a. Consortium b. red. agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct.000 ANS: C REF: 29 38. Oberlin ANS: A REF: 27 32.000 d. 82. ____ was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex schedules for designing aircraft. Artemis c. there were approximately ____ certified project management professionals. Enterprise b. ____ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users. Management c. or Project ____ Office. and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination.000 b. Center c. Professional b.200 c. a. steady ANS: B REF: 28 36. increasing d. Expensive ANS: A REF: 31 39. Investment c. Marketing ANS: A REF: 27 35. 8. There are several project management degree programs available. red d. Active d. blue. _________________________ is “the application of knowledge. Companies that excel in project delivery use performance _________________________ to quantify progress. and cost. Inexpensive ANS: C REF: 32 COMPLETION 1. ANS: Project portfolio management REF: 13 14. often due to poor project management. Midrange d. ANS: Time management REF: 12 13. sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software. _________________________ refers to the process in which organizations group and manage projects as a portfolio of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success. ANS: Resources REF: 6 6. The question: “what unique product or service does the customer or sponsor expect from the project?” is related to the _________________________ of the project. ANS: canceled REF: 3-4 3. ____ tools. time. ANS: sixteen 16 REF: 2 2. hardware.40. ANS: techniques REF: 12 12. High-end b. Project management tools and _________________________ assist project managers and their teams in carrying out scope. ANS: metrics REF: 15 . Gantt charts. The question “how much money should be spent to complete the project?” is related to the project’s _________________________. software. and quality management. skills. cost. project network diagrams. More than _________________________ million people regard project management as their profession. ANS: quadruple constraint REF: 8 9. _________________________ describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. ANS: Project management knowledge areas REF: 11 11. A(n) _________________________ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. ANS: cost REF: 7 8. The _________________________ of project management includes quality along with scope. program evaluation review technique (PERT). ANS: project REF: 4 4. critical path analysis. The term “_________________________” refers to work done in organizations to sustain the business. a. tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. ANS: scope REF: 7 7. provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects. and critical chain scheduling are examples of tools and techniques for _________________________. time. The “CHAOS” study found that more than 31 percent of information technology projects were _________________________ before completion.” ANS: Project management REF: 9 10. or other assets. _________________________ include people. ANS: operations REF: 4 5. Low-end c. A(n) _________________________ often deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals. As computer hardware became smaller and more _________________________ and software became graphical and easy to use. and cost and balance these three oftencompeting goals. PMI developed a PMP code of professional _________________________ that all applicants must agree to in order to become certified project management professionals (PMPs). motivation. A(n) _________________________ chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format. project management software became less expensive and more widely used. _________________________ is the most widely used project management software tool today. _________________________ include effective communication. ANS: positive leadership REF: 22 17. such as information systems. ANS: High-end REF: 32 ESSAY 1. Describe the Triple Constraint? What are the three components? What is the relationship between them? ANS: Every project is constrained in different ways by its scope. ANS: Microsoft Project. The Project Management _________________________ (PMI). Microsoft Project 2003 REF: 31 24. an international professional society for project managers. multiple users. ANS: Interest REF: 28 22. PMI has created Specific _________________________ Groups (SIGs) that enable people to share ideas about project management in their particular application areas. reporting more than 133. _________________________ tools. ANS: affordable REF: 27 20. conflict management. _________________________ tools are generally licensed on a per-user basis. According to a recent study. ANS: Midrange REF: 32 25. ANS: conduct REF: 30 23. service.the triple constraint. time. and cost goals -. a project manager must consider scope. and problem solving. _________________________ contributes the most to project success. are designed to handle larger projects. or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project? Time: How long should it take to complete the project? What is the project’s schedule? Cost: What should it cost to complete the project? What is the project’s budget? . ANS: Gantt REF: 25 19. ANS: manager REF: 22 18. influencing the organization to get things done. negotiation. leadership. ANS: Institute REF: 28 21. a step up from low-end tools. ANS: Soft skills REF: 18 16. He or she must consider the following: Scope: What work will be done as part of the project? What unique product. To create a successful project.000 members worldwide by May 2004. has continued to attract and retain members. Because there are so many people working on projects in various industries. and multiple projects.15. time. Therefore.” emphasizing development of business and communication skills. developing an acceptable project schedule. What is the difference between leadership and management? How do these two terms relate to a project manager? ANS: Leadership and management are terms often used interchangeably. such as being visionary and inspiring. and ensuring timely completion of the project. and managers achieve the vision. it is better to think of people as having leadership skills. disseminating.Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope. If time is most important. you may need to adjust time and/or cost goals. A manager often deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals. Because projects involve uncertainty and limited resources. you must often change the initial scope and/or cost goals to meet the schedule. they are visionary yet focused on the bottom line. while inspiring people to reach those goals. Project risk management includes identifying. Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project. collecting. Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken. and cost goals for a project. They are aware of the greater needs of their stakeholders and organizations. analyzing. you might have to reduce the scope of a project to meet time and cost goals. although there are differences. Instead of thinking of leaders and managers as specific people. Some people say that. and cost plans originally predicted. Alternatively. REF: 22-23 . Project cost management consists of preparing and managing the budget for the project. REF: 7 2. it is rare to complete many projects according to the exact scope. “Managers do things right. Yet good project managers must also focus on getting the job done by paying attention to the details and daily operations of each task.” “You lead people and manage things. If scope goals are most important. project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager. ANS: Project scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully. and storing project information. and leaders do the right things. Good project managers know that people make or break projects. companies that excel in project management grow project “leaders. Project communications management involves generating. Generally. and management skills. Experienced project managers know that you must decide which aspect of the triple constraint is most important. For example. the best project managers have leadership and management characteristics. REF: 11-12 3. As mentioned earlier. Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization. Project integration management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas. List and describe each of the nine project management knowledge areas. such as being organized and effective. a leader focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives. so they are visionary in guiding their current projects and in suggesting future ones. you might need to increase the budget for a project to meet scope and time goals. so they must set a good example to lead their team to success. Project time management includes estimating how long it will take to complete the work.” However. time.” “Leaders determine the vision. and responding to risks related to the project. time. and advancement of the profession. ANS: PMI developed a PMP code of professional conduct that all applicants must sign in order to become certified project management professionals (PMPs).4. Passing the PMP exam is becoming a standard for project managers. agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct. such as compliance with all organizational rules and policies. Project management certification is also enabling professionals in the field to share a common base of knowledge.913 certified project management professionals. as well as conflict-of-interest situations. describe. experience.Discuss the PMP Certification. CompTIA’s Project+ certification is another example of a project management certification. Organizations that support PMP certification see the value of investing in programs to improve their employees’ knowledge in project management. such as qualifications. there were about 1. and project team members. PMI provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP)—someone who has documented sufficient project experience. and use the nine project management knowledge areas. any person with PMP certification can list. The number of people earning PMP certification continues to increase. REF: 30 . In 1993. and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination. employees. Conducting work in an ethical manner helps the profession earn the confidence of the public. Some companies are requiring that all project managers be PMP certified. The PMP code of professional conduct lists responsibilities to the profession. and job seekers find that they often have an advantage when they earn and maintain marketable certifications. By the end of May 2004. It also lists responsibilities to customers and the public. Sharing a common base of knowledge is important because it helps advance the theory and practice of project management. What are the advantages of obtaining PMP certification? ANS: Professional certification is an important factor in recognizing and ensuring quality in a profession. there were 81. employers. professional practice. Many employers today require specific certifications to ensure their workers have current skills.000 certified project management professionals. For example. REF: 29-30 5. PMI states that it is vital for all PMPs to conduct their work in an ethical manner. and performance of professional services. Discuss the PMP code of professional ethics.