Passages for the SAT

Critical Reading PassagesScience Passages This passage is excerpted from Joseph Mascaro, Gregory P Asner, Stuart Davies, Alex Dehgan, and Sassan Saatchi, “These Are the Days of Lasers in the Jungle,” ©2014 by Joseph Mascaro, et al. Beginning of reading passage. Just as the Moon’s history was disrobed by laser ranging 50 years ago, Earth’s tropical forests are giving up their secrets to the light. Airborne light detection and ranging—called LiDAR—has over the last ten years become a key tool that ecologists use to understand physical variation in tropical forests across space and time. Like an MRI of the human brain, LiDAR probes the intricate threedimensional architecture of the forest canopy, unveiling carbon that forests keep out of the atmosphere, and also the mounting threats to that carbon storehouse: drought, fire, clandestine logging and brash gold-mining operations. Even the quintessential natural disturbance of the sun-filled light gap—long thought to enhance the incredibly high species diversity of tropical forests—has been deconstructed by laser technology. Laser ranging in tropical forests is such a game-changing technology that science results can scarcely get through peer-review before they are dwarfed by still larger-scale studies. In a decade, laser power on commercial-grade LiDARs has skyrocketed and costs have plummeted. These improvements in LiDAR technology allow airplanes to fly faster, higher and farther, covering more forest area in a single day than every ground-based survey that has ever been collected in the history of tropical ecology. To estimate the amount of carbon stored in a 50hectare tropical forest monitoring plot on the ground—the largest field plot in the world—takes a team of 12 people about eight months: a slog of rain and mud and snakes with tape measures and data log books. Today’s airborne LiDARs can get you to within about 10% of the same carbon estimate in eight seconds. It is this staggering contrast in scale between LiDAR and fieldwork that led us here: Before this decade is out, we could directly assess the carbon stock of every single square hectare of tropical forest on Earth. We could do it just as well as if we were standing there in the flesh with tape measures in hand. And we could do it for far less than what we have already spent to offset carbon emissions from forests. . . . It is easy in principle, though logistically nightmarish, to measure carbon in tropical forests. A strict constructionist would cut, dry and weigh the biomass of the world’s forests. But this is a self-defeating enterprise. As a result, it is likely that no one has measured carbon over a single hectare of tropical forest, even with the most detailed field surveys. For a century ecologists and foresters have relied on allometric1estimation in lieu of carbon measurements to translate field surveys of tree diameters, heights and wood densities into whole-forest carbon estimates. Given a volume with known dimensions and density, one would estimate its mass in a similar fashion. As the new kid on the block, LiDAR has been tacked onto the back end— initially thought of as kind of large-scale helper to field surveys. Carbon estimates from the field have been treated as something inherently closer to the real thing than measurements made by LiDAR—ground “Truth” with a capital “T”. This is perhaps understandable historically, but vis-à-vis actual carbon, there is no such thing as ground truth: both field and LiDAR efforts rely on allometry to convert measurements into carbon estimates. Prior to using these measurements for carbon estimation, they exist as standardized, spatially explicit, archivable and verifiable data—the needed substrate for a REDD2-type accounting program. Due to the constancy of the underlying measurements, both field and LiDAR data could provide the needed information if they covered every hectare on Earth. But, in the case of field surveys, this is impossible. The surveys that do exist measure a tiny amount of actual forest, and so what might be verified is widely spaced. And to avoid fraud and protect landowners, many governments keep their plot locations secret. Satellite LiDAR data remain sparse, providing only extrapolated, coarse-resolution carbon estimates with very high uncertainties, and there is no prospect of wall-to-wall coverage in the near future. By 2020, airborne LiDAR could give us a direct measurement of 3-D forest structure for every hectare in the tropics: a standardized database from which to build a carbon economy. Pertaining to the study of changing proportions in part of an organism or body resulting from growth. Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation, a program implemented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1 2 Passage 1 is excerpted from Linden Miles, "The Meandering Mind: Vection and Mental Time Travel," ©2010 by Linden Miles. Passage 2 is excerpted from Justin Gregg, "A New Frontier in Animal Intelligence," ©2013 by Scientific American. Passage 1 The ability to travel mentally through time sets humans apart from many other species, yet little is known about this core cognitive capacity. In particular, what shapes the passage of the mind's journey through time? A core facet of conscious experience is that one's mind periodically wanders from the here-and-now. From memories of lost loves to expectations about forthcoming vacations, mental time travel (MTT) makes it possible to revisit the past and pre-experience the future. Present across cultures and emerging early in childhood, MTT is believed to serve a pivotal function in human cognition. When confronted with complex and challenging judgments, simulating future outcomes (i.e., prospection) on the basis of prior experience (i.e., retrospection) is a tactic that optimizes decision-making and behavioral selection. That the past informs the future in this way (i.e., recollection-guides-simulation) is evidenced from research demonstrating that retrospection and prospection rely on largely overlapping neural structures and cognitive operations. However, remarkably little is known about the actual process of MTT and how it impacts people's behavior. In this respect, one emerging possibility is that MTT may be represented in the sensory-motor systems that regulate human movement (i.e., MTT is embodied). Put simply, traveling mentally in time may initiate associated bodily movements through space. Initial evidence for such a thoughtaction coupling during MTT was reported in a study in which spontaneous fluctuations in the direction and magnitude of postural sway were assessed while participants engaged in either retrospective or prospective mental imagery. The results revealed that the temporal locus of MTT did indeed influence the direction of people's movements — whereas retrospection was accompanied by significant backwards sway, prospection yielded postural movement in an anterior direction. End of reading passage. Passage 2 Santino was a misanthrope with a habit of pelting tourists with rocks. As his reputation for mischief grew, he had to devise increasingly clever ways to ambush his wary victims. Santino learned to stash his rocks just out of sight and casually stand just a few feet from them in order to throw off suspicion. At the very moment that passersby were fooled into thinking that he meant them no harm, he grabbed his hidden projectiles and launched his attack. Santino, you see, is not human. He’s a chimpanzee at Furuvik Zoo in Sweden. His crafty stone-throwing escapades have made him a global celebrity, and also caught the attention of researchers studying how animals, much like humans, might be able to plan their behavior. Santino is one of a handful of animals that scientists believe are showing a complex cognitive ability called episodic memory. Episodic memory is the ability to recall past events that one has the sense of having personally experienced. Unlike semantic memory, which involves recalling simple facts like “bee stings hurt,” episodic memory involves putting yourself at the heart of the memory; like remembering the time you swatted at a bee with a rolled up newspaper and it got angry and stung your hand. If an animal can imagine itself interacting with the world in the past via episodic memory – like Santino recalling a failed attack when a human spotted him holding a rock, or you remembering swatting at a bee – it stands to reason that the animal might also be able to imagine itself in the future in a similar scenario, and thus plan its behavior. Santino might opt to hide his rocks, and you might decide to stop antagonizing bees. The ability to represent oneself and one’s actions in the mind’s eye – both in the past [and] in the future – is what scientists refer to as “mental time travel.” QUESTION 1 OF 11 Over the course of passage 1, the main focus shifts from Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A a scientific study about mental time travel to an example of how humans use mental time travel in their daily lives.  (Choice B)B a description of the evolution of mental time travel to an evaluation of its limitations in humans.  (Choice C, Checked)C an explanation of mental time travel to a description of a study about its neurological basis.  (Choice D)D an argument in support of the existence of mental time travel to a counter-argument refuting its existence in humans. QUESTION 2 OF 11 It can reasonably be inferred from passage 1 that, in humans, the existence of mental time travel Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A begins before birth.  (Choice B)B continues to develop throughout adulthood.  (Choice C, Checked)C is universal.  (Choice D)D is limited to certain populations around the world. QUESTION 3 OF 11 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A lines 1–2 (“The . . . species”) (“The ability to travel mentally through time sets humans apart from many other species,”)  (Choice B)B lines 5–8 (“From . . . future”) (“From memories of lost loves to expectations about forthcoming vacations, mental time travel (MTT) makes it possible to revisit the past and pre-experience the future.”)  (Choice C, Checked)C lines 8–9 (“Present . . . childhood”) (“Present across cultures and emerging early in childhood,”)  (Choice D)D lines 10–13 (“When . . . selection”) (“When confronted with complex and challenging judgments, simulating future outcomes (i.e.,prospection) on the basis of prior experience (i.e.,retrospection) is a tactic that optimizes decision-making and behavioral selection.”) QUESTION 4 OF 11 As used in line 10 (“pivotal”) , “pivotal” most nearly means Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A critical  (Choice B, Checked)B basic  (Choice C)C overriding  ” “clever.” and “fooled” serves mainly to Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice B)B accuracy when throwing objects.  (Choice C)C disinterest in other chimpanzees. Checked)A suggest that Santino had a violent disposition.  (Choice B)B call attention to Santino’s advanced cognitive abilities.(Choice D)D Urgent QUESTION 5 OF 11 In the first paragraph of passage 2.  (Choice C)C imply that Santino was smarter than most chimpanzees. .  (Choice D)D tendency to interact with humans.  (Choice A.  (Choice D)D illustrate Santino’s reliance on semantic memory. QUESTION 6 OF 11 The author of passage 2 indicates that Santino’s use of episodic memory is most evidenced by his Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 7 OF 11 According to passage 2.  (Choice A)A ability to recall past experiences. which choice best summarizes the relationship between episodic and semantic memory? Please choose from one of the following options. the use of the words “mischief.  (Choice A)A Episodic memory is a more advanced form of semantic memory. .  (Choice B)B Episodic memory relies on personal experiences while semantic memory relies on fact recollection. and also caught the attention of researchers studying how animals. . . . QUESTION 8 OF 11 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options. might be able to plan their behavior. .  (Choice A)A lines 39–41 (“His .memory”) (“Santino is one of a handful of animals that scientists believe are showing a complex cognitive ability called episodic memory.””) QUESTION 9 OF 11 .”)  (Choice B)B lines 42–44 (“Santino .” episodic memory involves putting yourself at the heart of the memory. . which involves recalling simple facts like “bee stings hurt. but all animals are capable of semantic memory. travel”) (“The ability to represent oneself and one’s actions in the mind’s eye – both in the past [and] in the future – is what scientists refer to as “mental time travel. behavior”) (“His crafty stone-throwing escapades have made him a global celebrity.”)  (Choice C)C lines 46–47 (“Unlike .  (Choice D)D Some animals are capable of episodic memory. .  (Choice C)C Episodic memory is an essential component of consciousness while semantic memory is not.”)  (Choice D)D lines 56–58 (“The . . memory”) (“Unlike semantic memory. much like humans.  (Choice A)A That it is similar to the concept of semantic memory  (Choice B)B That it is a sophisticated cognitive ability  (Choice C)C That it is present throughout the animal kingdom  (Choice D)D That it can affect the positioning and movement of the body QUESTION 10 OF 11 Which of the following types of evidence is relied upon in passage 1 but not in passage 2? Please choose from one of the following options. Checked)C Scientific studies  (Choice D)D Historical data QUESTION 11 OF 11 The author of passage 1 would likely use which of the following terms to describe Santino’s ability to recall past events? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A Expert testimonies  (Choice B)B Personal narratives  (Choice C.The authors of passage 1 and passage 2 would likely agree about which of the following characteristics of mental time travel? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A Retrospection . . whereas adults are carnivores. Vredenburg. thus making them sensitive to environmental temperature changes. thus exposing them to a wide range of environments. predators. Amphibians are thermal-conformers. Wake and Vance T. which may be especially important for tropical montane (e. hence. "Amphibians in Crisis. amphibians have small geographic ranges. Amphibians have received much attention during the last two decades because of a now-general understanding that a larger proportion of amphibian species are at risk of extinction than those of any other taxon. and parasites. Amphibians have moist skin. but this is accentuated in most terrestrial species (the majority of salamanders. a large proportion of frog species also fit this category) that . Paradoxically. well vascularized skin places them in intimate contact with their environment. A large number of factors have been implicated. Frog larvae are typically herbivores. thus exposing them to a wide diversity of food. Such species may have little acclimation ability in rapidly changing thermal regimes. there are reasons for thinking that they might be vulnerable to current environmental challenges and. although amphibians have proven themselves to be survivors in the past. serve as multipurpose sentinels of environmental health. cloud forest) species that have experienced little temperature variation.* Why this should be has perplexed amphibian specialists. including most prominently habitat destruction and epidemics of infectious diseases. and cutaneous respiration is more important than respiration by lungs. The moist. What makes the amphibian case so compelling is the fact that amphibians are long-term survivors that have persisted through the last four mass extinctions. One might expect them to be vulnerable to changes in water or air quality resulting from diverse pollutants. (Choice B)B Prospection  (Choice C)C Simulation  (Choice D)D Semantic memory This passage is excerpted from David B. The typical life cycle of a frog involves aquatic development of eggs and larvae and terrestrial activity as adults. global warming also has been invoked as a contributing factor. In general." ©2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA. Beginning of reading passage.g.  (Choice B)B face a risk of extinction greater than that of any other group of organisms. >20% of analyzed species are in the top three categories of threat. especially those associated with stream or streamside habitats. The Global Amphibian Assessment completed its first round of evaluating the status of all then-recognized species in 2004. Most information concerning declines and extinctions has come from studies of frogs. little information on their status with respect to extinction exists. are most likely to be severely threatened. Vulnerable. Endangered. or Critically Endangered). greater numbers as well as proportions of species are at risk in tropical countries.5% of the known species of amphibians to be “globally threatened” by using the established top three categories of threat of extinction (i. Caecilians are the least well known.develop directly from terrestrial eggs that have no free-living larval stage. In general. and caecilians (~175 species). Updates from the Global Amphibian Assessment are ongoing and show that. Salamanders facing extinctions are centered in Middle America.  (Choice A.  (Choice D)D now face extinction across all species because of human activity. 43% of species have declining populations. salamanders (~570 species).600 currently recognized species). QUESTION 2 OF 11 As used in .e. Subclass Lissamphibia) include frogs (~5. These small ranges make them especially vulnerable to habitat changes that might result from either direct or indirect human activities. * QUESTION 1 OF 11 The main idea of the first two paragraphs is that amphibians Please choose from one of the following options. finding 32. Checked)A have traditionally been very persistent but are now disproportionately endangered. A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Living amphibians (Class Amphibia. although new species described since 2004 are mostly too poorly known to be assessed.  (Choice C)C have been praised by scientists for their ability to withstand the last four mass extinctions. which are the most numerous and by far the most widely distributed of living amphibians. Species from montane tropical regions.  (Choice C.line 8 (“compelling”) . QUESTION 4 OF 11 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A lines 11–14 .  (Choice D)D embody the principles of evolution more clearly and linearly than other species do. Checked)B captivating. “compelling” most nearly means Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice C)C overwhelming.  (Choice B)B have less ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions than other species do. Checked)C are exposed to more predators and parasites than other species are.  (Choice A)A are sensitive to environmental changes that might affect other species in the future. QUESTION 3 OF 11 The author implies that the study of frogs and other amphibians is especially important because these species Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice B.  (Choice A)A urgent.  (Choice D)D forced. health”)  (Choice B)B lines 14–16 (“The typical life cycle of a frog involves aquatic development of eggs and larvae and terrestrial activity as adults. lungs”) QUESTION 5 OF 11 The author discusses the thermal conformity of amphibians in order to Please choose from one of the following options. . although amphibians have proven themselves to be survivors in the past. and cutaneous respiration is more important than respiration by lungs. QUESTION 6 OF 11 .”) (“Amphibians . . thus exposing them to a wide range of environments. predators. parasites”)  (Choice D)D lines 19–21 (“Amphibians have moist skin.(“Paradoxically. . .  (Choice D)D question why the geographic ranges of amphibians is so small compared to that of other species. serve as multipurpose sentinels of environmental health. .”) (“Paradoxically . . Checked)C lines 17–19 (“Frog larvae are typically herbivores. environments”)  (Choice C.  (Choice C)C prove that amphibians are the most sensitive of all animals and therefore need to be treated with greater care.”) (“The typical . whereas adults are carnivores. . hence. .  (Choice A. thus exposing them to a wide diversity of food. there are reasons for thinking that they might be vulnerable to current environmental challenges and. Checked)A show why they are so susceptible to being harmed by changes in their environments. and parasites.  (Choice B)B contrast them with other types of animals that other scientists have studied in greater depth.”) (“Frog . little information on their status with respect to extinction exists. and caecilians (~175 species). salamanders (~570 species).Frogs have been studied more than other amphibians because Please choose from one of the following options.600 currently recognized species). Checked)A members of other species are less common and not found in as many places. Subclass Lissamphibia) include frogs (~5. .  (Choice D)D their sensitivity to environments makes them ideal for study.”) (“Most . which are the most numerous and by far the most widely distributed of living amphibians.”) (“Caecilians .”) (“Living .  (Choice C)C so many other amphibian species have recently become extinct.”) (“Salamanders . . species. . America”)  (Choice D)D lines 41–42 (“Caecilians are the least well known. exists”) .  (Choice A. .”)  (Choice B)B lines 37–40 (“Most information concerning declines and extinctions has come from studies of frogs.  (Choice A.  (Choice B)B they model human biology better than other amphibians. Checked)A lines 35–37 (“Living amphibians (Class Amphibia. amphibians”)  (Choice C)C lines 40–41 (“Salamanders facing extinctions are centered in Middle America. QUESTION 7 OF 11 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options. . . . . QUESTION 8 OF 11 The phrase “globally threatened” ( line 46 (““globally threatened””) ) primarily serves to Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice C)C highlighting that scientists have not collected enough data on a significant number of amphibian species.  (Choice A)A demonstrating that approximately ⅓ of amphibian species are in the top three categories of threat. despite predictions to the contrary. QUESTION 9 OF 11 The graph supports the statement in the last paragraph about the evaluation completed in 2004 by Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice D)D demonstrate that.  (Choice B)B showing that only 1% of amphibians have gone extinct in the wild.  (Choice D)D proving that the remaining species of amphibians will become extinct in the future.  (Choice C)C quote the scientists at The Global Amphibian Assessment so that readers understand the limited nature of their statistics.  (Choice B)B lend authority to the author’s argument about amphibian extinction by using a well-recognized phrase. QUESTION 10 OF 11 . this term is questionably applied. though amphibians have been referred to as threatened.  (Choice A)A show that scientists consider amphibians’ future perilous by the seriousness of the terms.  (Choice B)B least concern. For imaging purposes the .  (Choice A)A endangered. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging.  (Choice A)A caecilians.  (Choice C)C frogs.  (Choice B)B salamanders.  (Choice C)C extinct." ©2002 by Abi Berger.  (Choice D)D montane amphibians. Beginning of reading passage.  (Choice D)D vulnerable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the body's natural magnetic properties to produce detailed images from any part of the body. Adapted from Abi Berger.Information from the graph and the passage suggests that the second-largest category includes most of the world’s Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 11 OF 11 The third-largest category represents amphibians that are classified as Please choose from one of the following options. leaving only the signal from any abnormalities lying within it. Receiver coils are used around the body part in question to act as aerials to improve the detection of the emitted signal. It is this signal which is used to create the MR images. and. different slices of the body will resonate as different frequencies are applied.spinning on its axis. MRI scanners come in different field strengths. When the radiofrequency source is switched off the magnetic vector returns to its resting state. such as an MRI scanner. A different emphasis occurs because different tissues relax at different rates when the transmitted radiofrequency pulse is switched off. The intensity of the received signal is then plotted on a grey scale and cross sectional images are built up. MRI uses radiation in the radiofrequency range which is found all around us and does not damage tissue as it passes through.hydrogen nucleus (a single proton) is used because of its abundance in water and fat. By using a “fat suppression” pulse sequence. This uniform alignment creates a magnetic vector oriented along the axis of the MRI scanner. The strength of the magnetic field can be altered electronically from head to toe using a series of gradient electric coils. Multiple transmitted radiofrequency pulses can be used in sequence to emphasise particular tissues or abnormalities. The first is the time taken for the magnetic vector to return to its resting state and the second is the time needed for the axial spin to return to its resting state. so MRI is a sensitive test for the detection of disease. infection and tumour can in some cases look similar. the protons' axes all line up. for example. and this causes a signal (also a radio wave) to be emitted. Under normal circumstances. by altering the local magnetic field by these small increments. In this respect it behaves like a small bar magnet. When the body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Most diseases manifest themselves by an increase in water content.5 and 1. with a north-south pole. The time taken for the protons to fully relax is measured in two ways. the second is called T2 relaxation. . The hydrogen proton can be likened to the planet earth. A careful analysis of the images by a radiologist will often yield the correct answer. unlike x ray and computed tomography. Different tissues (such as fat and water) have different relaxation times and can be identified separately. An MR examination is thus made up of a series of pulse sequences. these hydrogen proton “bar magnets” spin in the body with their axes randomly aligned. There are no known biological hazards of MRI because. The exact nature of the pathology can be more difficult to ascertain: for example.5 tesla. the signal from fat will be removed. usually between 0. End of reading passage.The first is called T1 relaxation. and Age. Plastics of all sizes were found in all ocean regions.Magnetic Vector (T1) and Axial Spin (T2) Relaxation Times for Different Molecules/Tissues. gulfs and seas surrounded by densely populated coastlines and watersheds. Beginning of reading passage. While this shows that plastic pollution has spread throughout all the world's oceans. the . converging in accumulation zones in the subtropical gyres. Tissue T1 (msec) T2 (msec) Water 4. converging in the subtropical gyres. and the absorption of toxicants by plastic while traveling through the environment has led some researchers to claim that synthetic polymers in the ocean should be regarded as hazardous waste.11:425-448 This passage is excerpted from Marcus Eriksen’s "Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More Than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing Over 250. Exision. Through photodegradation and other weathering processes. "A Review of Normal Tissue Hydrogen NMR Relaxation Times and Relaxation Mechanisms from 1-100 MHz: Dependence on Tissue Type. estimates of regional and global abundance and weight of floating plastics have been limited to microplastics less than 5 mm. plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean." Med Phys 1984. NMR Frequency. Despite oceanographic model predictions of where debris might converge. et al." ©2014. we populated an oceanographic model of debris distribution to estimate global distribution and count and weight densities of plastic pollution in all sampled size classes. Plastic pollution is globally distributed across all oceans due to its properties of buoyancy and durability. including southern hemisphere gyres where coastal population density is much lower than in the northern hemisphere. Temperature.000 2.000 Gray Matter 900 90 Muscle 900 50 Liver 500 40 Fat 250 70 Tendon 400 5 Source: Data from Bottomley PA.* Accumulation of plastic pollution also occurs in closed bays. particularly from the Southern Hemisphere subtropical gyres and marine areas adjacent to populated regions corrected for wind-driven vertical mixing.000 Tons Afloat at Sea. Using extensive published and new data. in Milliseconds. Species. he does not indicate that this accumulation is greater than in other parts of the ocean. in the southern hemisphere. in the first paragraph.  (Choice A. a “gyre” refers to a large system of rotating ocean currents. rapidly breaking small microplastics further down into ever smaller particles. Although the author indicates in paragraph 1 that plastic convergence can occur in densely populated areas. ocean plastics are found in greatest quantities in Please choose from one of the following options. entrainment in settling detritus. and beaching. Although the author does indicate in paragraph 1 that plastic convergence can occur near coastlines and watersheds. Checked.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.comparison of size classes and weight relationships suggests that during fragmentation plastics are lost from the sea surface.  (Choice C)C areas that are not affected by UV radiation. In oceanography. via their prey organisms.  (Choice D)D coastal regions. While the author does suggest that UV degradation is one possible mechanism by which plastics are removed from the sea surface. Correct)A subtropical regions. i. decreased buoyancy due to fouling organisms. biodegradation. he also states in paragraph 3 that. . The observations that there is much less microplastic at the sea surface than might be expected suggests that removal processes are at play. either directly or indirectly. Many recent studies also demonstrate that many more organisms ingest small plastic particles than previously thought.  (Choice B)B densely populated areas.e. * QUESTION 6 OF 10: CORRECT According to the passage. convergence can occur in sparsely populated areas. Fragmentation rates of already brittle microplastics may be very high.33 mm mesh opening). making them unavailable for our nets (0. The choice is the best answer because. he does not state that plastics are found in greater quantities in areas not affected by UV radiation. ingestion by organisms. These include UV degradation. the author states that plastics converge in subtropical gyres. the author does not indicate that this factor is unique to this study. he does not indicate that this is the first study to address such mechanisms  (Choice C.  (Choice B. Checked.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. This choice is the best answer because. in paragraph 2. Correct Answer)C estimated the distribution of larger classes of plastics.  (Choice B. the author indicates that this study looked at plastics in all ocean regions. not just subtropical regions. QUESTION 8 OF 10: CORRECT Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options.”) (“Accumulation . gulfs and seas surrounded by densely populated coastlines and watersheds. but they do not make any reference to previous studies.  (Choice A)A used samples of plastic pollution from all over the world. watershed”) These lines indicate some of the regions where plastics accumulate.  (Choice A)A lines 7–9 (“Accumulation of plastic pollution also occurs in closed bays.  (Choice D)D focused on plastic accumulation in subtropical regions of the globe. Correct)B lines 10–12 . Incorrect)B explored the physical processes involved in plastic degradation.QUESTION 7 OF 10: INCORRECT The main contrast that the author draws between this study and previous studies of plastic pollution is that this study Please choose from one of the following options. . In paragraph 3. Checked. Although this study does track plastic convergence all over the world. . the author indicates that previous estimates of plastic distribution have been limited to microplastics less than 5 mm in length. Although the author does present possible mechanisms involved in plastic degradation.  (Choice A)A Personal narratives The author does not tell any personal stories in order to support the findings of the study. .e.”) (“Many . play”) These lines indicate that certain processes may have removed some microplastics from the sea surface. QUESTION 9 OF 10: INCORRECT In describing the distribution of ocean plastics.(“Despite oceanographic model predictions of where debris might converge.  (Choice C.”) (“Despite . i.  (Choice C)C lines 24–26 (“The observations that there is much less microplastic at the sea surface than might be expected suggests that removal processes are at play. . estimates of regional and global abundance and weight of floating plastics have been limited to microplastics less than 5 mm. the author relies primarily on what type of evidence? Please choose from one of the following options. . via their prey organisms. . but they do not make any reference to previous studies. either directly or indirectly. Correct Answer)C Data synthesis . .  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. 5 mm”) This choice is the best answer because these lines indicate that previous studies have been limited to plastics less than 5 mm in length.  (Choice D)D lines 31–34 (“Many recent studies also demonstrate that many more organisms ingest small plastic particles than previously thought. .  (Choice B)B Historical trends The author does not discuss how the accumulation of ocean plastics has changed throughout history. but they do not make a contrast between those studies and the current study.”) (“The . organisms”) These lines refer to recent studies of the ingestion of microplastics by organisms. this finding would strengthen. Although the author does indicate that large plastics fragment due to natural processes. Checked. rather than weaken. Incorrect)D Expert opinions The author does not include any expert opinions in order to support the findings of the study.33 mm. . Although the author does indicate that some microplastics were likely ingested by organisms. QUESTION 10 OF 10: CORRECT Which of the following statements most weakens the author’s conclusion that there are fewer microplastics than expected on the sea surface? Please choose from one of the following options. this fact does not weaken the conclusion that there were fewer microplastics than expected. the conclusion that fewer microplastics were found than expected.  (Choice C)C Some plastics were likely ingested by organisms. This choice is the best answer because the author indicates that some microplastics were not caught due to the 0.  (Choice D. Checked.  (Choice A)A Plastics of all sizes were found on the ocean’s surface. Although the author does indicate that plastics of all sizes were found on the ocean’s surface.  (Choice B)B Large plastics tend to fragment due to natural processes such as biodegradation. Therefore. the author indicates that he relied on published and new data in order to create a model of global plastic distribution. the degradation of large plastics would actually increase the amount of microplastics on the ocean’s surface. Correct)D The nets used in the study were unable to capture plastics smaller than 0. If anything. the actual amount of microplastics on the ocean’s surface is likely greater than the amount indicated in the study.33 mm openings in the nets.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice D.In paragraph 2. this fact does not weaken the conclusion that there were fewer microplastics than expected on the ocean’s surface. In our neighborhood the Andromeda galaxy. been accelerating. the universe might have started to recollapse before it ever had the chance to accelerate. the cosmic dance continues. If there had been more matter around. Since about six billion years ago (about a billion years before Earth formed). Nevertheless. Our local group comprises Andromeda. our largest companion. provides a constant outward force that does not dilute as the universe expands. the expansion has. How Can They Collide?" ©2009 by Scientific American. Passage 2 is excerpted from David Biello. Pitted against this relentless push is the gravitational pull from the rest of the matter and energy in the universe. Passage 1 Dark energy. "If Galaxies are All Moving Apart. The universe is now split into pockets of interaction that will drift alone through the expanding cosmos. and we will have our first close encounter with it in just a few billion years' time. but we will be forever separated from the revelers on other ships sailing away from us in the vast universe. [A]ny galaxies that have not yet won the gravity war have missed their chance. the universe was much denser than it is today. In fact. is actually falling toward us. the Magellanic Clouds and about 35 other galaxies. all of which lie in an even larger cluster called Virgo. . But matter and energy do dilute as the volume of the universe increases. Collectively they form overdense patches of the universe in which gravity still reigns. Clouds of gas condensed to form stars and galaxies. and galaxies drew together to form clusters. "More Often Than Not. Passage 2 New data seem to show that galaxies collide all the time. believed to be causing the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. so dark energy slowly came to dominate. the galaxies in our group will continue to collide and interact in myriad interesting ways.Passage 1 is excerpted from Tamara Davis. Massive Galaxies Form by Mergers" ©2005 by Scientific American. and the attractive force of gravity was winning the battle. the oldest and largest galaxies in the universe most likely formed from such intergalactic combinations. Early on. on scales both large and small. Galaxies that had been pulled together before the universe began accelerating still have the chance to collide. Like revelers on a ship. and we had better learn to like the company. Together we will travel through the expanding universe. on average. "The Milky Way will indeed undergo a collision in the near future as we are heading toward M31. Of the 126 galaxies of all varieties van Dokkum looked at. "'Near future' in this case is about four billion years from now though. such as trailing tails of stars. or a collision in progress. "It is just that the mergers happen quickly and the features that reveal the mergers are very faint and therefore difficult to detect." van Dokkum adds. 67 showed telltale signs of impact." Van Dokkum explains." ." "Quickly" on a galactic scale means just a few hundred million years--a small fraction of the 13. None of the six spiral galaxies in the survey showed any after-crash damage. but that doesn't mean that our own galaxy is free and clear. they leave few traces behind except in the shape of the resulting galaxy and a general slowing in its formation of new stars. "Our study found these common massive galaxies do form by mergers. like our own Milky Way--formed from the collapse of ancient clouds of gas or the accretion of smaller galaxies bumping into each other. because such collisions rarely involve head-to-head star crashes.7 billion years the universe has been in existence--and. the Andromeda Nebula. largest galaxies--called ellipticals because they lack the swirling arms of the spiral type.Astronomer Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University used some of the longest and deepest sky surveys ever conducted to try to determine whether the oldest. . . the Church of Rome is infallible and the Church of England is never . and to pay more respect to the judgment of others. which I once thought right. I confess that there are several parts of this constitution which I do not at present approve. President. I have experienced many instances of being obliged by better information or fuller consideration. Steele. think themselves in possession of all truth. Most men indeed as well as most sects in Religion. but found to be otherwise. 1787. It is therefore that the older I grow. that the only difference between our Churches in their opinions of the certainty of their doctrines is. to change opinions even on important subjects. Beginning of reading passage. Dear Mr. the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment.S. The Convention was deciding whether to ratify the final version of the U. Constitution. and that wherever others differ from them it is so far error. a Protestant in a Dedication tells the Pope.History Passages The following is a speech given by Benjamin Franklin to the Constitutional Convention on September 17. but I am not sure I shall never approve them: For having lived long. and their selfish views. and I think it will astonish our enemies. On the whole. would with me.in the wrong. on this occasion doubt a little of his own infallibility--and to make manifest our unanimity. being incapable of any other. . few express it so naturally as a certain french lady. The opinions I have had of its errors. their passions. Thus I consent. From such an Assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me. and that our States are on the point of separation. Sir. For when you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom. only to meet hereafter for the purpose of cutting one another's throats. to this Constitution because I expect no better. when the people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic Government. you inevitably assemble with those men. that it is not the best. as well as well as of the wisdom and integrity of its Governors. depends on opinion. from our real or apparent unanimity. I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain may be able to make a better Constitution. Sister but I meet with no body but myself. Sir. and there is no form of Government but what may be a blessing to the people if well administered. and endeavor to gain partizans in support of them. I agree to this Constitution with all its faults. said "I don't know how it happens. and can only end in Despotism. . who are waiting with confidence to hear that our councils are confounded like those of the Builders of Babel *. their errors of opinion. I hope therefore that for our own sakes as a part of the people. we shall act heartily and unanimously in recommending this Constitution (if approved by Congress & confirmed by the Conventions) wherever our influence may extend. who in a dispute with her sister. and here they shall die—If every one of us in returning to our Constituents were to report the objections he has had to it. their local interests. Sir. But though many private persons think almost as highly of their own infallibility as of that of their sect. and believe farther that this is likely to be well administered for a course of years. on the generalopinion of the goodness of the Government. all their prejudices. because I think a general Government necessary for us. I cannot help expressing a wish that every member of the Convention who may still have objections to it. that's always in the right". to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does. Sir. if they are such. Much of the strength & efficiency of any Government in procuring and securing happiness to the people. as other forms have done before it. and for the sake of posterity. and thereby lose all the salutary effects & great advantages resulting naturally in our favor among foreign Nations as well as among ourselves. and turn our future thoughts & endeavors to the means of having it well administered. we might prevent its being generally received. In these sentiments. put his name to this instrument. . I sacrifice to the public good—I have never whispered a syllable of them abroad—Within these walls they were born. and because I am not sure. being only the consent of the individuals of it.” first published in 1689. safe. and make one body politic. and subjected to the political power of another. all free. Thus the social contract should include all citizens. Passage 2 Beginning of reading passage.In the Christian Bible. End of reading passage. they are left as they were in the liberty of the state of nature. the people who built the Tower of Babel spoke multiple languages and could not understand each other well enough to complete the tower’s construction. made a community. and puts on the bonds of civil society. with a power to act as one body. as has been said. The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty. in return for the affection. his work. which is the consent of the majority: or else it is impossible it should act or continue one body. agreed that it should. ideas. * Passage 1 is excerpted from John Locke’s “Second Treatise of Government. products. Passage 2 is excerpted from Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s “General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century. wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the rest. no one can be put out of this estate. if a single one of the interests upon which the members of the nation. because it injures not the freedom of the rest. in a secure enjoyment of their properties. with their interests and relations. and independent. and . by nature. his services. This any number of men may do. his intelligence. When any number of men have so consented to make one community or government. intelligent. and so every one is bound by that consent to be concluded by the majority. services and goods of his fellows. and the recovery that can be demanded in proportion to his deliveries. and it being necessary to that which is one body to move one way. — If a single man were excluded from the contract.” originally published in 1851. labor. that are not of it. The Social Contract is the supreme act by which each citizen pledges to the association his love. they are thereby presently incorporated. industrious. and peaceable living one amongst another. without his own consent. Passage 1 Beginning of reading passage. his goods. Men being. one community. is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable. which is only by the will and determination of the majority: for that which acts any community. the measure of the right of each being determined by the importance of his contributions. For when any number of men have. it is necessary the body should move that way whither the greater force carries it. equal. which the consent of every individual that united into it. by the consent of every individual. they have thereby made that community one body. and a greater security against any. by the contract. the author states that the will of the majority should determine the actions of a community or political body. Rather. Rather than indicating that minority and majority opinions should be given equal consideration. QUESTION 1 OF 10: CORRECT The main idea of Passage 1 is that Please choose from one of the following options. he explains that people are safer and enjoy more security when they join a community. In paragraph 1 the author asserts that people are safer when they join a community and in paragraph 2 he argues that these communities should be governed by the consent of the majority. subordinated and exploited by the others.  (Choice A)A it is safer for people to live in a state of nature than to consent to live in a community.  (Choice D)D it is unrealistic to expect people to surrender their natural liberties when joining a community. if one part of the citizens should find themselves. it would no longer be a contract. — If any one-sided conditions should slip in. the reference to “bonds” ( line 4 (“bonds”) . the author indicates that people may choose to do so in order to increase their safety and security. it would be a fraud. Correct)B people who choose to become part of a community are subject to the will of the majority.  (Choice C)C minority opinions and majority opinions should be given equal consideration in community affairs. it would not be social. Rather than stating that it is unrealistic to expect people to surrender their natural liberties.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. were omitted. are called upon to bargain. QUESTION 2 OF 10: INCORRECT In Passage 1. against which annulment might at any time be invoked justly. Checked.sensible beings. The social contract should increase the well-being and liberty of every citizen. the contract would be more or less relative or special. The author does not indicate that people are safer when they live in a state of nature.  (Choice B. In the last paragraph of Passage 2. the author suggests that social contracts should be annulled under particular conditions.) mainly serves to Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A The contract should never be dissolved under any circumstances.  (Choice B. Incorrect)B suggest that all people must rely on one another in a state of nature. people are independent of one another. that person “divests himself of his natural liberty. He does not suggest that all citizens need to agree with this decision.  (Choice B)B The contract should only be dissolved if every person is in favor of it. All of Passage 1 presents the author’s opinion. which suggests that natural liberties do exist in a state of nature.”  (Choice D)D call into question the idea that natural liberty exists. This choice is the best option because the author states that when a person chooses to join a community.  (Choice A)A insert a personal opinion into an otherwise objective discussion of social rights. QUESTION 3 OF 10: CORRECT Which statement best reflects the perspective of the author of Passage 2 on the dissolution of the social contract? Please choose from one of the following options. the author provides specific conditions under which annulment is justified.  . the author states in the first sentence of the passage that.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. In the last paragraph of Passage 2. Rather than suggesting that people must rely on one another in a state of nature. Correct Answer)C emphasize the point that one has to relinquish some freedom in order to join a community. Rather than questioning the existence of natural liberty.  (Choice C. not an objective or unbiased discussion of social rights. in a state of nature. the author states that people must give up their natural liberties when they choose to join a community. Checked. This choice is the best option because in the last paragraph of Passage 2 the author states that annulment of the social contract is justified if any citizen or group of citizens is being “subordinated and exploited by others.  (Choice B)B They both agree that participation in society increases the liberties of a limited number of citizens.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. QUESTION 4 OF 10: INCORRECT How do the authors of the two passages view the relationship between society and personal liberty? Please choose from one of the following options. Correct)C The contract should be dissolved if any people are being oppressed. while the author of Passage 2 believes that it does not increase liberties for anyone. Checked. the author of Passage 1 states that participation in a society decreases the liberties of every individual. Incorrect)C The author of Passage 1 believes that participation in society increases the liberties of those in the majority.  (Choice C. Checked. Although the author of Passage 2 suggests that the social contract should increase the liberty of every citizen. In the last paragraph of Passage 2.  (Choice A)A They both acknowledge that participation in society increases the liberties of every individual. the author of Passage 1 states that people must divest themselves of their natural liberties in order to join a community. while the author of Passage 2 believes that it increases them. the author of Passage 1 states that participation in a society decreases the liberties of every individual. He does not suggest that a majority of the population needs to agree with this decision.  (Choice D. Rather than suggesting that participation in a society increases the liberties of those in the majority. the author describes specific conditions under which annulment is justified. Correct Answer)D The author of Passage 1 believes that participation in society decreases individuals’ liberties.”  (Choice D)D The contract should be dissolved if a majority of the population agrees that it is the best course of action.(Choice C. . Rather than suggesting that participation in a society increases the liberties of some individuals. because society must address the needs of every individual. not just the majority of citizens. it would not be because he believes some minority opinions are better than the majority opinion. The author of Passage 2 states that the needs of all citizens must be addressed in the social contract.  (Choice D)D disagreement. Although the author of Passage 2 would likely disagree with the assertion. he likely would not agree with the assertion.  (Choice B. because some individuals in a society are more important than others.  (Choice A)A agreement. The author of Passage 2 states that the needs of all citizens must be addressed in the social contract. Checked.”  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. he would likely disagree with the assertion. QUESTION 5 OF 10: INCORRECT The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the assertion in Passage 1 that it is necessary for a community to follow the “consent of the majority” ( line 21 (“consent of the majority”) ) with Please choose from one of the following options. Therefore. Therefore. the author of Passage 2 states that the needs of all citizens must be addressed in the social contract. The author of Passage 2 states that the social contract should involve and increase the well-being of all citizens. because it is impossible for every member of a society to agree with one another.  (Choice C. because some minority opinions may in fact be better than the majority opinion. Incorrect)B agreement.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. Correct Answer)C disagreement. . while the author of Passage 2 states that the social contract should increase the “well-being and liberty of every citizen. he likely would not agree with the assertion.This choice is the best option because the author of Passage 1 states that joining a community decreases the natural liberties of an individual. Therefore. Mother's afraid to leave him alone. and the courier won't stay with . smiling. The following scene describes the meeting of two Americans in a Swiss village. "He says he don't care much about old castles. "Our courier says they take you right up to the castle. Randolph wouldn't go either. "We were going last week. if we can get Randolph. He's only nine." the young girl continued. She said she couldn't go. He wants to stay at the hotel. but my mother gave out." "Your brother is not interested in ancient monuments?" Winterbourne inquired. he says he doesn't think much of old castles. Beginning of reading passage." originally published in 1879. She suffers dreadfully from dyspepsia.Literature Passages his passage is excerpted from Henry James. But I guess we'll go this week. "Daisy Miller: A Study. If mother will stay with Randolph. "I wish YOU would stay with him!" she said. Incorrect)B . very placidly. and yet Winterbourne. he's the most fastidious man I ever saw. looking sharply at her companion. Checked.  (Choice A." he answered very respectfully. Eugenio!" said Miss Miller with the friendliest accent." said Winterbourne. presumably Eugenio. blushing. and then we can go to the castle. "Then we may arrange it. "Eugenio's our courier." Winterbourne reflected for an instant as lucidly as possible—"we" could only mean Miss Daisy Miller and himself. approached Miss Miller. But it seemed that both his audacity and his respect were lost upon Miss Daisy Miller. so we haven't been to many places. as a young girl at Geneva would have done.him. appeared." And Miss Miller pointed again at the Chateau de Chillon. handsome man. after all." she said. "She don't like to ride round in the afternoon. he felt as if he ought to kiss the young lady's hand. A tall. Winterbourne hesitated a moment. Possibly he would have done so and quite spoiled the project. But did you really mean what you said just now—that you would like to go up there?" "Most earnestly. "I should think it might be arranged. "I should much rather go to Chillon with you. with superb whiskers. I guess Eugenio will. conscious that he had been very bold. "I guess my mother won't go. She didn't rise. "Couldn't you get someone to stay for the afternoon with Randolph?" Miss Miller looked at him a moment. but at this moment another person. "With your mother. "Oh. The majority of the passage involves dialogue between two American tourists in a Swiss village. But it will be too bad if we don't go up there. QUESTION 1 OF 10: INCORRECT Which choice best summarizes the passage? Please choose from one of the following options. I guess he'll stay at home with Randolph if mother does.  (Choice B. This program seemed almost too agreeable for credence. wearing a velvet morning coat and a brilliant watch chain. Correct Answer)A It captures a conversation between two tourists in Switzerland. thought it possible she was offended. and then. He doesn't like to stay with Randolph." "With me?" asked the young girl with the same placidity." Winterbourne declared. But he's a splendid courier." "Eugenio?" the young man inquired.  (Choice C)C It paints a picture of life in Switzerland. Correct Answer)C aware. “conscious” does not mean “responsive. Incorrect)A responsive.  (Choice B)B informed.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice D)D It highlights the unconscious thoughts of an American traveler. In this context. an interaction between two American tourists who have only recently met. rather than describes. . In this context.  (Choice A.  (Choice C. Instead. The passage involves dialogue that presents. “conscious” most nearly means Please choose from one of the following options. The passage does not paint a picture of life in Switzerland. “conscious” most nearly means “aware. narrator does not indicate that Winterbourne’s thoughts are unconscious. Checked.” It would be illogical to say that Winterbourne was “responsive that he had been very bold.” The narrator makes no indication that someone else informed Winterbourne that he had been bold. In this context.It describes the relationship between two friends.”  (Choice D)D watchful. In addition. QUESTION 2 OF 10: INCORRECT As used in line 20 (“conscious”) . it conveys an interaction between two people. “conscious” does not mean “informed. the majority of the passage involves dialogue between Miss Miller and Winterbourne. Although the narrator does describe Winterbourne’s thoughts in the last paragraph.  (Choice A)A feels comfortable expressing his feelings for Miss Miller. In the last paragraph of the passage. Correct)B is extremely excited go to the castle with Miss Miller.”  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.In this context.  (Choice A)A lines 22–23 .  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. “conscious” does not mean “watchful. Checked. because he has feelings for her. The narrator does not suggest that Winterbourne has reservations about joining Miss Miller to the castle. QUESTION 3 OF 10: CORRECT Based on the interaction between Miss Miller and Winterbourne. In the last paragraph of the passage.  (Choice C)C is engaging with Miss Miller only in order to be polite.  (Choice D)D has reservations about joining Miss Miller to the castle. On the contrary. it can reasonably be inferred that Winterbourne Please choose from one of the following options. in part. The narrator does not indicate that Winterbourne is engaging with Miss Miller only in order to be polite. On the contrary. QUESTION 4 OF 10: INCORRECT Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice B. the narrator indicates that Winterbourne is so excited that he wants to kiss Miss Miller’s hand.” It would be illogical to say that Winterbourne was “watchful that he had been very bold. the narrator indicates that Winterbourne did not feel comfortable fully expressing his feelings for Miss Miller. the narrator indicates that Winterbourne is very careful not to ruin their plans to go to the castle. the narrator indicates that Winterbourne is engaging with Miss Miller.  (Choice C)C line 34 (“Winterbourne reflected for an instant as lucidly as possible—"we" could only mean Miss Daisy Miller and himself. hand”) This choice is the correct answer. . he felt as if he ought to kiss the young lady's hand. .”) (“But .” and “felt” primarily serve to Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 5 OF 10: CORRECT In the last paragraph. . .”) (“Winterbourne .”) (“This . they do not suggest that he was comfortable expressing his feelings for Miss Miller.(“But it seemed that both his audacity and his respect were lost upon Miss Daisy Miller. declared”) While these lines do indicate that Winterbourne was comfortable communicating his desire to go to the castle. These lines indicate that Winterbourne was extremely happy about the plans. the words “reflected. Incorrect)B line 27 (“"Most earnestly. Correct Answer)D lines 34–36 (“This program seemed almost too agreeable for credence.  (Choice B.” “lucidly. they do not indicate that he was afraid of ruining the plans to go to the castle.  (Choice A)A highlight the narrator’s neutral and objective point of view. Checked. himself”) While these lines do reference Winterbourne’s inner thoughts.”) (“Most .  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice B)B foreshadow the future actions of a character. These words highlight Winterbourne’s inner thoughts and do not reflect the narrator’s point of view. . Miller”) These lines refer to Miss Miller’s lack of awareness of Winterbourne’s “audacity” and “respect” and do not imply anything about Winterbourne’s actions. . . ." Winterbourne declared. .  (Choice D. This is not because of . These words help emphasize Winterbourne’s inner thoughts and do not help introduce Eugenio into the scene.  (Choice C)C introduce a new character into the passage.  (Choice D.” ©2014 by Scientific American. Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted. These words help shift the focus from the dialogue between Winterbourne and Miss Miller to Winterbourne’s inner thoughts. Social science passages This passage is excerpted from John P. Beginning of reading passage. Checked. Correct)D shift the focus from a conversation to a character’s subjective thoughts. A. Ioannidis. they do not indicate anything about his future actions. “Scientific Research Needs an Overhaul.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.While these words do highlight Winterbourne’s inner thoughts. which will seek to study research practices and how these can be optimized. it is because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. along with making scientific data.fraud. The Priorities of Major Stakeholders in Scientific Research Scientists Publishable Fundable Translatable +++ +++ + Drug companies Profitable +++ Not-for-profit funders / philanthropists ++ Journal editors +++ Universities + +++ + +++ + . We need to identify and correct system-level flaws that too often lead us astray. although it is true that retractions are on the rise. Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision that would waste resources—but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. The problem is not just what happens after publication—scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. thereby fostering trust in the conclusions of those studies. valid. stronger study designs and statistical tools. For example. It will examine the best means of designing research protocols and agendas to ensure that the results are not dead ends but rather that they pave a path forward. in fact. meta-research)—attempts to find protocols that ensure that peer-reviewed studies are. No one uses the findings to build new technologies. analyses and protocols widely available so that others can replicate experiments. This is exactly the goal of a new center at Stanford University (the MetaResearch Innovation Center at Stanford). No follow-up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on a discovery. Too many neuroscience studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. as one might guess. study registration. Instead. It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. The growing recognition that something has gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls for. there is a lot of interest on collaborative team science. The center will do so by exploring what are the best ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. and better peer review. more research on research (aka. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions.  (Choice D)D highlight the fraudulent nature of many research studies. "Scientific Reseach Needs an Overhaul. A. Checked)A argue that scientific studies need to be more efficient. the main focus shifts from Please choose from one of the following options. Ioannidis. Adapted from John P.  (Choice B)B describe the results of a scientific study. QUESTION 6 OF 10 The main purpose of the passage is to Please choose from one of the following options. .  (Choice C)C a prediction for the future to an explanation underlying this prediction.  (Choice A.Not-for-profit research institutions Publishable Fundable Translatable Profitable +++ +++ + + This table highlights the priorities of major stakeholders in scientific research.  (Choice B)B the identification of a problem to a proposal for solving this problem. QUESTION 7 OF 10 Over the course of the passage." ©2014.  (Choice C)C explain the history of scientific inquiry. One "+" is the lowest non-zero score and three "+++" is the highest non-zero score.  (Choice A)A an explanation of a phenomenon to a narrative illustrating this phenomenon.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice D)D the introduction of an argument to a counterclaim refuting this argument. QUESTION 8 OF 10 Which of the following situations is most similar to the research problems described in paragraph 2? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice C)C A governmental body is unable to come to a consensus about the budget for the upcoming year. which of the following counterarguments regarding experiment replication does the author anticipate? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A A high school has to cut its music and arts programs due to a decrease in government funding.  (Choice D)D A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not representative of the target population.  (Choice B)B A patient continues to get sicker because she does not abide by her physician’s recommendations.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice A)A That it often results in contradictory outcomes  (Choice B)B That it is unoriginal and therefore not worthwhile  (Choice C)C That it is difficult to fund . QUESTION 9 OF 10 In the final paragraph. Writing and Language Tests . QUESTION 10 OF 10 According to the graph. Checked)C Drug companies prioritize profitability. universities prioritize publishability. universities prioritize fundability.  (Choice B)B Drug companies prioritize fundability.  (Choice C.  (Choice D)D Both drug companies and universities prioritize profitability above fundability. (Choice D)D That it is frequently unpublishable  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. what are the primary research priorities for drug companies and universities? Please choose from one of the following options. and translatability.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. publishability.  (Choice A)A Drug companies prioritize profitability. universities prioritize translatability. Hernandez juxtaposes images of male and female farmers with more opulent depictions of modern Los Angeles. since the vast majority of Chicano artists were men. a sociopolitical initiative that began in the 1960s to promote social progress and change for Mexican-Americans. 8The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and present. In it. or punctuation. however. often restrained by elements such as vines or thorns. and only female. The significance of her contributions to the Chicano art movement 7were recognized as early as 1981. Hernandez became well known for her work with this revolutionary group of artists. Hernandez has exhibited additional forms of visual art beyond the mural work that characterized much of her early career. 9but underscoring the invaluable work of Mexican-American men and women in the construction of the city. often by challenging the xenophobic stereotypes of Mexican-Americans in American culture. Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice Beginning of reading passage. member. Judithe Hernandez’s art career began in Los Angeles during the socially and politically turbulent 1960s. Since the 1970s. failing to represent some of the unique struggles faced by their female counterparts. when Hernandez was commissioned by the Los Angeles Bicentennial Committee to produce a mural in celebration of the city’s 200th anniversary. However.The symbol 1 indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage.” Hernandez developed a distinct visual style as she incorporated indigenous images along with figurative portrayals of Hispanic women. you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure. usage. In her recent pastel-onpaper series entitled “Adam and Eve.” At Almarez’s request. Hernandez continues to provide a voice for Chicano 11women. one of the founding 1members of the Chicano artist collective known as “Los Four.” Hernandez uses iconic religious images to highlight the 10unequal. who are credited with 2authorizing Chicano art as its own distinctive school of (US) American art. Hernandez met fellow student Carlos Almaraz. is the role Hernandez played in providing a female voice within what was at that time a predominantly male Chicano art movement. 6During her time with “Los Four. Through works such as these. While enrolled as a graduate student at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles. much of the Chicano artwork of the 1960s and early 1970s represented the experiences of Mexican-American men. . Chicano art began as an outgrowth of the more general Chicano Civil Rights 4Movement. gender relations in Chicano culture. Hernandez joined “Los Four” as its fifth. Highlighting the unique challenges that they face in America everyday. For these questions. 3Less known but equally important. 5Chicano artists sought to mirror the challenges faced by Mexican-Americans. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage. Checked)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B artists who started  (Choice C)C members who created and belonged to  (Choice D)D creators who began QUESTION 2 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.  (Choice A.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B. Checked)B establishing  (Choice C)C permitting  (Choice D)D approving QUESTION 3 OF 11 Which choice most effectively establishes the central claim of the passage? Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 1 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B . Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. ” began in the 1940s with the explicit goal of empowering Mexican-Americans.  (Choice A)A Yes.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B Movement. because it helps to develop the main topic of the paragraph.  (Choice D)D No. Chicano art was often displayed as public murals intended to create a dialogue about the issues faced by Mexican-Americans.  (Choice B)B Yes.  (Choice C)C No.  (Choice D)D In the 1960s. because it provides information that is already present elsewhere in the passage.  (Choice C.The Chicano Movement. because the topic of Chicano artists is irrelevant to the main idea of the paragraph. . because it effectively transitions between the topics of male Chicano artists and female Chicano artists. Checked)C Judithe Hernandez was born to a progressive Mexican-American family in Los Angeles that encouraged her involvement in the arts from an early age. which was:  (Choice C)C Movement—  (Choice D)D Movement QUESTION 5 OF 11 The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. also known as “El Movimiento. Should the writer make this deletion? Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 4 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options. particularly Diego Rivera.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B is  (Choice C)C was  (Choice D)D have been QUESTION 8 OF 11 The writer wants to smoothly incorporate the mural’s title.  (Choice A)A . “Remembrances of Yesterday. Judithe Hernandez played a vital role in the Chicano art movement.” into the underlined sentence. QUESTION 7 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice C)C Hernandez and Alvarez collaborated together on a number of public murals for the United Nations Farm Workers and the Ramona Gardens Housing Project in East Los Angeles. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A As one of the first prominent US artists to depict the experiences of Mexican-American women. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice D)D Chicano artists were heavily influenced by artists from the Mexican Mural Movement. the writer wants to provide a transition that effectively links the topics of the second and third paragraphs.  (Choice B)B All of the members of “Los Four” were college-educated artists who served as activists and educators within the Chicano movement.QUESTION 6 OF 11 At this point. Dreams of Tomorrow.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B unequal. gender  (Choice C)C . and the mural is entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday.  (Choice D)D The mural being entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday. Dreams of Tomorrow. entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday. Dreams of Tomorrow. and is entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday. QUESTION 9 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options.The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaged with images of the past and present. Dreams of Tomorrow.” it portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and present.  (Choice C)C The mural.” portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and present. Dreams of Tomorrow.” while showing the patroness engaged with images of the past and present.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B also underscores  (Choice C)C and still underscoring  (Choice D)D underscoring QUESTION 10 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options.”  (Choice B)B The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city). Imagine a world in which it’s 1[Marker for question1] casual for a doctor to prepare for a difficult surgery by “operating” on a full-sized. in mechanical 2[Marker for question2] engineering—not medicine. [4][Sentence4] Together. In designing his medical robotic equipment.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B women. electronically responsive model of a patient. [3] [Sentence3] Rather. but one engineer is working to make this scenario possible. It may seem fantastical.unequal gender  (Choice D)D unequal—gender QUESTION 11 OF 11 Please choose from one of the following options. [2][Sentence2] He did not begin his career with the goal of developing medical robotics.D. Dr. Toshio Fukuda is a pioneer in the field of medical robotics. Dr. they designed a micro-robot that could be used for clearing blocked arteries and performing other delicate operations. Fukuda draws upon a variety of disciplines and skill sets. Fukuda was approached by a . The symbol [1][Sentence1] indicates that the following sentence is referenced in a question. [1][Sentence1] Dr. and his early work focused on finding new ways for robots to move. Fukuda’s career is a case study in how the interaction of vastly different fields can produce exciting results. highlighting  (Choice C)C women. And highlighting The symbol 1[Marker for question1] indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage. Dr. Fukuda earned his Ph. [5][Sentence5] Shortly thereafter. she highlights  (Choice D)D women. His work serves as an example of how collaboration across a variety of fields can drive innovation. Dr. Toshio Fukuda: Medical Robotics Pioneer Beginning of reading passage. doctor who asked if he could build a robot that could travel inside a human’s blood vessels. Dr.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B engineering—not medicine. 5[Marker for question5] innovators in robotics and medicine share their expertise to save lives. . Dr. According to Fukuda. These types of surgeries are rarely performed by a single doctor. Working together. robotics engineers. QUESTION 2 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options. “medical robotics is a very interdisciplinary area. He is busy developing full-sized medical models of patients scheduled to undergo complex surgical procedures. Rather. QUESTION 1 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options. and even computer programmers. 3[Marker for question3] Today.” It draws upon the expertise of surgeons. medical researchers. a team of specialists works together in close coordination to complete an operation. Fukuda has moved from the world of the micro-robot to 4[Marker for question4] the macro-robot.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B common  (Choice C)C shared  (Choice D)D general  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. Fukuda’s robots help these teams to train for surgery by giving them the opportunity to rehearse an entire surgical procedure on a full-scale robotic replica of the patient. sentence 4 should be placed Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice D)D after sentence 5.  (Choice A)A where it is now. (Choice C)C engineering not medicine—  (Choice D)D engineering—not medicine—  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B that of the macro-robot. QUESTION 4 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options. QUESTION 3 OF 10 To make this paragraph most logical.  (Choice B)B before sentence 1.  (Choice C)C after sentence 2.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  .  (Choice C)C those of the macro-robot. allowed people to savor their meals in a more relaxed and enjoyable setting. chopsticks are shorter and taper to . At that time. on the other hand. Chopsticks. QUESTION 5 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options. In China. 7[Marker for question7] Since then. Both a pacifist and vegetarian.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B the expertise of innovators in robotics and medicine is shared to save lives.  (Choice D)D the sharing of expertise by innovators in robotics and medicine saves lives. for example. chopsticks—which were then called “Zhu”—were used for cooking rather than 6[Marker for question6] to eat. The Complex History of the Simple Chopstick Beginning of reading passage. However. Because the people of ancient China liked to steam or boil their food. according to Chinese lore.(Choice D)D macro-robots. the diversity of chopstick styles and uses 8[Marker for question8] has quickly expanded. The origin of chopsticks reaches back to the Shang Dynasty of ancient China.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. Confucius. Confucius believed that knives and other sharp utensils were inappropriate for mealtime because they reminded people of violence and warfare. while in Japan. chopsticks later evolved into an eating utensil during the Han Dynasty due to the influence of the Chinese philosopher.  (Choice C)C lives are saved by innovators in robotics and medicine sharing their expertise. chopsticks are often longer and taper to a blunt end. chopsticks were originally used to reach deep into boiling pots of water or oil. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? Please choose from one of the following options. the materials used to make them also vary considerably between cultures. or punctuation. Given 10[Marker for question10] their importance and prominence inAsian history. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. 9[Marker for question9] In Korea. so have a number of cultural traditions and taboos. it is no surprise that chopsticks have become as unique and nuanced as the cultures from which they arose. Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole. the writer wants to add a sentence that will provide an effective transition from this paragraph to the next one.  (Choice A)A . QUESTION 6 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice D. Checked)D eating. In Japan. using chopsticks to transfer food and other materials is considered taboo and is reserved solely for funeral rites.a sharp end. QUESTION 7 OF 10 At this point.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. In China. on the other hand. usage. it is also customary to use spoons for rice and chopsticks for larger. you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure. for example. it is customary to transfer food between relatives as a sign of caring and respect. more manageable pieces of food. For these questions. In addition to the length of chopsticks. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B the purpose of eating. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.  (Choice C)C when one ate. As different chopstick styles have evolved over centuries. Regardless of whether the nod to Confucius is accurate. “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself. middle. chopsticks are often made out of wood or bamboo.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B have  (Choice C)C have been  (Choice D)D were  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. Confucius did support a number of rebellions.  (Choice B)B Confucius is also famous for championing the doctrine. . chopsticks became ubiquitous throughout China and much of Asia after his death. though. QUESTION 8 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options.”  (Choice C)C Ironically. and ring fingers. QUESTION 9 OF 10 Which choice provides an example that most effectively supports the claim made in the previous sentence? Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice D)D It was during this period that people began holding chopsticks in their dominant hand and handling them using their thumb.  (Choice A)A In both China and Japan.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. based on his philosophical teachings. can also signal one’s social status. such as jade.  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. the chopsticks found in Chinese restaurants are often made out of melamine plastic. . (Choice B)B Unlike the chopsticks found in traditional homes. those from Korea are often made of metals such as brass or silver. QUESTION 10 OF 10 Please choose from one of the following options.  (Choice A)A NO CHANGE  (Choice B)B their prominence in  (Choice C)C the high historical importance of chopsticks within  (Choice D)D how important chopsticks’ prominence is within the past of  (Choice E)E I would be guessing. or porcelain.  (Choice D)D The material chopsticks are made from.  (Choice C)C While chopsticks in China are often made of wood. ivory.