PCSP Combined 04 06 14 Pcsp 4

March 28, 2018 | Author: Petcu Mirel Florin | Category: Breathing, Hypoxia (Medical), Seat Belt, Altitude, Nature


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IntroductionWelcome to this Pre Course Study Pack and congratulations on being successful in your application to become Cabin Crew with Ryanair! The role of Cabin Crew is varied, hard work and fun! However, before you can operate as Cabin Crew, you must complete and pass an intensive training course. This Pre Course Study Pack will allow you to learn the fundamentals of what is involved in the role of Cabin Crew. There is a lot to learn in this pack – at least 40 hours of study – and you must be confident that you know and understand all of the information. The course and Study Pack is split into “Initial” - general knowledge and “Conversion” - which is specific to the aircraft type. Initial and Conversion are then split up into “Topics”. The topics are reference to the days your safety training course will be split into. e.g. Topic 1 is normally covered on Day 1 of safety training. You must know and understand the information in the study pack, as this will be built upon on your safety training. At the end of each topic in this pack there are some revision questions for you to do, giving you an idea of how much you have learnt and where you need to improve. Initial Topic 3 (Security) does not have a study pack as this will be covered fully on your training course. There are 5 exams (pass marks of 85% or 90%) and other practical sessions throughout your safety training course that must be passed to become Cabin Crew for Ryanair. Taking the time to learn the information in this study pack will give you a huge start in gaining the knowledge required to pass the exams and carry out your role as a Cabin Crew Member. Bring this study pack with you when you begin your training course. Good Luck with the studying and remember that the hard work will pay off when you receive your wings to allow you to fly as a fully qualified Cabin Crew! We look forward to meeting you, Ryanair Training Department Issue 1, Revision 3 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Initial - Topic 1 General Aviation Knowledge, Effects of Flying & Crew Health Precautions Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 28 General Aviation Knowledge Airport Codes Airports all have an abbreviated 3-letter code. The abbreviations are used instead of the full name of the airport and so it is very important that you know these codes. Your roster, for example, will use the 3-letter code for giving the destinations of your flights! .The 3 letter codes for Ryanair bases (crew and ac are based there at all times) are shown below. For a full list of the airports served by Ryanair refer to www.ryanair.com RYANAIR BASES AS PER JUNE 2014 IRELAND (3) UK (11) SWEDEN (1) NORWAY (1) CANARY ISLANDS (3) SPAIN (8) MALTA (1) CYPRUS (1) THE NETHERLANDS (1) CRETE (1) Issue 2, Revision 6 POLAND (3) DENMARK (1) BELGIUM (2) GERMANY (5) PORTUGAL (2) ITALY (14) LITHUANIA (1) HUNGARY (1) CROATIA (1) FRANCE (1) 04 June 2014 MOROCCO (2) GREECE (2) RESTRICTED Page 2 of 28 Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 28 Phonetic Alphabet The aviation industry uses the phonetic alphabet and it is important that you know this! You must have been confused on the telephone sometimes between, for example, the letters M and N? Using this alphabet will hopefully ensure that misunderstandings and confusion do not occur. A B C D E F G H I J K L M ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOXTROT GOLF HOTEL INDIA JULIET KILO LIMA MIKE N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z NOVEMBER OSCAR PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VIKTOR WHISKEY X RAY YANKEE ZULU 24 Hour Clock/Time Zones Due to the rotation of the Earth, the pattern of night and day varies throughout the world. Theoretically, the Earth’s surface is divided into 24 time zones. The time differences are measured East and West of the meridian (line of longitude) which passes through Greenwich, England. The time on this meridian line is referred to as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Z (Zulu), and is the internationally agreed standard. Time in aviation is always given using the 24-hour clock: 1700 is 5 o’clock in the evening and referred to as seventeen hundred hours. 0545 is quarter to six in the morning and we would refer to this as zero-five-forty five. 1730 is half past five in the afternoon and we would say seventeen thirty! Midnight is referred to as either 2359 or 0001. Note: Ryanair fly within Europe and so the local time in France, Italy, Spain etc. will be one hour in front of UK/Irish time. When flying further East to RIX and KUN, the local time is 2 hours ahead of UK time. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 28 Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 28 Abbreviations and Terminology Aviation Terminology and Definitions ABP A/C AFT AIRBRIDGE AIRCREW. AIRSTAIRS APU ASSIST SPACE BRACE POSITION CABIN CREW CB Able bodied passenger: A person who volunteers or is nominated to assist the CC in an evacuation. Aircraft. Towards the rear (tail) of the ac Manoeuvrable enclosed access way to ac available at some airports. All crew required to operate a flight includes Flight and CC. Folding boarding/disembarking stairs which are self-stowing beneath the main passenger door. Auxiliary Power Unit: Small engine below tail of ac which provides electrical power while the ac is on the ground. A defined area at each emergency door allocated for CC to stand in for the purpose of evacuating passengers without causing an obstruction at the exit A position adopted, when seated, by all passengers and CC during an emergency landing. It helps to minimise injuries which result from forced body movements. An Aircrew member other than Flight Crew Member, who performs, in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the Captain of the ac. Circuit Breaker – these are all the black button type things that are located behind the pilot seats; they have the same function as an electrical fuse. CBs are also located in the galleys. CC CSA CSS DRILL Cabin Crew. Cabin Services Agent. Cabin Services Supervisor. This is a rostering code referring to a No1. A sequence of actions which should be followed. DITCHING DIVERSION An emergency landing on water by an ac. When the ac does not land at its intended destination. Can be due to bad weather, fuel requirements, medical emergency, bomb alert, etc. European Aviation Safety Agency. Flight Crew Instruction – Amendments to the Operations Manual Part A. EASA FCI FWD FLIGHT CREW FLIGHT DECK FR FUSELAGE GIRT APRON GIRT BAR GPU HOLD IAA Forward – towards the front (nose) of the ac. Normally consists of a Captain and a First Officer. The compartment from which the ac is flown. Also called the cockpit. IATA assigned prefix to all Ryanair flight numbers. The outer skin of the ac. Piece of heavy material which connects the evacuation device to the girt bar. Metal bar which connects to brackets on the floor when the ac slide is armed. Ground Power Unit: Used instead of the APU to provide electrical power on the ground. A compartment in the lower deck where baggage and cargo is stowed. Irish Aviation Authority. Government Department regulating ac operations in Ireland Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 28 IATA ICAO INFANT INBOARD INOP JU LANDING GEAR LOAD SHEET MINIMUMS NOTOC OPS MANUAL OUTBOARD PA PART D PIGS PRAM PSU PU RAMP RTO RUNWAY SEP SOP SPI STAND TAXIING THOB TAXIWAY TI International Air Transport Association. International Civil Aviation Organisation. For Ryanair ticketing purposes is a young passenger under the age of 2 years. The direction towards the centre line of the ac. Inoperative or having a technical fault. Junior Cabin Crew. The wheels and associated components on which the ac lands. Also called the undercarriage. The ramp agent prepares the load sheet and gives it to the Captain prior to departure. It contains information such as passenger numbers, weights, baggage, etc. Weather conditions restricting take-off and landing. Notification to Captain. The governing document approved by the IAA that sets out company policy and regulations covering all aspects of the company’s operation. The direction towards the outside of the ac. Public Address/Passenger Announcement. Aircrew Training Manual. Passenger Ideal Guiding System. Pre Recorded Announcement Machine. Passenger Service Unit: The area above a row of passenger seats which holds air vents, reading lights, drop-down oxygen masks, a CC call light and the No Smoking and Fasten Seat Belt signs. Purser – a rostering code referring to a No 1. Manoeuvring area for ac beside/next to the terminal building. REJECTED TAKE-OFF; Stopping the ac on the runway during the take-off. Airport area designed for ac to take-off and land. Safety and Emergency Procedures. Standard Operating Procedures: The normal manner in which an action is carried out in accordance with company policy. Safety Procedures Instruction. An amendment to Operations Manual Part A, SEP. Parking area for ac. All ac movements on the ground, following landing and prior to take-off. Total Heads On-board, including Aircrew, supernumeraries, passengers and infants. Airport routes linking runway with the ramp area. Training Instruction: This details a change to Ryanair Operations Manual. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 28 The Common Language The common language in Ryanair is ENGLISH All CC and pilots must be fluent in ENGLISH as it is the common language used on all of our flights. All operation manuals are written in ENGLISH. ENGLISH must be spoken in crew crewroom and on the ac by all CC. Being able to communicate clearly, accurately and concisely is a key part of being a CC. The flight crew rely on the CC to give accurate information quickly. Good communication can effectively save the lives of all onboard in an emergency. Safety and Emergency Procedures (SEP) Manual CC are required to refer to this manual for information relevant to duties of an operating CC. The manual is available on cabincrewdock. (Internal Ryanair network; available to all CC on completion of training). There is a hard copy in the cabin and flight deck, and also a copy available in each base. A copy of the SEP Manual will be made available to you throughout your training course. Manual Amendments SEP manual amendments are issued in the form of Safety Procedures Instructions (SPI’s) – are issued by the training department – SPI’s are amendments or revisions to the SEP Manual – There are two copies of current SPI’s on board, one in the Flight Deck, one in the cabin. Role of the Authority The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) regulates Irish Airlines and oversees safety standards in Ireland. The IAA is responsible for surveillance and oversight of training and operating standards in Ryanair. The Department of Transport, Aviation Security Division (DTTAS) is responsible for aviation security in Ireland. EU-OPS/EASA prescribes the requirements applicable to European commercial airlines. Airlines are not permitted to operate an aeroplane for the purpose of commercial air transport other than in accordance with EU-OPS/EASA Legislation. Within Ireland, the IAA is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of ICAO, EU-OPS and National Regulations, e.g. the Statutory Instruments (S.Is). IAA Inspectors/DTTAS Inspectors/Inspectors from the National Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) of another State may board Ryanair a/c to carry out official duties. Inspectors will be in possession of a valid ID. With the approval of the Captain, the Inspectors may wish to occupy a jumpseat. CC must:    Challenge all persons, including inspectors, attempting to board Ryanair a/c. Immediately inform the Captain when inspectors board a Ryanair a/c. Once the identity of the Inspector has been verified and with the approval of the Captain, co-operate fully with the inspection. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 28 Flight Time Limitations (FTL’s) Flight and Duty Time Limitations regulate the number of hours both pilots and CC can work and the amount of rest they require between duties. The FTL’s will be covered on your training course. CC Composition Ryanair operate their Boeing 737- 800 a/c with 4 CC. The minimum requirement is to have 1 CC per 50 Passenger seats or fraction of. Our a/c seats 189 passenger. Chain of Command The Chain of Command is the order of authority. The Captain has overall responsibility of the ac. CAPTAIN FIRST OFFICER NO1 NO2 NO3 NO4 Vacant Crew Seats At discretion of the Captain (and after consultation with the NO 1), a properly ticketed Ryanair staff passenger may occupy a vacant crew seat. Fare paying passengers may NOT occupy a vacant crew seat. Boeing 737 – 800 Ryanair currently operates 1 type of a/c, the Boeing 737 – 800 series. The diagram on the next page gives a rough idea of the layout of the a/c. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 28 Boeing 737-800 Left side - Pax doors Right side - Service doors Capacity of 189 Pax 33 Rows with no row 13 No row 1 d,e,f Door Toilet Door Galley area Galley area Toilet Toilet Door Door Two overwing exits at row 16 + 17 Total of eight exits Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 28 Responsibilities The purpose of CC on Ryanair flights is primarily for the: SAFETY OF PASSENGERS, CREW AND THE A/C Personal responsibilities include: SICKNESS- All crew must be medically fit. It is the responsibility of each CC to ensure they are medically fit. If they are not, the CC must inform Ryanair immediately. PREGNANCY- CC must stop flying as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. DRUGS- Crew MUST NOT take recreational drugs. ALCOHOL- Must not drink alcohol - minimum 8hrs before report/ sby duty. Pre – Flight Safety Briefing CC report for duty no later than 45 minutes before departure. The NO 1 will conduct the safety briefing. As a minimum the following will be carried out: • Introduce all crew • Password for locked flight deck door policy • Positions assigned by No 1 based on seniority • Latest memo’s and SPI’s read and followed • Format of day in relation to service, security and PDI check’s • Certain Safety aspects will be highlighted • Facilitate a discussion with the CC relating to safety procedures on the ac. The discussion will focus on the topic of the week and additionally must cover at least - One Safety Question, One Security Question One First Aid Topic. The discussion serves to refresh knowledge of standard operating procedures and drills. The No.1 must use this opportunity to remind CC of their individual responsibilities on-board the a/c. • Certificate of competence/ Initial attestation, IDs and passports checked Pre-Departure Inspections (PDI’s) All safety equipment MUST be inspected before boarding of the first flight of your duty. In addition to checking safety equipment, the following must also be checked: Assigned Door Checks • Open door – check exterior handle in place. • An open door way, without airbridge or steps in place, has a safety strap attached. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 28 • Closed door – handle is horizontal, door is flush with the fuselage and safety strap is stowed. Jumpseat and Area Check • Seat retracts correctly. • Seat belt/harness operational. • Mirrors, where fitted, provide an adequate view of the cabin from the seated position. • Covers for electrical sockets are present and intact. Cabin Checks • Emergency lights (ELS)/escape path lighting operational. • Seat cushions in place, with their ‘flame retardant’ covers fitted securely. • Ensure seat cushions at the overwing exits are fitted with a one inch diameter grey identification circle on the front edge of the seat cover. • Seat belts are in place. • Tables are stowable. • Correct safety card in each seat pocket at row 1ABC and 2DEF. • All Fasten Seat Belt signs are serviceable. • All No Smoking signs are serviceable. • All Life jackets for passengers’ seats are present and correctly stowed. For lifejackets in the PSU –check each viewing window is yellow/ white, red tag not visible. • Carpets are secure and not frayed. • All cabin mouldings are secure. Galley Checks 1. Waste bin flaps and waste cart. – Operational. 2. Trolleys and restraints. – Operational. 3. Galley stowage. – Locked/Secured. 4. Galley power functions. – Check. 5. Curtains (where fitted). – Secured open. 6. Water shut-off valve. – ON. 7. Boiler tap. – ON, (Purge) check for continuous flow 8. Oven. – ON, set timer for 5 min to heat oven up, turn oven off Toilet Checks • Waste bin flap operational. • Ensure water supply selector is set to SUPPLY. • Flush, water and vacuum systems operate correctly, i.e. flush and vacuum systems cut out and water not overheating. • All stowage/compartments closed and securable. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 28 • Internal lights function correctly. • Lock toilet after checks completed to prevent unauthorised carriage of passengers. • PDI’s on the Freon. • PDI’s on the Smoke Detector. Note: Passengers may use toilets during boarding (except during refuelling) but they shall be checked and re-locked after each use. Flight Deck and Cargo Areas The flight deck and cargo areas will be checked by flight crew. If any problems with these inspections (including PDI’s on equipment) then you must report it to the NO 1 immediately who will then inform the Captain. Reporting of Accidents or Incidents There is an extensive reporting system in place. Briefly, these reports consist of: Cabin Defects Log Book: Kept on the a/c and is used to report any defect in the a/c cabin. Main Technical Log Book: Filled in by the Captain and engineer, giving flight details and any technical problem. In-flight Report: Completed by the No 1 giving all flight details and any problems that happened. In-flight Special Report (ISR): Used to expand on minor incidents noted on Inflight Report form. CC Safety Report (CCSR): Completed if a safety related incident occurs (on crewdock). Medical Report Form: Completed in all medical incidents involving passengers and Aircrew members (on crewdock). Security Report Form: Completed in case of security inspection or incident. Miscellaneous Report Form: Complete if the incident doesn’t fall into any other category. Safety Alert Initial Form (SAIR) Flight Crew Only: Completed by the flight crew if any safety related incident occurs. Captain’s Special Report Form: Completed if the Captain wishes to draw attention to any matter of operational significance. Disruptive Passenger Report Form: Mainly used for statistical purposes (on crewdock). Passenger Offload Statement Form: Completed for any passenger offload and passed to the Captain. Accident Report: This shall be completed by any Aircrew who has injured themselves at work. A medical report must also be submitted. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 28 Witness Report: This shall be completed by any Aircrew who witness an accident that is being reported by another Aircrew. You will cover this in detail during your training course. To ensure that Ryanair operate to all its laid down procedures there is a Quality System in place. Ramp Safety It is important that all CC are fully aware of ramp safety while airside at an airport. The following points must always be adhered to: • • • • • • • All Aircrew must wear a Hi-Viz jacket at all times while airside. All Aircrew must be in possession of a valid airport identification card or Ryanair identification card. When entering or leaving an airport terminal building (airside) Aircrew shall ensure that all security doors are closed after use. All Aircrew must be alert to the different types of ramp vehicles. When walking on the ramp Aircrew must use the marked walkway signs on the ground. The rotating beacon (flashing light) on top and underneath the ac fuselage indicates an a/c is about to or has its engines running. Never walk within the blast or suction areas of an ac’s engines. Never walk on taxiways. Any items dropped by passengers/staff on the ramp (Foreign Object Debris) must be put in FOD marked bins. (pictured above) Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 28 Cabin Baggage • • • • • The overall dimensions of cabin baggage must not exceed 55 × 40 × 20 cm and must not weigh more than 10kg (22lbs), additionally passengers can bring a second bag on board that does not exceed 35 x 20 x 20. Cabin baggage in the overwing exit rows and emergency exit rows MUST be stowed in the overhead lockers immediately. Bottles or heavy and hard items must not be placed in overhead bins Cabin baggage may be stowed under passenger seats provided its size allows it to fit securely and does not impede exit from the seat row. The item should not be too small as to allow it to slide under the restraint bar. Must NOT be stowed – At emergency exits – In the toilet compartments. – So that it obstructs access to emergency equipment. – Behind trolleys. – In front of bulkheads. – In any non-approved stowage i.e. galley area Cabin lights In order for passenger and CC eyesight to adjust to the outside conditions, the cabin lights are adjusted (dimmed) for take-off and landing in the hours of darkness. The NO 1 advises the passengers via the PA system that the lights will be dimmed. Crew at stations • • • • All CC must be seated on their jump seat with seatbelts and shoulder harness fastened when the NO 1 gives cabin secure to the flight deck for take-off/landing During the flight on hearing the command “CC return to your seats” all CC must return to their j/s and fasten their seatbelts and shoulder harness After landing once the a/c has taxied off the runway a CC may leave the j/s for safety reasons only All CC must mentally go through their emergency drills whilst on the jumpseat. This is known as 30 second review. Injury and death on board If a passenger becomes ill or dies onboard: • Start first aid treatment • Inform the Captain immediately – may decide to divert • If passenger shows no signs of “normal breathing” CC must commence CPR immediately • Make a PA for a medically qualified person on board • CC are not allowed to pronounce anyone dead • Only professional health carers may declare people dead – call Port Health Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 15 of 28 Disposal of syringes If during general surveillance Aircrew find needles on board the ac the procedure below shall be followed: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Put on gloves (find in First Aid Kit). Collect the needle or syringe (exercise caution while handling the needle.) Place it into an empty bottle or container (available from ac bar) *. Re-seal the bottle or container. Place the bottle or container in the top metal box in the forward galley. Seal the box. Advise the Captain that the needle has been secured. Complete a Cabin Safety Report including the seal number used for securing the needle in the box. 9. Advise cleaners on arrival at destination. Note: * If no suitable bottle or container available empty the contents of the First Aid Kit into a plastic bag and place the needle in the empty first aid box and follow instructions 6-9 above. It is most important to keep the Captain and cleaners informed of the presence of this dangerous object on board and follow the instructions for safety reasons. Flight deck meals/drinks and admission • • • • • • • • All drinks must be passed to the left of the Captain and to the right of the First Officer and not over the centre console Only screw top containers are permitted in the flight deck. CC are prohibited from supplying drinks other than in screw top containers. Due to the possibility of food poisoning any meals served to the Captain and the First Officer should be different They should also be served at different times Alcoholic drinks must not be taken on to or stored in the fight deck at any time Passenger visits to the flight deck are not permitted for security reasons Company personnel must be in possession of valid Ryanair ID if they wish to visit the flight deck All visits to the flight deck are at the Captain's discretion Unauthorised carriage • • • Crew must be security conscious at all times to ensure no passenger or cargo gets onto the flight without permission. Crew are required to challenge all persons attempting to board/in the vicinity of Ryanair Ac. Security checks are completed on board the a/c when there are no passengers present – Before the first flight – together with PDIs – On each turnaround – After the last flight of your duty Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 16 of 28 Transit An ac may make a transit stop at an airport to collect or disembark passengers, or may have to transit stop in order to uplift some extra fuel. In this instance all passengers remain in their seats and the CC must man all doors. Passengers are not allowed onto the apron of the airport and must remain on board. The CC procedures for transit are the same procedures used for boarding. Ferry Flights This is when a new ac is being delivered and only flight crew are on board. Passengers are not permitted on ferry flights. Positioning Flights Positioning flights do not carry fare-paying passengers. If CC are on a positioning flight their normal safety duties must be carried out, including taking assigned seats for take-off and landing. The NO 1 must remain in the cabin at all times. Inadmissible Passengers and Refusal of Embarkation Ryanair, like all airlines, has a disruptive passenger policy to ensure that inadmissible passengers are not allowed onto the ac. This will be covered during the training course. Dangerous Goods Ryanair has a full endorsement to carry Dangerous Goods. There is more information regarding Dangerous Goods in Topic 7. Live Animals in the Cabin Ryanair doesn’t carry live animals with exception of guide/ assistance dogs (max. 4) Portable Electronic Devices (PED’s) The Captain may allow passengers to use their phones on the ground with doors closed where a significant delay to the flight has occurred. Portable electronic devices such as laptop computers, hand-held computer games, and mobile phones in ‘flight mode’ may be used on board at all stages of the flight. Laptops and larger electronic devices which must be switched off and stowed for take-off and landing. 10 minutes before landing, the No 1 must make a PA advising passengers to switch off all laptops and larger electronic equipment. CC must ensure that all passengers are adhering to these regulations to ensure that no portable electronic device may cause interference with the ac system's or equipment. If interference is detected the CC must ensure that all Portable electronic devices are switched off. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 17 of 28 Carriage of weapons Carriage of any type of weapons and ammunitions is not permitted in Ryanair. General Surveillance CC must pay attention and be vigilant at all times. They should monitor passengers to note any strange behaviour or a passenger who may become unwell. In addition, CC must monitor toilets and galleys and note any unusual smell, noise or vibration and pass this information to the No 1 and Captain immediately. Never be afraid to speak up if you think something is not right or gives you concern. More information will be given on your training course. Fire Prevention In addition to the above, CC need to be extra vigilant in order to prevent the occurrence of a fire. A fire can get out of control in just 30 seconds, so quick action is essential. CC must ensure: • • • • • • Smoking is not permitted at any time on board a Ryanair flight Ovens are only to be used for cooking food and not as a stowage compartment All a/c electrical equipment must only be used for their intended purposes Circuit breakers must only be pulled if you suspect an electrical problem or fire hazard with the piece of equipment The smoke detector sensors in each of the toilets must be checked to ensure that they have not been disabled or tampered with Access doors to waste bins are fully closed and securely latched Passenger and Crew Restraint Passenger seats – all passenger must wear a seatbelt whenever the fasten seatbelt sign is on. Infants – Must be secured on parent’s lap with an infant seatbelt. Ryanair does not permit the use of car seats or booster seats. Extension Seatbelts – If a passenger is too large for a normal seatbelt, he/she must be given an extension seatbelt. CC Safety Harness – Each jump seat (CC seat) is fitted with a combination seatbelt/safety harness. CC must ensure their seatbelts are fitted securely for take-off and landing. Flight Crew Harness – Each flight crew and observer (extra seat in the flight deck) seat is fitted with a shoulder harness and seatbelt. Again, this must be securely fitted for take-off and landing and at any other times as considered necessary – e.g. turbulence. Baby Car Seats – Not permitted on Ryanair flights. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 18 of 28 Approved Child Restraint Devices (CRD) Infant Seatbelt: up to 2 years Amsafe CARES: can be used from the age of 1 year Crelling Support Seat Harness: can be used for children and adults Meru Travel Chair: for severely disabled children More information regarding CRD will be provided during your training course. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 19 of 28 Revision Time General Aviation Knowledge As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What are the full names of the following airports? (5 points) a. STN b. PIK c. CIA d. MAD e. NYO 2. Explain the following terminology? (5 points) a. AFT b. IAA c. Ditching d. PA e. THOB 3. How many CC are required on a Boeing 737-800 ac? Explain. (2 points) 4. Can CC take drugs or drink alcohol? Explain. (4 points) 5. What subjects will you discuss at the pre-flight briefing? (2 points) 6. Write out 10 things that must be checked when doing PDI’s at the doors, jumpseat, cabin, galley and toilet? (10 points) 7. Explain 5 things you must do for Ramp Safety? (5 points) 8. What is FOD and what should you do with it? (2 points) 9. What does “CRD” stand for? (3 points) Total points – 38 Calculate your score, you need 33 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 20 of 28 Effects of flying on the Body We are now going to discuss the physical effects of flying on the body – this is known as Aviation Physiology. The nature of flying means that there are changes in attitude (angle) and distances leading to:  Lack of oxygen  Pressure changes  Motion  Crossing time zones Lack of rest, bad habits such as alcohol, smoking and poor diet as well as stress are major factors that lead to mental and physical disorders Our bodies and those of our passengers are designed to operate at ground level! The Atmosphere The earth is a solid mass. It attracts molecules of gas, which make up the atmosphere. The density of molecules is greatest at the earth’s surface, reducing as we go up in height. Eventually there are no molecules, and this is known as space. Each molecule has its own weight and when densely packed they exert pressure, known as atmospheric pressure. The further away from Earth we go, the more spread out they become, therefore exerting less pressure. Oxygen is essential for life and accounts for 21% of the composition of the atmosphere. Nitrogen accounts for 78%, Carbon Dioxide for 0.03% and other gases 1%. If the body is deprived of oxygen, death will occur. Temperature decreases with altitude at approximately 2 degrees per 1000’. At an altitude of 36000ft’ the temperature outside the ac will be as low as minus 56C. The a/c cabin is a foreign environment which operates at a normal altitude of approx 37000ft’ The cabin air in an a/c therefore has to be pressurised, generally so that it is equivalent to an altitude of 6000ft’ – 8000ft’ You need to be aware of how this affects us. Here are some of the effects that flying has on the body: Dehydration Air in the cabin is very dry - this will directly affect our skin, hair, eyes and air breathing passages. If action is not taken to combat dehydration we will suffer from: a) Respiratory problems b) Infections affecting kidneys / bladder c) Constipation Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 21 of 28 d) Eye infections e) Dry skin. Fluid intake, whilst flying, is very important - we should drink at least one glass of water every half hour. Water and fruit juices are recommended. Try to avoid excess Coffee, Tea or Minerals - these items produce further dehydration by stimulating kidney functions and therefore further fluid loss. Regular use of a moisturiser will help with dry skin. Ears Air pressure in the ear is the same as that outside. “Popping” is felt during flight as unequal pressures even out. In ascent: Pressure outside the body drops Air in the ear expands Eardrum moves outwards In cruise: Pressure outside body equalises Pressure in ear equalises In descent: Pressure outside the body increases Air in the ear contracts Eardrum moves inwards If you fly with a cold, the tube connecting the ear to the nose becomes blocked, as do the nasal passages. This will prevent pressure equalisation taking place and severe pain and possible damage may occur. If severe pain or earache is present, normally this will happen at the top of descent. Advise adult passengers to yawn, swallow, pinch nose and close mouth and blow gently. Advise children as above. Babies will cry and by doing so attempt to clear passages. If very distressed, advise parents to offer baby a drink. Sinuses These are air filled cavities in the skull, opening into the nose by small passages. They become obstructed when colds are present. Normally the sinuses above the eyes are affected, causing moderate to severe pain and headache. Eustachian Tube The Eustachian tube is a tube that links ear, nose and throat, it is approximately 35 mm long Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 22 of 28 Pressure equalization Normally the Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. Mucus drainage It drains mucus from the middle ear that build up due to infections or allergies. Hypoxia The biggest single danger of high altitude flight is when the brain is starved of oxygen. It is absolutely vital that you learn the signs and symptoms of hypoxia, so that if there is a problem with the a/c pressurisation you are aware of the effects on the body and can pass this information to the flight crew. In civil aviation we are unable to put pilots and CC into a decompression chamber to experience the effects of hypoxia. We therefore need to ensure that we are vigilant at all times for any effects that may be the onset of hypoxia. At sea level our bodies function normally and adjust to any medical conditions or environment aspects. In the cabin, things change. Normally, cabin altitude is maintained at 6000ft’ – 8000ft’ allowing us to carry on as normal If for any reason the cabin pressure begins to climb then the following may be experienced: Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 23 of 28 The first effects of hypoxia are likely to be decreased visual and cerebral (brain) performance. This is followed by poor judgement and a feeling of euphoria. Drowsiness, headaches, dizziness and slurred speech are other signs and symptoms. Let us see how hypoxia can affect us at differing cabin altitudes. The higher the altitude the more severe the symptoms become. 10000 ft – Mild Hypoxia Headaches Yawning Occasional deep breath 14000 ft – Advanced Hypoxia Headaches Tiredness Blurred vision Loss of co-ordination Possible personality changes 20000 ft – Extreme Hypoxia Convulsion Collapse Coma Possible death within minutes If in any doubt at all – tell a colleague and compare their physical state. If you recognise the symptoms of hypoxia you must report this immediately to the Captain. The only way to prevent HYPOXIA is to put on oxygen IMMEDIATELY the cabin altitude starts an unscheduled climb. Time of Useful Consciousness It is important that you should have some knowledge of the time available to you to take positive action to protect yourself from hypoxia should a decompression occur. This is termed ‘the time of useful consciousness.’ The positive action required is to put on an oxygen mask – recovery is very quick. The figures below apply to fit, healthy adults. Physical activity will, of course, decrease the times of useful consciousness. Extent of decompression 25000ft’ 30000ft’ 40000ft’ Time of useful Consciousness (TUC) 2 – 5 minutes 1 – 2 minutes 18 seconds It will be obvious from the above table that in decompression THE FIRST ACTION must be to DON THE OXYGEN MASK and then sit down. Once you are breathing oxygen you will be fully protected and can then look after your passengers. The a/c will descend rapidly to a lower altitude – below 10000ft’. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 24 of 28 People who smoke and/or are physically unfit will have a lesser tolerance to increased altitude to a physically fit person. People who have circulatory disorders or breathing difficulties such as asthma, the elderly for example, will have a lower tolerance to higher altitudes. As we have already said, it is vital that you know and can recognise the effects of hypoxia tell a colleague and then take immediate action. Hypoxia will be covered in great detail during your training course. Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding fluid. EAR BAROTRAUMA Can affect the external, middle or inner ear. Risk - burst ear drum. PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA Pulmonary (lung) pressure damage is usually caused, when the compressed gas in the lungs expands due to atmospheric pressure changes during for example explosive decompression or deep sea diving. Risk – burst lung – which can be avoided by purposely breathing out. Hyperventilation Often due to nervousness or stress, both passengers and crew can suffer from hyperventilation. Breathing is rapid and the symptoms can be similar to those of hypoxia. The rapid breathing causes the carbon dioxide in the body to be ‘washed out’. Deliberately holding your breath, breathing slowly and even putting a small paper bag over the sufferer’s nose and mouth to restore the carbon dioxide balance will help. Crew Health Precautions The lifestyle of a CC can be both physically and mentally demanding, therefore maintaining good health is extremely important. You should always be registered with a local doctor and dentist. You should always keep up to date with any necessary immunisations. We will cover health precautions in detail during your course. Alcohol and Drugs CC must not take prescribed drugs during, or less than 8 hours before, a flight. If you are prescribed drugs you should ask advice from your Doctor regarding operating as crew. Alcohol must not be taken less than 8 hours before a duty time and the amount of alcohol consumed in the previous 24 hours must be a minimum. Disciplinary action will be taken if crew do not adhere to these rules. Pressure Changes If you have a cold and cannot clear your ears you should not fly as you could cause a lot of damage to your ears, it can also be very painful if you have blocked ears or sinuses. You Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 25 of 28 could also pass on your cold to colleagues! Also – take care of what you eat before flying as the pressure changes in the body can cause wind! Scuba Diving If you dive to a depth of over 10 meters then you must not fly for 72 hours. Blood Donations The donation of blood runs counter to the physiological demands of flying. The disturbance to the circulation following blood donation lasts several weeks and, although effects are slight at ground level, there are risks when flying during this period. It is recommended that Aircrew do not volunteer as blood donors whilst actively flying. Where a Flight Crew member wishes to donate blood, the donation shall be limited to a maximum of one-half litre at any given time and medical advice shall be sought before returning to flight duties. Surgical Treatment CC must not operate for at least 48 hours after a general anaesthetic, or 24 hours following a local anaesthetic. You must seek the advice of a Doctor before operating with stitches or sutures in place. Dental Treatment Cavities in your teeth, or dental decay and recent fillings, can trap air underneath and cause extreme discomfort. Therefore avoid flying immediately after dental treatment and ensure you make regular dental visits to reduce the possibilities of dental decay. Smoking All Ryanair flights are non smoking and of course, CC who do smoke should consider the risk to their health Food Hygiene CC are food handlers and therefore you must report any incident of food poisoning that you may suffer. Use your common sense when eating out and, if in doubt about the hygiene of a café or restaurant, it is best to avoid it. Always eat freshly cooked food and avoid salads, fruit and ice in areas where the water is not drinkable. Always wash your hands before handling food. Sleep and Fatigue CC should not take any sleep inducing medication. Working shift patterns, combined with operating in a pressurised cabin, can cause fatigue and so it is essential that you get enough sleep. An adult needs between 6 – 9 hours sleep every night. You will need to work out a sleep cycle that suits you, for example, some crew like to finish an early flight and come home and have a sleep for an hour or so and then go to bed a little later. Others will prefer to stay awake and go to bed earlier so they are fully rested for another early the following day. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 26 of 28 Immunisations You should consider keeping yourself up to date with any necessary immunisations. Ryanair does not specifically recommend or advise on any of the immunisations detailed – however you can get more information on immunisation from you Doctor, or visit the World Health Organisation on the web! You should not fly for 24 hours following an immunisation. CC are recommended to have the following immunisations:  Tetanus  Tuberculosis  Polio  Typhoid Diphtheria, Yellow Fever and Malaria are not necessary for the areas that Ryanair operate to! Hepatitis A and B is available to those who are considered to be at risk of contracting the disease. Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 27 of 28 Revision Time (Theory of Flight, Effects of Flying & Crew Health Precautions) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What should you do to avoid dehydration whilst flying? What should you NOT drink? (2 points) 2. What can you do to help “unblock” your ears? (2 points) 3. When must crew stop drinking alcohol before a duty? (1 points) 4. Who may have a lesser tolerance to hypoxia (will be affected more)? (2 points) 5. When can you fly again after an anaesthetic? (2 points) 6. At what altitude is the ac pressurised to? (1 points) 7. What is hypoxia? (1 points) 8. Explain the levels, altitudes and symptoms of hypoxia? (18 points) 9. What is TUC? (1 points) 10. Can CC donate blood? Explain. (2 points) Total points – 32 Calculate your score, you need 28 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 28 of 28 Initial Topic 2 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s), Passenger Handling & Emergency Passenger Handling Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 15 Standard Operation Procedures (SOP’s) Phases of Flight – CC duties Each CC is responsible for the safety of passengers, the A/C and other crewmembers at all times whilst on board the A/C. It is therefore very important that you understand, and can carry out, the necessary SOP’s at each stage of the flight. Pre-flight The Pre-departure inspections must be completed before we are ready to receive passengers. Steps must be positioned correctly at the A/C door(s) before crew or passengers board or disembark. When mobile stairs are in use, the assigned CC shall wait for the stairs to be correctly positioned before opening the doors. Once in position, the ground handling crew will give a signal to the CC (normally by knocking on the door) that it is now safe to open the door and for passengers to disembark. When steps are positioned at a door, a CC must be at the door. Once the A/C doors are closed, the CC will carry out the safety demonstration. All passengers and equipment must be secured ready for take-off and then CC must take their assigned seat – the No 1 will give ‘Cabin Secure’ check to the Captain. During this time the A/C will taxi onto the runway. During take-off, CC must remain in their seats. The flight deck will signal when it is safe for you to leave your seat. CC must mentally rehearse their drills (30 seconds review) so they are mentally alert should any abnormal situation occur. After take-off, once the release call has been given, CC can start their in-flight duties. During the cruise, CC and passengers are normally free to move around. The flight deck, cabin and toilets must be checked every 20 minutes to ensure all is well. You must ensure no one is smoking. All galleys should be kept tidy. Carts and trolleys must not be left unattended in the cabin and should always be stowed if not in use in the galleys. The brakes must be ‘ON’ at all times. You should listen to the flight deck PA’s as they may contain safety information. Think safety all the time, and report anything you are unsure about to the No 1. During descent/landing, again the passengers and equipment must be secured – CC must take their seats and a check given to the Captain. Again, you must mentally rehearse your drills. Post landing, you must remain in your seat until you hear the command from the flight crew ‘CC disarm slides and open doors’. During take-off and landing, whilst in the jump seat, CC should think about their emergency safety duties. This is in case something goes wrong and an emergency situation ensues, your reactions will be that much quicker as you are mentally prepared. We will now look at the CC duties in more detail. Passenger Embarkation During passenger boarding, the following must be adhered to: • The No 1 must be at the forward of the A/C at L1 door Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 15 • • • • • • The No 2 is at the rear of the A/C at L2 door The No 3 must be at the overwing exits If refueling, ensure relevant procedures are followed Ensure a smooth flow of passengers through the cabin, helping out where necessary No trolley services are permitted on the ground Make note of potentially disruptive passengers or those showing signs of stress Refueling with passengers on Board It is sometimes necessary to refuel with passengers boarding, during transit, already boarded or during disembarking. CC should be vigilant for signs of smoke, fire or fuel vapour. The flight deck will tell the No 1 when fuelling starts and finishes. The CC must advise the passengers, ensure there is no smoking and that the passengers do not use any electrical switches, laptops etc. Passengers must remain in their seats with their seatbelts unfastened. The full procedure to be carried out when refuelling with passengers onboard will be discussed on your training course. Seating Procedures Each passenger will have a boarding card indicating the seat number they have been allocated. A PA will be done to passengers inviting them to take their allocated seat in order to comply with weight and balance rules. Additionally, a headcount must be made by the N1 and the N2 of FWD 5 rows and AFT 5 rows. Infants will not be included in the headcount. Passenger Seat Restrictions Emergency exit rows are: 1 ABC, 16 and 17 These rows must not be occupied by: • • • • • • Passengers under 16 years of age Passengers unwilling or unable to help in the event of an emergency Passengers travelling with an infant. Persons who necessitate the use of a seat belt extender (which could get tangled in an emergency). Passengers with reduced mobility, blind/ visual impairment or who require special assistance Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers or prisoners in custody The load sheet is completed by the dispatcher. Information on the loadsheet includes: • The weight of fuel, bags, aircrew, passengers etc. • The number of passengers and bags onboard If a passenger does not show up for the flight, the weight of that passenger and any checked in bags must be removed from the loadsheet. Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 15 Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRM’s) We can only carry a total of 4 unaccompanied reduced mobility (including visually impaired) passengers on each flight (unless an escort suitable to the needs of the passenger travels with them), these passengers MUST NOT sit in an Emergency Exit row. Visually Impaired Passenger We can carry a maximum of 4 guide dogs on a flight; the dog MUST sit on the floor at the passenger’s feet in the PRM seats. Visually impaired passenger must be given a separate briefing from the CC after the safety demonstration, they are briefed on the following. 1. How far they are seated from their nearest exits. 2. Allow them to feel all safety equipment (seatbelt, life jacket & oxygen mask). 3. Allow them to feel where the call bell is in the PSU. Reduced mobility & visually impaired passengers would be evacuated last in an emergency with the help of 2 ABPs. Passengers travelling with leg injuries Passengers with plaster casts above the knee must purchase 2 extra seats, and must not sit in an Emergency Exit row. Passengers using own Crelling Harness or MERU chair during flight Max 2 per flight and must sit in the following seats: 33A and 33F Children/Infants For ticketing purposes an infant is up to 2 years of age. Children up to 14 years of age may not travel with Ryanair unaccompanied. Passengers with infants may not sit in, in front of, or behind an emergency exit seat. (row 1, 15, 16, 17 and 18.) Infant seating is restricted to one (1) on either side of the aisle. (2 adults and 2 infants can only be seated together if the third seat is free and they are from the same travel group/ family.) Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 15 Expectant Mothers Expectant mothers will be asked at check in how many weeks pregnant they are and any certification required will be checked:  Up to 28 weeks – No DR’s Cert required  28-36 weeks – ‘Fit to fly’ letter from Dr/Midwife stating: Pregnancy is uncomplicated Expected date of delivery Passenger is fit to fly No reason why they should not fly  36 weeks + – Not permitted to travel  Multiple pregnancies (twin/triplets) – not permitted to travel after 32 weeks. Prisoners in custody It may be necessary to transport prisoners. In this case the following applies:  Captain must be informed  Police officer must sit beside them Deportees/ Inadmissible passenger Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers are passengers who, for a number of reasons, do not have the correct documentation to enter a country. In this case, the airline who brought them to that country must take them back. The following procedure is in place for carrying deportees/ Inadmissible passengers onboard:  Accompanied to a/c by an immigration officer  Documents to be kept in the flight deck  Deportee/ Inadmissible passenger to be met on arrival and documents given to immigration officer  Deportee/ Inadmissible passenger to be seated in row 32F or nearest available seat. Assisting Means for Emergency Evacuation. Total Heads On-board (THOB) The dispatcher will confirm that the last passenger has boarded the a/c. Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 15 If there is any doubt about the accuracy of loadsheet numbers the Captain will instruct the No 1 to carry out a headcount (e.g. if passenger marshalling or boarding procedures are not carried out properly). Otherwise the following procedure will apply: • Dispatcher gives completed loadsheet to the Captain, exits the a/c and the a/c doors close at STD-5. • The No 1 will select the flight deck access switch to NORM, lock the flight deck door and close the L1 door. • The CC assist the passengers to take their seat in the cabin. • When passengers are seated the No1 shall press “1” and “ENT” on the door entry access panel, this results in an audible tone twice in the flight deck which will signal that the passengers are seated. • The No 1 instructs the CC to arm their slides. • The Cabin is now ready for pushback. All doors are now ready to operate in case of emergency. That means that if the door is now opened the slide attached will inflate giving a rapid exit for passengers and crew. Safety Demonstration The safety demonstration must be done before departure on each flight (normally as soon as all AC doors are closed). CC will perform the demonstration from the following areas: No4 – just before row 1 No3 – just before row 11 No2 – just before row 21 If applicable, the safety demonstration tape in a foreign language will then be played. Separate briefings must be given to those passengers who are unable to see the demo. Securing the Cabin CC are responsible for securing the cabin for take-off & landing of each flight, and at whenever the seatbelt sign is switched on during a flight. The purpose of securing the cabin is to prevent injury (during flight) and to ensure the safest possible environment for passengers to get out of the a/c quickly during an evacuation. This will be covered in detail during your course. Passenger Disembarkation When the a/c parks on stand, the Captain will make a PA; ‘CC disarm slides and open doors,’ all CC go to their door and disarm the slide. Passengers disembark from the left hand doors and CC must ensure that passengers disembark safely. Passengers must be advised to walk around the a/c wing and not under it – no one must go near the engines! The rear passenger door, known as the L2 door, must not be opened before the forward passenger door which is known as the L1 door. Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 15 Turbulence Procedures There are 3 levels of turbulence:  Light  Moderate  Severe The procedures for turbulence will be covered during your safety training. Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 15 Revision Time (SOP’s) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. List 5 things to be aware of during Passenger Embarkation. (5 points) 2. Where are the emergency exit rows? (3 points) 3. Who may NOT occupy emergency exit rows? (6 points) 4. Explain allocated seating procedure? (5 points) 5. How many unaccompanied PRM’s may we carry on a flight? (5 points) 6. How would you brief a visually impaired passenger travelling with a guide dog? Where must they sit if using rule 1? (5 points) 7. Where does each CC stand to perform the safety demonstration? (4 points) 8. When and why do we secure the cabin? (2 points) 9. What procedure must be carried out if you find a syringe onboard? (9 points) 10. What are the 3 levels of turbulence? (3 points) Total points – 47 Calculate your score; you need 42 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 15 Emergency Passenger Handling In any emergency situation it is vital that all crew are aware of their roles and are confident in carrying them out. If the CC appear calm, in control and professional, it will make passengers less likely to panic. We categorise emergencies in 3 different forms: No Time Available (Takes place with no warning) Time Available – Short Notice (Pre-warned with up to 5 minutes’ notice) Time Available (Pre-warned with over 5 minutes notice) Land or Water An evacuation may take place on either land or water. Passengers’ initiative will almost certainly be absent therefore motivation must come from the crew. Ditching (landing on water) • SOS demonstration must be amended to include life jackets • Studies show that the Rear doors will be just below water level. The Rear doors will NOT be used in a Ditching. • Primary exits in a ditching are the overwing exits Notification of Emergency to Crew Should an emergency situation arise, the Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will say over the PA “No 1 to the flight deck” On hearing this, the No 1 will immediately go to the cabin interphone and ask the Captain for the NITS briefing. All other CC must stow any trolleys (if they are out) and go immediately to the FWD galley and await instructions from the NO 1. If "No 1 to the flight deck" is heard on the ground, the No 2 and 3 remain in rear galley. The No 2 picks up the interphone, listens and then briefs the No 3 on the NITS. (We need to have CC at the doors at all times on the ground in case of a No Time Available Evacuation.) NITS Briefing The Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will inform the No 1 of the emergency situation in a specific order referred to as NITS. The Captain will say e.g.: “This is a NITS briefing” “NATURE – The nature of the problem is that we have a left engine fire” “INTENTION – My intention is to divert the AC to STN airport” “TIME – The time is now 1410 & we will be landing at 1435” “SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS – Special instructions are to prepare the cabin for an evacuation”. SOS demo is required. The No 1 will then repeat the NITS briefing to the Captain (this ensures everything is understood) and synchronise watches (this ensures everyone knows exactly what time it is). Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 15 The No 1 will then give the NITS briefing to the rest of the CC who will then repeat it back and synchronise watches. All crew must then carry out the drill relevant to the NITS briefing e.g. decompression, Time Available Land evacuation etc. Notification of Emergency to Passengers The Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will make a PA to the passengers whilst the No1 is briefing the CC on the NITS. The CC will then perform the SOS demonstration, if required. SOS stands for and is done in the following order: S – SURVIVE THE IMPACT – Seatbelts, Brace Position O – GET OUT – Exits, Strip Lighting S – SURVIVE OUTSIDE – Lifejackets, Safety Card The SOS demonstration reminds passengers of the vital points to help them to survive the impact of the emergency landing, to get out of the a/c and to survive once outside the a/c. Panic It is to be expected that passengers will be nervous and may panic. Panic occurs in two forms: Positive panic When passengers shout, scream and rush about making briefing almost impossible. Negative panic When passengers take little or no action to save their lives, sitting dazed and retrieving their coats. CC must be firm, calm and professional to prevent panic in the cabin. We do not want passengers to suffer from positive or negative panic. Able Bodied Passengers (ABP’s) ABP’s are passengers that we, as CC, would ask to assist us in an emergency. We would ask if they are willing to help us and then give them a briefing, instructing them on what we need them to do. Suitable ABP’s MUST occupy our emergency exit rows (the rows closest to our emergency exits), these rows are listed below: Row 1 ABC Rows 16 and 17 Legally all ABP’s must be over the age of 16. Suitable ABP’s include:  CC  Flight Crew  Police  Army  Fire Services Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 15  Medical Personnel Unsuitable ABP’s include: • Passengers under 16 years of age • Passengers unwilling or unable to help in the event of an emergency • Passengers travelling with an infant. • Persons who necessitate the use of a seat belt extender (which could get tangled in an emergency). • Passengers with reduced mobility, blind/ visual impairment or who require special assistance • Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers or prisoners in custody Suitable ABP’s may make themselves known to the crew in an emergency as they are used to dealing with emergency situations. When boarding the a/c it is VITAL that NO unsuitable ABP’s occupy the emergency exits in case we have a No Time Available Evacuation. Passengers who reserved their seats in emergency exit rows but are in any way unsuitable ABP’s will be seated in other seats. Buddy System The Buddy System is used to help crew by pairing stronger passengers with less able passengers. Buddies also have to be able bodied and may be used throughout the cabin to assist Passengers with reduced mobility, nervous, elderly, passenger travelling with children etc. to evacuate the a/c quickly and safely. Cabin Preparation Checklist Preparation must be carried out as quickly and calmly as possible. The main aims must be to ensure everything in the a/c is as secure as possible, passengers incur the least injury as possible and evacuation can take place with the least amount of hindrance. When securing the cabin, in addition to all normal cabin secure checks, you must also ensure that passengers: 1. High-heeled shoes removed–place in hatbin or hand baggage. 2. Spectacles and false teeth removed – place in seat pocket in a sick bag or crew collect them in a gash bag. 3. Sharp objects removed from pockets (e.g. pens) – place in hand baggage. 4. Loosen tight clothing (e.g. ties). 5. Fit warm clothing – in cold weather conditions. 6. Demonstrations of brace position – indicate on safety card and show a few rows at a time. 7. Seat belts fastened low and tight around the hips. 8. In the galleys, ensure all electrical equipment is switched off. (galley power and water) Brace Position To minimise injury on impact, passengers and crew will adopt the brace position at 30 seconds before impact when the command “brace brace” is heard from the flight deck. There are different brace positions for passengers, passengers with an infant secured on their lap/pregnant passengers and for CC (as the CC face towards the rear of the A/C and Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 15 passengers face towards the fwd). The brace positions will be demonstrated to you on your training course. During Impact There may be more than one impact so CC must continue to shout “Brace, Brace” until the A/C comes to a complete stop. In No-Time Available emergency, shout the command “Head down, grab ankles, stay down” to passengers as they will not have been briefed on the brace positions. The Need to Evacuate In most cases the Captain will initiate the evacuation. The Captain must take into account that during an evacuation it is highly likely that some passengers will be injured. After an emergency landing there may be a time delay before the Captain gives the evacuation command, as the flight crew will be carrying out their drills and checks. If there is no response from the flight deck the NO 1 must enter the flight deck using the access code to check for flight crew incapacitation. The Evacuation Command The command to start an evacuation is: “This is an emergency; evacuate the aircraft using all available exits” The above command will be repeated. (Said twice) When CC can initiate the Evacuation Only in the event of a ditching or the Captain being incapacitated following a catastrophic event, can the First Officer or the No1 initiate an evacuation. Following a ditching, the No 1 may initiate an evacuation without the Captains command when the A/C has come to a complete stop. Similarly, any other CC shall initiate an evacuation ONLY in the event of a ditching or when both pilots and the No1 are confirmed to be incapacitated or any communication with the flight crew and No1 is impossible. Should the No1, or other CC, find it necessary to initiate an evacuation, the evacuation command “This is an emergency, evacuate the aircraft using all available exits” (repeated once) shall be given. In all other catastrophic circumstances shall the No1 attempt to establish communication with the flight crew. Catastrophic situations include but are not limited to:  Both pilots are incapacitated and one of below events has occurred. - An uncontrollable fire either inside or outside the AC threatening the life/ safety of those on board - Dense smoke in the cabin Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 15 - An unusually exaggerated nose-down, tail-down or wing down attitude, where remaining on board could cause injury or death Sounds which would indicate the breaking up of the AC. Passengers with Reduced Mobility Passengers with Reduced Mobility will be evacuated last with the help of ABP’s/CC to allow a steady flow of passengers out of the AC. Directing Passengers Once the exit is opened, monitor the slide. Prevent Passengers from jumping on to the slide before it has fully inflated. This will take about 3-10seconds. If no passengers are at your exit, shout loudly for remaining passengers to come to your door. Maintain a steady flow. Always monitor inside and outside conditions during evacuation e.g. a slide may catch fire. Unusable Exits If the exit is unusable, redirect passengers to a useable exit using positive commands. Evacuation Speed The A/C must be evacuated within 90 seconds. Evacuate at least 1 passenger per second through your exit. If passenger hesitates at the door, you may need to give them a firm push at the base of the back to help them out. Do not stop for a pile up of people at the bottom of the evacuation slide, this will clear itself and it is safer to be outside than inside the A/C. Evacuation Commands There are specific commands used in an evacuation, designed to motivate passengers and to tell them exactly what to do so as to avoid any confusion or waste time. Never use scare phrases such as “We’ve crashed!” or “We’re sinking!” And never use negative commands such as “Don’t stop!” or “Don’t stay in your seats”. This will only lead to panic and confusion. Only use positive commands. The specific evacuation commands, and where to use them, are listed below: General – Can be used at any location at any time during an evacuation: "COME THIS WAY!" "OPEN YOUR SEATBELTS AND GET OUT!" "MOVE FASTER!" "LEAVE EVERYTHING BEHIND!" "KEEP MOVING!" At All Doors (Land) when Slide is Inflated: "JUMP AND SLIDE!" "STAY ON YOUR FEET!" Overwing Exit (Land): "LEG, SHOULDER, LEG!" "SLIDE OFF THE WING!" Exit Unusable: "EXIT BLOCKED!" or "NO SLIDE!" "GO THAT WAY!" Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 15 Slide Inflates and then deflates (Apron Slide): "SIT AND SLIDE!" At Rear Doors (Ditching): "STOP! GO BACK! GO TO THE OVERWING EXIT!" Overwing Exit (Ditching): "LEG, SHOULDER, LEG!" "INFLATE LIFEJACKET OUTSIDE!" "HOLD THE ROPE!" Evacuation During Boarding: "STOP! GO BACK!" After Evacuation The Captain will evacuate through the L1 door, F/O through the R1 door, they will assist the passengers at the bottom of the slide The F/O will take the loadsheet and NOTOC with them. After checking their assigned areas, CC will take their assigned equipment, evacuate themselves and carry out Crowd Control Procedures once outside. Crowd Control Procedures • • • • • Stay in control – Do not let passenger take control. Be forceful and shout with authority - Use loudhailer if possible. Move all survivors upwind of the A/C to a safe distance. Headcounts of passengers and crew should be made. If at an airfield/near a populated area, the rescue services will arrive at the scene quickly. Otherwise organise survival plans. Re-entering the A/C It may be possible to re-enter the a/c to remove equipment and stores. NEVER re-enter a ditched a/c. Rescue Services An orderly hand over from the crew to the rescue services should take place Inform them of: • THOB • Location of any passengers still onboard Press & Public The emergency landing and evacuation of an A/C is normally reported on the news. Should you be approached by the press or public, do not give any statement, direct them to our website – www.ryanair.com Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 15 Revision Time (Emergency Passenger Handling) As a revision exercise, try to complete the following questions without using this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What will the Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) say over the PA to alert the CC to an emergency situation? What will the CC do when they hear this? (4 Point) 2. Explain a NITS briefing and what all crew will be doing. (7 Points) 3. What does SOS stand for and explain what it is. (6 Points) 4. Explain an ABP and list the unsuitable ABP’s. (12 Points) 5. Write out the cabin preparation checklist. (8 Points) 6. When must CC start and stop shouting the command “brace, brace” (1 Point) 7. What is the evacuation command? (1 Point) 8. When can CC initiate the evacuation? (6 Points) 9. List 10 evacuation commands. (10 Points) 10. Write out the crowd control procedures? (5 Points) Total points – 60 Calculate your score; you need at least 51 points to have passed the revision session. The purpose of this revision session is to give you an idea of how much you have learned in this subject, it will also show areas where you need to improve. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 15 of 15 Initial Topic 4 First Aid Responsibilities of being a First Aider First Aid skills that you will learn on your Ryanair training course are skills that you will keep with you for life; you will find these skills not only useful for your role as CC but also in day to day life. First Aid is a skill based on knowledge, training & experience which you will gain during your training course and flying career. First Aid is not an exact science and is open to human error. We must also accept that despite appropriate treatment, a casualty may die. Objectives of First Aid Preserve Life Be prepared to carry out lifesaving treatment such as performing resuscitation or controlling bleeding. Prevent Condition from Worsening Treat the casualty with TLC – Tender Loving Care. Promote Recovery Ask the Flight Crew to request Paramedic support on landing and if necessary, request a diversion if the situation is deteriorating. You may also wish to make a PA asking if there are any Medically Qualified Persons on board who may be able to assist in a medical emergency. To ensure passenger’s recovery CC should consider completing the following steps in First Aid emergencies: • Inform the Captain. • PA for medically qualified person. • Comfort the casualty. • Ambulance on arrival. • Observation Chart. • Captain may divert. Depending on the specific emergency CC may need to complete all or only some of these steps. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 10 Making a PA for a Medically Qualified Person First Aid Roles If a first aid incident is detected in flight, the CC must take up the following roles in this order, immediately. The First Aider • This is the first CC to arrive at the scene. • Press call bell three times to alert other CC. • Assess the casualty. • Give first aid required. Communicator: 1. Inform the Captain via the interphone (222 if major medical emergency) and give PAA briefing using the following format: Problem  State the problem, Age, Sex, Condition (of casualty i.e. heart attack) and level of consciousness. Action  What action is being taken by the CC. Additional Information Any assistance required on arrival, e.g. wheelchair assistance/ambulance. 2. PA for Medically Qualified Person (if necessary). 3. Move passengers away from the area (if necessary). 4. Collect QRG The Back Up:   Immediately collect both types of first aid kits and portable oxygen and take to First Aider. Remain at the scene and be on hand to open/locate any items from the First Aid kits that may be required. Other CC:  Continue with normal duties Comfort the Casualty – 5 General Points in First Aid In order to make the casualty as comfortable as possible, the following points should be carried out in all First Aid incidents: 1. Explain what you are doing. 2. Tender Loving Care (TLC) 3. Reassure. 4. Loosen tight/restrictive clothing. 5. Open air vents. Aftercare The following aftercare may be arranged before landing: – Wheelchair assistance Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 10 – – Airport medical centre Paramedics/Ambulance Port Health (Public Health) Every international airport in the world has a Port Health Unit. The function of the unit is: • Health control – the prevention of importation of communicable diseases. • Medical surveillance of all immigrants As a matter of routine they will only meet flights if they have been requested to do so by an airline’s Operations Department. When should you ask the Captain to call Port (Public) Health? The Port Health Unit should be called when you suspect that a passenger onboard the A/C may have a communicable disease e.g. Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, or there has been a death on the flight. You may not be able to make an accurate diagnosis of the suspected communicable disease but certain signs, symptoms and a history may suggest that the passenger is suffering from an infectious disease such as: • Diarrhoea and vomiting. • Rash and spots. • Fever (high temperature above 38°C). • A passenger known to have contact with Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, Dysentery or any other communicable diseases. • A passenger has fleas or lice. • Glandular swelling. • Coughing up blood. • Death onboard. A request for Port Health will usually cause a short delay at the end of the flight. Doctors from Port Health will assess the nature of the illness, the number of people affected, the flight details, and where the A/C has come from, before allowing any passengers or Aircrew to disembark. They may then refer the suspected passengers to isolation and may take details of nearby passengers, e.g. four rows in front and four behind. The Public Health Inspector will give surveillance forms to those who require them. The staff from the Port Health Unit may take the casualty off the A/C to hospital and place them in isolation. If they feel the casualty does not have a communicable disease, they will allow them through the airport with other passengers, or take them to the airport medical centre. Port Health has the power to detain an A/C for 3 hours (in case of fumigation). They can also impose penalties on an airline if they suspect that CC have deliberately withheld information. You should also inform Port Health if you suspect that a meal or meals are unfit for consumption. First Aid Equipment Onboard the A/C we have 2 pieces of safety equipment that we can use in relation to dealing with a first aid situation. Portable Oxygen Therapeutic oxygen bottles are carried on board the A/C for first aid purposes also for use after a decompression, further details on this will come later in the course. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 10 Low flow Mask attached to high flow Gauge Date Strap PDI’S (8 PDI’S) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Date Stowage Quantity Strap is visible Gauge reads ¾ to full Mask is attached to the high flow for emergency use bottles Mask is attached to the low flow for therapeutic use bottles Spare mask is present Duration There are 2 sizes of oxygen bottles: • 1 contains 120 litres of oxygen • 1 contains 311 litres of oxygen 311 litre bottle: • • High flow : 77 minutes at 4 litres per minute Low flow : 154 minutes at 2 litres per minute 120 litre bottle: • • High flow : 30 minutes at 4 litres per minute Low flow : 60 minutes at 2 litres per minute Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 10 (Remember these durations are for using the bottle from full to empty but we don’t let the bottle go below ¼ so the duration will be less in practise) How to Use (12 points) 1. Inform the flight deck 2. No smoking PA 3. In hatbin – check O2 flow 4. Turn fully anti-clockwise and watch for green indicator 5. Turn off 6. Place carry strap around neck of CC or ABP 7. Sit Passenger upright 8. Remove any grease or make up from the face 9. Turn on oxygen 10. Fit mask securely, pinch at the nose 11. Do not let go below ¼ full 12. If the passenger requires oxygen for landing – brief an ABP, ensure is informed the Captain To Discontinue Use Turn knob fully clockwise To Change Mask Push bayonet connector in and twist anti-clockwise and remove Precautions • • • • Infant – use low flow Do NOT use while fire fighting Ensure full oxygen bottle close to CC stations at all times For children/infants use child/infant oxygen mask (where fitted). First Aid Kits Onboard the A/C we have 2 types of first aid kits, we have a green first aid kit & a white first aid kit PDI’S 1. Date 2. Seal is intact 3. Stowage. 4. Quantity. Let’s first look at the green first aid kit. Description This first aid kit is for everyday use. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 10 The Green First aid Kit also contains a pocket mask to be used when doing CPR. Now let’s look at the white first aid kit. Description The white first aid kit is for emergency use only. Protecting Yourself Personal safety is paramount! • Check for danger before starting treatment (passengers fighting, fire/smoke or toxic substances in the cabin) • Use barriers (protective latex gloves, Barrier Mask) • Use antiseptic wipes to clean your own skin if exposure to body fluids has occurred The Unconscious Passenger Most passengers requiring First Aid on board an A/C are conscious and able to communicate with the CC either directly, or through others if you do not share a common language. However, one of the biggest challenges to CC is dealing with persons who are unconscious. Unconsciousness is the result of an illness or injury that interferes with the brain’s normal activity. The severity of the unconscious state may vary but if you are unable to get a response from a passenger to various stimuli, you must be aware that the passenger is experiencing a degree of unconsciousness, and you must also be aware of the DANGERS of unconsciousness: • The tongue may relax and block the airway • The casualty cannot cough • The casualty cannot swallow Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 10 Conditions that could cause unconsciousness • • • • • • • • • Shock Severe Heart Attack Poisoning Convulsions Excessive Heat Hypothermia Hypoxia Diabetes Stroke For dealing with an unconscious passenger we have broken the drill down into 6 easy to follow steps. 1. DANGER 2. RESPONSE 3. SEND 4. AIRWAY 5. BREATHING 6. CIRCULATION Let’s look at each step in detail when dealing with an unconscious adult. DANGER Check the area for any danger before entering. RESPONSE Speak to the passenger, if no response………… Shake the passenger on the shoulder, if no response……… Pinch the passenger on the earlobe, if no response…….. We now know that the passenger is UNCONSCIOUS SEND Press the call bell 3 times for help from other CC AIRWAY Open the airway (chin tilt) Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 10 BREATHING Take 10 seconds to look, listen & feel for NORMAL breathing:  Look for the chest moving  Listen at the passenger’s mouth for breath sounds  Feel for breathing (with your cheek) If the passenger is breathing normally then place them into recovery position. If the passenger is not breathing normally then start CPR immediately. CIRCULATION Now move the passenger to the floor to start doing CPR at a ratio of 30 compressions & 2 effective rescue breaths. CC should rotate after 5 cycles of 30:2 Continue the CPR until: Qualified help arrive You become exhausted The casualty starts to breath normally DRSABC - Summary Danger – Check for danger Response – Speak – “Hello can you hear me?” Shake – The shoulder gently Pinch – The earlobe - If no response, the casualty is unconscious Send – Airway – Breathing – Press call bell 3x for help Open the airway Check for Normal Breathing for 10 seconds  Look – For chest moving  Listen – For breath  Feel – For breath with cheek - If breathing normally – Recovery position - If NOT breathing normally: Circulation – 30 Compressions : 2 Breaths Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 10 Child & Infant CPR For first aid purposes: The definition of an infant is from birth to 1 year. The definition of a child is from 1 year to puberty. The definition of an adult is puberty and over. It is not critical to establish whether or not a child has reached puberty, make an educated guess. Think about the size of the casualty. Danger, Response, Send, Airway, Breathing is done in the same way as an adult passenger, if the child or infant is not breathing normally we then attempt to achieve 5 effective rescue breaths before considering giving compressions. If the child or infant is still not breathing after 5 effective rescue breaths then start the compressions at a ratio of 30:2 The compressions on a child should be with just 1 hand and not 2 hands. The compressions on an infant should be done by placing 2 fingers in between both nipples. Stoma CPR Passengers who have had their voice box removed have to breathe through a hole in their neck, this is called a stoma. Performing rescue breaths to this type of passengers through their mouth will be ineffective therefore the breaths must be given through the hole in their neck (stoma) using the pocket mask. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 10 Revision Time (First Aid) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Fully explain the Roles of first Aid? (17 points) 2. What are the Objectives of First Aid? (3 points) 3. Give 5 General points in First Aid (Comfort the Casualty)? (5 points) 4. In which cases would you call out Port Health? (8 points) 5. What are the PDIs of the oxygen bottle? (8 points) 6. How do you administer oxygen to a passenger? (12 points) 7. How long will the oxygen bottles last for? (4 points) 8. What are the PDIs for the First Aid Kits? (2 points) 9. Explain the full unconscious passenger drill for an adult? (12 points) 10. What must you do if a child/infant is NOT breathing normally? (2 points) Total points – 73 Calculate your score, you need 62 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 10 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of Initial Topic 5 First Aid Medical Emergencies The majority of passengers on board the aircraft needing first aid treatment will be conscious and will be able to communicate with you, possibly through others if you don’t speak the same language. Assessing the Casualty This can be done by asking 3 simple questions: 1. “What is the matter?” 2. “Have you had this condition before?” 3. “Do you have any medication with you?” Asking questions of onlookers, friends or relatives may assist you. Look for any injuries, bleeding or limbs at odd angles. Look for clues such as a syringe, medication, inhalers and nasal sprays. Medical warnings may be detailed on bracelets, medallions, lockets or key rings. A hospital card may be in a diary or wallet. Examples of these can be seen in the photos below. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 22 The chances are that the casualty may also be in shock so you should consider checking their breathing & pulse rates too. Below you will see the normal pulse rates & breathing rates for an adult, child & infant. AGE BREATING RATES (Breaths Per Minute) PULSE RATE (Beats Per Minute) ADULT Puberty + 12-20 60-100 CHILD 1 year - Puberty 15-30 70-140 INFANT Birth - 1 year 25-50 90-150 Note: Never take the pulse of an unconscious casualty Comfort the Casualty As a first aider we want to make the casualty at ease and as comfortable as possible so the following steps should be done in ALL first aid incidents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what you’re doing. T.L.C (tender loving care) Reassure. Loosen tight clothes. Open air vents. Signs & Symptoms As you gain experience in first aid situations & from your training course you will see that certain signs & symptoms will arise time & time again in different illnesses. In medical emergencies it is very important that CC are aware of signs & symptoms which are specific to that particular illness, an example of this would be that a casualty suffering from a stroke will usually have paralysis on 1 side of their body or a casualty suffering from a heart attack will have a severe vice-like chest pain. Care in First Aid Many of the cares are quite similar and again you must remember that we only have limited resources onboard the aircraft to allow us to care for the casualty. We will now look at the signs and symptoms for many first aid incidents that you may come across. Shock Shock is a medical condition that results in insufficient oxygen reaching the body's organs and tissues. It is always secondary to a failing circulatory system and a subsequent drop in blood pressure, causing a lack of oxygen to the brain. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 22 All passengers experiencing illness or anxiety on board an aircraft will exhibit a degree of shock. Causes include: Heart attack, Severe bleeding (internal or external), Severe burns, Severe fractures, Severe vomiting and diarrhoea Signs & symptoms:  Pale, cold and clammy skin  Shallow / rapid breathing  Weak, rapid pulse  Agitated / dull  Cyanosis  Dizziness  Thirsty  Nausea / vomiting  Unconsciousness Care - Shock: Conscious. Lie casualty down and elevate legs (Sit upright for heart attack or chest injury). Unconscious. Check ABCs. In both cases. 1. Treat any bleeding, fractures or burns. 2. Do not give anything to eat or drink. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. Promote recovery. Stroke Cause: Blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly reduced or blocked due to blood clot or ruptured artery. Signs & symptoms:  Weakness or paralysis (usually but not always) down one side of the body.  Slurred speech  Sudden severe headache (not always)  Incontinence To aid the diagnosis of stroke you can carry out the grip test: Grip Test – Ask casualty to squeeze both your hands. If one grip is weaker than the other this would normally indicate a stroke. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 22 Care - Stroke Conscious. Lie casualty down and slightly raise head and shoulders. If thirsty, wet lips. Unconscious. Check ABC’s. In both cases. 1. Administer Oxygen. 2. Promote Recovery. Epilepsy A person suffering from epilepsy is usually on medication to control the fits. However, fits can occur if there is a problem with the medication, or an epileptic attack can be triggered by a head injury, drug or alcohol overdose, or by prolonged use of video games. Minor Fit Signs & Symptoms:  Switching off or staring blankly.  Twitching or jerking of lips, eyelids, head or limbs.  "Automatic", repetitive movements such as lip smacking.  Chewing or making noises. Care – Minor Fit 1. Stay with passenger until they are fully conscious 2. Advise to see their Doctor Major Fit Signs & Symptoms:  Full body convulsions Care – Major Fit 1. If possible, pad the area around the head to protect from injury. 2. Time the fit 3. Time the sleep 4. When the casualty wakes, show them to the toilet. 5. Ask if it’s the first time they’ve had a fit: - If first time – Ambulance on arrival and Observation Chart. - If not –Advise them to see a Doctor. 6. In both cases, pass on fit and sleep times Stress Reaction and Allergic Reactions Airway obstruction can be due to other causes rather than a foreign object, the casualty’s own tongue for example. People may have a severe allergic reaction to substances such as peanuts, Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 22 different types of drugs or stings. An allergic reaction can kill due to the airway becoming very swollen and inflamed. This condition is known as Anaphylactic Shock. Signs & Symptoms:  Pale skin.  Difficulty in breathing.  Swelling of lips, face, neck, tongue.  Difficulty in swallowing.  Rash.  (Pulse may be rapid, weak and/or irregular). Care – Stress Reaction and Allergic Reaction: 1. Own medication – “epi-pen”. 2. Maintain an open airway, using the head tilt chin lift method. 3. Keep airway open. 4. Be prepared to resuscitate. 5. Administer oxygen. 6. Promote recovery. Asthma Asthma is a distressing condition in which the muscles of the air passages go into spasm and swell, making breathing (particularly breathing out) difficult. Asthma attacks can be triggered by an allergy, anxiety or may have no obvious cause. Regular asthma sufferers generally know how to cope with an attack and usually carry their own medication with them in the form of an inhaler (puffer). Causes include, but are not limited to: Pollen, Dust mites, Nervousness, Fear of flying, some drugs e.g. Aspirin, Some foods, Weather – hot, dry, damp or cold. Signs and Symptoms:  Difficulty in breathing especially breathing out.  Wheezing.  The casualty may speak with difficulty.  Blueness of the skin (cyanosis) especially the lips and fingernails. Care - Asthma/Difficulty in Breathing: 1. Own medication (inhaler). 2. Sit the casualty up with their elbows on the tray table in front. 3. Encourage them to breathe slowly and deeply. 4. Do not encourage to speak. 5. Give oxygen. 6. Inform Captain. Note: If casualty does not have inhaler, PA for Medically Qualified Person. People who suffer with asthma usually carry their own medication which relieves the spasm inside the lungs and therefore makes it easier to breathe. An inhaler that is blue in colour is called a reliever inhaler Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 22 and if assisting an asthmatic having an asthmatic attack, let them concentrate on their breathing. Hyperventilation Hyperventilation is a condition where a casualty is over-breathing. Too much oxygen is being taken into the body, therefore washing out Carbon Dioxide (CO2). People hyperventilate usually due to excitement or stress. It is often seen in someone who is scared of flying. These people subconsciously breathe faster and this washes out CO2 from the body. Symptoms:       Anxiety Over breathing Flushed skin Light-headedness Tingling of hands and feet Casualty may collapse Care - Hyperventilation: 1. Explain what has happened and why. 2. Call for another CC to try and sort out any problem that the casualty has. 3. Reassure and try to calm the casualty. 4. It may take 5-10 minutes to reverse the symptoms. 5. Monitor the casualty for the rest of the flight in case it happens again. Note: Do not use a paper bag for the casualty to breathe through as CC might not be able to diagnose the condition. The use of therapeutic oxygen should be considered if the passenger’s condition deteriorates. Fainting This is a temporary and harmless condition. It is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. Recovery is usually rapid and complete. A faint should not usually last longer than 60 seconds. Causes include: Pain; emotional upset; long periods of physical inactivity - especially in a warm environment; witnessing a disturbing event. Signs & Symptoms:  Brief loss of consciousness (not longer than 60 seconds)  Pale, cold and clammy skin  Nausea  Slow pulse  Eyes may roll Care - Feels Faint: 1. Sit and bend head down between the knees. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 22 Care - Has FAINTED: 1. Lay casualty down and elevate the legs. On recovery (usually within 60 seconds): 1. Encourage them to take deep breaths. 2. Oxygen may be given if the casualty still feels unwell. If the casualty does not recover:  Checks ABCs. Choking    Airway may be partially or totally obstructed due to: o Tongue relaxing and blocking airway in unconsciousness o Allergic reaction o Adults can choke on pieces of food o Children and infants may choke on different objects o Something going down the windpipe rather than the food pipe If casualty is able to breathe or speak, ask them to cough If not than you must act immediately Care - Choking Adult Encourage them to cough, if the coughing becomes ineffective ask “Are you choking?” If the casualty cannot speak or cough: 1. Bend the casualty over, head lower than the chest. 2. Give 5 backslaps between the shoulder blades. 3. Check airway. 4. Give 5 abdominal thrusts. 5. Check airway. 6. Give 5 backslaps. 7. Give 5 abdominal thrusts. 8. Repeat until item is dislodged. If the casualty becomes unconscious 1. Begin CPR Care - Choking Child: Encourage them to cough, if the coughing becomes ineffective: 1. Bend the casualty over, head lower than the chest. 2. Give 5 backslaps between the shoulder blades. 3. Check airway. 4. 5 (five) abdominal thrusts. 5. Check airway. 6. Repeat until item is dislodged. If the Choking Child becomes Unconscious: 1. Open the mouth and remove any visible obstructions. 2. Open the airway and attempt 5 rescue breaths. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 22 3. If there is no response, (resumption of normal breathing) start chest compressions and rescue breaths at a ratio of 30:2. Care - Choking Infant: Encourage them to cough, if the coughing becomes ineffective: 1. Put the infant in the head down, face down position across your knee and give 5 back slaps between the shoulder blades. Maintaining the infant in the head down position, turn the infant over and check airway. 2. Check airway. 3. 5 (five) chest thrusts. 4. Check airway. 5. Repeat until item is dislodged. If the Choking Infant becomes Unconscious: 1. Open the mouth and remove any visible obstructions. 2. Open the airway and attempt 5 rescue breaths. 3. If there is no response, (resumption of normal breathing) start chest compressions and rescue breaths at a ratio of 30:2. Angina Angina is a condition that results in a reduced amount of oxygen to the heart muscle, usually when the heart is over worked e.g. during physical exercise/stress. The heart muscle becomes temporarily starved of oxygen, resulting in cramping chest pain and breathlessness. Angina is brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. Signs & Symptoms: • Cramping chest pain which sometimes spreads to left arm and jaw. • Breathlessness • Weakness • Pale in colour Care - Angina: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Semi- sitting position Own medication - GTN Encourage to breathe slowly and deeply Administer Oxygen Promote Recovery. If the attack lasts longer than 10 minutes/GTN does not work/or first experience of this: Treat as heart attack. Heart Attack When the necessary arteries are already narrowed by cholesterol, blood flowing through it may become sticky and a blood clot may form which completely blocks the blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle. This is called a heart attack. Signs and Symptoms:  Very constricting chest pain (vice-like), often radiating down either arm and into the jaw. Often the worst pain the casualty has ever suffered Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 22  Difficulty in breathing.  Ashen, cold and clammy skin.  Weak, rapid pulse.  Nausea and vomiting.  The casualty will be very frightened and may fear death. Note: With a minor heart attack some casualties may describe this pain as heartburn or acid indigestion. They also may complain of jaw pain or toothache. Always take a good history before giving first aid. Care – Heart Attack Conscious. Unconscious. In both cases. Semi-sitting position. Check ABC’s. 1. Administer Oxygen. 3. Promote Recovery. Cardiac Arrest The heart has stopped beating. Signs & Symptoms  Collapsed casualty with no response.  No breathing present. Care – Cardiac Arrest: 1. CPR. 2. Divert the aircraft. 3. Ambulance. Diabetes This is a condition in which the body is unable to control its own blood sugar (glucose) levels. When we eat sugar it is absorbed into the blood stream and will remain in the blood stream until the hormone insulin enables it to be absorbed into the body’s tissues. Insulin is produced in an organ called the pancreas. Some people do not produce enough insulin, where others do not produce any at all. Insulin enables absorption and utilisation of blood sugar. Diabetics have to balance their sugar intake in their diet with either tablets, if they do not produce enough insulin, or insulin by injection if they do not produce any at all. Injections are usually taken approximately 30 minutes prior to food being taken. Insulin brings down the sugar level in the blood, therefore a diabetic injecting himself or herself with insulin must have access to sugar. Most people manage to balance this correctly, but occasionally things can go wrong. HYPOGLYCAEMIA  Too much insulin Casualty may become unconscious and die within a few hours HYPERGLYCAEMIA  Too much sugar Signs and symptoms are very similar for both hypo and hyperglycaemia: • Weakness. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 22 Fainting. Sweating profusely. Casualty has a ‘waxy’ look to the skin. Rapid pulse. Shallow breathing. Confusion. Pale and cold. The limbs may tremble. Slurred speech. A deteriorating level of response. Strange behaviour, casualty may become aggressive, may easily be mistaken for someone with has taken too much alcohol. • Acetone smell from breath. • • • • • • • • • • • Care - Diabetes: Conscious. Unconscious. 1. Own medication (insulin) if casualty requires it. (DO NOT inject insulin). 2. Give sugary drink (dissolve 3-4 sugars in warm water). Improvement after sugary No improvement after sugary drink. drink. 1. Give another sugary drink. 1. Nil by mouth. 2. Give oxygen if necessary. 2. Give oxygen if necessary. 3. Advise to see a Doctor. 3. Promote recovery. Check for medi alert jewellery. Check ABC’s. Gastro Intestinal disturbance The cause of pain in the abdomen may be relatively trivial (indigestion) but, alternatively, may indicate a very serious condition. Causes include: Appendicitis, Gallstones, Food Poisoning, Internal bleeding, Ulcers, Kidney stones, Gynaecological disorders, Period pains, Gas expansion (wind). Signs & Symptoms:  Pain  Swollen abdomen  Nausea and vomiting  Shock if pain is severe Care – Gastro Intestinal Disturbance: 1. Encourage the casualty to lie down in the foetal position with their legs brought up to their chest. 2. Keep nil by mouth. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. Promote Recovery. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 22 Fractures A fracture is any break or crack in a bone. Bones are usually tough and resilient. Considerable force is required to break a bone. However, old and diseased bones become brittle and can easily break under stress. How Fractures Are Caused • Direct Force When a bone breaks at the spot where force is applied (e.g. a kick or blow to the ribs). • Indirect Force When a bone breaks some distance from the spot where the force is applied (e.g. a fall on an outstretched hand may cause a fracture to the collarbone). Types of Fractures There are generally three types of fractures:  Closed Fractures The bone breaks but does not protrude through the skin.  Open Fractures The broken bone protrudes through the skin.  Complicated Fractures A complicated fracture may be open or closed. The broken bone may break into fragments, damaging nerves, blood vessels and/or underlying organs e.g. a fractured rib may pierce a lung or a spinal fracture may cause nerve damage leading to paralysis. Assessment of Fractures Take a history, there may have been a recent violent blow or fall. Signs & Symptoms: • Pain at or near the site of injury made worse by movement. • Deformity – the bone is at an unusual position. • Swelling and bruising. • Signs of shock, especially in the case of a fracture of the thighbone, rib cage, or pelvis or with multiple fractures. Care – Fracture: 1. Immobilise the affected area immediately with hands if necessary, then use bandages to immobilise. 2. Immobilise the limb using a sling or by splinting the injured part to an uninjured part of the body with bandages. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 22 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Dress any wounds on the fracture. Treat for shock. Remove tight clothing/jewellery. Elevate the injured part if possible. Check extremities for circulation, warmth and colour every 10 minutes. If unconscious check ABCs. Administer oxygen. Promote recovery. If Open Fracture Also: 1. Apply indirect pressure around the fractured bone to stop the bleeding. 2. Place a sterile dressing over the wound. 3. If the bone is protruding out through the skin, build up pad of material or bandages around the protrusion. Secure with bandages. Wounds & Bleeding A wound is any abnormal break in the skin or body surfaces. Most wounds are open with a break in the skin through which blood and other body fluids may escape. An open wound also allows germs to enter which can then cause infection. A closed wound allows blood to escape from the circulatory system but will not be visible externally. This condition is known as internal bleeding. Wounds come in many different forms, contusion, abrasion, laceration, incised wounds, puncture wounds and gunshot. For open wounds prompt action is needed to reduce blood loss and shock. There are 3 types of bleeding:    Arterial bleeding Bright red and spurts from wound. Venous bleeding Dark red and gushes from wound. Capillary bleeding A bruise. Care – Contusion (Severe Bruise): 1. Rest the area. 2. Cool with ice (wrapped in hand towels). 3. Elevate to reduce swelling. Care – Bleeding: 1. Put gloves on. 2. Sit the casualty down. 3. Apply direct pressure over the wound. 4. Remove jewellery or tight clothing. 5. Elevate and support to reduce swelling. Care – Minor External Bleeding: 1. Follow Care – Bleeding. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 22 2. Apply a plaster or dry sterile dressing. 3. If the wound is dirty, clean by rinsing under lightly running water or by using sterile wipes before applying a plaster or dry sterile dressing. 4. If there is a risk of infection advise the casualty to see a doctor on arrival. Care – Major External Bleeding: 1. General Care of Bleeding. 2. Apply a dry sterile dressing and bandage firmly. 3. If the bleeding seeps through the dressing, apply another dressing firmly over the top 4. Advise to see a doctor on arrival. When the Bleeding Stops: 1. Put a clean bandage on top of the stained bandages. 2. Treat for shock. 3. Check circulation to the extremities i.e. fingers and toes. 4. If the casualty becomes unconscious, check ABCs. 5. If the major bleeding fails to stop after 10 minutes of direct pressure, apply indirect pressure. 6. Administer oxygen. 7. Promote recovery. If there is a Foreign Object in the Wound: 1. Do not attempt to remove the foreign object. 2. Apply pressure on either side of the embedded object (gloves). 3. Build up padding around the object until you can bandage over it without pressing down on the foreign object. 4. If it is a big object, bandage around it to secure it in place. Indirect Pressure When direct pressure on a wound does not stop the bleeding, indirect pressure may also be applied. There are four indirect pressure points:  In each groin.  In each upper arm (where you would take a baby’s pulse). To apply indirect pressure, press very firmly on the pressure point, this will stop the blood supply to the limb. Indirect pressure may only be applied for a maximum of 10 minutes (it may not be possible for the first aider to apply indirect pressure for as long as this) at a time. It must Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 22 then be released to allow blood supply to the extremities. When the fingers/toes have regained their colour, reapply indirect pressure. Internal Bleeding Bleeding within the body’s cavities may follow injury e.g. a fracture, but can also occur spontaneously e.g. from a stomach ulcer. Internal bleeding is serious; although blood may not be spilled from the body it is lost from the circulation and shock can develop. In additional, accumulated blood can exert damaging pressure on organs such as the lungs or brain and can leak out via the nearest orifice. SITE APPEARANCE CAUSE MOUTH Bright red, frothy, coughed up blood. Bleeding in the lungs Vomited blood, dark reddish brown, resembling coffee grounds. Bleeding within the upper digestive system Fresh, bright red blood. Injury to the inner ear: perforated eardrum. Straw coloured fluid or thin watery blood. Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid following head injury. Fresh, bright red blood. Injury to the anus or lower bowel. Black tarry, offensive smelling faeces. Injury or disease to the upper bowel. URETHRA Urine with a red or pink appearance. Bleeding from the bladder or kidneys. VAGINA Either fresh or dark blood. Menstruation, miscarriage, disease of or injury to the vagina or womb. EAR RECTUM Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 22 Signs and Symptoms:  Pale, cold and clammy skin.  Cyanosis.  Weak, rapid pulse.  Shallow rapid breathing.  Dizziness.  Nausea and vomiting.  The casualty may become agitated or dull and quiet.  Thirst.  There may be bruising around or bleeding from an orifice.  There may be a rise in temperature.  Pain.  Unconsciousness. Care - Internal Bleeding: Conscious. Lay casualty down and elevate legs (If chest is injured, sit reclined.). Unconscious. Check ABC’s. In both cases. 1. If there is obvious bleeding from an orifice allow natural drainage, do not plug the orifice, but collect on a dressing or into a plastic bag. 2. Nil by mouth. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. Promote recovery. Nose Bleeds Nose Bleeds are fairly common during flight due to the change in pressure. Care - Nose Bleed: 1. Put on gloves. 2. Sit the casualty down with their head forward. 3. Get the casualty to pinch the soft part of their nose (below the bridge). 4. Encourage the casualty to spit the blood out. 5. Give the casualty tissues and sick bags, damp cloths. 6. Tell the casualty to try not to speak, swallow, cough or sniff as this may disturb blood clots. 7. After 10 minutes tell the casualty to release the pressure. 8. If bleeding persists, re-apply the pressure for a further 10 minutes. If bleeding persists beyond 20 minutes and is not normal for the casualty: 9. Promote recovery. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 15 of 22 Burns and Scalds There are 3 types of burns:  Superficial. They involve only the outer layer of the skin.  Partial Thickness. Several layers of skin are damaged.  Full Thickness. All layers of skin damaged, possible damage to nerves, muscle and fat. Care - Superficial Burns: 1. Cool the burn with cold water immediately for at least 10 minutes. 2. Remove any jewellery or constrictive clothing from the area before swelling occurs. 3. If pain persists after cooling, use cooling gel. 4. If necessary cover with a burns dressing (wear gloves). 5. Elevate injured area to reduce swelling. 6. Encourage the passenger to drink water. 7. Promote recovery. Note 1: All available equipment shall be used. If more burns dressings (or cooling gel) are required the white first aid kit must be used. Note 2: It is important to supply the casualty with water (if necessary from the bar). Partial/Full Thickness Burn: 1. All of the above, except “burns dressing” and “cooling gel” 2. Cover burns with dry sterile bandage (wear gloves). Do Not: 1. Break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area. 2. Apply lotions, ointments or fats to the injury; they can further damage the tissues and increase the risk of infection. 3. Remove anything sticking to the burn; you may cause further damage and introduce infection into the wound. Chemical Burns (Corrosives) Signs and Symptoms:  Intense stinging pain  Redness, blistering and peeling. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 16 of 22 Care – Chemical Burns: Follow major burns and scalds, in addition: 1. Wear gloves. 2. Flood the affected area with water for at least 20 minutes to disperse the chemical and stop the burning. 3. Remove any contaminated clothing while flooding the injury. Be sure not to contaminate yourself. 4. Burns to the face and within the mouth or throat are very dangerous as they can cause rapid swelling and inflammation of the air passages. Clean the face and mouth to wash away traces of any chemicals. 5. If chemicals or corrosive substances are swallowed, dilute the poison by giving sips of water to drink. 6. Promote recovery. Chemical/Corrosive Burns to the Eye (Hydraulic Fluid) Flight Crew are especially vulnerable to getting aviation fuel or hydraulic fluid in their eyes whilst examining the underneath of the aircraft. Signs and Symptoms:  Intense pain in the eye.  Inability to open the injured eye.  The eye will be red and swollen.  Excessive watering of the eye. Care – Chemical/Corrosive Burn to the Eye: 1. Keep the affected area downwards not to contaminate the unaffected eye. 2. Pour water or milk to remove the chemical from the affected eye. 3. Cover with bandage. 4. Seek medical attention. Sunburn If a casualty has been over exposed to the rays of the sun, burning of the skin can occur. Sunburn can also occur on overcast days and by reflection from snow in winter. The effects of sunburn can take 8 hours to develop. Signs and Symptoms:  Redness.  Itching.  Blistering.  Pain and tenderness.  Shivering. Care – Sunburn: 1. Cool the skin with running water or cool wet compress (e.g. ice wrapped in cloths). 2. Cover the burn to prevent infection if necessary. 3. A dry dressing can be used if severe. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 17 of 22 Febrile Convulsions In addition to all the conditions that affect adults, children and infants can suffer from convulsions due to a high temperature mostly due to illness. This is called a febrile convulsion. Signs & Symptoms: • Fever • Flushed skin • Sweating • May have a rash Care – Febrile Convulsions: 1. Remove any dangerous items that may cause injury. 2. Time the fit. 3. When the fit is finished, check ABC and place in the recovery position. 4. Administer oxygen. 5. Promote recovery. If the child or infant has temperature, ask parents to: 1. Remove clothes to cool (do not over cool). 2. Fan the child/infant with a magazine or safety instruction card. Too rapid cooling destabilises the hypothalamus of the infant and can cause the situation to worsen. 3. If shivering occurs, cover them with a light covering. Emergency Childbirth A full term pregnancy is considered to be any time between 38-42 weeks of pregnancy. Date of delivery is estimated by adding 40 weeks to the date of the first day of the last menstrual period. The foetus develops in a sac inside the uterus (womb), floating in a clear liquid, which gives it protection. While in the uterus, the baby develops by obtaining all necessary nourishment and oxygen through the mother’s blood supply, which passes from the placenta (the afterbirth) via the umbilical cord, to the baby. The majority of all births do not threaten the lives of the mother or baby. A woman who goes into labour unexpectedly may become very anxious and you must do your best to reassure and calm her. Labour does usually last several hours and this should enable the Captain to divert to the nearest airport to ensure the mother receives immediate medical attention. However, some babies can arrive very quickly. A birth should never be delayed, ensure the delivery proceeds with as little interferences as possible until the baby’s head is born. If the baby’s position has changed and the bottom is present first (breech), this requires urgent medical attention if possible. There are Three Stages of Labour First Stage (Around 3-12 hours) From the onset of regular painful contractions, to full dilation of the neck of the womb (cervix). Second Stage (Up to 2 hours) From full dilation of the cervix to the birth of the baby. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 18 of 22 Third Stage (Up to 30 minutes) From the birth of the baby, to complete expulsion of the afterbirth, cord and membranes. Premature Baby A premature baby is one born between 24 and 36 completed weeks of pregnancy. All systems are immature and so the baby may be born unwell. Air Travel During Pregnancy Expectant mothers are acceptable for air travel, in normal conditions up to and including the 34th week of pregnancy. An expectant mother should have a ‘Fit to fly letter’ signed by her doctor or midwife stating the duration of pregnancy on the date of travel and confirming that she is fit to travel by air. The certificate is retained by the passenger. Extra attention must be paid to expectant mothers during the flight, especially if they are in the later stages of pregnancy. Preferably, they should be seated in an aisle seat close to a toilet, as they may need to pass urine frequently. To aid their circulation the expectant mother should be encourage to move her legs regularly e.g. walk around the cabin. Oxygen may be required during the flight if she becomes very short of breath. First Stage Signs and Symptoms • Low backache. • Regular contractions in the lower part of the back and abdomen. This will increase in strength and the period between each contraction will gradually become shorter. • A show of stained mucous. Towards the end of the first stage of labour, when the cervix is fully dilated, the sac of fluid surrounding the baby will burst and a gush of blood stained fluid will appear (the waters break).This, however, may not happen until advanced labour. Care – Labour: 1. Talk to the mother and assess the situation i.e. how many weeks pregnant, how long she has been in labour, how often the contractions are, any previous births? 2. PA for a midwife or doctor. 3. Inform the flight crew and keep them updated. 4. Stay with her and constantly reassure her. 5. Allow her to walk around the cabin if she wants to. 6. When her waters break encourage her to wash herself and change clothing. 7. Select an appropriate area which will afford maximum privacy. Preparing the Area Collect together any equipment that you may need. Place some seat cushions on the floor. Cover the cushions with an unopened clean black bag. This is to try to keep the area where she is sitting as sterile as possible. Allow mother to sit with her back against the jumpseat or door. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 19 of 22 It must be stressed that dirt and infection are a serious danger to both the mother and baby. Wash your hands before attending the mother and wear gloves. Although working in a confined space with limited facilities, try to ensure that everything is kept as clean as possible. Do not allow anyone with a sore throat or cold to attend the birth. Towards the end of the first stage of labour the mother should be in a comfortable position in the prepared area with her back against the R2 door. All lower garments should be removed but she should be kept covered. The genital area should be wiped clean. Any discharge must be repeatedly wiped away from front to back using a fresh swab each time. At all times endeavour to maintain the dignity of the mother. Equipment Required  Cushions  Black bag  Hand towels  Sterile triangular bandages  Bandages  Scissors  Gauze swabs  Prepare oxygen bottles for use Second Stage (Birth) When the cervix is dilated, the second stage begins. The contractions will be very frequent and extremely strong. The second stage lasts until the baby is delivered. Care – Birth: 1. Put on your gloves. 2. Place a pad under the mother in case of incontinence. 3. Do not give the woman anything to eat or drink. 4. Inspect the vaginal area. When the area between the vagina and anus bulges, the baby’s head should be visible. 5. Support the head with your hand as it emerges. 6. When the widest part of the head is through tell the mother to stop pushing and pant during contractions. 7. Check that the umbilical cord is not around the neck. If it is, pass it over the baby’s head but do not pull. 8. Support the head. The baby’s head will turn to face the side. 9. Once the first shoulder is clear, lift the head upwards towards the mother’s abdomen. 10.The rest of the baby will be expelled rapidly. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 20 of 22 Care of the Baby 1. Pick up the baby by holding it under the armpits and gently lay the baby on the mother. 2. Wrap the baby in triangular bandages and warm clothing. 3. Clean out the baby’s mouth with a gauze swab. 4. If the baby does not cry, carry out ABC and resuscitate if necessary. 5. Record the time of delivery and date. 6. It is better to allow Paramedics or hospital staff to clamp and cut the cord using sterile instruments. DO NOT PULL THE UMBILICAL CORD – THIS CAN CAUSE INTERNAL BLEEDING. DO NOT SMACK (HIT) THE BABY Third Stage (Delivery of the Afterbirth) 1. Give the baby to the mother and encourage her to breast feed as this stimulates the expulsion of the afterbirth. 2. The third stage of labour deals with the period after the birth of the baby until the afterbirth is expelled. 3. To aid delivery of the afterbirth, encourage the mother to sit/squat. 4. Coughing slightly may also help to expel it. 5. Place a receptacle between the mother’s thighs to hold the afterbirth as it comes away. 6. The mother will have a few contractions just before the afterbirth is expelled. 7. Place afterbirth in a plastic bag and hold it above the mother and baby. The cord will seem to lengthen and a quantity of blood will be passed (1 pint is quite normal). The average safe time of delivery of the afterbirth is 10 minutes – 1 hour after the birth. Never pull on the cord to assist the expulsion of the afterbirth as this may cause tearing and severe bleeding. Care of the Mother 1. Clean up the mother as much as possible and fix an absorbent pad in position. 2. Make her comfortable and give her a warm drink. 3. Check pulse rate and record it every 10 minutes. A rising pulse rate may indicate internal bleeding (haemorrhage). NOTE: If severe bleeding should continue after the birth of the baby, put the baby to feed at the mother’s breast. This helps to control bleeding. 4. The mother’s legs must not be elevated, as this will inhibit the contraction that expels the afterbirth. (This instance, (including during a miscarriage) is the only time where the casualty’s legs should not be elevated in the event of bleeding). 5. Administer oxygen 6. Promote Recovery Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 21 of 22 Revision Time (First Aid) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What 3 questions would you ask to assess a casualty? (3 points) 2. What are the ages, pulse and breathing rates for an adult, child and infant? (9 points) 3. What are the 5 points for “comforting a casualty”? (5 points) 4. How would you care for a passenger having a major epileptic fit? (7 points) 5. What are the symptoms & care for passenger with asthma? (11 points) 6. What would you do for a passenger who has fainted? And what would you do on recovery? (5 points) 7. What is the care for a choking adult? (12 points) 8. What are the 3 types of fractures? Explain. (6 points) 9. How would you care for a passenger with a nose bleed? (14 points) 10. How would you care for a passenger who is hyperventilating? (4 points) Total points – 76 Calculate your score; you need 65 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 22 of 22 Initial Topic 6 Fire & Smoke & Dangerous Goods Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 14 Fire & Smoke An in flight fire is probably the most dangerous situation that you may encounter on board an A/C. If fire or smoke is discovered then it is essential that the flight crew & all CC are informed immediately. Rapid response by all aircrew may save lives! Effects of Toxic Gases & Smoke In the confined space of an A/C, toxic fumes and gases will collect in a short space of time and dispatch the breathable air. The physical effects of smoke on individuals would be: 1. Eyes watering 2. Choking 3. Asphyxiation All of the above will lead to PANIC. Where smoke in the cabin makes it difficult to breathe instruct passengers to lean over keeping their heads low and breathe through a jumper, headrest cover, handkerchief, etc. If possible, distribute wet hand towels. Chemistry of Fire In order for a fire to survive, it needs 3 elements – fuel, heat and oxygen. This is referred to as the triangle of fire as you can see below: Removing or limiting 1 of the 3 elements will put the fire out. Classes of Fire Fires are divided into categories of the fuel that is burning. There are 5 classes of fire: A – SOLID MATERIALS B – FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS C – FLAMMABLE GASES D – COMBUSTIBLE METALS E – LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 14 Consequences Past case studies prove that in as little as 90 seconds, a Fire can develop into a catastrophic situation causing incapacitation and/or Death Even if flames are not visible, a fire produces smoke and toxic fumes which are the prime causes of fatalities The Hydrogen Cyanide released from a man’s burning suit can kill 7 people. Flash-over Flash-over is a term used to describe a sudden transfer of heat from a local fire to a more wide spread fire involving a much greater area. If there is a small fire in the AC which has access to excess oxygen & fuel (cabin furnishings) and CC do not act promptly then there is a risk of flash-over occurring. The fire will begin to grow as it eats the excess fuel (cabin furnishings) & oxygen, as this happens the fire will release hot combustible gases which will rise to the ceiling. The temperature in the cabin will also be increasing and there will be a point when the gases & the furnishings (or both) spontaneously ignite (catch fire), this will spread from a local fire to a fire involving the entire cabin. In this situation the cabin is NON-SURVIVALBE! Sources of Fire These include cigarettes, matches, leaking cigarette lighters, electrical faults, ovens, any other combustible material in the cabin including passenger bags, newspapers etc. Fire Prevention and Fire Watch Although it may not be possible to prevent a fire due to a technical fault e.g. an electrical short-circuit, the chances of a fire starting and getting out of control are reduced if items of A/C electrical equipment are only used for their intended purposes and a constant watch is kept on potential fire areas: Toilets CC should check toilets at least every 20 minutes to ensure: • They are kept clean and tidy i.e. combustible material is contained. • Waste bins are not overflowing, the waste bin flap must remain closed at all times to help starve any fire of oxygen. • Press toilet flush and ensure flush and vacuum motors, where applicable, cut out. This prevents possible overheat and electrical fires. • Smoke detector sensors have not been blocked or tampered with. • No smoke is present. If cigarette smoke is smelt, check waste bin and all other stowage immediately for discarded cigarette. Cabin • Maintain surveillance of all floor areas. • Ensure no bags, paper, newspaper i.e. combustible materials are deposited where they become a fire hazard. • Maintain surveillance of the seat rows and the lower side wall in passenger cabin. Items may ignite in these areas without being noticed immediately. Galley • Keep galley area clean and tidy. • Ensure waste bins are not overflowing. The waste bin flap must remain closed at all times. • Ensure constant check on large gash bags situated in each galley. Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 14 • • • • • • • Open oven door and check contents before switching on. Ensure no dry ice packages (if used) are left on oven inserts. Ovens must not be used to stow any items other than food. If Aircrew are using the ovens for their own use, they must follow the correct procedure. Use of oven bags. Maintain a constant watch on ovens when in use and ensure oven insert trays are free of grease and spilled food. Do not obstruct air-conditioning grilles as this could cause the system to overheat. Reconfirm location of circuit-breakers and power switches. Remember – these may vary on each A/C. CC may not smoke at any time on-board the A/C. Overhead Stowage Bins Fires have been known to start in overhead bins. Treat these as electrical fires. The Passenger Service Unit (PSU) beneath contains electrical wiring, and the stowage itself may contain live electrical components. Monitor PSUs as dripping condensation or faulty reading lights sometimes cause passengers to insert tissues into vents (this is a fire hazard). Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) The APU is an extra engine in the tail unit. It supplies electrical power and airconditioning while the AC is on the ground. An APU fire while on the ground may require the emergency evacuation of the passengers. The CC will therefore be informed immediately by the flight crew or, in their absence, by the Ground Engineers. Fire Fighting Tools The equipment available on board to fight the fire is listed below:      PBE (Protective Breathing Equipment) Crash Axe Fire Gloves Halon Extinguisher Water Glycol Extinguisher The type of fire you encounter will determine the method to be used to help fight the fire. For example: Electrical (Usually a fishy/rubbery smell) – DO NOT USE WATER Non-electrical If the fire is non-electrical it may be possible to extinguish it with the water glycol extinguisher or any non-alcoholic liquid. If you have ANY doubt whether a fire is electrical or non-electrical, always treat as an electrical fire i.e. use halon. Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 14 In the event of smoke or fire, your actions could save the A/C and its occupants therefore, it is vital that you know how to detect, identify and rapidly extinguish any fire which may break out. Circuit Breakers Circuit Breaker – NOT USED Circuit Breaker TRIPPED position Circuit Breaker -IN position Description A circuit breaker is a push/pull button device designed to cut off the power automatically to an item of electrical equipment if a fault is detected. Location In each of the forward and aft galley areas there is an individual circuit breaker for each of the following: 1. Galley Lights 2. Water Boilers 3. Each of the ovens Normal If a circuit breaker trips out, do not reset it. Inform the No 1 and Captain immediately. Emergency Operation For an electrical fire, the associated circuit breaker is pulled to cut the electrical power to the relevant piece of equipment. This removes the heat from the fire and helps to extinguish it. Fire Fighting Roles If an in flight fire is discovered then the following roles must be taken up by the CC. There is a role for each CC. 1. FIRE FIGHTER 2. FIRST COMMUNICATOR Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 14 3. BACK-UP 4. SECOND COMMUNICATOR THE FIRE FIGHTER • This is the first person to arrive at the scene. • Press call bell 3 times to alert other CC. • Collect necessary equipment. • Implement the appropriate fire drill. • When the fire is out, report to the Captain giving accurate details of the situation. FIRST COMMUNICATOR (10 POINTS) 1. Inform the Captain via the interphone (press 222 on the interphone) and give PAA briefing using the following format: Problem There is a fire (state location and affected area) Action What action in being taken by the CC Additional Information • What is burning? Report any smells. • Severity of fire. Amount and colour of smoke. • Passenger reaction. • Remind of ELECTRICS (this will remind the Flight Crew to switch off any electrics associated with the fire area.) 2 Collect Halon, Crash Axe and Fire Gloves from the flight deck and pass to the backup. 3 Collect QRG. 4 Update the Captain regularly. THE BACK UP  Collect equipment from the First Communicator.  Collect other fire fighting equipment from the cabin.  Collect an empty bar box.  Be ready to take over from the fire fighter (Don PBE and Fire Gloves).  When Fire Fighter reports to the Captain, put item/debris into bar box and dampen down with water, check the area for signs of heat or fire SECOND COMMUNICATOR  Make a reassurance PA to passengers.  Move passengers and anything that could fuel the fire, e.g. portable oxygen bottles, bottles of alcohol.  Distribute wet towels for passengers to breathe through. The No 1 must monitor and take control of the situation and be aware the CC may have to prepare the cabin for an emergency landing, if required. General Fire Drill The quantity or location of smoke may give little indication as to the size or location of the fire. Similarly, the smell of burning may not directly reveal the fire source. A fire behind panelling for instance can cause fumes or smoke to appear in a totally different part of the cabin. Location of the source of fire is of prime importance and this can often be achieved by searching for hot spots behind the AC panels with the back of the hand. It is important Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 14 not to use the palm of the hand since it is an automatic reflex for the hand to close if it touches something hot, thus making it likely that the hand will stick to the hot surface. A confined fire is one where you can NOT see the source of the fire (e.g. fire behind wall panelling). An Open fire is where you CAN see the source of the fire (e.g. fire on a passenger seat). When dealing with any fire, the CC must follow the GENERAL FIRE DRILL: IDENTIFY – Locate the source of the fire by using the back of your hand. PREPARE – Get necessary equipment e.g. PBE, halon, fire gloves, water glycol. ATTACK – Begin appropriate fire drill. INFORM – Ensure flight crew are informed giving accurate details of the fire. ELECTRICS – Remind flight crew of the electrics. (This will remind the Captain to pull the Circuit Breakers in the flight deck associated with the fire area) Emergency Landing after an In-Flight Fire Depending on the severity of the fire, the degree of success in containing it and any danger to the A/C or injuries to the passengers or crew, the Captain will decide if an emergency landing is required. Whenever possible, this will entail a diversion to an airport with suitable emergency services. However, this may not always be possible. CC should be aware that in both cases, the ‘Time Available’ emergency landing or ditching drill may have to be conducted simultaneously with the CC fire drill. Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 14 Ground Based Emergency Services Should a diversion be required, once on the ground the Fire, Police and Ambulances services will immediately assist. Once the aircrew have evacuated the passengers and themselves they then hand over control of the situation to the emergency services. For an internal fire, as the evacuation at each exit ends, the fire-fighters will enter the cabin. Information you should tell the Fire Officers includes: (Note: Do not use jargon) • The location of fire • What is on fire • Information regarding passengers who may still be trapped inside the cabin or who have been overcome by smoke. Ambulance crews will treat passengers who have been overcome by smoke, suffering with burns or who require any other form of medical treatment. If you can, you should direct passengers away and upwind of the A/C as rapidly as possible. Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 14 Revision Time (Fire & Smoke) As a revision exercise, try to complete the following questions without using this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Explain the triangle of fire? (3 points) 2. What are the classes of fire? (5 points) 3. Explain the term ‘flash-over’? (5 points) 4. List all of the fire fighting equipment that we have? (5 points) 5. List 10 things we can do to prevent a fire in the cabin, toilet, galley or overhead lockers? (10 points) 6. Explain the general fire drill.(10 points) 7. Explain in full the 4 fire fighting roles? (23 points) 8. What information should we give the emergency services? (3 points) 9. The CC are responsible for the circuit breakers for 3 pieces of equipment. What are they? (3 points) 10. What does an electrical fire smell like? (1 point) Total points – 68 Calculate your score; you need at least 58 points to have passed the revision session. The purpose of this revision session is to give you an idea of how much you have learned in this subject, it will also show areas where you need to improve. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 14 Dangerous Goods Introduction Ryanair has a full endorsement to carry dangerous goods but as an airline they have decided not to carry dangerous goods, the only exceptions to this are that Ryanair carry their own A/C spare parts & organs for donation. Full details on dangerous goods are given in the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations. This is an easy to use manual based on ICAO technical instructions (the law). The IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations is updated every year. What are Dangerous Goods? By formal definition Dangerous Goods are “articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety or to property when transported by air”. Basically, this means that certain articles listed can be affected when transported by air due to the characteristics of air transport i.e. vibration, pressure and temperature changes. Some dangerous goods are: • Too dangerous to be carried by A/C • Permitted on cargo A/C only • Acceptable on both passenger and cargo A/C. A number of limitations are placed on dangerous goods which are permitted to be transported by air. These limitations are established by the regulations. Both states and operators may impose further restrictions called variations. IATA and ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization – Write the technical instructions for the carriage of Dangerous Goods International Air Transport Association – write the easy to use Dangerous Good Regulations manual, based on ICAO’s technical Instructions Issue 2, Revision 2 15 October 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 14 Shipping Dangerous Goods • The Shipper (person sending the Dangerous Good) must follow all of the regulations for that particular Dangerous Good. • Each Dangerous Good has: – UN Number – The serial number to the article under the United Nations classification System. – Proper Shipping Name – The name or description of the Dangerous Good. Classes of Dangerous Goods There are 9 classes of dangerous goods which refer to the risk involved with the substance. CLASS 1 – EXPLOSIVES CLASS 2 – GASES CLASS 3 – FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS CLASS 4 – FLAMMABLE SOLIDS CLASS 5 – 5.1 OXIDISING SUBSTANCES & - 5.2 ORGANIC PEROXIDES CLASS 6 – 6.1 TOXIC & - 6.2 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES CLASS 7 – RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS CLASS 8 – CORROSIVES CLASS 9 - MISCELLENIOUS DANGEROUS GOODS An easy way to remember the 9 classes is to learn the acronym below, the first letter of each word is the first letter of each class of dangerous good going from class 1 to class 9. ‘Every Girl Loves Some Old Ogre Turn Into Rich Charming Millionaire’ Subsidiary Risks Some Dangerous Goods may have more than 1 dangerous characteristic. i.e. the article could be both toxic and corrosive Marking and Labelling The Shipper must ensure that: • The only marking and labeling on the box must be relevant to the contents • English must always be used as well as any other language that may be required • Information on the box must include: Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 14 – – – – – Proper Shipping Name UN Number Weight/Volume (kg/L) of contents Names and addresses of Consignee (person receiving the DG) and Shipper Hazard/Handling labels Packing Groups The severity of the tests on packaging is dependant on the degree of danger of the intended contents. D.G’s are assigned to a relevant packing group according to the degree of hazard: I - High Danger II - Medium Danger III- Low Danger Ryanair Stores Where our A/C spares come from:    LONDON STANSTED DUBLIN GLASGOW PRESTWICK If the spares are Dangerous, the Shipper at FR Stores must follow all the Regulations Many A/C parts have dangerous characteristics and must be treated as Dangerous Goods. These include: • Fire Extinguishers • Oxygen Bottles • Slides They are NOT subject to the regulations WHEN FITTED to the A/C as part of it’s airworthiness requirements. However, spare parts, replacements and returning stores MUST ONLY be carried in FULL COMPLIANCE with the regulations Recognition of Dangerous Goods and Hidden Hazards Dangerous Goods are not always easily identified therefore extra vigilance is necessary during boarding and when assisting passengers with bags. At check-in, passengers are asked questions to determine if they have any hidden Dangerous Goods in their luggage. Remember – The passenger may not be aware that the item is considered dangerous even although the information is on the web site and on posters through out the airport! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 14 Dangerous goods carried by passengers and Crew Certain items of Dangerous Goods may be carried by passengers and crew in small quantities only. These items are detailed in a table in the SEP Manual. Ryanair may have stricter regulations (variations) than listed. Paperwork to Accompany Dangerous Goods Notification to the Captain (NOTOC)  Must always be given to the Captain if there is a consignment of DG’s onboard.  Contains information regarding the consignment of DG’s, including UN number, proper shipping name, class/division, weight etc. Shipper’s Declaration When the Shipper has followed all the Regulations, he must complete a “Shippers Declaration”. This form must accompany the Dangerous Good. Consignment Note This will accompany any A/C spares that are NON Dangerous. CC Awareness Possible signs of D.G spillage: • A bad smell • Abnormal noise e.g. escaping gas • Hot spots on cabin floor • Liquid dripping from overhead locker CC must be vigilant in case of a Dangerous Goods spillage ERG – Emergency Response Guidance If we do have a dangerous goods spillage in the cabin & we are able to get some information from the passenger who carried the substance on board about the UN number or proper shipping name then we can consult the ERG (Emergency Response Guidance) on how to deal with the spillage. The ERG is located in the Nav bag in the flight deck; it lists all dangerous goods in alphabetical order by proper shipping name & in numerical order by UN number. For each dangerous good listed, there will be a drill code which consists of 1 number followed by 1 letter; by looking up the pink page using this drill code will give information on how to deal with the spillage. Dangerous Good Spillage Drill There is a drill to be followed should there be a Dangerous goods spillage in the cabin. This will be covered in detail on your training course. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 14 Revision Time (Dangerous Goods) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Who writes the Dangerous Goods Regulations book? (1 point) 2. What are the 9 classes of dangerous goods? (9 points) 3. What is a proper shipping name? (2 points) 4. What is a UN number? (2 points) 5. What are the 3 packing groups? (3 points) 6. Explain how to use the ERG book? (3 points) 7. What does NOTOC stand for? (2 points) 8. Do Ryanair carry dangerous goods? (2 points) Total points – 24 Calculate your score; you need 21 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 14 Initial Topic 7 Survival Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 13 S.O.S If we are aware that we will have to make an emergency landing and we have been given enough time before the landing to prepare the cabin then as CC we will perform the S.O.S demonstration to the passengers. The purpose of the S.O.S demonstration is to prepare the passengers for the emergency landing and to maximise their chances of survival. The S.O.S demonstration is performed in a specific order: S – SURVIVE THE IMPACT - Seatbelts & brace positions. O – GET OUT – Exits & strip path lighting. S – SURVIVE OUTSIDE – Life jackets (Ditching) & safety cards. Search & Rescue There are 24 hour emergency rescue services in place in the event that an aircraft is lost from the radar systems; if this happens then the rescue services will treat this as lost aircraft. The procedure that is the rescue services use to locate the aircraft in distress is called Creeping Line Ahead & the procedure is detailed below: The search aircraft goes to the last known position for the aircraft it is looking for. • It then flies a track, the average track being the same as the missing aircraft. • Whilst flying this pattern, the search aircraft projects GREEN pyrotechnics at regular intervals every 10 to 15 minutes and always before and after turning. • As soon as the survivors see GREEN pyrotechnics, they must endeavour to attract the aircrafts attention by all means at their disposal. • When the rescue aircraft has seen the survivors signal, to acknowledge it will: • During hours of daylight – rocking its wings. • During hours of darkness – flash its landing/navigation lights ON and OFF TWICE. Absence of the above signals from the aircraft indicates that the ground signal has not been understood. • Principles of Survival In order for the human body to survive then certain considerations apply, we call these the 4 Principles of Survival and we prioritise them in the following order:  PROTECTION  LOCATION  WATER  FOOD Let’s now look at them in more detail. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 13 Protection As aircrew we should be ensuring to protect ourselves and passengers from any hostile environment depending on the conditions in which we have landed into. We may need to protect ourselves against fire & smoke, weather conditions (sun, rain etc) or even wild animals! We should be using all available resources around us in order to have maximum protection; a good resource of protection could be the A/C fuselage depending on its condition after impact. A point to remember is that the A/C has a lot of electrics as well as fuel which could be a fire risk. We can use any of the natural surroundings to build a shelter as protection. Administer First Aid. Location We will attempt to alert the rescue services of our location by whatever means we have available, our main survival tool that we have is our ELT radio beacon which will be activated by a CC. We can also use ground to air visual signals, make markings on the ground, use brightly coloured materials such as passengers’ baggage and life jackets, we can also make use of whistles & mirrors. Water Our bodies can survive for longer periods of time without food than it can without water; this is why water is of a higher priority in this case. Water may have to be rationed in survival situations as we have to think long term, we will not know how long it will be until we are rescued. Sources of water are listed below: • • • • • • Rain water Always be prepared to collect rain using any form of canopy, and have containers ready for its stowage. Old Sea Ice Blue-grey in colour, it can be melted or sucked safely because old sea ice loses its salt after about a year. Water from fish Drink the aqueous fluid found along the spine of large fish and in the eyes. If you are so short of water that you need to do this, do not drink any of the other body fluid because they contain proteins and fats which need more water to digest than they supply. Snow Snow should be melted. If you have no fire, suck snow after it has thawed sufficiently to mould into a bath. Beware of eating ice, it can cause mouth and lip injuries and can speed up the effects of hypothermia. Ground water Look for water trickling from rock fissures. Ferns and mosses are a sign of abundant water. Be wary of ponds or rock pools with no signs of green vegetation growing around or nearby. Test for salinity. Always boil groundwater for at least 8 minutes before drinking. Plants Roots, palms and cacti are common sources of water, but it is unlikely that you have the knowledge to recognise the safe ones, let alone where to find them. If you do track down a likely source avoid sticky milk sap, it may be poisonous. Never drink sea water, urine or alcohol, these will dehydrate the body! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 13 Food This is of least priority of the Principles of Survival as initially our bodies can survive on accumulated fat, sometimes for as long as several weeks. Again we must think long term, lack of food will make it difficult to work, keep warm and resist illness and disease. Food is known as a morale booster and it will help to keep ‘spirits high’ with survivors. We should collect all suitable means of food from the A/C if it is still intact and safe to enter as well as any foods that we can locate from the natural surroundings. Never eat food if water is not available! Surviving a Forced Landing After a crash landing in a remote area the aircrew must: a. Keep a safe distance until explosion risk has passed b. Make contact with other survivors c. Apply First Aid in the following order: 1. Breathing Difficulties 2. Major bleeding, wounds and fractures 3. Shock d. Separate the dead from the living e. Investigate the wreckage for salvageable items but take no risk from fire or explosion f. Decide whether to stay or move. Remember the crash site itself is probably the best aid to location g. Apply the “Principles of Survival” Attracting Attention In order for the rescue services to locate the survivors as quickly as possible it is important that we try to attract attention to ourselves in as many ways as possible, some examples are listed below:          Brightly coloured materials Ground to air visual codes Lights or torches Mirrors to flash sunlight Flying a flag Fire – 3 fires in a triangle (international distress signal) Smokey fires during the day & bright fires during the night ELT A/C fuselage (this will be very visible from the sky) International Distress Signal Below is the International Distress Signal that we should make with fires as a way of attracting attention. (Bright fires at night, Smokey fires during the day) Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 13 Ground – Air Signal Codes In the table below you will see the signal codes that survivors should use to communicate to the rescuers from the ground to the air, these symbols should be made by visible materials and be as large and prominent as possible (at least 2.5 meters or 8 feet long). Message Code Symbol Require Assistance V Require Medical Assistance X No or Negative N Yes or Affirmative Y Proceeding in this Direction The Will to Survive To increase the chances of survival, bear in mind the following points:     Have and maintain a positive mental attitude Keep occupied – mentally and physically Push negative thoughts out of your mind Conserve energy Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) There are emergency locator transmitter’s (ELT’s) fitted on each aircraft. There are 3 types of ELT; A, B and C. A and B are very similar and the aircraft will always have either ELT A or ELT B onboard. ELT C is quite different and where fitted, will be a second ELT on the aircraft. ELT Type A and B: Location Issue 2, Revision 3 L2 Stowage in the aft galley. 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 13 Description Emergency locator transmitters help rescue crews find aircraft which land away from an airport. The transmitters send a radio signal to satellites, other aircraft and air traffic facilities. Rescue crews use information from these sources to find the aircraft. Operation For use on Land or in Water: 1. The No 2 will unplug the ELT from its stowage. 2. Unbend the aerial. 3. Outside the aircraft switch it from AUTO/ARMED to ON. 4. In a ditching, tie lanyard on to No 2’s lifejacket. Precaution It is designed to work in water, however do not submerge it under water for a length of time. Duration Minimum 48 hrs at -20ºC ELT – Type A PDI’s on ELT-TYPE A: 1. Stowage 2. Set on AUTO 3. Ariel bent back Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 13 ELT- TYPE B PDI’s on ELT-TYPE B: 1. Stowage 2. Set on ARMED 3. Ariel bent back ELT-TYPE C Aerial Lanyard Location: Under No1’s Jumpseat where fitted Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 13 PDI’s on ELT-TYPE C: 1. Stowage. 2. Stop switch in place. 3. Ariel in stowed position. Operation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. No1 – remove from stowage. Extend aerial. Remove stop switch. Activate – pull lanyard from OFF to ON. Attach to wrist or lifejacket. In a ditching – tie lanyard on to No 1’s lifejacket. Precaution: It is designed to work in water, however do not submerge it under water for long periods. Duration: Minimum 48 hrs. at -20°C. Adult Life Jacket Type A Light Inflation Tube Red Inflation Toggle Black Strap Pre-Departure Stowage Inspection: Quantity Description: A yellow lifejacket fitted with one inflation tube, one red inflation toggle and a light. Suitable for age two to adult. Operation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Issue 2, Revision 3 Place lifejacket over head, equipment side away from body. Pass the black strap around the waist and attach the buckle at the front of the lifejacket. Pull on the loose end of the strap to secure the jacket tightly around the waist. To inflate, pull down sharply on the red toggle (when outside the aircraft). Should the lifejacket fail to inflate, blow into the inflation tube. The light will illuminate as soon as the battery comes into contact with the water. 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 13 To Adapt to Fit a Child 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fully inflate out of sight of passengers. Partially deflate by a third. Place over the head, pass the black strap around one leg and attach the buckle. (This will prevent the lifejacket from slipping over the child's head once in the water). Deflate the lifejacket sufficiently to allow the child to brace. Instruct the parent/guardian to fully inflate the lifejacket after evacuation. The adult life jacket will operate in 2 different ways, these are explained below. AUTOMATICALLY By pulling sharply on the red toggle, this will inflate the jacket with C02 gas from a cartridge. MANUALLY By blowing into the red manual inflation tube (this is the same inflation tube that we use to deflate the life jacket). Ryanair uses 2 types of Adult Life Jackets: Adult Life Jacket TYPE A • Strap is black. • Manual inflation tube and light on the left hand side. Adult Life Jacket TYPE B • Strap is white. • Manual inflation tube and light on the right hand side. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 13 Passengers’ Lifejacket Stowage On our older registered A/C (until EI-DHD) there will be 1 lifejacket under each passenger’s seat, giving a total of 189. These are stowed in pockets under the seat. Refer to the photo below. PDI – Ensure that lifejacket is present under each seat. On our newer aircraft registered from EI-DHE and onwards we have the life jackets stowed in the PSU panel, except for row 1ABC & row 2 DEF where the lifejackets stowed under the passenger’s seats (183 in PSU & 6 under the seats = 189 lifejackets). The panel in the PSU can be seen in the photos below. PDI’S – Yellow or white colour must be visible through each viewing window (3 viewing windows per PSU panel). We must also check that the red Flag is not hanging out of the PSU panel. Refer to the next photos If the red flag is visible then we must check that there are no suspicious objects around the PSU panel and then replace the missing life jacket. To open the panel to replace the life jacket, press the ‘PUSH HERE’ panel & pull it downwards, before closing the panel ensure that the red flag is placed on top of the life jacket. The picture below shows how the red flag will look. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 13 Infant flotation device type A Description: • • • • Pre-Departure Inspection: 1. Operation: 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A yellow life preserver into which the child is placed. A thermal protective vest will provide security and warmth, while the oversized ballast bag provides stability and will maintain the upper body clear of the water. For use by infants between 0-2 years. The lifejacket has two inflation toggles, two inflation tubes, a light and a lanyard. Stowage. Quantity. Remove from stowage. Take child and parent/guardian to the galley. Inflate the lower ring. Place on the infant and fasten the black thermal vest securely. Ensure the parent or guardian knows how to inflate the life preserver. The lanyard should only be attached to an adult's lifejacket once outside. The infant flotation device will operate in 2 different ways, these are explained below. AUTOMATICALLY By pulling sharply on the 2 red toggles, this will inflate the flotation device with 2 CO2 cartridges. MANUALLY By blowing into the 2 red manual inflation tubes (these are the same inflation tubes that we use to deflate the life jacket). Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 13 Infant Floatation Device Type B Description: • A yellow life preserver into which the infant is placed. • For use by infants up to 2 years old. • The lifejacket has a red inflation toggle (to inflate automatically), an inflation tube (to inflate/deflate manually), a light and a lanyard. Pre-Departure Inspection: 1. Stowage. 2. Quantity. Operation: 1. Remove from stowage. 2. Take infant and parent/guardian to the galley. 3. Attach crotch strap to buckle. 4. Place the infant in the device, legs either side of crotch strap. 5. Place neck strap over infants head. 6. Adjust straps as necessary. 7. Ensure the parent or guardian knows how to inflate the device. 8. The lanyard should only be attached to an adult's life jacket once outside the aircraft. On all A/C we have the following extra life jackets.    10 crew life jackets 5 spare adult life jackets 18 infant flotation devices (10% of the A/C capacity) As well as the life jackets & flotation devices explained already, a point to remember is that our evacuation slides are also approved flotation devices. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 13 Revision Time (Survival) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Name 5 ways of attracting attention. (5 points) 2. In a survival situation, in which order must the CC apply first aid? (3 points) 3. Write out and explain the 5 ground – air signals. (5 points) 4. What are the principles of survival? (4 points) 5. What are the PDI’s, operation, precaution and duration of ELT B? (8 points) 6. Give 5 points to increase the will to survive. (5 points) 7. Explain Creeping Line Ahead. (6 points) 8. What is S.O.S & what sequence is it performed? (9 points) 9. Draw the International Distress Signal. (1 point) 10. Name and explain two ways in which adult life jacket operates. (2 points) 11. Where can you find passengers’ life jackets on our newer aircrafts (EI-DHE onwards)? (1 point) 12. What is the operation of Infant flotation device type A? (6 points) Total points – 55. Calculate your score; you need above 48 points to have passed the revision session. The purpose of this revision session is to give you an idea of how much you have learned in this subject, it will also show areas where you need to improve. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 13 Conversion Topic 1 Fire Fighting Equipment & Doors and Exits Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 20 Equipment On board the A/C we have several pieces of equipment which we are now going to look at in detail. Halon Extinguisher A halon can be used to fight both electrical and non-electrical fires. A halon works by removing the oxygen around the fire, therefore smothering the fire. The halon does not remove heat from the fire. Location Pre-Departure Inspections Issue 2, Revision 3 1 in the flight deck. 1 above the No1’s jumpseat. 1 behind row 33ABC. 1 above the No3’s jumpseat. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Date Stowage. Quantity. Pressure gauge must be in the serviceable band. Pin is secure and in the handle. 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 20 Operation 1. Remove pin. 2. Hold extinguisher upright 3. Hand under handle and thumb on top of lever. Squeeze the lever downward with thumb. 4. Test squirt. 5. Direct at the base of the fire. 6. Use in short, sharp bursts. Range 6-10 Feet. Duration 12-14 Seconds. Precautions • • • • Fumes given off may have an irritant effect on lungs; therefore a PBE must be used when operating the Halon in confined space. Not to be used as a coolant. Always damp down fire area with water after use, except electrical fires. On initial discharge, force of extinguisher may scatter burning loose material. Water Glycol Extinguisher The Water Glycol can only be used on NON – electrical fires. This extinguisher removes the heat from the fire Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 20 Location Pre-Departure Inspections 1 above the No3’s jumpseat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Date Stowage. Quantity. Wire seal on handle is intact. Cartridge is visible in handle. Operation 1. Twist handle clockwise as far as possible (charge bottle with CO2). 2. Hold bottle upright. 3. Press the trigger 4. Test squirt. 5. Direct at base of fire. 6. Use in one continuous motion. Range 15 feet. Duration 15-30 seconds. Precautions On initial discharge, force of extinguisher may scatter burning loose material. NEVER use on electrical fires. PBE – Protective Breathing Equipment The PBE is used to protect the crew from a smoke filled environment when fighting a fire. Indicator Storage Case Protective bag Red pull strip Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 20 “Pull to actuate” ring Headband – inside hood Life support pack Neck seal Location 1 in the flight deck. 1 under each jumpseat. Pre-Departure Inspections (4) 1. 2. 3. 4. Operation (9) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Stowage. Quantity. Check green storage case is intact. Indicator blue (not pink or any other colour) Open the storage case. Tear off the red pull strip Remove the device from the protective bag. Pull off "Pull to Actuate" ring in direction indicated; this will start the flow of oxygen. Hold the device with the life support pack away from the user Grasp hole in neck seal with thumbs. Bend forward from waist, insert chin into the hole and pull hood across face and over head. While standing upright, pull hood down until headband is fitted to the forehead. Check neck seal for a secure fit. Note: On opening the case, if the bag containing the PBE has become soft and no longer conforms tightly to the package, do not use, obtain another one. Duration: Issue 2, Revision 3 15-minutes. 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 20 Removal of PBE Normal operation causes a gas flow noise inside the hood. (4): When the noise stops or use is no longer required, remove the hood. 1. Move away from the fire. 2. Grasp the top of the hood and pull forward over the face. 3. Place PBE in a metal tray or bar box. 4. Shake hair to remove any excess O2. Note: Used hoods must be handed to engineering for disposal. Precautions: The neck seal must not be damaged when putting on the PBE. Be especially careful with sharp edged earrings and accessories. DO NOT TOUCH LIFE SUPPORT PACK AS IT WILL BE EXTREMELY HOT. Toilet Automatic Fire Extinguisher (Freon) The Freon is an automatic fire extinguisher, located under the sink in each of the toilets. When heat is detected, the wax on the end of the nozzles melts, releasing the Freon gas and hopefully extinguishing the fire. Freon Nozzles Issue 2, Revision 3 White/silver discs (located near the halon) 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 20 Description An automatic fire extinguishing system is located beneath the sink in each toilet. The fire extinguisher discharges Freon through two heat activated nozzles. Each nozzle is covered in wax and when heat is detected the wax melts and discharges the Freon. One nozzle points towards the waste compartment and one towards the water heater electrics. Location Beneath the sink in each toilet. Pre-departure Inspections (4) 1. 2. 3. 4. Operation Two nozzles are directed towards the waste bin. One nozzle is directed towards the water heater. Wax is present on the nozzle tips. Discs are silver/white At 173ºF (78ºC), the seals melt and discharge Freon gas into the waste bin or towards the water heater. Crash Axe Location 1 in the flight deck Pre-departure Inspection (1) Correct Stowage (Checked by flight crew). Purpose To cut through obstructions or lever off panels, in order to gain access to the source of a fire. Note: It will break flight deck windows. The handle is insulated to 15,000 volts. Fire Gloves Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 20 Location 2 pairs in the flight deck. 1 pair above the No 3’s jumpseat. 1 pair above the No 1’s jumpseat Description Made of heat resistant, not fireproof material. Pre-departure Inspections 1. Stowage. 2. Quantity. 3. No scorch marks. 4. One left glove and one right glove. Precautions: Precautions: Do not allow fire gloves to get wet. Wet gloves conduct heat and may cause scalding. Purpose For removal of hot, not burning, material or burnt debris in order to get to the source of the fire. Emergency Torches Red Light Location Pre-departure Inspections Purpose 2 in the flight deck. 1 under each jumpseat. 1. Stowage 2. Quantity. 3. Red light flashes at not more than 10 second intervals. (An interval of more than 10 seconds indicates unsatisfactory battery condition). EMERGENCY USE ONLY Operation 1. Remove torch from stowage. 2. Torch will illuminate automatically. Duration Dependent upon battery condition guaranteed: Minimum 30 minutes. Maximum 4 hours. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 20 Toilet Smoke Detector System When activated, the toilet smoke detector gives an audible warning (repetitive high tone) and a visual warning (Red Warning Light will illuminate? Red Warning Light Power Indicator Interrupt switch Location 1 in each toilet Pre-departure Inspections: 1. Green power indicator light illuminated. 2. Nothing blocking the smoke detector. CC Response On hearing the smoke alarm: • Investigate for fire and smoke immediately (toilets). • If fire/smoke not present, silence the alarm by pressing the "interrupt switch" with a pen. Note: If you silence it before the smoke has cleared the alarm will go off again. If Fire/Smoke is Present • CC should carry out the appropriate Toilet Fire Drill. • Always ensure the flight crew are kept informed. Fire Proof Gash Bag Description: Grey PVC fire proof bag. Location: Forward Galley R1 stowage. Pre-departure Inspection: 1. Quantity one (1). Operation 1. Open the fire proof gash bag. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 20 2. Stow all remaining waste (ensure gash bags placed inside have been securely closed). 3. Securely close fire proof gash bag. 4. Stow secured fire proof gash bag in the rear toilet for landing. 5.Close and lock the toilet door. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 20 Note 1: Crew are only permitted to use this fire proof gash bag once both gash carts in the forward and rear galley are completely full. Note 2: The waste must be disposed immediately upon arrival. EPOS Location: FWD Galley (Atlas Box) Pre-Departure Inspection: 1. Quantity (minimum of 2) 2. Devices are OFF 3. Spare batteries (max 2) individually stowed. (Figure 3) Description: A handheld electronic device used to record on-board sales. (Figure 1) Figure 1 Stowage  The Storage bag consists of 6 compartments; The first compartment must be used for the stowage of spare battery 1, the next four compartments must be used for the individual stowage of each EPOS unit (1 master device + 3 satellite devices) and the final compartment must be used to stow spare battery 2. (Figure 3)  Spare batteries 1 and 2 must be packed singularly in the individual storage compartments to prevent short circuits as shown in Figure 3. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 20 Figure 2 Figure 3 Normal Operation Before Departure • Crew must complete PDIs on the EPOS as follows: 1. Quantity (minimum of 2). 2. Devices are OFF. 3. Spare batteries (max 2) individually stowed (Figure 3). • Check battery levels. • EPOS must be securely stowed in atlas box in the forward galley before take-off. Note: Data Transfer Data Transfer on the EPOS is affected by “Infrared” and therefore cannot interfere with A/C systems. By procedure, data transfer should only be performed on the ground or in flight when the “Fasten Seatbelt” sign is switched off. Cruise • EPOS can be switched on after crew are released from their jump seats. • EPOS system can be used for sales as described in EPOS Sales Manual available on Cabin Crewdock. Pre-landing • EPOS must be switched off as the cabin is being secured. • All EPOS devices must be correctly stowed in storage bag. • Storage bag must securely stowed in the atlas box in the forward galley prior to landing. Turbulence • During severe turbulence EPOS must be switched off and securely stowed. Abnormal Operation EPOS is powered by Lithium Battery; Any Lithium Battery powered device is a potential source of battery fire. Should the battery fire occur, follow Battery Fire Drill. If you have any concerns about the battery performance or your unit, switch off the device and advise the CSS. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 20 Revision Time (Equipment) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What are the PDI’S of the fire gloves? (3 points) 2. What is the full operation of the Halon Extinguisher? (6 points) 3. What is the range & duration of the Halon Extinguisher? (2 points) 4. What are the PDI’S of the Water Glycol Extinguisher? (5 points) 5. What are the PDI’s on the PBE? (3 points) 6. What is the full operation of the PBE? (9 points) 7. What are the PDI’S of the Freon Extinguisher? (4 points) 8. What would the CC response be in hearing the smoke alarm? (5 points) 9. How do you remove a PBE? (4 points) 10. What are the PDI’s on the torch? (3 points) Total points – 44 Calculate your score; you need 38 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 20 Doors There are 4 main doors on the AC, L1, L2, R1, R2.     Front main passenger door L1 Front service door R1 Rear passenger door L2 Rear service door R2 The doors are Plug type pressure doors. The doors are locked shut in flight because of the difference in pressure between the outside of the AC and the inside of the cabin. They are not mechanically locked. A door warning light panel in the flight deck will illuminate if a door is not properly closed. Whenever Passenger are on board and A/C is on the ground, it is a requirement that each pair of doors are monitored by a CC member. PDI’s are carried out when the doors are closed. PDI’S: 1. Door is flush with the fuselage. 2. Operating handle is horizontal. 3. Safety strap is correctly stowed. Door Fuselage (a/c wall) Operating Handle Safety Strap The safety strap is stowed in the door frame. Used when there are no steps, air bridge or servicing vehicle at an OPEN door. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 20 On a/c up to EI-DHH On EI-DHI and all others to follow To open the door – Inside Operation On the Captain’s Command 1. Rotate the operating handle on the door up and towards the rear of the a/c 2. Grab the door assist handle and push the door out and towards the front of the a/c 3. Ensure the gust lock engages Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 15 of 20 Gust Locks keep the door open. There are 2 variations: To close the door – Inside Operation Closed on No1’s Command 1. Depress the gust lock on the door hinge 2. Grasp the door assist handle and pull the door inwards 3. Rotate the operating handle on the door towards the front of the a/c ALL DOORS OPERATE IN THE SAME WAY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY ARE ON THE LEFT OR THE RIGHT! Outside Operation to Open & Close the Door CC are only permitted to open/ close the L2 door from the outside. Do not open the door from the outside if:    There is ice or snow on the steps You have a history of back problems The wind is greater than 40 Knots The outside operation will be covered on your training course. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 16 of 20 Overwing Emergency Exits Operating Handle Clear Perspex Cover There are a total of 4 overwing emergency exits on board the A/C, these are located at row 16 & row 17. They are locked by a flight lock system. PDI’S 1. Clear Perspex cover over the operating handle. Inside Operation to Open 1. Pull the handle down & inwards. 2. The exit opens outwards & upwards. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 17 of 20 Outside Operation to Open • • Push in panel Exit opens out and up automatically Warning: When opening exit from the outside, stand against the exit with your body preventing the exit form opening quickly. Make the exit open by moving slowly away from it. Overwing Escape Ropes Escape Rope are found at Row 17 only. They are installed in the emergency exit frame. For use in a ditching only: • • Remove from stowage Attach to the ring on the wing Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 18 of 20 Overwing Escape Path on Land • • Arrows on wing indicate to Passenger direction of Evacuation Command should be, “Slide off the Wing” Door, Exit and Slide unserviceability An A/C may return to base from an outstation with one cabin exit unserviceable, providing all other exits are serviceable in every respect. The full procedures for this will be covered during your training course. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 19 of 20 Revision Time (Doors) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. Name and explain the use of the 4 main doors? (8 points) 1. What are the PDI’s on the door? (3 points) 2. What is and when would you use a safety strap? (2 points) 3. On whose command do you open/close the doors? (2 points) 4. How would you open the door? (3 points) 5. How would you close the door? (3 points) 6. How many overwing exits are there and where are they? (2 points) 7. What is the PDI at the overwing exit? (1 points) 8. How would you open the overwing exit (From the inside)? (2 points) 9. Where are the escape ropes, how and when would we use them? (4 points) 10. Explain the overwing escape path on land. (2 points) Total points – 32 Calculate your score; you need 28 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 20 of 20 Conversion Topic 2 Doors & Exits & Lighting and Communication Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 16 Evacuation Slides • • There are 4 emergency escape slides, 1 located at each main door Slides are inflatable rubber units which when activated will assist pax to reach the ground The escape slides are stowed in a cosmetic on each of the main doors. Cosmetic Cover Gauge Girt Bar PDI’S 1. Ensure that the gauge is in the serviceable band. 2. Cosmetic cover is intact. 3. Girt bar is correctly stowed. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 16 Types of Escape slides AUTOMATIC Inflates “Automatically” once door is opened (if the slide is armed) MANUAL When door is open (if the slide is armed), a red manual inflation handle marked “Pull” can be seen. Pull the handle free from the slide. Both types of slide will inflate within 3-10 seconds Manual Inflation Handle AT RYANAIR, WE TREAT ALL SLIDES AS MANUAL SO EVEN IF THE SLIDE INFLATES AUTOMATICALLY, WE STILL PULL THE RED MANUAL INFLATION HANDLE! CC Responsibility The CC responsible for attaching and detaching the slide bars i.e. Arming and Disarming the doors are as follows. With four CC: No. 1 – Front left door slide – L1 (Sits in Fwd jumpseat outboard) No. 2 – Rear left door slide – L2 (Sits in Rear jumpseat inboard) No. 3 – Rear right door slide – R2 (Sits in Rear jumpseat inboard) No. 4 – Front right door slide – R1 (Sits in Fwd jumpseat inboard) Arming a Slide Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 16 Arm on the No 1’s command via the interphone “Prepare Doors for Departure, arm and crosscheck” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Place red flag across the viewing window. Remove girt bar from the stowage hooks Attach to the floor brackets. Verbally and visually confirm ‘slides armed & cross-checked’. a. Verify girt bar attached to brackets on the floor b. Verify red flag across the viewing window. No 2 will call No1 via the interphone. No1 will say “Confirm rear slides armed and cross-checked?” No2 will check both slides again and say “Confirmed – rear slides armed and crosschecked” to No1. No1 will check both slides again and say “Confirmed – forward slides armed and corss-checked” to the No2. The red warning flag is a signal to personnel outside that the slide is armed. If the door was opened from the outside when the slide is armed, the slide would deploy and injury or death could occur to the person outside. Disarming a Slide Disarm on Captain’s Command 1. Remove girt bar from the brackets on the floor. 2. Place in the stowage hooks on the bottom of the cosmetic cover. 3. Remove red flag from viewing window. 4. Verbally and visually confirm ‘slides disarmed & cross-checked’. a. Verify girt bar removed from the brackets on the floor b. Verify red flag removed from the viewing window. 5. No 2 will call No1 via the interphone. 6. No1 will say “Confirm rear slides disarmed and cross-checked?” 7. No2 will check both slides again and say “Confirmed – rear slides disarmed and cross-checked” to No1. 8. No1 will check both slides again and say “Confirmed – forward slides disarmed and corss-checked” to the No2. Slide Emergency Operation A force greater than normal will be required to open the door when the slide is armed (you may require assistance) Two ABP’s must evacuate first and assist at bottom of the slide Flight crew will join ABP’s at bottom of slide as soon as they evacuate • CAPTAIN- LEFT SIDE • F.O.- RIGHT SIDE Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 16 Apron Slide If a slide fails to inflate it cannot be used. If the slide inflates and then deflates during an evacuation then it can still be used but just in a different way, this is called an Apron Slide & this procedure is detailed below. 1. Two ABPs shall climb down the slide using the handles at either side. 2. They shall hold the slide straight and away from the aircraft at the bottom for passengers to evacuate. 3. Once the passengers are on the ground the ABPs shall direct them away from the aircraft. Note 1: Evacuation command for an Apron Slide is “SIT AND SLIDE”. Note 2: If a slide fails to inflate and it cannot be used, detach slide, close the door and redirect passenger to another exit. To Detach a Slide if it Catches Fire If the slide catches fire during an evacuation then we have to detach it from the A/C, this procedure is detailed below. Detachment Handle 1. Lift the flap marked ‘For Ditching Use Only’. 2. Pull the white detachment handle to release the lacing which attaches the slide to the girt bar. 3. Fold back the girt apron attached to the girt bar & close the door. 4. Redirect pax to another available exit. To detach the slide in ditching: 1. Lift the flap marked ‘For Ditching Use Only’. 2. Pull the white detachment handle to release the lacing which attaches the slide to the girt bar. 3. Disconnect the mooring line by releasing the Velcro tab and pulling the line from metal rings. Flight Deck Door There is a lockable flight deck security door installed between the cabin & the flight deck to resist forcible entry by unauthorised persons. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 16 You will learn more about the flight deck door during your training course. Flight Deck Window There are of 2 flight deck windows which can be used in an evacuation as another escape route which should only be used if all other escape routes are blocked. There is an escape rope for each window located in a panel above the window which is thrown out to help lower people to the ground. The F/O’s window can also be opened from the outside. To Open 1. Squeeze the lock release in the handle. 2. Rotate the handle inwards. 3. Slide the window aft until it is fully open. To Evacuate 1. Open the access panel and remove the escape rope. 2. Pull on the escape rope to ensure that it is securely attached. 3. Holding on to the escape rope evacuate using the leg, body, leg method and lower yourself to the ground. Airstairs There are electronically controlled Airstairs situated below the forward left passenger door (L1 door). These stairs are stowed in the body of the A/C during flight. Stowable Handrails The controls for the airstairs are located on the FWD CSA panel above the L1 jumpseat. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 16 RETRACTBrings Stairs Up Lights for stairs Place on Auto unless otherwise stated in cabin log Extends stairs Stair Operating Light Standby Operation- Overrides safeguards To extend the Airstairs 1. Open door slightly, check the area is safe, leave the door at the cocked position. 2. Press STAIR OPER switch, this illuminates amber (orange) indicating power. 3. Press and hold EXTEND switch to extend the airstairs. 4. When the airstairs are fully extended STAIR OPER light goes out. 5. Open the door fully. 6. Attach the handrails. 7. Extend the retract-reel strap and secure around the handrail (both left and right) using the hooks. 8. Attach guard rails to forward airstairs as follows: a. No 4 collect guardrails from the R1 stowage in the forward galley and pass to No 1. b. Attach round end to handle. c. Attach rectangular end to girt bar floor bracket. d. Push round end down to secure guardrail. e. Ensure both guardrails are secure before boarding/disembarkation starts. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 16 Guardrail (To Attach) Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 16 To retract the Airstairs 1. Ensure PIGS have been detached from the airstair 2. Detach guard rails from the forward airstair as follows: a. Move round end up to loosen from airstair. b. Detach rectangular end from girt bar floor bracket. c. Detach round end from airstair handle. d. Pass Guard Rails to No 4 to return to R1 stowage in the forward e. galley. 3. Carefully unhook retract reel strap from airstair handrail (both left and right) and let retract. 4. Detach the handrails. 5. Check the area is safe and PIGS have been detached from the airstair, pull door over and leave at the cocked position. 6. Press STAIR OPER switch, this illuminates amber indicating power. 7. Press and hold RETRACT switch to retract the airstairs. 8. When the airstairs are fully retracted STAIR OPER light goes out. 9. Close door fully. Remain vigilant at all times when extending or retracting the airstairs. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 9 of 16 Standby To retract only: 1. Check the area is safe to retract. 2. If the stairs fails to retract, unclip and re-stow handrails once again to ensure that they are correctly stowed. 3. Press and hold RETRACT switch again. 4. If the stairs fails to retract again, No 1 shall inform the Captain of the situation and ask permission to operate the stairs using the STANDBY system. 5. Re-check the area is safe. 6. To use the STANDBY system, press and hold the RETRACT and STANDBY switches and hold until the stairs fully retract and the ‘stairs operating’ light goes out. 7. Close door fully. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 10 of 16 Revision Time (Doors and Exits continued) 1. Explain where each CCM sits and which door/slide they are responsible for. (8 points) 2. What are the PDI’S on a slide? (3 points) 3. Explain fully the 2 ways that a slide will operate? (4 points) 4. What is the procedure for arming a slide? (5 points) 5. What is the procedure for disarming a slide? (5 points) 6. Explain what an apron slide is & how to use it? (5 points) 7. What would you do if the a slide catches fire? (4 points) 8. How do you open the flight deck window? (3 points) 9. How do you extend the Airstairs? (5 points) 10. How do you retract the airstairs on “Standby”? (6 points) Total points – 48 Calculate your score; you need 41 points to have passed this revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 11 of 16 Lighting & Communication Revision 1 January 07 1 Lighting Systems On board the A/C there are 2 types of lighting systems, these are normal lights & emergency lights. NORMAL – work, window, galley, entry, toilet, area & ceiling lights. EMERGENCY – exit lights, path floor lighting, exit locator signs, hatbin emergency lights & vertical exit signs. When taking off & landing in hours of darkness then the normal lights must be set as shown below. WINDOW – OFF, WORK – OFF, GALLEY – OFF, ENTRY – OFF, AREA – OFF, CEILING – NIGHT The EMERGENCY LIGHTING SYSTEM operates in 3 different ways (the 3 ways the ELS can be activated): AUTOMATICALLY On a total loss of A/C power. ELECTRICALLY By a switch in the flight deck which goes from ‘ARMED’ to ‘ON’. MANUALLY Emergency Light Switch on aft CSA panel. No 2 is responsible for the operation of this. Communications We are now going to look at the communication systems that we use on board the A/C. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 12 of 16 Master Call Lights There are 2 Master Call Light Panels on board, 1 in the forward ceiling & 1 in the rear ceiling. All calls made by passenger & crew will light up in a different colour on the Master Call Light Panel, these are explained below. BLUE LIGHT – Passenger call from the seats. AMBER LIGHT – Passenger call from the toilets. PINK LIGHT – Call from the crew. Pink Amber Blue Flight Crew to CC • Flight deck press attendant button • Makes a hi-lo chime • CC picks up interphone and speaks • Both Master call panels lights up pink to alert all crew, fwd and rear This is also the signal used after take-off to inform crew it is safe to get out of the jumpseat to perform inflight duties. CC to CC • • • • Pick up interphone and press 5 Once you hear the hi-lo chime Press 5 again and another hi-lo chime will follow Pink light illuminates on both master call panels CC to Flight Crew    Pick up interphone and press 2 once Chime sounds in flight deck CC must NOT speak until acknowledged by Pilot as they may be busy Making A PA • • Pick up interphone press 8 When making announcement hold down “push to talk” button Announcements MUST NOT be made: Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 13 of 16   From when the No1 gives the Captain “cabin secure for take off” until after the release signal has been given From when the No1 gives the Captain “cabin secure for take landing” until the a/c has vacated the runway. Pilot Alert If we have an emergency situation on board then we go to the interphone & press 222 to inform them that we have an emergency, this is called pilot alert. THIS SHOULD ONLY BE USED IN AN EMERGENCY! Passenger Call Bells    One hi chime sounds Indicator in PSU illuminates white, indicating to CC where the call originated Blue light illuminates on fwd/ aft master call panel if: o Row 1-16 FWD master call panel o Row 17 – 33 AFT master call panel Toilet Call Bells • Call bell inside toilet • Amber indicator outside directs you to the correct toilet • One high chime sounds. • Amber call light on master call panel illuminates at either fwd/ aft Amber Indicator RESET CALL BELL OUTSIDE TOILET Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 14 of 16 Passenger Signs There are also ‘no smoking’ signs & ‘fasten seatbelt’ signs which are located in each toilet as well as in the PSU’s (Passenger Service Units). Pre-recorded Announcements The controls are located above the FWD jumpseat. It plays boarding music, safety demonstration and other PA’s. Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 15 of 16 Review Time (Lighting & Communication) 1. What are the settings for normal lighting in hours of darkness? (6 points) 2. Fully explain the 3 ways that the emergency lights operate? (6 points) 3. How do we contact flight crew to CC? (4 points) 4. How do we contact CC to CC? (4 points) 5. How do we make a PA and when must we NOT make a PA? (4 points) 6. What happens if a passenger presses the call bell in the forward toilet? (4 points) 7. What happens if a passenger presses the call bell in row 12 ABC? (4 points) 8. What are the passenger signs? (2points) 9. What is pilot alert and when is it used? (2 points) 10. Where are the master call light panels located? (2 points) Total points – 38 Calculate your score; you need 33 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 4 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 16 of 16 Conversion Topic 3 A/C Familiarisation Other Equipment & Crew Incapacitation Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 8 A/C Familiarisation Passenger Seating All seats have tables attached. Emergency exit tables are within the arm rests. All A/C seats are fitted with seatbelts which must be placed around the hips. Arm rests fold up except at emergency exits CC Safety Harness (Jumpseats) There are 3 double jumpseats, 1 at the L1 door, 1 at the L2 door and 1 at the R2 door. This is the jumpseat in position to sit on. The jumpseats: • Are fitted with seatbelt and shoulder harness • Harness has inertia restraint device (similar to a car seat belt) • Have adjustable belt and harness • Harness must be properly fitted for Take-off and Landing, “Cabin secure” This picture below shows the jumpseat at the L1 door in the stowed position. Galleys There are 2 galley’s onboard, FWD and REAR. Galley’s contains water boilers, waste bins/ drains, bar cart stowage, and ovens. Water Boilers: • On/ off switch and associated circuit breaker • Ready light will light amber when water is boiled • MUST be switched off for Take-off and Landing Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 8 Water Shut-off Valves Water Shut-off valves can be used to turn off the water to the boiler and the sink in the galley to prevent flooding. The galley water system must be turned off at the end of your duty. The picture on the right shows the water shut-off valve in the forward galley. In the FWD galley they (normally 2) are ABOVE the boiler at eye level. The picture on the right shows the water shut-off valve in the rear galley. In the REAR galley it is BELOW the boiler at floor level. Toilets      There are 3 Toilets. 1 in the FWD, 2 in the REAR of the a/c. A light will illuminate when door is closed and locked Baby changing facility in rear left toilet. A return to seat sign will come on when “seatbelt” signs are on. Can be locked/ unlocked from the inside and outside. To Lock/Unlock   Lift the ‘LAVATORY’ sign Slide the latch across Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 8 The water supply selector valve is located in the cupboard under the sink (in the toilets). It supplies water to both, the sink and toilet and has 4 settings :  SUPPLY ON- water to both sink and toilet  FAUCET ONLY- water to the sink only  TOILET ONLY- water to the toilet only  OFF- NO water to both sink/ toilet If Toilet Floods then Supply Selector Valve to FAUCET ONLY/ OFF Toilet Manual Shut-off Handle Manual Shut-off Handle A loud continuous air noise or sucking noise coming from the toilet is caused by the flush valve sticking in the open position. • Close the toilet lid. • Pull the manual shut off handle located at the base of the toilet. This closes the flush valve and stops the noise. Placard the lavatory as inoperative. Water and Waste Indicators Indicators are located on the rear CSA panel above the No 2’s jumpseat. The No 2 checks these as part of their PDI duties. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 8 Other Equipment Infant/Extension Seatbelts Location: 18 in forward galley stowage 202 Pre-Departure Inspection: Ensure that all infant seat belts are present (18). Purpose: To secure child under 2 years of age to parent/guardian's lap during take off, landing and when seat belt sign is on. For use with seat belt for over-sized passenger. Operation: Pass parent/guardian's seat belt through the loop at the back of infant seat belt and fasten. Place the infant on lap and fasten the infant seat belt as per adult seat belt. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 8 Loudhailer Green Light Handle Location: 1 in Forward bulkhead stowage 1 in row 33DEF Pre-departure Inspections: 1. 2. 3. 4. Stowage Date Squeeze the handle , Green Light flashes Squeeze the handle, click is heard if operational. Siren pin Fig. 1 Correct stowage of loudhailer with siren pin looped through the stowage hook. Purpose: For Communication • Outside the a/c following an emergency evacuation • Inside the a/c if PA/interphone system fails Note: In this instance, the CSS should liaise with the Captain to form an alternative procedure for communication. All crew should then be advised. Operation: 1. 2. Precautions: Squeeze handle. Press lips to mouthpiece and speak normally. • • Do not point at fuselage when using as it will cause screeching. CC must be aware that when removing the loudhailer from its stowage, it is necessary to remove the siren pin. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 8 Note: If the loudhailer is removed from stowage for use, ensure that, return the lanyard and siren pin is replaced correctly. upon Crew Incapacitation Incapacitation is best described as being deprived of their capacity or natural power, or to be rendered incapable or unfit. The causes are wide ranging from heart attacks, silent epilepsy, preoccupation with personal problems and hypoglycemia As a CC, your role when an Aircrew is incapacitated is for the Aircrew’s safety & wellbeing as well as to assist with the safe landing of the A/C whenever required by the operating pilot (pilot incapacitation only) In order to do this effectively you must be competent with both pilot & CC incapacitation drills. Pilot Incapacitation Drill The drill for Pilot Incapacitation will be covered in great detail on your training course. The command from the flight deck, to alert the CC to a problem, will be: “No1 to the flight deck!” Incapacitated CC An A/C may return to base with one CC incapacitated. In this situation the CC must occupy a cabin seat and not their jumpseat. Passenger loads will need to be reduced to 150 for us to return to base with 3 CC. There would have to be a CC who is a qualified No1 for the A/C to be allowed to return back to the base. The drill for this will be covered during the course. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 8 Revision Time As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Explain where the water shut off valves are in the FWD and REAR galleys. (2 points) 2. How do you unlock the toilet from the outside? (3 points) 3. What positions could you put the “water supply selector valve” to if the sink was filling up with water? (2 points) 4. What would you do if you heard a loud continuous sucking noise coming from a toilet? (3 points) 5. Where are the water and waste indicators? Who is responsible for checking them? (2 points) 6. How many infant seatbelts are there and what can they be used for? (3 points) 7. What are the PDI’s on the loudhailer? (4 points) 8. How do you use a loudhailer? (2 points) 9. Give 5 examples of causes of incapacitation? (5 points) 10. Can an AC return to base with an incapacitated CC? Explain your answer. (2 points) Total points – 28 Calculate your score; you need 24 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 8 Conversion Topic 4 Decompression & & Land Evacuations Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 8 Decompression Revision 1 January 07 1 This picture is from Aloha flight 243 that had a rapid decompression and managed to land safely! Don’t worry, this a very extreme case of decompression! You will find out more about Aloha 243 on your training course. Decompression Our A/C is designed to operate at very high altitudes, the A/C cruising altitude is approximately 37,000 feet. There is not enough oxygen in the air at this altitude therefore our A/C is designed to pull oxygen together & compress it into the cabin giving enough oxygen in the cabin air so that crew & passenger can function normally. If this system is disrupted in any way then decompression will occur. Decompression is when the cabin pressure equalises to the outside pressure. There are 2 types of decompression that can occur: SLOW This is a gradual loss of cabin pressure which can take more than 10 seconds for the cabin pressure to equalise with the outside pressure. Examples of this could be a hissing door seal or a cracked window. RAPID This is when the cabin pressure is lost suddenly which can happen in less than 10 seconds for the pressure to equalise to the outside pressure. An example of this would be a full door blow out. A big danger in this situation is ‘Lack of self criticism’ which is caused by sudden lack of oxygen to the brain. Material Effects of a Rapid Decompression These are things you will see and hear in the cabin: 1. A loud explosive noise. 2. Air rising towards the failure (the hole) (Carrying loose articles, papers, dust, etc.) 3. A dense fog will form in the cabin Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 8 Momentarily as the moisture held in the cabin condenses. (Passenger may confuse this with smoke and need reassurance. This fog may cause toilet smoke detectors to activate.) 4. Hot liquids will suddenly boil over (Risk of scalding). 5. Oxygen masks will drop down. 6. Fasten Seat Belts and No Smoking signs will go on. Physical Effects of a Rapid decompression These are the things that you and your passengers will feel: 1. Severe ear and sinus pain. 2. Chest and joint pain caused by nitrogen bubbles in the blood expanding. 3. Forced expulsion of air. 4. You will feel very cold. Hypoxia Regardless if the A/C suffers a slow or rapid decompression, passenger & crew will suffer from oxygen starvation also know as hypoxia which you have already touched on in Topic 1. Each person will experience different levels of hypoxia depending on their own personal fitness as well as the altitude of the A/C. The “insidious effects” of hypoxia are what makes it so dangerous.   Impaired judgement – which reduces the crew members ability to be self critical, Euphoria – which reduces the higher brain capabilities ultimately resulting in confusion. Therefore crew must be thoroughly familiar with the symptoms of hypoxia and be able to recognise them in passengers and crew. General Signs and Symptoms of hypoxia include: Pale grey skin (cyanosis), Impaired judgement, Euphoria, Confusion, Increased breathing rate, Drowsiness, Headache, Dizziness, Light-headedness, Impaired vision, Slurred speech, Unconsciousness. The most important thing to do in a decompression is to get on oxygen immediately! Can you remember the 3 stages, altitudes and symptoms of hypoxia from Topic 1? Can you remember Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) from Topic 1? Oxygen Systems Description Issue 2, Revision 3 The oxygen for this system is supplied by individual chemical oxygen generators, e.g. individual generator in each PSU, toilet etc. Oxygen flows from a PSU generator when any mask from that generator is pulled. A flow indicator valve confirms that oxygen is flowing to each oxygen mask. Oxygen flows for approximately 12 minutes and cannot be shut down. The oxygen masks drop down automatically when cabin altitude reaches 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 8 14,000ft. Location of masks Four masks in the PSU per seat row. Two masks in each toilet. Two masks above each door. The drop down oxygen masks operates in 3 ways which are detailed below. Automatically If the cabin altitude should reach 14,000 feet, the masks will automatically drop down. One mask per PSU must be pulled to supply oxygen to all masks in that PSU. • Electrically By a switch in the flight deck. (Switching the passenger oxygen from NORMAL to ON). • Manually To drop the masks from: PSU - Insert a hairpin or tie pin in the hole of the compartment cover. Above the jumpseats, toilet and galley - Swipe along the bottom of the panel with an ID/bank card. • The oxygen supply will last for 12 minutes once activated. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 8 Decompression Drill Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 8 Revision Time (Decompression) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. Explain the 2 types of decompressions that an AC can suffer with examples? (6 points) 2. What are the physical effects of a rapid decompression? (4 points) 3. What are the material effects of a rapid decompression? (6 points) 4. What are the 3 stages of hypoxia & what levels do they occur? (6 points) 5. What are the symptoms of someone suffering from advanced hypoxia? (5 points) 6. What are the symptoms of someone suffering extreme hypoxia? (4 points) 7. Explain the 3 ways that the drop down oxygen masks operate? (6 points) 8. Where are the masks located & how many? (4 points) 9. What is the full decompression drill? (14 points) 10. If there are no PA’s from the flight deck after a decompression, what must the No 1 do? (5 points) Total points – 60 Calculate your score; you need 51 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 6 of 8 Land Evacuations Remind yourself of the procedures for “Emergency Passenger Handling” from Initial Topic 5. The full procedures for land evacuations will be covered on your training course. Quick Reference Guide (QRG) The Quick Reference Guide contains checklists used by the CC to manage non-normal situations. The checklists are grouped in logical sections which match the procedures outlined in Operations Manual Part A, Safety and Emergency Procedures. The checklists are in alphabetical order. A condition statement is given for all non-normal checklists. The condition statement briefly describes the condition to help in understanding the reason for the checklist to ensure correct checklist selection. Checklists can have both memory and reference items. Memory items are critical steps that must be done from memory and are placed within a box. Reference items are actions to be done while reading the checklist. In the Table of Contents for each non-normal checklist section, the titles of checklists containing memory items are printed in bold type. Two separate QRGs are carried on the A/C, one is located beneath the number one jumpseat and second copy is retained number two jumpseat respectively. The QRGs form an integral part of the A/C’s library. In case of loss or theft of the QRG the operation is allowed to continue until the flight reaches the base or place where replacement documents can be provided. When to Use The QRG must be used by the CC when dealing with emergency situations. Only a few situations need an immediate response (such as a cabin fire, dangerous goods spillage, or a medical emergency). Usually, time is available to assess the situation before corrective action is started. All actions must then be coordinated under the CSS supervision and done in a deliberate, systematic manner. Safety of the passengers, the A/C and crew must never be compromised. When a non-normal situation occurs, at the direction of the CSS, all crew members systematically and without delay do all memory items in their areas of responsibility or in accordance with procedure. How to Use Non-normal checklists start with steps to correct the situation or condition. Information for preparing the cabin for the rest of the flight is included. While every attempt is made to provide comprehensive non-normal checklists, it is not possible to develop checklists for all conceivable situations, especially those involving multiple situations. In some unrelated multiple scenario situations, the CC may combine elements of more than one checklist or exercise judgment to determine the safest course of action. The crew must assess the situation and use good judgment to determine the safest course of action. The crew must quickly do the initial steps that provide for crew safety and isolate potential sources of danger. The No 1 calls for the checklist when: • The airplane is not in a critical stage of flight (such as take-off or landing). • All memory items are complete. The checklist title and reference items, including the response or action and any amplifying information, are read aloud by the CSS. The CSS will read aloud as much of the condition statement as needed to verify the selection of the correct checklist. Information appearing Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 7 of 8 in brackets does not need to be read aloud. The crew need not repeat these items, but must acknowledge that the items were heard and understood. To operate a reference checklists or sections of checklists containing reference items, the CSS reads the challenge and subsequent response and coordinates the required crew action. For those checklists with only memory items or a combination of memory and reference items, the CSS first verifies each memory item has been done. The checklist is normally read aloud during such verification. The CSS will read the challenge and then confirm that the check has been completed by reading the response. Crew must be aware that checklists cannot be created for all conceivable situations and are not intended to replace good judgment. In some conditions, deviation from checklists may, at the CSS discretion, be needed. The following symbol shows that the checklist is complete: Each checklist has a checklist complete symbol at the end. Following completion of each non-normal checklist, the No 1 states: “___ CHECKLIST COMPLETE.” Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 8 of 8 Conversion Topic 5 Ditching & Short Drills Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 5 Ditching Remember: • SOS demonstration must be amended to include life jackets • Studies show that the Aft doors will be just below water level. The Aft doors will NOT be used in a Ditching. • Primary exits in a ditching are the overwing exits and Fwd doors. Remind yourself of:  Use of flotation devices.  Escape ropes  Evacuation commands  Survival plan The full procedures for ditchings will be covered on your training course. Rejected Take-off The captain may decide to reject a take-off for various reasons. These may include conditions either inside or outside the A/C, which could affect the safe operation of the flight e.g. technical problem, birds/animals on the runway, pilot incapacitation. 1. Once the aircraft has come to a complete stop or the aircraft has taxied clear of the active runway, the No 1 will make the following passenger PA: “Ladies and Gentlemen, the Captain has decided to reject our take-off on this occasion. Please remain in your seats with your seat belts securely fastened. We will give you more information as soon as we have it. Thank you.” 2. No 1 calls the Captain and says “Cabin to Flight Deck, No 1 standing by”. 3. No 2 picks up aft interphone and says “Cabin to Flight Deck, No 2 standing by”. 4. No 1 will inform No 4, and No 2 will inform No 3. 5. Inform Captain of any relevant information. 6. All crew remain at their stations and check inside and outside conditions. 7. Be prepared to evacuate should an evacuation be required. 8. Captain will make a PA advising reason for RTO. Note: There may be a time delay before the call is answered as the Flight Crew will be doing their own drills. In a rejected take off where the A/C veers off the runway all CC must shout the command "Head Down, Grab Ankles" and await Captains command. If it is necessary to evacuate the A/C the command would be "This is an emergency, evacuate the aircraft using all available exits" Go Around/Missed Approach A Go Around is when the A/C is on the Approach to land and the Captain has decided for some reason not to land, i.e. adverse weather conditions, technical problems, runway unsuitable for landing. When a ’Go Around’ has been initiated there will be a significant increase of engine noise as the engines are on full thrust. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 2 of 5 1. When engine noise has increased and the climb can be felt, the No 1 will make the following passenger PA: “Ladies and Gentlemen, the Captain has decided not to land the AC on this occasion. Please remain in your seats with your seat belts securely fastened. We will give you more information as soon as we have it. Thank you.” 2. After 4-5 minutes, the No 1 calls the Captain and says “Cabin to Flight Deck, No 1 standing by”. 3. No 2 picks up aft interphone and says “Cabin to Flight Deck, No 2 standing by”. 4. No 1 will inform No 4, and No 2 will inform No 3. 5. Inform Captain of any relevant information from the cabin. 6. All crew remain at their stations and check inside and outside conditions. 7. Captain will make a PA advising reason for Go Around. Tail Strike A tail strike has occurred when the lower aft fuselage or tail skid contacts the runway during take-off or landing. This is a non-normal situation that has potentially very serious consequences depending on the force of the impact. Differing degrees of A/C damage can result from a tail strike and the integrity of the hull can be compromised to the point that the A/C cannot remain pressurised. Any number of factors can contribute to a tail strike including: 1. Weather. 2. Runway conditions. 3. Pilot error. 4. Loading error – passengers not seated correctly (loading rules not followed), or baggage and freight incorrectly loaded into the baggage hold. 5. Load sheet error – miscalculation of the AC trim. 6. A/C malfunction. 7. Unstabilised approach to landing. Tail strikes are not always noticeable in the flight deck. A minor tail scrape that only affects the tail skid (an assembly located on the underside of the rear section of the fuselage, designed to protect the skin of the aeroplane in the event of a tail strike) may not be felt in the flight deck. However, the crew seated in the rear of the A/C will almost certainly feel and/or hear the tail skid contact the runway. Factors that may lead crew to suspect a tail strike include but are not limited to: • Collision noise. • Scrapping sound. • Feeling of impact/bump. If a tail strike is suspected by the CC, they must inform the flight deck immediately. Note: Anytime a tail strike is suspected or known to have occurred during take-off, the CC must inform the flight deck who will accomplish the Non-Normal “Tail strike” checklist. This checklist will lead to the aeroplane being intentionally depressurised by the flight crew in order to protect the fuselage from potential ruptures. Following this, the A/C will land at the nearest suitable airport. (A NITS briefing will be given by the Captain.) Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 3 of 5 CC Tail Strike Procedure      Should CC suspect that a tail strike has occurred the below procedure must be applied: No 2 should immediately contact the No 1 via interphone informing him/her of the situation. No 1 should contact the flight crew via interphone and inform the Captain of suspected tailstrike including details of the situation that may include: - The type of sound heard – scrapping sound/loud bump. - Any noticeable damage to the A/C. - Any noticeable sounds, e.g. whistling around door seals. - Security of the cabin – has anything become dislodged etc. - Injuries to passengers/crew. CC would stay in their assigned stations and observe inside and outside conditions. CC will await further instructions from the Captain. Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 4 of 5 Revision Time (Ditching/Short Drills) As a revision exercise, try to complete the following questions without using this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end. 1. What are the primary exits in a ditching? (4 Point) 2. How do you use an adult life jacket? (6 Points) 3. How do you adapt an adult life jacket to fit a child? (5 Points) 4. How do you use an infant flotation device? (12 Points) 5. Where are the escape ropes and how do we use them? (3 Points) 6. Give 3 evacuation commands to be used in a ditching. (3 Points) 7. List 5 things to do to increase the chances of survival at sea. (5 Points) 8. What is the procedure for a rejected take-off? (9 Points) 9. What command do we shout to passenger if the a/c “veers off the runway”? (1 Point) 10. What is the procedure for a rejected take-off? (7 Points) Total points – 55 Calculate your score, you need at least 47 points to have passed the revision session. The purpose of this revision session is to give you an idea of how much you have learned in this subject, it will also show areas where you need to improve. GOOD LUCK! Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 5 of 5 29 March 200929 March 200900000000 Ryanair Grooming Regulations 29 March 200929 March 2009 INDEX 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 A Word to the New Recruits ............................................................................................. 4 2. General .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Hygiene........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Tattoos ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.3 Sunglasses ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Glasses ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Uniform ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.6 Rings ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.7 Watches .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.8 Jewellery ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.9 I.D cards.......................................................................................................................... 6 2.10 Eating & Drinking .......................................................................................................... 6 2.11 Smoking ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.12 Positioning..................................................................................................................... 6 3. Female ........................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Appearance..................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Hair removal .............................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Hair ................................................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Face ................................................................................................................................ 8 3.3.1 Make-up.................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.2 Lipstick...................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.3 Nail Polish................................................................................................................. 8 3.4 Hands.............................................................................................................................. 9 3.5 Brands & Colours ............................................................................................................. 9 3.5.1 Rimmel ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.5.2 L’Oreal ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.5.3 Maybeline ................................................................................................................ 9 3.6 Jewellery ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.7 Tights .............................................................................................................................10 3.8 Shoes ..............................................................................................................................10 3.8.1 Winter boots .............................................................................................................11 3.9 Uniforms..........................................................................................................................12 3.9.1 Composition..............................................................................................................12 3.9.2 Jackets .....................................................................................................................12 3.9.3 Scarves.....................................................................................................................13 3.9.4 Blouses.....................................................................................................................13 3.9.5 Skirts ........................................................................................................................13 3.9.6 Belts .........................................................................................................................15 3.10 Crew bag.......................................................................................................................15 3.10.1 Female Crew bag contents.....................................................................................15 3.11 Handbag .......................................................................................................................15 3.12 Apron ............................................................................................................................15 29 March 2009 1 4. Male ..................................................................................................................................16 4.1 Appearance....................................................................................................................16 4.2 HAIR ..............................................................................................................................16 4.3 Face ...............................................................................................................................16 4.3.1 Moustaches ..............................................................................................................16 4.3.2 Beards ......................................................................................................................16 4.4 Hands..............................................................................................................................16 4.5 Jewellery .........................................................................................................................16 4.6 Socks ..............................................................................................................................17 4.7 Shoes ..............................................................................................................................17 4.8 Male Uniform...................................................................................................................18 4.8.1Composition...............................................................................................................18 4.8.2 Jacket ......................................................................................................................18 4.8.3 Scarves.....................................................................................................................18 4.8.4 Shirts ........................................................................................................................18 4.8.5 Trousers ...................................................................................................................18 4.8.6 Belts .........................................................................................................................18 4.9 Crew bag.........................................................................................................................19 4.9.1 Male Crew bag contents ...........................................................................................19 5. Grooming Evaluation ....................................................................................................20 INTENTIONALLY BLANK 29 March 2009 2 1. Introduction When you became a Cabin Crewmember you became the face of Ryanair. You became someone special in the public eye and people will notice your make-up, hairstyle and whether or not your uniform fits correctly. What is good grooming? Projecting an image that our airline can be proud of and maintaining this standard through the whole day, half way through the day or on your way home. What is Good Grooming: • Good Grooming is taking care of your hair, skin, face, hands and your total body. • Good Grooming can lift your morale and help increase your self-esteem. • Good Grooming means that you are taking care of yourself, and that is important! Good Grooming depends entirely on you and your wish to make the best of your abilities and looks. A well groomed appearance takes constant effort; the heat, cold, humidity, pace of your job and many other things can sap your energy; but part of being a Cabin crew is to try not to let this show. Also, your body language and general carriage is very important and can convey an impressive air of confidence and professionalism. Your appearance is a statement of who you are. Your clothing and grooming should create the image that will identify you as a Ryanair Crew Member. This booklet will help you to achieve Ryanair Grooming Standards. A SMILE IS THE QUICKEST WAY TO MAKE ANY FACE BEAUTIFUL – IT COSTS NOTHING TO GIVE AND TAKES NO TIME TO APPLY. 29 March 2009 3 1.1 A Word to the New Recruits During these weeks of training, your grooming will be closely monitored, as this will enable us to offer guidance where necessary, to ensure that, when operating as a crewmember, your grooming will be impeccable and in accordance with the Ryanair standards. When attending class you must dress appropriately - Items not permitted include: • Tracksuits • Trainers (except for Fire Ground & Evacuation slide training) • Jeans (except for Fire Ground & Evacuation slide training) • Combat trousers • Short skirts • Shorts - Appropriate foot wear must also be worn. All grooming regulations must be adhered to when attending training. You will be permanently observed and assessed by your Instructor and examiners during your training. During aircraft & base visits you will be assessed by the base supervisor and when on flights by the Nº1 and your fellow colleagues. Your appearance, being a statement of who you are, must also express motivation and professionalism. Choose neat, clean work clothes that fit comfortably. The clothes you wear affect your attitude and confidence levels. When you take the time to dress for success, you tend to feel good about yourself. When you feel good about yourself, you naturally convey confidence and a positive attitude and you can concentrate on your work. On a normal working day, between passengers and general public, you will be assessed by an average of 800 people. Being in the public eye your grooming will always be observed. Read the following guidelines carefully and, if you require any guidance in complying with any of them, do not hesitate to contact your Base Supervisor. 29 March 2009 4 2. General 2.1 Hygiene Personal hygiene is just as important as what you wear. You may select the right clothes, but neglecting personal hygiene can ruin the image you wish to present. • Bathe or shower daily. • Use deodorant at all times. • Teeth must be brushed daily. Frequent dental checks are recommended. Use mouthwash (Beware of foods which may leave breath odour; beware of coffee and smoke odour). Dehydration may cause bad breath. • Care for your ears; Keep them clean. You do not see them but the others do. • Care for your feet; if needed use a deodorant foot spray. • Perfumes/Colognes/After-Shave may be worn but sparingly. DO NOT use strong fragrances/aftershaves. 2.2 Tattoos Visible tattoos are not acceptable and must be covered at all times: • Flesh colour plasters may be used 2.3 Sunglasses • Sunglasses may be worn in the summer months, but only when airside in bright conditions • Frames may be black or brown only • Sunglasses are never to be placed on the top of your head • Mirrored sunglasses are not permitted 2.4 Glasses • Glasses are not permitted in the cabin crew uniform • Contact lenses are permitted and a spare set must always be carried. 2.5 Uniform • The uniform must always be clean, pressed and in good condition: • The use of the High Visibility (yellow jacket) is restricted to the RAMP AREA ONLY • Nothing should be written on the High Visibility jacket and any graffiti on same will be considered as damaging company property • Badges, pins or stickers are not allowed on the uniform • During winter the use of a scarf of a classic design (black plain colour) is allowed • During winter plain black gloves may be worn with the jacket or coat • An umbrella of black colour may be used whilst in uniform 2.6 Rings Rings must not be large or ornate. They should be worn on the ring finger only. Fashion rings are not allowed. 29 March 2009 5 2.7 Watches Watches must be worn and should be neat and conventional in style. They must have a second hand. Straps must be black, brown, gold or silver only. 2.8 Jewellery In all instances jewellery, including watches, must not be large or ornate and costume jewellery is not permitted. 2.9 I.D cards The I.D. card must be clearly displayed at all times whenever attending any duty at the request of the company whether or not uniform is required. 2.10 Eating & Drinking Crew members must be seated in a restaurant or seating area while eating or drinking. Cabin Crew must not: • Drink Alcohol in uniform at any time • Consume any type of Alcohol in the 8 hours before report time • Be seen in a bar area in uniform whether or not consuming alcohol, as it may give the wrong impression to the public • Chew gum in uniform at any time 2.11 Smoking Smoking in uniform is not permitted unless you are seated in a designated smoking area. Under no circumstances may you smoke on a turn around, on the apron or onboard the aircraft. 2.12 Positioning Cabin Crew may be required to position to other airports at the company request using different types of transportation (taxi, aircraft, train buses, etc.) and a smart standard of dress is required. Tracksuits, trainers and similar clothing are not acceptable. INTENTIONALLY BLANK 29 March 2009 6 3. Female 3.1 Appearance It is important to remember that when you are in uniform you are projecting that image of the Airline. You are the frontline of the airline, the part the public sees and meets personally. As uniformed personnel you are selling Ryanair, so consequently you are expected to have pride in how you look. 3.1.1 Hair removal Remove underarm and leg hair regularly. Also, remove any facial hairs as they appear. A depilatory or a bleaching cream may be needed if you have heavy facial growth. 3.2 Hair Hair must be washed frequently to have it looking good. If hair is coloured it must be frequently maintained. Bright or unnatural colours are not permitted. Visible highlights are not permitted. If the hair length goes below the jacket collar it must be worn up in a flattering manner in a French roll or a bun. ALLOWED:    Bun French roll Short hair to the collar       Bun too high Messy French Roll Hair too long To achieve the perfect bun use a donut ring. Hair must not be loose from the bun. Hairpins and grips must be of the same colour as the hair. 29 March 2009 7 Hair may be worn down, under the following conditions: • Hair is cut above the collar • Hair is cut neat in a business style • Hair does not fall over the face • Hair is regularly trimmed NOT ALLOWED:         Wigs Hair pieces Extensions Braids Dread locks Two tone colours Visible Roots Wet gel Hi/Lo lights should be touched up regularly and colour should be natural looking to suit skin tone and to prevent showing of roots. 3.3 Face 3.3.1 Make-up Use sparingly and be natural looking. The reason for cosmetics is to make you look prettier and highlight your best features. Do learn how to apply makeup properly. It may take practice. Ask a friend to help you or go to a cosmetic counter in a department store for advice. Here are some guidelines:     Match foundation to skin tone for a natural look. Blend into jaw line so that there is no visible line. Foundation should be applied lightly. Face powder can also be worn with foundation. It smoothes the skin and eliminates facial shine. Eye makeup applied to the natural brow line is the most attractive. If you do wear eye make up, match or blend with your natural colour. Blush should be placed at the highest part of your cheeks and then blended in. 3.3.2 Lipstick Wear lipstick at all times. Lip liner must match lipstick. Dark liner is not allowed. Lipstick with moisturising effect is recommended. Stay away from extremely dark or bright and fluorescent colours. 3.3.3 Nail Polish Colours to be worn must be definite and vibrant. The following colours are not allowed: • Blue, black, purple, pale light and pastels colours • Dark or fluorescent colours. French manicure is allowed but must be well applied. Nail polish must be well applied without chips or peeling. 29 March 2009 8 3.4 Hands Your hands are very important in your job as they are in constant view of the passengers. They must be kept clean and good-looking. They must be washed before any food and drink service. 3.4.1 Nails should be clean and neat at all times. 3.4.2 Nails must be maintained in good repair and must not be too long 3.4.3 Female Cabin Crew must wear nail polish according with 3.3.3. 3.4.4 Nail extensions can be used as long as they are well maintained. 3.4.5 Nails must always be well manicured. Lipstick and Nail polish must match and must always be used 3.5 Brands & Colours We recommend the following lipstick and nail colours: 3.5.1 Rimmel Colour ........................................ Pink Lipstick - Sugar Plum nº 86 Nails - Rose nº 293 Colour .........................................Red Lipstick - Alarm nº170 Nails - Hot Gossip nº 325 3.5.2 L’Oreal Colour ........................................ Pink Lipstick - Juice Roseglow nº 400 Nails - Resist and Shine nº 103 Colour .........................................Red Lipstick - Rouge Penelope nº 710 Nails - Jet Set Diamant nº 501 3.5.3 Maybelline Colour ........................................ Pink Lipstick - Down Pink nº 423 Nails - Tornado Rose nº 01 Colour .........................................Red Lipstick - Red Vibration nº 590 Nails - Cherry nº 30 3.6 Jewellery 3.6.1 Chains and necklaces are not permitted. 3.6.2 If ears are pierced you must wear earrings. Pearls, gold, silver and diamond studs are recommended. Hoop or drop earrings are not permitted  29 March 2009 9 3.6.3 Up to one bracelet may be worn on the right hand wrist. 3.6.4 Bangles are not allowed.   3.7. Tights Tights must be used at all times. Bare legs are not acceptable. Stockings, hold-ups or tights must be brown (chocolate colour) or barely black colour. Tights should be maximum 15 denier. Opaque tights are not permitted. 3.8 Shoes Black court shoes must be worn with the uniform. These should be simple and plain with heels not higher than three inches but no lower than one inch. Is recommended that the Cabin Crew 29 March 2009 10 wear flat shoes (not lower than one inch heel) when working in the aircraft cabin. Ballet pump style cabin shoes are not permitted. Stiletto heels are not allowed inside the cabin. All shoes must be kept well heeled, scuff-free and well polished. No buckles. 3.8.1 Winter boots Female Cabin Crew are allowed to wear knee high boots of classic design and black colour. They may be worn only during winter (OCT-APIRL). Winter boots should have a maximum heel height of 3 inches with a minimum height of ½ inch. Winter boots must be removed once in the aircraft cabin.    29 March 2009 11 3.9 Uniforms 3.9.1 Composition Jacket......................................... 01 Skirt ............................................ 02 Blouse ........................................ 05 Coat............................................ 01 Apron ............................................... 01 Handbag .......................................... 01 Crew bag ......................................... 01 3.9.2 Jackets 1. Jackets must be worn buttoned at all times and may be removed only after Take off. 2. The supervisor (Nº1) may decide that the crew may take their jackets off; in this case all the crew on board must have either “Jackets on” or “Jackets off”. 3. Jackets are not to be removed prior to the safety demonstration and are never to be worn during any services. 4. When sitting, unbutton the last button so the jacket is not pulling. 5. Collars of your Jacket should not be turned up. 6. Do not leave the aircraft without your jacket.   29 March 2009 12 3.9.3 Scarves Scarves are allowed with the winter coat. The scarf has to be of black colour, classic design and must be worn inside the coat. Always ensure that your scarf is clean and makeup free.   3.9.4 Blouses Blouse must be changed daily and be clean and freshly laundered. A clean white or neutral bra must be worn under the blouse. Always ensure that the blouse collar is kept clean of makeup. 3.9.5 Skirts Skirts should be worn on or below the knee. Always ensure that the skirt is clean and properly ironed. If, due to weight variations your skirt does not fit properly, try to adjust it immediately or, if unable, contact your base supervisor. The skirt linings must not be visible. The following photos are an example of what is and is not allowed.  29 March 2009  13 Skirts (continued)   Too Tight Too Tight  TOO SHORT  CORRECT LENGTH 29 March 2009  Too Tight  TOO SHORT  CORRECT LENGTH 14 3.9.6 Belts Female Cabin Crew are not allowed to wear belts. - 3.10 Crew bag The crew bags must be carried at all times and should not be used outside work. 3.10.1 Female Crew bag contents (minimum) The following must be carried on your handbag at all times: • Passport • Certificate of competence • Hi-viz jacket • Casual clothes (to cater for an unplanned overnight) • Spare paperwork (mistakes happen) • First aid kit (including pain killers) • Sewing kit • Spare underwear/blouse/tights • Tea towel • Calculator • Pens • Shoe polish • Toiletries (toothpaste, toothbrush, deodorant, sanitary products, shower gel, shampoo/conditioner, contact lens solution, etc.) • Cabin shoes • Make-up • Nail varnish 3.11 Handbag Handbags must be used on the right hand shoulder and should not be overfilled. They must not be used outside work. Only Ryanair regulation handbag may be used.   3.12 Apron Aprons must be freshly laundered for each day. Aprons must not be worn until after takeoff and must be removed after the final service is complete and before taking up seats for landing. 29 March 2009 15 4. Male 4.1 Appearance It is important to remember that when you are in uniform you are projecting that image of the Airline. You are the frontline of the airline, the part the public sees and meets personally. As uniformed personnel you are selling Ryanair, so consequently you are expected to have pride in how you look. 4.2 HAIR Hairstyles play an important role in the appearance of an individual. Extremes in styling or fashion fads do not contribute to the simple, classic styling of the uniform and are not permitted. Hair must be washed frequently to have it looking good. Hair must be kept clean, short and neatly trimmed to ensure minimal attention during the flight. Hair must : • Be cut above the collar; • Be cut neat in a business style; • Be regularly trimmed; NOT ALLOWED: • • Long sideburns; Wet gel  4.3 Face No facial hair will be permitted. Male Cabin Crews must be clean-shaven at all times with no stubble. 4.3.1 Moustaches Not allowed at any time; Side burns should not reach below half way down the earlobe. 4.3.2 Beards Not allowed at any time 4.4 Hands Your hands are very important in your job as they are in constant view of the passengers. They must be kept clean and good-looking. They must be washed before any food and drink service. Nails should be clean and neat at all times. Nail polish is not allowed for male Cabin Crew. 4.5 Jewellery Male Cabin Crew are not permitted to use earrings, chains, or any other similar jewellery. One ring on ring finger is allowed. 29 March 2009 16 4.6 Socks Socks of black colour must be used at all times. No pictures or writing allowed. 4.7 Shoes Male Cabin Crew must wear black plain, slip on or lace-up shoes without buckles with the uniform. Shoes are to be kept well heeled, scuff free and polished.  INTENTIONALLY BLANK 29 March 2009 17 4.8 Male Uniform 4.8.1Composition Jacket ........................................... 01 Trousers........................................ 02 Shirts............................................. 05 Tie................................................. 01 Coat .............................................. 01 Crew bag ...................................... 01 4.8.2 Jacket 1. Jackets must be worn buttoned at all times and may be removed only after Take off. 2. The supervisor (Nº1) may decide that the crew may take their jackets off. In this case all the crew on board must have either “Jackets on” or “Jackets off”. 3. Jackets are not to be removed prior to the safety demonstration and are never to be worn during any services. 4. When sitting, unbutton the last button so the jacket is not pulling. 5. Do not leave the aircraft without the jacket. 6. Collars up are not allowed. 4.8.3 Scarves Scarves are allowed with the winter coat. The scarf has to be of black colour and classic design. Always ensure that your scarf is clean. 4.8.4 Shirts Shirts must be changed daily and be clean and freshly laundered and properly pressed. 4.8.5 Trousers Always ensure that the trousers are clean and properly ironed. The trouser linings must not be visible. 4.8.6 Belts Belts must be black and of a classic design INTENTIONALLY BLANK 29 March 2009 18 4.9 Crew bag Crew bag must be kept clean and free of stickers. Do not overfill. The crew bags must be carried at all times and should not be used outside work. 4.9.1 Male Crew bag contents (minimum) The following must be carried on your crew bag at all times: • Passport • Certificate of competence • Hi-viz jacket • Civil clothes (to cater for an unplanned overnight) • Spare paperwork (mistakes happen) • First aid kit (including pain killers) • Sewing kit • Spare underwear • Spare shirt • Socks • Calculator • Pens • Shoe polish • Toiletries (shaving kit, toothpaste, toothbrush, deodorant, shower gel, shampoo/conditioner, contact lens solution, etc.) • Tea towel INTENTIONALLY BLANK 29 March 2009 19 5. Grooming Evaluation Grooming check Name Date Crew Code / / 200 ITEM YES ID Passport Flying Licence Name badge Wings Tie Pin UNIFORM Size Clean Pressed All buttons COAT Size Clean Pressed Blouse / Shirt Size Clean Pressed Tie Clean Base NO Rank YES ITEM Make up Well applied Make-up bag Hair Style Colour Accessories Blouse /shirt Underwear Tights/Socks First aid kit Shoe polish Civil clothes Toiletries ITEM NO □ disagree YES NO Nails Colour Clean Freshly paint. Jewellery Correct Crew bag contents Tea towel Ice tongs Calculator Pens Spare p / w. Sewing kit Memos 25 min. turn around CSS Only Size Money bag Calculator Clean Restricted memo Skirt □ agree Sign Pressed Float □ yes □ no Overall Comments Shoes Style Clean Polished Heels Tights / Socks Correct colour Miscellaneous Hi-Viz Apron (fem. Only) 29 March 2009 Checked by Crew Code Sign 20
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