OECD SIDSPERSULFATES FOREWORD INTRODUCITON PERSULFATES 7727-54-0: AMMONIUM PERSULFATE 7727-21-1: POTASIUM PERSULFATE 7775-27-1: SODIUM PERSULFATE UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS PERSULFATES SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 20 Paris, France, 19-21 April, 2005 1. Chemical Name: 2. CAS Number: 3. Sponsor Country: Ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate as members of the persulfate category 7727-54-0, 7727-21-1, 7775-27-1 United States, National SIDS Contact Point: Oscar Hernandez, PhD. HPVCB/RAD/OPPT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Mail Code 7403M Washington, DC 20460, USA CEFIC Persulfate Working Group 4. Shared Partnership with: 5. Roles/Responsibilities the Partners: of Dr. Philip Block, Chairman, CEFIC Persulfate Working Group FMC Corporation 1735 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA − Name of industry sponsor CEFIC Persulfate Working Group /consortium − Process used This document was prepared by FMC Corporation and peerreviewed by all of the persulfate manufacturers in the CEFIC Persulfates Working Group. 6. Sponsorship History − How was the chemical or This substance is sponsored by the United States of America category brought into the under the ICCA Initiative and is submitted for first discussion at OECD HPV Chemicals SIAM 20. Programme ? 7. Review Process Prior to The industry consortium collected new data and prepared the updated IUCLIDs for the three salts in the persulfate category, the SIAM: draft versions of the SIAR and SIAP. The United States government peer-reviewed the documents. 8. Quality check process: 9. Date of Submission: 10. Date of last Update: 11. Comments: January 2005 16 August 2005 The Industry contact point is Dr. Philip Block, FMC Corporation, acting on behalf of the CEFIC Persulfates Work Group. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 2 OECD SIDS SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE CAS No. Chemical Name 7727-54-0, 7727-21-1, 7775-27-1 PERSULFATES Ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate NH4+ O S O O O Na+ O S O O O O S O NH 4 + O O K+ O S O O O O O S O K+ O Structural Formula O O S O Na+ O SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR Category Rationale The persulfates category includes molecules with similar chemical structure and similar physical-chemical properties. The inorganic substances differ only by the cationic portion of the salt, which is not expected to influence the hazardous properties of the molecule. The anionic part is identical and, therefore, the three salts are expected to display the same environmental, ecotoxicological and toxicological behaviour based on the available data. Human Health Toxicokinetics and dynamics of the salts will be influenced mainly by the persulfate anion. This anion is likely to decompose to hydrogen peroxide and the sulfate ion. The hydrogen peroxide will be rapidly converted to oxygen and water by catalase and peroxidase enzymes. The acute oral LD50 in rats, for the three salts, ranged from 495 mg/kg bw for the ammonium salt to 895 mg/kg bw for the sodium salt to 1130 mg/kg bw for the potassium salt. The acute dermal LD50 in rats and rabbits, for all three salts, was greater than 2000 mg/kg bw for the ammonium salt to greater than 10,000 mg/kg bw for the potassium and sodium salts. In acute inhalation studies in rats, the 4-hour LC50 was generally greater than the maximum attainable concentration (>5,100 mg/m3 for sodium persulfate and >2,950 mg/m3 for ammonium persulfate). Clinical signs in the inhalation studies included ocular and nasal discharge and respiratory distress. Ammonium persulfate is slightly irritating to eyes and skin in rabbits. Older eye and skin irritation studies on the potassium and sodium salts produced little irritation in rabbits. Studies in humans indicate that aqueous solutions of 5% persulfate or higher can cause skin irritation. Persulfates also can be irritating to skin and the respiratory track of occupationally exposed individuals (hairdressers). Results of animal skin sensitization tests (Buehler Test and Maximization Test) were negative when persulfate was applied topically and positive when persulfate was injected intradermally in induction and challenge phases in a non-standard Maximization Test. Numerous dermal challenge tests indicate that all three persulfates are dermal and respiratory sensitizers in humans occupationally exposed to persulfates in hairdressing salons and, in one case, in a production facility. In controlled clinical trials with non-occupationally exposed-subjects (NH4 & Na salts), no sensitization reactions were observed. In repeated-dose studies, local effects to the gastro-intestinal tract and the airways were reported. Administration of UNEP PUBLICATIONS 3 Exposure For the year 2003 the global market for persulfate salts was estimated to be ca. In the developmental/reproduction study. The dermal and inhalation routes will be the most important routes of exposure. 4 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . hair dyes may come into contact with the scalp and the hands). the persulfates do not show evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity. 76. bronchioles. consumers may be exposed to these substances (e. spermatogenic cycle were reported up to 250 mg/kg-bw/day. animals were dosed prior to and during mating through gestation until lactation day 4. In a developmental/reproduction study with ammonium persulfate in rats (OECD TG 421). Na or K) and persulfate anion. fetal anomalies. Based on the available data. the cation could form more stable sulfate or bisulfate salts.000 tonnes. The NOAEL is 250 mg/kg bw/day. adverse effects at a high dose of 25 mg/m3 ammonium persulfate aerosol consisted of inflammation of the trachea. Occupational exposure occurs during manufacturing and during use as hair dyes. non-GLP data on fish and daphnia toxicity fell within the range of the other two category members. respectively. A 51 week dermal study in female SENCAR mice exposed to 0. potassium and sodium persulfates. upon decomposition. Persulfates are not expected to adsorb to soil due to their dissociation properties. During end-use. None of the three persulfates cause gene mutations or chromosomal effects in vitro. and >180ºC for the ammonium.5 mg/m3).OECD SIDS PERSULFATES sodium persulfate to rats in the diet for 13 weeks resulted in a LOAEL of 3000 ppm (225 mg/kg bw/day) based on gastrointestinal lesions and reduced body weights.2 ml of a 200 mg/ml solution of ammonium persulfate showed that ammonium persulfate is neither a tumor promoter nor a complete carcinogen when applied to the skin. The three persulfate salts will be distributed into the water compartment in the ionic form of the cation. no effects on reproductive performance. spermatogenesis.3 mg/m3 was established. There was a transient depression in pup body weight at the 250 mg/kg dose level on lactation day 0 which resolved by day 4. decreased body weights. Persulfates also are used as oxidants in hairbleaching products. Pulmonary function tests of workers in a persulfate production plant (cation not identified) indicated that there were no short. A NOAEL of 10. instability (hydrolysis) and high water solubility.g. The acute toxicity EC50-values for invertebrates were between 120 and 391 mg/L for ammonium persulfate and between 133 and 519 for sodium persulfate. Dose levels were chosen based on the acute lethality studies for the ammonium salt and on a 90-day repeat-dose study in rats with the sodium salt (high dose: 225 mg/kg-bw/day).7 mg/L and for sodium persulfate 116 mg/L. but metal catalyzed decomposition. In vivo tests on sodium persulfate (micronucleus test and UDS test) were negative. In a subchronic inhalation study in male and female rats. persulfate decomposition temperatures are reported in their stead as 120. and reactions with organic chemicals in the soil or water also are possible.. In soils. The LC50 values for acute toxicity to fish ranged between 76 and 323 mg/L for ammonium persulfate and from 163 to 771 mg/L for sodium persulfate. Environment Because they decompose below their melting and boiling points. rales and increased respiratory rate. Aqueous persulfates are expected to degrade in the environment mainly via hydrolysis. The inorganic persulfates are soluble in water (≥ 60 g/L) and their vapour pressures are negligible. For potassium persulfate. fetal viability. In algae the EC50 for ammonium persulfate was 83.or long-term effects on pulmonary function at levels in the plant (0. ~100. Persulfates are not expected to bioaccumulate in the soil or in aqueous solution. This effect was not considered adverse. increased lung weight. fertility. bronchi. (NH4. The substances are used in polymerization reactions and printed circuit manufacturing. They will decompose into inorganic sulfate or bisulfate. They should behave as free ions or decompose into sulfate ions. OECD SIDS PERSULFATES There is potential for environmental exposure during production and processing. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 5 . they are of low priority for further work due to rapid degradation and the absence of bioaccumulation. however. Based on data presented by the Sponsor country. solid and liquid wastes will be treated to decompose the material or discharged properly as hazardous waste. RECOMMENDATION AND RATIONALE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION AND NATURE OF FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED Human Health: The chemicals in this category possess properties indicating a hazard for human health (eye and skin irritation and skin and respiratory sensitisation). Other countries may wish to consider their own risk management measures. adequate risk management measures (MSDS’s and labelling) are being applied and therefore the chemicals in this category are currently of low priority for further work. However. Environment: Some chemicals in this category possess properties indicating a hazard for the environment (acute toxicity for fish and algae). di sodium salt 1.1 IDENTITY Identification of the Substance Ammonium persulfate CAS Number: IUPAC Name: Molecular Formula: Structural Formula: Molecular Weight: Synonyms: 7727-54-0 diammonium peroxodisulphate H8N2O8S2 (NH4)2S2O8 228. Peroxydisulfuric acid. potassium and sodium persulfate all have a purity of greater than 98% with a moisture content of about 0.3 Physico-Chemical properties Table 1 summarizes the physical/chemical properties of the three persulfate salts.3% or less.3 Potassium peroxydisulfate. 6 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2 Purity/Impurities/Additives Ammonium. Peroxydisulfuric acid.3 Ammonium peroxydisulfate. di potassium salt Sodium persulfate 7775-27-1 disodium peroxodisulphate Na2O8 S2 Na2S2O8 238.1 Sodium peroxydisulfate. 1. di ammonium salt Potassium persulfate 7727-21-1 dipotassium peroxodisulphate K2O8 S2 K2S2O8 270. Peroxydisulfuric acid.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES SIDS Initial Assessment Report 1 1. potassium and sodium persulfate consist of a dianion and two identical cations. 100oC NA Sax Decomposes at > 180 C NA o Sodium Persulfate MSDS Sodium Persulfate MSDS Boiling Point Relative density: Vapor Pressure Water solubility pH Sax 2. Persulfates are produced by electrolysis of the corresponding sulfate at low temperature and high current densities. Physical state Melting point Sax Decomposes at ca. Decomposition is promoted by water and heat. solid substances with strong oxidizing properties. 1. Potassium Persulfate MSDS. but once in solution dissociations are comparable for all three salts. Values were taken from handbooks (Sax. Merck) and MSDS for the individual substances (Sodium Persulfate MSDS. All three salts decompose before melting upon heating to 100oC or higher.4 Category Justification Ammonium. FMC Corporation. Value: potassium persulfate Solid Ref.98 g/cm at 20o C NA 850 g/l at 25o C Ammonium persulfate MSDS Ammonium persulfate MSDS 3 PERSULFATES Ref. FMC Corporation.OECD SIDS Table 1 Summary of Physical/Chemical Properties Property Value: ammonium persulfate Solid Decomposes at about 120o C NA 1.6 g/cm3 at 20o C NA Potassium Persulfate MSDS Potassium Persulfate MSDS 730 g/l at 25o C Sodium Persulfate MSDS Sodium Persulfate MSDS 4-6 for a 1% solution NA NA 5-8 for a 1% solution NA NA 5-7 for a 1% solutionNA NA Dissociation Constant Partition coefficient noctanol/water (log value) Oxidizing Properties Oxidizer Ammonium persulfate MSDS Oxidizer Potassium Persulfate MSDS Oxidizer Sodium Persulfate MSDS NA = not applicable.Ammonium persulfate MSDS. The salts do exhibit somewhat different solubilities with ammonium persulfate being the most soluble and potassium being the least soluble. ammonium persulfate can potentially generate NOx species upon thermal decomposition. Value: sodium persulfate Solid Ref. Dissolving a persulfate in water yields an acidic solution due to oxidation of water. Upon thermal decomposition. persulfates can potentially generate SOx species. CRC. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 7 . FMC Corporation) Ammonium. The dianion consists of two sulfate groups connected via one of the oxygen atoms resulting in a peroxodisulfate dianion.48 g/cm at 20 C NA 60 g/l at 25o C 3 o CRC 2. In addition. potassium and sodium persulfate are inorganic. 8x10 -5 at 25o C). ammonia can. Hence the ammonium persulfate shows similar behavior to the other salts. These are described in more detail in the SIDS dossier. 8 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . in principle.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Contrary to the sodium and potassium cations. differing only by the cation portion of the salt. which is stable in a persulfate solution (internal communication). as well as the consistent results of ecotoxicology and mammalian toxicology studies support the conclusion that the ammonium. Under acidic conditions. The physical/chemical properties and the structural similarity of the three salts. however. be oxidized by persulfate. the ammonia/ammonium equilibrium lies completely at the side of the ammonium ion (Keq = 1. sodium and potassium derivatives are expected to behave similar and form one chemical group. The data in the table below are a summary of the results available for the three persulfates. 1 mg/kg bw/day 10. 1951 NA NA NA NA 72-h EC50 Acute Dermal LD50 (mg/kg >2000 bw) Acute Inhalation LC50 (mg/m3) Mutagenicity in vitro Ames Test UDS Chrom. Sax 120oC decomp.OECD SIDS Table 2 SIDS Data Matrix Ammonium persulfate CAS 7727-54-0 Value Physico-chemical properties Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C) Relative Density (at 20°C) Vapor Pressure (hPa) Partition Coefficient Water Solubility (g/L) Environmental fate Photodegradation (t1/2 hrs) Hydrolysis Transport between compartments (%in water/air/soil/sediment) Ready Biodegradability Ecotoxicology 96-h LC50 Fish (mg/L) 76. Aberration Genetic toxicity in vivo Micronucleus Unscheduled DNA Subchronic/Reproduction 28 day (NOAEL) 90 day (NOAEL) 41.3 Read across Read across 72-h EC50 Read across 163 133 116 48-h EC50 Daphnia (mg/L) 120 72-h EC50 Algal Inhibition 83.98 NA NA 850 at 25 C o PERSULFATES Potassium persulfate CAS 7727-21-1 Value Comment Sodium persulfate CAS 7775-27-1 Value Comment Comment decomp. at ca. at ca.000 1 h exposure time >5. 1951 NA decomposition Koltoff and Miller.48 NA NA o CRC 2.7 (mg/L) Human health effects Acute Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 495-742 1130 >10. 1951 NA NA 1.900 895 >10. Sax 100oC decomp.100 NA decomposition NA Koltoff and Miller.000 >42.5 mg/kg bw/day Read across 137.6 NA NA 730 at 25oC MSDS MSDS 60 at 25 C MSDS MSDS decomposition Koltoff and Miller.3 mg/m3 inhalation negative negative review article >2950 Read across Read across negative negative Read across negative negative 131.2 mg/kg bw/day LOAEL = 3000 ppm = 200 mg /kg bw/day (M*). at >180oC MSDS Sax 2. 250 mg /kg bw/day (F*) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 9 . in the countries represented by consortium members (North America. North America about 38% and Japan about 20%. Merck) and MSDS for the individual substances (Sodium Persulfate MSDS. Releases of persulfates into the environment are 10 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Ammonium and sodium persulfate are produced in electrolytic cells using the appropriate sulfate as starting material. Sweden and Denmark) the persulfates are used in the production of chemicals products. but in this case crystallization of the potassium persulfate occurs in the electrolytic cell. Potassium Persulfate MSDS.400 tonnes per year. Ammonium Persulfate MSDS. the paint industry and in construction. non-biocidal shock treatment in swimming pools and other recreational waters.OECD SIDS Ammonium persulfate CAS 7727-54-0 Value Reproduction toxicity (NOAEL) Developmental toxicity (NOAEL) 250 mg/kg bw/day 250 mg/kg bw/day Comment Potassium persulfate CAS 7727-21-1 Value Comment Read across Read across PERSULFATES Sodium persulfate CAS 7775-27-1 Value Comment Read across Read across Values for physicochemical data were taken from handbooks (Sax. FMC Corporation. FMC Corporation). In all cases. Approximately 80% of all persulfates are used in two industrial applications.2 2. the paper industry. polybags and IBCs (supersacks). i. ready for shipment. Since persulfates are oxidants. An alternate method uses a displacement reaction whereby potassium ion replaces the sodium ion from sodium persulfate.2. persulfates are approved for injection into soils for decontamination of organic contaminants.000 tonnes of persulfates produced in China by a company affiliated with one of the European companies. polymerization reactions (>60%. for example in manufacture of fluorocarbon elastomers and small scale production of electrophoretic gels) and printed circuit manufacture (about 20%). Production of persulfates occurs in systems that are vented to the atmosphere. 2 2. In the Nordic Countries (Norway. textile processing and in the photographic industry.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE Production Volumes and Use Pattern In 2003 the estimated production of all three persulfates. Control of fumes is accomplished by air-sweeping and scrubbing if necessary. the solids are dried to remove moisture. FMC Corporation. The substances are mainly used as oxidizers and process regulators (SPIN database 08-12-04). then packaged in fiber drums.1 Environmental Exposure and Fate Sources of Environmental Exposure In the United States and several European countries. Persulfates are also used as oxidants in cosmetics and hair bleaching products. There is also an estimated 10. CRC. Europe accounts for about 42%. they could have applications in other reactions requiring an oxidizing agent. There are no reported volumes for the individual persulfate products. The electrolyte removed from the cell containing the persulfate product is concentrated and crystallized in a proprietary vacuum crystallization process to produce the final solid persulfate product. Europe and Japan) is 65. metal coating.. pulp and paper board manufacture.e. the textile industry. Potassium persulfate can be produced in similar fashion. 2. 2. 2. decompose into inorganic sulfate or bisulfate. These compounds should not present any environmental hazards.2. Koltoff and Miller (1951) measured the rates of decomposition in water for potassium persulfate at various pH’s. − S 2 O8−2 + H 2 O → 1 O2 + 2 SO4 2 + 2 H + 2 Ammonium. Half lives at 50ºC varied from 20 hours at pH 1 up to 210 hours at pH 10. Photodegradation in air is not relevant for the persulfates because their volatility is negligible. They should behave as free ions or decompose into sulfate ions.2 Photodegradation There are no photodegradation data available. net reaction : 2. 2. Na or K) and persulfate ion. Under these conditions the product is expected to be dilute and to degrade into sulfate or bisulfate salts. producing acid conditions at the same time.5 Biodegradation Not applicable to inorganic compounds. Persulfate readily oxidizes water to oxygen. In soils. any persulfate released into the environment is distributed into the water compartment in the ionic form of the cation. 2. upon decomposition. undergoes decomposition in normal water or acid conditions. Persulfates are not expected to sorb to soil due to their dissociation properties. Used product containers and residual (waste) persulfate solutions will either be diluted and sent to a wastewater treatment facility or sent into a domestic waste system. independent of the cation. Waste persulfate solids or solutions will be treated to decompose the material into innocuous metal sulfates or diluted to levels where they are no longer hazardous. The persulfate anion.4 Transport between Environmental Compartments All three persulfate salts are soluble in water and their vapour pressures are negligible.2.3 Stability in Water Rates of hydrolysis are expected to be similar for each salt. (NH4. Thus. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 11 .2. the cation could form more stable sulfate or bisulfate salts. There could be some release to the environment from the products used by consumers. instability (hydrolysis) and high water solubility. independent of the cation.6 Bioaccumulation They will Persulfates are not expected to bioaccumulate in the soil or in aqueous solution.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES expected to be low. sodium and potassium derivatives are structurally similar and expected to behave similarly in solution. Large quantities of persulfate waste materials are usually collected in appropriate containers and disposed of as hazardous waste. 2. In the manufacturing process care is taken to prevent persulfate discharges.2. Hair products make up the largest consumer use. Swimming pool products: 5-6 Million pounds were used in the USA.3% and as an alkaline starch reactant at <0.g. 1985). as a reducing agent in photography.6%. Persulfates will readily degrade benzene. Allergic contact dermatitis was reported on the hands of professional bakers or technicians handling flour containing persulfates and on the hands of professional hair dressers using hair products 12 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .4. bleaches and other hair-colouring preparations in the United States found 92 products that contained persulfates (CIR. in adhesives. The liquid and gel lighteners for general hair lightening contain <12% persulfate and off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands generally contain <25% (on head). The three persulfate salts are used in Europe and Japan for hair products. 1999a. in modification of starch. Countries may wish to investigate any exposure scenarios that were not assessed by the sponsor country.7 Other Information on Environmental Fate Persulfates have a very low vapour pressure. these were controlled by improved occupational industrial hygiene practices. A 1998 survey of hair dyes. Persulfates are contained in bleaches and lighteners at concentrations of 12% to 22% (use concentration of 4% to 8%) and 2% to 16% (use concentration of 1% to 6%).9 to 2. respectively. and in cellophane film. 2001). Aqueous persulfates are expected to degrade in the environment via several mechanisms.1. In the United States ammonium persulfate is approved as a bleaching agent for food starch at <0. xylene. in bleaches and lighteners at up to 22% and 16%. Kellett and Beck. Reaction rates with chlorinated solvents will be much slower. Leino T et al. Sodium persulfate is used as a shock treatment to clarify swimming pool water. There are numerous well-documented literature reports of skin sensitisations and allergic responses by professional hairdressers see 3. Formulations contain 50% to 100% sodium persulfate.1 Human Exposure Occupational Exposure Occupational exposure occurs in the manufacture of persulfates and in their use in hair dyes by professional hairdressers (CIR 2001. and reactions with organic chemicals in the soil or water.3. 36 out of 1813 products containing potassium persulfate and 26 out of 1813 products containing sodium persulfate. in most cases. e. one in Taiwan and many small ones in China. ethylbenzene and chlorinated benzenes to mineralised end products. hydrolysis. 2. fatty and dry foods.. They will remain in solution and readily hydrolyze (decompose) into innocuous sulfate ions.2. as an industrial starch modifier at <0. Exposure in air to persulfates in hair salons during mixing of the chemicals and application to the hair has been estimated at 0.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES 2. Potassium persulfate is permitted in certain types of coatings for fresh citrus fruits..3 2. The number of manufacturing sites of persulfates is 2 in Europe. There were 30 products out of 2436 products containing ammonium persulfate. toluene. 1 in North America. metal catalysed decomposition. 1999b.9 µg/m3 (Leino 1999b). colours. therefore they are not expected to volatilize under field conditions. Workers in production facilities manufacturing persulfates have also reported clinical symptoms. in adhesives. and in off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands at up to 25%. as a component of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous. These products are used in combination with other pool products. Persulfates will react with organic species and contaminants in soil and groundwater. as a flourmaturing agent and in de-sizing textiles (CIR. but. 2 in Japan. 2001).075%. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners at concentrations up to 60%. This exposure can be largely avoided using a ‘no touch technique’ which involves use of gloves and applicator sticks. Veien et al. 2001). would be rapidly metabolised to oxygen and water by catalase and peroxidase enzymes (NICNAS. 3 3. disinfectants.SPIN2000. The influence of the cations on toxicity is expected to be negligible for the sodium and potassium derivatives.3. hydrogen peroxide can readily penetrate biological membranes at a level comparable to that of water. because sodium and potassium will be added to the available supply present in the body. Hydrogen peroxide. Although catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes are intracellular. Dermal exposure can occur when the product comes in contact with the scalp. 1993). based on chemical structure.1.1 3.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES containing persulfates (CIR 2001. These uses come from the SPIN database. if formed. but systemic effects would be inconsequential in the presence of physiologic buffer systems. In the USA a TLV of 0. A decrease in pH would be expected from the hydrolysis of the persulfate moiety.1 Occupational Exposure. simple ionic dissociation will initially remove the respective cation from the anionic persulfate.3.1 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS Effects on Human Health Toxicokinetics. Toxicokinetics and dynamics will be influenced mainly by the persulfate anion. 3. 2001). No further data on workplace exposure are available. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 13 .net. adhesives. The occupational exposure limit in Belgium was established at 1.2 Acute Toxicity Studies in Animals The acute toxicity of the persulfates is summarized in Table 3.1. however. The ammonium ion is also expected to have a negligible effect on mammalian toxicity. 2001). Inhalation exposure from home and salon is expected to be low.1 mg/m3 has been published for the three persulfates (ACGIH on NIOSH website). 2. Metabolism of the persulfate anion will likely generate reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) and sulfate ion radicals. Inhalation exposure by consumers is expected to be low. 2001 and NICNAS. Persulfates are no longer used in flour. metabolism or distribution studies available on the persulfates. pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.0 mg/m3 (TLV) and in Germany at 6 mg/m3 (MAK). Consumers are most likely to be exposed via the inhalation and dermal routes.2 Consumer Exposure Consumers can be exposed through products used by professional hairdressers or through home use of hair products (CIR. Consumers may be exposed via cleaning and washing agents. See Section 2. Metabolism and Distribution There are no toxicokinetic. website: www. Dermal exposure can also occur on the hands during mixing and application of the product. which is present in all substances under evaluation. due to the use of small quantities and infrequent use of the products. Extracellular hydrogen peroxide is rapidly decomposed by mammalian tissues (ECETOC. Older studies on ammonium. sodium and potassium persulfate performed under guideline conditions with rats indicated an LC50 value of greater than the maximum attainable concentration. e. Clinical signs included ocular and nasal discharge and irregular breathing (FMC 1979b. After exposure animals exhibited dyspnea.5% aqueous solution of the persulfate salts under an occlusive wrap for four hours was found to cause irritation in 8/46 subjects (Jordan. FMC 1979b. 1980). 1963). Table 3 Acute Animal Toxicity Studies Acute Test Acute Oral LD50 (rat) (mg/kg) Acute Dermal LD50 (mg/kg) Ammonium Persulfate 495 (female) 700 (female) 742 (male) >2000 (rat) FMC (1991b) FMC (2001) FMC (1991a) FMC (1987) >10. sodium and potassium persulfates did not show irritation when tested in rabbits using the Draize Scoring method (FMC 1979a.000 (rabbit) >42900 (1 hr exposure) FMC (1979a) FMC (1979a) >10.000 (rabbit) >5100 (4 hr exposure) FMC (1979c) FMC (1995) Potassium Persulfate 1130 (male) FMC (1979a) Sodium Persulfate 895 (male) FMC (1979c) >2950 (4 hr Acute Inhalation (rat) LC50 (mg/m3) exposure) Conclusion The results of the acute toxicity tests on ammonium. The similar results obtained on all three salts on the acute toxicity tests further support the persulfate toxicity category. >2000 mg/kg for ammonium persulfate and >10. FMC. 1998 cited in CIR.000 mg/kg for the sodium and potassium salts. dermal and inhalation routes of exposure in multiple animal studies are indicative of similar toxicity for the three salts. 1991a). 2950 mg/m3. respiratory distress and increased nasal. 1979c. 2001). Studies in Humans In controlled studies. inhalation LC50 studies on ammonium. 1979c. FMC 1979c. 5100 mg/m3 and 42900 mg/m3 respectively.. aqueous solutions of ammonium persulfate were found to be irritating to humans at concentrations of 5% and higher (Calnan and Shuster. 3. 1979d.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Acute oral LD50 values from studies with rats for the persulfate salts were between 495 mg/kg to 742 mg/kg for ammonium persulfate. Application of 17.3 Irritation Skin Irritation Studies in Animals Ammonium persulfate was not irritating to the rabbit skin in a study performed according to OECD TG 404 (FMC 1988b). Older less reliable studies on sodium and potassium persulfate also indicate a low toxicity by the inhalation route. 1991b. FMC 1995). Similarly. 1130 mg/kg for potassium persulfate and 895 mg/kg for sodium persulfate. Ocular and nasal discharge and slight irritation were reported among the exposed animals in the acute dermal toxicity studies (FMC 1979a. FMC. ocular and oral secretion (FMC 1987.1. potassium and sodium persulfate by oral. 14 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 2001).g. Acute dermal LD50’s in rats and rabbits were all greater than the highest treatment level. FMC 1979a). There are no data on the skin irritation potential of the solid form of the persulfates to humans. Sodium persulfate was considered a slight sensory irritant (RD50 2250 mg/m3).4 Sensitization Skin sensitization Table 4 below summarizes the available animal and human data on skin sensitisation studies. Persulfates can be irritating to skin and the respiratory track of occupationally exposed individuals (hair dressers).1. Patch tests in humans indicate that irritation occurs in some subjects from exposure to aqueous solutions of >5%. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 15 .OECD SIDS Eye Irritation PERSULFATES Studies in Animals Sodium and potassium persulfates were non-irritating when tested in rabbits using the Draize Scoring method (FMC 1979c. Conclusion The persulfate salts are non-irritating to the skin and non-irritating to slightly irritating to the eyes in animal studies. 3. Ammonium persulfate was slightly irritating when instilled into the eyes of rabbits (FMC 1988a). Respiratory Tract Irritation Studies in Animals A sensory irritation study with sodium persulfate in mice resulted in a 50% decrease of the respiratory rate at a concentration of 2250 mg/m3 in air (FMC 1994). Sodium persulfate was found to be a slight sensory irritant in mice. 1998 cited in occluded wraps as a 17. 1976 Kanerva at al. Human Potassium and Sodium Sodium Potassium Human (hairdressers) Human (workers) Not sensitizing under occluded and nonJordan. 1985 Skin prick test Patch test Skin prick test Patch test Patch test Patch test Lung function. 1989 Kellett and Beck. sodium Baur and Fruhmann.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Table 4 Skin Sensitization Studies with the Persulfates Study Type Maximization Test Buehler Test Maximization Test Repeated Insult Patch Test Patch Test Salt Ammonium Sodium Sodium Sodium Species Guinea pig Guinea pig Guinea pig Human Result Negative for epidermal challenge (3/20) Not sensitizing Negative for epidermal challenge (2/20 test animals positive and 0/20 controls) Not sensitizing at 5000 ppm in water Reference Degussa. skin prick test and patch test Ammonium Human and potassium (hairdressers) Ammonium Not given Ammonium Ammonium Human (hairdressers) Human (hairdressers) Human (hairdressers) Human (hairdressers) Case control study of hairdressers. 6. persulfate Leino at al. Reiffers et al. 1976 Pankow at al. contact dermatitis in 0.6% (6/355). potassium. Ammonium persulfate showed a negative response (in 3/20 animals) in a Maximization Test (Degussa. Cross sectional study at 1 mg/m3 no positive Merget 1997 response in a skin prick test.8% (3/355). 1990b.5% (2/355) and with occupational asthma in 0. histamine response and lung function Skin prick test and lung function Ammonium and Sodium Human (workers) Ammonium Human and potassium (workers) Human (workers) Epicutaneous test Ammonium. 1985a). 3/32 minor effects on bronchial responsiveness 8/52 positive in skin prick test possibly correlated to reduction of FEV1 3/3 workers gave positive results Wrbitzky 1995 Skin prick test . 1979 Studies in Animals Sodium persulfate was not sensitising when applied to the skin of Guinea pigs in the Buehler Test and was positive in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (FMC. Degussa. 2001. 1985b).5% (7/107) of hairdressers tested gave positive skin prick tests and 1.5% aqueous solution. which was positive for both sodium and ammonium persulfate. 1985a FMC 1990b Degussa.85% (1/54) of hairdressers gave positive patch tests. 16 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 1999a were associated with allergic rhinitis in 1. The maximisation tests are not conducted according to standard protocols and include an intracutaneous challenge. 1985b FMC 1996 Ammonium. 1999 Veine et al. CIR 2001 Positive in case study via dermal (and inhalation) routes (n=2) Positive in case study (n=1) Positive in case study (n=1 for each reference) 3 case studies with 7 of 9 positive 1 case with positive prick test Case control 12/49 positive (1/69 controls) Pepys et al. 1974 Fisher and DoomsGoossens. 4/32 positive histamine response (2/18 in controls). .. Due to the sporadic rales and effects on respiratory rate. 1976. Agustin et al. These lesions had reversed to normal by the end of the 6-week recovery period. Wallenstein et al. These studies are backed up by several case reports of occupational asthma associated with persulfate use (Pepys et al. 1982). Additional groups of 5 animals/sex/group were exposed for 13 weeks followed by a 6-week or 13week recovery period. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined to be 10.5% under occlusive wrap. Also workers using ammonium and potassium persulfate during the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide (Barsotti et al.. 5 days/week for 13 weeks (FMC 1998a). In a skin prick test of 52 workers in a persulfate production plant..1. 1993). dermatoses. Respiratory tract Studies in humans A number of well-conducted studies of hairdressers provide evidence that persulfate salts are capable of inducing asthma and can cause specific reactions at bronchial challenge under conditions which do not induce a response in normal or previously non-exposed asthmatic people. Schwaiblmair et al. persulfate was not sensitising in a repeated insult patch test at up to 5000 ppm (FMC.. Pankow et al. At 25 mg/m3 inflammation of the trachea and bronchi/bronchioles. Most reports on these endpoints are human case reports. 1989. Studies in Animals Inhalation Rats (10/sex/group) were exposed in whole body chambers to dust aerosol concentrations of 0. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 17 . Conclusion Animal studies indicate that the persulfates are not sensitising or are marginally sensitising to skin when applied topically. 1992. 1990. No differences between the three salts were identified. followed by challenges at lower concentrations (2%) (Jordan 1998 cited in CIR. There were no pathological findings in reproductive organs. decreased body weights and increased lung weights were found after 13 weeks. 1996) and at 17. 1995). 1989. 1989). rashes and occupational asthma (White et al. Gamboa et al. 1985).. eight workers were positive (no controls were included) (Wribitzky et al.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Studies in Humans There are strong indications that all three persulfates are sensitisers in occupationally-exposed human subjects (see Table 4) In general. Schwartz. 1951) and workers who bagged persulfates developed asthmatic symptoms (Baur et al. 1979). 1992. In a patch test 12 out of 49 hairdressers with dermatologic complaints were positive. However.3 mg/m3. 1986. 5.. Rales and increased respiratory rate were noted in high dose males and females during the study and sporadically in the mid-dose group. 3. (Blainey et al. Therond et al... In nonoccupationally exposed subjects. 1989. whereas in the control group of patients with similar complaints 1 out of 69 was found to be positive (Kellett and Beck.5 Repeated Dose Toxicity The repeated dose toxicity studies in rats on the three persulfates by oral and inhalation routes of exposure are summarized in Table 5... Parra et al. 10 and 25 mg/m3 ammonium persulfate 6 hours/day. the NOEL was considered to be 5 mg/m3. persulfates are associated with eczema. the results from human studies indicate that the persulfates are capable of inducing skin and respiratory tract sensitisation in occupationally exposed individuals. 2001). 5 mg/kg bw/day in diet.3 mg/m3 based on elevated lung weights. There were no treatment-related effects on urinalysis. On day 48 of the study.6. 1979a). indicates that the lesions are related both to concentration in diet (dose) and length of exposure. 5. 100 and 225 mg/kg bw/day) for 90-days. 1000 or 3000 ppm sodium persulfate (0. 10 and 25 mg/m3 The LOAEL is 3000 ppm (200-250 mg/kg 90 days bw/day) based on local effects on the gastrointestinal tract (epithelial necrosis and atrophy) at 13 weeks and depressed body weight. Oral Twenty-eight-day repeated-dose oral (dietary) toxicity studies in rats were conducted on all three salts. All effects were reversible during a (male and female) six-week recovery period. 5 days/week for 13 weeks FMC (1979b) FMC (1998a) Inhalation Ammonium Dust: 10. 1000 1000 ppm (137 mg/kg bw/day) ppm (males only) 0. 18 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . respectively (the highest doses tested. FMC 1979c. 41. clinical signs and depressed body weights. 131. Pathological findings were limited to the 3000 ppm group only and consisted of necrosis and atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract epithelial lining.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Table 5 Repeated Dose Toxicity of Persulfates in Rats Route Oral (diet) Oral (diet) Salt Sodium Sodium Doses NOAEL Exposure period 28 days References FMC (1979c) FMC (1979e) 0.2. 1979b). clinical chemistry or hematology parameters. 300. Rats (20/sex/group) were fed rodent chow with 0. 300. followed by 5000 ppm for 5 weeks. In addition. 23. increased respiration Dermal No data available. 600 ppm (males only) 0.5 mg /kg bw/day. an oral (dietary) subchronic toxicity study using sodium persulfate was conducted in rats (FMC 1979e). The absence of the gastrointestional lesions in the group receiving 1000 ppm for 8 weeks. 3000 and 1000 ppm for 7 weeks raised to 5000 ppm for final 6 weeks (male and female) 0. 300. the concentration of the group receiving 1000 ppm was increased to 5000 ppm for the remainder of the study. At the two high dose levels body weight was decreased during the last 6 weeks of treatment. NOAEL levels for sodium and potassium salts were 137 and 131. There were no treatment-related pathological findings in reproductive organs or any other organ system or tissue. 12. The 28-day NOAEL for ammonium persulfate was 41 mg/kg bw/day (FMC. 100. 131. 316. 100. NOEL = 5 mg/m3 based on rales. No effects noted 28 days Oral (diet) Potassium FMC (1979a) Oral (diet) Ammonium 28 days 300 ppm (41 mg/kg bw/day) based on decreased adrenal weight:body weight ratio at 600 ppm (82 mg /kg bw/day) 6 hr/day.5 mg/kg bw/day (males only) 0. and increased respiratory rate in the subchronic inhalation study (FMC. 1990d Ishidate. FMC. 1990d). Long-term follow-up of these same employees indicated that exposure at 0.5 mg/m3 had no long-term effects on pulmonary function (Greaves. rales.6 Mutagenicity Mutagenicity studies on the persulfates are summarized in Table 6. 1997). 1984 Salt Result Reference Unscheduled DNA Sodium Synthesis Test Chromosome Aberration Test in vivo tests Micronucleus Test Sodium Ammonium Negative when administered at single doses of 85. There were no differences in effects between the three salts. The findings were gastrointestinal lesions in the subchronic dietary study (FMC. Hepatocytes were cultured 2-4 or 12-18 hours after exposure and evaluated for unscheduled DNA synthesis. 1992). Sodium persulfate was negative in the DNA damage and repair test using rat hepatocytes (FMC.OECD SIDS Studies in Humans PERSULFATES Inhalation Pulmonary function tests (FEV1 and FVC) conducted on employees of a production facility indicated no adverse effects on pulmonary function at workplace levels. Shimizu. Conclusion Persulfates produced lesions at the site of contact via the oral and inhalation routes of exposure. 1984 FMC. 1991c Unscheduled DNA Sodium Test Studies in Animals In vitro Studies Both ammonium and sodium persulfates were negative. in the Ames test (FMC. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 19 . 1985). 1998a). with and without metabolic activation by S9. 3. 164 and 820 mg/kg. Ammonium persulfate was negative in an in vitro chromosome aberration test (Ishidate. Ishidate. 1990a. measured at 0. 1985. All treatment-related effects noted during the subchronic inhalation exposure were reversible following a six-week recovery period. 1984). 1984. 48 and 72 hours for evaluation of micronuclei. 1990c 338 mg/kg i. 169 and FMC. Table 6 Genotoxicity studies on the Persulfate Salts Test in vitro tests Ames Test Ames Test Sodium Ammonium Negative with and without metabolic activation by S9 Negative with and without metabolic activation by S9 Negative in rat primary hepatocytes Negative in Chinese hamster fibroblasts FMC.1.p. 1979d) and inflammatory lesions of the bronchi and trachea. Ishidate.5 mg/m3 (FMC. 1990a Shimizu. Erythrocytes were sampled at 24. to male and female mice. Negative when dosed orally by gavage to male rats at doses of 41. 2004). Ammonium persulfate was chosen as a representative salt of the persulfate category. 1984. it was not considered related to treatment. through gestation until lactation day 4. 48 and 72 hours after exposure (FMC. There was a normal progression of the spermatogenesis and all stages of the spermatogenic cycle were present and within normal limits in control and treated animals. no effects on body weight and no effects on organ weights and no treatment-related gross lesions. Animals were exposed two weeks prior to mating. which occurred in both controls and high-dose animals. 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight/day (Weaver. 1991c). Females were exposed following mating.8 Toxicity for Reproduction The potential reproductive and developmental toxicity of the persulfate salts were evaluated in a combined reproductive/developmental study. during mating and for an additional three and a half weeks for males.. 100%. 1979b).7 Carcinogenicity No guideline tests of carcinogenicity are available. 3. therefore. It is concluded that the no observed effect level for male and female fertility indices and reproductive performance is equal to or greater than 250 mg /kg bw/day. Sodium persulfate was found to be non-genotoxic when tested in an in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis test in rats (FMC.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES In vivo Studies Sodium persulfate was negative in two separate in vivo genotoxicity studies. 2004). Conclusion Ammonium persulfate has no skin tumor promoting activity. 3. it is concluded that persulfates as a category are not genotoxic.1.2 ml of a 200 mg/ml solution of ammonium persulfate concluded that ammonium persulfate is neither a tumor promoter nor a complete carcinogen when applied to the skin. Studies in Animals Effects on Fertility Groups of rats (12/sex/group) were administered ammonium persulfate in the diet at constant doses of 0. During the mating period one male and one female from the same dose group were placed together. The two lower doses were chosen based on the results of the 28-day dietary study with ammonium persulfate with an NOAEL of 41 mg /kg bw/day (FMC. In the parental generation there were no treatment related clinical signs or mortality. There was a sporadic occurrence of minimal degeneration of the testicle. 100 and 240 mg /kg bw/day dose groups. Based on the presence of the persulfate anion in the three salts. the male and female were separated. evaluated 24. according to OECD Guideline 421 (Weaver.1. 92% and 92% for the 0. the high dose. Once mating was confirmed. One high-dose male had a hypoplastic testicle and aspermia of the epididymides. Conclusion Both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies on sodium and ammonium persulfates are negative. (Kurokawa et al. Doses of sodium persulfate up to 338 mg/kg injected into male and female mice intraperitoneally did not increase the incidence of micronuclei in erythrocytes. 1990c). A 51 week dermal study in female SENCAR mice exposed to 0. 40. Pregnancy rates were 100%. 20 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 40. Selection of the high dose was based on lethality in acute oral toxicity studies and the sodium persulfate ninety-day study (FMC. 1979c). The acute oral LD50 for the three salts ranged from 495 mg/kg to 1130 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related clinical signs. Acute inhalation studies generally found that the 4-hour LC50 was greater than the maximum attainable dose (>5100 mg/m3 for sodium persulfate and >2950 mg/m3 for ammonium persulfate). The acute dermal LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. dermal and inhalation routes of exposure are available. Toxicokinetics and dynamics of the salts will be influenced mainly by the persulfate anion. Females were exposed following mating. Thus. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 21 . Animals were exposed two weeks prior to mating. the three persulfate salts form an appropriate chemical category for assessment of human health. potassium and sodium persulfates have similar physical/chemical properties. The mean number of live pups and the mean number of live pups surviving to day 4 were similar across all groups. through gestation until lactation day 4. In humans a mixture of the three persulfate salts was not sensitising to humans at levels of 17. decomposition > 100 ºC and a high water solubility. 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight/day (Weaver. The hydrogen peroxide will be rapidly degraded to oxygen and water by catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Although the results of animal studies indicate a low potential to cause eye and skin irritation. numerous case reports provide strong indications that all three persulfates can be dermal and respiratory sensitisers in human subjects.2 Initial Assessment for Human Health Ammonium. Conclusion Ammonium persulfate did not cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in rats exposed to 250 mg/kg bw/day via the oral route. Extracellular hydrogen peroxide is rapidly decomposed by mammalian tissues. Results in the Guinea pig Buehler Test and Maximization Test in which persulfate is applied topically were negative. 40. 3. The live birth and viability indices were similar across all groups. during mating and for an additional three and a half weeks for males. No bioaccumulation is expected. human irritation can occur in highly exposed individuals in an occupational setting. Although catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes are intracellular. There was a slight dose-related depression in mean pup body weight for both sexes on lactation day 0 and 4. The pup body weight depression reached statistical significance for the high dose on day 0 only.5% aqueous solution under occlusive wrap. The persulfate anion will likely be degraded to hydrogen peroxide and sulfate ion.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Developmental Toxicity Groups of rats (12/sex/group) were administered ammonium persulfate in the diet at constant doses of 0. However. Animal studies on the acute toxicity of the three salts by oral. and resolved by day 4. which is present in all category members. the high dose. Studies in humans indicate that aqueous solutions of 5% persulfate or higher can cause irritation.Both animal and human skin sensitisation studies have been conducted. mortality or necropsy findings among pups. Results in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test were positive when persulfate was injected intradermally for the induction and challenge phases. Animal and human studies indicate that these three salts have similar toxicological properties. The NOAEL for reproduction and developmental toxicity is 250 mg/kg bw/day. The persulfate salts were non-irritating to slightly irritating to eyes and skin in animal studies. hydrogen peroxide can readily penetrate biological membranes at a level comparable to that of water. Due to the transient nature of the body weight effect it is not considered to be an adverse effect on development. 2004). The NOAEL for embryo/fetal viability is considered to be equal to or greater than 250 mg /kg bw/day. The acute toxicity EC50-values for invertebrates were between 120 and 391 mg/L (FMC 1993c. Degussa 1988c) and from 168 to 771 mg/L for sodium persulfate (FMC 1993e. The LC50-values for acute toxicity to fish ranged between 76 and 323 mg/L for ammonium persulfate (FMC 1993a. increased lung weight. Degussa 1988b. There was a transient depression in pup body weight at the 250 mg /kg bw/day dose level on lactation day 0 which resolved by day 4. In vivo tests on sodium persulfate (micronucleus test and UDS test) were negative. This effect was not considered adverse.7 mg/L and for sodium persulfate 116 mg/L. fetal viability. which is known to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The less reliable data from Svobodova on potassium persulfate demonstrate that potassium persulfate toxicity to aquatic organisms is comparable. spermatogenic cycle were reported up to oral doses of 250 mg/kg bw/day. Gastrointestinal lesions and reduced body weights were noted in rats consuming diets with 3000 ppm sodium persulfate (225 mg/kg bw/day) for 13 weeks. Data on chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms are not available. The persulfates do not induce gene mutations or chromosomal effects in vitro.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES After both oral and inhalation subchronic exposure local effects were reported. no effects on reproductive performance. The NOAEL for reproductive toxicity is 250 mg/kg bw/day. Algal tests were also conducted with ammonium persulfate (FMC 1998b) and sodium persulfate (FMC 1998c) indicating a comparable degree of toxicity: EC50 for ammonium persulfate was 83. gestation and following gestation until lactation day 4. Animals were dosed prior to and during mating. the persulfates do not show evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity.5 mg/m3). as ammonium and sodium persulfates. FMC 1993h). The category is a low priority for further work for human health. In an OECD TG 421 developmental/reproduction study with rats exposed to ammonium persulfate. and in the same effect category.or long-term effects on pulmonary function at levels in the plant (0. In a subchronic inhalation study adverse effects at a high dose of 25 mg/m3 were inflammation of the trachea. Studies on all three trophic levels with measured concentrations were available. fertility. decreased body weights. bronchi. Pulmonary function tests of workers in a production plant indicated that there were no short. A NOAEL of 10. Persulfates were also shown to lack tumor promotion activity in a mouse skin model.3 mg/m3 was established. spermatogenesis. rales and increased respiratory rate. 4 4. bronchioles. Based on the available data. 22 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . FMC 1993f).1 HAZARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT Aquatic Effects Table 7 summarizes the aquatic toxicity studies available on the three persulfate salts. FMC 1993b. The slightly higher toxicity of the ammonium salt has to be attributed to the ammonium cation. fetal anomalies. FMC 1993d) for ammonium persulfate and between 133 and 519 for sodium persulfate (FMC 1993g. 4. None of the studies were considered reliable.3 (m) LC50=163 (m) LC50=103 (m) LC50=771 (m) LC50=323 (nc) LC50=845 FMC (1993b) FMC (1993f) FMC (1993a) FMC (1993e) Degussa AG (1988b) Svobodova (1983) Salt Exposure Reliability LC/EC50 (mg/L) Reference (m) – measured (analytically verified) concentrations (nc) – nominal concentrations Conclusion The results presented here support the category approach for these substances.7 (m) NOEC=39. Any persulfate released into the environment is distributed into the water compartment in the ionic form of the cation. instability (hydrolysis) and high water solubility.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Table 7 Toxicity of Persulfates to Aquatic Organisms Organism Fish Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Invertebrates Water flea (Daphnia magna) Water flea (Daphnia magna) Water flea (Daphnia magna) Water flea (Daphnia magna) Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) Tubificidae Cyclops strenuus Algae Green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum) Green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum) ammonium Sodium 72-hr 72-hr 1 1 EC50=83. Persulfates are not expected to adsorb to soil due to their dissociation properties. Na or K) and persulfate ion. so no conclusion on toxicity to microorganisms can be drawn. Toxicity to Microorganisms The data on toxicity to microorganisms are limited and show a wide variety of results. They should behave as free ions or decompose into sulfate UNEP PUBLICATIONS 23 . (NH4.2 EC50=116 (m).2 Terrestrial Effects There are no data on Terrestrial Effects. (biomass) FMC (1998c) FMC (1998b) ammonium ammonium Sodium potassium ammonium Sodium potassium potassium 48-hr 24-hr 48-hr 96-hr 96-hr 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 4 EC50=120 (m) EC50=357 (nc) EC50=133 (m) EC50=92-251 EC50=391(m) EC50=519 (m) EC50=575 EC50=1175 FMC (1993c) Degussa AG (1988a) FMC (1993g) Svobodova (1983) FMC (1993d) FMC (1993h) Svobodova (1983) Svobodova (1983) ammonium Sodium ammonium Sodium ammonium potassium 96-hr 96-hr 96-hr 96-hr 96-hr 1 1 1 1 2 4 LC50=76. and reactions with organic chemicals in the soil or water are also possible. In soils. Any persulfate released into the environment is distributed into the water compartment in the ionic form of the cation. Environment: Some chemicals in this category possess properties indicating a hazard for the environment (acute toxicity for fish and algae). 24 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . However. the cation could form more stable sulfate or bisulfate salts. upon decomposition. instability (hydrolysis) and high water solubility.7 mg/L and for sodium persulfate 116 mg/L. the cation. Aqueous persulfates are expected to degrade in the environment mainly via hydrolysis.4 Initial Assessment for the Environment All persulfates are soluble in water and their vapour pressures are negligible. non-GLP data on fish and daphnia toxicity fell within the range of the other two category members. adequate risk management measures (MSDS’s and labelling) are being applied and therefore the chemicals in this category are currently of low priority for further work. Persulfates are not expected to adsorb to soil due to their dissociation properties.3 Other Environmental Effects There are no data on other environmental effects. but metal catalysed decomposition. (NH4. The acute toxicity EC50-values for invertebrates were between 120 and 391 mg/L for ammonium persulfate and between 133 and 519 for sodium persulfate. could form more stable sulfate or bisulfate salts. 4. 4. In soils. They will The LC50 values for acute toxicity to fish ranged between 76 and 323 mg/L for ammonium persulfate and from 163 to 771 mg/L for sodium persulfate. Persulfates are not expected to bioaccumulate in the soil or in aqueous solution. Na or K) and persulfate ion. In algae the EC50 for ammonium persulfate was 83. They should behave as free ions or decompose into sulfate ions. they are of low priority for further work due to rapid degradation and the absence of bioaccumulation. Other countries may wish to consider their own risk management measures. For potassium persulfate. These compounds should not present any environmental hazards. Based on data presented by the Sponsor country. They will remain in solution and readily hydrolyze (decompose) into innocuous sulfate ions. decompose into inorganic sulfate or bisulfate. 5 RECOMMENDATIONS Human Health: The chemicals in this category possess properties indicating a hazard for human health (eye and skin irritation and skin and respiratory sensitisation).OECD SIDS PERSULFATES ions. upon decomposition. . I80-403. Bronchial asthma of allergic and irritative origin as an occupational disease. Study no. Study no. US-IT-Nr. Study no. Prax. Prüfung auf sensibilisierende Eigenschaften an der Haut des Meerschweinchens (Optimierungs-Test). Degussa AG. Acute toxicity study with Poecilia reticulata exposed to ammoniumperoxydisulfate. 42-50.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES 6 REFERENCES Agustin P. 112. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 25 . Dermatol. 7-21. FMC Corporation (1987). 1407-1409). 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Sodium persulfate: sensory irritation study in Swiss Webster mice. unpublished report. I92-1251. I87-0970. I92-1253. FMC Corporation (1993c). unpublished. FMC Corporation (1991a). unpublished report. Study no. Sodium persulfate: Salmonella/mammalian-microsome plate incorporation mutagenicity assay (Ames test) Study no. FMC Corporation (1990c). FMC Corporation (1993e). Study no. unpublished report. FMC Corporation (1993b). Ammonium persulfate: primary skin irritation study in rabbits. I92-1248. I92-1247. FMC Corporation. FMC Corporation (1993f). FMC Corporation (1993g). unpublished report. Study no. Repeated insult patch study. 75-79. under static test conditions. Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. Y (1984). Study no. Cancer Letters. and Kanerva L (1999a). Kanerva L. unpublished report. 2nd edition. Greaves W (1997). Merget R. unpublished report. Leino. Takamura. and Miller I K (1951). Study no. Matsushima. E. Gamboa PM. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 27 . Jolanki R. Cross sectional study of chemical workers exposed to sodium and ammonium persulfate. Aalto-Korte K. N. Koltoff I. K and Meyer. Selenastrum capricornutum. Contact Dermatitis 40. I97-2227. 22 (8). 3055-3059. Potassium and Sodium Persulfate. under static test conditions. J. Volume 11. Study no. Soc. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1997). 116-117. M-L and Paakkulainen. due to the inhalation of ammonium persulphate salts Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). FMC Corporation (2001). de la Cuesta CG. Human sensitization study of three persulfates in a representative vehicle used for bleaching hair. Henriks-Eckerman. 299-304.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES FMC Corporation (1998a). p 396-397. Tammilehto L. Kahkonen. L. Imazawa. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA (34 pages) (Cited in CIR. 2001). Chem. (1999). Environment & Health 24. 398-406. I20012331. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from potassium persulfate. Occupational skin and respiratory diseases among hairdressers. Ammonium persulfate: acute toxicity to the freshwater green alga. Y. Preliminary Report: Lung Function Assessment of Persulfate Workers: 19901996. FMC Corporation (1998b). I. unpublished report. 26-33. Sodium persulfate: acute toxicity to the freshwater green alga. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme NICNAS (2001). 109-111. Paakkulainen S. Saarinen. T. The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of the persulfate ion in aqueous medium. Hytonen M. (1969). J and Beck M (1985). Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Kellett. 130-131. Kurokawa. Arbetsmed 19 (3). Acute oral toxicity of ammonium persulfate in rats. Asthma and Utricaria in the Hairdresser’s Trade due to Bleaching Agents Containing Persulfates Zbl. 45 (3). Toxic. Chem. 623-636. Fd. Studies on the promoting and complete carcinogenic activities of some oxidizing chemicals in skin carcinogenesis. The chemistry of persulfate. Jordan W (1998). Selenastrum capricornutum. Dermatitis 13. 18. Garcia BE et al (1989) Late asthmatic reaction in a hairdresser. 17. Working Conditions and Health in Hairdressing Salons. Unpublished report. H (1999b). Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. T and Hayashi. Ammonium. Study no. 73. FMC Corporation (1998c).. A 13-week inhalaton toxicity study (with recovery) of ammonium persulfate in albino rats. et al. Leino T. R. 24. I97-2205. Am. Ishidate M (1984). Ammonium persulphate sensitivity in hairdressers. I97-2228. Contact Kirk-Othmer (1967). and Estander T. Y. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14. Scandinavian Journal of Work. 26-28. Meindl. Alanko K. OECD SIDS PERSULFATES Pankow W. Contact Dermatitis 45 (3). 656-660. R. Hattel T and Laurberg G (2001). Pepys J. White I. 173-175. 413-417. Geraut C. Faina. 112-114. Quirce S et al (1992) Occupational asthma in a hairdresser caused by persulphate salts Allergy (Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol).. Persulfate-asthma in the hairdressing trade. 176 Weaver E (2004). Dupas D and Gayoux C (1989) Pathology of alkaline persulphates: concerning 19 recent cases Arch Mal Prof Med Trav Secur Soc. The results of microbial mutation test for forty-three industrial chemicals. Z. 28. 400-419.. Veien N. 6. Wrbitzky R. USA. Arch. Health 67. Therond M. Ind. 47. Wallenstein G.. Health. J. Wagner E and Schoneich R (1993) Airway symptoms in hairdressers with occupational contact eczema Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Praventivmed. VA. Inc. Rashes amongst persulphate workers. 441-444. Vienna. Stanek. Drexler H. Occup. Acute Toxicity of Peroxidisulphates to Aquatic Organisms. Contact dermatitis due to potassium persulfate. 695-697. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents – Persulphate salts and henna in hairdressers. 4. Igea JM. et al. 50. Early reaction type allergies and diseases of the respiratory passages in employees from persulphate production. Oral Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in Rats with Ammonium Persulfate in Feed. Covance Laboratories. 837-838. Clinical Allergy. and Letzel S (1995). Covance Study Number 7463-101. 17-24.. Pneumologie 43. Int. Buletin VURH Vodnany. 8. 27. FMC Study Number I2003-2337. Parra FM. Catchpole H and Rycroft R (1982). J. Schwaiblmair M. (1983). 31. 399-404. Inviron. P. Jpn. (1985). Schwartz HJ (1989) Effect of chronic chromolyn sodium therapy in a beautician with occupational asthma J Occup Med. Hein H. J. 168-172. H. Bittner K and Wichert V (1989). Baur X and Fruhmann G (1990) Bronchial asthma caused by hair bleach in a hairdresser Dtsch Med Wochenschr.. Schneedorfer. 115. Machova. 28 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Svobodova. (1976). Contact Dermatitis.. Shimizu. 08. 4. EINECS Name EC No. 10 : Reliability: without reliability. 7. WGK (DE). disodium salt sodium persulfate disodium peroxodisulphate H2O8S2. 3. Risk Assessment. 1. 2.2001 : Notox : 30. non confidential. confidential. Material Safety Dataset. TSCA Name Generic name IUPAC Name Molecular Formula Producer related part Company Creation date Substance related part Company Creation date Status Memo Printing date Revision date Date of last update Number of pages Chapter (profile) Reliability (profile) Flags (profile) : : : : : : : : ID: 7775-27-1 7775-27-1 disodium peroxodisulphate 231-892-1 Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2).2005 : 63 : Chapter: 1.08. 4 : Flags: without flag.06. SIDS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 29 . 6. 5.06.2005 : : 06. Directive 67/548/EEC. 2.2Na : Notox : 30.OECD SIDS PERSULFATES SIDS Dossier Existing Chemical CAS No. TA-Luft (DE). 3.2001 : : 30 Category : 06. 8. 11. GENERAL INFORMATION SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.2004 Dr-Gustav-Adolph-Strasse. 3 D-82049 Pullach Germany 49 89 744 22 421 49 89 744 22 6421 werner. The members (cooperating companies) of the Persulfates Group are noted in this section.K. Dominique de Halleux (CEFIC employee) is the secretary of this
[email protected] Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : APPLICANT AND COMPANY INFORMATION cooperating company Asahi Denka Kogyo K.com 19.com : : : : : : : : : : : : : 30 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2004 Type Name Contact person : : : cooperating company Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company. Takanobu Ohshima 12.0.OECD SIDS 1. cooperating company Degussa AG Werner Ponikwar 12.jp Within CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) a Persulfate Working Group was formed to comply with the ICCA High Production Volume (HPV) initiative.06.2005 1.11.11.2004 8-6 Nihonbashi Kobunacho J-103 Chou-ku Tokyo Japan 81 545 34 1032 81 545 34 0695 osima@adk. INC Ken Yamagishi : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company FMC Corporation Philip Block 12.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.2004 1735 Market Street PA 19103 Philadelphia United States 215 299 6645 215 299 6272
[email protected] Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.11.11. There is also an estimated 10.0.2004 Alex-Springer-Platz 2 D-20354 Hamburg Germany 49 403 2509 512 49 403 2509 510
[email protected] 1. 19. and Japan ) is 65.11.0. K or NH4.2004 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 31 . GENERAL INFORMATION Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.0. North America about 38% and Japan about 20%.co. Europe. IMPORTER OR FORMULATOR Remark : In 2003 the estimated production amount of all three persulfates.2005 LOCATION OF PRODUCTION SITE.000 tonnes of persulfates produced in China by a company affiliated with one of the European companies.400 tonnes per year.11.2004 1.2004 Mitsubishi Building 5-2 Marunouchi 2 chome Chiyoda-ku Japan 81 33 283 4888 81 33 287 2643
[email protected] SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.3 IDENTITY OF RECIPIENTS 1. Only the cation is different for each substance: Na.12. Europe accounts for about 42%.4 Comment Remark : : DETAILS ON CATEGORY/TEMPLATE Persulfates Each persulfate salt in this group consists of a dianion (persulfate) and two identical cations.2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company RheinPerChemie GmbH Dirk Ostwald 12.11. 15.11.OECD SIDS 1.com : : : : : : : : : : 12.06.11. in the countries represented by consortium members (North America. ecotoxicological and toxicological behaviour.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19. There are no reported volumes for the individual Persulfate products. The persulfate salts are expected to display the same environmental. 11.03.11.1.12.1 SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.2 : : : : : : : GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION typical for marketed substance inorganic solid > 98 % w/w white odourless Only 28-d study available : : : : : SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION disodium peroxodisulphate Na.O3-S-O-O-S-O3-Na Na2S2O8 238.3 % v/v other 7732-18-5 231-791-2 water H2O <= .0 IUPAC Name Smiles Code Molecular formula Molecular weight Petrol class 06.2004 1.2004 1.1.2 sodium peroxydisulfate 19.3 % v/v ADDITIVES 32 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1.11. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.2002 1.2004 1.1 Purity type Substance type Physical status Purity Colour Odour Reliability 19.06.3 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 08.OECD SIDS 1.4 : : : : : : : : : : : : SYNONYMS AND TRADENAMES IMPURITIES typical for marketed substance 7757-82-6 231-820-9 sodium sulphate Na2SO4 <= .2005 SPECTRA 1.2004 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 19. 600 t/y North America: 24. Ca.6.2005 Most products do not contain additives. Xn. GENERAL INFORMATION Purity type CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value Function of additive Remark 19.200 t/y Japan: 13.5 Quantity Remark : : TOTAL QUANTITY . (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes.2004 1. .400 tonnes are produced per year of all three persulfate salts. Xi.000 t/y 15.600 t/y China: 10.12.6.06.1 Labelling Specific limits Symbols Nota R-Phrases : : : : : LABELLING as in Directive 67/548/EEC O. 2003: Europe: 27. Some producers may add proprietary drying agents. rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice (37) Wear suitable gloves S-Phrases : 19.OECD SIDS 1.2004 1. respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact (2) Keep out of reach of children (22) Do not breathe dust (24) Avoid contact with skin (26) In case of contact with eyes.. There are no reported values for the individual salts.2 Classified Class of danger R-Phrases : : : CLASSIFICATION oxidizing (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes.11.11.tonnes produced in : : : : : : : : other SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 75. respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact Specific limits : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 33 .2004 1. 7. textile processing and in the photographic industry. and as an oxidant/bleaching agent in most other applications. non-biocidal shock treatment in swimming pools and other recreational waters.2005 Remark : Approximately 80% of all persulfates are used in two industrial applications. GENERAL INFORMATION 19.OECD SIDS 1.2 34 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . pulp and paper board manufacture.11. polymerization reactions (>60%.06.2004 1.11.2004 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : : : : : : : : : : 4 Electrical/electronic engineering industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available : DETAILED USE PATTERN : : : : : : : : : 11 Polymers industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available .6.2005 1. they could have applications in other reactions requiring an oxidizing agent. for example in manufacture of fluorocarbon elastomers and small scale production of electrophoretic gels) and printed circuit manufacture (about 20%). .01. Persulfates are also used as an oxidant in cosmetics and hair bleaching products. 19. poly bags or IBC (supersacks).7.6 Persulfates function as polymerization initiators and/or depolymerizers..2004 1.3 Memo 19. SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.11. USE PATTERN : PACKAGING Fiber drums.1 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19. i. Since persulfates are oxidants.e. : : : : : : : : : 12 Pulp. paper and board industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19.11. GENERAL INFORMATION Processing Private use Recovery 19.OECD SIDS 1. : : : : : : : : : 13 Textile processing industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application.2004 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.2004 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19.11.2005 3 Chemical industry: chemicals used in synthesis No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 35 .11.06. Remark : 15. : : : : : : : : : 15/0 other No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 15.2004 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 08.03 Fraction of tonnage for application: 2-3%.12. 36 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .11.2004 : .2 Origin of substance Type Remark : : : In the Nordic Countries (Norway. the paint industry and in construction. (1) METHODS OF MANUFACTURE Synthesis Production Sodium persulfate is produced in electrolytic cells using sodium sulfate as starting material.7. The electrolyte removed from the cell containing the persulfate product is concentrated and crystallized in a proprietary vacuum crystallization process to produce the final solid persulfate product. Sweden and Denmark) the persulfates are used in the production of chemicals products.2005 . the textile industry.2004 : : : : : : : : : : 5 Personal / domestic use 15 Cosmetics No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. ready for shipment. then packaged in polybags.06.12. GENERAL INFORMATION 19. fiber drums or IBCs (supersacks). The substances are mainly used as oxidizers and process regulators.2004 1.01 Non-biocidal shock treatment of swimming pools and other recreational waters.OECD SIDS 1. metal coating. the paper industry. The solid is dried to remove moisture.12. 9.4 : : : : WATER POLLUTION 1 (weakly water polluting) Weakly water polluting.8.11. WHMIS (Canada).8. AICS (Australia).2004 1.2 ACCEPTABLE RESIDUES LEVELS : Belgium: TLV = 1.OECD SIDS 1. CHEMICAL INVENTORIES Remark 09.5 AIR POLLUTION 1. PICCS (Philippines).8 REGULATORY MEASURES SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.12.2004 1. KE Korea).06.8.3 Classified by Labelled by Class of danger Remark 19. product is expected to degrade in water forming sulfate salts.6 LISTINGS E.8.G. DEGRADATION/TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS : : : : : combustion products 13870-29-6 237-625-5 disodium disulphate UNEP PUBLICATIONS 37 .1 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES Type of limit : TLV (US) Limit value : . EINECS (Europe).1 mg/m3 Short term exposure limit value Limit value : Time schedule : 8 hour(s) Frequency : times Remark 19.0 mg/m3 Germany: (MAK) OEL = 6 mg/m3 1.11.2005 1.1 Type CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name IUCLID Chapter : TSCA (USA).8. ENCS (Japan). GENERAL INFORMATION 16.2004 1.12.8.2004 1. MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Remark : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 1985).OECD SIDS 1. For description of studies see section 5. Exposure to persulfates from other applications is negligible. 1999b. 1969.05. 1989). Allergic contact dermatitis was reported on the hands of professional bakers or technicians handing flour containing persulfates and on the hands of professional hair dressers using hair products containing persulfates (CIR 2001. 1976. Meindl and Meyer. 2001). REVIEWS 38 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Leino T et al.11 ADDITIONAL REMARKS 1. Kanerva et al. 4. 1997. oxygen CAS 7782-44-7) COMPONENTS 1.2 1. but in most cases.2004 1.13 : : : : LAST LITERATURE SEARCH Internal 3. 1999. these were controlled by improved occupational industrial hygiene practices (Baur and Fruhmann.08.11. There are numerous welldocumented literature reports of skin sensitisations and allergic responses by professional hairdressers (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. 1982). Pankow et al. Toxcenter. Veien et al. Medline and Embase. 30. White et al.12 Type of search Chapters covered Date of search Remark 19.2005 1. 1979.06. 5 18.9. 1999a. The HSDB database had no listing for any of the three persulfates. Biosis. Merget et al.2004 The databases searched were RTECS.10 Source of exposure Exposure to the Remark : : : SOURCE OF EXPOSURE Substance Occupational exposure occurs in the manufacture of persulfates and in their use in hair dyes by professional hairdressers (CIR 2001. Kellett and Beck. Workers in production facilities manufacturing persulfates have also reported clinical symptoms.10. Cancerlit.2005 Gaseous oxides of sulfur and oxygen upon combustion (sulfur dioxide CAS 7446-09-5. Bilgram & Co. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) Remark Source 16.2004 Value Source 23.2005 2.05.6 at °C Only data available.12.OECD SIDS 2.11. at > 180 °C Most relevant data available. dust etc. at °C (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).1 Decomposition Conclusion Reliability Flag 11. and container size (< 100 degree C).06.1998 Type Value : : : : : : : : : : : DENSITY relative density = 2. GmbH Ostrach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .10. 1.2004 Type Value Remark Source 17. contamination of heavy metals. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). Critical study for SIDS endpoint (2) (3) density ca.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) bulk density 1250 .11.3 Type Value Conclusion Reliability Flag 11.2001 Decomposition Reliability 11.05.2 : : Thermal decomposition may be lowered by moisture.1300 kg/m3 at °C UNEP PUBLICATIONS 39 .1 g/cm³ at 20 °C Literature could not be retrieved. (3) = 120 °C NORKEM LIMITED KNUTSFORD EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) BOILING POINT 2.1997 : : : : : : : : MELTING POINT yes. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (2) yes. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).1994 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 06.01. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . (3) Water = 556 g/l at 20 °C at °C at 25 °C pH of 250 g/l solution is 4.2002 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.0 at 25 C.02. (4) not assignable 40 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .4 VAPOUR PRESSURE 2.2002 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.5 PARTITION COEFFICIENT 2. pKa Description Stable Conclusion Reliability Flag 07. pKa Description Stable Remark Reliability 07.6.3 at 20 C.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (4) 2. pKa Description Stable Remark Reliability : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SOLUBILITY IN DIFFERENT MEDIA Water = 549 g/l at 20 °C at °C at 25 °C Most reliable data available.0-7.1 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA Remark Source 02.OECD SIDS 2.2005 Literature could not be retrieved. (2) valid with restrictions Critical study for SIDS endpoint (5) Water = 730 g/l at 25 °C at °C at 25 °C pH of 1% solution is 5.1 GRANULOMETRY : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.01.1994 2. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).3. OECD SIDS 2.7 Method Year GLP Test substance : : : : FLASH POINT other UNEP PUBLICATIONS 41 . GmbH Ostrach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 2. pKa Description Stable Remark Source 19. 556 g/l at 20 °C at °C at 25 °C : : : : : : : : : : : Water = 430 g/l at 25 °C at °C at 25 °C : : : : : : : : : : : Water = 70. pKa Description Stable Remark Source 19.11.2004 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.7 g/l at 120 °C at °C at 25 °C SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (6) Literature could not be retrieved.11. pH 6 .06. NORKEM LIMITED KNUTSFORD EUROPEAN COMMISSION .11.2004 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.8 for 1 % solution Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2005 (2) Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) Literature could not be retrieved.11.2004 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol. Bilgram & Co. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA Secondary literature (MSDS).6.2 SURFACE TENSION : : : : : : : : : : : Water ca. pKa Description Stable Remark Source 19.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) 2. 06. not explosive .2004 2.11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (6) OXIDIZING PROPERTIES Remark Reliability 11. oxidizing properties (according to UN transportation regulation.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Remark Reliability 11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (7) DISSOCIATION CONSTANT : : Source 29.12 : 42 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2004 2. 67/548/EEC and amendments. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).2005 Remark 21. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).11.2004 Result Remark : : Test substance is an oxidizer. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).decomposition could be rapid.2004 : : On decomposition releases oxygen which may intensify fire. UN test) Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . oxidizing properties (according to Dir. but of low energy.11.OECD SIDS 2.11 : : Literature could not be retrieved.05. Yes. (2) (3) Remark Source 16. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. (3) FLAMMABILITY 2. EEC A17 test) Yes.05.1994 2. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .8 : no combustion AUTO FLAMMABILITY Remark Reliability 11.9 : : No combustion up to 800 degrees C.1994 2.12. (2) (3) other: oxidizing properties Literature could not be retrieved. 1 5.1 Hazard code 50 50 Packaging group III III III III Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .14 ADDITIONAL REMARKS Remark : Source 02.02.1 5.05. 125 h When hair is oxidized with sodium persulfate. Disulphide bonds are involved but other groups (not specified) are also reactive.13 VISCOSITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (8) Remark : Transport classification (UN 1505): ADR RID IMDG ICAO 5.1 Item 18C 18C Page 5185 Label 5.1 5.1 5. pH 12) = approx.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) Class Source 10.1994 : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 43 .1994 : Kinetics of oxidation of hair by sodium persulfate: The half-life of persulfate decomposition as a function of pH: t1/2 (pH 2.1 5. Literature could not be retrieved. 15 . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . certain groups interact with the reagent in a stoichiometrically defined manner.OECD SIDS 2.20 h t1/2 (pH 10) = approx.2005 2.06. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 5. indicated below. The main kinetic mechanism begins with homolytic cleavage of persulfate to form sulfate ion radicals. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).12.+ H2O gives 1/2O2 + 2(SO4)2. the half life is independent of initial concentration. moisture and contamination. (3) abiotic at °C at °C : : : 44 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . The net reaction is: (S2O8)2. k2. These radicals initiate a series of propagating reactions producing hydroxyl radicals. pH 1. This term becomes dominant at low pH's.2004 : : : Decomposition is promoted by moisture and heat. Most reliable data available.12.0 Half Life (hours) 20 65 120 130 210 The mechanism of decomposition (hydrolysis).0 1. was also confirmed for saturated persulfate solutions using isothermal microwatt calorimetry. Koltoff and Miller (1951) measured the rates of decomposition in water for potassium persulfate at various pH's.2004 : : Remark Conclusion Reliability 21. described in detail by Koltoff and Miller (1951) for dilute persulfate solutions. which ultimately produce hydrogen peroxide and a solution of acid sulfate.06.0 7. neutral and dilute acid solutions persulfate decomposes according to reaction (1) while in strongly acid solutions reactions (2) and (3) occur: S2O8(-) + H2O --> 2HSO4(-) + 1/2 O2 (1) H2S2O8 + H2O --> H2SO5 + H2SO4 (2) H2SO5 + H2O --> H2O2 + H2SO4 (3) Literature could not be retrieved.5 x 10-3 min-1 (m/l)-1.1. Since the decomposition (hydrolysis) rate is first order.2004 Type t1/2 pH4 t1/2 pH7 : : Unstable in presence of heat.1. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. (2) valid with restrictions Critical study for SIDS endpoint (9) Reliability Flag 21.12. and it was determined to be 3. Half lives of potassium persulfate at 50 deg C as a function of pH were calculated from data in the Koltoff and Miller (1951) report. (2) valid with restrictions (5) Remark Reliability 21.6 3.2005 3.OECD SIDS 3.0 10.1 PHOTODEGRADATION 3.+ 2H+ The rate equation was described as having two terms once the solution became sufficiently acid: -d[(S2O8)2-]/dt = k1(H2O)((S2O8)2-) + k2 (H+)((S2O8)2-) Koltoff and Miller (1951) evaluated the rate constant for the acid-catalyzed term.2 STABILITY IN WATER Remark : Hydrolysis: in alkaline. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .06.2004 3.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (4) Source 19.2) Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2.2 DISTRIBUTION 3.2004 Type t1/2 pH4 t1/2 pH7 t1/2 pH9 Remark : : : : : abiotic at °C at °C at °C : : : at °C SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.3.11.1.05. Degradation produces sulfate and at elevated temperatures pyrosulfate.1.1994 3. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .1 TRANSPORT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS 3.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (6) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 45 .2.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (10) (11) STABILITY IN SOIL Remark Source 10.05. neutral and dilute acid solutions persulfate decomposes according to reaction (1) while in strongly acid solutions reactions (2) and (3) occur: S2O8(-) + H2O --> 2HSO4(-) + 1/2 O2 (1) H2S2O8 + H2O --> H2SO5 + H2SO4 (2) H2SO5 + H2O --> H2O2 + H2SO4 (3) Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) MONITORING DATA 3.OECD SIDS 3.3 : Hydrolysis: in alkaline. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .1 : : Product will hydrolyse on contact with moisture (see chapter 3.2 FIELD STUDIES 3.1994 : : During use oxygen could be formed.2005 Decomposes in water releasing sodium sulphate and oxygen. Literature could not be retrieved.11.4 MODE OF DEGRADATION IN ACTUAL USE Remark Source 16.3. Literature could not be retrieved. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS t1/2 pH9 Remark Source 19. 05. water solubility).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) BIODEGRADATION 3.1994 3. Degradation products in the environment are finally sodium (Na+) and sulphate ions.OECD SIDS 3. COD OR BOD5/COD RATIO 3.2005 Remark Source 31.8 : : The substance is not expected to bioaccumulate in cell systems (see 2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) ADDITIONAL REMARKS 46 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1994 3. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .05. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .7 BIOACCUMULATION Remark Source 10.06.6 BOD5.5 : : During use oxygen is transfered or can be released.6. Measuring times: Daily .05-0.2005 4. pH 7. 0. Lassen Trout Farm.Supplier: Mt.Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 hours TEST PARAMETER: mortality/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: Daily ANALYSES: . CA . 54.Photoperiod: 16 hours light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . fresh water) 96 hour(s) mg/l 163 yes EPA OPP 72-1 yes TEST ORGANISMS .1 g/L .Chemistry (Alkalinity 271-273 mg CaCO3/L. Red Bluff.5-8. TOC 2.Dissolved oxygen: 67-98% .Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g/L prepared in filtered deionised well water DILUTION WATER .Concentrations: 0. When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm.Feeding (pretreatment): Trout chow until 24-48 hours prior to testing .Age/weight/loading: juveniles of 500-1000 mg. Hardness 277 mg CaCO3/L. 19.Test type: static .Source: Well located near the test facility (Florida.0-8. This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution. A standard curve was generated with UNEP PUBLICATIONS 47 .Number of fish: 10 per replicate.Test temperature: 12-14 C . ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss . 2 replicates/treatment .4 .3.pH: 7.1 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH static Oncorhynchus mykiss (Fish. Conductance 435 umhos/cm) TEST SYSTEM .Exposure vessel type: 30 L glass exposure chambers (covered) containing 10 L of dilution water or test solution . TSS <4 mg/L.Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No.06.Feeding during test: none STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . K-7870.OECD SIDS 4. USA) . 90 and 150 mg/L (nominal) .1 mg/L. 32. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 19.1 mg/L.Species: Lepomis macrochirus . 50.Feeding (pretreatment): Combination of trout chow. C. 21.Source: Well located near the test facility (Florida.Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g/L prepared in filtered deionised well water DILUTION WATER .Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0. FL . hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. 5.Supplier: Shongaloo Fisheries. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (12) : : : : : : : : : : : : static Lepomis macrochirus (Fish. ASTM STP 634.2. USA) .6 g/L . RESULTS: . 0. STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan. macroinvertebrates.Feeding during test: none STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . 0.06.OECD SIDS 4. Philadelphia.997). Conductance 482 umhos/cm) 48 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . publication E729-80.E. The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980..2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ORGANISMS . 0.Age/weight/loading: juveniles of 100-400 mg. 54.12. TSS <4 mg/L. purity 99.Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*. Waldo.Chemistry (Alkalinity 264 mg CaCO3/L. 92. 35.Dose related effects: yes *ND: not detected CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). flake food until 24-48 hours prior to testing . brine shrimp.0%. 150 . pp.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 96 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations.Other effects: not indicated . fresh water) 96 hour(s) mg/l 771 yes EPA OPP 72-1 yes Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. (1) valid without restriction The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and trout food for the presence of pesticides.Mortality [%]: 0. pH 8. 90. Hardness 275 mg CaCO3/L. LOQ 5 mg/L. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes.2005 five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L sodium persulphate in well water (r2 = 0. TOC 2. 55. 163 . 32. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 92 and 97% . 96 h LC50 163 mg/L (95% CI 92 mg/L-infinite) Most sensitive LC50 available. 5.65-84. respectively . and amphibians. hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. 10.06.Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No.2004 4. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes. macroinvertebrates.65-84.Number of fish: 10 per replicate. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation.Test temperature: 21-23 C . 233. 130. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 600.Mortality [%]: 0.pH: 7. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 92 and 97% .0%.Exposure vessel type: 12 L glass exposure chambers (covered) containing 5 L of dilution water or test solution . pp. 391.Other effects: not indicated . This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution.998). 360. 2 replicates/treatment . purity 99.4 . 360. publication E729-80. (13) ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 21.Photoperiod: 16 hours light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*.2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 49 .E. 1000 . Philadelphia.12. LOQ 5 mg/L. 216.Concentrations: 0. 96-h LC50 771 mg/L (95% CI 634-1029 mg/L) (1) valid without restriction The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and bluegill food for the presence of pesticides. and amphibians. A standard curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L ammonium persulphate in well water (r2 = 0. 136. 0. 85. respectively . STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan.2005 TEST SYSTEM . 130. 5.Dose related effects: yes *ND: not detected CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). 25.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0. 634.Test type: static ..OECD SIDS 4.Dissolved oxygen: 69-103% . When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm. RESULTS: . K-7870.Measuring times: Daily . The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980. 1029 . C.9-8.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 96 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations.Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 hours TEST PARAMETER: mortality/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: Daily ANALYSES: . 216. ASTM STP 634. 600 and 1000 mg/L (nominal) . 48 h ANALYSES: .Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No. Alkalinity 119 mg CaCO3/L.Source: Reconstituted well water (Gainesville.pH: 8. cereal leaves .4 TEST SYSTEM .Dissolved oxygen: 94-99% . pH 8. DILUTION WATER .Photoperiod (intensity of irradiation): 16 hours (1008 lux) PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .3-8. USA . 108.06. h 50 mm) containing 250 mL dilution water or test solution . 48 h . 65. Gainesville.Exposure vessel type: (covered) glass cylinders (d 100 mm. ECOTOXICITY Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : static Daphnia magna (Crustacea) 48 hour(s) mg/l 133 yes EPA OPP 72-2 yes SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.3-8.Test type: static . This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution. 500 mg/L .Measuring times: 0. 180.Feeding (pretreatment): Synthetic food composed of yeast. A standard curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L ammonium 50 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . deionized well water.4 .Source/supplier: Environmental Science & Engineering.Number of individuals: 10 per replicate.Age: <24 hours .Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . Conductivity 510 umhos/cm.Test temperature: 21 C .Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g sodium persulfate/L in filtered.Concentrations: 0.2005 TEST ORGANISMS . Inc. trout chow.. 300.Breeding method: laboratory bred .OECD SIDS 4. K-7870.Chemistry: Hardness 166 mg CaCO3/L. When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm. Florida) .Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 48 hours TEST PARAMETER: Immobility/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: 24. 2 replicates/treatment .Species: Daphnia magna . 24. Florida. macroinvertebrates. 216. publication E729-80.Conentrations: 130.A stock solution containing 10 g/L test substance was prepared infiltered deionized well water. The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980. 113. 310..Supplier: Aquatic Indicators.Species: Palaemonetes pugio (test end: 0.2005 persulphate in well water (r2 = 0.15 g) .65-84. 504 . 187. 5. hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. Augustine. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 600.Exposure vessel type: 25 L glass jars (covered. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes.Source: Atlantic Ocean water near Whitney Laboratory.997).06. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. FL .Chemistry: alkalinity 183 mg/L CaCO3 TEST SYSTEM . RESULTS: .Test type: static . and amphibians. 100. 90.Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . 108. LOQ 5 mg/L. 180. shrimps were individually caged in screen cups) containing 10 L of solution UNEP PUBLICATIONS 51 .06-0.E. pp. Marineland. purity 100. ASTM STP 634. 48-h EC50 133 mg/L (95% CI 116-153 mg/L) Most sensitive.12. (1) valid without restriction The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and daphnid food for the presence of pesticides. St. 300. 500 . reliable study available. 1000 mg/L (no vehicle).Dose related effects: yes CAS 7727-54-0 (sodium persulfate).Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0. FL (salinity adjusted with well water to 20 ppt) . untreated controls. C.Immobility [%]: 0. . respectively . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (14) static Palaemonetes pugio (Crustacea) 96 hour(s) mg/l 519 yes EPA OPP 72-3 yes Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. 20. 68. 360.OECD SIDS 4. 100. 65.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : TEST ORGANISMS . Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 92 and 97% . STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 48 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations.Other effects: Lethargic behavior at 187 mg/L .12%. DILUTION WATER .Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*. Philadelphia. 96 h ANALYSES: At 0 and 96 h (repl. of shrimps: 1/screen cup. purity 100. and amphibians.G.Dissolved oxygen: 85-100% . macroinvertebrates. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of 96-98%. pp.2 . (15) TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS E. 146. STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan. GLP-study with the following exception: the periodic analysis of dilution water and shrimp food was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. Analytical results: Calibration curve with r2=0.E.No. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes. ALGAE : : : : : : : : : : : Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae) biomass 120 hour(s) mg/l = 17. 3. Non-key study (saltwater organism). publication E729-80.Test temperature: 22°C . No behavioral changes were reported. CAS 7727-54-0 (sodium persulfate). 25.Salinity: 17-21 ppt DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 h TEST PARAMETER: Mortality/symptoms OBSERVATION TIMES: 24.997.0%) and the other provided the experimental purity (=100. 48. 15. 2 replicates/treatment. 603 and 974 mg/L was 0. 10.12%.Measuring times: daily for all test vessels . One provided the theoretical purity of the test substance (=99. Two version of page 8 were included. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 72. Mean measured test concentrations were 97-113% of nominal. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. 366.Photoperiod: 16 h light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .pH: 8. 96-h LC50 519 mg/L (95% CI 409-710 mg/L) (1) valid without restriction 1.2004 4.12%). respectively. Philadelphia. B) from all concentrations by colorimetric reaction followed by spectrophotometrical analysis. . C. Growth Inhibition Test" 1984 yes Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 21. In this summary the measured value is included. The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980. 229. ASTM STP 634.12.1 = 116 yes OECD Guide-line 201 "Algae.3 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit LOEC 72 h-EC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP 52 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 2..1-8. 55 and 85%. 10 screen cups/replicate.OECD SIDS 4.65-84. Mortality at the measured concentrations 0.2005 .06. 50/3.Sampling times: 0. ANOVA. 250. 500 .Concentrations: 0.Initial cell concentration: 3000 cells/mL STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION Test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 500 mg/L sodium persulphate. 500 mg/L .06.4 (0. 48. QCs spiked at 9 and 500 mg/L showed recoveries of 90-101%. 35. 120 h STATISTICAL METHOD: Probit analyses.Exposure vessel type: 250 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of medium . 72. 125.Method: Colorimetric analysis at 460 nm with a spectrophotometer (corrected for blank values). 31. A calibration curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L sodium persulphate in algae medium (r2 = 0. continuous illumination (~3333 lux). 72 (extra inoculated parallel flasks). 24+/-2 C . 1990). LOD/LOQ 1.Laboratory culture: yes.Photoperiod (intensity of irradiation): continuous illumination (2593-3873 lux) PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .pH: 7.OECD SIDS 4. 63. flask) . 18. reported to be reconstituted in accordance with ASTM (1990) . . Result : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 53 . Dunnett's procedure RESULTS: .pH: 7. 250. 125.Number of replicates: 3 for treatments. 72.2005 TEST ORGANISMS . 120 h) DURATION OF TEST: 120 hours TEST PARAMETER: cell counts (electronic particle counter) OBSERVATION TIMES: 24. 6 for control .Pretreatment: 3 day old inoculum culture . 120 h ANALYSES: . 31.43.Method of cultivation: cultured on freshwater algal medium (ASTM.92 mg/L.Species: Selenastrum capricornutum . Validation samples of 9 and 598 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 92 and 100%. 1 parallel uninoc.999). 96. DILUTION WATER .5+/-0. 136. 67. 16.Source/supplier: University of Texas.Test temperature: 23-25 C (daily.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0.Test type: static .Measured concentrations (mg/L): <2. since 1989 until study (1998) kept at performing lab (Florida) .Source: deionised water (reconstituted) GROWTH/TEST MEDIUM CHEMISTRY .Chemistry: not specified.1 TEST SYSTEM .4-8. Austin (1989) . 63. 16. ECOTOXICITY Test substance Method : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (16) TOXICITY TO MICROORGANISMS E. the study reliability was not lowered. Test conc. Because the calculation of the inhibition on growth rate and biomass was not in accordance with the method used by OECD 201. biomass (AUC) (% of control-72 h): 0. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.2004 4.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (17) : other Test substance Attached document Conclusion Reliability : : : : Flag 21. This resulted in 120 h EbC50 of 72 mg/L (95% CI 35-148 mg/L) and 120 h ErC50 >499 mg/L. 64. : 0. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 2. 78 . 43. 68. 58. The denaturation of the enzyme oxidation of -SH groups was discussed. 1177 after 120 h STATISTICAL RESULTS: At 72 hours the cell numbers at all test concentrations are significantly reduced when compared to the control values.2. 13. growth rate (% of control-120 h): 0.xls 72-h EbC50 116 mg/L (95% CI 85-165 mg/L) 120-h ErC50 93. Since however the control growth was acceptable.Inh.12. (1) valid without restriction 1. CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). the reviewer recalculated the EC50 values using log-linear regression analysis. see ref33.2005 267. 531 . 51. 36.: 0. 23. coli noncompetively. purity 99.Inh.2004 Type : 54 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1 mg/L (95% CI 75-116 mg/L) Only study available. because these are the standards according to OECD 201. 82 GROWTH FACTOR CONTROL: 98 after 72 h.11.G.238 . 1990). 24.34 mg/ml) into a final volume of 3 ml. There was insufficient information on the medium used for this test (reported to be in accordance with ASTM.xls and ref33A. At 120 hours significant reduction is seen at all test concentrations except 16 mg/L.OECD SIDS 4.06.38 g/l Test duration: no data Result: Sodium persulfate inhibited the enzyme activity of 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7alpha-HSDH) from E.Cell density data: see attached document . In the attached document the percentages of inhibition calculated in accordance with OECD 201 and used for the recalculation of the EC50 values are included.7%.4 Type Species Exposure period Unit Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : Source 19. (see remark) 1973 no other TS: analytical grade (no further data) Literature could not be retrieved. BACTERIA : : : : : : : : : : other Escherichia coli (Bacteria) no data other: Macdonald et al. 42. The values for LOEC and EC50 presented are the 72 h-values. Method: a known concentration of the agent was mixed with a constant quantity of the enzyme (protein conc. European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (20) : : : : : : : : : : : Source 19. 1971 no no data Effect: increased formation of L-glutamic acid Literature could not be retrieved. ECOTOXICITY Species Exposure period Unit NOEC Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.46 g/l NO2(-).05 g/l (incubation: 1 h).8 mg/l (incubation: 7 days). Tuovinen 1989 No no data : : : : : : : : : : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. The oxygen uptake of N. Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (18) Source 19. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .06.05 g/l sodium persulfate in the presence of 0.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC100 Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : Effect: Fixation of carbon dioxide was inhibited at a concentration of 4. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .05 g/l sodium persulfate. In the absence of NO2(-). Complete inhibition of the reduction of cytochrome c (415. sodium persulphate did not affect the CO2 fixation.8 no data other: washed cell suspension.11. Oxygen uptake coupled with nitrite oxidation was not influenced by sodium persulfate. winogradskyi was not influenced at a concentration of 4.11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (19) Other other bacteria: Nitrobacter winogradskyi 7 mg/l > 23.11. Tuovinen 1985 No no data Effect: Complete inhibition of growth was observed at concentrations > 23. 550 nm) and cytochrome a1 (438 nm) were observed in the presence of 4. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 55 .2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : Other other bacteria: Nitrobacter agilis no data other: Tsai.2005 other bacteria: Brevibacterium thiogenitalis (ATCC 19240) 48 mg/l = 20 no data other: Fukuda et al.OECD SIDS 4. Literature could not be retrieved. (incubation: 1 h). Tsai. 0.1 TOXICITY TO SEDIMENT DWELLING ORGANISMS 4.2005 4.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES 4.4 TOX.5. Toxicity to amphibia: Type : in-vitro-test Species : Rana temporaria. rectus abdominis Concentration : 0.6. TERR.9 ADDITIONAL REMARKS Remark : Source 19.OECD SIDS 4.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (21) Remark : Literature could not be retrieved. control 56 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS 4.5 % Exposure : 30 . gypseum (similarly effective as sulphur sources). TO OTHER NON MAMM.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS 4.06.11. Toxicity to fungis: Species : Microsporum gypseum Concentration : 1.6.6.5.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. (1940) Test substance: no data GLP : no Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . SPECIES 4.6. ECOTOXICITY 4.3 TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS 4.60 min. 28 degree C).7 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING 4.31 g/l Incubation : 11 days Effect : Sodium persulfate is a suitable source for the growth of M.2004 : Literature could not be retrieved. Method : The dry mass of the mycelium was determined in each culture (pH 8. Effect : insignificant Lundsgaard effects (= cramp and no excitable stage of a muscle after work) Method : Bacq et al. ECOTOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.06.2004 : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 57 .11.2005 Test substance: analytical grade (no further data) GLP : no data Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .OECD SIDS 4.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (22) Source 19. OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.06.2005 5.0 TOXICOKINETICS, METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION 5.1.1 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY LD50 = 895 mg/kg bw Rat Male 6 other: corn oil other: not indicated No TEST ORGANISMS: - Number: 6/treatment - Controls: none - Weight at study initiation: 193 g (mean) ADMINISTRATION: - Doses: 500, 1000 mg/kg bw (vehicle corn oil) Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality, clinical signs, macroscopy MORTALITY - Number of deaths at each dose: 0/6 (500), 4/6 (1000) - Time of death: within 24 hours CLINICAL SIGNS: sluggish weak (recovery within 2-14 days) Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 07.01.2002 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: within normal limits CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate), purity not indicated Only study available. (2) valid with restrictions 1. The information in the report is confined to the above. 2. Only males were tested; no body weight reported. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (23) LD50 = 920 mg/kg bw Rat other: see remark No no data Literature could not be retrieved. Remark: LD50 = 920 mg/kg for females LD50 = 930 mg/kg for males 58 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.06.2005 Method: animals: 70 rats (10 per dose and sex); strain: Sprague-Dawley; administration: 0.8 % - solution of sodium persulfate in hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose E 4 M; administration volume: 10 ml/kg, observation time: 4 weeks Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION - European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (24) ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LC50 > 5.1 mg/l Rat Sprague-Dawley male/female 10 4 hour(s) OECD Guide-line 403 "Acute Inhalation Toxicity" 1981 Yes Source 19.11.2004 5.1.2 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ORGANISMS: - Source: Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY - Age: 7 weeks (male) and 9 weeks (female) - Weight at study initiation: 207-225 g (male) and 214-232 g (female) - Number of animals: 5/sex/treatment - Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: - Type of exposure: nose only - Exposure duration: 4 hours - Concentrations(nominal/measured): 19.0/5.10 mg/L - Particle size (MMAD): 0-5.6% <=1 µm; 77-81% <= 10 µm - Type or preparation of particles: dust feeding of grounded substance - Air changes: 211 per hour EXAMINATIONS: mortality and clinical signs at 15 minute-intervals during the first hour of exposure, hourly for the remainder of the exposure, at 1 hour post-exposure and daily thereafter for 14 days, body weight on day 0, 7 and 14 and necropsy on day 14 ANALYSES: - Method: gravimetry - Sampling times: at 17, 54, 91, 133, 175 and 215 min during exposure MORTALITY: - Number of deaths: none CLINICAL SIGNS: chromodacryorrhea, chromrhinorrhea, decreased faeces, decreased locomotion, dyspnea, nasal discharge and oral discharge, wet material on fur (reversible within 2 days); abdominal staining or stained fur until day 9 Result : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 59 OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY NECROPSY FINDINGS: no gross lesions SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.06.2005 Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21.12.2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ANALYSES: Measured concentration: 4.41-6.09 mg/L (mean 5.10 mg/L) CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate), purity not indicated Only guideline study available. (1) valid without restriction 1. The number of air changes per hour is much higher than required by OECD 403 (12-15 air changes per hour). This high air flow is probably used to prevent excessive sedimentation of the substance. 2. Oral uptake from the fur cannot be excluded. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (25) other: respiratory decrease = 2.25 mg/l Mouse Swiss Webster Male 4 0.26, 0.77, 1.38 and 3.22 mg/L 30 minute(s) other: Standard test method for estimating sensory irritation or airborne chemicals (ASTM standards E981-84) 1984 Yes TEST ORGANISMS: - Source: Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, IN - Age: 60-62 days - Weight at study initiation: 23-26 g - Number of animals: 4/treatment ADMINISTRATION: - Type of exposure: head-only - Exposure duration: 30 min. - Concentrations(nominal/measured): 35.6/0.26, 167.8/0.77, 386.7/1.38 and 642.2/3.22 mg/L - Particle size (MMAD): 9.0, 7.3, 11.7 and 16.0 µm for 0.26, 0.77, 1.38 and 3.22 mg/L, respectively - Type or preparation of particles: dust feeding - Air changes: ca. 520-780 per hour EXAMINATIONS: mortality daily after exposure until day 7, clinical signs (incl. irritation) during exposure and daily after exposure until day 7, body weight on days 0 and 7, respiratory frequency continuously during 10 min. pre-exposure, 30 min exposure and 10 min post-exposure ANALYSES: - Method: gravimetric - Sampling times: 3 times during exposure at 6-14 minutes intervals STATISTICAL METHOD: least squares method of Draper and Smith (1966) MORTALITY: - Number of deaths at each dose: 0/4 (0.26 mg/L); 1/4 (0.77 mg/L); 2/4 (1.380 mg/L); 4/4 (3.22 mg/L) - Time of death: day 0-4 Result : 60 UNEP PUBLICATIONS (26) LC50 > 191.Controls: none .26. Ocular opacity was related to damage by high velocity air loaded with dust.22 mg/L).Number of animals: 7/treatment . 0.38. respectively CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). Oral uptake from the fur cannot be excluded. 2. 3.12. A great variability in sensory irritation response was seen in all concentration groups. unkempt fur (0.22 mg/L). macroscopy MORTALITY: .77 mg/L. 3. head tremor (0.2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : TEST ORGANISMS: . 50% respiratory decrease (RD50) = 2. 3.06. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. white eye opacity (0. purity 98.38 mg/L). 39.38 mg/L). but could not be established because of mortality in higher doses RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY: mean decrease is 9.22 mg/L).Body weight at initiation: 169 g (mean) ADMINISTRATION: .38 mg/L. 36 and 56 % at 0.Type of exposure: aerosol of 50% sodium persulfate suspension in water . clinical signs.38 and 3.22 mg/L).22 mg/L) BODY WEIGHT GAIN: a dose-related effect might be present (decrease at 1. decreased respiration (0. 1. 1.77 mg/L.77.7 mg/L Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality.Concentration(nominal): 191.Exposure duration: 1 h . periocular (3.5%. blepharospasm and lacrimation and these signs persisted throughout post-exposure period.2005 CLINICAL SIGNS: during exposure in all animals white powder on fur. 3. purity not indicated UNEP PUBLICATIONS 61 . 3. 1.7 mg/l Rat Male 7 Water 1 hour(s) other: not indicated No Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 21.22 mg/L.OECD SIDS 5. whole body tremor and abnormal gait (1.77. perinasal discharge and wetness (3.26 mg/L).Number of deaths: none CLINICAL SIGNS: slightly irritated and slightly lethargic Test substance : NECROPSY FINDINGS: hyperemic kidney (3/7) CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). post-exposure signs (increasing in severity with concentration) included periocular wetness (0.77.22 mg/L) and perinasal encrustation (1.3.252 mg/L (1) valid without restriction 1.38 mg/L). Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (27) ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY Source 19.2005 (2) valid with restrictions 1.19 % particles < 5 um diameter. clinical signs.4 mg/l : 1/10 dead 21.OECD SIDS 5.1. 7. macroscopy MORTALITY . (23) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LC0 Rat 11. 7. Only 17 . The information in the report is confined to the above.3 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LD50 > 10000 mg/kg bw Rabbit Male 4 other: not indicated No TEST ORGANISMS: . no body weight reported.06. Only males were tested. 3.Number of deaths: none 62 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 2. Method: 10 rats /dose group were exposed to 0.2004 5.4 mg/l or 21. observation period: 14 days Effect: Clinical signs included conjunctivitis and rhinitis.Dose: 10000 mg/kg bw Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality.11. TOXICITY Reliability : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Type of exposure not indicated and the exposure time is only 1 hour (OECD402: 4 hours).6 mg/l (gravimetric concentration).2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Remark 4 hour(s) other 1978 No no data Literature could not be retrieved.6 mg/l: 0/10 dead Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .11.Weight at study initiation: 2175 g . 2005 CLINICAL SIGNS: irritation. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 5.OECD SIDS 5.4 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Route of admin. grade Literature could not be retrieved.2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Route of admin. other: no data no no data Literature could not be retrieved.v.1. 2. Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.11. male Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .06. (2) valid with restrictions 1. purity not indicated Only study available. Method: application volume: 20 ml solution/kg bw.1 Species : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: within normal limits CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (28) (29) LDLo = 178 mg/kg bw rabbit : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (30) (28) SKIN IRRITATION : rabbit UNEP PUBLICATIONS 63 .11. other: see remark no other TS: pure commerc.11.2004 5. The information in the report is confined to the above.p.2. erythema and eschar formation on accidently damaged skin Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 11. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (23) ACUTE TOXICITY. OTHER ROUTES : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LD50 = 226 mg/kg bw mouse i. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19. animals: swiss albino. Only males were tested. The information in the report is confined to the above.01.Examination time points: 24 and 72 h (intact and abraded skin) AVERAGE SCORE .12.06.OECD SIDS 5. purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions 1. Information on the time of exposure was given by FMC Corporation (personal communication).2004 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance : : : : : : : : : : : : : not irritating other 1980 no other TS: 30 % sodium persulfate 64 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2005 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : not irritating other 1979 no other TS: 30 % sodium persulfate Literature could not be retrieved. intact site.Erythema: 0 (intact and abraded) .Edema: 0 (intact and abraded) CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). (31) rabbit 17.2005 no data 4 hour(s) 6 not irritating other: not indicated no ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE . 4 hour exposure. Scored by Draize method at: 4 h. occluded wrap. 48 h and 7 days (32) rabbit 21. TOXICITY Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method Result Test substance Reliability : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Method: DOT skin corrosion test. 2. paragraph 1500.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (35) EYE IRRITATION Source 19.11.11. Year: 1973 Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : rabbit not irritating other: Patch-Test (see remark) no no data Literature could not be retrieved. Method: DOT skin corrosion test. No. paragraph 1500. Scored by Draize method at: 4 h.OECD SIDS 5.06. 187. Method: Federal Register. Vol. Result: very slightly irritating Method: Federal Register. 48 h and 7 days (33) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : rabbit 21. p. Vol.12. occluded wrap.2005 Literature could not be retrieved. 4 hour exposure. Year: 1973 Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 38. 1 intact site and 1 abraded site. 38. 27019.2004 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.2 Species Concentration Dose Exposure time Comment Number of animals Vehicle : : : : : : : : rabbit 72 hour(s) 8 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 65 .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (34) other: Draize-Test (see remark) no no data Literature could not be retrieved.2.2004 5. TOXICITY Remark : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 27019. p. 187.41. No. 3 times weekly for 3 weeks. TOXICITY Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method Result : : : : : : : : not irritating other: not indicated no SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 2500 and 5000 ppm sodiumpersulfate in distilled water and 0.OECD SIDS 5.1% SLS (all under occlusion) on their back.2004 5. In subjects with evidence of possible sensitization a rechallenge was performed 2 weeks after the challenge. Evaluation: a response is considered positive if the reaction during the challenge phase (erythema and oedema score) is more severe than the reaction seen during the induction phase and this reaction becomes evident 24 hours after the challenge and does not diminish at the 48 (and 72) hour reading. 48.2005 Test substance Reliability 11.Observation times: 24.11. purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions The information in the report is confined to the above. Readings were performed 24.06. conjunctivae . Patches were applied during 24 hours. purity not indicated Result : Test substance : 66 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Iris: 0 . (23) SENSITIZATION : : : : : : : : : : : : Patch-Test human 1st: Induction occlusive epicutaneous 2nd: Challenge occlusive epicutaneous 3rd: Challenge other: both semiocclusive and occlusive water not sensitizing About 100 persons were included in the study design. 200. but as irritant. Readings were performed 24 and 48 hours after the challenge. CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). Occlusive and semi-occlusive patches with concentrations eliciting the positive response in the first challenge were applied for 24 hours. After the first challenge 6 subjects had reactions that may be indicative for sensitization. In the sixth week subjects were challenged on sites that were previously unexposed with identical patches for 24 hours.Conjunctivae: 0 (at 48 h score 1 in 5/8 animals) CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). During the induction phase they received 9 consecutive applications of 10. 48 and 72 hours after the rechallenge.cornea. iris.Cornea: 0 . Rechallenge of 5 of these subjects indicated that the characteristics of the response could not be interpreted as sensitizing. 72 h AVERAGE SCORE .3 Type Species Concentration Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : EXAMINATIONS . 12. (1) valid without restriction 1.OECD SIDS 5..Challenge schedule: 14 days after last induction for 6 hours epidermal application .Sensitization reaction: 1/20 slight erythema (control: 3/10 slight erythema) .Age: young adults .Pilot study: yes RESULTS OF PILOT STUDY: undiluted test substance is not irritating RESULTS OF TEST .Clinical signs (during induction period): slight to moderate erythema. (37) Guinea pig maximization test guinea pig 1st: Challenge .Study type: Buehler . Pennsylvania .Induction schedule: day 0.Weight at study initiation: 306-442 g .Body weight gain: within normal limits . TOXICITY Conclusion Reliability 21.2004 Type Species Concentration Number of animals Vehicle : : : TEST ANIMALS: . (1) valid without restriction The repeated insult patch test is an accepted test to investigate sensitizing properties of a test substance. Denver. slight oedema and desquamation CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). Most reliable test with animals available. The relative humidity was reported to range between 18 and 74%.2004 Type Species Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. which is not according to OECD406 (30-70%).1 % intracutaneous 2nd: Challenge 1 % occlusive epicutaneous 3rd: 20 other: physiol.12. purity 60-75% (remainder sodium sulfate).Sex: male/female . 7 and 14 during 6 hours epidermal application . Inc.3 g undiluted .Concentrations used for challenge: 0. saline for intracutaneous application and water for epicutaneous application : : : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 67 .2005 Only human test for sensitization available.Strain: Hartley .06.Grading system: Draize at 24 and 48 h after challenge .Source: Hazleton Research Animals.Controls: 10 ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE .3 g undiluted EXAMINATIONS .Concentrations used for induction: 0.Number of animals: 20 . (36) Buehler Test guinea pig 20 water not sensitizing OECD Guide-line 406 "Skin Sensitization" 1981 yes Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability 21. purity >99%. 17.Number of animals: 20 . 3. TOXICITY Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : ambiguous OECD Guide-line 406 "Skin Sensitization" 1981 no data SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 5 (test substance). saline .Study type: guinea pig maximization .Induction schedule: day 1. According to the OECD 406 method (Magnusson and Kligman) only 10% of the animals tested is positive in the epidermal challenge and therefore the substance would not be sensitizing. 15.Age: males 5-10 weeks.OECD SIDS 5. The challenging schedule is also different.Strain: Pirbright White (Bor: DHPW) .Controls: 20 ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE . The induction/challenge schedule is more thorough than that required by OECD 406. Intradermal challenge: positive Epidermal challenge: negative (2) valid with restrictions 1.06.Test substance for induction/challenge: 0.1 % in physiol. but appropriate to test sensitizing properties of the test substance. 0/20 in control CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). day 8.Sex: male/female .Sensitization reaction second challenge: 2/20 animals after 24 h (epicutaneous). From the results of the intradermal challenge the test substance would be categorised as sensitizing.Source: Winkelmann.Second challenge schedule: day 50 epidermal (24 h application) EXAMINATIONS . 3. 10. females 6-7 weeks .1 ml 0. 2. 1990 68 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Grading system: thickness of skin at the application site and size of erythema on day 37 (intracutaneous).2 ml 1 % in water . It is reported that the 1% solution used is sub-irritant. 12. Borchen . 19 (test substance + FCA)all intradermal .Weight at study initiation: 314-387 g .Sensitization reaction first challenge: 18/20 animals (intracutaneous) . No pilot study was performed to determine the highest non-irritant dose. (38) other: in vitro-test other: Wass et al.Challenge schedule: day 36 intradermal . Draize scores for oedema and erythema on day 52 and 53 (epicutaneous) Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 06.2005 Type Species Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year : : : : : : : : STATISTICAL METHOD: Fisher test RESULTS OF TEST .2005 TEST ANIMALS: .Preparation of test substance for second challenge: 0.06. 22.Haematology: during week 13 (from 5 animals/sex/treatment): erythrocyte count.4 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin. during week 8 and 13.11. 3000 and 1000/5000 ppm yes.Body weight: weekly .06. (differential) leukocyte count. for animals treated at 1000/5000 ppm also weekly from week 9-12 (sampling period of 2 days) .Clinical signs: weekly .Weight at study initiation: 79-83 g (males). 91/300 mg/kg bw (males). 300.Mortality: daily .Biochemistry: during week 13(from 5 animals/sex/treatment): UNEP PUBLICATIONS 69 .Vehicle: none CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND FREQUENCY: . Post exposure period Doses Control group LOAEL Method Year GLP Test substance Method : Literature could not be retrieved.2004 5. 200.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (39) REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Sub-chronic rat male/female other: CRR oral feed 13 weeks 300.Number of animals: 20/sex/treatment ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . Method : 4 umol/ml test substance (50ul) was added to 0.Age: not indicated (weanlings) . 0.Ophthalmoscopic examination: prior to study start and during week 13 . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Remark : In vitro test method for predicting sensitizing properties of inhaled chemicals Results: No detectable reaction with the peptide L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysine.Exposure period: 13 weeks (for the high dose group 7 weeks at 1000 ppm and the remaining 6 weeks at 5000 ppm) . Therefore it was suggested that sodium persulfate has no potential to induce respiratory tract dysfunctions.2005 Source 19. concurrent no treatment = 3000 ppm other: not indicated no TEST ORGANISMS .Food consumption: weekly from week 1 to 4. 250. TOXICITY GLP Test substance Remark : : : no data other TS: analytical grade (no further data) SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 24. 2 formiate (LTL) could be noted. 110/330 mg/kg bw (females)) .OECD SIDS 5. 3000 and 1000/5000 ppm (0.Route of administration: diet . Exposure period Frequency of treatm. haemoglobin.Doses: 0.1 umol/ml LTL solution (500 ul). haematocrit . 75-82 g (females) . 06. muscle. ketone bodies. pH ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY (MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC): .Stability: stable for 1 week in diet .Organ weights: no treatment related effects . glucose. but not after 7 weeks at 1000 ppm followed by 5000 ppm.Histopathology: epithelial necrosis (females) and atrophy (both sexes) in the GI tract at 3000 ppm.Urinalysis: during week 5.Macroscopic: all tissues .Gross pathology: reddish lungs in all treatment groups.Homogeneity: not reported TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . kidney. adrenals. blood urea nitrogen. total protein (albumin/globulin) . lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). bilirubin. gonads . TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. gonads. pancreas. lymph nodes. parathyroid. Therefore it is concluded that 3000 ppm is an effect level. protein. laryngitis and peribronchial lymphoid infiltration were seen among animals. SGOT (ASAT).Haematology: at 3000 ppm increased number of white blood cells and a decreased number of neutrophils in both sexes . creatinine. The effects on the GI-tract epithelium are seen after 13 weeks of treatment at 3000 ppm. (2) valid with restrictions 1 Non-GLP 2 The analyses of the test diet are not included. it is concluded that the LOAEL is 3000 ppm. 3 Considering initial body weights. spleen. salivary gland. 9 and 13(from 5 animals/sex/ treatment): specific gravity. heart. heart. small intestine.Method: diets were analyzed for concentration of test article using Differential Scanning Calorimetry . alkaline phosphatase (ALP). liver.Clinical chemistry: at 300 and 3000 ppm decreased ALAT in both sexes . adrenals.Ophthalmoscopic examination: no treatment related effects . large intestine. Most probably 6 weeks treatment at the high dose level of 5000 ppm is not sufficient to evoke the effect. incidental liver and kidney discoloration (sometimes with petechiae or mottled appearance) .Organ weights: brain.Body weight: at 1000/5000 ppm decreased in both sexes and at 3000 ppm in females during (part of) the last 6 weeks of treatment . potassium. Only 90 d study available. purity not indicated Based on the findings on body weight and effects on the GI tract epithelium. calcium. thyroid.2005 sodium. stomach. SGPT (ALAT). liver.Actual dose level (by sex): not reported . lung. glucose. lesions or masses ANALYSES: .Microscopic: brain. urinary bladder. pituitary. the animals were very young at study Test substance Conclusion : : Reliability : 70 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Sampling times: two samples after preparation of the diet Result : STATISTICAL METHODS: not indicated ANALYSES: .Food consumption: incidental differences from control values in all treatment groups . spleen. blood. chloride. bone.OECD SIDS 5. congestion of the spleen at 3000 ppm (mainly in females) STATISTICAL RESULTS: Effects on body weight and food consumption reached levels of statistical significance CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate).Mortality/clinical signs: none .Urinalysis: no treatment related effects . kidney. bone marrow. lungs. 2004 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin. body weight (init.06.Macroscopic investigation (not specified) . 1000.01.Mortality: none . TA1537 and TA1538 100. 333.12.Doses: 0.OECD SIDS 5.Body weight gain: no treatment-related effects . 3333 and 10000 µg/plate > 10000 µg/plate with and without negative UNEP PUBLICATIONS 71 .9.Gross pathology: no significant effects CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). kidneys.2002 5.2 mg/kg/day CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: mortality.Organ weights: slight decrease in liver at 13. purity not indicated Only 28-d study available (2) valid with restrictions 1.Age: weanlings .2005 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Flag 21.5 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. adrenals and testes TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . 13.1. Animals were younger than required according to OECD407 (young adult). Critical study for SIDS endpoint (23) GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VITRO‘ Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 07.Organ weights: liver.Exposure period: 28 days . TA100. 137. Only males were tested. The information in the report is confined to the above. 137.1.9 mg/ kg bw . 2.2 mg/kg bw/day yes = 137.2 mg/kg bw other: not indicated no TEST ORGANISMS . Metabolic activation Result : : : : : : : Ames test TA98. TA1535. and terminal) and clinical signs ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY: . 40. 13. Post exposure period Doses Control group NOAEL Method Year GLP Test substance Method (40) (41) rat male other: CR-CD oral feed 28 days continuous 0.Weight at study initiation: 42-45 g .Clinical signs: none .Post exposure period: not reported .9.Number of animals: 10/treatment ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . 40. TOXICITY initiation (weanlings) Critical study for SIDS endpoint SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.Route of administration: diet . control groups: positive 7.06.5-500 ug/mL 400 ug/mL negative EPA OPP 84-2 yes Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21.Incubation time: 48-72 h CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RESULTS: Independent repeat of study. 9-aminoacridine (TA1537 -S9) . TA100. 50.Application: incubation in presence of 3H-thymidine for 18-20 hours . 333.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene negative William's Medium E 72 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 15. (1) valid without restriction Critical study for SIDS endpoint (42) Unscheduled DNA synthesis Rat hepatocytes 1. 3333 and 10000 µg/plate . Positive if at least a doubling of mean number of revertants per plate of at least one strain.With metabolic activation: > 10000 µg/plate .Species/cell type: TA98.Number of replicates: 3 .Without metabolic activation: > 10000 µg/plate CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate). TA1535.Application: plate incorporation .12.Dosing: 100. 250. GENOTOXIC EFFECTS: .2004 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr. sodium azide (TA100 and TA1535 -S9).Number of replicates: 3/treatment . 2-aminoanthracene (all strains +S9).Species/cell type: rat hepatocytes .Deficiency: histidine .Without metabolic activation: negative PRECIPITATION CONCENTRATION: > 10000 µg/plate CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION: .No.Metabolic activation system: S9 from rat liver (Aroclor 1254 induced) ADMINISTRATION: .0. TOXICITY Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : other: EPA 84-1 yes SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 1000.5.OECD SIDS 5.With metabolic activation: negative . 5. 150.2005 SYSTEM OF TESTING . of nuclei analyzed: 50/treatment with a colony counter ADMINISTRATION: . 2-nitrofluorene (TA98 and TA1538 -S9).Dosing: 1. 400 and 500 ug/mL . Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SYSTEM OF TESTING . purity not indicated Only Ames test available. TA1537 and TA1538 . accompanied by a dose-related response.Positive and negative control groups and treatment: water (negative). of PCE/total erythrocytes .Control groups: vehicle control (5/sex/sampling time) triethylenemelamine (0. of slides: 2-4/animal .25 mg/kg 5/sex/at 24 hours) EXAMINATIONS: .Age: 6-8 weeks . respectively (measured as amount of LDH released after cell lysis) CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate).2004 5.no.Weight at study initiation: 27-35 g (males). 62% and 59%. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (43) GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VIVO‘ : : : : : : : : : : : : : Micronucleus assay mouse male/female ICR i.Vehicle: distilled water . MD ADMINISTRATION: . Exposure period Doses Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : TEST ORGANISMS: .p .12.OECD SIDS 5.Duration of test: 72 hours . 400 and 500 ug/mL relative toxicity compared to vehicle controls was 16%. 21-27 g (females) .Source: Harlan Sprague Dawley.06.Criteria for evaluating results: significant treatment related increase relative to vehicle control either dose dependent or at a single dose at adjacent sacrifice times UNEP PUBLICATIONS 73 .2005 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RESULTS: increase of net nuclear grain count by at least 5 counts over control and/or a dose response effect with at least one dose with a 5 counts increase over control.Analysis: no.Clinical observations: frequency not indicated . Frederick. 48 and 72 hours . Inc.Sampling times: 24.p.6 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin. of normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE)/1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) no. of animals per dose: 5/sex/sampling time . EFFECTS: No increase in number of nuclear grains up to 250 ug/mL Controls were within expected ranges CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION: at 250. 169 and 338 mg/kg bw negative other: no data yes Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. single 85. of miconucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE)/1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) no.No. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. purity not indicated Only unscheduled DNA synthesis available (1) valid without restriction Only 3 cultures/treatment were counted (OECD 482 6).Frequency of treatment: single dose i. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.Frequency of treatment: single dose .48-0. 5/5.Animal body weight: 205-245 g .Source: Harlan Sprague Dawley. count of nuclear grains in 3 slides/treatment (50 nuclei/slide) . piloerection.Age: 10-11 weeks .4-1. 4/3 respectively) . tremor and irregular breathing EFFECTS: PCE/total erythrocytes 0. Exposure period Doses Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Positive controls were within expected ranges CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate).12. Inc. prostration.OECD SIDS 5. 48 and 72 h: 5/5.06. 41. Frederick.Procedure: incubation of cultured hepatocytes in presence of 3Hthymidine for 17-20 hours.Mortality and time to death: 2 males and 4 females at 338 mg/kg bw died prior to their scheduled sacrifice and were replaced as far as possible (evaluated males/females at 24.2-2. 2-acetylaminofluorene (test 2) 74 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Vehicle: distilled water . negative Only micronucleus available (1) valid without restriction The number of polychromatic erythrocytes evaluated was 1000.No. MD ADMINISTRATION: . of animals: 5 males/treatment .: doses were based on an acute toxicity test with an LD50 of 422 mg/kg bw Result : STATISTICAL METHOD: Kastenbaum-Bowman TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . 164 and 820 mg/kg bw negative other: not indicated yes TEST ORGANISMS: . purity >99%.D.37-0.2005 .65 for treated animals versus 0.Clinical signs: at 338 mg/kg bw lethargy.7 for treated animals versus 0.Criteria for selection of M.Duration of test: test 1: 2-4 hours test 2: 12-18 hours .T. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (44) Unscheduled DNA synthesis rat male Fischer 344 gavage 2-4 hours and 12-18 hours 0.Control groups and treatment: negative controls: vehicle treated positive controls: methylmethanesulfonate (test 1).6 for controls Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21.2004 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin.62 for controls GENOTOXIC EFFECTS: mean MPCE/1000 PCE 0. which is in accordance with the existing OECD guideline at the time the study was performed. Skin prick test was positive for potassium persulfate.9 SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 5.7 : : : : 5.1 TOXICITY TO FERTILITY 5.Clinical observations: frequency not indicated .OECD SIDS 5. Different subjects respond differently to the same chemicals.3 TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION. CAS 7775-27-1 (sodium persulfate).Clinical signs: diarrhoea and lethargy in 1 animal at 820 mg/kg bw EFFECTS: No significant increase in the number of nuclear grains up to 820 mg/kg bw in both tests. bronchitis and asthma (no acute dyspnoea) after occupational exposure to dusts of Na.12. K and NH4-persulfates (relatively high exposure).D.2004 5. Controls were within expected ranges.8. The authors suggested that Conclusion 15.T. The other subject did not respond to the inhalation challenge. (46) Human case reports: Two workers developed dermatitis. A simulated occupational test for inhalation was done using the bleach powder or potassium persulfate and clay.8. rhinitis.Criteria for evaluating results: increase of net nuclear grain count by at least 5 counts over control and/or a dose response effect with at least one dose with a 5 counts increase over control . One patient gave positive skin reactions to sodium and potassium persulfate but not to other ingredients.: doses were based on an acute toxicity test with an LD50 of 820 mg/kg bw TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: .Criteria for selection of M.10 Type of experience Result : : EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE Human Two female hairdressers complaining of occupational asthma were tested with 11 individual ingredients in the commercial hair product. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.8.2 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/TERATOGENICITY 5. purity not indicated Only in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis available (1) valid without restriction Critical study for SIDS endpoint (45) CARCINOGENICITY Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. She reacted so severely to inhalation of the product mixture.12. that no additional test was conducted.2004 Type of experience Remark : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 75 .Mortality: none .2005 EXAMINATIONS: . OTHER STUDIES 5.06. asthma.12. The sensitive reaction to persulfates persisted more than 10 years. off-the-scalp products. cough. conjunctivitis following asthmatic symptoms.OECD SIDS 5.12. Literature could not be retrieved.2004 Type of experience Result : 76 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (48) (49) (50) (51) Human case reports: contact with bleach powder containing persulfates (exposure 2 .2004 Type of experience Remark : : : Source 15. bleaches and lighteners at concentrations of 60%. 22% and 16%. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners.06.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (52) (53) (54) (55) Human case reports: several weeks after occupational exposure with persulfates (Na. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 25%. respectively. potassium. rhinitis. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . localized contact urticaria.2004 Type of experience Remark : : : Source 15. rhinitis. NH4) rhinitis. The toxic irritative effect was predominant. and ammonium persulfate has been identified as a frequent Source 09. K.12. Specific IgE antibody were not found in the RAST-test. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. respiratory obstruction and dermatitis were observed in three workers. The pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. and sodium persulfate are used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Literature could not be retrieved. but these data are considered applicable to the other salts. including irritant dermatitis.2005 chemically irritative or toxic effects of the persulfates play the predominant role in the pathogenesis of these case reports. Much of the available safety test data are for ammonium persulfate. allergic eczematous dermatitis. Skin tests with hair bleaches or persulfates were not in all cases positive.quently seen in bakers (since 1957 forbidden in Germany). Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (47) : : Human case reports: after use of persulfates in bleaching of flour.12. and syncope. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Symptoms occurred between 2 and 5 years working as a hairdresser. The most common causes of allergic dermatitis in hairdressers are the active ingredients in hair dyes. The histamine reaction was pronounced. but verification is not reliable. Literature could not be retrieved. skin eczema and asthmatic symptomes (baker's asthma) were fre.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (56) : : Human Ammonium.5 years) let to urticaria. Workplace related challenge tests with the bleach powders were positive (immediate and delayed reactions).2004 Type of experience Remark : Source 09. oedema. The persulfates were reported to cause both delayed-type and immediate skin reactions. Literature could not be retrieved. generalized urticaria. OECD SIDS 5.. (59) Human The main hazards for professional hairdressers are rhinitis. rhinitis. Review of the literature for animal and human effects.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 09.12. and sodium persulfate did not result in an urticarial reaction. Given the clinical reports of urticarial reactions.5 tonnes/year of which 4. not occluded and rinsed off). Based on the available data. Good industrial hygiene improves the prognosis of occupational asthma among hairdressers. a mixture of these persulfates was not sensitizing. The review by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel also concludes that the three persulfates are safe in hair products at up to 17. The amount of persulfate in hair preparations is stated as being 30% of the total formulation.5% would also be safe. but considerably higher among those using powder formulations and ineffective dust-free formulations. A sensitization study examined the incidence of urticarial reactions was performed with 17. asthma and irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.2004 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 77 . (58) Human A hairdresser developed rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma following a two-year apprenticeship.5%. The risk of respiratory effects is likely to be low among hairdressers using effective dust-free formulations. (57) Human Early report of dermal sensitization and occupational asthma reported in a single hairdresser. bronchitis. Immediate and delayed contact hypersensitivity. Members of the general publich are not likely to have respiratory or skin conditions attributable to persulfates.2005 allergen.5% ammonium. manufacturers and formulators should be aware of the potential for urticarial reactions at concentrations of persulfates greater than 17.12. The patient reacted positively to a persultate prick test. (60) Conclusion : 09. however.2004 Type of experience Result : : : : : : Conclusion : 09. Dermatitis due to persulfates is likely to affect up to 5% of hairdressers. At this concentration and exposure conditions.5% based on a human skin sensitization study.5 tonnes/year is formulated into consumer products. and sodium persulfate under occlusive patches. The patient experienced both utricaria and asthma. potassium. and sodium persulfate are safe as used as oxidizing agents in hair colorants and lighteners designed for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing from the hair and skin. potassium. the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that ammonium. it is expected that a concentration greater than 17.12. bronchitis and asthma have been observed in hairdressers as a result of exposure to hair bleaching powders containing persulfates. In normal use (i.12. particularly focused on hairdresser exposures. The case report indicates that persulfates can cause sensitization in the workplace to hairdressers.e. and application of ammonium.5%. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.06.2004 Type of experience Result Conclusion 09. This review article concludes that the persulfate salts have similar toxicity and data on ammonium persulfate can be used for the sodium and potassium salts. potassium. After ventilation equipment was installed in the salon. The content of persulfate in salon hair products ranged from 22% to 88% and the content of home-use hair products ranged from 45% to 82. The volume of persulftes imported for hair bleaching products in Australia is 6. contact urticaria. no asthma attachs occurred. Workers included in the study included material operators. Uncovered skin areas in two workers exhibited dermatitis. Workers were directly exposed to persulfates in the packout area and caustic/crystallizer area and inside the laboratory.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion : 09.2004 Type of experience : : 78 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Records for the five year follow-up were lost in a fire.OECD SIDS 5. but because they were less than the total of up to five findings allowed.06.and post-shift spirometry lung function to measure forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) on the first and last day of hte 7-day week were made. Follow-up data on the original study subjects and new employees involved checking medical records of the exposed employees. No workers had a history of asthma symptoms. Medical records for 22. 17. the two findings were considered to be due to chance. (57) Human A follow up study was conducted on workers examined in 1990-1991 to see if there were any changes in pulmonary function during 1990-1996. crystallizer/caustic operators. four and six year time periods of follow-up. A total of 100 different t-test comparisons were conducted at a p value of 0. Samples for breathing zone (608 hours) and area samples were made. The three workers tested positive to 5% persulfate solution in patch tests.5 mg/m3 persulfate did not affect pulmonary function evaluated in 14 plant employees. mixed with a total dust level below a mean of 2. The study related levels of persulfate in air to worker performance (lung function) and showed no deficits. The study shows that continuous occupational exposure to persulfates over a period of six years did not result in any long term effects on pulmonary function. No clinically significant observations in the spirometry values were found. dry cough and dyspnea. The clinical study evaluated pulmonary function for a full week in the summer of 1990 and for two weeks in the winter of 1991 using 14 subjects. No statistically significant findings of pulmonary function test performance were found for any of the four work position categories. The paper does not include information on the amount of persulfate exposure (air level) or personal protective equipment used. The mean level of exposure to persulfates was 0.0 mg/m3. Complaints were noted after many hours of exposure to persulfate dust in the workplace. Bronchial obstruction occurred after prolonged exposure (8 hours). (62) Human Type of experience Result Conclusion : 21.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 09. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Two significant findings were found. Workers in a production plant developed symptoms that were related to exposure to persulfates. 4 and 6 after the 1990 assessment.5 mg/m3. (61) Human Employees of the Buffalo plant of the FMC Corporation were included in an extensive industrial hygiene monitoring and clinical study. Pre.12. Long-term exposure to 0.12. 3.2005 : : Human Three workers at a persulfate production plant developed nasal mucosal inflammation. The change over time in the pulmonary function tests was compared to actual and predicted ratios for years 2. three.05.12. lab technicians and workers from other areas. 10 and 8 workers were available for the two. Persulfates can induce rashes in an occupational workplace unless personal protective equipment is used properly. Not all employees followed the practice of wearing and washing gloves. Only those with symptoms reacted at Conclusion 09. It is not known why only some individuals are sensitive to this action. Kleinhans and Ranneberg. In some studies.12. 1963. 4 had work-related asthmatic and nasal symptoms. Kellett and Beck. Evidence for work-related asthma There have been a number of well-conducted studies of hairdressers with work-related asthmatic symptoms that have included specific bronchial challenge tests. Persulphate hair bleaches have produced both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. 1976. A group of 13 unexposed persons served as controls. the number of reported incidences was significantly reduced.057).. or asthmatic with hyperresponsive airways. TOXICITY Result : SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.2005 Fifteen employees in a persulfate production company were exposed to ammonium and potassium persulfate during production during the years 1976-1980. Lung function tests for the exposed population were generally normal but there was a trend showing a correlation between positive skin prick responders and slightly lower lung function for forced expiratory volume FEV1 (p = 0. Improved industrial hygiene practices were recommended.2004 Type of experience Remark : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 79 . Many employees developed rashes within one month of employment. Of 12 'tinters' from a hairdressing salon who used persulphate-containing bleach. but thought to be due to the fact that persulphate is a weak histamine-releasing agent (Calnan and Schuster. long sleeves. 1989). which had developed after a latent period of at least six months (Blainey et al. They are also used to enhance the action of peroxide hair bleaches. 1986). controls who were either non-asthmatic.2004 Type of experience Result : : : Conclusion : 09. Up to 70% of new employees developed skin rashes. three were positive to ammonium salt and three were positive to both salts.06. Eight of the 52 employees showed a positive response to at least one persulfate solution: 2 were positive to potassium salt. were also challenged.12. though other lung function parameters were normal. washing gloves). 1985. performed blinded. for which they are supplied as a powder to mix with liquid peroxide shortly before use. as well as urticarial and respiratory reactions (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. either as powder or aerosolised solution. (63) Human A study was conducted to example the prevalence of positive skin prick test reactions to ammonium and potassium persulfates (1% and 5% solutions) among 52 employees of a persulfate production plant. potassium and sodium) are strong oxidising agents with wide industrial use. The contact urticaria is not immunologically-mediated. using hair bleach or persulphate. (64) Human A well-documented review from the UK authority (HSE) was available.. Since instituting improved practices (gloves. none gave positive reactions. Parsons et al. Due to the small number of subjects the correlation need clarification. 1979). There was a high response to ammonium and or potassium persulfate skin prick tests (8/52) associated with somewhat lower lung function in workers exposed to persulfates in a production facility. All 13 control subjects did not respond to the same skin prick test. Introduction Persulphate salts (ammonium.OECD SIDS 5. All 5 were hyperresponsive to histamine. An affected individual from another salon was also included for investigation. These include two cases.2 positive. 2 chemical factory workers who bagged persulphates developed work-related nasal and asthmatic symptoms within a few weeks of beginning work (Baur et al.. 1951). She underwent blinded bronchial challenges with a number of hair care preparations. 1989). Lung function was normal. Bronchial challenges were performed with an aerosol of a 1% ammonium persulphate solution. As in other cases. There are also reports of persulphate effects in occupations other than hairdressing.. in which a young woman worked for 3 years before developing symptoms (Pankow et al. has been described. All of these well-conducted studies provide evidence that persulphate salts are capable of inducing asthma and can cause specific reactions at bronchial challenge under conditions which do not induce a response in normal or previously non-exposed asthmatic people. 4 challenged . On unblinded bronchial challenge. and she was not hyperresponsive to methacholine.positive (Wallenstein et al. A beautician with a history of mild seasonal rhinitis developed work-related asthma (Schwartz. 1 equivocal (Therond et al. giving late asthmatic responses. A young woman developed work-related respiratory symptoms about a year after starting work in a hairdressing salon (Parra et al. but not controls.. Another case of work-related asthma.2005 specific challenge. lung function was normal but the airways showed non-specific hyperresponsiveness. she was hyperresponsive to methacholine. 80 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . one case.. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. one case. 1979). for 96 hours after the test... When she was investigated. conjunctivitis and. 1 negative. she suffered an immediate asthmatic attack. in which the bronchial challenge tests performed were not blinded and omitted controls. Agustin reported the cases of two hairdressers who developed workrelated rhinitis. One concerns an Italian factory that used ammonium and potassium persulphate during the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. while the other suffered immediate severe nasal symptoms. The patient declined challenge with persulphate itself. but the asthmatic subject was hyperresponsive to methacholine. On specific bronchial challenge. 1989). responded positively to challenge. 1993). 5 cases. in one. with associated sneezing and rhinoconjunctivitis. 1989). All 4 of the subjects who also underwent nasal challenge gave positive reactions. the person with asthma developed a late response. These studies are backed up by several case reports of occupational asthma associated with persulphate use. both positive at challenge (Pepys et al..06. Normal and asthmatic controls did not react. 1976 ). 1990). and symptoms resolved on avoiding exposure. one challenged . positive (Gamboa et al. Both had normal respiratory function.. Neither underwent bronchial challenge. 1992). after a month's absence from work. three cases.OECD SIDS 5. 1989). 1992).. in which 12% of the workers suffered from asthma that usually developed within 6 months of starting work (Barsotti et al. In another study. and controls (including asthmatics) failed to react. she developed a late. asthma several years after first using bleaching powders (Agustin et al.. prolonged reaction followed by recurrent nocturnal falls in forced expiratory volume in one second. and reacted only to a persulphate-containing bleach with an immediate reaction (it was unclear for how long measurements were continued). positive (Schwaiblmair et al. affected workers. At specific bronchial challenge. ... Overall. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 1979. Pepys et al. and occasionally intradermal or scratch tests.. Gamboa et al. Schwaiblmair et al. 1979. and decreased after avoidance of exposure in another (Gamboa et al. Parra et al. the results of intradermal tests in 3 people correlated with bronchial challenge data (Wallenstein et al. Baur et al. Escudero Pastor et al. The tests have been positive in most of those studied (Gaultier et al... 1966. negative controls have sometimes been included. 1970. 1986. 1992. Wallenstein et al. work-related breathing difficulties were found more often (6/8) in those who were positive than in those who were negative (9/44) in skin prick tests (Wrbitzky et al.. In one study.. though increased in two people. 1976. 1992). the serum from an asthmatic patient was positive for both hair bleach and sodium persulphate in a Prausnitz-Kustner test for passive transfer of specific IgE (Escudero Pastor et al. have been performed on many of the people reported as having persulphate-related asthma or rhinitis. Parra et al.. In peripheral blood studies. 1970). Pankow et al. total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels have generally been normal. 1989.. 1993). Agustin et al. Blainey et al.1994 Type : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 81 .. Parra et al. 1976.2005 5.... 1990.. 1993). Schwaiblmair et al. Either persulphate or bleach powder solutions have been used... contrykal) before and after removing of tourniquets that were in place for 6 hours was noted.2005 Supporting data Skin prick tests.. 1989. Therapy of postischaemic disorders of haemostatis in the tourniquet shock: It was established in experiments on rats that the increase of survival in the animals after administration of sodium persulfate (in combination with cytochrome C.OECD SIDS 5. 1986.. 1992. Blainey et al. In an early study.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (82) : other: pharmacokinetic Source 30. one person had eosinophilia. 1990. In hairdressers with asthma. Injection of these drugs 30 min after removing the tourniquets in rabbits and dogs changed the severity of the haemodynamic and ECG parameters towards the third hour after decompression. There have also been some negative results reported (Baur et al. these immunological data are scarce and inconclusive. 1995).. 1992. Blandin. Pankow et al.05.06. 1992.. No specific IgE to persulphates has been found in three separate cases tested (Gamboa et al. Agustin et al. Amongst employees manufacturing persulphates. 1989. this may be because of direct histamine release rather than an immunologicallymediated reaction. Wallenstein et al. 1989. However.11 Type Remark Source 01. Fisher and Dooms-Goossens..02.. 1992). 1992). While most people with persulphate asthma have given positive skin prick tests. 1992. 1993). and another developed neutrophilia and eosinophilia following positive bronchial challenge (Schwaiblmair et al. a scratch test that was strongly positive triggered within minutes a "violent" attack of asthma (Blandin. Parra et al. : HSE. 1990.... 1989. (65) (66) (47) (67) (68) (69) (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (59) (77) (78) (46) (55) (79) (80) (81) (64) ADDITIONAL REMARKS : : other: medical treatment with sodium persulphate Literature could not be retrieved. 1992). Agustin et al. UK authority.. 02.3-dimethylthymine with sodium persulfate in water (reflux temp. treatment of 5-methylpyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides with sodium peroxodisulfate in sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.6-dimeric compound together with other products. Under similar conditions the oxidation of 5-fluoro-1.3-dimethyluracil gave a 6.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (83) : : other: pharmacokinetic Literature could not be retrieved. 75 degree C) resulted in the selective oxidation of the methyl group. TOXICITY SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Potentiator of the retinotoxic action of sodium fluoride: Sodium persulphate was tested as an adjuvant in rabbits (Dutch) treated with sodium fluoride. GLP: no data).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (85) : : other: pharmacokinetic Literature could not be retrieved.OECD SIDS 5.06.02.1994 Type Remark : Source 01. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 7 h) under nitrogen atmosphere gave 1. Treatment of thymine with sodium persulfate in water (85 degree C. death occurred (2/5).2004 : 82 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .3.3-dimethyl-5-formyluracil. 7 h) resulted in the selective oxidation of the 5-methyl group of thymine. 100 mg/kg) was injected intravenously first. Sodium persulfate was suggested to be a potentia.02. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .tor of the retinotoxic action of sodium fluoride (test substance: no data.3-dimethyluracil with sodium persulfate in water (80 degree C) under nitrogen atmosphere gave 5-hydroxy-1.2005 : Literature could not be retrieved. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (84) (85) other: pharmacokinetic Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (87) Remark Source 01.dimethyluracil (main product). Sodium persulfate (75.02.1994 Type Remark : Source 01. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . treatment of 1.1994 Type Remark : Source 19.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (86) : : other: synergistic effects Literature could not be retrieved.5-hydroxymethyluracil and 1.11.. The reaction of 1.1994 Type Remark : : : Source 01. followed immediately by the fluoride (50 mg/kg).3-dimethyl. Sodiumpersulphate gave a high incidence of typical fluoride lesions on the retina. Study no. 28. Fukuda et al. J. Chem. letter of March 8. 185 . Merck Index.06. Prabha. Can. Rev. 24. FMC Corporation.134. 2001. Tuovinen O. Degussa AG. safety data sheet. Koltoff I.1080 (1989). Miller. Acute toxicity of sodium persulfate to the water flea (Daphnia Magna).91 (1991). Selenastrum capricornutum. M. Tsai Y. House. 1302392.. under static test conditions. 1993. A. I92-1250. Bruxelles Imprimerie Medicale et Scientifique. I92-1252. . 457 . 3055-3059. Wool Text Res. 1994 (1994).. H.14 (1985). J. 1076 . 4. Toxicology Department. CD-ROM 1999.. 3rd. Conf. Acute toxicity of sodium persulfate to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). 13-12-2000. vol. Bacq. 1993. I92-1251. Chem.... 62.. VI series. Tsai Y. Jenkins. (1971). Degussa AG.. FMC Corporation. I92-1253.203 (1962). M. FMC Corporation. FMC.. Sodium persulfate: acute toxicity to the freshwater green alga.94.207 (1989). (Proc). Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd. 199 . 73. Japan (1966). FMC Corporation. L.. 73. I.. Study no. FEMS Microbiology Letters.9.456.3059 (1951) FMC Corporation. I.. The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of the persulfate ion in aqueous medium. vol. Chem. vol. K.. Tuovinen O. 7. REFERENCES SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Int. (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 83 . 7. Study no. The chemistry of persulfate. J. Peroxid-Chemie. 1993.OECD SIDS 6. 108 .2005 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) SPIN database 08-12-04.. et al. Am. Soc. D. unpublished report. Study no. I97-2228. Acute toxicity of sodium persulfate to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Am. I. Kolthoff. vol.. 35. Safety Data Sheet: Sodium persulphate. H. 11 . Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium persulfate (02-02-01: date approved). Soc. A. Breuer. 1998. vol. and Miller I K (1951).. Microbiol.458 (1965). M. D. 447 . vol. V. Princeton. 1993. Z. 1942.. M. L. Toxicity Assessment: An International Journal. Acute toxicity of sodium persulfate to rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). 3055 . Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Medecine de Belgique.1. Study no. FMC Corporation. R. vol. Study no. 208 .214 (1990). M.. J. 791 . Folia Microbiol. unpublished. FMC Corporation.US-IT-Nr.. Study no. Sodium Persulfate: Skin Corrosion Study in Rabbits. vol.200 (1981).2005 FMC Corporation. Inc. Fletcher. 26. Study no.: ICG/T-78-089 (1987). Wass. Sodium persulfate: acute inhalation toxicity study in rats. Hebd. 11th. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) 84 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .134 (1974) in: Documentation of Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. W. FMC Corporation. Degussa AG. 149 (1981). Scand. S. 257. Cascieri..OECD SIDS 6.. ICG/T-79-029. Handbook of Toxicology. 1990. SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. 1995. FMC Corporation. Sci. J. Merck u. 1979. Sceances Acad. I95-2037.: 79-0015-DKT (1979) FMC Corporation. Work Environ. 1985. 5. No. Report: Degussa AG . Weinberg.: 79-0016-DKT (1979) Degussa AG. USA. unpublished. Spector. et al.. Sodium persulfate: sensory irritation study in Swiss Webster mice. C. 1. The Toxicologist vol.. unpublished. 1979. ICG/T-79-029. J. Report: Degussa AG . Safety evaluation of sodium persulfate: a 90-day dietary feeding study in rats. Toxic Substances List. FMC shock treatment: skin sensitization study in guinea pigs.06. Degussa AG. REFERENCES (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) Kunert. 73 . FMC Corporation. I90-1113. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity of sodium persulfate. 1. Study no. 196 . Report: Degussa AG .: I80403 (1980). Prüfung auf sensibilisierende Eigenschaften an der Haut des Meerschweinchens (Optimierungs-Test). M. Nofre. FMC Corporation. 1979 (18).US-IT-Nr. 1366. vol. Philadelphia (1956) in: The Merck Index. Natriumpersulfat. 1994.794 (1963)... C. Saunders. Health. FMC study no. Repeated insult patch study. FMC Corporation. 1996. I90-1151. T.. U. Study no.US-IT-Nr. unpublished. 85-0048-DKT. vol. 278 279. HEW Pub... ed. FMC Corporation. ed. Study no.. Degussa AG. Co. Study no. NIOSH.. ACGIH. 468 (1986). 16. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity of sodium persulfate. Study no. I93-1803. S.: 79-0017-DKT (1979) FMC Corporation. FMC study no.: I79-326 (1979). I952017.. 1989. FMC study no. et al. vol. et al. 1990. C. Study no.Geschl. 2001. 1991. I90-1119. 1990. 43.60 (1974). 1969.06. 4151 (1978). X.150 (1979). vol. I90-1120. FMC Corporation. Clinical Allergy. H.404 (1976). Pneumologie. Thesis. 39 . Bittner K and Wichert P (1989) Persulphate-induced asthma in hairdressers Pneumologie.. P. J. 16. 43. and Breslin. (Cosmetic Ingredient Review. vol. Sodium persulfate: Salmonella/mammalian-microsome plate incorporation mutagenicity assay (Ames test). (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) Pankow W. 173 .in vitro rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay (sodium persulfate). B. Washington. et al. K. vol. Schwaiblmair...X. M.. Z. 173-175. Study no. vol. 144-150. Baur X. Forck. Zbl. 39 . FMC Corporation.. Onderzoekingen over het ontstaan van eczeem bij bakkers. E. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ammonium. E. Micronucleus cytogenetic assay in mice (sodium persulfate). vol. 84 . 19(3): 75-79. J. Wschr. 695 . Persulfate-Asthma in the Hairdressing Trade.Krkh.. FMC Corporation. and Sodium Persulfate. 144 . 1976.OECD SIDS 6.697 (1990).2005 FMC Corporation. Dtsch. 42. Arbeitsmed. Study no. 1990. Hein H. 399 . Grosfeld.175 (1989). International Journal of Toxicology 20 (Suppl. Bronchial Asthma of Allergic and Irritative Origin as an Occupational Disease Respiration.B. DC. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes. 7. I901121. In vivo . Young. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 85 . K. M. Hutchcroft. J. 38.. USA). 499 . Study no. 148.509 (1967).92 (1968). Pepys. 20036. Hardel. W. Baur.. La Nouvelle Presse Medicale. vol. 399-404. Meyer. Haut. vol. Amsterdam (1951) in: Young..J. et al. Fruhmann G and von Liebe V (1979) Occupational asthma and dermatitis in two industrial workers after exposure to dusts of persulphate salts Respiration. I90-1173. Dermatologica. Pankow. Clinical Allergy 6. med. Asthma and urtricaria in the hairdresser's trade due to bleaching agents containing persulfates.. 6.60 (1974). 38. Pepys. 148.. J. 115. G. Dermatologica. REFERENCES (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06... A. et al. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agentspersulphate salts and henna in hairdressers. Berufsdermatosen. Schulz. 3): 7-21. vol. Meindl and R.. Potassium.. vol. 38. 10.06. 12. Rycroft. 27.150 (1979). Garcia BE et al (1989) Late asthmatic reaction in a hairdresser. (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) 86 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 17. 26-28. Kleinhans D and Ranneberg KM (1989) Immediate-type reactions caused by ammonium persulphate hair bleaches Allergologie. Martinez-Cocera C. 353-354. REFERENCES (60) SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06. Lopez Sanchez JD et al (1992) Occupational asthma caused by persulphate inhalation Rev Esp Alergol Inmunol Clin. 1997. White. 13. May 23. 18. 87-90. Yamamato S and Greaves MW (1977) Response of skin to ammonium persulphate Acta Dermatovener.G. Blandin G (1970) Desensitization among hairdressers (lacquer and bleach) Rev Franc Allergol. 809-813.OECD SIDS 6. X. Blainey AD. Buffalo. Potassium and Sodium Persulfate. FMC. de la Cuesta CG. Hernandez Garcia J. 57. Quirce S et al (1992) Occupational asthma in a hairdresser caused by persulphate salts Allergy (Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol). Ammonium. Catchpole.R. 42-50. Agustin P. Preliminary Report: Lung Function Assessment of Persulfate Workers: 1990-1996. 7. Igea JM. Greaves.. Fisher AA and Dooms-Goossens A (1976) Persulphate hair bleach reactions: cutaneous and respiratory manifestations Arch Dermatol. By William W. 41. 42. NY. 413-417. Gervaise P and Mellerio F (1966) Two causes of occupational asthma among hairdressers: persulphate and silk Arch Mal Prof. Commonwealth of Australia.J. H. 47. 656-660. 88. 112. Ollier S. Escudero Pastor AI. et al. Respiration. 49-68.2005 Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. June 2001 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. 91-97. due to the inhalation of ammonium persulphate salts Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 144 . Gaultier M. 125-126. 1982. Barsotti M. Parra FM. Cimarra M et al (1992) Persulphate-induced occupational respiratory allergy Rev Esp Alergol Inmunol Clin. R. Unpublished report for FMC Corporation. I. Rashes amongst persulphate workers. 67. vol. Gamboa PM. Wrbitzky R. 812-815. Contact Dermatitis: 8: 168-172. Cundell D et al (1986) Occupational asthma in a hairdressing salon Thorax. Drexler H and Letzel S (1995) Early reaction type allergies and diseases of the respiratory passages in employees from persulphate production Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 7. Parmeggiani L and Sassi C (1951) Symptoms of bronchial asthma and eczema in workers assigned to hydrogen peroxide production units Med Lav. 109-111. Calnan CD and Shuster S (1963) Reactions to ammonium persulphate Arch Dermatol.E. 1407-1409. Baur. Mahzoon S. 327-331. Kellett JK and Beck MH (1985) Ammonium persulphate sensitivity in hairdressers Cont Derm. . Y. Symposium series.998 (1966). Therond M. 60 .10 (1990). 22. Epishin... no. no. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 87 . no. Chem. J. 837-838.. 53.6 (1989). Wallenstein G. 28. 129-135.. 5 .2005 Parsons JF. 3421 . Symposium series. Itahara. 16. V. T.63 (1981).. 441-444. no. 31. 210. Goodwin BFJ and Safford RJ (1979) Studies on the action of histamine release by persulphates Food Cosmet Toxicol. et al. REFERENCES (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) (85) (86) (87) SODIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7775-27-1 DATE: 06.. 112-114.3424 (1988). Harding... Itahara. 21. et al. vol. vol. Dupas D and Gayoux C (1989) Pathology of alkaline persulphates: concerning 19 recent cases Arch Mal Prof Med Trav Secur Soc. 61 . 17. T. A. Org. Itahara. R. T.OECD SIDS 6. N. Geraut C. 997 . Levandovsky.06. 3. et al. Wagner E and Schoneich R (1993) Airway symptoms in hairdressers with occupational contact eczema Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Praventivmed. Nature. Sorsby. Schwartz HJ (1989) Effect of chronic chromolyn sodium therapy in a beautician with occupational asthma J Occup Med. Anesteziol Reanimatol. I.. et al. 50. 9 . T.64 (1985). Symposium series. Itahara. 2001 : : 10 Category : 31. 6. confidential.2005 : 38 : Chapter: 1. SIDS 88 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 4. 5. 3. 4 : Flags: without flag. 8. 3.2005 : : 31. 10 : Reliability: without reliability.08. 7. TA-Luft (DE).08. WGK (DE).2001 : Notox : 30.05. Risk Assessment.OECD SIDS POTASSIUM PERSULFATE SIDS Dossier Existing Chemical CAS No. EINECS Name EC No. Material Safety Dataset. 2. 2. Directive 67/548/EEC. non confidential.05. 1. Generic name IUPAC Name Producer related part Company Creation date Substance related part Company Creation date Status Memo Printing date Revision date Date of last update Number of pages Chapter (profile) Reliability (profile) Flags (profile) : : : : : : ID: 7727-21-1 7727-21-1 dipotassium peroxodisulphate 231-781-8 potassium persulfate dipotassium peroxodisulphate : Notox : 30. com 19.2005 1.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.11. GENERAL INFORMATION POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.K.11.2004 1735 Market Street PA 19103 Philadelphia United States 215 299 6645 215 299 6272
[email protected] Type Name Contact person : : : cooperating company Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company.OECD SIDS 1.2004 8-6 Nihonbashi Kobunacho J-103 Chou-ku Tokyo Japan 81 545 34 1032 81 545 34 0695
[email protected] Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : APPLICANT AND COMPANY INFORMATION cooperating company Asahi Denka Kogyo K.jp Within CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) a Persulfate Working Group was formed to comply with the ICCA High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. 3 D-82049 Pullach Germany 49 89 744 22 421 49 89 744 22 6421 werner.11. cooperating company Degussa AG Werner Ponikwar
[email protected]. Takanobu Ohshima 12.0. The members (cooperating companies) of the Persulfates Group are noted in this section.co. Dominique de Halleux (CEFIC employee) is the secretary of this group.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.2004 Dr-Gustav-Adolph-Strasse.11.com : : : : : : : : : : : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 89 .11. INC Toshikiyo Kurai : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company FMC Corporation Philip Block 12. 2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company RheinPerChemie GmbH Dirk Ostwald 12. The persulfate salts are expected to display the same environmental.1.11.2005 12.2004 1. in the countries represented by consortium members (North America. GENERAL INFORMATION Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 19. and Japan ) is 65.000 tonnes of persulfates produced in China by a company affiliated with one of the European companies.05.2004 1.0 IUPAC Name Smiles Code Molecular formula : : : SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION dipotassium peroxodisulphate K O3-S-O-O-S-O3-K K2S2O8 90 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .400 tonnes per year. North America about 38% and Japan about 20%.2004 1. Europe accounts for about 42%.OECD SIDS 1.2004 Alex-Springer-Platz 2 D-20354 Hamburg Germany 49 403 2509 512 49 403 2509 510
[email protected] LOCATION OF PRODUCTION SITE.4 Comment Remark : : DETAILS ON CATEGORY/TEMPLATE Persulfates Each persulfate salt in this group consists of a dianion (persulfate) and two identical cations. 19.11.co. There are no reported volumes for the individual Persulfate products. There is also an estimated 10.2004 Mitsubishi Building 5-2 Marunouchi 2 chome Chiyoda-ku Japan 81 33 283 4888 81 33 287 2643 yamagishi@mgc. IMPORTER OR FORMULATOR Remark : In 2003 the estimated production amount of all three persulfates.11. ecotoxicological and toxicological behaviour. K or NH4.11. Europe.com : : : : : : : : : : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.12. 15.0.11. Only the cation is different for each substance: Na.0. 12.2 SPECTRA 1.1.2004 1.3 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 08.11. The reaction is slow. NOAEL = 131.OECD SIDS 1.3 % v/v ADDITIVES UNEP PUBLICATIONS 91 .1 Purity type Substance type Physical status Purity Colour Odour Reliability : : : : : : : : : 270. GENERAL INFORMATION Molecular weight Petrol class 06.5 mg/kg bw.11.2005 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION inorganic Solid > 98 % w/w White odourless Only study available.2004 1.3 POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2004 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 19.2002 1.4 : : : : : : : : : : : : SYNONYMS AND TRADENAMES IMPURITIES Typical for marketed substance 7778-80-5 231-915-5 potassium sulphate K2SO4 <= .2 Potassium peroxydisulfate 19. Potassium persulfate causes a release of histamine by degranulation of the mast cells without disruption of the membrane.11.03.3 % v/v other 7732-18-5 231-791-2 water H2O <= . 19.1.2004 1. Xi..2005 Most products do not contain additives.600 t/y China: 10.2004 1. poly bags or IBC (supersacks).400 tonnes are produced per year of all three persulfate salts.1 Labelling Specific limits Symbols Nota R-Phrases : : : : : LABELLING as in Directive 67/548/EEC O. (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes. Ca.2004 1. respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact Specific limits : 19. rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice (37) Wear suitable gloves S-Phrases : 19.tonnes produced in : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact (2) Keep out of reach of children (22) Do not breathe dust (24) Avoid contact with skin (26) In case of contact with eyes. Some producers may add proprietary drying agents.6. 92 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .5 Quantity Remark : : TOTAL QUANTITY .000 t/y 15. There are no reported values for the individual salts.6.12.05. Xn. 75.200 t/y Japan: 13. 2003: Europe: 27.2 Classified Class of danger R-Phrases : : : CLASSIFICATION oxidizing (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes.6.3 Memo : PACKAGING Fiber drums. GENERAL INFORMATION Remark 19.2004 1.11. .2004 1.11.11.OECD SIDS 1.600 t/y North America: 24. 11. polymerization reactions (>60%. 19.7.2005 Remark : Approximately 80% of all persulfates are used in two industrial applications.e.11.2004 Industry category Use category : : 3 Chemical industry: chemicals used in synthesis : : : : : : : : : 4 Electrical/electronic engineering industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available : DETAILED USE PATTERN : : : : : : : : : 11 Polymers industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available . non-biocidal shock treatment in swimming pools and other recreational waters.2004 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : 19.6 Persulfates function as polymerization initiators and/or depolymerizers. Since persulfates are oxidants. textile processing and in the photographic industry.05.2005 1. i. pulp and paper board manufacture.01..7 USE PATTERN POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. they could have applications in other reactions requiring an oxidizing agent. for example in manufacture of fluorocarbon elastomers and small scale production of electrophoretic gels) and printed circuit manufacture (about 20%). Persulfates are also used as an oxidant in cosmetics and hair bleaching products.2004 1. .11.OECD SIDS 1.1 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19. GENERAL INFORMATION 19. and as an oxidant/bleaching agent in most other applications.2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 93 . 2004 : : : : : : : : No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. : : : : : : : : : 10 Photographic industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19.OECD SIDS 1.11.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. : : : : : : : : : 12 Pulp.11.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application.05.2005 No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. GENERAL INFORMATION Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19. : : : : : 13 Textile processing industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup 94 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . paper and board industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19.11. 2004 In the Nordic Countries (Norway. Sweden and Denmark) the persulfates are used in the production of chemicals products. : : : : : : : : : 5 Personal / domestic use 15 Cosmetics No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 08. Remark : 09.2004 : . (1) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 95 . : : : : : : : : : 15/0 other No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 21. The substances are mainly used as oxidizers and process regulators. the paper industry.2004 : .OECD SIDS 1.01 Non-biocidal shock treatment of swimming pools and other recreational waters. metal coating.03 Fraction of tonnage for application: 2-3%. the textile industry.12.05.12.2005 No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. GENERAL INFORMATION Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 19.2004 : : : : : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.11. the paint industry and in construction.12. 8.G.2004 : LISTINGS E. EINECS (Europe). crystallization of the potassium persulfate occurs in the electrolytic cell.05. product is expected to degrade in water forming sulfate salts.7.2004 1.2004 1. 96 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .6 Remark 09. ready for shipment.8.0 mg/m3 Germany: (MAK) OEL = 6 mg/m3 1.8.12.8. ENCS (Japan).2 ACCEPTABLE RESIDUES LEVELS : Belgium: TLV = 1.OECD SIDS 1. fiber drums or IBCs (supersacks). In all cases the solids are dried to remove moisture.12.8 1.3 Classified by Labelled by Class of danger Remark 19.2005 Potassium persulfate is produced in electrolytic cells using potassium sulfate as starting material. AICS (Australia).8.1 REGULATORY MEASURES OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES Type of limit : TLV (US) Limit value : . MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS 1.11.11. KE Korea). WHMIS (Canada). then packaged in polybags.2004 1.1 mg/m3 Short term exposure limit value Limit value : Time schedule : 8 hour(s) Frequency : times Remark 19. 16.2 Origin of substance Type Remark : : : METHODS OF MANUFACTURE Synthesis Production POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.5 AIR POLLUTION 1. CHEMICAL INVENTORIES TSCA (USA). GENERAL INFORMATION 1.8. PICCS (Philippines). An alternate method uses a displacement reaction whereby potassium ion replaces the sodium ion from sodium persulfate.4 : : : : WATER POLLUTION 1 (weakly water polluting) Weakly water polluting. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. 1989). 1985).2 1. Allergic contact dermatitis was reported on the hands of professional bakers or technicians handing flour containing persulfates and on the hands of professional hair dressers using hair products containing persulfates (CIR 2001. The HSDB database had no listing for any of the three persulfates.OECD SIDS 1.1 Type CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name IUCLID Chapter Remark : : : : : : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.2005 1. Biosis.12 Type of search Chapters covered Date of search Remark 19.11 ADDITIONAL REMARKS 1. 4.13 REVIEWS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 97 . 2001). Kanerva et al. Pankow et al.05. 30. oxygen CAS 7782-44-7) COMPONENTS 1. 1999. 1999b. Kellett and Beck. 1999a. Leino T et al. For description of studies see section 5. 1979.9.2005 DEGRADATION/TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS combustion products 7790-62-7 232-216-8 dipotassium disulphate Gaseous oxides of sulfur and oxygen upon combustion (sulfur dioxide CAS 7446-09-5. 1969.11. 1997. Toxcenter. 1. Veien et al. Medline and Embase.9.05. 5 18. Meindl and Meyer. Workers in production facilities manufacturing persulfates have also reported clinical symptoms.2004 The databases searched were RTECS.10.08. Exposure to persulfates from other applications is negligible.10 Source of exposure Exposure to the Remark : : : SOURCE OF EXPOSURE Substance Occupational exposure occurs in the manufacture of persulfates and in their use in hair dyes by professional hairdressers (CIR 2001. but in most cases. White et al. Merget et al. these were controlled by improved occupational industrial hygiene practices (Baur and Fruhmann. 1976. Cancerlit.2004 : : : : LAST LITERATURE SEARCH Internal 3. 1982). There are numerous welldocumented literature reports of skin sensitisations and allergic responses by professional hairdressers (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. 1 Decomposition Conclusion Reliability : : : MELTING POINT yes.2004 2.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (5) BOILING POINT 2.2005 2.05. at °C Flag 22.2004 Value Decomposition Sublimation Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 16.10. at °C No other no data : : : : : : : : : Literature could not be retrieved. 100 °C Most reliable data available. Therefore this secondary literature is provided with a reliability of 2 (according to Klimisch).11.OECD SIDS 3. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (2) (3) yes.1995 : : : : : : : : : Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (5) 98 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .12.2 : : : (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).48 at °C Only data available. at ca.2001 Decomposition Reliability 11. (2) valid with restrictions Handbook data are considered to be originated from a trusted source (=Sax). 1 g/cm³ at 20 °C other no data Flag 11.2004 Type Value Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 22.3 Type Value Conclusion Reliability : : : : DENSITY relative density = 2. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION . (2) valid with restrictions Handbook data are considered to be originated from a trusted source (=Sax).05. (4) > 170 °C yes. Therefore this secondary literature is provided with a reliability of 2 (according to Klimisch).11. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (2) (4) bulk density ca. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. 2004 : : : : : FLASH POINT other non-combustible UNEP PUBLICATIONS 99 .OECD SIDS 3. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .1995 2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS 2.2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SOLUBILITY IN DIFFERENT MEDIA Water = 60 g/l at 25 °C =5-8 1 other: %w/v at 25 °C at 25 °C Only data available.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE 2.05. pKa Description Stable Conclusion Reliability Flag 12. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).2001 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.7 Method Year GLP Test substance Remark 21. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (4) ca. 2.05.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (5) SURFACE TENSION 2. 50 g/l at 20 °C ca.3.12. pKa Description Stable Remark Source 22.1 GRANULOMETRY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.6.2005 2.5 PARTITION COEFFICIENT 2.1 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.10.6.5 50 g/l at 20 °C at 25 °C Literature could not be retrieved. 2004 2.8 AUTO FLAMMABILITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. A.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Remark Reliability 11.2004 Result Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : On decomposition releases oxygen which may intensify fire.11 Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Reliability 11.9 : : No combustion up to 800 degrees C.05.12 2.2005 Remark Reliability 11. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (6) DISSOCIATION CONSTANT VISCOSITY ADDITIONAL REMARKS 100 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .11.11.97 mm/sec Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION . (4) maximum burning rate equal or higher than reference mixture Directive 84/449/EEC.14 : Literature could not be retrieved.8 mm/sec Referencesubstance (Ba(NO3)2): 0.OECD SIDS 3.17 "Oxidizing properties" 1984 no : : : : : : Source 23.1995 2. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).11.2004 2.13 2. max. burning rate: Test substance: 1. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS 2. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). (4) FLAMMABILITY 2. (4) OXIDIZING PROPERTIES : : : : : : other Test substance is an oxidizer. Presence of water accelerates decomposition.05. 05. the half life is independent of initial concentration. Most reliable data available. The net reaction is: (S2O8)2. Koltoff and Miller (1951) measured the rates of decomposition in water for potassium persulfate at various pH's.OECD SIDS 3.0 Half Life (hours) 20 65 120 130 210 The mechanism of decomposition (hydrolysis). Half lives of potassium persulfate at 50 deg C as a function of pH were calculated from data in the Koltoff and Miller (1951) report.5 x 10-3 min-1 (m/l)-1. was also confirmed for saturated persulfate solutions using isothermal microwatt calorimetry.0 7.2004 Deg.0 10. (2) valid with restrictions Critical study for SIDS endpoint (7) other Reliability Flag 21.1 PHOTODEGRADATION 3. and it was determined to be 3.1. Since the decomposition (hydrolysis) rate is first order. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. product Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Conclusion Reliability 21. described in detail by Koltoff and Miller (1951) for dilute persulfate solutions.2 Type t1/2 pH4 t1/2 pH7 t1/2 pH9 Remark : : : : : STABILITY IN WATER abiotic at °C at °C at °C Hydrolysis: in alkaline.12. The main kinetic mechanism begins with homolytic cleavage of persulfate to form sulfate ion radicals. These radicals initiate a series of propagating reactions producing hydroxyl radicals.12.0 1. neutral and dilute acid solutions persulfate decomposes according to reaction (1) while in strongly acid solutions reactions (2) and (3) occur: S2O8(-) + H2O --> 2HSO4(-) + 1/2 O2 (1) H2S2O8 + H2O --> H2SO5 + H2SO4 (2) H2SO5 + H2O --> H2O2 + H2SO4 (3) Literature could not be retrieved.6 3. indicated below. k2. pH 1. which ultimately produce hydrogen peroxide and a solution of acid sulfate.2005 3.2004 Deg.1. (2) valid with restrictions (3) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 101 .+ H2O gives 1/2O2 + 2(SO4)2.+ 2H+ The rate equation was described as having two terms once the solution became sufficiently acid: -d[(S2O8)2-]/dt = k1(H2O)((S2O8)2-) + k2 (H+)((S2O8)2-) Koltoff and Miller (1951) evaluated the rate constant for the acid-catalyzed term. product : : : : : : : : : : : An aqueous solution decomposes at ordinary temperature. This term becomes dominant at low pH's. OECD SIDS 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Reliability 21.12.2004 Type t1/2 pH4 t1/2 pH7 t1/2 pH9 Remark Source 19.11.2004 3.1.3 STABILITY IN SOIL : : : : : : abiotic at °C at °C at °C : : : : : : other POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 Test substance becomes unstable in presence of heat, moisture and contamination. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). (4) Decomposes to potassium sulfate and oxygen. Literature could not be retrieved. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION - European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (8) Remark : Decomposition of the crystals or powder occurs under moist conditions or at higher temperatures, and when heated to decomposition (120 degree C) toxic fumes of SOx are emitted. Literature could not be retrieved. 15.12.2004 3.2.1 MONITORING DATA 3.2.2 FIELD STUDIES 3.3.1 TRANSPORT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS 3.3.2 DISTRIBUTION 3.4 MODE OF DEGRADATION IN ACTUAL USE Remark Result Source 19.11.2004 : : : Literature could not be retrieved. Hydrolysis into potassium hydrogensulfate and H2O2, which decomposes to water and oxygen. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION - European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (8) 102 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS Remark 15.12.2004 : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 During use oxygen could be formed. Degradation produces sulfate and at elevated temperatures pyrosulfate. Literature could not be retrieved. Remark : During use oxygen is transfered or can be released. Degradation products in the environment are finally ammonium (NH4)+ and sulphate ions (for more references see data set on ammonium sulphate, CAS-no.: 7783-20-2). 15.12.2004 3.5 BIODEGRADATION 3.6 BOD5, COD OR BOD5/COD RATIO 3.7 BIOACCUMULATION 3.8 ADDITIONAL REMARKS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 103 OECD SIDS 4. ECOTOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH : : : : : : : : : : : 4.1 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Test substance Reliability 31.03.2005 4.2 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Test substance Reliability 31.03.2005 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Test substance Reliability 31.03.2005 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Test substance : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Poecilia reticulata (Fish, fresh water) mg/l = 845 1983 no CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate), purity not indicated (4) not assignable (9) ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Daphnia magna (Crustacea) mg/l = 92 - 251 1983 no CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate), purity not indicated (4) not assignable (9) other: Tubificidae mg/l = 575 1983 no CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate), purity not indicated (4) not assignable (9) other:Cyclops strenuus mg/l = 1175 1983 no CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate), purity not indicated 104 UNEP PUBLICATIONS G.5.OECD SIDS 4.6. SPECIES 4. TO OTHER NON MAMM.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES 4.8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS 4. ECOTOXICITY Reliability 31.9 ADDITIONAL REMARKS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 105 . TERR.3 TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS 4.2005 4.2005 (9) TOXICITY TO MICROORGANISMS E.4 : (4) not assignable POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS 4.05.7 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING 4.4 TOX.1 TOXICITY TO SEDIMENT DWELLING ORGANISMS 4.6.5.6. BACTERIA 4.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH 4.03.6. Concentration administered: 250 mg/ml corn oil Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality. METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION 5. 2.Controls: none .OECD SIDS 5. 6/6 (2500) .Doses: 500. 2500 mg/kg bw . weak and/or rapid breathing (recovered within 4 days) Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. The information in the report is confined to the above. No effect on body weight reported. 1000.Time of death: within 24 hours CLINICAL SIGNS: mild depression.05. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.Number: 6/treatment .Number of deaths at each dose: 1/6 (500).1 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY LD50 = 1130 mg/kg bw rat male 6 other: corn oil other: not indicated no TEST ORGANISMS: . clinical signs. purity not indicated Only study available.Weight at study initiation: 198 g (mean) ADMINISTRATION: .2005 TOXICOKINETICS.0 5. 2/6 (1000).2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance : : : : : : : : : : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: within normal limits CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate).12. Only males were tested.1. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (10) LD50 1162 mg/kg bw rat other 106 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . (2) valid with restrictions 1. macroscopy MORTALITY: . 2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.05.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (11) TEST ORGANISMS: .Number of deaths: 0 CLINICAL SIGNS: hyperexcitability and slight irritation Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: enlarged liver and spleens in all animals CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate).9 mg/l rat male 7 1 hour(s) other: not indicated no : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LD50 825 mg/kg bw rat : : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.1. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: .11. macroscopy MORTALITY: .OECD SIDS 5.11. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (11) other Literature could not be retrieved.9 mg/L Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality.Concentration (nominal): 42.Exposure duration: 1 h . clinical signs. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 107 .2005 Literature could not be retrieved. purity not indicated Only study available. The information in the report is confined to the above. (2) valid with restrictions 1. TOXICITY Remark Source 19.Number of animals: 7/treatment .2004 5.2 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY LC50 > 42.Initial body weight: 116 g (mean) . Weight at study initiation: 2.2005 2. 3.4 : : : : 5. reversible erythema NECROPSY FINDINGS: few hemorrhagic areas between muscle and facia at the sight of application CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate). Only males were tested.Dose: 10000 mg/kg bw Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality. 2. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (10) ACUTE TOXICITY. Type of exposure not indicated and the exposure time is only 1 hour (OECD402: 4 hours).Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: .3 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ORGANISMS: .2.Number of deaths: none CLINICAL SIGNS: slight. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (10) ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY : : : : : : : : : : : : : LD50 > 10000 mg/kg bw rabbit male 4 other: not indicated no Flag 21.2004 5.12.05.1 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method : : : : : : : : : : SKIN IRRITATION rabbit no data 6 not irritating other: not indicated 108 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .12. clinical signs. purity not indicated Only study available.OECD SIDS 5.1. The information in the report is confined to the above.2004 5.1. (2) valid with restrictions 1. macroscopy MORTALITY: . Only males were tested.5 kg . OTHER ROUTES Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions 1. Exposure period Frequency of treatm.Erythema: 0 . Post exposure period Doses Control group NOAEL : : : : : : : : : : : REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY rat male other: CR-CD oral feed 28 days continuous 0.2.2004 5. iris.Edema: 0 CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate). 131.2004 5. (10) Test substance Reliability 21. 2. The information in the report is confined to the above.2005 no ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE .5 mg/kg UNEP PUBLICATIONS 109 . 12. 41.5 mg/kg bw/day yes = 131.2.2 Species Concentration Dose Exposure time Comment Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method Result : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : EYE IRRITATION rabbit 72 hour(s) 8 not irritating other: not indicated no : : : : : : : POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. The information in the report is confined to the above.05.Conjunctivae: 0 (at 24 h score 1 in 2/8 animals) CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate).Examinations time points: 24 and 72 h AVERAGE SCORE .OECD SIDS 5.Ophthalmoscopic examination: cornea.4 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin.Cornea: 0 . (10) SENSITIZATION 5.6.12. TOXICITY Year GLP Test substance Method Result Test substance Reliability 21. purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions 1.3 : : EXAMINATIONS . No information is given on the duration of exposure.12. conjunctivae AVERAGE SCORE .Iris: 0 (at 24 h score 1 in 1/8 animals) . Number of animals: 10/treatment ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . 41.6 GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VIVO‘ 5.5 mg/kg bw.3 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/TERATOGENICITY TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION.8.Route of administration: diet . Animals were younger than required according to OECD407 (young adult).Exposure period: 28 days .8. The information in the report is confined to the above.OECD SIDS 5.Organ weights: liver.Macroscopic investigation (not specified) .2.Doses: 0.8.2004 5.05. adrenals and testes TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . 12.5 : 5. 2. TOXICITY Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : other: not indicated no POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.12.2005 TEST ORGANISMS . purity not indicated Only study available.Gross pathology: no significant effects CAS 7727-21-1 (potassium persulfate). 131.5 mg/kg/day BODY WEIGHT GAIN: no treatment-related effects CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: mortality.7 CARCINOGENICITY 5. NOAEL = 131. Only males were tested.6.2 5.Organ weights: no treatment-related effects .Clinical signs: none .Mortality: none . kidneys.1 TOXICITY TO FERTILITY 5. (2) valid with restrictions 1. and terminal) and clinical signs ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY: . body weight (init. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (10) GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VITRO‘ Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. OTHER STUDIES 110 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Body weight gain: no treatment-related effects .Post exposure period: not reported .Age: weanlings .Weight at study initiation: 45-47 g . OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY 5.9 SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 5.10 Type of experience Result : : EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE Human A 45-year old female laboratory assistant developed contact dermatitis on her hands. She washed her hands as often as ten times/day. Patch testing of chemicals from the workplace found that potassium persultate (2.5% in petroleum) gave a positive response. Twenty unexposed control subjects did not respond when with potassium persulfate. Exposure to potassium persulfate induced an occupational allergic contact dermatitis in one individual who frequently was exposed to water and potassium persulfate. (12) Human A study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of positive skin prick test reactions to ammonium and potassium persulfates (1% and 5% solutions) among 52 employees of a persulfate production plant. A group of 13 unexposed persons served as controls. Eight of the 52 employees showed a positive response to at least one persulfate solution: 2 employees were positive to potassium salt, three employees were positive to ammonium salt and three employees were positive to both salts. Lung function tests for the exposed population were generally normal but there was a trend showing a correlation between positive skin prick responders and slightly lower lung function for forced expiratory volume FEV1 (p = 0.057). Due to the small number of subjects the correlation needs to be verified. There was a high response to ammonium and or potassium persulfate skin prick tests (8/52) associated with somewhat lower lung function in workers exposed to persulfates in a production facility. All 13 control subjects did not respond to the same skin prick test. Exposure levels were not documented. (13) Human A 36-year old laboratory technician in a potato flour facility exhibited dermatitis on her face and hands. She tested positively to 1, 2.5 and 5% aqueous solution of potassium persulfate. A prick test to 1% aqueous potassium persulfate was negative. A patch test to 2.5% ammonium persulfate produced a weaker response. A single case of contact dermatitis is reported for a worker exposed to potassium persulfate in a potatoe flour factory. (14) Human Ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfate are used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners, off-the-scalp products, bleaches and lighteners at concentrations of 60%, 25%, 22% and 16%, respectively. Much of the available safety test data are for ammonium persulfate, but these data are considered applicable to the other salts. The persulfates were reported to cause both delayed-type and immediate skin reactions, including irritant dermatitis, allergic eczematous dermatitis, localized contact urticaria, Conclusion 11.11.2004 Type of experience Result : : : Conclusion : 11.11.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 11.11.2004 Type of experience Result : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 111 OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 generalized urticaria, rhinitis, asthma, and syncope. The most common causes of allergic dermatitis in hairdressers are the active ingredients in hair dyes, and ammonium persulfate has been identified as a frequent allergen. A sensitization study examined the incidence of urticarial reactions was performed with 17.5% ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfate under occlusive patches. At this concentration and exposure conditions, a mixture of these persulfates was not sensitizing, and application of ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfate did not result in an urticarial reaction. In normal use (i.e., not occluded and rinsed off), it is expected that a concentration greater than 17.5% would also be safe. Given the clinical reports of urticarial reactions, however, manufacturers and formulators should be aware of the potential for urticarial reactions at concentrations of persulfates greater than 17.5%. Based on the available data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfate are safe as used as oxidizing agents in hair colorants and lighteners designed for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing from the hair and skin. This review article concludes that the persulfate salts have similar toxicity and data on ammonium persulfate can be used for the sodium and potassium salts. The review by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel also concludes that the three persulfates are safe in hair products at up to 17.5% based on a human skin sensitization study. (15) Human Early report of dermal sensitization and occupational asthma reported in a single hairdresser. The patient experienced both utricaria and asthma. After ventilation equipment was installed in the salon, no asthma attachs occurred. The amount of persulfate in hair preparations is stated as being 30% of the total formulation. Good industrial hygiene improves the prognosis of occupational asthma among hairdressers. (16) Human A hairdresser developed rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma following a two-year apprenticeship. The patient reacted positively to a persultate prick test. The case report indicates that persulfates can cause sensitization in the workplace to hairdressers. (17) Human The main hazards for professional hairdressers are rhinitis, bronchitis, asthma and irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. The risk of respiratory effects is likely to be low among hairdressers using effective dust-free formulations, but considerably higher among those using powder formulations and ineffective dust-free formulations. Dermatitis due to persulfates is likely to affect up to 5% of hairdressers. Members of the general publich are not likely to have respiratory or skin conditions attributable to persulfates. The volume of persulftes imported for hair bleaching products in Australia is 6.5 tonnes/year of which 4.5 tonnes/year is formulated into consumer products. The content of persulfate in salon hair products ranged from 22% to 88% and the content of home-use hair products ranged from 45% to 82.5%. Review of the literature for animal and human effects, particularly focused on hairdresser exposures. Immediate and delayed contact hypersensitivity, contact urticaria, rhinitis, bronchitis and asthma have been Conclusion : 15.12.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 09.12.2004 Type of experience Result Conclusion 09.12.2004 Type of experience Result : : : : : : Conclusion : 112 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS 5. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05.2005 observed in hairdressers as a result of exposure to hair bleaching powders containing persulfates. (18) : : Human Three workers at a persulfate production plant developed nasal mucosal inflammation, dry cough and dyspnea. Complaints were noted after many hours of exposure to persulfate dust in the workplace. Uncovered skin areas in two workers exhibited dermatitis. The three workers tested positive to 5% persulfate solution in patch tests. Bronchial obstruction occurred after prolonged exposure (8 hours). Workers in a production plant developed symptoms that were related to exposure to persulfates. The paper does not include information on the amount of persulfate exposure (air level) or personal protective equipment used. (19) Human Employees of the Buffalo plant of the FMC Corporation were included in an extensive industrial hygiene monitoring and clinical study. The clinical study evaluated pulmonary function for a full week in the summer of 1990 and for two weeks in the winter of 1991 using 14 subjects. Workers were directly exposed to persulfates in the packout area and caustic/crystallizer area and inside the laboratory. No workers had a history of asthma symptoms. Samples for breathing zone (608 hours) and area samples were made. Pre- and post-shift spirometry lung function to measure forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) on the first and last day of hte 7-day week were made. The mean level of exposure to persulfates was 0.5 mg/m3, mixed with a total dust level below a mean of 2.0 mg/m3. No clinically significant observations in the spirometry values were found. Long-term exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 persulfate did not affect pulmonary function evaluated in 14 plant employees. The study related levels of persulfate in air to worker performance (lung function) and showed no deficits. (20) Human A follow up study was conducted on workers examined in 1990-1991 to see if there were any changes in pulmonary function during 1990-1996. Follow-up data on the original study subjects and new employees involved checking medical records of the exposed employees. Medical records for 22, 17, 10 and 8 workers were available for the two, three, four and six year time periods of follow-up. Records for the five year follow-up were lost in a fire. The change over time in the pulmonary function tests was compared to actual and predicted ratios for years 2, 3, 4 and 6 after the 1990 assessment. Workers included in the study included material operators, crystallizer/caustic operators, lab technicians and workers from other areas. No statistically significant findings of pulmonary function test performance were found for any of the four work position categories. A total of 100 different t-test comparisons were conducted at a p value of 0.05. Two significant findings were found. but because they were less than the total of up to five findings allowed, the two findings were considered to be due to chance. The study shows that continuous occupational exposure to persulfates over a period of six years did not result in any long term effects on pulmonary function. (21) 09.12.2004 Type of experience Result Conclusion : 09.12.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion : 09.12.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 09.12.2004 : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 113 There were no cutaneous reactions to persulfates in either group. and the maximal concentrations were 1.05). conjunctivitis and bronchitis were reportedly related to work by two controls. Four non-atopic persulfate-exposed subjects and two workmen. and sporadically anaphylactic shock. Six of the ex-workers left because of work related contact dermatitis. Mean values for workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate within the bagging plant were below 1 mg/m3. and ammonium and sodium persulfate (80 mg/ml).Some hairdressers and their customers who were exposed to alkaline persulfate solutions showed symptoms like asthma. Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach Type of experience Result Conclusion : 15.6 mg/m3) was not associated with an increased risk of occupational asthma. Data were recalled by a questionnaire. Three persulfate-exposed subjects with bronchial hyperresponsiveness did not show peak expiratory flow variability of 20%.2004 Type of experience Remark : : Source 21. skin prick tests were performed with five environmental allergens. and total IgE were measured.05. Literature could not be retrieved. coughing. respectively. No cases of sensitization are known.OECD SIDS 5.6 mg/m3. oedema (skin). one atopic and one non-atopic. Workrelated rhinitis was reported by one subject with exposure to persulfates. Lung function and bronchial responsiveness to histamine were assessed by standard procedures. . . eczema. Medical records of the seven subjects who had left the persulfate production for medical reasons since 1971 were collected. The irritating effect dominated. which had disappeared within 48 hours. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. Workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate were estimated by area and personal monitoring. . Exposure to workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate of about 1 mg/m3 in this chemical plant was not associated with a relevant risk for occupational asthma.Worker exposure to persulfates: < 15 mg/m3 as dust showed in 20 years no dermatitis in man. the remainder had complained of asthma. Literature could not be retrieved. Eighteen of 23 workmen from the same plant with no exposure to persulfates served as controls. Specific IgE to the same environmental allergens as in the skin test. A detailed study of 32 workers in a persulfate production facility indicated that exposure to persulfates in the plant (levels of about 1 mg/m3 with a peak of 3. ammonium) three workers showed rhinitis.2005 : : Human A cross sectional study was performed in 32 of 33 employees of a persulfate production plant.Rashes were observed in 20-70% of newly appointed workers. sodium.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) Human Eye contact: Only in one case burning of the eyes was reported.A couple of weeks after professionnaly being exposed to persulfates (potassium.4 mg/m3 and 3. difficulties with respiration and dermatitis. . Peroxid Chemie GmbH Pullach EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 Type of experience Remark Source : : : : 114 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .12. were considered hyperresponsive to histamine. Patch tests were not performed. (22) Human . the remainder refused peak flow measurements. None of the variables showed significant differences between the groups (p > 0.12.A standard text describes potassium persulfate as moderately irritating. the person with asthma developed a late response. but thought to be due to the fact that persulphate is a weak histamine-releasing agent (Calnan and Schuster. using hair bleach or persulphate. 4 had work-related asthmatic and nasal symptoms. controls who were either non-asthmatic. A beautician with a history of mild seasonal rhinitis developed work-related asthma (Schwartz. 1992).12. On specific bronchial challenge. in one. with associated sneezing and rhinoconjunctivitis. in which a young woman worked for 3 years before developing symptoms (Pankow et al. asthma several years after first using bleaching powders (Agustin et al. 1979). 1989). Another case of work-related asthma. At specific bronchial challenge. for which they are supplied as a powder to mix with liquid peroxide shortly before use. All 4 of the subjects who also underwent nasal challenge gave positive reactions. 1963. A young woman developed work-related respiratory symptoms about a year after starting work in a hairdressing salon (Parra et al. conjunctivitis and. performed blinded. Of 12 'tinters' from a hairdressing salon who used persulphate-containing bleach. Agustin reported the cases of two hairdressers who developed workrelated rhinitis. which had developed after a latent period of at least six months (Blainey et al. she suffered an immediate asthmatic attack. though other lung function parameters were normal. were also challenged. The contact urticaria is not immunologically-mediated. giving late asthmatic responses.2004 Type of experience Remark UNEP PUBLICATIONS 115 . prolonged reaction followed by recurrent nocturnal falls in forced expiratory volume in one second. and controls (including asthmatics) failed to react. but the asthmatic subject was hyperresponsive to methacholine. or asthmatic with hyperresponsive airways. It is not known why only some individuals are sensitive to this action. she developed a late. Kleinhans and Ranneberg. lung function was normal but the airways showed non-specific hyperresponsiveness... TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. 1992). As in other cases. and she was not 09.2005 EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 1976.05. Both had normal respiratory function. potassium and sodium) are strong oxidising agents with wide industrial use. Persulphate hair bleaches have produced both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.OECD SIDS 5. 1989). while the other suffered immediate severe nasal symptoms. Normal and asthmatic controls did not react. Lung function was normal. 1989). On unblinded bronchial challenge. All 5 were hyperresponsive to histamine. she was hyperresponsive to methacholine. none gave positive reactions.. Introduction Persulphate salts (ammonium. Only those with symptoms reacted at specific challenge. When she was investigated. either as powder or aerosolised solution. as well as urticarial and respiratory reactions (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. They are also used to enhance the action of peroxide hair bleaches.. after a month's absence from work. Kellett and Beck. Evidence for work-related asthma There have been a number of well-conducted studies of hairdressers with work-related asthmatic symptoms that have included specific bronchial challenge tests. Parsons et al.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (28) : : Human A well-documented review from the UK authority (HSE) was available. In some studies. 1985. 1986). for 96 hours after the test. has been described. An affected individual from another salon was also included for investigation.. in which 12% of the workers suffered from asthma that usually developed within 6 months of starting work (Barsotti et al. total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels have generally been normal. the results of intradermal tests in 3 people correlated with bronchial challenge data (Wallenstein et al. 1970). Parra et al.. responded positively to challenge. Either persulphate or bleach powder solutions have been used. 1989.. 1993). 1993).. Bronchial challenges were performed with an aerosol of a 1% ammonium persulphate solution. Fisher and Dooms-Goossens.. In another study. 1992). In one study. Pankow et al. Schwaiblmair et al. 1990).. 1966. The patient declined challenge with persulphate itself. 1995).. 1976... 1989). work-related breathing difficulties were found more often (6/8) in those who were positive than in those who were negative (9/44) in skin prick tests (Wrbitzky et al. One concerns an Italian factory that used ammonium and potassium persulphate during the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide.. negative controls have sometimes been included. Parra et al.. 1976 ). 1 negative. In an early study. this may be because of direct histamine release rather than an immunologicallymediated reaction. Blandin.. one case. 1992.. Blainey et al.. Blainey et al. 1992. Supporting data Skin prick tests.. a scratch test that was strongly positive triggered within minutes a "violent" attack of asthma (Blandin.. 1 equivocal (Therond et al. and occasionally intradermal or scratch tests. 1986. 5 cases. Neither underwent bronchial challenge. 1979. three cases. 1989.. one challenged .. positive (Schwaiblmair et al. 1990. positive (Gamboa et al.. one case. Agustin et al.05. both positive at challenge (Pepys et al. 1989. and symptoms resolved on avoiding exposure. Agustin et al. These studies are backed up by several case reports of occupational asthma associated with persulphate use. All of these well-conducted studies provide evidence that persulphate salts are capable of inducing asthma and can cause specific reactions at bronchial challenge under conditions which do not induce a response in normal or previously non-exposed asthmatic people. 1992. affected workers. 116 UNEP PUBLICATIONS ... in which the bronchial challenge tests performed were not blinded and omitted controls. 1993).OECD SIDS 5. In hairdressers with asthma. Wallenstein et al.2005 hyperresponsive to methacholine.2 positive. 1970. Agustin et al... TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. The tests have been positive in most of those studied (Gaultier et al. 1990.. She underwent blinded bronchial challenges with a number of hair care preparations.. Escudero Pastor et al. though increased in two people.. Baur et al. 4 challenged . 1989). 1993).. 1979). Amongst employees manufacturing persulphates... Pepys et al. There are also reports of persulphate effects in occupations other than hairdressing.. and decreased after avoidance of exposure in another (Gamboa et al. Pankow et al. These include two cases. but not controls. 1992. While most people with persulphate asthma have given positive skin prick tests. 1989. 2 chemical factory workers who bagged persulphates developed work-related nasal and asthmatic symptoms within a few weeks of beginning work (Baur et al.positive (Wallenstein et al. Wallenstein et al. 1992. Schwaiblmair et al... 1979. 1989. 1951). have been performed on many of the people reported as having persulphate-related asthma or rhinitis. and reacted only to a persulphate-containing bleach with an immediate reaction (it was unclear for how long measurements were continued). There have also been some negative results reported (Baur et al. Parra et al. 1976. No specific IgE to persulphates has been found in three separate cases tested (Gamboa et al. Gamboa et al. 1986. Test 2: At 37 degC a dose related increase of histamine was seen. Histamine release was measured (corrected for spontaneous release) and cells were investigated for degranulation and/or membrane disruption. UK authority. Potassium persulfate causes a release of histamine by degranulation of the mast cells without disruption of the membrane. the serum from an asthmatic patient was positive for both hair bleach and sodium persulphate in a Prausnitz-Kustner test for passive transfer of specific IgE (Escudero Pastor et al. In peripheral blood studies.2005 : Test 3: lesions were dose dependently increased in size and intensity. 1992).33-2. (43) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 117 . At cellular level degranulation was observed. However. Parra et al.2005 1992). 1990. these immunological data are scarce and inconclusive. and another developed neutrophilia and eosinophilia following positive bronchial challenge (Schwaiblmair et al. : HSE. Animals were killed after 40 minutes and the skin was removed and assessed for lesions. 1992). pH and incubation time influenced the reaction. Test 3: guinea pigs were exposed intradermally to potassium persulfate at 4. Temperature.2 mg/mL 48/80 for 30 minutes at 37 and 4 degC. Overall.05. pH and time). Histamine release was measured (corrected for spontaneous release).05..7 mg/mL cell suspension) under different conditions (temperature..2005 5. The reaction is slow. TOXICITY POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. Test 2: guinea pig skin slices (from the abdomen) were exposed to 0.. At 4 degC no effects were seen Source 31.2-16 mg/mL potassium persulfate or 0. one person had eosinophilia. Test 1: Histamine release increased dose dependently. The size of the lesion was recorded. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (17) (48) (13) ADDITIONAL REMARKS : : Biochemical or cellular interactions Test 1: rat peritoneal mast cells were exposed to potassium persulfate (0.11 Type Method Result : Conclusion 30. 8 and 16 mg/mL saline.OECD SIDS 5.05. CAS-Nr.. 13. 2001. FMC Corporation. Degussa AG. CRC Press. Health 67. H. R. P.. 116-117. Chem. Pneumol. R. Baur and G. Ausgabe 2/95 Peroxid-Chemie GmbH. H. 2001. REFERENCES POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31..2005 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) SPIN database 08-12-04. and Laurberg. Soc. et al. Report of Persulfate Worker Study of the FMC Plant in Buffalo.. W. 3): 7-21. 2001 (Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR).v. 1979. Schneedorfer.OECD SIDS 6. Potassium and Sodium Persulfate. T. L. Prax. J. Bronchial Asthma of Allergic and Irritative Origin as an Occupational Disease. (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) 118 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. CD-ROM 1999. Pankow. K. June 2001. and Letzel. Int. Commonwealth of Australia. P.1994 Svobodova. Arbeitsmed. 1995. New York 1990-1991.. Material Safety Data Sheet: Potassium persulfate (02-05-01: date approved). N. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ammonium. Sicherheitsdatenblatt. Persulfate-asthma in the hairdressing trade. Drexler. April 1994. Veine.. Meyer. USA).. 4. LPT-Report 5918/90. Acute Toxicity of Peroxidisulphates to Aquatic Organisms. Peroxid-Chemie GmbH. J. and Sodium Persulfate. Early reaction type allergies and diseases of the respiratory passages in employees from persulphate production. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. Hein. I.05. unveröffentlicht Koltoff I. 176. ICG/T-79-024. X. 1969. Contact Dermatitis 45. DC. Washington. Stanek. 173-175. 20036. EUCLID-Datensatz Natriumpersulfat. J.. unveröffentlicht Kanerva. FMC Study I1992-1713. 413-417. Am. 1992. and Miller I K (1951).. Jan. Arch. Merck Index. Unpublished report for FMC Corporation. Buletin VURH Vodnany. Hanau vom 31. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity of potassium persulfate. 73. Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. Ammonium. 1999/2000.. 33. Contact Dermatitis 40. 17-24. 19(3): 75-79. Hattel. Study no. Z. Meindl and R. International Journal of Toxicology 20 (Suppl. Zbl. Fruhmann. 317-322. Asthma and urtricaria in the hairdresser's trade due to bleaching agents containing persulfates. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from potassium persulfate. 1979. Environ. 18. 7775-27-1. Wrbitzky. Bittner. Potassium. The chemistry of persulfate. 3055-3059. Occup. 1999. S.05. 1989. 15. The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of the persulfate ion in aqueous medium. Faina. Pneumologie 43. FMC Corporation. G. Machova.Wichert. (1983). K. Contact dermatitis due to potassium persulfate. Fruhmann. 49-68. et al.. 38. Buffalo. 87-90. Ollier S. Garcia BE et al (1989) Late asthmatic reaction in a hairdresser. By William W. White et al (1982). N. Gamboa PM. 4151. Cross sectional study of chemical workers exposed to sodium and ammonium persulfate. 10. Environ. (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 119 . 1983 Meindl K. 41. Prax. G. Pneumol. de la Cuesta CG. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. 91-97 Barsotti M. REFERENCES (21) POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31. 7. Blandin G (1970) Desensitization among hairdressers (lacquer and bleach) Rev Franc Allergol. 42. Toxicity of the eye page 853. May 23. Page 468.. und Meyer R. Parmeggiani L and Sassi C (1951) Symptoms of bronchial asthma and eczema in workers assigned to hydrogen peroxide production units Med Lav. Grant. Documentation of The Treshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.. Contact Dermatitis 8 (3) 168-172. 7. and Blainey D. 42-50. Hernandez Garcia J. Gaultier M. ACGIH. Zbl. Fisher AA and Dooms-Goossens A (1976) Persulphate hair bleach reactions: cutaneous and respiratory manifestations Arch Dermatol. 112. Calnan CD and Shuster S (1963) Reactions to ammonium persulphate Arch Dermatol. Vol. (1997) 45/3 (130-131).05. 17. R. X. 1407-1409. Dev Toxicol. (1975) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials 4 th Edition (Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 7 (45). Cimarra M et al (1992) Persulphate-induced occupational respiratory allergy Rev Esp Alergol Inmunol Clin. 75-79 Sax. 1978 Davies R.I. NY. 5 th Edition. 88. Cundell D et al (1986) Occupational asthma in a hairdressing salon Thorax. due to the inhalation of ammonium persulphate salts Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 144-150. Unpublished report for FMC Corporation. Escudero Pastor AI. Baur X. FMC. Bronchial Asthma of Allergic and Irritative Origin as an Occupational Disease. Arbeitsmed 1969/3.. 1997.. 33. Baur. 809-813.OECD SIDS 6.2005 Preliminary Report: Lung Function Assessment of Persulfate Workers: 1990-1996. Lopez Sanchez JD et al (1992) Occupational asthma caused by persulphate inhalation Rev Esp Alergol Inmunol Clin. 812-815. La Nouvelle Presse Médical. Blainey AD. 11.(1979). New York). Agustin P. 27. 219-228. 109-111. 327-331. Merget. Greaves. 317-322. Rashes among Persulfate Workers. Gervaise P and Mellerio F (1966) Two causes of occupational asthma among hairdressers: persulphate and silk Arch Mal Prof. 1986 Hardel et al. Sci. Fruhmann G and von Liebe V (1979) Occupational asthma and dermatitis in two industrial workers after exposure to dusts of persulphate salts Respiration. Martinez-Cocera C. 57. Baur X and Fruhmann G (1990) Bronchial asthma caused by hair bleach in a hairdresser Dtsch Med Wochenschr. Quirce S et al (1992) Occupational asthma in a hairdresser caused by persulphate salts Allergy (Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol). 399-404. Pepys J. Wallenstein G. 120 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 13. Wagner E and Schoneich R (1993) Airway symptoms in hairdressers with occupational contact eczema Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Praventivmed. Kleinhans D and Ranneberg KM (1989) Immediate-type reactions caused by ammonium persulphate hair bleaches Allergologie. Dupas D and Gayoux C (1989) Pathology of alkaline persulphates: concerning 19 recent cases Arch Mal Prof Med Trav Secur Soc. 837-838. 695-697. 441-444. 47. 17. 125-126. 129-135.2005 Kellett JK and Beck MH (1985) Ammonium persulphate sensitivity in hairdressers Cont Derm. 28. 353-354. Geraut C. Mahzoon S. 26-28. Yamamato S and Greaves MW (1977) Response of skin to ammonium persulphate Acta Dermatovener. Hutchcroft BJ and Breslin ABX (1976) Asthma due to inhaled chemical agentspersulphate salts and henna in hairdressers Clin Allergy. Parra FM. Parsons JF. 31. 6. 50. Schwartz HJ (1989) Effect of chronic chromolyn sodium therapy in a beautician with occupational asthma J Occup Med. 12. Schwaiblmair M. 656-660. 112-114.OECD SIDS 6. Igea JM. 115. Therond M. REFERENCES (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) POTASSIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-21-1 DATE: 31.05. Goodwin BFJ and Safford RJ (1979) Studies on the action of histamine release by persulphates Food Cosmet Toxicol. Material Safety Dataset.2001 : : 20 Category : 06.06. 6.08. WGK (DE). SIDS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 121 . 5.1/2H2O8S2 : Notox : 30. EINECS Name EC No. 7. non confidential. Directive 67/548/EEC.OECD SIDS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE SIDS Dossier Existing Chemical CAS No.08. TA-Luft (DE). TSCA Name Generic name IUPAC Name Molecular Formula Producer related part Company Creation date Substance related part Company Creation date Status Memo Printing date Revision date Date of last update Number of pages Chapter (profile) Reliability (profile) Flags (profile) : : : : : : : : ID: 7727-54-0 7727-54-0 diammonium peroxodisulphate 231-786-5 Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2). 10 : Reliability: without reliability. confidential. 1. 3. 4 : Flags: without flag.06. 4. 3. diammonium salt ammonium persulfate diammonium peroxodisulphate H3N.2001 : Notox : 30.2005 : : 06. Risk Assessment. 2.2005 : 77 : Chapter: 1. 2. 8. 06.0. Dominique de Halleux (CEFIC employee) is the secretary of this group.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 18.2004 8-6 Nihonbashi Kobunacho J-103 Chou-ku Tokyo Japan 81 545 34 1032 81 545 34 0695
[email protected] 19.com : : : : : : : : : : : : : 122 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .co.jp Within CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) a Persulfate Working Group was formed to comply with the ICCA High Production Volume (HPV) initiative.11.11. The members (cooperating companies) of the Persulfates Group are noted in this section.2002 Dr-Gustav-Adolph-Strasse.OECD SIDS
[email protected] 1735 Market Street PA 19103 Philadelphia United States 215 299 6645 215 299 6272
[email protected] APPLICANT AND COMPANY INFORMATION 1.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 18. INC Ken Yamagishi 12. cooperating company Degussa AG Werner Ponikwar 12.2004 Type Name Contact person Date : : : : cooperating company Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company.1 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company Asahi Denka Kogyo K. Takanobu Ohshima 12. 3 D-82049 Pullach Germany 49 89 744 22 421 49 89 744 22 6421 werner.11. GENERAL INFORMATION AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.2004 : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company FMC Corporation Philip Block 12.11.11. GENERAL INFORMATION Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 18.2004 1.co.0.06.12.11.2004 Alex-Springer-Platz 2 D-20354 Hamburg Germany 49 403 2509 512 49 403 2509 510
[email protected] LOCATION OF PRODUCTION SITE. Europe accounts for about 42%.11.2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : cooperating company RheinPerChemie GmbH Dirk Ostwald 12.400 tonnes per year.OECD SIDS 1.com : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Europe. 18. and Japan ) is 65.0 IUPAC Name : SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION diammonium peroxodisulphate UNEP PUBLICATIONS 123 . North America about 38% and Japan about 20%.2005 Mitsubishi Building 5-2 Marunouchi 2 chome Chiyoda-ku Japan 81 33 283 4888 81 33 287 2643 yamagishi@mgc. There are no reported volumes for the individual Persulfate products.2004 1.11.2004 Type Name Contact person Date Street Town Country Phone Telefax Telex Cedex Email Homepage 18.3 1.2004 1. There is also an estimated 10. Only the cation is different for each substance: Na.000 tonnes of persulfates produced in China by a company affiliated with one of the European companies. IMPORTER OR FORMULATOR Remark : In 2003 the estimated production amount of all three persulfates.11. IDENTITY OF RECIPIENTS 15.0. in the countries represented by consortium members (North America. The persulfate salts are expected to display the same environmental. ecotoxicological and toxicological behaviour. K or NH4.0.4 Comment Remark : : DETAILS ON CATEGORY/TEMPLATE Persulfates Each persulfate salt in this group consists of a dianion (persulfate) and two identical cations.1. 2005 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION inorganic solid > 98 % w/w white odourless 1.2004 1.1 Purity type Substance type Physical status Purity Colour Odour 18.3 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 08.03.2 ammonium peroxydisulfate 18.4 Purity type CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SYNONYMS AND TRADENAMES IMPURITIES typical for marketed substance 7783-20-2 231-984-1 ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 <= .1.3 % v/v other 7732-18-5 231-791-2 water H2O <= .12.3 AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.11.11.06.2004 Purity CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name Molecular formula Value 19.2004 1.2004 1.OECD SIDS 1.3 % v/v ADDITIVES other 124 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1.2 SPECTRA : : : : : : : : : : NH4-O3-S-O-O-S-O3-NH4 (NH4)2S2O8 228.11.2002 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Smiles Code Molecular formula Molecular weight Petrol class 06. OECD SIDS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Function of additive Remark 18.11.2004 1.5 Quantity Remark : : TOTAL QUANTITY - tonnes produced in : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.06.2005 Most products do not contain additives. Some producers may add proprietary drying agents. Ca. 75,400 tonnes are produced per year of all three persulfate salts. There are no reported values for the individual salts. 2003: Europe: 27,200 t/y Japan: 13,600 t/y North America: 24,600 t/y China: 10,000 t/y 15.12.2004 1.6.1 Labelling Specific limits Symbols Nota R-Phrases : : : : : LABELLING as in Directive 67/548/EEC O, Xn, Xi, ,, (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact (2) Keep out of reach of children (22) Do not breathe dust (24) Avoid contact with skin (26) In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice (37) Wear suitable gloves S-Phrases : 18.11.2004 1.6.2 Classified Class of danger R-Phrases : : : CLASSIFICATION as in Directive 67/548/EEC oxidizing (8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire (22) Harmful if swallowed (36/37/38) Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin (42/43) May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact Specific limits : 15.12.2004 1.6.3 PACKAGING UNEP PUBLICATIONS 125 OECD SIDS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Memo 18.11.2004 1.7 USE PATTERN : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.06.2005 Fiber drums, poly bags or IBC (supersacks) Remark : Approximately 80% of all persulfates are used in two industrial applications, i.e., polymerization reactions (>60%; for example in manufacture of fluorocarbon elastomers and small scale production of electrophoretic gels) and printed circuit manufacture (about 20%). Persulfates are also used as an oxidant in cosmetics and hair bleaching products; non-biocidal shock treatment in swimming pools and other recreational waters; pulp and paper board manufacture; textile processing and in the photographic industry. Since persulfates are oxidants, they could have applications in other reactions requiring an oxidizing agent. 19.01.2005 1.7.1 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 18.11.2004 Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : 18.11.2004 : : : : : : : : : 4 Electrical/electronic engineering industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available : DETAILED USE PATTERN : : : : : : : : : 11 Polymers industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available .6 Persulfates function as polymerization initiators and/or depolymerizers; and as an oxidant/bleaching agent in most other applications. .2 126 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.06.2005 : : : : : : : : : 3 Chemical industry: chemicals used in synthesis No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 18.11.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. : : : : : : : : : 12 Pulp, paper and board industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 18.11.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. : : : : : : : : : 10 Photographic industry No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 18.11.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. : : : 13 Textile processing industry No extra details necessary Industry category Use category Extra details on use category UNEP PUBLICATIONS 127 2004 : . the paper industry. the paint industry and in construction.2004 : . (1) 128 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .01 Non-biocidal shock treatment of swimming pool and other recreational waters.2005 : : : : : : Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 18. the textile industry.2004 In the Nordic Countries (Norway.2004 : No reliable data available concerning tonnage for this application. Remark : 15.03 Fraction of tonnage for application: 2-3%.06.12.12. : : : : : : : : : 5 Personal / domestic use 15 Cosmetics No extra details necessary No extra details necessary available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 08. metal coating. Sweden and Denmark) the persulfates are used in the production of chemicals products.11. GENERAL INFORMATION No extra details necessary available AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. The substances are mainly used as oxidizers and process regulators. : : : : : : : : : 15/0 other No extra details necessary No extra details necessary not available Industry category Use category Extra details on use category Emission scenario document Product type/subgroup Tonnage for Application Year Fraction of tonnage for application Fraction of chemical in formulation Production : : Formulation : : Processing : : Private use : Recovery : Remark 15.OECD SIDS 1.12. 2004 1.2004 1. ready for shipment.4 : : : : WATER POLLUTION 1 (weakly water polluting) Weakly water polluting.2 Origin of substance Type Remark : : : METHODS OF MANUFACTURE Synthesis Production AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. then packaged in polybags.8.8.2005 Ammonium persulfate is produced in electrolytic cells using ammonium sulfate as starting material. MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS 18.12.5 AIR POLLUTION 1. 16.8 REGULATORY MEASURES 1.0 mg/m3 Germany: (MAK) OEL = 6 mg/m3 1. fiber drums or IBCs (supersacks). The solid is dried to remove moisture.8.1 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES Type of limit : TLV (US) Limit value : .7.1 mg/m3 Short term exposure limit value Limit value : Time schedule : 8 hour(s) Frequency : times Remark 18.6 LISTINGS E.2 ACCEPTABLE RESIDUES LEVELS : Belgium: TLV = 1. product is expected to degrade in water forming sulfate salts.2004 1.2004 1.OECD SIDS 1.3 Classified by Labelled by Class of danger Remark 18. The electrolyte removed from the cell containing the persulfate product is concentrated and crystallized in a proprietary vacuum crystallization process to produce the final solid persulfate product.11.8.11. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.G.8.8.11.06. CHEMICAL INVENTORIES UNEP PUBLICATIONS 129 . 1999b. Merget et al. Kellett and Beck.05. but in most cases. There are numerous welldocumented literature reports of skin sensitisations and allergic responses by professional hairdressers (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens.9.11 1. Workers in production facilities manufacturing persulfates have also reported clinical symptoms. sulfur and oxygen upon combustion (nitrogen dioxide CAS 10102.2005 1. 130 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Kanerva et al.2004 1.12 Type of search Chapters covered Date of search Remark 18. Medline and Embase. oxygen CAS 7782-447). PICCS (Philippines). 1997.08.OECD SIDS 1. COMPONENTS 1. 1976. sulfur dioxide CAS 7446-09-5. 1999a. Meindl and Meyer. Cancerlit. Leino T et al. 1979. Exposure to persulfates from other applications is negligible. Biosis.2005 TSCA (USA).12. Pankow et al. ENCS (Japan). KE Korea). 5 18. 1982).06. Toxcenter.2004 The databases searched were RTECS. The HSDB database had no listing for any of the three persulfates. these were controlled by improved occupational industrial hygiene practices (Baur and Fruhmann. AICS (Australia). 4. 1989). 1999.9.10 Source of exposure Exposure to the Remark : : : SOURCE OF EXPOSURE Substance Occupational exposure occurs in the manufacture of persulfates and in their use in hair dyes by professional hairdressers (CIR 2001.2 1. WHMIS (Canada). EINECS (Europe).11. For description of studies see section 5. Allergic contact dermatitis was reported on the hands of professional bakers or technicians handing flour containing persulfates and on the hands of professional hair dressers using hair products containing persulfates (CIR 2001). 1969. DEGRADATION/TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS combustion products Gaseous oxides of nitrogen. 1985). ADDITIONAL REMARKS 30.2004 : : : : LAST LITERATURE SEARCH Internal 3. White et al.10. GENERAL INFORMATION Remark 09.1 Type CAS-No EC-No EINECS-Name IUCLID Chapter Remark : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 10.1994 2. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (2) yes. dust etc. (2) valid with restrictions Handbook data are considered to be originated from a trusted source (=SAX's). (2) valid with restrictions Handbook data are considered to be originated from a trusted source (=Sax).2 : : 120 degree C (decomposition) Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. and container size (< 120 degree C).2001 Type Value : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 131 . (3) Flag 11. contamination of heavy metals.05.982 at °C Most reliable data available.98 at 20 °C Flag 11. at > 160 °C (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). Therefore this secondary literature is provided with a reliability of 2 (according to Klimisch).2004 : : : Remark Source 17.1 Decomposition Conclusion Reliability : : : MELTING POINT yes.2001 Decomposition Reliability 11.1994 2.2005 2.1994 : : Thermal decomposition may be lowered by moisture.05.06.10.11.3 Type Value Conclusion Reliability : : not applicable Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (4) (5) BOILING POINT Remark Source 10. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (6) (7) (2) : : relative density = 1. Therefore this secondary literature is provided with a reliability of 2 (according to Klimisch).05.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) Remark Source 17. at 120 °C Most reliable data available.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) DENSITY : : : : relative density 1.OECD SIDS 2. 02. (2) Water = 559 g/l at 20 °C 11. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). pKa Description Stable Remark Conclusion Reliability Flag 11.06.2001 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.0 Most relevant data available.5 PARTITION COEFFICIENT 2.11.6.10.2004 Type Value Source 02.1 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.OECD SIDS 2. Therefore this secondary literature is provided with a reliability of 2 (according to Klimisch).2004 Solubility in Value : : 132 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .3.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE 2.1994 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.1050 kg/m3 at °C Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .11. pKa Description Stable Reliability : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SOLUBILITY IN DIFFERENT MEDIA Water = 850 g/l at 25 °C at °C at 25 °C pH of 1% solution is 4. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (8) at °C at °C at 25 °C other: decomposes in water forming oxygen (2) valid with restrictions Handbook data are considered to be originated from a trusted source (=Sax).2005 Reliability 11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (9) GRANULOMETRY : : : 2. (3) (8) bulk density 950 .1 : (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). 2 SURFACE TENSION : : : : : : : : : : : = 510 g/l at 25 °C at °C at 25 °C : : : : : : : : : : = 559 g/l at 20 °C = 2 . pH = 4 . (3) Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .6 for 1 % solution Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol.3 at 20 C.8 : : : : : FLASH POINT other non-combustible AUTO FLAMMABILITY UNEP PUBLICATIONS 133 .12.06.1994 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol. pKa Description Stable Source 16.OECD SIDS 2.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (10) 2. pKa Description Stable Remark Reliability 11.2005 at °C at 25 °C pH of 250 g/l solution is 2.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (9) Literature could not be retrieved.2.2004 Solubility in Value pH value concentration Temperature effects Examine different pol. pKa Description Stable Remark Source 16.5 250 g/l at 20 °C at 25 °C : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.1994 2.05.05.11.6.7 Method Year GLP Test substance Remark 21. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).2004 2. European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (12) DISSOCIATION CONSTANT : : Source 29. oxidizing properties (according to Dir.2004 Result Remark : : Test substance is an oxidizer. (3) (8) OXIDIZING PROPERTIES Remark Reliability 11. sulfur trioxide. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).05. nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Reliability 11. Yes.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Remark Reliability 11. UN-test) Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .14 ADDITIONAL REMARKS Remark Source 16.1994 2.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (9) 134 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .OECD SIDS 2.06.12 : 2.9 FLAMMABILITY : : : : : : other AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. (3) (8) other: oxidizing properties Literature could not be retrieved.2004 2.2004 2.05.11.11.2005 No combustion up to 800 degrees C.11 : : On decomposition releases oxygen which may intensify fire.13 VISCOSITY 2. oxidizing properties (according to UN transportation regulation.1994 : : Dangerous decomposition products: sulfur dioxide. EEC A17 test) Yes. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS). (11) 2. 67/548/EEC and amendments. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).11. The net reaction is: (S2O8)2. indicated below.0 10. (see also stability in water in potassium persulfate IUCLID data set). This suggests that the kinetic mechanism is independent of the persulfate concentration and values measured for potassium persulfate are indicative for ammonium persulfate. and it was determined to be 3. pH 1.1.9 kcal/mole for this sample was determined to be identical to the value reported by Kolthoff and Miller (1951) for dilute solutions.0 7. k2. Half lives of potassium persulfate at 50 deg C as a function of pH were calculated from data in the Koltoff and Miller (1951) report. product Method Year : : : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 135 .2005 3. From its temperature-dependence of the rate constant for a sample of ammonium persulfate containing various amounts of water. neutral and dilute acid solutions persulfate decomposes according to reaction (1) while in strongly acid solutions reactions (2) and (3) occur: S2O8(-) + H2O --> 2HSO4(-) + 1/2 O2 (1) H2S2O8 + H2O --> H2SO5 + H2SO4 (2) H2SO5 + H2O --> H2O2 + H2SO4 (3) Literature could not be retrieved.12. described in detail by Koltoff and Miller (1951) for dilute persulfate solutions.5 x 10-3 min-1 (m/l)-1. the half life is independent of initial concentration.2 Type t1/2 pH4 t1/2 pH7 t1/2 pH9 Remark : : : : : STABILITY IN WATER abiotic at °C at °C at °C Hydrolysis: in alkaline. This term becomes dominant at low pH's. These radicals initiate a series of propagating reactions producing hydroxyl radicals. Since the decomposition (hydrolysis) rate is first order. Koltoff and Miller (1951) measured the rates of decomposition in water for potassium persulfate at various pH's.OECD SIDS 3.+ H2O gives 1/2O2 + 2(SO4)2.1 PHOTODEGRADATION 3.2004 Deg.0 1.+ 2H+ The rate equation was described as having two terms once the solution became sufficiently acid: -d[(S2O8)2-]/dt = k1(H2O)((S2O8)2-) + k2 (H+)((S2O8)2-) Koltoff and Miller (1951) evaluated the rate constant for the acid-catalyzed term.6 3. (2) valid with restrictions Critical study for SIDS endpoint (13) (14) other Reliability Flag 21. The main kinetic mechanism begins with homolytic cleavage of persulfate to form sulfate ion radicals.1. the activation energy of 33. was also confirmed for saturated persulfate solutions using isothermal microwatt calorimetry. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.06. which ultimately produce hydrogen peroxide and a solution of acid sulfate.0 Half Life (hours) 20 65 120 130 210 The mechanism of decomposition (hydrolysis). (3) (8) Remark : Source 19.3. Degradation produces sulfate and at elevated temperatures pyrosulfate. and when heated to decomposition (120 degree C) toxic fumes of SOx are emitted.2 FIELD STUDIES 3.2004 Deg.2 DISTRIBUTION 3.3.2004 3. (2) valid with restrictions (7) other Test substance becomes unstable in presence of heat.3 STABILITY IN SOIL : : : : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.12.12.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (4) (5) MONITORING DATA 3.2004 : : During use oxygen could be formed.4 MODE OF DEGRADATION IN ACTUAL USE Remark Source 19. Literature could not be retrieved.06. (4) not assignable Secondary literature (MSDS).11. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Literature could not be retrieved.11.2. Degradation products in the environment are finally ammonium 136 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS GLP Test substance Remark Conclusion Reliability 21.2005 Aqueous solution decomposes at ambient temperature.2. moisture and contamination.OECD SIDS 3.1.1 TRANSPORT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS 3. product Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Reliability 21. Most reliable data available.1 : Decomposition of the crystals or powder occurs under moist conditions or at higher temperatures.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (10) Remark : During use oxygen is transfered or can be released.2004 3. 11.6. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 BOD5 Method Year Concentration BOD5 GLP Remark Source 19.OECD SIDS 3.05.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) BIODEGRADATION 3. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . water solubility).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 137 .5 : (NH4)+ and sulphate ions (for more references see data set on ammonium sulphate.1994 3. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 3.6 COD Method Year COD GLP Remark Source Test substance 19. The substance is not expected to bioaccumulate in cell systems (see 2.11. NEN 6633 1987 = 26 mg/g substance yes apparent COD-value due to oxidation of forming H2O2 in oxygen.06. which could reduce BOD and COD.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) at least 99 % (15) : : : : : : : related to = 0 mg/l no data Literature could not be retrieved. Literature could not be retrieved.2004 : : Literature could not be retrieved. CAS-no.7 BOD5. COD OR BOD5/COD RATIO : : : : : : : other: EEC 84/449. the test substance is an oxygen source itself.11.2005 Source 31. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .: 7783-20-2). ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. L251 (1984).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (16) BIOACCUMULATION Remark Source 19. Lassen Trout Farm. Hardness 275 mg CaCO3/L.Exposure vessel type: 25 L glass exposure chambers (covered) containing 10 L of water or test solution .Source: Well located near the test facility (Florida.Test type: static . TSS <4 mg/L.Supplier: Mt. CA .3 yes EPA OPP 72-1 yes 4.Chemistry (Alkalinity 264-273 mg CaCO3/L. When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm.Dissolved oxygen: 78-93% .Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No. 22. pH 7.Measuring times: Daily .Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss . USA) . This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution.Feeding (pretreatment): Trout chow until 24-48 hours prior to testing .pH: 7. Conductance 440 umhos/cm) TEST SYSTEM .0.Photoperiod: 16 hours light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . K-7870. Red Bluff.Concentrations: 0.Test temperature: 13-14 C .Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g/L prepared in filtered deionised well water DILUTION WATER . 36.1 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method TEST ORGANISMS .9-8.0-8.2005 ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH : : : : : : : : : : : : static Oncorhynchus mykiss (Fish.Age/weight/loading: juveniles of 200-600 mg . 60 and 100 mg/L (nominal) . 2 replicates/treatment .Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 hours TEST PARAMETER: mortality/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: Daily ANALYSES: .Feeding during test: none STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.1 mg/L.OECD SIDS 4. fresh water) 96 hour(s) mg/l 76. 13. A standard curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L ammonium 138 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . TOC 2.Number of fish: 10 per replicate.06.5 . respectively . Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 110 and 96% . Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes. ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 60. 30.Mortality [%]: 0.1 mg/L. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 96 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations. USA) . RESULTS: . ASTM STP 634.998). 12.1%.Feeding (pretreatment): Combination of trout chow.Feeding during test: none STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . publication E729-80. 36. FL .Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g/L prepared in filtered deionised well water DILUTION WATER . STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan. pp. 61. 37. The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980.Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*. pH 7.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0.8. Waldo.. 95.Chemistry (Alkalinity 264 mg CaCO3/L.Supplier: Shongaloo Fisheries. 100 .2005 persulphate in well water (r2 = 0.0-7.5 g/L . Conductance UNEP PUBLICATIONS 139 .65-84.OECD SIDS 4.Dose related effects: yes *ND: not detected CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 13. (1) valid without restriction The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and trout food for the presence of pesticides.E.Other effects: erratic swimming behavior of several fish in 60 mg/L and loss of equilibrium of 1 fish in 100 mg/L at 96 hours .12.06.3 mg/L (95% CI 61-100 mg/L) Most sensitive. TOC 2. and amphibians. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (17) : : : : : : : : : : : : static Lepomis macrochirus (Fish.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ORGANISMS . 30. flake food until 24-48 hours prior to testing . 96 h LC50 76.Species: Lepomis macrochirus . 22. Hardness 275 mg CaCO3/L. 40. 10. 22.Source: Well located near the test facility (Florida. 100 . TSS <4 mg/L. macroinvertebrates. reliable LC50. 0.Age/weight/loading: juveniles of 100-400 mg. hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. LOQ 5 mg/L. brine shrimp. purity 99. C. fresh water) 96 hour(s) mg/l 103 yes EPA OPP 72-1 yes Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. Philadelphia. The oxygen level fell below 60% of air saturation at 72 hours in one replicate of the highest test concentration (53%). 22. publication E729-80. 2 replicates/treatment .Measuring times: Daily . From 72 hours on all test vessels were aerated.Test type: static .Dissolved oxygen: 65-100% except for the 72 hour-value in one replicate of the highest dose group (53%). The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980. ASTM STP 634. 50. 13. 13. 103 . 0.Exposure vessel type: 12 L glass exposure chambers (covered) containing 5 L of water or test solution . 37. 22. 36.4 .Number of fish: 10 per replicate. 63.Mortality [%]: 0.2005 TEST SYSTEM . and amphibians. Thereafter all test vessels were aerated and the oxygen level increased to reach values above 60%. respectively .Test temperature: 22 C . 100 . 0. A standard curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L ammonium persulphate in well water (r2 = 0. RESULTS: .7-8. pp. ECOTOXICITY 520 umhos/cm) AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06..Dose related effects: yes *ND: not detected CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 110 and 96% . This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution. purity 99.06. C. 22. 0.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0.Photoperiod: 16 hours light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .Concentrations: 0.998). STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan. 12.Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*. hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 140 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 5. 36. Philadelphia. 60 and 100 mg/L (nominal) . The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and bluegill food for the presence of pesticides.E. LOQ 5 mg/L.pH: 7. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes.1%.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 96 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations.65-84.OECD SIDS 4.Other effects: lethargic or gyrating behaviour in 2 of 10 fish at 100 mg/L .Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation.Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 hours TEST PARAMETER: mortality/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: Daily ANALYSES: . macroinvertebrates. 96-h LC50 103 mg/L (95% CI 63 mg/L-infinity) (1) valid without restriction 1. 60. K-7870. 2. . 40. solvent: None . ECOTOXICITY compliance with GLP.Chemistry: Alkalinity.Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION .Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0.2 (before aeration) TEST SYSTEM .Mortality [%]: 0. 1971) RESULTS: . 48 and 72 h (fresh and aged) and at 96 h (aged) .Measuring times: At 0 h (fresh). 180. .Number of fish: 5 per replicate. 1000 . only reaction when touching the caudal peduncle (1 fish at 320 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 141 . 21. 24. incidental decreased swimming ability (>=320 mg/L).Other effects: Increased pigmentation (>=180 mg/L). 1980. 560.Test temperature: Probably 23+/-2 C (not measured) . 320. 320.Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 hours TEST PARAMETER: mortality and behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: 2. 48 and 72 hours . 0. 72.Feeding (pretreatment): Once a day with Tetramin and Tetraphyl (1:1) discontinued 24 hours prior to the start of the test . 560. 2 replicates/treatment .Photoperiod: Probably 14 hours PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . 100.Supplier: Bred at test facility NOTOX. fresh water) 96 hour(s) mg/l 323 OECD Guide-line 203 "Fish.Test type: semi-static . 96 hours ANALYSES: not performed Result : STATISTICAL METHOD: Probit analysis (Finney.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit LC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.Renewal of test solution: at 24. Hardness 199 mg CaCO3/L. Acute Toxicity Test" 1988 yes TEST ORGANISMS .6-8.size: 10-30 mm . The Netherlands .4 .Species: Poecilia reticulata .2005 (18) semistatic Poecilia reticulata (Fish.Dissolved oxygen: >=72% . 0.Concentrations: 0. 1000 . 100. at 24.pH 8.Source: Dutch standard water according to Adema.12.06.pH: 7. 100.Other procedures: Test substance was dissolved in water with the aid of ultra sonication DILUTION WATER . 180.Exposure vessel type: 1 L glass vessels . respectively .Vehicle. 100.OECD SIDS 4. 48. 0-8. ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 180.Test type: static .12.Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION . 96 h LC50 323 mg/L (95% CI 285-405 mg/L) (2) valid with restrictions No analyses were performed to confirm the nominal test concentrations.Source/supplier: Environmental Science & Engineering. dionized.Dose related effects: yes CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).4 TEST SYSTEM . 2 replicates/treatment .. purity >=99%.Chemistry: Hardness 169 mg CaCO3/L.Measuring times: 0.2 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : TEST ORGANISMS .Concentrations: 0.Feeding (pretreatment): Synthetic food composed of yeast. well water.4 . 39.Exposure vessel type: (covered) glass cylinders (d 100 mm. DILUTION WATER . 108.Photoperiod (intensity of irradiation): 16 hours (1183 lux) PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . Alkalinity 119 mg CaCO3/L. 24.06.2004 4. h 50 mm) containing 250 mL dilution water or test solution . pH 8. trout chow.2005 mg/L and 1 fish at 1000 mg/L) .Other procedures: test solutions were prepared from a stock solution of 10 g ammonium persulfate/L in filtered. 65. Inc.Number of individuals: 10 per replicate. This lowers the study reliability.pH: 8. Florida. Florida) . (19) ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES : : : : : : : : : : : static Daphnia magna (Crustacea) 48 hour(s) mg/l 120 yes EPA OPP 72-2 yes Test substance Conclusion Reliability 21.OECD SIDS 4.Breeding method: laboratory bred . Conductivity 560 umhos/cm.Dissolved oxygen: 96-101% .Species: Daphnia magna . 48 h .Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 48 hours 142 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Age: <24 hours . 300 mg/L . USA . Gainesville.Source: Reconstituted well water (Gainesville. cereal leaves .Test temperature: 21-22 C . Feeding (pretreatment): Daily with a suspension of Chlorella pyrenoidosa . When reacted with persulphate a red-orange ferric thiocyanate complex was formed which has a maximum absorbance at 460 nm. LOQ 5 mg/L. pp.Source/supplier: NOTOX. 41.. hydrocarbons and heavy metals was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP.2005 TEST PARAMETER: Immobility/behavioral changes OBSERVATION TIMES: 24. The Netherlands . 0.E. 300 .Other effects: Lethargic behavior at 108-300 mg/L .Dose related effects: yes CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 180. (1) valid without restriction 1. This kit consists of self-filling ampoules containing ammonium biocyanate and ferrous iron in an acidic solution. ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 20. STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan.Sampling times: At 0 h (replicate A) and at 48 hours (replicate B) for all concentrations.998).Measured concentrations (mg/L): ND*.Breeding method: laboratory bred (19+/-1 C. 68. 16 h light. 15. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 110 and 96% . . 109.OECD SIDS 4. ASTM STP 634.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : TEST ORGANISMS .89%.Age: <24 hours . batches start with Daphnids of <3 days old and cultures >4 weeks were discarded).Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION Ammonium persulfate was dissolved directly in water within 3 hours before UNEP PUBLICATIONS 143 .Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0. reliable EC50. K-7870.Immobility [%]: 0. purity 99.65-84. 185. 313 . 95.06. 65.12. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (20) static Daphnia magna (Crustacea) 24 hour(s) mg/l 357 no OECD Guide-line 202 1984 yes Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. RESULTS: . respectively .Method: spectrophotometrically using CHEMets Kit No. C. The test is performed under GLP with the following exception: periodic analyses of dilution water and daphnid food for the presence of pesticides. 48 h ANALYSES: . 39. 100. 108. 48 h EC50 120 mg/L (95% CI 103-139 mg/L) Most sensitive. Philadelphia.Species: Daphnia magna . A standard curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-100 mg/L ammonium persulphate in well water (r2 = 0. Number of individuals: 10 per replicate. 1000 mg/L . Ca/Mg ratio 1.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0.Dissolved oxygen: 90-102% .2 +/. . 320.OECD SIDS 4.12.2005 DILUTION WATER . Result : STATISTICAL METHOD: Probit analysis (Finney. 1980.Test temperature: 19-20 C .1 mmol/L. sum Mg and Ca 2. 180.0. 2 replicates/treatment .Adjustment of pH: no DURATION OF THE TEST: 24 hours TEST PARAMETER: immobilisation OBSERVATION TIMES: 24 hours ANALYSES: not performed REFERENCE SUBSTANCE: 48 h immobilisation test with K2Cr2O7 at concentrations 0-3.9:1.Concentrations: 0. 100.2 mg/L was performed in parallel with the test with ammonium persulphate. 100. 20. 560.7-8.06. 560.3 .2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Analytical monitoring Method Year 144 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . the study reliability is lowered.Test type: static .Exposure vessel type: 100 mL glass vessels . 100.Dose related effects: yes RESULTS: TEST WITH REFERENCE SUBSTANCE 24 h EC50 1.6 mg/L CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 0.Measuring times: 0. ECOTOXICITY start of the test.Chemistry: Hardness 199 mg CaCO3/L. OECD 202 does not require analyses.pH: 7. purity not specified. respectively . 180.1 mg/L 48 h EC50 0. AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 320. 1971) RESULTS: . 24 h . 0.2 TEST SYSTEM . 1000 . 24 h EC50 357 mg/L (95% CI 312-448 mg/L) (2) valid with restrictions No analyses were performed during this test to confirm the nominal test concentrations.Source: Dutch Standard Water formulated according to Adema. (21) : : : : : : : : static Palaemonetes pugio (Crustacea) 96 hour(s) mg/l 391 yes EPA OPP 72-3 Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 21. Na/K ratio 6:1. pH 8. but since there is also no information on the purity of the test substance. 100.Immobility [%]: 0.Photoperiod: 16 hours PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . 224. FL .No.Species: Palaemonetes pugio (0. DILUTION WATER .Chemistry: alkalinity 183 mg/L CaCO3 TEST SYSTEM . STATISTICAL METHOD: Stephan. 96 h LC50 391 mg/L (95% CI 348-584 mg/L) (1) valid without restriction Remark Result : : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 145 . . 79. 360. The study was also performed in agreement with ASTM 1980. FL (salinity adjusted with well water to 20 ppt) .9-8.OECD SIDS 4. 5.2005 TEST ORGANISMS .Feeding during test: no STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION .Salinity: 20-21 ppt DURATION OF THE TEST: 96 h TEST PARAMETER: Mortality/symptoms OBSERVATION TIMES: 24.999. Validation samples of 10 and 100 mg/L showed recoveries of 102-105%.15 g at test end) . Marineland.Photoperiod: 16 h light PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS . St. shrimps were individually caged in screen cups) and containing 10 L of solution .Concentrations: 78.65-84.89%. Augustine. pp. C. 130. ECOTOXICITY GLP Test substance Method : : : yes AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Philadelphia. 137. 348 and 584 mg/L were respectively 0. and amphibians. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes. 1977 In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. A) and 96 h (repl. B) from all concentrations by colorimetric reaction followed by spectrophotometrical analysis.Source: Atlantic Ocean water near Whitney Laboratory.Supplier: Aquatic Indicators. publication E729-80. 30 and 100%. untreated controls.E.pH: 7. 48. .Measuring times: daily for all test vessels . 10 screen cups/replicate. 600 mg/L (no vehicle).Test type: static . macroinvertebrates. Analytical results: Calibration curve with r2=0. 96 h ANALYSES: At 0 (repl.. 2 replicates/treatment.3 . 72. No behavioral changes were reported. ASTM STP 634. Mortality at the measured concentrations 0.Test temperature: 20-21°C . purity 99. of shrimps: 1/screen cup.Dissolved oxygen: 87-98% . CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).A stock solution containing 10 g/L test substance was prepared in filtered deionized well water. 10. 216. Mean measured test concentrations were 97-101% of nominal.Exposure vessel type: 25 L glass jars (covered.06-0.06. 15. 120 other 21. 146 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2004 4. One provided the theoretical purity of the test substance (=99. continuous illumination (~3333 lux).11.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (23) TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS E. Non-key study (saltwater organism).OECD SIDS 4.Pretreatment: 5 day old inoculum culture .5. ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Austin (1989) .Initial cell concentration: 3000 cells/mL STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION Direct addition of test substance to the 600 mL volumes of freshwater algal media. Growth Inhibition Test" 1984 yes TEST ORGANISMS . temp.06. GLP-study with the following exception: the periodic analysis of dilution water and shrimp food was not carried out in complete compliance with GLP. Two version of page 8 were included.2005 1. since 1989 until study (1998) kept at performing lab . 1990). 24+/-2 C .2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC50 Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.Laboratory culture: yes.7 yes OECD Guide-line 201 "Algae.G.Method of cultivation: cultured on freshwater algal medium (ASTM. 3.1%) and the other provided the experimental purity (=99. (22) : : : : : : : : : : Daphnia magna (Crustacea) 48 mg/l ca.89%). Type of test : static Test substance: no data Method : Bringmann.: 23 degree C GLP : no Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .3 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit NOEC 72h-EC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Method : Literature could not be retrieved. 2.12. Kuehn (1959) pH: 7.Species: Selenastrum capricornutum .Source/supplier: University of Texas. In this summary the measured value is included.2 = 83. ALGAE : : : : : : : : : : : : : Selenastrum capricornutum (Algae) biomass 120 hour(s) mg/l 39. 1-9.Exposure vessel type: 250 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of medium .5 at t=0 DURATION OF TEST: 120 hours TEST PARAMETER: cell counts (electronic particle counter) OBSERVATION TIMES: 24.4-7.Test temperature: 23-25 C (daily.7%.9-7.2005 GROWTH/TEST MEDIUM CHEMISTRY . 6 for control .OECD SIDS 4.5* (start). 28.5 (120 h.Chemistry: not specified.1 TEST SYSTEM . purity 98.Measured concentrations (mg/L): <1. 120 h ANALYSES: .4-7.9-7. 6. . 7.8 (120 h. CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 23.Inh.999).5 to 7.5-6. A calibration curve was generated with five concentrations ranging from 5-59 mg/L ammonium persulphate in algae medium (r2 = 0. ECOTOXICITY DILUTION WATER . 20. 52.Number of replicates: 3 for treatments. 64. QCs spiked at 20 and 300 mg/L showed recoveries of 98-101%. 24. 687 after 120 h STATISTICAL RESULTS: At 72 hours the cell numbers at treatments 65-300 mg/L are significantly reduced when compared to the control treatment.6. 180. LOD/LOQ 1. 39. 7.5+/-0. 70. 300 . 39. 1 parallel uninoc.4-7. 65.Photoperiod (intensity of irradiation): continuous illumination (2567-3947 lux) PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS .xls and ref14A. 300 mg/L). 50.Nominal concentrations (mg/L): 0. 41.Inh.56/4. 96. 8. -2. 23 mg/L).Sampling times: 0. 180. 83 GROWTH FACTOR CONTROL: 52 after 72 h. biomass (AUC-72 h) (% of control): 0. 313 .8 (120 h. 50.7 (120 h. 21. 48.2-7. 108. 23.pH: 7. 108.Method: Colorimetric analysis at 460 nm with a spectrophotometer (corrected for blank values).Concentrations: 0. reported to be reconstituted in accordance with ASTM (1990) . 72.xls Result : Test substance Attached document : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 147 . flask) . At 120 hours significant reduction is seen at all test concentrations except for the lowest test concentration (23 mg/L).3 (72 h). 72 (extra inoculated flasks (parallel)). Dunnett's procedure RESULTS: .11 mg/L. 300 mg/L . 71 .06. see ref14. ANOVA. control) * The pH was adapted from 6. 185. 65. Validation samples of 10 and 592 mg/L showed recoveries of respectively 98 and 104%. 24.Cell density data: see attached document . 39.pH: 7. 120 h STATISTICAL METHOD: Probit analyses.Test type: static . growth rate (% of control-120 h): 0. 106.Source: deionised water (reconstituted) AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 39-180 mg/L). 6. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (24) Scenedesmus quadricauda (Algae) growth rate 96 mg/l = 33 other: Bringmann. no further data Literature could not be retrieved.2 mg/l (as NH4). Since however an adequate control growth was observed.2005 72 h EbC50 83. Since the adaptation was limited the study reliability was not lowered.2 no data other: no data no data no data IC50 (root-weight/length. ECOTOXICITY Conclusion Reliability : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. the reviewer recalculated the EC50 values using log-linear regression analysis.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) pH 7. because these are the standard values according to OECD 201. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . type of test: static (23) : : : : : : : : : : : : : other aquatic plant: Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) growth rate mg/l = 13.11. Because the calculation of the inhibition on growth rate and biomass was not in accordance with the method used by OECD 201.4. the study reliability was not lowered. 3.12.16. 24 degree C. The pH was elevated before the start of the test from 6. The values for 72 hours exposure are presented.2004 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit EC10 Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source Test condition 19. stem-weight/length): 13.2004 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 148 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .16. Rises in pH of maximal 2 units in the control were probably associated with CO2 depletion from test media due to cell growth and do not invalidate the test. (1) valid without restriction 1. Kuehn 1959 no no data Literature could not be retrieved. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .7 mg/L (95% CI 72-98 mg/L) 120 h ErC50 154 mg/L (95% CI 125-201 mg/L) Only study available. There was insufficient information on the composition of the algae medium (reported to be in accordance with ASTM.2 .5.11. 1990).European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (25) Flag 21. This resulted in 120 h EbC50 of 114 mg/L (95% CI 61-212 mg/L) and 120 h ErC50 >296 mg/L.2004 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit EC50 Limit test Analytical monitoring Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.06.OECD SIDS 4.3 to 7. In the attached document the percentages of inhibition calculated in accordance with OECD 201 and used for the recalculation of the EC50 values are included. 4. 2.2 .9-7. 3. Nr.12. 3. 10 blank flasks (without test substance). 1979 yes Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : Result Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : : A stock solution of ammonium persulphate was prepared in water (conc. The growth factor could not be deduced from the report (DIN 38 412 Teil 8: 100 after 18 h).0). pH 7. Niemitz). 2. but is not in compliance with the current standards. the extinction (436 nm) was measured. The positive control was reported to fall within the acceptable range (EC10 20611 mg/L.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC10 NOEC Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : Escherichia coli (Bacteria) 24 mg/l = 1000 < 1000 other Literature could not be retrieved. the test medium used differed slightly from the medium described in DIN 38412 Teil 8 (1991). 9E-5. 0. ECOTOXICITY 4. purity not indicated. (3) invalid 1. 79000 mg methanol/L) were incubated for 18±2 h at 25°C. Ad-hoc-Arbeidsgruppe I (Obmann Dr. 18-h EC10 36 mg/L. 0.02. 0. 1. 100 mg/l. LTwS.2005 TOXICITY TO MICROORGANISMS E.1. 39500. 2E-5. There was no information on the pH during the test. BACTERIA aquatic Pseudomonas putida (Bacteria) 18 hour(s) mg/l 36 no other: Umweltsbundesamt (UBA) Guidelines: Bewertung wassergefaehrdender Stoffe. 9875. At the end of the test. because it cannot be excluded that the growth factor was sub-optimal (DIN 38412 Teil 8). III Bestimmung der akuten Bakterientoxizitaet. (26) 21. 19750. Inhibition [%] at 6E-6-25 mg/L <=2% and at 100 mg/L 66% Reference substance: EC10 20611 mg/L (literature: 6600 mg/L). CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). The study reliability was lowered. 6E-3.6. The study was probably conducted in accordance with the guidelines at that time.G. 6. Three parallel series of 13 flasks (one flask for each concentration). September 1979. water and 10 ml of inoculum of Pseudomonas putida. Test concentrations were 6E-6. literature EC10 6600 mg/L).OECD SIDS 4. 13 abiotic control flasks (without inoculum) and positive control (5 flasks: 4938. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 149 . 25 and 100 mg/L.4 Type Species Exposure period Unit EC10 Analytical monitoring Method : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 2E-3. Test solutions (100 mL) were prepared by adding together the required volume of (diluted) stock solution. nutrient medium.4.06. 4E-4. 11.0 % (irrigation water) Exposure period: 10 days Effect : damage to foliage (approx.2004 Type Species Exposure period Unit NOEC Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : Source 19.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (28) Source 19.11.11.2004 4. Kuehn (1959) pH: 7. ECOTOXICITY Remark AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.OECD SIDS 4.1 TOXICITY TO SEDIMENT DWELLING ORGANISMS 4.6.5.2 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS other terrestrial plant: Vicia faba (bean) other: damage to foliage and stem other: irrigation (soil covered) no data no data Concentration : 1.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES 4.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (23) : : : : : : : : : : other bacteria: Brevibacterium thiogenitalis (ATCC 19240) 48 mg/l = 20 other Source 19.6.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (27) CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH 4.glutamic acid Test substance: purity = no data Method : Fukuda et al.5.5. 2 %) Literature could not be retrieved.2005 : EC10 (48 h) = 1000 mg/l NOEC (48 h) < 1000 mg/l Test substance: no data Type of test : static Method : Bringmann.06. temp.: 27 degree C GLP : no Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 45 %) slight damage to stem (approx.2004 : 150 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1 : Literature could not be retrieved. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Remark: L-glutamic acid forming bacterium Effect: increased formation of L. Year: 1971 GLP : no data Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . stem other: irrigation (soil covered) no data no data Concentration : 1.7 : 4.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (29) (30) BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING Source 19.0 % (irrigation water) Exposure period: 10 days Effect : strong damage to foliage (approx. TERR.OECD SIDS 4.6. SPECIES other not soil dwelling arthropod: Tyrophagus putrescentiae (mold mite)/ arachnid other: reproduction other: Ammoniumpersulfate was mixed with a wheat germ diet. TO OTHER NON MAMM.2004 4.8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS 4.2005 : : : : : : : : : other terrestrial plant: Solanum tuberosum (potatoes) other: damage to foliage.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (28) TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.3 : 4.06.6. 6 . The egg viability was only slightly affected. tests were conducted at 25 degree C and 85 % relative humidity.5.8 %) Literature could not be retrieved. 3. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .4 Species Endpoint Exposure period Unit Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : TOX. 6 % by weight Exposure period: 17 days Effect : 3 % and 6 % concentration of ammoniumpersulfate strongly reduced fertility. 90 %) slight damage to stem (approx. Literature could not be retrieved. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .11. control group: yes no data no data Concentration : 1.2004 4.9 ADDITIONAL REMARKS UNEP PUBLICATIONS 151 . ECOTOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.11. 06.12.Time of death: within three days CLINICAL SIGNS: abdominal gripping. 0/5 (660 mg/kg). oral discharge. All rats recovered within 8 days.1 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method : : : : : : : : : ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY LD50 = 700 mg/kg bw rat Sprague-Dawley male/female 10 water 300. anorexia.Age: young adults .Volume administered or concentration: 25% w/v . LD50 = 700 (502-898) mg/kg bw for females and 742 (237-1247) mg/kg bw for males Most reliable study. 660 and 750 mg/kg bw . 3/5 (750 mg/kg) Female: 1/5 (500 mg/kg). Critical study for SIDS endpoint (31) LD50 = 600 mg/kg bw rat male 6 152 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . decreased locomotion. 3/5 (750 mg/kg) . no faeces. 500.Post dose observation period: 14 days EXAMINATIONS: mortality and clinical symptoms at 0. 3.Number: 5/sex/treatment (except at 300 mg/kg only male) . abdominogenital staining. hypothermia lacrimation. 4 and 6 hours after dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days. dyspnea.OECD SIDS 5. Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. 500. (1) valid without restriction 1. 2/5 (660 mg/kg).0 5.Number of deaths at each dose: Male: 0/5 (300 mg/kg). 7 and 14 and necropsy on day 14 Result : STATISTICAL METHOD: modified Logit-Linear Regression MORTALITY: . chromodacryorrhea.Doses per time period: single .Weight at study initiation: 215-266 g (male). 660 and 750 mg/kg bw TEST ORGANISMS: .2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals : : : : : : : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: no gross lesions CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). decreased feces.5. 2. body weight on days 0. METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION 5. dehydration. 1. 2/5 (500 mg/kg). ataxia. chromorhinorrhea. purity 99%.2005 TOXICOKINETICS. 151-186 g (female) ADMINISTRATION: . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Only draft report was available.Source: Charles River Laboratories .Doses: 300. diarrhoea. tremors and unthriftiness.1. European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (33) LD50 = 495 mg/kg bw rat : : : : : : : : : : : : : OECD Guide-line 401 "Acute Oral Toxicity" 1991 yes no data Literature could not be retrieved. (32) LD50 = 820 mg/kg bw rat : : : : : : : : : : : : : : other: strain: Wistar (m). drooping eyes Test substance Reliability 21. clinical signs. macroscopy MORTALITY: .2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.12. Smyth et al. 0/6 (500). purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions The information in the report was confined to the above. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw .Post dose observation period: not reported Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality.Number of deaths at each dose: 0/6 (100). UNEP PUBLICATIONS 153 .2005 TEST ORGANISMS: .Time of death: within 24 hours CLINICAL SIGNS: depressed. 5/6 (1000) .2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: within normal limits CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).Doses: 100. 1962 no no data Literature could not be retrieved.OECD SIDS 5.Number: 6/treatment .Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: . TOXICITY Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : water other: not indicated no AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.06.11. decreased locomotion and loss of muscle control.11. pallor.Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories.2 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ORGANISMS: . lacrimation. 161-193 g (female) . languid behaviour.1. necropsy on day 15 ANALYSES: . increased secretory response. stilted gait.Number of animals: 5/sex/treatment . 133. 206 and 211 minutes MORTALITY: . crusts about the face. 240 min thereafter and twice daily until day 14. 90. 138. North Carolina .Number of deaths at each dose: none CLINICAL SIGNS: on day 1 after exposure: respiratory distress. salivation.06.Sampling times: 30. 153.95 mg/L .2004 5.Method: gravimetrically . 8 and 15. observation period: 14 days Effects: Clinical signs included tremors.Weight at study initiation: 222-255 g (male).4 per hour EXAMINATIONS: mortality and clinical signs hourly during exposure and at 30.Type or preparation of particles: Spengler dust feeder . 5. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .OECD SIDS 5.Type of exposure: whole body .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (34) ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : LC50 > 2.Exposure duration: 4 hours . squinted eye(s).Age: 45 days .95 mg/l rat Sprague-Dawley male/female 10 4 hour(s) EPA OPP 81-3 yes Source 19. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. body weight prior to exposure and on days 2.0/2. substance on Result : 154 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Particle size (MMAD): 97% < 10 micron .2005 Method: female rats. strain: Sprague-Dawley. splayed hindlimbs. 35.Concentrations(nominal/measured): 5.Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: . All clinical signs subsided by day 5. 143. APS administered as 25 % (w/v) solution in tap water. 158.Air changes: 12. Type of exposure: aerosol of 25% ammonium persulfate suspension in water . convulsions at highest dose only NECROPSY FINDINGS: black liver.9 and 696.2005 fur. Test substance Reliability : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 155 .Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: .Concentrations(nominal): 283. 8-14 days (other two doses) CLINICAL SIGNS: instability and lethargy at all doses.06.3 mg/L Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality. 7/7 (696.5. macroscopy MORTALITY: . distended stomach and hemorrhagic lungs at 696. Oral uptake from the fur cannot be excluded.OECD SIDS 5. thickened spleen at 443. The dust generator was stopped and filled twice during the exposure. purity assumed to be 100% Most reliable study.3) .Exposure duration: 1 h . urine stains. clinical signs. 2.3 mg/L. Only males were tested.Number of animals: 7/treatment . except on day 2 as minimal response to the treatment Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21.Number of deaths at each dose: 1/7 (283. 443. 1/7 (443. during observation period: crusts. purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions 1. (1) valid without restriction 1. rough haircoat and alopecia BODY WEIGHT GAIN: yes. Sedimentation and/or impaction of the dust in the exposure chamber was observed.5).Time of death: within 2 days (highest dose).9 mg/L CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).2004 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Exposure time Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: one animal with alopecia CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).12. 2. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (35) LC50 = 520 mg/l rat male 7 water 1 hour(s) other: not indicated no TEST ORGANISMS: .9). Type of exposure not indicated and the exposure time is only 1 hour (OECD402: 4 hours). TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 2004 Type Value Species Strain : : : : : : : : NECROPSY FINDINGS: no gross internal lesions CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). NY .Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: . body weights on day 0.OECD SIDS 5.Number: 5/sex/treatment . 3. necropsy on day 14 MORTALITY: .06. 7 and 14.3 Type Value Species Strain Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method TEST ORGANISMS: . LOCAL IRRITATION: erythema in 2/5 males on day 1 BODY WEIGHT: no treatment-related effects Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. Germantown. 2. 7 and 14.12. 4 and 6 hours and twice daily thereafter until day 14. 1.Removal of test substance: wiped with gauze moistened with methanol and rinsed with tap water EXAMINATIONS: mortality and clinical signs at 0.Weight at study initiation: 237-270 g (male) and 228-249 g (female) .Total amount applied: 18-21 mg/cm2 (moistened with physiol.2004 5. (1) valid without restriction Critical study for SIDS endpoint (36) LD50 > 10000 mg/kg bw rabbit 156 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . chromodacryorrhea and lacrimation (recovery within 2 days). The information in the report was confined to the above. Most reliable study. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.12.0 x 5.Area covered: 5.Occlusion: yes . purity 99%. 3.1.Number of deaths: none CLINICAL SIGNS: abdominogenital staining.2005 3.Source: Taconic Farms. saline) . (32) ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY : : : : : : : : : : : : : LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw rat Sprague-Dawley male/female 10 OECD Guide-line 402 "Acute dermal Toxicity" 1987 yes 21.Age: young adult . chromorhinorrhea.Dose: 2000 mg/kg bw .0 cm .5. local irritation on days 1. 2004 5.Strain: New Zealand White . erythema and eschar formation on accidently damaged skin NECROPSY FINDINGS: few small hemorrhagic areas between muscle and facia CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).8 kg .6-2.Dose: 10000 mg/kg bw (undiluted) Result : EXAMINATIONS: mortality. TOXICITY Sex Number of animals Vehicle Doses Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : male 4 other: not indicated no AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.Age: young adult .Number of animals: 3/sex/treatment ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE . OTHER ROUTES Test substance Reliability 21.Number of deaths at each dose: none CLINICAL SIGNS: skin irritation.1 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : SKIN IRRITATION rabbit undiluted Semiocclusive 4 hour(s) 6 not irritating not irritating OECD Guide-line 404 "Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion" 1981 yes TEST ANIMALS: .Preparation of test substance: application as granular UNEP PUBLICATIONS 157 .Weight at study initiation: 2376 g . purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions The information in the report was confined to the above.Sex: male/female .06. (32) ACUTE TOXICITY.Source: Hazleton Research Animals.Controls: none ADMINISTRATION: .12.4 : : 5. clinical signs.2. Pennsylvania . macroscopy MORTALITY: .2005 TEST ORGANISMS: .Weight at study initiation: 2. Inc.1. Denver.OECD SIDS 5. 12. AVERAGE SCORE .12. saline .Occlusion: yes .Erythema: 0 . 24.Edema: 0 CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).2005 solid .2004 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method Remark Result Test substance Reliability 21.5 g moistened with physiol.Scoring system: Draize . purity 99.Removal of test substance: wiped with gauze moistened with methanol and rinsed with tap water EXAMINATIONS .2004 Species Concentration Exposure Exposure time Number of animals Vehicle PDII Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. (1) valid without restriction The exposure area was larger than required by the OECD guideline .5%. Exposure time in accordance with the guideline.Erythema: 0 at all observation times .Amount applied: 0. (37) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : rabbit no data 6 not irritating other: not indicated no Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 21.while the amount applied was according to guideline requirements.Edema: 0 at all observation times OTHER EFFECTS: none CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).25 cm2 instead of 6 cm2 . 48 and 72 hours AVERAGE SCORE . purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions (32) rabbit not irritating other: Patch-test 158 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .OECD SIDS 5.Examination time points: 4.Area of exposure: 5x5 cm2 .06.Examination time points: 24 and 72 h The information in the report is very limited.5. 2005 Literature could not be retrieved.11.0 (72 h) .Strain: New Zealand White .0 (24 h).1 other: gram 72 hour(s) 9 slightly irritating OECD Guide-line 405 "Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion" 1987 yes Source 19.Amount of substance instilled: 0.4-3. Pennsylvania .OECD SIDS 5.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (38) EYE IRRITATION : : : : : : : : : : : : : : rabbit .0 (24.Conjuntivae (Chemosis): 0.Scoring system: Draize .7 (48 h). 1.5%.2.Conjuntivae (Redness): 1.Source: Hazleton Research Animals.06. purity 99.2004 Species Concentration Dose : : : : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 159 .Age: young adult . Most reliable study. 0. Denver.Sex: male/female .Weight at study initiation: 2.0 kg .33 (1 h). TOXICITY Remark : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. (1) valid without restriction (39) rabbit Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability 21.Cornea: 0.0 for all observation times .1 g (local anaesthetic (tetracaine hydrochloride) was used before the treatment) . 0.Iris: 0.12. 48 and 72 h) . 0. 48 and 72 h (at 24 h also by fluorescein) AVERAGE SCORE not washed: .2004 5.2 (1 h).2 Species Concentration Dose Exposure time Comment Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : TEST ANIMALS: . Test substance: > 99 % Method : OECD (1981) GLP : no Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .Removal of substance: 3 male and 3 female not washed and 3 female washed with tap water after 30 sec EXAMINATIONS .Number of animals: 3 males and 6 females ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE .Observation times: 1.0 for all observation times DESCRIPTION OF LESIONS: slight to mild conjunctivitis during first 48 h CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 24. Inc. 11.3 Type Species Concentration Number of animals : Literature could not be retrieved. TOXICITY Exposure time Comment Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : 72 hour(s) 8 not irritating other: not indicated no AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.Scoring system: Draize .2005 Remark Result : : Test substance Reliability 21.Overall irritation score: 0 CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).2004 Species Concentration Dose Exposure time Comment Number of animals Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : EXAMINATIONS .1 % intracutaneous 2nd: Challenge 1 % occlusive epicutaneous 3rd: 20 160 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Conjunctivae: 0 .12.OECD SIDS 5.Observation period: 72 h The information in the report was very limited. iris.Cornea: 0 .06. Result : slightly irritating Test substance: > 99 % Method : OECD (1981) GLP : no Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 5.Iris: 0 .European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (40) SENSITIZATION : : : : Guinea pig maximization test guinea pig 1st: Challenge . purity not indicated (2) valid with restrictions The information in the report was confined to the above. conjunctivae . AVERAGE SCORE . The method used is not at all clear. (32) rabbit : : : : : : : : : : : : : : other: Draize-test Source 19.cornea. 4. saline for intracutaneous and water for epicutaneous application ambiguous OECD Guide-line 406 "Skin Sensitization" 1981 no data TEST ANIMALS: .Second challenge: day 50 epicutaneous EXAMINATIONS . Borchen .Source: Winkelmann. It is reported that the 1% solution used is sub-irritant. According to the OECD 406 method (Magnusson and Kligman) only 10% of the animals tested is positive in the epidermal challenge and therefore the substance would not be sensitizing.Challenge schedule: day 36 intracutaneous . Intradermal challenge: positive Epidermal challenge: negative (2) valid with restrictions 1. No pilot study was performed to determine the highest non-irritant dose.2005 5.06.Sensitization reaction second challenge: 3/20 animals at 24 h.Sex: male/female .06. day 8. 3. purity >99%.Sensitization reaction first challenge: 20/20 animals . saline solution . 10.1 ml 0.Number of animals: 20 .OECD SIDS 5. females 5-8 weeks .Preparation of test substance for second challenge: 0.Test substance for induction/challenge: 0. The challenging schedule is also different.4 Type Species Sex : : : STATISTICAL METHOD: Fisher test RESULTS OF TEST .Weight at study initiation: 310-468 g .2 ml 1% in water .Grading system: thickness of skin crease at day 1. 2.Induction schedule: day 1.Study type: guinea pig maximization . TOXICITY Vehicle Result Classification Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 12.Strain: Pirbright White (Bor: DHPW) . (41) REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY Sub-chronic rat male/female UNEP PUBLICATIONS 161 .2005 other: physiolog.1% in physiol. 5 and 6 (induction) and day 36 and 37 (challenge). 2.Controls: 20 ADMINISTRATION/EXPOSURE . but appropriate to test sensitizing properties of the test substance. From the results of the intradermal challenge the test substance would be categorised as sensitizing. The induction/challenge schedule is more thorough than that required by OECD 406. 3. 17 and 19 (test substance + FCA) . Draize system at day 52 and 53 (second challenge) Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : 06. 15. control 0/20 CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 3 and 5 (test substance).Age: males 7-10 weeks. lungs. 146-192 g (females) .Air changes: 13. lymphnodes. kidneys. creatinine. nasal tissues. ovaries.7 um . once daily during the recovery period . 5.Haematology: during week 3 and 13: leukocytes (total and differential). testes. total bilirubin. epididymides. ovaries. liver. kidneys.5-2. mammary gland.Microscopic: For control and high dose animals necropsied during week 13: adrenals. GGT. MCHC. MCV. liver.Post exposure period: 6 and 13 weeks . salivary glands. pancreas.Particle size: MMAD 2. urea nitrogen. calcium. ALP. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. MCH. hematocrit. parathyroids. prostate.3 mg/m³ OECD Guide-line 413 "Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study" 1981 yes TEST ORGANISMS .Age: 52 days . sodium ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY (MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC): .Number of animals: 20/sex/treatment (10/sex/treatment for main study and 5/sex/treatment for both recovery periods) ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . peripheral nerve. uterus with vagina. urinary bladder. 5 days/week 6 and 13 weeks 5. pituitary.Doses: 0. cholesterol. A/G ratio. albumin. 10 and 25 mg/m3 . brain. thymus. gross lesions For intermediate dose groups necropsied at week 13: 162 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . trachea.Body weight: weekly . thyroids. aorta. eyes with optic nerve. prothrombin time. skeletal muscle. glucose. globulin. bone(marrow). erythrocytes. 10 and 25 mg/m3 yes. methemoglobin . ASAT. testes . brain.Type or preparation of particles: dust aerosol generated with an air micronizer . activated partial thromboplastin time.06.Organ weights: adrenals.5/hour SATELLITE GROUPS AND REASONS THEY WERE ADDED: recovery animals to assess reversibility of the effects CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND FREQUENCY: .Food consumption: weekly . seminal vesicles. potassium.2005 Sprague-Dawley inhalation 13 weeks 6 hours/day.Mortality: twice daily . platelet count. Post exposure period Doses Control group NOAEL Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. chloride.Route of administration: inhalation (whole body) .Clinical signs: at least once daily during the treatment period.Ophthalmoscopic examination: prior to the test and during week 12 . concurrent no treatment = 10. hemoglobin.Exposure period: 13 weeks . lungs.Weight at study initiation: 204-269 g (males). total protein. GI-tract. heart.OECD SIDS 5.Macroscopic: complete on all animals .Biochemistry: during week 3 and 13. spleen. phosphorus. TOXICITY Strain Route of admin. ALAT. spinal cord. skin. Clinical pathology findings could be related to one or two Test substance Conclusion : : Reliability : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 163 . kidneys and gross lesions For control and high dose animals at week 19 (6 weeks recovery): lungs and trachea ANALYSES: actual concentration . 10. inflammation of the trachea and bronchi/bronchioles.2005 lungs.3 and 25 mg/m3 . increased relative brain weight in males at 13 and 26 weeks and in both sexes after 19 weeks at 25 mg/m3 .Food consumption: decreased during week 1-3 in both sexes at 25 mg/m3 (and occasionally thereafter) . increased severity of alveolar hysticytosis and inflammation of the trachea in females at 25 mg/m3 No effects on male and female gonads were found. decreased body weights and increased lung weights noted in high dose animals after 13 weeks of exposure.Clinical signs: rales and increased respiration during and after exposure in males and females at 25 mg/m3 and in females at 10 mg/m3. liver.Haematology: increased hemoglobin and hematocrit after 3 weeks in females at 25 mg/m3 .06. 2 samples/exposure thereafter Remark : Result : STATISTICAL METHODS: ANOVA.OECD SIDS 5. nasal tissues.Stability: stated to be stable during the study .Sampling times: 4 samples/exposure during day 0-28. lung and brain weight (in males) and food consumption reached the level of statistical significance CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). food consumption.Method: gravimetrically .Actual concentration: 5.Mortality and time to death: 1 male at 10 and 25 mg/m3 during week 8.Histopathology: inflammation of the bronchi and excessive mucus secretion in the bronchi in both sexes at 25 mg/m3.Body weight gain: decreased during week 0-3 in both sexes at 25 mg/m3 . purity 98. STATISTICAL RESULTS: The effects on body weight (gain).Gross pathology: pale lungs with white areas in both sexes at 25 mg/m3 after 13 weeks . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. (1) valid without restriction 1.Ophthalmoscopic examination: no treatment related effects . Based on the effects on body weight.Clinical chemistry: incidental effects were seen on glucose.Homogeneity: 79-105% of mean (assessed during pretest) TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . Rales persisted in females at 25 mg/m3 during the 6 weeks recovery. Dunnett's test Following the 6-week recovery period. Rales persisted in females at 25 mg/m3 during the 6 week recovery period ANALYSES: . total protein. clinical effects on respiration and microscopic findings in lung and trachea.Organ weights: increased absolute and relative lung weights after 13 weeks at 25 mg/m3 in both sexes. were no longer evident and reversed to normal.0. ALAT and ASAT . 1 female during week 17 . ALP. trachea. lung weight. Only 90 d study available. Findings in the 10 mg/m3 group are sporadic or are found in just one of the sexes. Incidental wet or dried material was reported around the nose and in the facial area of high dosed animals after exposure. .7%. it is concluded that the NOAEL is 10 mg/m3. albumin.Body weight: decreased in both sexes until week 19 at 25 mg/m3 . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Therefore these findings were considered to be biologically irrelevant.1 mg/kg/day. purity not indicated NOAEL based on decreased weight of adrenals is 82.Clinical signs: not reported .2005 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin.Exposure period: 28 days .Weight at study initiation: 42-45 g .1 mg/kg/day CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: mortality.OECD SIDS 5.1 mg/kg/day yes = 41.06.Organ weights: liver.1. Post exposure period Doses Control group NOAEL Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : TEST ORGANISMS .12. the effect was not considered relevant. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. 13.Number of animals: 10/treatment ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE .2005 animals/treatment or were seen in just one of the sexes. 2.1 mg/kg bw other no Flag 25. 82.Age: weanlings . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (32) Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21.3.Body weight gain: no treatment-related effects .Macroscopic investigation (not specified) . 3. kidneys. Only males were tested.2004 Type Species : : : rat 164 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .1 mg/kg/day .3. 13.Route of administration: diet .Organ weights: significant decrease in relative adrenal weight at 13. and terminal) ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY: . Animals were younger than required according to OECD407 (young adult). 82. adrenals and testes TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . (2) valid with restrictions 1.3 and 82. Critical study for SIDS endpoint (42) rat male other: CR-CD oral feed 28 days continuous 0. The effects on the brain weight can be attributed to the lower body weight found in animals treated at 25 mg/m3. The elevation of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the females at 25 mg/m3 observed after 3 weeks was not observed at 13 weeks and was not seen in males.03.Mortality: none . 2. Therefore.1.Gross pathology: no findings CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 41.Doses: 0. body weight (init. 41. Only 28-d study available. The information in the report is confined to the above. No overt toxicity was observed. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . dog no data no data oral feed 16 months permanent "high proportion" of flour treated with 0. TA100. the relevance of these studies to an assessment of the chemical's toxicity must be considered highly questionable.12. TA1538 and WP2 uvrA 1.2004 5. no death in the high dose group. 1000 and 5000 µl/plate > 5000 µl/plate UNEP PUBLICATIONS 165 .8 .1. Literature could not be retrieved. Method: animals per group and sex: 6 mass median aerodynamic diameter: 0. Post exposure period Doses Control group Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : Effects: 4 mg/m3 and above: decrease of body weight gain. as was the appearance of the major organs on gross and microscopic examination. 4. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 5.2004 Type Species Sex Strain Route of admin. TA1535. 9.5 h/day 1. lung wet weight. TA1537.0.06. Post exposure period Doses Control group NOAEL Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : male other: Sprague Dawley inhalation 7 days 23.81 % ammonium persulphate no data specified other: no data no no data As the amount of residual ammonium persulphate (if any) that was actually ingested is not known. 100. 17. : : : : : : Ames test TA98. 50.OECD SIDS 5. Weight gain was normal.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (43) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : other: rat. TOXICITY Sex Strain Route of admin.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (44) (45) GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VITRO‘ Result Source 19.11. 10.5 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr. 20 mg/m3 yes 1 other: see remark no data no data AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.3 um (aerosol) Literature could not be retrieved. total lung protein.2005 Source 15. Exposure period Frequency of treatm.02 . total lung DNA levels were increased (indicative of inflammation and/or edema). 500. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. TA100 and WP2 uvrA all -S9).Number of replicates: 2 . . 9-aminoacridine (TA1537 -S9). TA1537. benzo[a]pyrene (TA98. TA100.Application: preincubation method . 100. 2.With metabolic activation: >5000 µl/plate . 1000 and 5000 µl/plate .Metabolic activation system: S9 from rat liver ADMINISTRATION: .06. 50.Dosing: 3 doses with a maximum of 0. TA1535. typhimurium and tryptophan for E.Deficiency: histidine for S.OECD SIDS 5.Positive and negative control groups and treatment: water as negative control.2004 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr. TA100. TA1538 and WP2 uvrA . coli .25 mg/mL > 0. 5.With metabolic activation: none .S9). 500. Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : SYSTEM OF TESTING .Dosing: 1. purity 98%.Species/cell type: Chinese hamster fibroblast .No.Pre-incubation time: 20 min. Review article: the information is limited to the above mentioned.Incubation time: 48 hours GENOTOXIC EFFECTS: . TOXICITY Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : with and without negative other: not indicated no data AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (TA1535 .2005 SYSTEM OF TESTING .Without metabolic activation: >5000 µl/plate CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). 10. TA1538 all +S9) and 2-aminoanthracene (TA1535 and WP2 uvrA both +S9) . positive controls: 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2furyl)acrylamide (TA98. (2) valid with restrictions 1.25 mg/mL without negative other: not indicated no data Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21.12. of metaphases analyzed: ~100 ADMINISTRATION: . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (46) Chromosomal aberration test Chinese hamster fibroblast 3 doses with a maximum of 0. Initial number of cells is not given.S9).Without metabolic activation: none CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION: .Species/cell type: TA98. Most reliable Ames test available. only mean plate counts/doses were reported. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (TA1538 . TA1537.25 mg/ml 166 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . No positive controls are reported.0% is positive GENOTOXIC EFFECTS: .9% is equivocal. 2.2005 .12.Dosing: maximum 10 mg/plate .0% polyploid. Only chromosome aberration test available (4) not assignable 1.Exposure period: 24 and 48 hours (colcemid added two hours before cell harvesting) DEVIATIONS FROM GUIDELINE: The test was only performed without metabolic activation. 5. purity 99.Without metabolic activation: negative FREQUENCY OF EFFECTS: 2. TA1535 and TA1537 . Critical study for SIDS endpoint (47) Ames test TA92.Positive and negative control groups and treatment: negative control: DMSO . TA100. TA100. 4. TA98. TA94.Number of replicates: 2 .25 mg/mL CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). The information in the report is confined to the above.Deficiency: histidine . Only the maximum dose used.Positive and negative control groups and treatment: physiological saline (vehicle) . Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : CYTOTOXICITY: 50% growth inhibition at 0.2%. . >10. the end result and the % of polyploid cells and structural chromosomal aberrations after 48 h exposure are reported. TA98.06. but from positive results found with some other test substances it can be concluded that the test system was adequate.0%<incidence<9.Application: preincubation method . TA94.With metabolic activation: negative Result : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 167 . 10 mg/plate > 10 mg/plate with and without negative other: not indicated no data SYSTEM OF TESTING .Pre-incubation time: 20 min. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RESULTS: incidence < 4.Incubation time: 2 days CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RESULTS: positive if number of colonies was twice the number in the negative control GENOTOXIC EFFECTS: . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.9% is negative.2004 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr.Metabolic activation system: S9 from rat liver ADMINISTRATION: .Number of replicates: 1 .Species/cell type: TA92.OECD SIDS 5. TA1535 and TA1537 max.0% structural aberrations Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability : : : Flag 21. purity 99.11. Test substance: no data Method : Maron u. Only the maximum concentration which gave a negative result is reported. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 2. Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : Source 19.6 : Literature could not be retrieved. 3.OECD SIDS 5. Metabolic activation Result Method Year GLP Test substance Remark Source 19.2004 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. (4) not assignable 1.11. Ames (1983) GLP : no data Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .06.2004 Type System of testing Test concentration Cytotoxic concentr.12.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (48) other: Mutation test Bacteria (species not specified) no data negative : : : : : : : : : : : : Literature could not be retrieved. no further information Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .Without metabolic activation: negative CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). but from positive results found with other test substances it can be concluded that the test system was adequate.2005 : : . TA 97 no data negative Test substance Reliability 21. In this review article no standard positive controls were included.7 Species Sex Strain Route of admin.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (49) GENETIC TOXICITY ‘IN VIVO‘ 5.2%. : : : : : : CARCINOGENICITY other: mice female Sencar dermal 51 weeks twice a week 168 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2004 5. No separate numbers of reverted colonies for the individual strains as well as for the duplicates are reported. (47) Ames test Salmonella typhimurium. 12. This is not a formal guideline study. Acetone was the negative control for complete carcinogenesis. (2) valid with restrictions (50) other: mice female Sencar dermal 51 weeks twice a week 0. Method: skin painting (test for promoting activities). Effect: squamous cell carcinoma (1/20). no positive control 2. 40.2004 Species Sex Strain Route of admin.12. (51) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 169 . Post exposure period Doses Result Control group Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Test substance Reliability : : 21. respectively.2 ml of 200 mg/ml ammonium persulfate solution or 0.2 ml acetone yes other: See remark 1984 no Reliability 21. 20 animals Controls:acetone as a negative control Effect: epidermal hyperplasia (2/20).3 for the negative control. followed by TPA (Tetradecanoly phorbol acetate) in acetone were the promotion controls.06. Lenght of experiment was not long enough (51 weeks). Acetone alone treated animals had 0/15 skin tumors.2 ml acetone and DMBA. epidermal hyperplasia (1/20).2005 0. positive control and ammonium persulfate groups.OECD SIDS 5. Method: skin painting (test for complete carcinogenic activities). acetone or ammoniumpersulfate (200 mg/ml). 3. Test substance: no data GLP : no data ammonium persulfate (3) invalid 1. TOXICITY Post exposure period Doses Result Control group Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : : : : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. one week later application of TPA (tumor promoter). Dimethyl benz[a]anthracene. number of animals per group was too low.2004 Literature could not be retrieved. Pathology methods were incomplete. Maximum skin tumors per mouse was 0. Positive control group with TPA and DMBA had 20/20 mice with skin tumors. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. 20 animals Controls: DMBA (20 nmol in 0.1 and 0.2 ml of a 200 mg/ml solution negative yes other: see remark 1984 no no data Literature could not be retrieved. single application of 20 mmol DMBA (dimethylbenzanthracene). no animals with squamous cell carcinoma. 2004 5. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . the relevance of these studies to an assessment of the chemical's toxicity must be considered highly questionable.1 Type : Species : Sex : Strain : Route of admin. 40. LOAEL Teratogenicity Method Year GLP Test substance Method : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : rat male/female other: Crl:CD (SD)IGS BR oral feed pre-mating. : Exposure period : Frequency of treatm.Age: 11 weeks at exposure . Microscopic examination of "representative" tissues of the offspring did not reveal any adverse effects and their growth was apparently normal. Exposure period Frequency of treatm. TOXICITY 5. : Premating exposure period Male : Female : Duration of test : No. Reproductive performance was reported to be normal. lactation ad libitum in diet 0.Number of animals: 12/sex/group 170 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .Weight at study initiation: 359-436 g (males). Literature could not be retrieved.2005 "high proportion" of flour treated with 0. 100 and 250 mg/kg/day yes.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (44) (45) DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/TERATOGENICITY Result : Source 19. concurrent no treatment = 250 mg/kg bw > 250 mg/kg bw other: OECD 421 2004 yes TEST ORGANISMS . 212-280 g (females) .OECD SIDS 5. of generation : studies Doses : Control group Method Year GLP Test substance Remark : : : : : : TOXICITY TO FERTILITY other rat no data no data oral feed 6 months permanent AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.1 % ammonium persulfate no data specified other: no data no data no data As the amount of residual ammonium persulphate (if any) that was actually ingested is not known. Duration of test Doses Control group NOAEL teratogen.8.2 Species Sex Strain Route of admin.8.11.02 % and 0. gestation.06. mating. Females were exposed following mating.Macroscopic: necropsy of all abnormal pups and examination for cervical. the male and female pair were separated.Vehicle: untreated diet (Powdered PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002) CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND FREQUENCY: ADULTS . Male diets were adjusted for the remaining weeks of food consumption after the breeding interval.Doses: 0. During gestation. middle and bottom of the batch for low and high dose levels for weeks 1. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 6. 3. food consumption data and natural delivery data one-way analysis of variance. 4 and 7 and weekly thereafter. . gross external obnormalities. Food consumption was measured during gestation and lactation on body weight days. 4. OBSERVATIONS OF LITTERS -At birth and on lactation day 4. Female diets were not adjusted after breeding. Females were weighted on days 0. . and 8.e. litter size (number born live and dead). and abnormal observations of individual offspring. body weight on day 0 and 4. Once mating was confirmed by copulatory plug or vaginal sperm. 7. Food consumption for females was measured on days 0.Body weight: Males were weighed on days 0. 40.Sampling times: Week 1. ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY (MACROSCOPIC): . pain and distress . 100 and 250 mg/kg/day. Dams producing litters were weighed on lactation days 0 and 4. 14.Clinical signs: once daily . 7 and weekly during treatment and at termination. 7 and weekly thereafter during the premating phase. .Route of administration: diet . Homogeneity of low and high dose levels was determined for week 1 and 14-day stability was determined at room temperature. daily observations of all pups for abnormal behavior and any mortality. sex (number of males and females per litter). date of delivery. -Observations of mating time. 6 and 8 diets STATISTICAL METHODS: -ANOVA was used for body weight/weight gain. Levene's test was used to analyze homogeneity of variances. MATING -One male and one female from the same dose group were placed together.Exposure period: two weeks prior to mating. organ weights. Stablity of the diet at use level was determined for up to 14 days following preparation. i.Method: Diets were prepared fresh weekly from a fresh concentrated stock containing test article in the diet.Mortality: twice daily for mortality. the dietary concentrations were adjusted weekly based on body weight until initiation of mating in females. except during mating. . Concentrations ranged from 4141 to 4668 ppm for males and 3411 to 3864 for females. The method was validated in the concentration range of the diets used on the study. throughout gestation until lactation day 4. Dunnett's t-test UNEP PUBLICATIONS 171 . mating for both sexes. A record of the mating pairs was maintained.Food consumption: Food consumption for males was measured on days 0.06. 3.17 and 20. 4. pregnancy rate and day of pregnancy following mating. and at termination.2005 ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . using delta H (enthalpy) responses. thoracic and abdominal viscera abnormalities ANALYSES OF DIET: . three and a half additional weeks for males. 4 7 and 21 during gestation and on days 0 and 4 during lactation.OECD SIDS 5. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used for sample analysis. females were weighed on gestation days 0. Sample verification was done for the top. gestation day 0 recorded and. concurrent no treatment other: OECD 421 2004 yes Result : Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 21. instead of up to 14 days.Homogeneity: homogeneity analyses indicate that the low and high dose diets were within + 7% of the overall mean.06. Concentrations were within + 10% of the target concentrations.12. These minor deviations did not impact the study. NOEL for embryo/fetal viability = 250 mg/kg/day. Lactation ad libitum in diet 0. 6 and 8. CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate).Body weight:: a dose-dependent decrease in mean pup body weight for both sexes on lactation day 0 and 4 which reached statistical significance at 250 mg/kg on lactation day 0 only. Group comparisons were performed at the 1% and 5% two-tailed probability levels. (1) valid without restriction Critical study for SIDS endpoint (52) TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION. mating. Mean live pup weights were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with litter size as the covariant.622.2004 5.4% to 2. .Stability: stable for 2 week in diet. 3 or 6 (ranging from 0.8. 40. This transient effects resolved after lactation day 0. gestation. There were some minor deviations of concentration in groups 2 and 4 on weeks 1. . ANALYSES: .5%) and the first four days of lactation (30%-50%). respectively). -Necropsy Findings: no treatment-related findings among pups. Duration of test Doses Control group Method Year GLP Test substance : : : : 172 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . STATISTICAL RESULTS: decreased pup body weight on lactation day 0 in male and female pups at 250 mg/kg/day. Not a developmental toxicant. Several animals received diet 15 days. after preparation.Actual dose level (by sex): Verification was done on the middle level sample of the control and treated diet batches for week 1 and from the middle of all samples prepared for weeks 3. 120% of target concentrations.Mortality/clinical signs: no treatment-related clinical signs or mortality among pups. Day 14 stability was similar to day 1 stability (125% vs.3 Type In vitro/in vivo Species Sex Strain Route of admin.OECD SIDS 5.2005 was served as post-hoc group comparison test. . OTHER STUDIES : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : other: reproductive/developmental toxicity/repeated dose toxicity In vivo rat male/female other: Crl:CD (SD)IGS BR oral feed pre-mating. The mean number of live pups and mean number of live pups surviving to day 4 were similar across all groups. purity 99. 100 and 250 mg/kg/day yes.2%.6% below target concentration) which did not impact the study. Indices of Survival: Livebirth and viability incides were similar across all groups. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. -Compound consumption: Mean values for compound consumption were generally within 10% of the target doses during premating and generally increased over the target during the first two weeks of gestation (7. TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . Exposure period Frequency of treatm. During gestation. STAGING OF SPERMATOGENESIS -The right testes of all control and high-dose males will be prepared and stined with Periodic Acid Schiff's Hematoxylin stain for evaluation of spermatogenic stages. liver. 100 and 250 mg/kg/day. Male diets were adjusted for the remaining weeks of food consumption after the breeding interval. . females were weighed on gestation days 0. 4 and 7 and weekly thereafter.2005 : TEST ORGANISMS .OECD SIDS 5.17 and 20. Females were weighed on days 0. 14.Food consumption: Food consumption for males was measured on days 0. -Body weight on day 0 and 4 -Abnormal observations of individual offspring -Gross external abnormalities. date of delivery. 7 and weekly during treatment and at termination.Clinical signs: once daily . epididymides. Dams producing litters were weighed on lactation days 0 and 4. . 7. ovaries.Organ weights: brain. and at termination.Age: 11 weeks at time of exposure . TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. litter size (number born live and dead). 212-280 g (females) . the male and female pair were separated. Once mating was confirmed by copulatory plug or vaginal sperm. gestation day 0 was recorded and. ovaries. three and a half additional weeks for males. 7 and weekly thereafter during the premating phase.Exposure period: two weeks prior to mating. necropsy of all abnormal pups and examination for cervical.Body weight: Males were weighed on days 0.Route of administration: diet .Number of animals: 12/sex/group ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE . Females were exposed following mating. . thoracic and abdominal viscera abnormalities ORGANS EXAMINED AT NECROPSY (MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC): ADULTS . 4 7 and 21 during gestation and on days 0 and 4 during lactation. pain and distress . 40.Weight at study initiation: 359-436 g (males). MATING -One male and one female from the same dose group were placed together.Doses: 0.Mortality: twice daily for mortality. OBSERVATIONS OF LITTERS -Daily observations of all pups for abnormal behavior and any mortality. mating for both sexes. except during mating. A record of the mating pairs was maintained. testes. 4. Female diets were not adjusted after breeding. Method UNEP PUBLICATIONS 173 . . 4.Macroscopic: all tissues checked at gross necropsy in adults . -Observations of mating time.Vehicle: untreated diet (Powdered PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002) CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND FREQUENCY: ADULTS . the dietary concentrations were adjusted weekly based on body weight until initiation of mating in females. pregnancy rate and day of pregnancy following mating. Food consumption for females was measured on days 0.Microscopic: testes. -At birth and on lactation day 4.06. throughout gestation until lactation day 4. uterus with cervix. prostate with seminal vesicles. kidney. epididymides. sex (number of males and females per litter). Food consumption was measured during gestation and lactation on body weight days. 3. This effect was attributed to the palatability of the test diet. -Histopathology: One high-dose male had a hypoplastic testicle and Result : 174 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . 120% of target concentrations. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 3. after preparation. and a liver mass in one 100 mg/kg/day male. Levene's test was used to analyze homogeneity of variances. -Compound consumption: Mean values for compound consumption were generally within 10% of the target doses during premating and generally increased over the target level during the first two weeks of gestation (7.622. 3 or 6 (ranging from 0. Day 14 stability was similar to day 1 stability (125% vs.dose males during the study and high-dose females during gestation. and 8. .6% below target concentration) which did not impact the study. -Gross pathology: There were no treatment-related findings among parents. ANALYSES: .5%) and the first four days of lactation (30%-50%). i. Sample verification was done for the top. Group comparisons were performed at the 1% and 5% two-tailed probability levels. -Organ weights: no treatment-related effects on organ weights.Actual dose level (by sex): Verification was done on the middle level sample of the control and treated batches of diet for week 1 and from the middle of all samples prepared for weeks 3. There was a slight trend to reduced body weight among midand high. . .Method: Diets were prepared fresh weekly from a fresh concentrated stock containing test article in the diet. instead of up to 14 days. middle and bottom of the low and high dose levels for weeks 1.06.2005 ANALYSES OF DIET: . These findings were not considered treatmentrelated. 6 and 8. Dunnett's t-test was served as a post-hoc group comparison test. 6.Sampling times: Week 1. organ weights. Concentrations ranged from 4141 to 4668 ppm for males and 3411 to 3864 for females.Homogeneity: homogeneity analyses indicate that the low and high dose diets were within + 7% of the overall mean. These minor deviations did not impact the study.Body weight: there were no statistically significant effects on parental body weight. respectively). food consumption data and natural delivery data isomg pme=way analysis of variance. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used for sample analysis. Homogeneity of low and high dose levels was determined for week 1 and 14-day stability was determined at room temperature.Food consumption: Decreased food consumption was noted among highdose males and females for the day 0-4 interval (significant for males) which resolved as the animals continue to feed on the treated diet.4% to 2.Stability: stable for 2 week in diet. 6 and 8 diets STATISTICAL METHODS: -ANOVA was used for body weight/weight gain. The method was validated in the concentration range of the diets used on the study. Stablity of the diet at use level was determined for up to 14 days following preparation.Mortality/clinical signs: no treatment-related clinical signs or mortality among parental animals. using delta H (enthalpy) responses. TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL: . Several animals received diet 15 days. findings included sores and/or alopecia in females across all treatment groups and a small mammary mass in one 100 mg/kg/day female. . Concentrations were within + 10% of the target concentrations. There were some minor deviations of concentration in groups 2 and 4 on weeks 1.OECD SIDS 5. Mean live pup weights were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with litter size as the covariant. In females. . Necropsy observations in males included small and/or soft testes in one male each in the 100 and 250 mg/kg/day groups and small epididymis in the same 250 mg/kg/day male.e. Specific IgE antibodies could not be demonstrated. itching. The mechanism of action could be either direct histamine liberation or antibody mediated. reproductive performance = 250 mg/kg/day. This effect may reflect a rebound since the food consumption in this group was slightly.05. purity 99. but not siginficantly. The duration of gestation was similar across all groups.2005 Type of experience Remark : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 175 . -Sperm Staging: There was a normal progression of spermatogenesis. CAS 7727-54-0 (ammonium persulfate). all stages of the spermatogenic cycle were present and associations of the stages were not unusual in any respects. After a further 4 years rhinoconjunctivitis set in and later also bronchial asthma on contact with such bleaches. NOAEL for male and female toxicity = 250 mg/kg/day (1) valid without restriction Critical study for SIDS endpoint (52) EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE : : Human A number of patients with previous experiences of reactions (erythema. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. Not a reproductive toxicant. STATISTICAL RESULTS: Decreased food consumption and body weight change during study days 0-4 in high dose males. reduced during days 0-4. The findings suggest a pseudoallergic reaction.10 Type of experience Result : : : : Conclusion : 13. The sporadic occurrence in both control and high-dose groups establishes this finding as unrelated to treatment. -Indices of Fertility and Reproduction: Pregnancy rates were 100% for the control and 40 mg/kg groups and 92% for the 100 and 250 mg/kg groups. wheals. Increased food consumption for days 4-7 in high dose females. Test substance Conclusion Reliability Flag 31.01. Minimal testicular degeneration was also noted in two control animals.06. were challenged with solutions of ammonium persulfate (epidermal and intradermal).2%. The causative role of this group of chemicals was proven by positive skin tests and specific workplace related provocation tests.2005 5. Two other males had minimal degeneration of the testicle.OECD SIDS 5. The transient effects resolved after the period of significance. It is a weak histamine liberator. reduced the reaction in most of the patients. In general ammonium persulfate treatment gave a positive response (appearance of wheals within 10-30 minutes). (53) Human Three years after starting working as a hairdresser a 33 years old woman developed urticaria on contact with hairbleach. although an antibody mediated response can not be fully excluded. headache. loss of conciousness) after the use of hair bleach containing ammonium persulfate. This suggests a histamine related response.2005 aspermia of the epididymides and the female mated to this animal did not become pregnant. Tests revealed hypersensitivity to widely used persulphatecontaining bleaching liquids. NOEL for male and female fertility indices. Pretreatment with an antihistamine or a histamine depleting agent (48/80). oedema. There were no microscopic changes in the ovaries in the high dose group compared to the control. Ammonium persulfate can cause generalised histamine reactions in susceptible persons by releasing histamine from skin. it could not completely solve the problem. bleaches and lighteners at concentrations of 60%.11. Finland. The persulfates were reported to cause both delayed-type and immediate skin reactions. This review article concludes that the persulfate salts have similar toxicity and data on ammonium persulfate can be used for the sodium and potassium salts. rhinitis. potassium. allergic eczematous dermatitis. and sodium persulfate are used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. not occluded and rinsed off).5% would also be safe.11. potassium. Much of the available safety test data are for ammonium persulfate. potassium. and sodium persulfate under occlusive patches. The study. The breathing zone concentration of persulfate reached 30 g/m3 during mixing of bleaching powder. Air concentrations persulfates were 2.5% ammonium. hair bleach containing persulfates (probably ammonium persulfate) (54) Conclusion : 11. 22% and 16%.2004 Type of experience Result : : Human : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.9 g/m3 in small salons and 0.. The most common causes of allergic dermatitis in hairdressers are the active ingredients in hair dyes. therefore. and a self-administered questionnaire of the work environment and health of workers. however. asthma. generalized urticaria. respectively.9 .e. At this concentration and exposure conditions. (56) Conclusion : 11. Good general ventilation decreased health complaints caused by hairdressing chemicals.2005 Platineclair. a mixture of these persulfates was not sensitizing. metropolitan area were studied. and sodium persulfate did not result in an urticarial reaction. Twenty randomly sampled hairdressing salons in the Helsinki. The review by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel also concludes that the three persulfates are safe in hair products at up to 17. localized contact urticaria. manufacturers and formulators should be aware of the potential for urticarial reactions at concentrations of persulfates greater than 17. (55) Human Working conditions in hairdressing salons were assessed. 25%. local exhaust ventilation is recommended at hairdressing chemical mixing sites and wherever they are applied to the hair. but these data are considered applicable to the other salts. performed in winter 19941995. off-the-scalp products.2. and application of ammonium. and ammonium persulfate has been identified as a frequent allergen. included a survey of hairdressing chemicals used. Given the clinical reports of urticarial reactions.9 g/m3 in large size salons. and syncope. it is expected that a concentration greater than 17. A sensitization study examined the incidence of urticarial reactions was performed with 17. This paper documents the average air concentration of persulfates in 20 randomly-selected hairdressing salons to be 0. Results showed increasing the air exchange rate up to 5-7 times/hour during high exposure jobs improved the situation.11. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners. and sodium persulfate are safe as used as oxidizing agents in hair colorants and lighteners designed for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing from the hair and skin.06.2004 176 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .2004 Type of experience Result : : Ammonium. Although effective general ventilation alleviated the effect of air pollutants.9 g/m3 for persulfates with peak levels of 30 g/m3 at the breathing zone during mixing of bleaching powder. including irritant dermatitis.OECD SIDS 5. the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that ammonium. Based on the available data. potassium. measurement of physical and chemical working conditions.5% based on a human skin sensitization study.5%. In normal use (i. TOXICITY Test substance 11. Hairdressers with atopic diseases are at risk of developing occupational skin and respiratory diseases. (57) Human Four hair dressers showing reactions to hair dye products were tested for sensitivity to ammonium persulfate using a patch test with 2% to 5% aqueous solution.2005 Conclusion : 15.5% for asthma among the hairdressers. prick and patch testing. Of the 189 reporting work-related skin and respiratory symptoms in telephone interviews on exposure and health. 130 hairdressers underwent a physical examination.2004 Type of experience Result : : The occurrence and causes of hairdressers' occupational skin and respiratory diseases were studied in a random sample of 355 female hairdressers aged 15-54 years. Patients tested positiveily when patch tested with 2% ammounium persulfate.8% for occupational asthma.8% for occupational asthma. Two woman were nonreactive and two woman reacted positively to ammounium persulfate. The article does not include levels of exposure to persulfates. and 0. After ventilation equipment was installed in the salon. Ammonium persulfate caused 90% of the respiratory diseases and 27% of the hand dermatoses. (58) Human Four cases are reported of occupational exposure to persulfate hair products which resulted in rashes.11. The amount of persulfate in hair preparations is stated as being 30% of the total formulation. 1. and 4.2004 Type of experience Result : : : : : : Conclusion 18.12. Ammonium persulfate can induce sensitization in exposed hair dressers. (59) Human Early report of dermal sensitization and occupational asthma reported in a single hairdresser. Occupational use of persulfates in hair products can produce skin sensitization reactions in some workers. ammonium persulfate) can be found if occupational diseases are suspected and diagnosed. One woman stopped working as a hairdresser and the other had no additional problems after avoiding use of persulfate hair bleaches. no asthma attachs occurred.9% for hand dermatoses and 0. A study of 355 female hairdressers indicated that skin and respiratory were common with an incidence of 16. the prevalence was 2. Persulfate is alleged to be associated with 27% of the hand dermatoses and 90% of the respiratory complaints.OECD SIDS 5. The telephone interview revealed a life-time prevalence of 16. Often a specific cause (eg.7% for occupational rhinitis.06. (60) Human Conclusion 11. lung function tests. In the clinical investigations.2004 Type of experience Result Conclusion 11.8% for occupational dermatoses. It is concluded that work-related skin and respiratory symptoms are common among hairdressers.9% for hand dermatoses. An occupational disease was diagnosed when the causality between exposure and disease was probable and the clinical tests supported the diagnosis.2004 Type of experience : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 177 . 16. and nasal and lung provocation tests.11. The patient experienced both utricaria and asthma. Good industrial hygiene improves the prognosis of occupational asthma among hairdressers.9% for allergic rhinitis.11. TOXICITY Type of experience Result : : Human AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 06.2004 Type of experience Result Conclusion 11. The risk of respiratory effects is likely to be low among hairdressers using effective dust-free formulations. 12/49 (24. The patient reacted positively to a persultate prick test. but considerably higher among those using powder formulations and ineffective dust-free formulations. The content of persulfate in salon hair products ranged from 22% to 88% and the content of home-use hair products ranged from 45% to 82.2004 Type of experience Result : : : : : : Conclusion : 11. Uncovered skin areas in two workers exhibited dermatitis.11.5% tested positive in a patch test with 2. Not all Conclusion 11. Up to 70% of new employees developed skin rashes.5% ammonium persulfate in petroleum or water. (63) Human Three workers at a persulfate production plant developed nasal mucosal inflammation. Many employees developed rashes within one month of employment.11. All of the hairdressers had hand eczema and had been employed as hairdressers for an average time of 21 months. 24. bronchitis and asthma have been observed in hairdressers as a result of exposure to hair bleaching powders containing persulfates. Members of the general publich are not likely to have respiratory or skin conditions attributable to persulfates. Dermatitis due to persulfates is likely to affect up to 5% of hairdressers. In a sample of 49 hairdressers. There were 49 hairdressers among the 118 patients. dry cough and dyspnea.2005 This study evaluated 118 patients at a dermatology clinic.11.5% ammonium persulfate.5 tonnes/year is formulated into consumer products. rhinitis. The three workers tested positive to 5% persulfate solution in patch tests. Workers in a production plant developed symptoms that were related to exposure to persulfates. contact urticaria. Bronchial obstruction occurred after prolonged exposure (8 hours). TOXICITY Result : AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. (62) Human The main hazards for professional hairdressers are rhinitis. Patients were patch tested with 2.OECD SIDS 5.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion : 18. (61) Human A hairdresser developed rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma following a two-year apprenticeship. bronchitis.5%) hairdressers gave positive reactions to ammonium persulfate. (64) Human Fifteen employees in a persulfate production company were exposed to ammonium and potassium persulfate during production during the years 1976-1980. The paper does not include information on the amount of persulfate exposure (air level) or personal protective equipment used.5 tonnes/year of which 4. Complaints were noted after many hours of exposure to persulfate dust in the workplace. asthma and irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Only 1 of the total population of 118 patients who was not a hairdresser tested positive to ammonium persulfate. Immediate and delayed contact hypersensitivity.5%. The case report indicates that persulfates can cause sensitization in the workplace to hairdressers. Review of the literature for animal and human effects. The volume of persulftes imported for hair bleaching products in Australia is 6.11.2004 Type of experience Result : : 178 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . particularly focused on hairdresser exposures. No workers had a history of asthma symptoms. and ammonium and sodium persulfate (80 mg/ml).2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion 19. long sleeves. Improved industrial hygiene practices were recommended. washing gloves).06.and post-shift spirometry lung function to measure forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) on the first and last day of hte 7-day week were made.5 mg/m3. The change over time in the pulmonary function tests was compared to actual and predicted ratios for years 2. The study related levels of persulfate in air to worker performance (lung function) and showed no deficits. Workers included in the study included material operators.0 mg/m3. 4 and 6 after the 1990 assessment. Two significant findings were found. skin prick tests were performed with five environmental allergens. The clinical study evaluated pulmonary function for a full week in the summer of 1990 and for two weeks in the winter of 1991 using 14 subjects. (65) Human Employees of the Buffalo plant of the FMC Corporation were included in an extensive industrial hygiene monitoring and clinical study. crystallizer/caustic operators. A total of 100 different t-test comparisons were conducted at a p value of 0. Medical records of the seven subjects who had left the persulfate production for medical reasons since 1971 were collected.OECD SIDS 5. The mean level of exposure to persulfates was 0. Records for the five year follow-up were lost in a fire.11.2004 Type of experience Result : : : Conclusion : 19. Samples for breathing zone (608 hours) and area samples were made. Long-term exposure to 0. The study shows that continuous occupational exposure to persulfates over a period of six years did not result in any long term effects on pulmonary function. Workers were directly exposed to persulfates in the packout area and caustic/crystallizer area and inside the laboratory. the number of reported incidences was significantly reduced. Since instituting improved practices (gloves. three.11. 10 and 8 workers were available for the two.2005 employees followed the practice of wearing and washing gloves. mixed with a total dust level below a mean of 2. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. lab technicians and workers from other areas. four and six year time periods of follow-up. No clinically significant observations in the spirometry values were found. but because they were less than the total of up to five findings allowed.5 mg/m3 persulfate did not affect pulmonary function evaluated in 14 plant employees.05. Data were recalled by a questionnaire. No statistically significant findings of pulmonary function test performance were found for any of the four work position categories.2004 Type of experience Result : : : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 179 . 3. Eighteen of 23 workmen from the same plant with no exposure to persulfates served as controls. the two findings were considered to be due to chance. Pre. 17. Follow-up data on the original study subjects and new employees involved checking medical records of the exposed employees. Medical records for 22. (67) Human A cross sectional study was performed in 32 of 33 employees of a persulfate production plant.11. (66) Human A follow up study was conducted on workers examined in 1990-1991 to see if there were any changes in pulmonary function during 1990-1996. Specific IgE to the same Conclusion 19. Persulfates can induce rashes in an occupational workplace unless personal protective equipment is used properly. 2005 environmental allergens as in the skin test. There were no cutaneous reactions to persulfates in either group. All 13 control subjects did not respond to the same skin prick test. bronchitis and asthma (no acute dyspnoea) after occupational exposure to dusts of Na.2004 : case reports: two workers developed dermatitis. three were positive to ammonium salt and three were positive to both salts. the remainder refused peak flow measurements. oedema.2004 Remark : Source 18. and NH4-persulfates (relatively high exposure). Eight of the 52 employees showed a positive response to at least one persulfate solution: 2 were positive to potassium salt.4 mg/m3 and 3.6 mg/m3) was not associated with an increased risk of occupational asthma. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . (69) Conclusion : 15. None of the variables showed significant differences between the groups (p > 0.06. There was a high response to ammonium and or potassium persulfate skin prick tests (8/52) associated with somewhat lower lung function in workers exposed to persulfates in a production facility. Due to the small number of subjects the correlation need clarification. A detailed study of 32 workers in a persulfate production facility indicated that exposure to persulfates in the plant (levels of about 1 mg/m3 with a peak of 3. A group of 13 unexposed persons served as controls. conjunctivitis and bronchitis were reportedly related to work by two controls. rhinitis. Three persulfate-exposed subjects with bronchial hyperresponsiveness did not show peak expiratory flow variability of 20%.2004 Type of experience Result : : Conclusion : 19.11. 180 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . K. Four non-atopic persulfate-exposed subjects and two workmen.05). Mean values for workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate within the bagging plant were below 1 mg/m3. respectively. Literature could not be retrieved.057). Exposure to workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate of about 1 mg/m3 in this chemical plant was not associated with a relevant risk for occupational asthma.11. and total IgE were measured. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. were considered hyperresponsive to histamine. Six of the ex-workers left because of work related contact dermatitis. (68) Human A study was conducted to example the prevalence of positive skin prick test reactions to ammonium and potassium persulfates (1% and 5% solutions) among 52 employees of a persulfate production plant. The authors suggested that chemically irritative or toxic effects of the persulfates play the predominant role in the pathogenesis of these reports. urticaria. one atopic and one non-atopic. and the maximal concentrations were 1. Lung function and bronchial responsiveness to histamine were assessed by standard procedures.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (70) Remark : contact with bleach powder containing persulfates let to irritant dermatitis. the remainder had complained of asthma. Workplace concentrations of ammonium and sodium persulfate were estimated by area and personal monitoring. rhinitis.6 mg/m3. Workrelated rhinitis was reported by one subject with exposure to persulfates.12.OECD SIDS 5. Lung function tests for the exposed population were generally normal but there was a trend showing a correlation between positive skin prick responders and slightly lower lung function for forced expiratory volume FEV1 (p = 0. European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (87) Remark : Source 19. The pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. Workplace related challenge tests with the bleach powders were positive (immediate and delayed reactions). over 5 years (1986 . 15 patients were also positive to other tested allergens. Specific IgE antibody were not found in the RAST-test. Literature could not be retrieved.1994 : in 242 patients with one or more positive reactions to a routine battery.6 % of all patients positive results in testing typical substances occuring at the working place of hairdressers.9 %) positive reactions were obtained (all had hand dermatitis only). Six persons reacted only to ammonium persulphate. Standard 24/48 h covered patch tests with 2. : Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Allergic eczematous contact dermatitis (delayed type) are rare. some hours after application of a hair bleach containing ammonium persulfate. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . the evaluation of 116 hairdressers (1984-1987) with eczema gave in 77.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (88) Remark : Source 19. The investigators attributed this to an irritant rather than a sensitzation effect.1990) 2320 patients with reactions to one or more allergens of the European standard series were additionally tested with NH4. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. asthma and syncope.and K-persulfates were tested.2004 : Literature could not be retrieved. Literature could not be retrieved. 16 to ammonium and potassium persulphate.OECD SIDS 5.02. In 90 of 160 hairdressers there were occuring symptoms during the first three years. In 17 cases a delayed type reaction was seen. NH4. In 22 female patients (0.06.11.2004 : Literature could not be retrieved.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 181 . Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 Remark : Source 01.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (71) (72) (73) (74) (53) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (59) (60) (82) (83) (84) (54) (85) (62) (86) Source 21.12. Provocation tests with histamine were positive. Skin tests with hair bleaches or persulfates were in rare cases positive.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (89) Remark : Source : Case report: Two cases have been described of redness and slight crusting of the scalp and forehead. Literature could not be retrieved.5 %) and K-persulphate (2 %).2005 conjunctivitis. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .5 or 5 % ammonium persulfate produced no local reactions in these two patients.(2.7 % were positive to ammonium persulfate. 14 patients were hairdressers. 26.11. for which they are supplied as a powder to mix with liquid peroxide shortly before use. were also challenged. 4 had work-related asthmatic and nasal symptoms. either as powder or aerosolised solution. conjunctivitis and. All 5 were hyperresponsive to histamine. as well as urticarial and respiratory reactions (Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. in one. 1986). 1992). 1976. The contact urticaria is not immunologically-mediated. 2. performed blinded. 1989). Both had normal respiratory function. 182 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . giving late asthmatic responses. She tested positively to 1.06.OECD SIDS 5. They are also used to enhance the action of peroxide hair bleaches.2004 : : Allergic contact dermatitis was observed on the hands of bakers and hairdressers. Evidence for work-related asthma There have been a number of well-conducted studies of hairdressers with work-related asthmatic symptoms that have included specific bronchial challenge tests. and controls (including asthmatics) failed to react. potassium and sodium) are strong oxidising agents with wide industrial use.2004 AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. An affected individual from another salon was also included for investigation. 1979). Literature could not be retrieved..11. using hair bleach or persulphate. All 4 of the subjects who also underwent nasal challenge gave positive reactions. Kellett and Beck. Agustin reported the cases of two hairdressers who developed workrelated rhinitis. 1963. Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION . 1985.5 and 5% aqueous solution of potassium persulfate. Kleinhans and Ranneberg. It is not known why only some individuals are sensitive to this action.2004 : A 36-year old laboratory technician in a potato flour facility exhibited dermatitis on her face and hands.. Of 12 'tinters' from a hairdressing salon who used persulphate-containing bleach.5% ammonium persulfate produced a weaker response. which had developed after a latent period of at least six months (Blainey et al. Only those with symptoms reacted at specific challenge.2005 (90) (58) Remark Source 19.. In some studies. A single case of contact dermatitis is reported for a worker exposed to persulfate in a potato flour factory.12. A patch test to 2. the person with asthma developed a late response. controls who were either non-asthmatic. while the other suffered immediate severe nasal symptoms. but the asthmatic subject was hyperresponsive to methacholine. none gave positive reactions. Introduction Persulphate salts (ammonium. though other lung function parameters were normal.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (91) (92) (93) Result : Conclusion 15. or asthmatic with hyperresponsive airways. At specific bronchial challenge. but thought to be due to the fact that persulphate is a weak histamine-releasing agent (Calnan and Schuster.11. (94) Remark : A well-documented review from the UK authority (HSE) was available. Parsons et al. asthma several years after first using bleaching powders (Agustin et al. TOXICITY 19. Persulphate hair bleaches have produced both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. A prick test to 1% aqueous potassium persulfate was negative. lung function was normal but the airways showed non-specific hyperresponsiveness. Normal and asthmatic controls did not react. One concerns an Italian factory that used ammonium and potassium persulphate during the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. 1979. 1989. 1989).. and occasionally intradermal or scratch tests.. Bronchial challenges were performed with an aerosol of a 1% ammonium persulphate solution. Another case of work-related asthma. Lung function was normal. Supporting data Skin prick tests. has been described. prolonged reaction followed by recurrent nocturnal falls in forced expiratory volume in one second. Gamboa et al. 1993).OECD SIDS 5. Pankow et al.. 1979).2005 A young woman developed work-related respiratory symptoms about a year after starting work in a hairdressing salon (Parra et al. Pepys et al. 1989). and she was not hyperresponsive to methacholine... affected workers.. Agustin et al... responded positively to challenge. 1 negative. 1992. Parra et al. These include two cases. negative controls have sometimes been included. In one study. one challenged . and reacted only to a persulphate-containing bleach with an immediate reaction (it was unclear for how long measurements were continued).. three cases. 1989). The tests have been positive in most of those studied (Gaultier et al. the results of intradermal tests in 3 people UNEP PUBLICATIONS 183 . As in other cases. Wallenstein et al. Blandin. 1992. These studies are backed up by several case reports of occupational asthma associated with persulphate use. 1951).. Blainey et al. in which a young woman worked for 3 years before developing symptoms (Pankow et al. She underwent blinded bronchial challenges with a number of hair care preparations. but not controls. 1992. The patient declined challenge with persulphate itself. On unblinded bronchial challenge. Blainey et al. and symptoms resolved on avoiding exposure. one case. she was hyperresponsive to methacholine. On specific bronchial challenge. 1992). with associated sneezing and rhinoconjunctivitis. Baur et al. There have also been some negative results reported (Baur et al. 1970. All of these well-conducted studies provide evidence that persulphate salts are capable of inducing asthma and can cause specific reactions at bronchial challenge under conditions which do not induce a response in normal or previously non-exposed asthmatic people. Either persulphate or bleach powder solutions have been used. after a month's absence from work. 1 equivocal (Therond et al. 4 challenged . 1993)..06. 1986.. both positive at challenge (Pepys et al.. 2 chemical factory workers who bagged persulphates developed work-related nasal and asthmatic symptoms within a few weeks of beginning work (Baur et al. Escudero Pastor et al.. have been performed on many of the people reported as having persulphate-related asthma or rhinitis. 1976. 1989).. one case. 5 cases.. 1990). In another study... There are also reports of persulphate effects in occupations other than hairdressing. positive (Schwaiblmair et al. in which the bronchial challenge tests performed were not blinded and omitted controls. 1976 ). A beautician with a history of mild seasonal rhinitis developed work-related asthma (Schwartz. 1989. 1992. 1966. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.positive (Wallenstein et al.. When she was investigated. 1979. she suffered an immediate asthmatic attack.2 positive. Neither underwent bronchial challenge. she developed a late. 1993). Agustin et al. in which 12% of the workers suffered from asthma that usually developed within 6 months of starting work (Barsotti et al.. Fisher and Dooms-Goossens. for 96 hours after the test. 1986... Wallenstein et al. 1976. positive (Gamboa et al.. . these immunological data are scarce and inconclusive.g. However...05.. In an early study. 1989. work-related breathing difficulties were found more often (6/8) in those who were positive than in those who were negative (9/44) in skin prick tests (Wrbitzky et al. Test 2: treatment with 0. and another developed neutrophilia and eosinophilia following positive bronchial challenge (Schwaiblmair et al. Test 2: cells which were pre-activated with ammonium persulfate and subsequently washed showed an increase in leukotriene formation after stimulation with fMLP or NaF. but not with the Ca ionophore. In peripheral blood studies.. While most people with persulphate asthma have given positive skin prick tests. 1989. 1993). Test 1: treatment with 0. total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels have generally been normal. 1992. Agustin et al. Amongst employees manufacturing persulphates. 1990. Pankow et al. a scratch test that was strongly positive triggered within minutes a "violent" attack of asthma (Blandin.. e. From the results it can be concluded that ammonium persulfate may induce Source 31. In addition it was demonstrated that ammonium persulfate decreased the stability of leukotrienes in cell free systems. 1992). tripeptide formyl-methionyl..11 Type Method Result : Conclusion : 184 UNEP PUBLICATIONS .. the serum from an asthmatic patient was positive for both hair bleach and sodium persulphate in a Prausnitz-Kustner test for passive transfer of specific IgE (Escudero Pastor et al.2005 5. Parra et al. this may be because of direct histamine release rather than an immunologicallymediated reaction.1-10 mM ammonium persulfate in presence of LTB4 stimulating Ca ionophore A23187 or sodium fluoride (NaF) and with 0. No specific IgE to persulphates has been found in three separate cases tested (Gamboa et al. The concentration of ammonium persulfate at local tissue sites as well as the occurrence and nature of a secondary cell-activating stimulus finally determine to what extent persulfates will interfere with cellular functions..01-10 mM in presence of LTB4 stimulating tripeptide formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). : HSE. washing of the cells with buffer solution and subsequent stimulation of LTB4 with Ca ionophore A23187. UK authority. Schwaiblmair et al. and decreased after avoidance of exposure in another (Gamboa et al. 1990... Overall.2005 correlated with bronchial challenge data (Wallenstein et al. Parra et al. mediator suppression or induction. 1995). In hairdressers with asthma. though increased in two people.06..1-1 mM ammonium persulfate. one person had eosinophilia. 1992).. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 1992).leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or sodium fluoride (NaF) Test 1: with all treatments a dose-related decrease of LTB4 formation was seen. Parra et al. (95) (96) (70) (71) (72) (53) (97) (58) (79) (80) (61) (82) (98) (99) (100) (101) (54) (102) (103) (62) (104) (69) ADDITIONAL REMARKS : : Biochemical or cellular interactions Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are treated with ammonium persulfate to establish its influence on the release of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4).OECD SIDS 5. 1970). 1989. Schwaiblmair et al. 1990. 1992). Histamine release was measured (corrected for spontaneous release).2 mg/mL 48/80 for 30 minutes at 37 and 4 degC.OECD SIDS 5. Test 2: guinea pig skin slices (from the abdomen) were exposed to 0. Temperature. Histamine release was measured (corrected for spontaneous release) and cells were investigated for degranulation and/or membrane disruption. Test 1: Histamine release increased dose dependently. At cellular level an alteration of the granules was observed. Positive control was compound 48/80 at 1. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06. 11. (100) other: in vitro skin reaction METHOD 500 µm thick abdominal skin slices (3/exp) of guinea pigs (Dunkin-Hartley). rats (CFY) and monkeys (Rhesus) were incubated with ammonium persulfate (1. 7% (10 µg/ml) and 22 (100 µg/ml) for 48/80 Monkey (1 replicate for all concentrations): 0 for all concentrations of ammonium persulfate.2-16 mg/mL ammonium persufate or 0. 10 and 100 µg/ml. Part of the reaction may be caused by the ammonium ion.11. Ammonium persulfate causes a release of histamine.2005 and amplify inflammatory reactions by leukocyte priming and by alteration of mediator profiles.33-2.05.2005 Type Method : : Test 3: lesions were dose dependently increased in size and intensity. 10% (10 µg/ml) and 37 (100 µg/ml) for 48/80 Rat (5 replicates at 1-100. This altered mediator profile may induce the pseudoallergic reactions and prime exposed individuals to allergic manifestations. RESULTS Guinea pig (5 experiments at 1-100. 100 and 1000 µg/ml) for 15-30 min at 37 C in histamine release experiments. (105) : : Biochemical or cellular interactions Test 1: rat peritoneal mast cells were exposed to ammonium persulfate (0.7 mg/mL cell suspension) under different conditions (temperature. The size of the lesion was recorded.06. pH and incubation time influenced the reaction. Histamine content was determined by a histamine bioassay using atropinized terminal guinea pig ileum. Test 2: At 37 degC a dose related increase of histamine was seen. 3 at 1000 µg/ml): 0 (1-100 µg/ml) and 21 (1000 µg/ml)* for ammonium persulfate. Test 3: guinea pigs were exposed intradermally to ammonium persulfate at 4. 1 at 1000 µg/ml): 0 for all concentrations of ammonium persulfate. Histamine release was expressed as percentage of the total histamine (released and residual) per sample.2004 Type Method Result : Conclusion : 31. The reaction is slow. Animals were killed after 40 minutes and the skin was removed and assessed for lesions. 8% (10 µg/ml) and 41% (100 µg/ml) for 48/80 Result : UNEP PUBLICATIONS 185 . which can release histamine itself. pH and time). 8 and 16 mg/mL saline. which appears to be caused by an alteration of mast cell granules without disruption of the membrane. 10. The effect at 4 degC was less clearly. Ammonium persulfate is not a potent histamine liberator. After 2 and 4 hours the provocation with acetylcholine was repeated. 50 and 500 mg/m3 ammonium persulfate (aerosol) for 2X2 hours.2% acetylcholine and a dose-related increase of the elasticity to maximum 600% at 500 mg/m3 after 2% acetylcholine. Test substance: no data GLP : no data Literature could not be retrieved. O2 pressure decreased 15% and 61% (after 0. since release was not reduced by lowering the incubation temperature. At 2% acetylcholine dynamic elasticity (max. catheterised) are provoked for 1 minute to air containing 0. The provocation after ammonium persulfate resulted in no effects on elasticity after 0.OECD SIDS 5.11. O2 and CO2 pressure. O2 pressure decreased and CO2 pressure was unchanged. Initial provocation with 0. intubated. (106) : : other: physiological effects in-vitro test: influx of calcium into cardiomyocytes (rat) was decreased by ammoniumpersulfate.2 and 2% acetylcholine challenge). Degussa AG Frankfurt am Main EUROPEAN COMMISSION .2004 Type Method : : Result : Conclusion 11.11. while CO2 pressure did not change.2 or 2% acetylcholine.2004 : 186 UNEP PUBLICATIONS . Ammonium persulfate may cause effects on the respiratory tract. all narcotised. after 1 minute) was doubled.2% acetylcholine did not change dynamic elasticity. Subsequently the animals were exposed to 5. TOXICITY AMMONIUM PERSULFATE ID: 7727-54-0 DATE: 06.11.2005 *Probably a non-specific toxic reaction. (4) not assignable Non-guideline study. Dynamic resistance (as a measure of air-way constriction) and arterial O2 and CO2 pressure were determined over a period of 15 minutes after the provocation with acetylcholine.06.2004 Type Remark : Source 19. (98) : : other: rabbit model for effects on the respiratory tract Rabbits (8/treatment.European Chemicals Bureau Ispra (VA) (107) (108) Conclusion Reliability 11. Sax. Solvay and Cie. Acute toxicity of ammonium persulfate to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I92-1248. 2001. Am. Acute toxicity of ammonium persulfate to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). 372 (1991). 2001. Van Nostrand Reinhold. I92-1249. 1996. I92-1247. FMC Corporation Material Safety Data Sheet: Ammonium persulfate (19-07-01: date approved). 73. I. I92-1246. Acute immobility test with Daphnia Magna exposed to ammoniumperoxydisulfat. Chem. FMC Corporation. The Merck Index. CD-ROM 1999. Toxicology department. CRC Press. unpublished. Peroxid-Chemie GmbH...91 (1991). Study no. 3055-3059. 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