1Reading Part A Reading: Part A - Answer Booklet Part A Summary Gap Fill Time Limit: 15 minutes Instructions • Complete the following summary using the information in the texts for this task. • Skim and scan the texts to find the information required. • Gaps may require 1, 2 or 3 words. • Write your answers in the appropriate space in the column on the right hand side. • Make sure your spelling is correct. Summary Answers 1. There are various risks associated with ....(1)...., one of them being deep vein thrombosis. Research first 2. linked the condition to air travel in ....(2).... . Since then many case reports have been published. An 3. English study published in the well known medical 4. journal the ....(3).... found that a person’s ....(4).... was greater as a result of flying and that more people 5. ....(5).... in the ....(6).... area than the ....(7).... area. New Zealand and German studies found similar 6. associations between flying and deep vein 7. thrombosis. This was ....(8).... to a Dutch study which found no association between flying and deep vein 8. thrombosis. 9. Despite conflicting ....(9)...., some airlines take a proactive approach and provide ....(10).... to 10. passengers on ways to lower the risk of deep vein thrombosis. Their recommendations include the 11. wearing of loose clothes, ....(11).... alcohol and cigarettes and regular movements around the plane. 12. Sitting with your legs crossed is ....(12).... while 13. regular stretching and ....(13).... may be beneficial. Finally before travelling, a ....(14).... with your doctor 14. is suggested. This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 2 Reading Part A Part A Answer Sheet continued Summary Answers 15. A recent study by Cannegieter et al, published in 16. ....(15).... investigated the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis associated with various ....(16).... and 17. ....(17)..... Based on a study of ....(18).... 2,000 patients, the researchers found that travelling by ....(19).... had a 18. ....(20).... risk to that of flying. 19. For those still prepared to take the risk of travelling, 20. common ....(21).... include ....(22).... in the leg, often associated with swelling, redness, increased warmth 21. and bluish ....(23).... However, the most significant symptom linked to deep vein thrombosis is ....(24).... 22. 23. According to Cannegieter et al there are several risk 24. factors among the general population which may 25. increase susceptibility to deep vein thrombosis. Bus or train travelers with factor V Leiden who were 26. overweight, were taller than ....(25).... or who took ....(26).... had a ....(27).... high risk. Whereas ....(28)..... led 27. to an ....(29).... thrombosis risk for travelers who were ....(30).... 160cm. 28. 29. 30. TOTAL SCORE This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 3 Reading Part A Part A Time Limit: 15 minutes Instructions • Complete the summary on the answer page using the information in the four texts below. • Skim and scan the texts to find the information required. • Write your answers in the appropriate space in the column on the right hand side. • Make sure your spelling is correct. Text 1 Economy Class Syndrome International flights are suspected of contributing to the formation of DVT in susceptible people, although the research evidence is currently divided. Some airlines prefer to err on the side of caution and offer suggestions to passengers on how to reduce the risk of DVT. Suggestions include: • Wear loose clothes • Avoid cigarettes and alcohol • Move about the cabin whenever possible • Don’t sit with your legs crossed • Perform leg and foot stretches and exercises while seated • Consult with your doctor before travelling Text 2 Previous research Venous thrombosis was first linked to air travel in 1954, and as air travel has become more and more common, many case reports and case series have been published since. Several clinical studies have shown an association between air travel and the risk of venous thrombosis. English researchers proposed, in a paper published in the Lancet, that flying directly increases a person's risk. The report found that in a series of individuals who died suddenly at Heathrow Airport, death occurred far more often in the arrival than in the departure area. Two similar studies reported that the risk of pulmonary embolism in air travelers increased with the distance traveled. In terms of absolute risk, two studies found similar results: one performed in New Zealand found a frequency of 1% of venous thrombosis in 878 individuals who had traveled by air for at least 10 hours. The other was a German study which found venous thrombotic events in 2.8% of 964 individuals who had traveled for more than 8 hours in an airplane. In contrast, a Dutch study found no link between DVT and long distance travel of any kind. This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 4 Reading Part A Text 3 Symptoms • Pain and tenderness in the leg • Pain on extending the foot • Tenderness in calf (the most important sign) • Swelling of the lower leg, ankle and foot • Redness in the leg • Bluish skin discoloration • Increased warmth in the leg Text 4 Source: Public Library of Open Science Title: Travel-Related Venous Thrombosis: Results from a Large Population-Based Case Control (2006) Authors: Suzanne C. Cannegieter1, Carine J. M. Doggen1, Hans C. van Houwelingen2, Frits R. Rosendaal Background Recent studies have indicated an increased risk of venous thrombosis after air travel. Nevertheless, questions on the magnitude of risk, the underlying mechanism, and modifying factors remain unanswered. Methods We studied the effect of various modes of transport and duration of travel on the risk of venous thrombosis in a large ongoing case-control study on risk factors for venous thrombosis in an unselected population. We also assessed the combined effect of travel in relation to body mass index, height, and oral contraceptive use. Since March 1999, consecutive patients younger than 70 years of age with a first venous thrombosis have been invited to participate in the study, with their partners serving as matched control individuals. Information has been collected on acquired and genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis. Results: Of 1,996 patients, 233 had traveled for more than 4 hours in the 8 weeks preceding the event. Traveling in general was found to increase the risk of venous thrombosis. The risk of flying was similar to the risks of traveling by bus or train. The risk was highest in the first week after traveling. Travel by bus, or train led to a high relative risk of thrombosis in individuals with factor V Leiden, in those who had a body mass index of more than 30, those who were more than 190 cm tall , and in those who used oral contraceptives. For air travel, those people shorter than 160 cm had an increased risk of thrombosis after air travel as well. Conclusions The risk of venous thrombosis after travel is moderately increased for all modes of travel. Subgroups exist in which the risk is highly increased. This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 5 Reading Part A DVT: Answer key and explanation Answer Details 1. Air travel/flying or words of similar Type 4: Deduce meaning by the content meaning 2. 1954 Type 1 3. Lancet Type 1 4. risk Type 1 5. died Type 2: change word form: death (noun) died (verb) 6. arrival Type 1 7. departure Type 1 8. in contrast Type 1 9. research evidence Type 1 & 4: requires understanding of meaning 10. suggestions Type 1 11. avoiding/the Type 2: change word form: avoid (imperative verb) avoidance of avoiding (gerund) 12. not recommended/not Type 4: Need to use an original word to make the advised or words of meaning match similar meaning 13. exercising Type 2 : change word form: exercises (noun) exercising (verb) 14. consultation Type 2: change word form: consult (verb) consultation(noun) 15. 2006 Type 3: Note preposition “in” as clue for time reference 16. modes of transport Type 1 17. duration of travel Type 1 18. almost/nearly/just under or words of Type 4: Need to use an original word to make the similar meaning meaning match 19. bus or train Type 1 This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 6 Reading Part A 20. similar Type 1 21. symptoms Type 1 22. pain and tenderness Type 1 23. skin discolouration Type 1 24. tenderness in calf Type 1 25. 190cm Type 3 26. oral contraceptives Type 1 Type 2 change word form: relative(adjective) 27. relatively relatively (adverb) 28. air travel Type 1 29. increased Type 1 30. shorter than Type 1 This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
[email protected] 7 Reading Part A DVT: Answers highlighted in text Text 1 Economy Class Syndrome International flights are suspected of contributing to the formation of DVT in susceptible people, although the (9)research evidence is currently divided. Some airlines prefer to err on the side of caution and offer (10)suggestions to passengers on how to reduce the risk of DVT. Suggestions include: • Wear loose clothes • (11)Avoid cigarettes and alcohol • Move about the cabin whenever possible • Don’t sit with your legs crossed (12) i.e not recommended • Perform leg and foot stretches and (13)do exercises while seated • (14)Consult (tation)with your doctor before travelling Text 2 Previous research Venous thrombosis was first linked to air travel in (2)1954, and as air travel has become more and more common, many case reports and case series have been published since. Several clinical studies have shown an association between air travel and the risk of venous thrombosis. English researchers proposed, in a paper published in the (3) Lancet, that flying directly increases a person's (4) risk. The report found that in a series of individuals who died suddenly at Heathrow Airport, (5)death occurred far more often in the (6)arrival than in the (7)departure area. Two similar studies reported that the risk of pulmonary embolism in air travelers increased with the distance traveled. In terms of absolute risk, two studies found similar results: one performed in New Zealand found a frequency of 1% of venous thrombosis in 878 individuals who had traveled by air for at least 10 hours. The other was a German study which found venous thrombotic events in 2.8% of 964 individuals who had traveled for more than 8 hours in an airplane. (8)In contrast, a Dutch study found no link between DVT and long distance travel of any kind. Text 3 (21)Symptoms • (22)Pain and tenderness in the leg • Pain on extending the foot • (24)Tenderness in calf (the most important sign) • Swelling of the lower leg, ankle and foot • Redness in the leg • Bluish (23)skin discoloration • Increased warmth in the leg Text 4 Title: Travel-Related Venous Thrombosis: Results from a Large Population-Based Case Control (15) (2006) Authors: Suzanne C. Cannegieter1, Carine J. M. Doggen1, Hans C. van Houwelingen2, Frits R. Rosendaal Study Background Recent studies have indicated an increased risk of venous thrombosis after air travel. Nevertheless, questions on the magnitude of risk, the underlying mechanism, and modifying factors remain unanswered. Methods We studied the effect of various (16)modes of transport and (17)duration of travel on the risk of venous thrombosis in a large ongoing case-control study on risk factors for venous thrombosis in an unselected population. We also assessed the combined effect of travel in relation to body mass index, height, and oral contraceptive use. Since March 1999, consecutive patients younger than 70 years of age with a first venous thrombosis have been invited to participate in the study, with their partners serving as matched control individuals. Information has been collected on acquired and genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis. Results: Of (18)1,996 patients, 233 had traveled for more than 4 hours in the 8 weeks preceding the event. Traveling in general was found to increase the risk of venous thrombosis. The risk of flying was (20) similar to the risks of traveling by (19)bus or train. The risk was highest in the first week after traveling. Travel by bus, or train led to a high (27) relative risk of thrombosis in individuals with factor V Leiden, in those who had a body mass index of more than 30, those who were more than (25)190 cm tall , and in those who used (26)oral contraceptives. For (28)air travel, those people (30) shorter than 160 cm had an (29) increased risk of thrombosis after air travel as well. Conclusions The risk of venous thrombosis after travel is moderately increased for all modes of travel. Subgroups exist in which the risk is highly increased. This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright © Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email:
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