Piracetam

Piracetam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, searchSystematic (IUPAC) name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Clinical data Breinox, Dinagen, Lucetam, Trade names Nootropil, Nootropyl, Oikamid, and many others AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names Pregnancy cat. ? Legal status POM (UK) Routes Oral and parenteral Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability ~100% Half-life 4–5 hr Excretion Urinary Identifiers CAS number 7491-74-9 ATC code N06BX03 PubChem CID 4843 ChemSpider 4677 UNII ZH516LNZ10 KEGG D01914 ChEMBL CHEMBL36715 Chemical data Formula C6H10N2O2 SMILES[show] InChI[show] (what is this?) (verify) A. mainly myoclonus. It is one of the group of racetams. laboratories and sold under the trade name of "Noostan" (800 mg or 1200 mg). vasospastic disorders 4. coagulation.5 Depression and anxiety 4.[1] but is used off-label for a much wider range of applications.9 Preventive for breath-holding spells 4. it is made by GlaxoSmithKline S.A. In Venezuela and Ecuador. and sold under the brand name of "Breinox". among many others.4 Clotting. ischemia and symptoms 4.2 Alcoholism 4.Piracetam (sold under many brand names) is a nootropic drug. Popular trade names for Piracetam in Europe are "Nootropil" and "Lucetam".10 Closed craniocerebral trauma • • • • • 5 Dosage 6 Side effects 7 Piracetam and lucid dreaming 8 Availability 9 Notes . Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA.7 Dyspraxia and dysgraphia 4. Piracetam is produced by Laboratorios Farma S. In Argentina. Piracetam is prescribed by doctors for some conditions.6 Stroke.1 Aging 4. Piracetam's chemical name is 2oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. it shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with 2-oxopyrrolidine carboxylic acid (pyroglutamate).8 Schizophrenia 4.3 Alzheimer's and senile dementia 4. Contents [hide] • • • • 1 Effects 2 Mechanisms of action 3 History 4 Approval and usage o o o o o o o o o o 4. dementia. a working group of the British Academy of Medical Sciences noted that many of the clinical trials of piracetam for dementia were methodologically flawed. with most studies focusing on people with seizures.[13] Piracetam appeared in animal studies to have increased communication between the two hemispheres of the brain and increased activity of the corpus callosum.[5] and myoclonus.[3] but a subsequent Cochrane review of the evidence found that it did not support piracetam's use in sickle cell crisis prevention. concluded that piracetam had a therapeutic effect in older patients with cognitive impairment.A. or other neurological problems. placebo-controlled study.[3][4] A 2002 meta-analysis by UCB. cognitive decline following heart and brain surgery. It can be concluded that in certain types of arrhythmias the use of piracetam restores the normal rhythm of contractions that is perhaps connected with its positive influence on metabolic processes in the myocardium.• • • 10 See also 11 References 12 External links [edit] Effects There is very little data on piracetam's effect on healthy people. dementia.[5] In 2008. Similar effects occurred in the animals treated with lidocaine.[12] Piracetam possesses pronounced antihypoxic and antiarrhythmic effect. dyslexia and.[10][11] Its peripheral vascular effect has indicated its use for vertigo.[14][15] .[8][9] Piracetam has been studied in an extensive number of clinical experiments. epilepsy. A two week regimen of piracetam was reported in 1976 to enhance verbal memory in healthy college students in a double-blind. though this may reflect its enhancement of cross-hemispheric communication and of cognitive function in general. sickle cell anemia as well. the latter is carried out by decreasing the rhythm rate and increasing the contraction amplitude. S. The animals treated with piracetam in a dose when its antiarrhythmic effects (300 mg/kg) exhibited a decrease of the membrane potential of erythrocytes as compared with control. at one time. rather than a specific improvement in whatever causes dyslexia.[2] Numerous positive individual studies supported the use of piracetam in people suffering from a wide range of cognitive disorders.[6][7] Several meta-reviews of literature on piracetam indicate that piracetam increases performance on a variety of cognitive tasks among dyslexic children. concussions. Piracetam also seems to inhibit brain damage caused by a variety of factors including hypoxia and excessive alcohol consumption. and has shown positive results in the treatment of post-stroke aphasia. as of 2006. the FDA issued a single letter to one supplier ordering the discontinuation of the sale of Piracetam in the U. which are involved with learning and memory processes. Asia. and thus cannot be sold but can be imported for personal use in Canada. appears to increase the synthesis of cytochrome b5. struck by its apparent ability to boost mental functioning in even healthy individuals and by its safety.e.[edit] Mechanisms of action Piracetam's mechanism of action. Piracetam (trade name "Nootropil") was launched clinically by UCB in the early 1970s. while explaining its lack of agonistic or inhibitory effect on synaptic action (quite unlike most neurotransmitters).[19] Furthermore. Under section 201(ff)(1) of the Act.[citation needed] thus leading to non-specific increased neuron excitability. is not fully understood.[18] Piracetam improves the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via muscarinic cholinergic (ACh) receptors. § 321(ff)(1): Piracetam is not a vitamin. metabolite.[citation needed] It has become popular . while in the brain. Further. Piracetam is legal to import into the United Kingdom for personal use with or without prescription. Piracetam continues to be widely available online and in some shops in the United States. Piracetam is thought to increase cell membrane permeability.[17] GABA brain metabolism and GABA receptors are not affected by piracetam. Piracetam has no DIN in Canada. or dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake. mineral. and its low toxicity.[25] However. in August 2010. herb or other botanical. as a dietary supplement owing to the relatively strict definition of what constitutes a dietary supplement. and increases the activity of adenylate kinase in rat brains. The drug influences neuronal and vascular functions and influences cognitive function without acting as a sedative or stimulant. and currently is in use in many European countries.S.[21] [edit] History Piracetam was first synthesized in 1964 by scientists at the Belgian pharmaceutical company UCB led by Dr Corneliu E.S. Giurgea.[23] which is a part of the electron transport mechanism in mitochondria. But in the brain.[16] It is hypothesized to act on ion channels or ion carriers. constituent. it also increases the permeability of the mitochondria of some intermediaries of the Krebs cycle.[3] Piracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor. South America and the U.[26] As of April 2011.[24] [edit] Approval and usage Piracetam is primarily used in Europe. piracetam is not a concentrate.S. and was unregulated in the United States. ) neurotransmission via modulation of ion channels (i. which are implicated in memory processes.[17] It has been found to increase oxygen consumption in the brain. amino acid. Giurgea coined the term nootropic to describe it and other substances.[19][20] Piracetam may exert its global effect on brain ( memory processes. Na+. 21 U. K+). as with racetams in general. Piracetam may have an effect on NMDA glutamate receptors. apparently in connection to ATP metabolism.C. extract or combination of any such dietary ingredient.[21][22] Piracetam.. but is no longer marketed as a dietary supplement. It has been found to increase blood flow and oxygen consumption in parts of the brain but this may be a side effect of increased brain activity rather than a primary effect or mechanism of action for the drug. ischemia and symptoms Piracetam has been found to improve cognition after stroke. co-administration of piracetam has been shown to highly complement the efficacy and safety of traditional Warfarin/Heparin anticoagulation therapy.6 grams divided into three daily doses at 8 hours apart.[29][30] Piracetam appears to reduce levels of lipofuscin in the rat brain.[32][33][34][35][36][37] [edit] Alzheimer's and senile dementia Once thought to be effective for improving cognition in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia patients.as a cognitive enhancement drug among students.[27] It may even be possibly used for the treatment of childhood autism.[19] Because traditional anti-thrombotic drugs operate through the separate mechanism of inhibiting clotting factors.[19][40] It is an extremely safe antithrombotic agent that operates through the novel mechanism of inhibiting platelet aggregation and enhancing blood-cell deformability. such as aphasia.8 to 9.[28] [edit] Aging Piracetam appears to reverse the effects of aging in the brains of mice.[31] (Lipofuscin accumulation is a common symptom of aging and alcoholism. and vasospastic disorders such as Raynaud's phenomenon[39] and deep-vein thrombosis.[44][45] [edit] Dyspraxia and dysgraphia .[41] The most effective treatment range for this use is a daily dose of 4.[43] It also improves cognition in cases of chronic ischemia. the evidence is now seen as too inconsistent to support the use of piracetam for these conditions. coagulation. a practice partially supported by clinical research. and reduce symptoms.[42] [edit] Stroke.) [edit] Alcoholism Piracetam appears to be effective in treating cognitive impairment in alcoholism.[38] [edit] Clotting.[40] Piracetam was investigated as a complement or alternative to Warfarin as a safe and effective long-term treatment for recurring deep-vein thrombosis.[40] [edit] Depression and anxiety Some sources suggest that Piracetam's overall effect on lowering depression and anxiety is higher than improving memory. coagulation. vasospastic disorders Piracetam is useful as a long-term treatment for clotting. to exhibit "overall control" over their BHS. Treatment with piracetam was initiated 1. A 2008 study in the International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine supported the notion that Piracetam was effective as a preventive. the severity of subjects' schizophrenia remained unaffected.Due to its supposed effect on nerves and muscles it is sometimes prescribed as an aid to muscle or dexterity training.[50] The LD-50 for oral consumption in humans has not been determined. Generally. [edit] Closed craniocerebral trauma Piracetam has positive therapeutic effects on adolescents with closed craniocerebral trauma (CCT). another purported nootropic with which piracetam is indirectly synergistic. motor functions (gait. particularly in cases of agraphia and dyspraxia. however.[17] . Compared to controls.8 to 9. while piracetam positively affected the cognition of patients suffering from schizophrenia in the same way as it positively affected the cognition of others.[49] [edit] Dosage For blood coagulation.[46] [edit] Preventive for breath-holding spells Two articles support the use of Piracetam as a prophylactic for severe cases of breath-holding spells. and vasospastic disorders such as Raynaud's phenomenon or deep-vein thrombosis. Children in the experimental group were three times as. balance and sequential limb movements) and in the rates of cognitive and motor operations. clotting.[citation needed] [edit] Schizophrenia At least one study shows that.6 grams divided into three daily doses at 8 hours apart. for better or worse. the most effective treatment range is a daily dose of 4. There has not been a specific study as to whether it is beneficial in this.[48] The 2008 study notes: Breath holding spells (BHS) are apparently frightening events occurring in otherwise healthy children. with BHS episodes dropping by 60% over two months.5 to 5 years after trauma. Vinpocetine.[19][39][40] Many people take a dosage of 800 mg twice per day to improve cognition.[47] A 1998 study by the Turkish ministry of health evaluated 76 children. and almost completely likely. but did not use a control to evaluate results against normal recovery times from severe BHS. no medical treatment is recommended and parental reassurance is believed to be enough. is confirmed to help with these conditions to a certain degree. severe BHS can be very stressful for the parents and a pharmacological agent may be desired in some of these children. half of them in a control group. attention and executive). after one month of daily treatment with 1600–2400 mg of piracetam there were meaningful and statistically significant improvements in the higher mental functions (visual memory. The lucid dreamer will then not take the supplement combination again until the Galantamine has completely left their system (approximately 30 hours). Piracetam is taken immediately after having a lucid dream experience with Galantamine."[51] A large-scale. and transient. headache. including anxiety. lecithin. agitation.5 hours and an elimination half-life equal to 5 hours. such as choline bitartrate. and tremor. it is even said to prevent them. Brazil. Geratam.[10][51][53] Symptoms of general excitability. Hong Kong Lucetam. Galantamine.[edit] Side effects Piracetam has been found to have very few side effects. more vivid dreaming experiences. Piracetam has a peak plasma time of 1. choline citrate. nervousness. Oikamid. For the purpose of lucid dreaming dosing is much lower than doses taken in clinical studies. 12-week trial of high-dose piracetam found no adverse effects occurred in the group taking piracetam as compared to the placebo group. which is said to cause stronger.[54][55] Headache from large doses of piracetam may be alleviated by coadministration of an acetylcholine biosynthetic precursor. or a drug with cholinergic effects. irritability. are occasionally reported. The premise for its use is to counter the desensitization of acetylcholine receptors in the brain caused by taking another supplement. cyprodenate or centrophenoxine. Brazil Neurobasal—Colombia Breinox—Ecuador. Venezuela Dinagen—Mexico Noostan—Argentina Stimulan—Egypt Nootropil—India (sold by UCB India)[56] . Biotropil—Europe. and those it has are typically "few. Piracetam is not used directly to cause vivid dreams. • • • • • • • • • Nootropyl—United States Nootropil—Europe.[54][55] [edit] Piracetam and lucid dreaming Piracetam has become a popular supplement in the subculture of lucid dreaming. [edit] Availability Piracetam is sold under a wide variety of brand names world wide. averaging typically 2400 mg.[52] Many other studies have likewise found piracetam to be well tolerated. choline alfoscerate. mild. insomnia. Smart. Its use has been largely made popular by a book published by "Thomas Yuschak" titled "Advanced Lucid Dreaming The Power of Supplements". sebagai salah satu nootropic agents Piracetam Kapsul Rating: ♥.2. Piracetam di ekskresi melalui urin dan feces. terutama stroke iskemik Piracetam mempengaruhi aktifitas otak melalui berbagai mekanisme yang berbedaantara lain: * Merangsang transmisi neuron di otak * Merangsang metabolisme otak * Memperbaiki mikrovaskular tanpa efek vasodilatasi*Farmakokinetik*1.FUNGSI PIRACETAM Nootropic Agents . seperti defisit memori. Ekskresi. Piracetam bekerja dengan cara meningkatkan efektifitas dari fungsi telensefalon otak melalui peningkatan fungsi neurotransmiter kolinergik. Oleh karena itu piracetam biasanya digunakan untuk pengobatan stroke . korpus genikulatum lateral. Piracetam di distribusikan melewati sawar otak dan terkonsentrasi pada bagian abu-abu dari korteks cerebri dan cerebelum. Distribusi.PiracetamPiracetam (2-oxo-1 pyrolidine-acetamid) merupakan golongan nootropic agents yang berbentuk bubuk kristal putih dan tidak berbau. * * * Sindrom yang berkaitan dengan penuaan. hipokampus. Fungsi lain dari piracetam adalah menstimulasi glikolisis oksidatif. meningkatkan konsumsi oksigen pada otak. ekskresi melalui urin mencapai 98% oleh karena itu diperlukan perhatian khusus pada penderita dengan gangguan ginjal *Indikasi*Berikut ini adalah beberapa indikasi dari piracetam. astenia. Direkomendasikan oleh 14 pembaca. nukleus caudatus. dan pleksus koroideus. kesadaran. belajar dan lain). Telensefalon inilah yang mengatur fungsi kognitif pada manusia (memori. dan gangguan psikomotor * Sindrom post taumatik * Terapi pada anak-anak dengan dysleksia * Kelainan dimana terdapat gangguan peredaran otak seperti iskemiaDemikian sedikit penjelasan blog ini tentang piracetam. serta mempengaruhi pengaturan cerebrovaskular dan juga mempunyai efek antitrombotik. Beri rekomendasi: Indikasi: . Gejala-gejala involusi yang berhubungan dengan usia lanjut . 3.Astenia . Gangguan ginjal berat (bersihan kreatinin < 20 ml/menit). agitasi.Pre-delirium .Pengobatan detoksikasi (untuk gangguan karena penghentian obat secara mendadak.Gangguan fungsi dan kemunduran intelegensia yang diakibatkan oleh alkoholisme kronik (gangguan ingatan. gangguan ingatan dan astenia) Kontra Indikasi: Hipersensitif terhadap Piracetam.Reaksi psikomotorik yang terganggu 2.Delerium trements .Kemunduran daya pikir .Gangguan adaptasi .1.2 g sehari (dosis pemeliharaan) . Dosis dan Cara Pemberian: . konsentrasi pikiran. Komposisi: PIRACETAM 400 Tiap kapsul mengandung: Piracetam 400 mg PIRACETAM 800 Tiap kaplet salut selaput mengandung: Piracetam 800 mg PIRACETAM 1200 Tiap kaplet salut selaput mengandung: Piracetam 1200 mg Farmakologi: Piracetam adalah suatu nootropic agent. Gejala pasca trauma Disfungsi serebral sehubungan dengan akibat pasca trauma (sakit kepala. Alkoholisme kronik dan adiksi . gangguan selesar makan dan defisiensi). perhatian dan intelegensia) .Gejala psiko-organik sehubungan usia lanjut: Dosis awal: 2. vertigo.4 g sehari selama 6 minggu dilanjutkan dengan 1. Hati-hati penggunaan pada wanita hamil dan menyusui.Gejala pasca trauma Dosis rata-rata sebagai berikut: Dosis awal: 800 mg.. kurangi dosis secara bertahap sampai 400 mg.25-1.7 ½ dari dosis lazim 40-20 1. Bila sudah didapat efek yang diinginkan. perlu dilakukan penyesuaian dosis. • . Piracetam belum dinyatakan aman digunakan pada wanita hamil.0 ¼ dari dosis lazim Peringatan dan Perhatian: • Harap hati-hati terhadap penderita yang hipersensitif terhadap Piracetam • Hati-hati pada penderita gangguan fungsi ginjal karena Piracetam diekskresi terutama melalui ginjal sehingga perlu dilakukan pengamatan fungsi ginjal.Terapi jangka panjang pada penderita usia lanjut dan gagal fungsi ginjal. . Perlu dilakukan evaluasi hasil yang didapat selama 3 bulan pertama kehamilan atau menyusui. sebagai berikut: Bersihan Kreatinin Kreatinin serum Dosis (ml/menit) (mg/100 ml) 60-40 1. 3 x sehari.70-3. 3 x sehari. Piracetam dapat melalui barier plasenta. 1.2 g sehari (terbagi dalam 3 dosis) sebagai dosis pemeliharaan. hilang dan kurang nafsu makan). Alkoholisme dan adiksi : Predelirium. Kegelisahan yang ringan dan akan hilang bila pemberian dihentikan. Efek Samping Rasa gugup. gangguan ginjal berat (bersihan kreatinin < 20 ml/menit). konsentarsi pikiran. Indikasi Injeksi IV/IM : Pengobatan infark serebral. iritabilitas. Farmakologi Piracetam adalah suatu nootropic – Agent. menyebabkan confusion. Gejala – gejala involusi yang berhubungan dengan usia lanjut : Dosia awal 2. pengobatan detoksifikasi (untuk gangguan karena penghentian obat secara mendadak. diare dan gastralgia. delirium tremens. vertigo. Penyimpanan: Simpan di tempat kering pada suhu di bawah 30 derajat Celsius. peningkatan libido. • Efek Samping: Rasa gugup. 2. sakit . Interaksi Obat: Pemberian bersama dengan ekstrak tiroid. Kontra – Indikasi Hipersensitif terhadap piracetam. tremor.• Studi preklinis menyatakan Piracetam tidak memiliki indikasi ke arah teratogenik atau fertilitas. rasa lelah dan gangguan tidur. agitasi. diare. agitasi. Yang jarang terjadi adalah pusing-pusing. dan gastralgia. Kaplet salut selaput : Tiap kaplet salut selaput mengandung Piracetam 800 mg. Diikuti dengan dosis 1. Gangguan saluran cerna misalnya : nausea. terlindung dari cahaya. Sindrom pasca trauma : Disfungsi otak yang berhubungan dengan akibat pasca trauma (sakit kepala. gangguan fungsi dan kemunduran mental yang diakibatkan oleh alkoholisme kronik (gangguan daya ingat. Yang jarang terjadi adalah pusing – pusing. gangguan daya ingat dan astenia). sakit kepala. muntah.4 g selama 6 minggu (terbagi dalam 3 dosis). Kaplet : 1. muntah. iritabilitas. Gangguan saluran cerna misalnya nausea. perhatian dan gangguan mental). agitasi. PIRACETAM Komposisi Injeksi : Tiap ml mengandung Piracetam 200 mg. iritabilitas dan gangguan tidur. rasa lelah dan gangguan tidur. 8 mg/hari (terbagi dalam 2 atau 3 kali dosis) Dosis untuk pasien lanjut usia dan gangguan fungsi ginjal : pada pasien tersebut waktu paruh akan meningkat secara langsung sesuai dengan fungsi ginjal atau kliren kreatinin.7 ½ dosis lazim 40 – 20 1. Kliren Kreatinin Serum Kreatinin Dosis (mL/min) (mg/100mL) 60 – 40 1. Nama kimia Piracetam adalahasetamida 2-oxo-1-pirolidin. Diikuti dengan dosis 1. sementaramenjelaskan kurangnya efek atletik atau penghambatan pada tindakan synaptic (sangat tidak sepertikebanyakan neurotransmitter). peningkatan libido. sehingga mengarah ke rangsangan non-spesifik neuron meningkat.70 – 3. penambahan berat badan dan umunya reaksi hipersensitivitas dermatologik. [14] Telah ditemukan untuk meningkatkan alirandarah dan konsumsi oksigen di bagian otak namun ini mungkin merupakan efek samping dari aktivitasotak meningkat daripada efek primer atau mekanisme aksi untuk obat. [3] Piracetam adalah modulator alosterik positif darir e s e p t o r A M P A . tidak sepenuhnya dipahami. Karena itu dilakukan penyesuaian dosis seperti tabel berikut bila kliren kreatinin < 60 mL/min atau serum kreatinin > 1.25 mg/100 mL pada pasien diatas 65 tahun. [ 1 3 ] H a l i n i d i d u g a b e r t i n d a k a t a s s a l u r a n i o n a t a u p e m b a w a i o n [ k u t i p a n diperlukan ].2 – 4. 3. melainkan saham struktur basis 2-oxo-pirolidon sama dengan asamkarboksilat 2-oxo-pirolidin (pyroglutamate). karena dengan racetams pada umumnya.2 g sehari (terbagi dalam 3 dosis) sebagai dosis pemeliharaan. Dosis Injeksi : Dosis umum : 1 gram 3 x 1 sehari IV atau IM Kaplet : Gejala psiko – organik yang berhubungan dengan usia lanjut : Dosis awal 2. Piracetam ini diyakiniakan meningkatkan permeabilitas membran sel. Gejala pasca trauma : Dosis rata – rata : Dosis awal : 3 kali sehari 800 mg secara oral. [15]Piracetam meningkatkan fungsi neurotransmiter asetilkolin melalui kolinergik muscarinic (AcH)reseptor yang terlibat dalam proses memori [16] Selain itu. Bila efek yang diinginkan sudah diperoleh kurangi dosis secara bertahap sampai pada 400 mg 3 kali sehari. Dosis lazim : 1. [1] tapi digunakan off-label untuk berbagai aplikasi yang lebih luasMekanisme aksiPiracetam's mekanisme aksi. Piracetam yang diresepkan oleh dokter untuk beberapa kondisi. yang terlibat dengan proses belajar dan memori.25 – 1. kepala. [16] [17] Piracetam dapat menggunakan . Piracetam merupakan turunan siklik dari GABA. tremor. dan toksisitas rendah. terutamamyoclonus.0 ¼ dosis lazim Piracetam (dijual dengan nama merek banyak) adalah obat nootropic.Obat ini mempengaruhi fungsi neuron dan pembuluh darah dan mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif tanpabertindak sebagai obat penenang atau stimulan. Piracetam mungkin memiliki efek padareseptor glutamat NMDA. 4. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ekskresi kreatinin dipengaruhi oleh umur. Iniadalah salah satu racetams. Mulut kering. 2.4 g selama 6 minggu (terbagi dalaam 3 dosis).1.. Hewanhewan diperlakukandengan piracetam dalam dosis ketika efek antiarrhythmic nya (300 mg / kg) menunjukkan penurunanpotensial membran eritrosit dibandingkan dengan kontrol. iritabilitas. meskipun ini mungkin mencerminkan peningkatan pada komunikasi lintas-setengah bulat dan fungsi kognitif secara umum. ringan. [8][51] [53]Gejala rangsangan umum. penurunan kognitif setelah operasi jantungdan otak. [18] [19] Piracetam muncul untuk meningkatkan sintesis dari sitokrom b5." [51] A.efek globalpada neurotransmisi otak melalui modulasi saluran ion (yaitu. mungkinakan diatasi dengan coadministration dari prekursor biosintesis asetilkolin. kadang-kadang dilaporkan [54] [55] Sakit kepala dari dosis besar piracetam. [14] Telah ditemukan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi oksigen di otak.. seperti choline bitartrate. [Efek Ada sangat sedikit data pada efek piracetam terhadap orang yang sehat. [5] dan myoclonus. atau masalah neurologis lainnya. yang terakhir dilakukan denganmenurunkan tingkat irama dan meningkatkan amplitudo kontraksi. epilepsi. sejumlah studi individu positif mendukung penggunaan piracetam dalam orang yang menderita berbagai kognitif gangguan. K +). [10]Piracetam tampaknya meningkatkan komunikasi antara dua belahan otak. [20] yang merupakan bagian dari mekanisme transpor elektron di mitokondria . [16] [42] [43] . dan meningkatkan aktivitascorpus callosumEfek sampingPiracetam telah ditemukan memiliki efek samping yang sangat sedikit. insomnia. gelisah. Na +. daripadaperbaikan yang spesifik dalam apa pun yang menyebabkan disleksia . dan mereka telah biasanya"sedikit. pembekuan. [6] [7]Piracetam telah dipelajari dalam jumlah yang luas percobaan klinis. gugup. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada jenis tertentu aritmia penggunaanpiracetam mengembalikan irama normal kontraksi yang mungkin berhubungan dengan pengaruh positif pada proses metabolisme dalam miokardium. [2]Pada tahun 2008. cyprodenate ataucentrophenoxineDosisUntuk pembekuan darah. dan anemia sel sabit juga. sebuah komite dari Akademi Ilmu Kedokteran Inggris mencatat bahwa banyak dariuji klinis dari piracetam untuk demensia adalah cacat metodologis. [8] [9] efek sampingan vaskular Its telah menunjukkanpenggunaannya untuk vertigo. dan sementara.6 gram dibagimenjadi tiga dosis harian pada 8 jam terpisah. gegar otak. alfoscerate kolin. tampaknya yang berkaitan dengan metabolisme ATP. dengan studi paling berfokuspada orang dengan kejang. danmeningkatkan aktivitas kinase siklase dalam otak tikus. rentang perawatan yang paling efektif adalah dosis harian 4. efek serupa terjadi pada hewandiperlakukan dengan lidokain. [3] [4] dan 2002 meta-analisis menyimpulkan piracetam yang memiliki efek terapi padapasien tua dengan gangguan kognitif. demensia. disleksia. dan gangguan vasospastic seperti fenomena Raynaud atautrombosis vena. lesitin. sakit kepala. skala besar 12 minggu persidangan piracetam dosis tinggitidak menemukan efek samping terjadi pada kelompok mengambil piracetam dibandingkan dengankelompok plasebo [52] Banyak penelitian lain juga ditemukan piracetam dengan baik-ditoleransi.dan tremor. kolin sitrat. demensia. Hal ini juga meningkatkan permeabilitas mitokondria dari beberapaperantara dari siklus Krebs.8-9. Piracetam juga tampaknya menghambat kerusakan otak yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor termasuk hipoksia dan konsumsialkohol yang berlebihan. [5]Beberapa meta-review literatur tentang piracetam piracetam menunjukkan bahwa kinerja meningkatpada berbagai tugas kognitif antara anak-anak disleksia. termasuk kecemasan. [3]Piracetam memiliki efek antihypoxic diucapkan dan antiarrhythmic. [2] Namun. dan telah menunjukkan hasil yangpositif dalam pengobatan aphasia pasca-stroke. atau obat dengan efek kolinergik. .Piracetam Injeksi Injeksi IM/IV Infus IV Komposisi: Tiap ml mengandung: Piracetam 200 mg Farmakologi: Piracetam adalah suatu nootropic-Agent. Gangguan ginjal berat (bersihan kreatinin < 20 ml/menit) Dosis: Dosis umum: 1 gram 3 x 1 sehari IV atau IM. Indikasi: Pengobatan infark serebral Kontraindikasi: Hipersensitif terhadap piracetam. menyebabkan confusion.9%.6% dalam larutan NaCl 0. iritabilitas. 10%.9%). Ringer-laktat. 20%. Yang jarang terjadi adalah pusingpusing. Dekstran 40 10% dalam NaCl 0. Larutan injeksi piracetam stabil dalam infus di atas kurang dari 24 jam. Piracetam dapat melalui sawar plasenta. Perlu dilakukan evaluasi hasil yang didapat selama 3 bulan pertama kehamilan atau menyusui.9%. tremor. iritabilitas dan gangguan tidur. diare. penambahan berat badan dan umumnya reaksi hipersensitivitas dermatologik. sakit kepala. Manitol Rheo Macrodex dalam larutan HES (Hydroxyethyl Starch) 6%. dan gastralgia. rasa lelah dan gangguan tidur. dapat juga diberikan bersama infus. Mulut kering. 10%. Piracetam belum dinyatakan aman digunakan pada wanita hamil. Larutan injeksi piracetam dapat diberikan bersamaan dengan Glukosa 5%. muntah. Gangguan saluran cerna misalnya: nausea. Fruktosa 5%.Cara penggunaan: Intramuskular dan intravena. 20%. • Interaksi obat: Pemberian bersama dengan ekstrak tiroid. Hati-hati penggunaan pada wanita hamil dan menyusui. Levulosa 5%. Ringer. NaCl Isotonik (0. Dekstran 75. Peringatan dan perhatian: • • Hati-hati pada penderita gangguan fungsi ginjal karena piracetam diekskresikan terutama melalui ginjal sehingga perlu dilakukan pengamatan fungsi ginjal. peningkatan libido. agitasi. Efek samping: Rasa gugup. .