PROJECT FORMULATION REPORT PART 3 - MWANZAFINAL TA2009019 R0 PPF Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative The technical assistance operation is financed under the EU ACP Water Project Preparation Facility August 2012 I R X I M X M A T A R T I R T I X T N E M P L T A N T S R U S N O C O T I R T D E V E L T A M X A M X I R A M X I R T M I R T T R A I T A M T R A X I M A R X A T I M A R X M M T I A R T M I R X X WS Atkins International Ltd in association with Matrix Development Consultants M M I A A X T R A I X X European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Notice This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for the European Investment Bank solely for the purpose of presenting our Initial Findings Report to the Project Formulation Study for Scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative. It may not be used by any person for any other purpose other than that specified without the express written permission of WS Atkins International Limited (“Atkins”) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd. Any liability arising out of use by a third party of this document for purposes not wholly connected with the above shall be the responsibility of that party who shall indemnify WS Atkins International Limited (“Atkins”) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd against all claims costs damages and losses arising out of such use. The authors take full responsibility for the contents of this report. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the view of the European Union or the European Investment Bank. Document History JOB NUMBER: 5099279 Revision Purpose Description Originated 0 1 2 3 4 5 Draft / Unreviewed for information only Draft for client review Separate volume Draft for issue to EIB for joint mission Final Draft Final RS RS RS CH CH CH MJW/MK MJW MJW PS PS PS 15.09.11 28.02.12 17.08.12 RS CH DH MW PS 27.05.11 DOCUMENT REF: 5099279/70/Mwanza Report v3 Checked Reviewed Authorised Date 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final 2. 3. 3.1.Final .3. 3.5.2.4.6.2.3. 3. 3.8. 3.2.6. 3.3.4. 3. Baseline Population Urban Structure Population Projections Planning Culture Development Scenario for Water and Sanitation Planning Land Requirements 2011-31 Water Demand Projection 14 16 18 21 22 24 27 3.3. 3.5.6. 3.6.2. Current Situation Future Development Plans Future Development Options Sanitation Cost Estimate Urban Drainage 71 75 76 85 86 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Mwanza Table of Contents 3.5. and Treatment Plant for Nyakato and Igoma Other Development Needs Sewer Connections Sanitation 58 58 60 63 65 69 69 71 3.5. Introduction Sewer Network Planned Developments Sewage Treatment New Trunk Sewer.3.2.8. 3. 3.5. 3.3.4.7. Overview Socio-economic and Environmental Context Water Supply Context Health and Sanitation Context Policy and Legal Framework for Institutional Performance Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Roles in Water and Sanitation The Urban Development Context 3 5 8 9 11 12 14 3.6.7.7.5. 3.1.5. 3. 3.7.1.7.7.5.6. 3.5.1.2.3. 3.7. Sewerage.6.6.6.4. 3. Background Institutional Structure System Performance Water Sources Quality and Treatment Pumping Distribution Operations and Maintenance Planned Developments Future Development Needs New Water Source Summary of Interventions Wastewater 29 29 29 35 36 38 40 44 44 45 51 56 58 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 3.5.2. 3.2.2. 3. 3.2. 3. 3.3.1. 3.5.6.5. 3.9.3. 3.1.4. 3. 3.4.10. 3. 3.5.1. 3.2. 3.11. Development Scenario for Water & Sanitation Planning Water Demand Water Supply 27 27 29 3.4. 3.5.12. 3. 3.3. 3.4.5.5.6.2. 3. Mwanza Introduction Social Assessment 1 1 3 3.5.3.6.3. 3.3. Introduction Collection Systems Collection Infrastructure Disposal Systems Hazardous Waste Planned Developments Proposals for Improvements to Solid Waste Management Systems Further Studies and Pilot Projects Overview of Possible Interventions Institutional Assessment 88 88 90 91 93 95 95 98 99 101 3.13.4.2 – Ilemela Waste Stabilisation Ponds Appendix 3.6.12.2.4.12.10.Final .2.9. 3.9.9.10.3.3.12.3 – Preliminary Urban Inequality Survey Data for Mwanza Appendix 3.11.10. 3.8. 3. 3.5 – Collated School Data 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .2. 3. Introduction Cost of Providing WATSAN Services Tariffs and Cost Recovery Levels – MWAUWASA Non Revenue Water (NRW) Financial Performance Indicators Environmental Policy and Legislation 113 113 114 115 115 118 3. 3.11.2. 3. 3.13.5.11. 3.9.13.10.9.5. 3. 3.8. 3. 3. 3. Policy and Legal Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector Provision for Compensation and Resettlement Institutional Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector Environmental and Social Impact Analysis 118 119 120 121 3. 3.9.4 – School Water.9.10. Sanitation and Hygiene Mapping Report Mwanza Municipality Appendix 3. 3.4.11.8.10. 3.10.13. General Existing Urban Drainage Network Planned Developments Development Needs Solid Waste 86 86 86 87 88 3.3. 3.12. Introduction Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential social impacts (negative and positive) and mitigation measures Enhancing Environmental and Social Outcomes of Interventions Social Risks and Effects on the Project 121 123 126 127 130 134 137 140 141 145 Appendix 3. 3. 3.9.9.1.7. Mwanza Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (MWAUWASA) Institutional Organisation and Capacity Building at MWAUWASA Institutional Capacity Training Needs Assessment Institutional Capacity Operational Challenges Training and Staff Growth Costs Financial Analysis 101 102 102 107 107 108 110 113 3. 3.11.11.3.5.1 – Capri Point Intake and Treatment Plant Appendix 3.9.1.2.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 3. 3. 3.6.1.1.8.1.8. 3.Mwanza 3.10.1.5.3. 3. 3.2.4. 3.13.7. 3.13.9.4. 3. 3. of Public Health and Sanitation Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority Ministry of Water and Irrigation Not Applicable Non-Governmental Organisation The 5 member states of the East African Community.Mwanza Acronyms and Abbreviations ADF AFD AfDB AGR AWF BoQ CBD CBO CDM COWSO CP CR CSP CTI DEWAT DER DMM DP DSC DWF EAC EACAC EACCCP EIRR EIB ESMP ETA EWURA / EUWRA FOs ha IA GoB GEF GoK GoT GIZ (GTZ) GWA African Development Fund Agence Française de Développement African Development Bank Annual Growth Rate Africa Water Facility Bill of Quantities Central Business District Community Based Organisation Clean Development Mechanism Community Owned Water Supply Organisation Collection Period Current Ratio Country Strategy Paper Percentage Contribution to Investment Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Tank Debt Equity Ratio Delegated Management Model Development Partners Debt Service Coverage Ratio Dry Weather Flow East African Community East African Community Audit Commission East African Community Climate Change Policy Economic Internal Rate of Return European Investment Bank Environmental and Social Management Plan Extraordinary Tariff Adjustment Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Field Offices hectare Implementing Agency Government of Burundi Global Environment Facility Government of Kenya Government of Tanzania German Technical Cooperation Gender and Women’s Alliance PEDP O&M ILO JICA KfW KISWAMP KIWASCO KMC KPIs KWFT KWSDP Lcd LGA LTAP LVB LVBC LVEMP LVSWSB LVWATSAN MCC M&E MDGs MIG MTP MoU MSF NBS NSGRP mASL MoPH&S MWAUWASA MWI / MoWI NA NGO Partner States International Labour Organisation Japan International Cooperation Agency German Government Development Bank Kisumu Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Programme Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company Kisumu Municipal Council Key Performance Indicators Kenya Women Finance Trust Kenya Water Sector Development Programme Litres per capita per day Local Government Authority Long Term Action Plan Lake Victoria Basin Lake Victoria Basin Commission Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme Lake Victoria South Water Services Board Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Mwanza City Council Monitoring and Evaluation Millennium Development Goals Medium Income Group Medium Term Programme Memorandum of Understanding Multi Stakeholder Forum National Bureau of Statistics National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction Metres above sea level Min. namely Burundi. Tanzania & Uganda Primary Education Development Programme Operation & Maintenance 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Rwanda. Kenya.Final .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza OR PAP RoT RE RPG RPSC RR RRTA RSF SME SIDA SANA SPI STAP STI SWAP ToR UFW UA Operating Ratio Project Affected Person The United Republic of Tanzania Return On Equity Regional Public Good Regional Policy Steering Committee Return On Net Fixed Assets Regular Tariff Adjustment Rapid Sand Filter Small and Medium Enterprise Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Sustainable Aid in Africa Staff Productivity Index Short Term Action Plan Short Term Interventions Sector Wide Approach to Planning Terms of Reference Unaccounted for Water Unit of Account UNEP UNFCCC UNHABITAT UOC USAID USD WASREB WASSIP WATSAN WB WHO WR WSB WSDP WSP WSTF WTW United Nations Environment Program UN Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Human Settlements Programme Unit Operational Cost The United States Agency for International Development United States Dollar Water Services Regulatory Board Water Supply and Sanitation Service Improvement Project Water and Sanitation World Bank World Health Organisation Working Ratio Water Service Boards Water Sector Development Programme Water and Sanitation Programme Water Services Trust Fund Water Treatment Works 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final . IMPACT: A performance Report of Kenya’s Water Services Sub-Sector. WASREB (2010) . WASREB (undated) . MWAUASA (2010) . January 2011 8.Tanzania: Public Expenditure Review (PER) of the Water Sector. Report “Mwanza Water and Sanitation Project Impact Study” dated June 2004. Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. GoK (2007) . Poyry. October 2010. July 2010 . Environment. Mwanza Water Supply Project Phase II – Sewerage.June 2013.Final . Final detailed Design Report” Don Consult .Dar Es Salaam – April 2006 3. July. KIWASCO (2010) . Issue No. June 2010 12.KIWASCO. July 2007 6. C Lotti and Interconsult 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza References 1. Volume 1 Report and Volume 2 Annexes. 3. GoK (2010) . Water And Irrigation Sector Report 2010.National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015 4. Improvement of Water Supply in Mwanza City. 5.Final Report . Report “Mwanza Urban Water Supply & Sewerage Authority. Water Demand Management Policy and Strategy.Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2011/12 .Ministry of Water Mkukuta Based MDG Costing For The Water And Sanitation Sector .Kenya Vision 2030. 2010 9. the Popular Version.2013/14 7. C Lotti and GKW 14. 26 April 2010 10.Business Plan.Tariff Guidelines 11. The United Republic of Tanzania (2010) . World Bank (2010) . The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) .Water Sector Status Report 2010. Undated soft copy believed to be 2009. The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) . Final Design Report.believed to be issued in January 2012 13. However. The population of the city is estimated to be 617. the rocky city".1. Mwanza City comprises two Districts.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .8% of the total area of Mwanza region. These settlements. The city experiences between 700 and 1. schools and water. The vegetation cover is typical savannah with scattered tall trees and tall grass. The remaining land area covers approximately 437 km2 (32. The city of Mwanza covers an area of 1. Administratively. The city covers about 3. Many people in Mwanza live in unplanned settlements.000. the city is run by the councillors under the leadership of the Lord Mayor.Final Page 1 . Mwanza City lies at an altitude of 1.7%). apart from lacking basic facilities like roads. assisted by heads of departments and sections. the day-today administration of the city is by the City Director.Mwanza 3.337 km2 of which 900 km2 or 67. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . It is also characterised by well-drained sandy loamy soil generated from coarse grained cretaceous rock. are located on very steep rocky hills where providing basic sanitation is very difficult. Introduction Mwanza lies along the southern shores of Lake Victoria on the North West of the United Republic of Tanzania. Mwanza 3.000 mm of rainfall per year falling in two fairly distinct seasons.134 metres above sea level. of which 84% are supplied with water and 8% are using sewerage services from MWAUWASA. namely Nyamagana and Ilemela. The city is characterised by gently undulating granites and granodiorite physiography with isolated hill masses and rock inselbergs which is why one is greeted at the entrance to the city by "Welcome to Mwanza. between the months of October and December and between February and May.3% is Lake Victoria. . 1 Mwanza Overview DATE FIG UR E C RE ATED September 2011 LEG EN D FIG UR E N UM BE R & TITLE CLIEN T European Investment Bank 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 Kilometers Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW EN GLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel.PRO JE CT TITLE Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Figure 3. + 44 (01372) 726140 . . improvement of wastewater treatment facilities. Specific positive social impacts would include: Decreased incidence of waterborne diseases. and 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Mwanza City Council (MCC) and the Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC).2.1.1.2. Social Assessment Overview Social context Mwanza’s current population is estimated by the City Council to be approximately 617. The combined beneficial effects of these interventions are associated with greater productivity and output. The majority of economically active people are self-employed. Increased population with access to sanitation facilities / status. and therefore with alleviation of poverty and hunger. skin diseases and cholera.2. Fishing and the rearing of livestock are also major economic activities. the Mwanza region is among the poorest in Tanzania. schistosomiasis. diarrhoea. Constructed water supply systems operated and maintained by the community being served. and have a direct impact on the quality of its water and ecosystems. This is now included in Appendix 3.2. Positive and negative impacts of the proposed project interventions It is anticipated that this ‘large towns’ phase of the LVWATSAN Initiative will have a tangible impact on public health (including improving maternal health and reducing under-five mortality). Major stakeholders with an interest in water supply and sanitation issues include Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority (MWAUWASA). 3.2. Improving sewage treatment facilities and sewage coverage will prevent further pollution of the Lake.Mwanza 3. provision of adequate sanitation facilities. through the provision of increased access to clean water. typhoid.185 primary schools 258 secondary schools. Year round access to water for households. There is a high incidence of waterborne or related diseases and vectors such as malaria.3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . improved urban drainage and solid waste collection and treatment. Less waste of productive time spent in search of water. the Regional Administrative Secretary. Improved hygiene standards. Improved drainage would contribute to reduced incidence of malaria (by eliminating breeding habitats for malaria-carrying mosquitoes). 8 colleges and 3 universities in Mwanza region.000. There are 1. while efficient solid waste disposal systems would also have a positive impact on public health by discouraging disease-spreading vermin and preventing entry of toxic leachates into soils and water sources.Final Page 3 .1. 3.1. as well as other waterborne diseases. enteric worms. Mwanza region has an overall low level of economic performance when measured by per capita gross regional product: it ranks 10th amongst 12 regions. Despite this. The region is a major industrial centre and also a leading producer of cotton (a major cash crop export). the implication is that overall environmental conservation and protection will be enhanced. Given that poverty and environmental wellbeing are inversely linked. 3. Decreased cost of treatment for waterborne diseases as well as decreased travel frequency to health facilities. Reduction in household expenditure on water. This section of the Report was prepared before the data from the Urban Inequality Survey was available. 1. Refining alternative options (preliminary) and identify mitigation measures in light of assessment. sexual discrimination and harassment. To address gender inequities.2. construction. 3. The principal stages of the ESIA were: Setting the context – identifying other relevant plans. They are under the jurisdiction of Mwanza Municipal Council (MCC 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . sanitation or environmental protection. operation. paternity or maternity leave. policies and programmes relevant to the one being assessed. and safe travel arrangements 3. Collecting baseline data for the study area. maintenance and management of domestic water supply. Project interventions should also give due consideration to internal culture and staffing issues.1. project interventions should focus on women’s and men’s involvement in the planning.Final Page 4 . where appropriate. but also has the highest population density at 150 people per km2 (the average for Tanzania being 39 people per km2 excluding the Dar es Salaam region). The high population density aggravates the already serious pressure on land and on food security in the Mwanza region.13). and Developing a strategy for monitoring the actual impacts of the plan following implementation. Identify and propose mitigation and enhancement measures (Section 3.Mwanza Increased number of women working for water sector institutions and involved in decision making. Testing the plan options (outline design) against the objectives and identifying significant impacts. The ESIA included actions to ensure gender considerations impact on project planning and implementation. Project Area and Network Mwanza is not only the most populous region in Tanzania. Setting objectives (particularly social) for the ESIA.4. promotion and training opportunities for female and male staff. irrigation. for example recruitment. Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) The objectives of the ESIA were to: Establish the baseline situation (this section). Identify the positive and negative impacts related to the project components and the risks relevant to each component during construction and operation (Section 3.3. and on the operation and maintenance of project facilities.13).2. The ESIA built on existing assessments undertaken for the LTAP with a particular focus on social aspects. with additional data collection and analysis focused on assessing project impacts on the poor and women.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . against which the plan will be tested. and issues such as child care. The two districts contain twenty one urban and rural/peri-urban wards. Reporting on the overall impacts of the plan. As noted earlier Mwanza City is situated along the shores of Lake Victoria and is geographically defined by the joint administrative boundaries of Ilemela and Nyamagana Districts. Mwanza 3. There is a considerable variation in agricultural and demographic characteristics in the Mwanza region. due to its very high population density leading to serious pressure on land (the entire Mwanza region is characterized by a high risk of desertification and suffers severe localized land degradation and over-stocking of cattle per capita) and food insecurity. Poverty and Food Insecurity The Mwanza region is among the poorest in Tanzania. Shortages of food are addressed by bringing in food from external sources. There have been several attempts to remove informal and small scale manufacturers from the Central Business District (CBD). Demographics. Socio-economic and Environmental Context Population Based on the growth rates of wards in Mwanza City the total population by 2011 was estimated at 617. but Kadonya (2002) reports that the fishing industry employs only 1% of the population in Mwanza and that most of the region’s labour force is employed in the informal sector. paddy and maize are sometimes treated as cash crops. There are relatively few formal sector wage earning job opportunities in the Mwanza region. sweet potatoes. Employment Most employed people work in the service sector. about 6.3.2. high fertility in the female group. The region is normally unable to feed itself due to persistent droughts. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . using water from the lake and from the ponds found in numerous river valleys in the region.4. Currently. There are few studies that provide statistical information about the distribution of the region’s labour force. With an increasing population dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. forcing them to relocate to peri-urban and rural locations where they are further disadvantaged by the poor transport and communications infrastructure.2. Agricultural production could be enhanced by development of small irrigation farming using rain water harvesting or exploitation of the lake waters. cassava and sweet potatoes constitute about 71% of all food crops grown in the region. does little to contribute to the fiscal or service requirements of local government. sorghum. which is higher than the national average of 5. Although Mwanza is described as the industrial headquarters of North West Tanzania. 3.2. 3. urban and rural incomes have declined significantly. The region is not self-sufficient with respect to food production. who regularly close them down to stop tax evasion. paddy and legumes. Approximately 50% of people are employed (employed and self-employed). one of the major cash crops for export. Maize. the general strategy for meeting food self-sufficiency in the region is intensification of farming practices.Final Page 5 .2. The average per capita income is approximately US$ 21 per month.2. Apart from cotton. micro-fishing activities etc. millet.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 3.2.2. despite playing a vital role in maintaining livelihoods in the region.1.369. (MCC overview 2004/2005).4 people/ household.3. Major food crops in the region are maize. tilling land.2.4% of the total land that could be irrigated in the region. and a high incidence of polygamy.2. and despite a fishing related economic boom. The failure of many of these small manufacturers to register and pay tax has led to conflict with municipal authorities. The informal economy in Mwanza. 3. cassava. This could be addressed by introducing irrigation schemes.2. This may be due to a low level of family planning awareness. Economic Activities i) Agriculture Mwanza is the main region for the production of cotton. while those who are self-employed are involved in petty trade.2. irrigation is carried out in very small area. industry is concentrated in only two wards. As a result those that work in the informal sector are seldom consulted with respect to the development of business related legislation and are often targeted by municipal authorities. The average household size is believed to be about 6. the region had a total of 56. iv) Trade and Companies Mwanza is second only to Dar es Salaam in terms of trade and industries.079 fishnets.264.2. sheep. Nile Perch Fisheries Ltd. MWAUWASA has undertaken a gender assessment that shows a significant bias towards the employment of men (see Table 3. jewellery. agricultural equipment and so on. There are over 18. including fish processing (8). beverages (2). printing and publishing (6) and fishnet (1). Tanzania Fish Processors Ltd. ginneries (for cotton) (16). pharmaceuticals. 3. textiles. However. Tanzania Fish Development Co and Tan Perch. Gender Equity The National Water Policy requires sensitivity to gender issues with the goal of ensuring active and effective participation of women and men in rural water supply programmes. transport (15). goats. which include wholesalers and retailers buying and selling construction and industrial equipment and materials. pigs and donkeys.455 special fishnets for “dagaa” (Restrineobola argentius) and 2. The factories include Mwanza Fishing Industries Ltd. Omega Fish Ltd. hotels (30). No gender analysis has been done in the project area. with approximately 2.792 fish hooks. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .1). There are seven fish processing factories. construction (35).. which process an average of about 60.095 registered trade/industrial businesses in Mwanza region.321 fishermen with 208.5.Mwanza ii) Livestock Livestock represents the third most significant economic activity for the majority of people in Mwanza and Mwanza is second only to Shinyanga in terms of livestock numbers. Vicfish Ltd. In the rural areas women bear the burden of searching for water and play a pivotal role (one that is seldom reflected in institutional arrangements) in the development and management of rural water supply and sanitation services. According to the March 2006 census. fish.890. particularly those living along or close to the lakeshore and those living on the numerous islands of Lake Victoria. 3.000 tonnes per year. fish gear (1). Mwanza region has 125 large and medium companies.2. fuel. breweries (2). iii) Fisheries Fishing on Lake Victoria is one of the most important activities for the people of Mwanza.Final Page 6 . steel (3). oil (3). food processing and confectionery (3).European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .000 cattle. 2. As the number of women involved in these businesses is extremely high. Reducing HIV/AIDS requires improved delivery of both water and sanitation services. and infrastructure development.Mwanza Table 3.Employment of men and women at MWAUWASA Most women in Mwanza who work are engaged in the informal sector. Every day practices in these businesses in relation to water are frequently unhygienic.2.6.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and people living with HIV/AIDS should be specifically accommodated. women represent potential agents of change if they can be sensitised and empowered to demand and / or create an improved water and sanitation situation. There were demanding targets set for reducing the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDs is an important factor in development because of its impact on men and women of working age.1 . For example 2. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .000 food vending businesses were identified in previous studies.Final Page 7 . 3. 000 m3/day). The projected water demand for the city is about 60.622 1.2 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .660 710 319 0 2006 50. Most low income citizens see these places as essential to their survival. These conditions result in the predominance of respiratory.2.175 141 665 0 2004 34. Isamilo. In these areas the population has constructed houses in rocky areas because it is cheap and people do not have to buy land. and general lack of knowledge of basic personal health care.475 987 82 0 2009 61.3. The installed capacity was reached after completion of the new project (Water Supply Programme Regional Centres Phase I) in November 2008. The main emphasis is upon prevention of diseases and the promotion of healthy living habits. however.459 22.2.205 203.2. 3. such sources are of very poor quality.3.426 2.7. 3. traditional water sources and rainwater run-off.3.348 3. Those who can afford a water connection often sell water to other people. Squatter Areas In Mwanza City there are a number of low income areas. Waterborne diseases are common (Table 3.000 m3/day.731 11. therefore it is recommended that prior to the implementation of the project data on occurrence of diarrhoea should be gathered from the hospital and other local health centres and dispensaries). 3.417 91. Water Supply Context Overview Lake Victoria is the major source for the piped water system which serves about 90% of the Mwanza City population. Disadvantaged Groups The MWAUWASA credit policy stipulates that as access to quality water services is a basic need and right for all human beings.328 132 429 0 2007 42.2.820 507 34 0 2008 36.3. This capacity was designed to serve the projected water demand of up to the year 2015 (estimated at about 80.676 3. Comprehensive health services are at present within reach of nearly over half the population.259 607 60 0 2005 49. insufficient and unsanitary water supplies.2.1. Non-piped sources are often of poor quality. The National Health Policy notes that the government is committed to a strategy of providing primary health care as the best way of improving people’s health and promoting development.2. However. Kitangiri.631 179. intestinal and skin infections. and all residents of Mwanza City including 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .2).Community Health and Safety – Water Borne Diseases Disease Malaria Schistosomiasis Worms Typhoid fever Skin Diseases Cholera 2003 27.2.472 15. the provision of water facilities in these areas is a significant problem. Table 3. Mabatini and Igoma.394 104.154 347. Health Health problems in the Mwanza region have their roots in poverty. parts of the city are not served and parts of the city can suffer from severe water shortages.Final Page 8 . while at the same time very few people can afford to have piped water. Technically installing piped water services is a challenge.471 4.Mwanza 3. low standards of communal hygiene.224 717 73 266 26 2010 Source: Sekeutoure Mwanza Regional hospital (Note: information on diarrhoea is not available in regional offices and Information on cholera for 20032008 is also unavailable. rivers.866 92. 3. Kirumba. A significant proportion of the population is served by non-piped sources such as shallow.000 m3/day and installed pumping capacity is about 105. aggravated by poor diet.3. Igogo. The plans are to continue to concentrate on community participation health services provision. medium and deep wells (which may dry up in the dry season). The pictures below illustrate the state of the sanitation facilities in the hospitals.000 people and the total number of connections is 1. Public Toilets Public toilets (which are sometimes combined latrines and bathing facilities) are located at Mkuyuni Market.4. Hospital Sanitation Facilities Three of the hospitals in Mwanza City (Butimba Nyamagana District.3. Makoroboi. The monthly rent fee varies between locations depending on population and the site of the facility. Customers pay a fee for the use of the toilet or bathing.4.4. 3. Health and Sanitation Context Introduction The existing sewerage system serves about 35.957.1. Buzuruga and Nyegezi bus stand.2.2. unhygienic and not fit for use in a health facility.4.Mwanza disadvantaged groups will have access to water services as stipulated in the National Water Policy.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . in the city centre. Mlangommoja. 3. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Sekeutoure regional hospital and Bugando medical centre) were reviewed with respect to health and hygiene aspects of sanitation facilities. Kirumba the central bus station. prices range from TSh 100-200 for toilets and Tsh 200-300 for bathing. at the regional offices.2. Although MCC is responsible for building and operating the public toilets in Mwanza it outsources operating responsibilities to the private sector.Final Page 9 . The contract period also varies from area to area. 3.2. 3. In all three hospitals facilities were dirty. near the Central Police Station and Nyegezi-Bohongwa daladala stand. the hospital toilets may contribute to health problems and require significant improvement in terms of infrastructure and cleanliness. In their current condition. Tanganyika Bus stand.2. The system covers about 9% of the area supplied by the piped water service area and comprises sewers and stabilization ponds. 4.632 Boys 30.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . of pupils Private B.698 4. 3. Key data are shown in Tables 3.200 pupils per DH Over 200 pupils per DH No latrines Dry compost VIP Type of latrine Pit latrine with slab Pour flush Traditional pit latrine Others Source: SNV baseline survey Number of Schools 10 36 74 39 9 4 0 11 122 39 0 0 Data in Table 3.Mwanza 3. there is a clear need for increased school sanitation facilities. 3.5 Required DHs 3. Also the ratios indicate overcrowding. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .029 68. Table 3.2. School Water. ratios and shortage No.673 6. Sanitation and Hygiene SNV carried out a comprehensive mapping survey of all primary schools in the Municipality.4.024 975 1.5 and 3.098 135. of schools No.432 2. pupils 68.358 73.6.603 37.Latrine status Nos.4.Pre& Primary C. DHs 1. Categorization Meeting minimum standard Halfway to minimum standard Latrine numbers Less than 1000 pupils per DH 101.632 66.3.824 135.0 68.408 1.069 66.3 .Latrine numbers.106 Girls Boys Total Source: SNV baseline survey There is a significant shortage of latrines for boys and particularly girls.755 36. when considering improvements the needs of girls should be the first priority.primary Total 16 3 19 Public 66 87 153 Total 82 90 172 Girls 31.999 Pupils per DH 67.105 Shortage 2.5 .5 135. including public and private schools in 2009.456 Source: SNV baseline survey Table 3.Number of schools and pupils in the study district No.5 indicate that most of the latrines do not meet the minimum hygiene standards. Table 3.456 Actual no.Final Page 10 .4 .824 Total 62. The level of service is quite low in all cases. 2. Policy and Legal Framework for Institutional Performance National Water Policy The National Water Policy. 3. Without proper hand washing facilities and practices there is reduced benefit in providing facilities.1. including with respect to legal aspects.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . To create an enabling environment that will enhance willingness to pay by customers and thus reduce follow up and recovery costs. maintenance of sewers.6 .2. proper solid waste management. the National Water Sector Development Strategy. The promotion of improved hygiene and sanitation for schools can be enhanced through education and improving awareness of the dangers of poor sanitation.Final Page 11 .Hand washing facilities Categorization Wash basin Type of facility Stand pipe Fixed container None Enough Water for hand washing Insufficient None Soap available Source: SNV baseline survey Yes No Number of schools 7 24 12 129 27 17 128 4 168 Hand washing is uncommon and the use of soap even less so.5. To ensure stable liquidity conditions and the reduction of accounts receivable ratio to less than 3 months.2. 3. To enhance transparency and leadership support through regular reporting.5. The MWAUWASA policy has the following objectives: To guide the credit management process by outlining credit standards and terms of credit. and To continue improving the relationship between the authorities. Water sector institutional strengthening and capacity building is one of the components of the Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP).Mwanza Table 3.2. To outline measures to improve revenue collection efficiency. the MWAUWASA credit policy and water sector city by-laws govern the use of water and water sources. The capacity building programme sub-component aims to strengthen the competency of water sector institutions. Perceived Need for Improvements to Sanitation Measures to improve sanitation suggested by residents include increased access to the sewer network and drainage facilities. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3.4. 12 of 2009 govern the activities of water supply and sanitation in the water sector in Tanzania. MCC has also enacted by-laws to establish and maintain water sources in villages. the Water Sector Development Programme and the Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. The first three provide the details of the policy and strategy guidelines and the fourth the legal requirements. customers and other stakeholders. Credit Policy and Water Sector City By-Laws In Mwanza.2.5. and addressing corruption within service providers.5. 3. The City has nine departments: Engineering.2. 3. The City Director is also a board member of MWAUWASA.5. Economic and Trade. Water Works Regulations and Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).2. Urban Planning. The city has its own byelaws for establishment and preservation of water and water sources.6. 3. 3. LVRLAC uses its strategic position to reach out to a wide grassroots base and build networks at various levels. 1998.Final Page 12 .6.6.6. 3. Network activities are coordinated by a Regional Secretariat established and based in Entebbe. Regional Administrative Secretary The regional administrative secretary is the overseer of Government agencies within the region.2. However. initially as a semi-autonomous body and then as fully autonomous from January. Health.6.2. Activities in Mwanza City are channelled through the MCC. 3. The stakeholders in the water and sewerage services sector in Mwanza are described below. Administratively.6.6. Operation Guidelines and EWURA conditions. Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) LVBC is a specialised institution of the EAC that is responsible for coordinating the sustainable development agenda of the Lake Victoria Basin. poverty reduction and sustainable development in the Lake Victoria basin. in environmental protection. Uganda and Country level sub-secretariats in Kampala (Uganda). 3. Water Works Rules. At ward level there are Ward Executive Officers (WEO) who are managed by the City Director. and as such is supposed to meet all its operational costs by full cost recovery. Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority (MWAUWASA) Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority (MWAUWASA) has overall responsibility for Mwanza urban water.2.6. Mwanza City Council (MCC) MCC is tasked with building capacity to provide services that meet the requirements of residents using available resources. The establishment of the Commission has been sequential and based on study outputs and step-wise building of the institution. Lake Victoria Region Local Authority Cooperation (LVRLAC) LVRLAC is a regional body with a specific niche role to engage Local Authorities and communities around the lake. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . the City Council is run by the Councillors under the leadership of the Lord Mayor. assisted by heads of departments and sections. It was established in July 1996 under the Water Works Ordinance Cap 281 (as amended). providing water supply and sewerage services in the Districts of Nyamagana and Ilemela in Mwanza City as well as Kisesa Township in Magu District. day-to-day administration is undertaken by the City Director.Mwanza 3. Kisumu (Kenya) and Mwanza (Tanzania).4. Internal Auditing and Legal Services.3. Community Development. There are also two advisory units to the City Director namely. taking into consideration environmental issues and promoting good governance through community participation.2.1. Manpower Development.2. MWAUWASA is fully owned by the Government of Tanzania and is a category ‘A’ Authority.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .2. Cooperative and Agriculture and Education and Culture. MWAUWASA operates according to Water Works Ordinance. Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Roles in Water and Sanitation Introduction Stakeholders/actors are the persons or organisations that can claim legitimate interest in water and sanitation services or are affected by them. Finance. benefit from them or can influence the services. Consumers These are the clients being offered the service.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . titled plots.000 to Mwanza City Council to fund the only active project for a resettlement and redevelopment scheme in Mwanza City. 3. Azania Bank Ltd Azania Bank has provided US$ 500.g. The overall project will involve providing financing to MCC to create around 2.6. middle and high income residents. The Promoters The key stakeholders are MWAUWASA and the Regional Administrative Secretary since they are the promoters and the key decision makers in regard to water and sanitation infrastructure development and also service delivery. inland but near to the lake. 2010. in phases.7. and then to allow the Municipality to develop and sell lakefront property to low. 3.2.Mwanza 3. as well as businesses.400 serviced plots in the resettlement area (with the balance of municipal finance provided by Azania Bank). They need to be well briefed for the project to be implemented smoothly. well planned.2.2.6. Institutions are also a category of consumers that require water and sewerage services.6. high income to low income).9. Target households are diverse (e. The purpose of the loan is to resettle low income households from the lakeside to serviced. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 13 .8. The loan was disbursed in February. Mwanza . used the 2002 Census data for Mwanza with the addition of Kisesa ward.0 + 2.1% 2002-08 . 556.754).9%.9% (8.7 gives three sources of the baseline population. Don Consult Ltd (DCL).3.734 617.Obtained from NBS.1. For the purposes of this study. The Urban Development Context Baseline Population Table 3.734 Notes . We therefore consider the DCL population projections to be unreliable and these have not been used. consultants for the detailed engineering design of Mwanza water supply and sewerage. with the next census due in 2012. the population of Mwanza grew at an average 3. There is a lack of consistent information on historical growth rates and their application for generating current and future population estimates. For example.556 556.2) or 10.Final Page 14 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .9% AGR over the period 2002-11. It also refers to in-migration at 8% (per annum?). Estimates of the 2011 population are therefore based on assumptions about the average annual growth rate (AGR) over the past 9 years.130.556.2% AGR. August 2008. peri-urban and rural – within the 20 wards that comprise the Mwanza City Council area.7 . Kisesa is an urban centre lying just outside the eastern boundary of the city in Magu District whose economy is linked to the social and economic activities of Mwanza.342) and then to 2032 (4.9% 2002-11 3 2011 617. It is now intended to follow a regular 10-year cycle. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . It is more likely that high growth wards near the city centre will show a fall in AGR as they approach saturation. DCL used 1988-2002 individual ward growth rates to generate projections to a 2010 baseline (805. Table 3.369 (not including Kisesa) is used as the 2011 baseline population. . while increased growth rates will seen in outlying wards as development spills over onto vacant land. Mwanza office . the Master Plan reports that for the inter-census period 1988-2002.3. but it is unclear if this is supposed to indicate an AGR of 11.369 These figures refer to the total population – urban. compared with the national AGR of 2. p. indicating significant in-migration into the Mwanza region.0 + 3.146 .Represents average AGR 3.Baseline Population Source 1 2 National Census Master Plan 200828 National Bureau of Statistics projection Year 2002 2008 Population 436. . the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) projected figure of 617. National Census 2002 Draft City Master Plan for 2008 National Bureau of Statistics for 2011 436.Source NBS.369 * AGR = annual growth rate The census prior to the 2002 Census was held in 1988.Mwanza 3. A Mwanza City Council (MCC) source reported that it may be incorporated into the Mwanza city boundary in mid-2011. Mwanza office. 3.9).Table 9. However the methodology is considered suspect in that it assumes that wards that grew fast during the 1988-2002 period continue to grow at the same rate to 2032.1.Represents average AGR 4.Obtained from NBS. which represents an average 3.2% (8. 2 – MCC Ward Boundaries 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 15 .Mwanza Figure 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza 3.3.2. Urban Structure Figure 3.3 illustrates the broad structure of the town at present. The City Council estimates that about 70% of households live in informal/unplanned settlements. Figure 3.4 shows the urban footprint, illustrated by the grey area, (based on high resolution aerial photography, 2005). The current piped water delivery is superimposed on the plan shown in Figure 3.4, each blue dot representing a MWAUWASA customer property. The main feature is the shape of the urban footprint, which radiates out along three axes: north towards the airport; east along the road to Kisesa and Musoma; and south along the road to Shinyanga. This pattern is mainly determined by land form, the three main roads following low ground along river valleys, with hilly ground in between. Main employment centres are located in the CBD, at port-based locations along the shore and at the Igoma industrial zone, along the eastern road to Kisesa. The three-pronged urban footprint has become increasingly blurred over recent decades due to the rapid growth of informal settlements. These have encroached onto the higher land, often occupying steep slopes that are unsuitable for development. This is especially noticeable on hills near the centre of city, as these offer good locations for low-income households close to employment opportunities and other services in and around the CBD. The city therefore has higher cost housing located on low ground, with large-scale lowincome housing on higher ground – this is an inversion of the typical pattern where higher income groups tend to live on the ‘healthy’ hills looking down on low-income groups on the lower ground. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 16 Selem ani St Azim io St Nursing School National Institute for Medical Research Aide Action Veterinary Investigation Centre City Council Headquarters Va lley Rd Kim at Indepe nden ce Rd i St Nera S t Mwanza Girls Hostel Nyakahoja Dispensary Sekouore Hospital Lake Secondary School UNICEF Zone Office Lake Secondary School AMREF Kuleana Children Right RFA & Star TV Transmission Station ro n go Nyakahoja Primary School Sisters Convent Victoria International school Play ground Regional Commissioner's Residence M ac Ba Church l ew a Rd Library Sisters Convent TTCL ITV & Radio One Transmission Station Petrol Station Hindu Union Hospital Avenue Hotel Tanzania Red Cross Nyanza Primary School he Lake primary English Medium Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140 LEGEND Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Ma k o Tanzania Teachers Union Botanical Garden Children Right Centre WHO Clinic m ba Catholic Relief Service R d ¯ Nyakabungo Primary school Regional Medical Officers Weight & Measures Office Mwanza Port Head Office Regional Medical Stores a Bank Staff Quarters Su ku m aS Play Ground Mir o ngo St t Uz i nz aS t N kh [ Ú Mwanza North Port Railway Traffic Office Welfare Office District Water Division Central Police Station Regional Police Office Regional Commissioner's Office na Gandhi hall DC's Office urum Pump Station Dispensary Fire Station Surveys & Mapping Uhuru Ba nt u Mirongo primary School Pentecostal Church SDA Church Hindu Temple Mosque Dispensary Community Centre Us Garden St anda St Rd wa Deluxe Hotel Mosque Nkom o St Riv ersi de St Thaqaafa Secondary School Mbugani Primary School Un gu ja um au St Idi Regional Police Office e Kisham ap M ti Hindu Temple Rd ng Go n Ten g Kamanga Ferry Re Pamba House High Court P os ta R d Library New Mwanza Hotel Co ur tR eS Bank NBC Bank ni Bank r iv lD go BOT Hotel Mosque Mosque Mosque St Mt a k uja St St Nursery t Mk a gio ny en ye St Ru fiji Rd Bishop's Residence Post Office Nyamagana Primary School Open University Nyamagana Stadium Labour Office Mwanza Sports club Immigration Office Public Works division NSSF Office Rd Mosque Bank ple Temple Temple ba Lib er ty St Lum St Lake Hotel Town Bus & Taxi Stand Mwadeco Bus Stand Ma rk et S t Mis s Tem Wa lk ion Petrol Service Station Kil St ng om Anglican Church Chapel Mwananchi Hospital Nursery School Temple M iro be ro S Police post Liberty Hotel t St um tio n Petrol Station Nyanza Transport Department Railway Station Mwanza Club Play Ground Pool Police Railway Inspector of Water TRC Mwanza Institute Club Karuta Natural Resource Office St Ny am ag Vit u n Sta Veterinary Office gu u d K en y att aR d o Dispensary Mle z i St Mosque Pamba Secondary School Jamatkhan Miti Mirefu St Natta Hotel Aspen Hotel Mlango Mmoja Market Police Line Royal Pub Mosque ha ni St Petrol Station Post Office Annex Hotel The Agha Khan Medical Centre Petrol Station Mwanza Secondary School Cemetery Petrol & Service Station Ny Tanganyika Bus Service Petrol Service Station Christmas Tree Hotel Tennis Court Umoja St Fa irw The Agha Khan Nursery School ay Lake Rd Police Line BOT Training Institute and Conference Centre s or e d Rw Maria Sister's Convent Set h B BOT Training Institute Pa mb enjam Dispensary aga aR ini St St po in t Capri Madras Mosque SDA church Sahara Play Ground Bugalika Primary School Cathedral St Joseph Girls Seminary Assemblies of God Church Caritas Office Poor Clara"s church SDA Church er e re RD Play Ground Police FFU Welfare Agriculture Office Petrol Service Station Nursery School Mosque Kle ruu St SCALE BAR 0 80 160 320 480 W uz Hindu Crematorium Sa nane Jet Petrol Station bu rg Rd Cemetery Petrol Station Cemetery Post Office Market PROJECT TITLE Lutheran Church Basketball Ground Bugando Medical Centre Rid e p St Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Anglican Church Tilapia Hotel Ismailia Cemetery Petrol Station Bu Figure 3.3 - MWAUWASA Urban Structure (existing waste service area) DATE Yatch Club Small Industry gan do Hil lR d Bugando Medical Centre Hostel September 2011 European Investment Bank Milimani Primary School CLIENT 381 440. No explanation is available for the growth rates used (the Mwanza NBS office said they were “provided by Central Office”) or their variation: while a gradual reduction would be expected over a near 30-year period.533 2.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .000.8%> 2031 ² 1. the increase from 2.8%> 2028 997.8% in 2023-38 seems improbable. representing a 20-year increase of more than 500.635 -3.670 87.6%> 2023 866.4 – Urban footprint and customer connections 3. Population Projections Table 3.3%> 2013 658.Final Page 18 . The projections to 2028 are sourced from the NBS.969 105.936 ¹ 2011 data from NBS 2002-28 projections ² 2031 data extrapolated from NBS 2028 figure ³ Annual growth rate – back-calculated based on NBS projections Source: NBS The average AGRs in row 4 have been back-calculated from the given NBS population figures.403 527.369 60.6% in 2018-23 to 2.8% AGR in 2023-28.8 shows population projections to the year 2031. giving a target population of just over 1 million.886 102. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .235 2.002 102.0%> 2018 763.736 102.233 207.084.Mwanza Fig 3.3.8 . Table 3.267 130.152 2. The 2031 figure is extrapolated using the 2. based on the 2002 Census figure.002 3.917 310.3.Population Projection 2008-2031 2011 ¹ 1 2 3 4 Population Period Increase Cumulative increase Average AGR ³ 617. and are the same as used in the Draft Mwanza City Master Plan. Final Page 19 . Mwanza City Master Plan 2008-28 The draft Master Plan has been prepared by the City Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Lands. parking) Village land reserved for future development Total Source: Master Plan Area (ha) 2.6 10. 2010-20 and 2010-30 (Table B.238).especially environmental degradation caused by removal of vegetation which is aggravated by mining of rock for building. and Industrial waste .1.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .842 2.5 2.0 2. Mining & quarrying .7 17. refuse sites) Difficult areas (rock.000 642 1.900 4.723 1.357 888 1. p.3. Land Use Table 3. Urban agriculture . 3.6 100.9 48.9 . resulting in degradation of the environment and dereliction. while the Ministry has prepared most of the strategic recommendations.Mwanza The UN Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 (GRHS) gives country-specific estimates of urban population AGRs for 10-years bands: 2000-10. The respective figures for Tanzania are 4. an increase of 440. poor sanitation provision and solid waste disposal. Much of this land is currently under small scale cultivation.9 gives the 2007 breakdown of land use.entering water systems.3.700 Percentage 6.7 and 3. It highlights the large area of undeveloped land within the city administrative boundary that is reserved for future development.10% and 3.5 6. The document is dated June 2008. which are significantly higher than those used by NBS and incorporated into the Master Plan. airport.5 million.much is uncontrolled.3 1.increasing use of pesticides polluting land and water systems. hills) Circulation (roads.2.935 21. It is understood that MCC was mainly responsible for data preparation and analysis of existing conditions.8 above. 4.227 43. Population The Master Plan uses the NBS data 2008-28 given in Tables 3. based on national planning principles and standards.8 3.196 6. swamp.000 over 2008. but it remains in draft form. Housing and Human Settlements Development in Dar es Salaam. This projects a population just under 1 million in 2028. The GRHS AGR estimates would result in a 2031 population of more than 1. Table 3. about 35% higher than the corresponding NBS figure – with commensurate implications for the planning and delivery of infrastructure and other urban services.80%.20%.0 Land Use Planning Problems The Master Plan lists the main land use planning problems: Proliferation of unplanned settlements . Housing 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .1 2.Land Use Breakdown 2007 Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Planned residential Unplanned residential Institutional Industrial Commercial Open space & recreation Waste disposal (oxidation ponds. 500-5. Isamilo Kitangiri Kiloleli Igoma Mhandu Maswa The Master Plan explains the growth in unplanned areas: they “provide not only cheap housing but also plots for housing construction”. Plots are to be provided in three categories: High.131). a little over 50% of the NBS 2006 population. 6.9 persons per household ([514.Final .000. 12.3. and accommodating about 75% of the city’s population.5.2. It reports that in 2006 there were 49. The main unplanned settlements are listed as: 1. 3.5 plots/ha gross density . 13. 7. This proportion seems rather high: taking the stated average household size of 5. Bugando Hill Nyabato Kiseke City Development Concept The City Development Concept is a planning model developed by the Ministry of Lands. medium and high income groups) on a 6:3:1 ratio. 7. Housing Policy Master Plan Section 10.550 plots = 8. 10. It is proposed to relocate settlements on hilly areas.5).000-320. medium and low-density (which equate to low.000 units represent a population of 260. 5. 2. Capri Point Ilemela (near Lake) Bwira Isamilo 5. it is unlikely to be of such a scale to make the 75% figure correct. divided equally between planned and unplanned development (Table 8.250-300 population . but it is questionable if this is realistic.4 proposes the upgrading of all existing planned and unplanned settlements “which are not on hilly areas.5.Mwanza The Master Plan states that residential land covered 5.000 x 0. This suggests an average of 7.3 of the Plan). highlighting the gap between demand and supply of formal housing plots (p.75] / 49.000 population . with planned plot sizes: High density: 400 – 800 m² Page 20 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .000 units in unplanned areas. The main low density areas (by implication high-cost housing areas) are listed as: 1.000 population 3 4 Community Unit Planning District New planned development areas will follow the City Development Concept (10. This sets out a hierarchy of planning areas that build up from housing clusters to planning districts (see Table 3. 9. or 13% of the total MCC land area.150. 3.10 housing clusters = 65 ha . Housing and Human Settlements Development. 49.8-16 community units . While there may be a variation in household size between planned and unplanned areas.50-60 plots .City Development Concept Hierarchy of Planning Areas 1 2 Housing Cluster Neighbourhood Unit . Bugando Mabatini Igogo Mkuyuni Butimba Nyakabungo Mkolani 8.742 ha in 2007. representing 75% of the housing stock. 4. 2.000 population .6-8 neighbourhood units .500-20.10 .000). 4. 6.17.10). given other pressures to increase the housing stock.” This continues the current Squatter Settlement Regularisation programme under which existing occupiers/property owners are granted land title and basic utilities are provided. 11. Table 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . unlike in Kisumu.Final Page 21 . Infrastructure costs: Large plots mean long runs of infrastructure networks (water supply.000 will require 178 neighbourhood units (assuming household size of 5. Lack of housing finance institutions. and of the resulting need to deliver new housing plots. There appears to be a genuine awareness within MCC of the pace of urban growth.Mwanza Medium density: Low density: 800 – 1. explained further below.3. But at least it provides a theoretical and technical structure for strategic city planning.200 m² 1. This seems to work.600 ha.17 is incorrect: Table 10. The lack of sufficient number of surveyed plots and serviced land. NB The calculation of required number of plots and net residential land in Tables 10. where it is seen as interference. and these large plot sizes will mean a given area of land will accommodate a relatively small population. and to formalise/upgrade the vast areas of unplanned settlement.400 m² It is noted that these plot sizes are very high for an urban context. as is evident from the Ministerial contribution to the Master Plan.200 – 2. but few show the same level of application and results that are found in Mwanza. The land requirement calculations carried out for this study therefore propose significantly smaller average plots sizes.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .080. the resulting scale of housing need and of the actions required to address these.3). even by generous African standards. They are inconsistent with the objective of sustainable urban development.16 takes the 2028 additional households from Table 10. There are two major problems: Availability of suitable land: There is finite limited supply. Land Requirements The Master Plan calculates that the projected population increase of 440.4. power line etc) which add significantly to the cost of service delivery – costs which ultimately have to be borne by individual households.17 should be in the order of 9. So the comments need to be set against impressive initiatives to formalise and upgrade existing unplanned settlements. in particular to provide the bulk of plots for low income households. but it is also harsh. Many African cities face similar problems.” 3.923 ha as given.15 but fails to equate households with plots – so divides the households by 5 to give a notional total plot requirement of 17.816. and not 1. There is strong central government direction. as represented by the concept of the compact city. Ineffective building regulations and construction codes. It also states: “It is obvious from the extent of spontaneous settlements that the capacity to manage land is very limited. roads.570 ha. and its incorporation into the Master Plan does not get much beyond stylised diagrams. and to deliver new planned housing areas. drainage. and The comparatively cheap and simple procedure for land acquisition on unplanned areas. The correct net residential land requirement in Table 10. The most impressive aspect of the MCC operation is the understanding of the pace and scale of urban growth. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . compared with the correct figure of 89. giving a total gross residential land requirement of 11. The City Development Concept is arguably a rather mechanical tool. Lack of community awareness on planning and building standards. Planning Culture The Master Plan analysis of institutional capability may be valid. Institutional Capability The Master Plan addresses institutional capability when listing reasons for the poor performance in housing plot delivery as follows: Bureaucratic government land acquisition and allocation procedures.16 & 10. but it lacks the strategic perspective that is required to address important issues about overall city development. but no maps/diagrams to summarise proposed planned development areas. Development Scenario for Water and Sanitation Planning MCC’s long-term development programme provides a sound basis for water and sanitation planning. Proficient senior staff lack the necessary technical support staff to allow them to address the full range of development problems and especially strategic issues. Survey/setting out: Layout plan set out on-site by Survey Department to demarcate the proposed development on the ground – identifies existing occupiers affected by the proposed development.5. Urban population increase will be accommodated in two ways: Increasing the population density of existing urban areas – through increased multi-storey development and sub-division of plots in planned and unplanned areas. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This suggests that most day-to-day work is of a highly detailed nature.11 shows the current status of each development area.000 scale) of new planned development areas.3. The process for planned development areas follows a number of clear steps: Identification: Area identified for planned development based on suitability of site for large-scale residential development. Table 3. and the number of plots. with members of the public continually interrupting the Urban Planning Officer in his private office.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .5. data. They get drawn into detailed review of individual planning and building regulation applications. office space and equipment/materials. Plot allocation: New plots allocated in response to applications and development starts on-site. 1:1. This is important and has its place.12 gives the status of formalisation of unplanned settlements – no population or plot figures are available. reports etc) relating to the district or city-wide scale. depending on how much land they occupy and how they are affected by the proposed layout. Valuation/compensation: Existing occupiers compensated through allocation of a new plot and/or cash settlement. and New planned development areas.Mwanza The Town Planning Department operations are clearly limited by weak resources: Technical support staff.Final Page 22 . The only maps available seem to be very detailed layout plans (approx. There is a surprising lack of documentation (maps. These are shown on Figure 3. Layout plan: Detailed layout plan prepared by the Town Planning Department. Table 3. 3. Mwanza Green boundary=Informal settlements being upgraded Red boundary=New planned areas Figure 3.Final Page 23 .5 – Planned Development Areas and Informal Settlements to be Upgraded 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 11 Planned Development Areas Area Buswelu Kishili Igoma Nyamongholo Mahina Luchelele Buhongwa Monzhe Nyabahegi Fumagila Total no. no technical work to date Identified.3. so these have no absorption factor. based on the characteristics of each ward.000 In process 2.Formalisation of Unplanned Settlements Mkolani Buhongwa Igoma Mahina Buswelu Kishili Igombe CROs issued* CROs being issued Planning complete. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .500 9.000 500 16. CROs not yet issued Identified.6. This calculation suggests the existing urban areas will absorb an additional 24% population over the period 2011-31.000 3. The existing urban area does not extend into Sangabuye and Bugogwa wards.Mwanza Table 3.12 .000 allocated 2.000 3. no technical work to date * CRO = Certificate of Right of Occupation 3.000 43.Final Page 24 . Land Requirements 2011-31 Table 3.000 3.13 estimates the increasing population density in existing urban areas to 2031. This is considered a fairly conservative estimate.000 In process 2. CROs not yet issued Planning complete. CROs not yet issued Planning complete. plots * Actual number not known – so assumed number of plots Identification In process* In process* Layout Plan Preparation Survey / Setting out In process In process In process In process Valuation/ Compensation Plot Allocation No.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . A subjective assessment has been made of the additional population that will be absorbed into each ward (absorption factor) over the period 2011-31.800 Table 3.800 3. Plots 1. and actual population increase will need to be kept under regular review (more frequently than the 10year census interval) to update land requirements. Final Page 25 .106 28.128 34.Mwanza Table 3.Low density .541 6.786 11.406 1.236 7.895 23.3 p/hh) 12.504 7.573 9.036 127.067 7.120 24.323 14.967 Gross res area (ha) 630 467 362 1.758 33.200 Net res area (ha) 315 252 210 777 1.711 1.Medium density .Medium density .797 Table 3.596 6.265 4.446 8.918 48.279 18.661 172.262 2.241 6.High density .203 962 802 2.007 Wards Sangabuye Bugogwa Ilemela Pasiansi Kirumba Kitangiri Nyamanaro Buswelu Isamilo Nyamagana Mirongo Mbugani Pamba Igogo Mkuyuni Butimba Nyakato Igoma Buhongwa Mkolani Total Table 3.120 701 1.240 30.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .221 1.051 2.182 32.571 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .461 232.367 28.3p/plot) 1.Potential absorption and development in pipeline NBS/ Master Plan Population increase 2011-31 Absorption in existing urban area Development in pipeline Balance to be accommodated in peri-urban areas 492.098 313.370 Absorption factor 30% 20% 20% 20% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 20% 20% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 24% Absorbed Population 2031 9.506 425.Low density Area m² 250 400 1.14 .075 14.060 8.436 Plots (@ 5.060 Hholds = plots (@ 5.120 23.223 37.060 Difference 336.456 12.750 1.862 148.540 617.020 80.802 56.733 17.140 425.547 3.458 2.473 5.656 3.518 42.379 11.803 32.424 650 1.760 11.330 427 392 2.263 255.363 232.Additional Land Requirements 2031 for population in peri-urban areas Plot category .285 37.229 40.Population absorption 2011-31 through densification by ward 2011 (source NBS) 11.263 GRHS 829.237 3.15 .High density .744 1.126 111.067 710 2.383 5.993 48.911 109.000 250 400 1.13 .391 19.125 799 1.577 30.717 5.140 111.298 2.186 2.099 20.000 Share 60% 30% 10% 60% 30% 10% 2011-31 66.766 149.544 6.782 1. 15 converts this into physical land requirements. . open space.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Net residential area is the land required for housing plots alone.The average plot sizes are significantly smaller than those in current practice and as proposed in the Master Plan – but they are essential to promote the concept of the compact city.14: 2011-31 population increase less absorption in existing urban area divided by 20 years divided by 5. trunk/main roads) and large-scale institutional and employment developments. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 26 .14 shows the projected absorption of additional population in the existing urban area and developments in the pipeline – the balance (bottom row) represents to be accommodated in new planned residential areas. The efficiency factor varies from 0.3 p/hh – this also needs to be kept under regular review as any variation will increase or reduce the demand for plots/land. based on the projected population increase.It follows the three Master Plan demand categories (high. medium and low density) in the ratio 6:3:1. so as to avoid significant over or under-supply.3 p/hh). Table 3. The amount of land required to accommodate additional population in peri-urban areas over the period 2011-31 would increase by a factor of 2. .800 plots in the pipeline (see Table 3.8. This excludes major infrastructure (e. community facilities.11) compares with current demand for additional plots generated by population increase of 3. So pipeline projects meet the demand for about the next 13 years. shops. Gross residential area allows for local roads.240 plots per year (from Table 3. with a commensurate increased demand for infrastructure and other urban services.14 and 3. This would have significant implications for the cost of urban expansion and the phasing of implementation – it is therefore essential that actual population growth is monitored closely to ensure that the planning and delivery of urban facilities matches actual growth. schools. Table 3..The last two columns give net and gross residential areas. . This is by any measure an exceptional performance. . so as to ensure efficient use of land and cost-effective delivery of infrastructure networks.58 for low density. The figure of 43.g. clinics etc. with 60% being classed as high density (= low cost) plots.The household size uses the national average figure of 5.5 for high density housing to 0.15 calculate land requirements for the period 2011-31. The shaded sections show the comparative data derived using the GRHS growth rates. The higher GRHS population growth rates would impact on land requirement.Mwanza Tables 3. 000 m3/day.693 96. but the variation from the GRHS data is noted. This indicates a total 2031 demand of 96.1. so that the planning and delivery of urban facilities matches actual population growth and avoids significant over or under-supply.966 829. defined in terms of litres per capita per day (lcd). based on a projected population of 1. Note these figures exclude Kisesa area.500 m³ per day. or an additional 50.High income 60% 30% 10% 60 110 200 925.898 82.17 sets out the estimated 2031 urban water demand. based on a projected population of 1.850 137. with corresponding average daily consumption rates.401 108.670 Population 316. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .284 Pop increase 2011-31 Water demand (m³/day) 19.Final Page 27 . defined in terms of litres per capita per day (lcd).868 27.2031 Total pop @ 2031 Consumption* (lcd) 60 110 200 Water demand (m³/day) 39.379 16.531 50. The shaded rows illustrate the potential impact of the GRHS population growth rates on water demand – total demand would increase by about 35%.2.593 73.Low income .16 sets out the estimated 2031 urban water demand.536 55.986 29. which receives its water from the current city system.048 35.756 154.Mwanza 3. and demand generated by population increase 2011-31 would increase by 68%. Table 3.600 including the ward of Kisesa. medium and high income) in the same 6:3:1 proportions used to calculate land requirements.000 m³ per day.145.381 52.661 . or an additional 47.512 462.762 158.000 m³ per day to meet population growth 2011-31.840 Customer category . 3.4. with corresponding average daily consumption rates.084. Three customer categories are given (low.794 527.084.797 248. It is therefore essential that population growth is monitored regularly over the coming years and the true rate of population increase ascertained. medium and high income) in the same 6:3:1 proportions used to calculate land requirements.936 497.Medium income .4. Table 3.006 17.252 1.519 3.Water Demand . This indicates a total 2031 domestic demand of 102. Three customer categories are given (low. Water Demand Table 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .422 10.802 325.559 46.670.16 .High income Share 60% 30% 10% Population 650. Water Demand Projection Development Scenario for Water & Sanitation Planning It is not possible to state with any certainty which particular estimated AGR or resulting population projections will be correct. When considered with historical data for the other categories of demand the total 2031 requirement is approximately 155.Low income .Medium income .542.794 21.467 1.000 m³ per day to meet population growth 2011-31.903 30.4. This study therefore uses the Feasibility Study projections as the basis for its subsequent review and analysis of proposed water and sanitation facilities. 381 101.0% 13.600 220000 200000 180000 160000 m3/d 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 Demand Projection Demand projection (UN) Capri point (105) plus New Source (+50) Figure 3. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .700 5.000 m3/day) will be adequate to meet the water demands of the city until around 2018.701 154.17 .145.294 140.Medium income .6 – Demand Projection and Plant Capacity. thereafter a new source will need to be developed.254 15.0% 123 Supply Requirement 1.816 21.Water Demand Projection .Mwanza Table 3. Mwanza The current capacity of the existing treatment plant fed by the intake at Capri Point (105.196 13.771 Share 60% 30% 10% Population 651.500 1.600 108.0% 15.060 35.500 60.000 325.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .1 Consumption* (lcd) 60 110 200 Water demand (m³/day) 39.957 10.2031 Total pop @ 2031 Customer category .Low income .High income + Kisesa 89 Commercial Institutional Industrial 10.Final Page 28 . The Capri Point Intake and Water Treatment Plant were designed to meet an average flow of 80. 1 Note that this report considers the 2011 population as 617. the works are not funded under Phase 1 and funding for Phase 2 is not yet identified. System Performance The data in this section is taken from MWAUWASA’s annual report for 2009/2010 and their EUWRA reporting database reports for January 2011.Mwanza 3.500 m3/day and peak flow of 105. A Non-Revenue Water pilot project was carried out in 2009 together with a number of other studies aimed at enhancing the performance of MWAUWASA and the water system.3. Responsibility for provision of water and sanitation services outside the formal network lies with the City Council.2.7001 inhabitants. However.5. Out of this reported population.Final Page 29 .369 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3. KfW and under Tanzania’s Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP). 90% coverage. 3. At the same time four new service reservoirs were constructed. Nyakato and Kisesa (Zone G).European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Each zone is headed by a major service reservoir to which water is re-pumped from the network.730 benefit from water services i. Designs for further expansion of the network are being prepared under a consultancy assignment as part of the WSDP. three distribution booster stations were expanded and improved. Water Supply Background The water and sewerage systems for Mwanza have experienced significant investment during the last decade with support from the European Union. The Water Supply Scheme is operated in Five Zones.5.e.8 and 3. and the principal distribution main network was reinforced. Institutional Structure Water and sewerage services within the Mwanza metropolitan area are provided by MWAUWASA.1. Makongoro West (Zone E-West).9 respectively. MWAUWASA is a semi-autonomous body reporting to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Dar es Salaam. Revenue collection rose to TSh 7 billion in 2009/10.5.7 and the service area boundary and extent of the current network on Figures 3.3% higher than the revenue collected in the previous year. 3. Mkuyuni (Zone F). namely Makongoro East (Zone EEast).000 m3/day.000 m3/day. 28. 674. MWAUWASA are currently implementing a NonRevenue Water reduction initiative.5. one of twenty urban water and sewerage authorities within Tanzania. The principal assets of MWAUWASA are shown on Figure 3. The Annual Report claims that Mwanza has a population of approximately 749. Improvements to the water supply system include expansion of the Capri Point intake on Lake Victoria and the construction of a modern direct filtration treatment plant designed to produce 105. and Central (Zone A). . + 44 (01372) 726140 European Figure .5 5 7.Principal MWAUWASA Asset Locations Investment Bank 0 1.Anaerobic pond at Ilmela wastewater treatment plant Igombe Intake m Ki b ila en ga Ny afu la Kitangiri Reservoir Pasiansi NyamanoroBooster PS NyamanoroBooster PS BwiruCoCrnerBooster PS KiloleliBooster PS Kitangiri MBA KIRU IsamiloBooster PS Isamilo Nyanshana BugandoBooster PS Capri PointMain PS Main PS MabatiniBooster PS Capri Point_Rd Chacula BarafuMain PS Mir Bugando ST o Capri Point Intake ngo Kabusungu Sem ba Kawekamo Reservoir Se mb a E IL M EL A NyegeziBooster PS Nyegezi_JWTZ Nyegezi LucheleleMain PS Capri Point reservoir and treatment works Nyegezi_SAUTI Ny a am e l el Malaya as Ny his hi PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Sept May 2011 2011 CLIENT Clean Water Treatment Plant Existing clean water distribution system Rivers Operational waste water service area (Feb 2011) Waste water stabilisation ponds Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel.25 2.5 10 Kilometers Kis Kanyelele ha S PA IAN SI Kisesa KisesaBooster PS Igoma . . Existing MWAUWASA Clean Existing Water Service Area Water Service Area European Investment Bank 0 1. + 44 (01372) 726140 Figure 3.5 3 6 9 12 Kilometers .MK WEST MK EAST Central NYAKATO MKUYUNI PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Sept 2011 6HSW 2011 CLIENT Treatment Plant PumpStation Reservoirs Water Meters Water_Kiosks Existing Pipes Clean Water Service Area Central zone Makongoro East zone Makongoro West zone Mkuyuni zone Nyakato zone Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel.8 Figure . . 1170 1170 .1255 1255 . + 44 (01372) 726140 1135 .1235 1235 .1155 1155 .1205 1205 .25 2.1190 5 Figure MWAUWASA Clean Water Distribution Network European Investment Bank 7.Pasiansi Ibungilo Kitangiri Kawekamo Isamilo Nyanshana Capri Point_Rd Bugando ST Kisesa Igoma Nyegezi_JWTZ Nyegezi Nyegezi_SAUTI PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Sept May 2011 201 CLIENT Treatment Plant Elevation Contours (m) PumpStation Reservoirs Existing Pipes 0 1.1280 1280 .5 10 Kilometers .1220 1220 .1330 1330+ Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel.5 1190 . . 176.956.730 (90%) 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .620 22.4 10.2% 90% 22.471.3 hrs Average Daily m3/day 58.851 10.791 7. of Connections Area 1 – Makongoro – Zone E Area 2 – Nyakato – Zone G Area 3 – Mkuyuni – Zone F Area 4 – Central – Zone A Area 5 – Kisesa – Zone H Total Connections with 24 hr supply Population (MWAUWASA figures) Population within Supply Area 11.410 1. The actual pumped figure is lower because of the frequent mains power outages and the Authority’s reluctance to use the installed standby generating capacity because of the fuel costs (consumption is approximately 250 l/h of diesel). and because MWAUWASA are able to meet the daily demand during the periods when there is power.667 19.600 11.18 .502 518 36.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .971 103.790 3.859.000 m3/day depending upon the selection of pumps used and the annual report figures.936 1.565. which indicate the average daily pumping rate is about 53.Performance Data from Annual Report 2009/10 m3/yr Quantity of water produced at the Capri source Quantity of treated water into supply per annum Quantity of water billed Quantity of water not billed Overall unaccounted for water – reported Overall unaccounted for water – actual Percentage of consumers with 24 hour supplies Average Hours of supply 21.324 There is a significant difference between the average production when pumping from Capri Point reported as 75-85.324.Final Page 33 . Data from MWAUWASA’s monthly report to Regulator EUWRA for Jan 2011 indicates: Table 3.700 674.Mwanza Table 3.000 m3/day. The average figure implies production (pumping) for an average of around 16 hours per day. % % No.19 .188 8.Data from MWAUWASA’s monthly report to Regulator EUWRA for Jan 2011 Per month Total Abstraction Input into Distribution Network Corrected Input (allow 5% plant losses) Estimated Demand Estimated Billable Water Length of Mains Storage Capacity No.089 3. 42.127 59.547 50.956. of leaks Repaired Estimated Technical (Physical) Water Losses Unaccounted for Water (UFW) m 3 3 Per day 63.631 232 34.148.6% 749.106.295 Service Hours 17 17 20 24 12 18.936 1.944 30.826 52.412 46.817 66 20 49 1.549 m m m3 3 m3 km m3 No.9%.127 63. . 2) Customer data shown is this figure was provided by MAUWASA GIS.PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Sept May 2011 CLIENT Clean Water Customer Connections Large Industrial Clean Water Connections Population footprint Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. It approximates the urban area around Mwanza. + 44 (01372) 726140 Figure . MWAUWASA Customers European Investment Bank Note: 1) The population footprint shown in this figure is based on high resolution aerial photography captured in 2005. . Feb 2011. . although greater care could be taken in protecting the pipes in trafficked areas. Space restrictions at the existing treatment plant mean that there is no scope for increasing capacity there and the shortage of land in the city centre generally suggests that the next source should be away from the centre either to the north or south of the city. It is thought unlikely that water quality issues would affect the choice of site at a strategic level although locally it may have an impact on intake siting.000+ therefore probably get water from unofficial connections.000 benefit from direct service connections (although many more may benefit from someone else’s connection). MWAUWASA needs therefore to be considering expanding its source capacity. Water Sources Lake Victoria is the sole source of water supply for municipal piped water in Mwanza City.Water and Sewage Tariff Structure Type of connection Blocks m3 Tariff Tsh/m3 Kiosks Domestic st 1 block N/A 300 ≤ 10 10 – 25 >25 N/A N/A N/A N/A 415 440 470 470 675 800 50% of water use 2 nd rd block 3 block Institutional Commercial Industrial Sewage 3. Chakula Barafu provides emergency water supply to the main hospital at Bugando and the centre of city whereas Luchelele is in the south near Nyegezi tank. Tariffs The current tariff structure has been in place since 31st July 2006 and is as follows.20 .1. kiosks/standpipes and informal sources.Mwanza MWAUWASA report that 4.3.000).European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . This problem is further aggravated in the high pressure supply areas. Lake water is pumped from an intake at the end of Capri Point peninsular to Capri Point Water Treatment Plant.152 new water customers were connected to the system in 2009/2010 to make a total of 31. No treatment is provided apart from disinfection. Some 400. The site also provides treated water storage for the gravity fed pipe network supplying the centre of the city. People in the peri-urban and rural areas tend to rely on shallow wells or streams. there is often little alternative to this arrangement.000 m3/day.000 are active accounts – which with an average occupancy of about 5 suggests that approximately 170. of these around 28. A third intake in the north beyond Igombe is not yet equipped with pumping plant.5. MWAUWASA’s network does extend into some of the informal areas where it comprises long snaking HDPE spaghetti type connections often laid on the surface where they are vulnerable to damage and exhibit high leakage. 3. a high specification treatment plant commissioned only around two years ago.4.5. The plant produces all the treated water put into distribution and is designed to meet a peak demand of 105.467 registered customer connections at the end of the reporting period (note – this has since risen to around 34. Based upon an assessment of the development patterns of the city and projected population and water demand figures the existing source will be adequate for the city until 2018.Final Page 35 . Table 3. Chakula Barafu and Luchelele are small intakes also drawing from the lake although they generally remain as the standby to be used when power outages affect the main plant. Apart from laying completely new networks in rock areas where burying pipes can be very impractical. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . The source will have to be Lake Victoria since there do not appear to be any other options with enough potential to become a major source for the city. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Lake Victoria at Capri Point 3.5.4.1. Other Sources The fringe areas of MWAUWASA’s supply area are semi-urban and even rural areas. MWAUWASA’s intention is to extend their piped supply to as many people as practical and economic to do so. The responsibility to supply those people beyond the reach of the pipe supply falls to the City Council and they have been undertaking a programme of constructing shallow wells and fitting them with hand-pumps. Details of the works undertaken and the number of people served are being sought from the Council’s Water Engineer. When the level of development in these area warrants, the city’s network should be expanded into serve these areas. 3.5.5. Quality and Treatment Water is pumped to the treatment plant via three raw water mains. The plant is a direct filtration plant, with the raw water being dosed with a coagulant and coagulant aid before entering a flocculation chamber and passing to rapid gravity filters. Water then flows to a contact tank and into treated water storage before gravitating into distribution, with some booster pumping within the system. The plant is located at the site of a simple disinfection facility which was used prior to this plant being constructed. The plant is relatively complex, apparently fully automated and its future successful operation will be dependent on proper maintenance and speedy replacement or repair of any failed equipment. In more detail the process comprises: Three raw water mains combined in a 900 mm manifold where calcium hypochlorite and alum are dosed, for pre-chlorination and coagulation. There is also provision for by-passing treatment, dosing only calcium hypochlorite; Water enters a flocculation chamber where a polymer coagulant aid is dosed. It then flows to the filter inlet channel; Flow passes through the rapid gravity filters and the filtered water is chlorinated using calcium hypochlorite. It then flows into the contact tank, and also the clean water backwash water tank. At the exit from the contact tank there is provision for dosing lime, but there are problems with the lime dosing system as noted below; Flow then passes to the new treated water storage tank and to distribution. There are two older tanks but these are not used effectively (see box below). Backwashing uses air and water, with dirty backwash water flowing to a tank from which supernatant is recycled, and sludge goes to lagoons for drying. There are four chemical dosing systems: 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 36 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza – Alum is dissolved in tanks and dosed using three diaphragm chemical dosing pumps. However only two were in position as one had been taken to replace a broken hypochlorite doing pump. The covers to the two dissolving tanks are mild steel, have badly corroded and have been removed. Polymer is dosed using three small progressive cavity pumps. There is a proprietary packaged plant for making up the polymer solution. Lime can in theory be dosed using three progressive cavity pumps. However we were told that in practice it was not possible to dose lime as the lime did not reach the dosing point. Carrier water is not used. However the lines can be flushed with water. It is not immediately clear what the problem is. It may be that the velocity in the lines is too low and lime settles out and blocks them. However, the pH of the treated water was 8.3 at the time of our visit and thus no lime dosing was needed. There could be more of an issue if the alum dose is raised at times of poor water quality as this will lower pH. Calcium hypochlorite is dissolved in two tanks and dosed using three diaphragm pumps. The on-line chlorine monitor has failed and chlorine dose is manually checked. Given the stable nature of the raw water this should not be an issue – but it may be seen as an indication of future problems associated with a high technology plant. – – – There does appear to be a problem with spares: At the time of a visit in 2010 there were no spare diaphragms or pumps on site, but it was said spares had been ordered, also some of the switches were damaged and had not been replaced. It is considered that it is only a matter of time before there are problems dosing alum or chlorine. At the time of the visit the turbidity of the raw water was recorded at 6.6 NTU, and the treated water was 0.32 NTU. The colour of the raw water is not monitored continuously but at our request a test was done on filtered water; this was reported as giving a value of 125 oH, an improbably high value. We were told that the quality of the raw water measured by turbidity varied over the range 5 to 30 NTU, with the high values after heavy rain or high wind causing currents. The process itself appeared generally appropriate. It may be that at times of poor water quality the solids load on the filters would mean frequent backwashing was required. This is not currently identified as an issue however, with washing done daily. It appears that the filters are operated at lower than design loadings, particularly at times of heavy rain which will lead to reduced demand, off-setting the impact of any deterioration in raw water quality. There is the possibility that the design throughput may not be achievable at times of poor water quality, but there is nothing yet to suggest this is an issue. MWAUWASA may wish to attempt a full flow test at a convenient time to ascertain any possible issues. Capri Point Treatment Plant – Filters 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 37 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza The drawings produced by the plant designers show a location for pre-treatment and provide a layout for this. It appears that some provision has been made for addition of future pretreatment in the pipework, but this was not reviewed in detail. As noted above the process appears appropriate but there are concerns over the suitability of such a high-tech plant in such a remote location and its maintenance requirements. In terms of quality the plant was producing water of very low turbidity. Data was seen for microbiological analyses of water sampled from the distribution network for December 2010 and January 2011. Of the 34 samples 24 had no coliforms present, eight had low levels of coliforms but no faecal coliforms, and two had faecal coliforms present. The quality data seen was very limited but it appears that, although there were some bacteriological failures, the quality of water in distribution was reasonable. MWAUWASA report that there are problems with the outlet flowmeters not reading accurately either due to excessive turbulence or air in the pipe. Again further investigation is required to ascertain the cause but unless it is resolved the meters will continue to give erroneous readings. It was also reported that the ‘old’ circular reservoir at Capri Point Treatment Works was not being fully utilised after the inlet pipes were disconnected during the works construction. The storage at the plant provides a vital buffer between the plant and the distribution system to counter demand fluctuations and therefore it is important that all of the storage available is available. MAUUWASA’s acting MD stated that the outlet arrangements had been modified to improve the operation of the tank (this is discussed further in the boxes below). 3.5.6. Pumping The water supply system for Mwanza is totally dependent upon pumping. The Capri Point intake on Lake Victoria pumps all of the city’s water to the high level treatment plant, from where it gravitates into the city and, where as necessary it is boosted onward to the service reservoirs. Currently there is considerable excess capacity at the intake with five large pumps and only one smaller trim pump; the single trim pump makes balancing supply and demand challenging particularly as the plant’s design means that the raw water storage at the plant is not used effectively. The largest water supply pumping requirement in Mwanza is at the raw water intake. The raw water inlets comprise two pipes running into the lake. The older, supplying the sump from which the older part of the station pumps was reported to be a 900 mm diameter pipe (nominal capacity of 2,300 m3/hr at a velocity of 1 m/sec); the newer was a 1,100 diameter pipe (nominal capacity of 3,420 m3/hr at a velocity of 1 m/sec). The end of the older pipe appeared to be around 40m into the lake, and the newer one around 80 m. Water quality appeared reasonable. The raw water passes to two inlet chambers, one serving each half of the station. At the chambers flow is fed via coarse hand raked screens to sumps. One sump serves each pump, although the chamber serving the old part of the station has a spare sump. The older half of the pump station contains two large (1,500 m3/hr) and one small (400 m3/hr) pumps and the newer half contains three large pumps (1,500 m3/hr). The floor of the new pump station is a little below ground level to cater for the situation if lake water levels drop. Table 3.21 - Details of Capri Point Intake Pumps Intake Pumps No of Pumps 1 2 3 Duty m /hr x m 3 Delivery Capri Point Treatment Plant Old New 400 x 85 1500 x 85 1500 x 85 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 38 and one of 350 mm. given both space limitations and possibly deteriorating raw water quality. If it were to fail then it would be necessary to start and stop a large pump. all ductile iron.Mwanza At the time of our visits one large and one small pump were working. which although relatively high is not an unreasonable velocity for the short and large mains. It is difficult to envisage any further expansion of the treatment works. or to provide a new pump of approximately 750 m3/hr. This could be because: The network on the suction side is undersized and large headlosses occur. Booster Stations The booster stations house large pumps. Normal procedure was stated to be to run two large pumps continuously and a small pump for 50% of the time. meaning very large step changes in flows. 3. There appears to be space in the older part of the pump station to install such a pump. This suggests that the raw water system should be adequate to deliver the stated water treatment works (WTW) capacity of 105.300 m3/day. and the impact of the pumps upon the rest of the network could be problematical. to reduce the spare part inventory needed. The small pump is used to fine tune the flow to the works.Final Page 39 . the hydraulic model of the network indicates that headlosses between Capri Point and the centre of the city (where the network splits into the three radial arms) should be 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . to increase operational flexibility.000 m3/day. It is reported that MWAUWASA are unable to run all of the booster stations simultaneously as suction pressures drop excessively. It would appear worthwhile to provide another pump either similar to the existing small pump. the capacity of the raw water mains would be 4. The current pumping availability is five large and one small pump. which is not good from a process point of view.765 m3/hr or 114. with a plinth already constructed. There are three rising mains to the works: two of 600 mm. However the vacuum priming system is located on the plinth and would need to be relocated.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . or The treatment plant is not producing sufficient water to maintain the suction pressures (or cannot respond quickly enough to the change in demand that occurs when the boosters are switched on). and the current capacity appears to align with treatment works capacity. however.6.5.1. This was because of power problems at a booster reducing demand. To better understand this problem would require more investigation and field testing. Capri Point New Intake Pumps One possible improvement would be to provide an additional small capacity pump. Assuming a velocity of 2 m/sec. All of the pumps at the intake experience serious pressure transient (surge) problems. Replace the existing check valves with nozzle type. The ‘old’ station’s vessel has a non-return valve with a bypass on its feed pipe but the vessel at the new station is a just a straight pipe with no hydraulic controls. The precise reason for the damaged non-return valves is unclear although it is clear that the surge protection devices installed are not preventing the generation of surge pressures.Final Page 40 .7. It was reported that the reflux (check valves) on the deliveries from the three new pumps have been damaged by water hammer. The short length of the rising main mean that reflected pressure waves take only one second to return and therefore valves need to react very quickly. The principal network of pipes then radiates from the city centre along the three major roads of the city. There is a third smaller (DN350) rising main complimenting the two larger mains and all three mains are cross connected outside the pumping stations.Details of Major Booster Stations Booster Mabatini Kanayabwiru Nyegezi No of Pumps 3 2 3 3 Duty m3/hr x m 680 x 140 850 x 160 690 x 85 670 x 89 Service Reservoir Nyanshana Kisesa/Igumo Kitangiri Kawekamo Nyegezi Surge Problems at the Intake MWAUWASA have experienced problems with pressure transients at Capri Point Pumping Station resulting in damage to the pump non-return valves. to Shinyanga. with individual DN600 rising mains both with surge protection air vessels. The two 600mm diameter rising mains both are fitted with 6 m3 pressure vessels. The valves originally installed were damaged during commissioning and replaced.Mwanza around 6 m which should not be a concern.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Recommendations Carry out a detailed transient analysis of the rising main. The original valves were of a form of rubber diaphragm valve. Table 3. The latest pump non-return valves are fitted with damped balance arms to prevent slamming but this may stop them shutting quickly enough to prevent damage to the pumps (their primary purpose). The valves currently installed are not the most suitable for surge protection – nozzle check valves are more effective and they must shut in less than 1 second if the pumps are to be protected. and Install a non-return valve and bypass on the air vessel in the new pumping station and check function of similar arrangement at the old pump station (it is old and may need replacing). old and new. Both vessels appear to have automatically controlled compressors to maintain the air volume but the operatives reported that they controlled the compressors manually. damped and weighted for slow closing. This has come about as a result of the staged development of the intake and treatment plant over the last 50 years or so. Musoma and the 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This suggests that the capacity of the main trunk mains is adequate if all are functioning properly. The pumping arrangements were upgraded by Degremont as part of a treatment plant expansion design and build contract. Within the documentation found there was no evidence of any surge analysis of the pumping system. The absence of the non return valve and bypass means that the air vessel will be less effective at damping the transient which will therefore continue to oscillate for longer.5. the old station’s vessel is positioned after the pumps whereas the new pumping station has the vessel before the pumps. Operations staff are disinclined to use the three new pumps because of this. The intake pumping station comprises two parts. The P&ID for the pump station shows a non-return valve and bypass on the new vessel but this has not been installed. the replacements are conventional angle check valves.22 . The hydraulic controls on the vessel for the old pumping station are the originals and need to be inspected for proper function. 3. Distribution Five pipes supply the distribution system from Capri Point Treatment Plant via the centre of the city. their function having been superseded by the new service reservoirs. From the main service reservoirs water gravitates around the city although expansion of the network has not kept pace with the city’s development. Operation of these boosters will therefore have a significant impact on the hydraulic regime of the main pipe network. Some smaller older tanks are still in use in parts of the network. A programme of over 150 km of new mains is currently under design.5. A detailed hydraulic model for the network was prepared by C Lotti in 2005 but it is not currently being used by MWAUWASA staff probably because they are unfamiliar with the software or hydraulic modelling techniques used. There are a number of small boosters and tanks located around the network. The individual booster pumps are relatively large. Kitangiri and Kawekamo. Nygezi and Kanyabwiru to the principal service reservoirs at Nyanshana.23. Kawekamo Reservoir 3. the largest pumping over 20. The service reservoirs are in generally good condition being only a few years old but some of the pipework inside the tank is poorly detailed with pipe thrusts not adequately catered for in the pipe design.7. Some of the instrumentation (battery / solar 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Storage Prior to the recent water expansion project funded by the EU the only reservoirs of significant size were the two at Capri Point. Unreliable mains power supplies also limit the system’s ability to deliver design flows. These tanks then command large areas of the city by gravity. Anecdotal evidence received from discussions with operatives raises concerns about whether the current system can be operated fully at peak flows. Although the city centre is fed by gravity from Capri Point a large proportion of supplies are pumped through the three main boosters at Mabatini. resulting in some improvised uncoated steel support brackets being used to restrain thrust across the flange adaptors.000 m3/day. booster stations lift water to service reservoirs situated in the hills above the city from where it gravitates to consumers.Final Page 41 . most of which are no longer in use. Nygezi. which is one fifth of the total supply. The networks have not been extended to meet the informal settlements situated above the service reservoirs and this needs to be a priority for future investments. At strategic points along each road. The EU project funded four new service reservoirs as indicated in the Table 3.1.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Other ‘small’ tanks were sited around the city but these offer little real storage. Investment and construction difficulties mean that the coverage of the secondary networks is quite limited and significant expansion will be necessary to increase the number of consumers.Mwanza Airport. Reported concerns suggest that not all of the booster station can be operated at the same time because of inadequate suction pressures when they all operate: this needs further investigation. 000 13. The new service reservoirs wisely all have space for duplicate tanks to allow for expansion if required.000 5.000 2.23 .000 Booster Intake / Plant Mabatini Kanayabwiru Kanayabwiru Nyegezi 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .000 5.Final Page 42 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Table 3.Major Service Reservoirs .Mwanza powered) is giving problems and one of the reading devices was reported as having gone to head office for repair.Mwanza Reservoir Capri Point Nyanshana Kitangiri Kawekamo Nyegezi Reservoir TWL approx 1206 1309 1259 1257 1253 Capacity m3 5.000 30. Note it would also measure the total output of the plant. The solution would appear to be to move the 600mm diameter outlet pipe to a more stable flow location probably from one of the two existing reservoirs and to review the hydraulics of the reservoir arrangement to try to ensure pipe full conditions in the 1000 mm diameter pipe without the loss of storage capacity. (Note the Ag MD reported that provision had been made to cross connect tank outlet mains which would enable the circular tank to be used). Although hydraulically the reservoir will respond as intended. Nyasaka and Bugando Area.Mwanza Capri Point Reservoirs and Flowmeters It was reported that the second service reservoir at Capri Point is not in proper use. Originally. It appears that when the new treatment plant was constructed it was decided not to provide a supply to the second reservoir but to allow the tank to ‘float’ on its outlet pipe. resulting in quality issues within the network.Final Page 43 . This not only restricts their capacity but also results in air entrainment which is affecting the performance of the electromagnetic flow meters. The original feed to the circular tank was from the old rising mains which are now disconnected. Unfortunately. Nyabungu. 3. The flow from the new contact tank under the filters is discharged either into the old rectangular reservoir or directly into the new DN600 outlet pipe via a small chamber. water supplies are needed in the Igombe area to the north of the airport. and Flow test all outlet pipes. the small chamber after the contact tank causes excessive turbulence in the pipes and because of the pipework arrangement adopted. MWAUWASA has identified six areas in this category: Capri Point. It would appear to be relatively straight forward to incorporate the storage available from the circular tank and so remodelling of the 600 mm diameter outlet pipework is needed to improve the operation of the outlet flowmeters. Unserved Areas MWAUWASA has reported that their most pressing problem is getting water to those properties constructed above the level of the service reservoirs (because extension of the network in the fast developing areas of the city are already covered by designs being prepared under WSDP). neither the DN1000 outlet to the rectangular reservoir nor the DN600 outlet pipe are guaranteed to be full. The area is rural in nature but the Council has plans to develop the area. Construct a dwarf wall within the rectangular tank to ensure pipe full conditions in the 1000 mm diameter main. Reintroduction of this reservoir could be achieved at the same time. This is the site of an existing MWAUWASA intake (yet to be equipped) and there are no plans to provided full treatment at this stage.2. Recommendations Re site the 600 mm diameter main from the small distribution chamber to one of the older tanks.5. Kitangiri.7. By not serving these areas MWAUWASA is losing out on revenue as well as subjecting residents of these areas to hardship.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . This will probably result in the contact tank being used to feed the two reservoirs (through the 1000 mm diameter pipe) with all of the outlets (5) then originating from the reservoirs. the water within the reservoir does not get circulated properly and could become stagnant. particularly in Bugarika and Kitangiri. Modify the inlet arrangement to the circular tank to allow flow from the rectangular tank. and some of the properties are low density high quality residences. A dwarf wall around the 1000mm diameter inlet within the rectangular tank would ensure that the 1000 mm diameter flowmeter remained full. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This raises concerns about the quality of the water in the circular tank which may become stagnant through a lack of circulation. The justification for this is unclear (or why MWAUWASA would agree to it). Some higher density (informal) areas are also included. These operational problems result from the designs which sited pipes at too high an elevation so when tank levels drop. the pipes are not full. it was reported that these areas were ‘informal’ unplanned areas but in reality some of the areas are formal and surveyed. In addition. Nyegezi. 1. MWAUWASA need to replace their aging stock of consumer meters and require replacement meters and a stock of new connections and spare parts and maybe a calibration rig. The radial nature of the distribution system makes identifying DMAs complex and often a number of meters are needed to capture all inflows/outflows to each area.24 .Mwanza 3. has been preparing detailed designs to extend the distribution network into new areas as shown on Figure 3. process losses at Capri Point Treatment Plant were included as Non-Revenue Water.9.944 Water Losses 7. There was also a high percentage of old or inaccurate consumer meters. It is normal to ignore such loses since it is not water available for sale.620 Consumption Unbilled Authorised Consumption Apparent Losses Real Losses 3. The DMAs chosen for pilot areas were Kirumba.022 Consumption 52.2. The study identified three pilot areas for detailed investigations. Operations and Maintenance High specification control equipment has been installed at all pumping and booster stations (and the treatment plant). in the absence of supporting data certain assumptions are made. Table 3. Nyakato industrial and Shinyanga Road mixed development.2%.Final Page 44 . An indicative water balance based upon average daily flows is given below. Don Consult Ltd is at the detailed design stage with draft designs. Although the figures varied between the DMAs the studies indicated that physical losses were between 30 – 40% of system input and commercial losses around 10%. only 26% of the 145 meters tested passed all tests and under-registration was a serious issue. NRW Reduction Programme A NRW assessment was undertaken in 2009 with the assistance of consultant Poyry.5. MWAUWASA needs to assess the value of retaining their own technicians in-house or perhaps outsourcing the maintenance to specialist locally represented companies. Kirumba was pre-dominantly residential.620 57. Don Consult. The plant is generally working well but the use of such equipment raises the issue of how it will be maintained. a consultant. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Focussed repair work reduced physical losses to around 10% of system input showing the significant improvement possible through a targeted approach.Water Balance for Mwanza – m3/day Billed Authorised 30. 3.569 11. Shinyanga Rd and Nyakato.11. There is already evidence of problems with maintaining the plant and some parts have already failed.324 42.922 Note: Assumes 10% of authorised consumption is unbilled and 40% of losses are ‘apparent’ 3. Non-Revenue Water In calculations prepared previously by MWAUWASA.2% Revenue Water 30. design reports and cost estimates and these were issued in December 2011. MWAUWASA should maintain a detailed database of repairs carried out to allow prioritisation of mains for replacement based on actual data.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .8.8.8. A mains replacement programme is also required to replace those mains with the worse leakage.402 NonRevenue Water 22. If treated water into supply is considered then the NRW for the year 2009/10 calculates as 42.353 18. Planned Developments Under Phase 1 of the Water Sector Development Programme of Tanzania.5. 3.5.5. The investigations uncovered a large number of leaks of which around 34% arose from leakage from the pipes themselves the rest came from fittings and previous (inadequate) repairs.8% System Input Volume (Treated Water) Authorised 34. Mains power would be required at the reservoirs/pump stations. Following discussion with the technical staff of MWAUWASA.10. 3.5.1. the flow restrictions at the outlet of the treatment plant and making better use of the available reservoir capacity at Capri Point. planning of the new source should start as soon as practical. Hydraulic capacity of the network. this needs to be sited in either the north or the south of the city to optimise on the existing pipeline capacity. Land availability.10. Kiosks should continue the current practice of being community managed. a new water source will be required before 2019. if space is not available then short duration pumped scheme using pumps sited at the reservoirs are proposed. treatment capacity or any reinforcement of the principal distribution network is proposed under that assignment. The indications are that the next source will also be Lake Victoria.Mwanza Proposed improvements are confined to extending the distribution system and were limited to 100 km of pipe by the consultants Terms of Reference (diameters were 300 to 100 mm). Future Development Needs Operational Issues Some operational problems limit operation of the water system and prevent the plant from working at full capacity. since no other obvious sources exist. Due to the relatively short time until demand matches supplies. 3.5. above the reservoirs) and therefore are unserved. Re-modelling the zoning within the distribution network is also a priority to reduce excessive supply pressures.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . No increase in source. Although MWAUWASA already supply some informal areas these are the areas that can be reached within the hydraulic constraints of the existing networks.e. Pumps could be selected to avoid overpressurisation of the networks and the duration of pumping will be based upon demand but is likely to be for a few hours per day. and 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .10. Water quality and process requirements. New Water Source In addition. However a large number of people live outside those constraints (i. Issues include the surge problems at the intake pumping station.5.2. Individual consumers and kiosks will be required to have storage thereby avoiding the need for a service reservoir/tank within the network. Ideally. These issues need to be addressed as a matter of priority before demand reaches a level at which full capacity is required. 3. The informal areas are not a priority for MWAUWASA for commercial reasons however they are an important part of society and should receive adequate water supplies. kiosks or possibly managed standposts. Space limitations at Capri Point require that a new location is found. the preferred solution to these high level informal areas is a small dedicated tank. Studies for the source will need to assess issues related to: Population and water demand.Final Page 45 . Schemes will allow for individual connections. . Development of Clean Water Proposals European Investment Bank 0 1. + 44 (01372) 726140 May Sept 2011 2011 CLIENT PumpStation Reservoirs Figure .5 3 6 9 12 Kilometers Note: the proposals shown in this figure are subject to confirmation from Don Consult Designs .PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Treatment Plant Existing Pipes New pipes proposed construction 2010 (MAUWASA) New pipes (in the MWAUWASA long term development plan) Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. . is large and a reasonably sized reservoir is proposed.e.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .5.4 2. The estimated total cost for the water system as designed is €20. as indicated in the Table 3. Nyasaka Nyegezi. reservoirs or water towers are proposed to provide local storage since all schemes will rely on pumped supplies. Kisesa Bugarika Total Estimated Cost MEUR 2. At Capri Point it is suggested that supplies are pumped on a restricted basis of around a few hours per day. The methodology and philosophy used to design the network extensions is unclear from the design documentation and is questioned by this study. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Because of this a thorough design review is recommended before construction of these designs proceeds. Nyasaka.Mwanza Economics of pumping. The works are now proposed for funding under this project as Phase 2 of the WSDP is not yet financed.1 2. Luchelele Nyakato.5. Because the areas are relatively small.10. An outline feasibility study is included in section 3. The proposals include new reservoirs and pumping stations but the ‘zoning’ justification for these is not explained and is therefore uncertain.Final Page 47 .11. valve replacement etc Ilemela.3. Storage will be provided for individual premises and kiosks.25 . It is anticipated that development of the city will occur to the north and south of the city. Table 3. In the event that funding for the full programme cannot be identified MWAUWASA have prioritised areas as given in Table 3.0 8. Igoma.0 million for some 100 km of new and replacement mains. since land for a reservoir will be particularly difficult and the area is hardly large enough to warrant such provision. Details of these were received and have been reviewed under this project following meetings with the design consultant. Kirumba.2 3. Nyamanoro. Mabatini. It is also important that the population and demand projections are reassessed as they adopted high growth rates of over 6% year on year.25. 3. MWAUWASA already has some plans to commence preliminary studies of their own and are awaiting Board approval of the budget. and The topography is more suited for siting service reservoirs and treatment works. The amount of pumping should be less.26.2 2. Buhongwa Mkonali. Igombe and Mhouze Areas Sited Above Reservoirs It is also proposed that new water networks should be constructed for the areas above the service reservoirs. However a second source in the south possibly at the existing Luchelele intake appears preferable because: High levels of development at present (around half the 2031 population) will live in the southern wards. Kitangiri. Expanded Distribution Network WSDP Network Designs MWAUWASA has commissioned detailed designs for extensions to the water distribution system under the WSDP.0 Note: Table covers ‘designed areas only and excludes ‘high’ areas and areas to the north of the airport i. Butimba.Water Network Expansion – Priority Areas Priority 1 1 2 3 4 5 Areas Included (part) Miscellaneous Items. One area.1 20. Final Page 48 .Mwanza MWAUWASA is also conscious of the need to expand the service area to take account of current development trends. or Connection to the municipal supply either by gravity from Kawekamo or Kitangiri or perhaps pumping direct from Kanayabwiru booster station together with a local supply reservoir (this assumes that the next source development occurs in the south rather than the north). Expansion of the existing Igombe intake with a treatment plant and reservoir. Properties sited above Kitangiri Reservoir 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . The area around Igombe to the north of the airport is earmarked for development and has no supply at present. east and south along the main communication links. This requires further study which can be incorporated with the investigations into the preferred site for the new source. The city is expanding to the north. ii. The two options appear to be: i.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 5 Nyabungu H 2. L 10.Mwanza Table 3.1 Bugarika H.000 600 Pumping Rate l/s (for hrs) 28 l/s (6 hrs) Tanks size Length of mains required km 5 Preliminary Cost Estimate €m 0.Final Page 49 .4 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .3 Capri Point L 500 70 7 l/s (3 hrs) 0 1 0.000 1.500 35 l/s (12 hrs) 150 10 1.000 3. L 5.0 Note: Design assumptions and cost estimates require confirmation 4. L 20.000 70 l/s (12 hrs) 28 l/s (3 hrs) 1500 20 1. M 25.000 70 l/s (12 hrs) 150 10 1.000 300 150 2 0.Water Supply Summary – Mwanza Unserved Area To be Supplied From Storage Needed Housing Densities Estimated Population 2031 Estimated Demand 2031 m3/day Kitangiri Pumping from Kitangiri Res (1259 TWL) Pumping from Mabatini rising main (300mm) Pumping from Nyanshana Pumping from Capri Point Treatment Plant (1205 TWL) Pumping from Bugando Res (1245 TWL) or direct pumping from Mabatini PS Pumping from Nyegezi Tank or Nyanza Glass Quarters Tank (1254 TWL) Yes – small tank / water tower Yes – New Reservoir need on highest ground Yes – small tank / water tower No – short duration pumping to onsite storage Yes – Water Tower (possible site already secured) H.000 3. M.0 Nyegezi Yes – Water Tower M.5 m3 150 Nyasaka M.26 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . . 1205 1205 .1235 1235 .1190 1190 . .5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers Note: The population footprint shown in this figure is based on high resolution aerial photography captured in 2005.1220 1220 .1155 1155 .1170 1170 .Igombe 3D view of Areas above Resources for Development Ibungilo Pasiansi Kawekamo E Kitangiri 1) Kitangiri 2) Nyasaka 3) Nyakabungu Isamilo Nyanshana 4) Capri Point Kisesa Capri Point_Rd 5) Bugarika Bugando ST Igoma Nyegezi_JWTZ Nyegezi 6) Nyegezi Nyegezi_SAUTI PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling Sept MD\ up the Lake Victoria Water 2011 2011 and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE CLIENT PumpStation Reservoirs Existing Pipes Areas Above Resources for Development Mwanza Population Footprint Elevation Contours (m) 1135 . + 44 (01372) 726140 Figure Informal Supply Areas European Investment Bank 0 0. It approximates the urban area around Mwanza.1330 1330+ Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel.1255 1255 .1280 1280 . . 3.840 33. The distribution network radiates from the CBD along the city’s principal roads. Note the population includes Kisesa. is sited directly above the CBD. conveniently.27.935 22.5.000 m3/day to be built in two phases of 50.5.128 79.768 m3/day so to meet this demand the existing source will need supplementing by an additional 50.000 m3/day and the plant may not be able to operate at peak flow for long periods.999 25% Pop Totals by Area Pop Totals by Area % 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .803 8.5.080 60.Mwanza 3. Therefore it is suggested that the Authority considers a second intake and treatment plant of ultimate capacity 100. There is little scope for expanding water facilities near the centre of Mwanza due to land constraints and decreasing lake water quality close to the town. so the new source would best be sited in a suitable location either in the north beyond the airport or in the south around Nyegezi away from the densest development.732 33% 291. New Water Source Background MWAUWASA are almost totally dependent upon the existing water source at Capri Point for water supplies to the city. south or central (inc.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . New Source Location The city is growing quickly and expanding in all directions. Musoma and Airport Roads but now extensive infilling is occurring presenting MWAUWASA with an increasing number of problems to serve all the new areas.11. The theoretical capacity of the plant at peak flow is 105. to plan a plant for precisely this flow would be short-sighted as the longer term demands of the city also need to be considered. However.11.555 373. listed in Table 3.2. The demand for water in 2031 is projected to be 154.562 67. Table 3.290 68. Development has historically occurred along to the three main transportation corridors of the Shinyanga. which is considered adequate to meet the city’s demand for water until 2018.5.000 m3/day.993 63. were assigned to north.27 .150 39.906 9.000 m3/day.1.460 41.000 m3/day each.Final Page 51 . 3. The plant would then supply its immediate environs whilst Capri Point will continue to serve the city centre and the opposite side of the city to the new source. It should be noted that the design capacity of the plant is 85. east) categories as follows.044 38. Capri Point. 3.396 60.11. Population To ascertain where the population growth will be highest the city’s wards.11.3.588 30.Estimated population growth by ward Wards Buswelu Nyamagana Mirongo Central Mbugani Pamba Nyakato Kisesa Sangabuye Bugogwa Ilemela North Pasiansi Kirumba Kitangiri Nyamanaro Isamilo Projected 2031 Population 41. The construction of Phase 2 can be timed to meet the actual rise in demand. 11. Neither issue is expected to have a significant impact upon the proposed works but need to be kept in mind during the final site selection process.675 49.5. 3.869 42% Pop Totals by Area Pop Totals by Area % From this data the largest proportion of the population will be living in the south in 2031 42%. Water Quality Another factor to consider in locating the new source is water quality.093 68. It is considered likely that these development trends will continue for the foreseeable future.Mwanza Wards South Igogo Mkuyuni Butimba Nyakato Igoma Buhongwa Mkolani Total Projected 2031 Population 45.600 100% 479.4. The distribution of demand in 2031 is projected to be: Table 3. This makes sense economically but also means that should Capri Point be unable 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 52 . Two additional factors to be considered when finally selecting the intake site are: The possible location of waste stabilisation effluent treatment ponds on University land in the south. A particular additional advantage of a new source in the south is that the land elevations are generally higher allowing the possibility that water could. commercial.396 140. institutional and industrial occur in the central area.Estimated 2031 water demand by city area Area North Central South Total 2031 Water Demand m3/day 54.009 154.5. The situation becomes more balanced but still with the large proportion in the south. MWAUWASA plan to undertake a lake water sampling programme to determine if there is an appreciable difference in water quality at the possible intake locations but since treatment is proposed this is unlikely to prove a decisive factor in site selection.053 57.11.145.600 1. The impact of any leachates from the solid waste dumpsite getting into the lake.768 Proportion 35% 28% 37% Positioning the new source in the area of highest demand (the south) is likely to prove more cost effective in the longer term since the pumping requirements are likely to be less. gravitate back towards the town centre without additional pumping. 3.145.28 .294 1.602 44.5.530 111.11.706 43.6.280 20. Site Selection It follows that the best location for the new source from demand considerations. if required. 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . A new source in the south will draw water from the Gulf of Mwanza and this may result in a slight deterioration in water quality compared to the more open lake water to the north of the city.5. would be somewhere in the southern area of the city. Demand When the demand for water is considered the picture changes slightly as the majority of the ‘other’ demands. The land is unoccupied and belongs to the fisheries department and the prisons service.Location of proposed new intake and treatment works – Option 1 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . There are two possible locations for the intake within this option and a number of potential sites for the treatment plant as shown in Figure 3. whereas flows to the city centre from a northern plant would likely require re-pumping. or possibly by pumping from Kanyabwiru pump station to a localised reservoir but as yet there is no great demand to warrant a large investment in infrastructure. MWAUWASA could still deliver water to all parts of the city from its southern source providing a valuable operational safeguard.11. So in the immediate future MWAUASA could consider equipping the Igombe intake and feeding a small service reservoir with untreated (but disinfected) water. The recommendation needs to be revisited following the completion of MWAUWASA water quality sampling programme. The preferred option (1) is sited on land just north of the existing Luchelele intake.7. 3.5. Therefore under the proposed Phase 1 development Capri Point would feed the northern and central areas and some of the southern area.13 . 3. Ultimately the area can be fed by gravity from either Kawekamo or Kitangiri tank. Igombe Source The area of the city north of the airport is earmarked for formalising by the council and is expected to develop in the next 5 . Figure 3. Site Options Two alternative sites have been identified for a new intake and treatment plant to the south of the city both in the general location of Luchelele. MWAUWASA already have an intake in the area but it is yet to be equipped. the lake water quality is marginal on whether treatment is required so for the nature of the likely development in this areas disinfected only water should be acceptable. Under Phase 2 supplies from the south would reach further north towards into the city centre.Mwanza to supply water for any reason. The preferred location in the south is in the Luchelele area due to the convenient access to the lake shore and apparent availability of suitable land for the treatment plant.8. The new source would supplement supplies in the south.13.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Final Page 53 . Generally.11. It is also likely that supplies to the north will require less pumping from Capri Point because the ground levels are generally lower than the southern area.5. Siting the reservoir is more challenging as it needs to be near the hill top to attain the right elevation and gravity outlet. The decision on which is selected will probably ultimately depend on the ease of land acquisition.10 years. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . as with other locations around the lake. Water Treatment Although the proposed position of the new intake is to the south of the city and further down the Gulf of Mwanza.5. If this can be achieved then. The pipe diameter has been selected to minimise losses upstream of the inlet sump. Again.000 m3/day.11.Final Page 54 . there is no evidence or real concern that the water quality will be noticeably inferior.14 .0 ha will be required for the ultimate plant capacity of 100. as it is at Capri Point. alternatives exist for the intake and treatment plan but the challenge will be siting the service reservoir. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Storage should be provided at the treatment plant in the form of a clear water tank to provide contact time for the disinfectant. Scheme Preliminary Design Intake The design of the intake will follow the precedent set with the new works at Capri Point with a 1200 mm diameter abstraction pipe laid offshore coming to an intake sump with penstocks and fine screens. As with any lake intake site. Figure 3. Supernatant could possibly be recycled to the inlet of the works. An area of 2. Like Capri Point it is recommended that space is provided for the possible inclusion of a clarification stage in case the water quality deteriorates in the future.Mwanza The second possibility (option 2) is further south with the treatment plant and reservoir located on land owned by the University. Provision must be made for the treatment of the filter backwash water with sludge settling tanks and drying beds. This will avoid the possible build up of algae and reduce the likelihood of silt caused by turbulence at the shoreline.9. the need for treatment is marginal and direct filtration without clarification should be adequate. although MWAUWASA may wish to take a longer term view and secure enough space now for a larger capacity.000m3 at Phase 1.Location of proposed new intake and treatment works – Option 2 3. the intake pipeline will need to extend far enough from the shore to ensure a good flow of water around the intake. this should be a minimum of 30 minutes storage or 2.5-3. Pumps will either be in a dry well or have a vertical spindle to a motor floor above. The pumps will lift flow to the inlet works at the new treatment plant through a DN700 rising main. 0 6 km 700 mm diameter 10 km 800 mm diameter say Total 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .29 .0 12.000 m3 in Phase 1. 3. because of the number of pipes already laid along the Shinyanga road the necessary investment in new distribution mains will be limited.10. at an elevation of around 1205 – 1210m to allow gravity flow to the city centre. however. Distribution Water should be able to gravitate to many areas from the new service reservoir. i. Outline Costing The preliminary cost estimate for the main scheme components of Phase 1 is: Table 3. Existing distribution mains along the Shinyanga road can be used to take flow in the reverse direction back towards the city centre providing they are in good condition.e.5.000 m 3 3 Cost Estimate € million 1.0 8.Final Page 55 .000 m /day 10.11.0 34. The site for the reservoir and the route of the outlet main must be carefully selected to ensure that gravity flow can be maintained to the city. Ideally the tank should hold around 4 hours of storage at 10.000 m3/day Output 50.0 3.Mwanza Pumping / Transmission From the treatment plant water should be pumped through an appropriately sized transmission main (Phase 1 –700 mm diameter) to a main service reservoir sited to command the distribution area. Storage The elevation of the main service reservoir should be similar to the tanks at Capri Point.Preliminary Cost Estimate for Mwanza New Source – Phase 1 Item Intake Treatment Plant Service Reservoirs Transmission Distribution Description Capacity 55. To determine the full extent of the distribution improvements a computer model simulation will be required.0 10. Higher areas will still need to be fed from Nyegezi which can still be filled from Nyegezi Booster Station. many over 10 years old.30 .2 0. a large stock is required to enable a sensible meter replacement policy to be adopted.Possible Interventions in Mwanza – Water Supply Item Operational problems Surge problems at Capri Point Pump Station Surge pressures are not being prevented by the surge suppression equipment and are damaging the pumping plant . Capri Point.5.Mwanza 3.2 Capital Projects Expand distribution network Develop and new water source to the south of Mwanza Supplies to settlements located above the service reservoirs . Summary of Interventions The following table summarises the possible interventions to improve the water supply situation in Mwanza. Kitangiri.six areas under consideration.1 0.0 4. replacement valves.4 Page 56 .0 34.2 0.needs full investigation and analysis – will require replacement plant at pump station Problems believed to arise over air entrapment within the pipe or turbulent flow conditions – needs further investigation to ascertain solution Need to fully utilise the available storage at Capri Point – needs further investigation to ascertain cause of problem. Table 3.12. fittings. etc Supply of consumer meters 0. Ultimate capacity 100 Mld Need to construct local pumped schemes possibly direct pumping not requiring central storage including managed kiosks/shops and individual connections all providing their own storage 20. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Could be due to the fact that the reservoirs are not filled Will need some rearrangement of the ‘old’ pumping station.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 60% between 5 and 10 years 0. There is a ‘spare’ plinth but the priming system will need to be moved to accommodate a new pump Remarks Estimated Cost € million 0. pipes.5 0. Unclear whether this is operational or due to inadequate capacity – requires some modelling of the distribution network – base model exists Unclear of the cause of this reported problem – but it is an unnecessary handicap to the efficient operation of the network – requires further investigation.1 0. Nyabungu.Final Funding for Don Consult designed extensions to the network including design review of hydraulics Outline Feasibility undertaken under this study – full study required to confirm proposals.1 MWAUWASA have inadequate stocks of materials and the stores need to be stocked if maintenance issue to be addressed MWAUWASA’s stock of consumer meters is old. Nyegezi.2 Flowmeters at Capri Point not registering accurate flows Remodel outlet pipework to use existing circular tank at Capri Point Inadequate suction problems at some booster stations Air locks were reported to be a problem in parts of the network – Nyanshana Tank reported as having to operate air valves in order to supply ‘high’ areas Provide a second small pump at the intake to allow better balancing between intake flow and system demand Maintenance Supply of materials. Mwanza Item Nyasaka and Bugando Area Supplies to Igombe Capacity Need Waste Control Unit MWAUWASA need expertise. Help with implementing NRW strategy and establishing DMAs etc New offices being constructed from own revenues – scheduled for 1 year from September 2010 1.0 TOTAL COST (MEUR) Note: Prices are indicative. GIS database records.5 Gravity / pumped from Kawekamo / Kitangiri tank 3. they include engineering.5 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . etc and technical assistance to establish an effective WCU. identify sites. treatment process and distribution 2 years programme of TA 0. supervision and contingencies ex. equipment.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . waste control DMAs etc 0.Final Page 57 . water quality.5 1.0 Remarks Estimated Cost € million MWAUWASA need better offices and facilities Technical Assistance Feasibility Study for new source for Mwanza Assistant with Set-up of WCU including undertaking network modelling. 66.5 Lake Victoria source. VAT. Sewage from the Central Pumping Station (CPS) is transferred via a 400 mm diameter ductile iron rising main and 750 mm diameter concrete sewer pipe which gravitates to the 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . The recently completed sewerage contract included for the construction of new sewers in the Kirumba area to the north-west of the centre and in Mwanza south covering parts of Igogo. The existing treatment plant at Ilemela was also expanded and rehabilitated.000 people) of the city water supplied area.500 m3 per day. The sewer network consists of uPVC. The system covers approximately 8% (35. The contract reportedly included for house connections but there have been problems getting people to connect as individuals are responsible for the cost of works within their own boundary. Some fish processing industries discharge residues and waste into the lake. it would be advisable to include for specialist industrial wastewater process support to the industries to try and identify ‘benefits’ to the owners as encouragement for them to undertake improvements. The pumps are rated at capacity of 85 l/s at a head of 80 m. hence oil and grease are washed off into the lake especially during heavy rains.Mwanza 3.1. Flows drain by gravity to a Central Pump Station for boosting to Ilemela WWTP to the north.6. It was reported that many industries are not connected to the sewerage system. The industrial effluent generation in Mwanza is estimated to be about 6. The pump station has three dry vertically installed KSB pumps (dry well installation).2. Existing Sewer Network The network serving the central area of Mwanza was constructed between 1969 and 1972. concrete and steel pipes (pipes of 150 to 750 mm diameter). with industries compelled to pre-treat and discharge their effluent into the sewerage network. It serves only the central business district and immediate surrounding areas.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Both these new areas drain to new pump stations which pump into the existing network and drain to Central Pump Station. Most garages lack oil and grease traps. Some industries have apparently installed small pre-treatment units.2.3 km originally constructed and the rest added by the water and sewerage company).6. however.6. The existing pumping plant is reported to have been installed in 2002. An additional extension to the sewer network including design of a new treatment plant at Igoma has just been designed under a separate WSDP contract. The number of sewerage connections is reported to be approximately 2. 3. At the pumping station. Some industrial discharges are outside the limits for discharge into the sewers. 3.treated wastewater directly into the lake. At the time of visit two pumps (duty and standby) were reported to be in good working condition. It is reported to have a total length of about 30. although funding was not identified for implementation. Sewer Network The existing sewer network prior to the current expansions served principally the central business area of Mwanza.1.6. All sewage flows are by gravity to the pumping station in the city centre (Central Pumping Station). The control of industrial discharges calls for proper regulation and enforcement of environmental protection legislation. These are reported to be of limited impact and the closeness of the industries to the lakeshore leads to discharges of raw or semi. One pump had been disconnected for repairs. the flow passes through coarse and fine screens and two constant velocity grit removal channels before passing through a flume into the pump wet wells. 3. and was rehabilitated in 2001. investing in constructing both sewage treatment works and extensions to the sewer network.4 km (27. Wastewater Introduction Mwanza is in the process of expanding its sewerage system.000. Additional extensions to the existing sewer network and a new eastern sewage treatment plant are planned for the Igoma area under the WSDP.Final Page 58 . Final Page 59 .000 house connections.A. c.2. Kitangiri. These works had not yet started. The construction works had started by the time of the visit. contradicts observations on site. The project is estimated to increase the Mwanza sewerage system coverage to 15%.500-2. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .P. Construction of the Transmission Main from Mwanza South Pumping Station.Mwanza Ilemela sewage treatment plant located some 5 km north of the city centre. and d. According to the final design report for Mwanza sewerage.9 km of collectors. Construction of Sewer network in the northern scheme: a. It was reported that only 700 house connections had been made in this area. The contract was scheduled to be completed in July 2011. Mwaloni and Nyamanoro. Construction of a Transmission Main from Kirumba Pumping Station to an existing manhole near the central pumping station.3 km of collectors. Construction of approximately 24. This. The treated effluent is drained to Lake Victoria.2 l/s (3. This too had been completed. interceptors.800 m3/day Dry Weather Flow (DWF). however.6. ii. The pumping station had been constructed and plant installed. The contract was originally scheduled to be completed in January 2011 but was delayed for about 8 months due to funding problems. The areas being served by the northern scheme network include. c. The construction works started in January 2010 and at the time of the site data collection exercise (mid 2011) the works were in progress. The pumps run for about 9 – 10 hours per day. Sewage will be collected from all the above areas via gravity flow and pumped to the existing Central Pumping Station. The flow figure quoted above was derived by Poyry and confirmed through discussions with the Sewerage Engineer (MWAUWASA). However the system had not yet been commissioned. Works Being Implemented Under the Ongoing Sewerage Contract The design study for the works under the sewerage contract was conducted under the project titled “Mwanza Water Supply Project Phase II Sewerage” by Poyry / C Lotti & Associati / Inter-Consult Joint Venture. There is no flow measuring device at the pumping station hence it is difficult to determine the flow into the pumping station. The works are being supervised by C Lotti & Associati S. Construction of approximately 1. The construction work for the sewer network and the manholes had been completed. Anecdotal information revealed that more house connections were to be constructed.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and d. b. and branch lines 200 to 300 mm diameter PVC pipes and 101 circular prefabricated manholes. Construction of Mwanza South Pumping Station opposite Mwanza South Railway station along Shinyanga Road. Construction of Sewer network system southern scheme: a. Construction of approximately 300 house connections. Construction of approximately 4. The main components of the works being undertaken are as follows: i. the measured capacity of one pump (at CPS) is 41. The final design report for the works was submitted in August 2007.560 m3/day) at 70 m head. Kirumba. prepared by Poyry. interceptors. 3. It was reported that the daily flow into the pumping station is 2. The pump station had been constructed and the pumping equipment installed. b. 5 – 2008/2009). and branch lines of 200 to 300 mm diameter uPVC sewers and approximately 880 circular prefabricated manholes.2. This too had been done. Construction of Kirumba Pumping Station along Kirumba Road near Mwaloni area. in association with Poyry Environment Gmbh (Tender No. The contractor for the works is a Joint Venture of Jos Hansen & Soehne GmbH/JR International Bau GmbH. The main area to be served lies directly to the east of the treatment plant. 3. including drawings. the effluent from the fish processing industries south of the CBD does not meet the quality standards required for discharge into the main sewer.000 house connections. and others are still under consideration. The design does not include house connections. LS1.600 house connections will be constructed. Lumala. One major observation during the data collection exercise was that no overflow ponds had been allowed at the pumping stations. Ngudu. but this needs to be checked on the drawings.3. only 1.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . from where it is pumped back to Ilemela WWTP. Planned Developments There are planned developments of the sewer network.6. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . and b. The LS1 pump station also collects flows from most of Ilemela and the Kiseke area. Kiseke and Pasiansi areas of the town. Some of these are designed and have draft contract documents prepared. Proposed and existing wastewater assets are shown in Figure 3. extending into the Isenga hills. One area proposed to be sewered runs south east along the route of the Pasiansi River.6. The design study is being conducted by Don Consult Ltd (Tanzania) in joint venture with CEC Engineering Centre (Amman – Jordan). However during the data collection exercise. 3. A preliminary design report to this effect was submitted in September 2010.Final Page 60 . Network Extensions . As a consequence effluent is discharged into Lake Victoria. as reported. iv. but design calculations and flow calculations have not been seen.3. Rehabilitation of the existing screens. Most of this area appears to discharge into the existing 600mm sewer immediately upstream of the Ilemela WWTP.Mwanza The areas being served by the southern scheme network include Igogo and the industries in the area. Sengerema and Geita Townships’. The design includes two lift stations to pump flows to the existing works. Overflow channels had been constructed to direct sewage into the lake in the event of system failure. Misungwi. Nansio. A consultant (Don Consult/CEC) has been engaged to map the planned expansion of Mwanza sewerage under the project dubbed ‘Water Supply & Sewerage in Mwanza and Improvement of Water Supply in Magu. The rest of this area drains towards the airport road in the vicinity of the WWTP. Sewage will be collected from the above areas via gravity flow and pumped to the existing Central Pumping Station. Modification and expansion of the wastewater stabilization ponds at Ilemela. iii.1. Rehabilitation works at the Central Pumping Station. Atkins has been supplied with the draft contract documents. but flows north along the airport road to a new pump station. Replacement of two or three pumps of similar capacity as the existing depending on the availability of funds. for the proposed extensions. v. It should also be noted that.North of Town The consultant Don Consult has designed 54 km of new sewers and extensions to the Mwanza Sewer network in the Ilemela. This is a totally unacceptable outcome and MWAUWASA are urged to engage the industries concerned together with NEMC to find an acceptable solution to this problem and to ensure that these discharges cease as soon as practicably possible.15. Again it was reported during the data collection exercise that the works to be undertaken at the pumping station will comprise: a. it was revealed that due to financial constraints. although a small part of the area to be sewered lies in Ilemela between the airport road and the Lake. The areas proposed to be served lie to the north and east of the city centre mainly to the east of the road to the airport. Construction of approximately 5. located approximately 1 km north of the WWTP. The need for extending the sewerage system to these areas was confirmed through visits to the affected areas. iii. Construction of a sewage treatment plant at Igoma. Igoma (east) ii. Isegenke and part of the industrial area. St Augustine (south) iv. A sewage river had formed out of this practice and raw sewage was being used for irrigation by small scale holders. located approximately 1km west of the airport terminal. Igoma and Kisesa will drain to the proposed treatment works by gravity.900 m3/day. Sewage will be pumped to the proposed treatment works at St. The proposed site for this plant was visited during the site data collection and study exercise.6. Odour and smell nuisance was evident. This pump station will drain the main developments along the Musoma road including Buzuruga. Serengeti Breweries and areas such as Busuwelu. v. Nyakato. At the time of the visit.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The draft contract documents include details of pump stations LS1 and LS2. However the plant collapsed due to lack of maintenance. part of which can drain to the Central Pumping Station by gravity. Construction of sewer network in Mabatini area. No major developments had taken place in the area and the land is fairly flat making it suitable for development of waste stabilization ponds. Construction of a pump station at Buzuruga. Mecco. It should be noted that this appears to be way above the design capacity of Ilemela treatment plant. Although supporting calculations have not been seen it appears from the sewer sizes that the works proposed allow for future extension eastwards at a later date.2. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This is discussed below.960 m3/day. Following discussions with MWAUWASA it was noted that plans are in place to extend the sewer network further based on 3 main drainage basins. Sewage will be pumped to the proposed sewage treatment plant at Igoma. Preliminary studies and designs need to be undertaken as a matter of urgency to determine the size of land required for construction of treatment works (future year) to enable acquisition of adequate land. This will also involve development of the sewer network to serve the above areas. Augustine’s University. It was observed that land is available for the development. Construction of a pump station at Nyegezi – Luchelele. with two duty pumps of 950 m3/day. Other Planned Extensions The design study also proposes the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant (waste stabilization ponds system) at Igoma. MWAUWASA stated that the university was willing to part with the piece of land for the development. This pump station pumps to a gravity sewer draining to pump station LS1. 3. the sewer conveying flow to the works was overflowing. The capacity of pump station LS1 is 12. The proposed site for this plant was visited. There used to be a treatment plant owned by Mwanza Textile (MWATEX) and serving the industries in the vicinity. with three duty pumps of 4.3. The land belongs to the university. about 300m from the Lake. The development will also entail construction of the sewer network to serve these areas. discharging raw sewage into the environment without pre-treatment. The capacity of pump station LS2 is 1. The place is sparsely inhabited and fairly flat hence suitable for development of waste stabilization ponds.Mwanza The northernmost part of Ilemela is shown as draining to pump station LS2. It was stated that negotiations were underway to acquire the land. This pump station will serve Nyegezi and Mukorani.320 m3/day. Industries such as Coca-Cola. Augustine’s University. The complete list of proposed interventions is as follows: Ilemela (north) i. Construction of a sewage treatment plant at St.Final Page 61 . . MWAUWASA proposed and existing wastewater assets Phase 1 (proposed completion 2015) European Investment Bank Phase 2 (proposed completion 2025) 0 0. not operational) Phase 1 (house connections under construction) Existing Pump Stations (Feb 2011) Rivers Existing Sewers Waste stabilisation ponds Proposed new assets Proposed new sewers Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND Figure .5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140 . PS 32 Pump Staion PS 11 WWTP Ny am ale le PROJECT TITLE DATE FIGURE CREATED LEGEND Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE Sept May 2011 2011 CLIENT Waste water service area status (Feb 2011) Existing Phase 1 (construction complete.Se Se mb a m ba Pump Staion ILE M E LA WWTP Pump Station PS2 S PA IA N SI KIR UM Pump Staion PS3 Pump Staion PS1 BA Pump Staion PS12 WWTP (Alternative 2) Pump Staion PS1 k ur Nya undu ma Ma Pump Staion PS2 Pump Staion PS31 Pump Staion PS22 lay a WWTP Mir on g o Pump Staion PS21. . European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . If two pumps were to be operated the peak flow would be approximately 180 l/s. Ilemela Ponds – air bubble under membrane (in foreground) Based on the flows measured at the inlet works. The outflow from the three anaerobic ponds is combined and flows to a flow splitting arrangement which divides flow to four facultative ponds. with a 200 mm throat. flow currently varies between less than 10 l/s when there is no pumped flow to around 120 l/s when the pumped flow is arriving at the works. This is currently being re-constructed under the on-going sewerage construction contract.75 m. The ponds are lined with a plastic liner which apparently covers the entire pond and is run up the sides onto the banks between the ponds. which would flood the flume at the works inlet which was only designed for 137 l/s. In one of the facultative ponds the liner had risen to the surface in two positions. At the time of the visit only one pump was being used. this flow is not inconsistent with a duty point of 85 l/s for two pumps operating.3 of the Final Design Report Mwanza Water Supply Project Phase II – Sewerage. The depth of the anaerobic ponds was said to be 3 m. operated in series. and a hand raked screen. with the supernatant taken to the lagoons and the sludge to drying beds. Construction work on the site was completed in mid 2011. This is presumably because of gas production below the liner.750 m3/day and comprises: A simple inlet works with a flow measurement flume.Final Page 63 . Rising membranes are unacceptable and this should be permanently addressed (some valves have been added to allow the worst bubbles to be bled). There is also a small 300 mm diameter overflow/by-pass pipe to a river channel (and hence to the lake). The problem appears to be that 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . at Ilemela.6. Flow from all four of these ponds flows to the first of six maturation ponds.4. the design report says 3. Sewage Treatment There is currently one significant municipal sewage treatment works. located to the north of Mwanza near to the airport (adjacent to more waste stabilisation ponds owned by the brewery). It is common to provide some form of venting system to allow gas forming under the liner to escape.Mwanza 3. but this does not appear to have been the case here. A channel conveying flow to three anaerobic lagoons operated in parallel. Although the pump curves for the installed pumps were not seen. The process is essentially as described in Section 4. suggesting a pumped flow of approximately 110 l/s. There are also reception/settling tanks for septic and cess wastes. This differs from the Design Report which envisaged a layer of clay to line the ponds. with flow diverted to each. It is designed to increase the capacity of the works to 5. with flow discharging from the final pond to the Lake. The old (existing) inlet screen and flume at Ilemela has been abandoned in order to provide more head for flow to the new anaerobic ponds. Flows will be higher during the rainy season than those seen.500 m3/day plant was constructed at Igoma.900 to 4.4. Pump running hours are recorded at the pump station. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . The rehabilitated Ilemela plant has 26 sludge new drying beds – resulting from a design decision that drying beds should have capacity for one year’s sludge – this is seemingly an excessive number. compared to current wastewater treatment capacity of 5.1. This is true even if it took some years for flows to develop as the existing sewer network appears to be such that the capacity of the works will be reached. to construct a new treatment plant. The hydraulics of the whole works should be checked to ensure the works can handle higher flows. less than half of the actual flow. More treatment capacity is required as the ponds which could be at capacity within two or three years. principally by increasing throat width to around 300 mm and increasing the depth of the flume.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .960 m3/day.500 m3/day. Whilst no flow projections have been seen.000 fee for connection to the sewerage network but the householder is responsible for providing and installing the connection pipe from the house to the sewer – making the connection expensive and discouraging customer take-up. Typically.750 m3/day and the recent sewerage contracts are likely to utilise most of the spare capacity if all the connections are made. Provision for doubling this to 25. So if implemented this would more than take up the spare capacity in the waste stabilisation ponds.500. given the relative unwillingness of people to pay for sewerage. the actual rate of sewer connection may well be lower than planned. The hydraulic design of the waste stabilisation ponds particularly the inlet works appears inadequate. to be similar to the likely mid-term flows from the Don Consult sewerage works. it is quite apparent that the anticipated flows. It would therefore appear wrong to construct any significant extensions to the sewer network without addressing the issue of treatment capacity. The current sewage contract includes for around 9.800 m3/day.Final Page 64 . It would appear that more treatment capacity is required in the area of Ilemela. It seems that: There is spare treatment capacity at the ponds of around 1.750 m3/day. 3.250 m3/day if the new 12. if connections are made as planned. If the above analysis is correct then the flume at the wastewater treatment works needs to be increased in capacity. based on the sewer sizes and the capacities of the two proposed pump stations would soon lead to over-loading of the existing Ilemela sewage treatment works. Assuming a flow of 120 l/s at the works this equates to a daily flow of 3. This compares to a design flow of 5. a pump is run for around 9 to 10 hours/day. or some combination of these. Wastewater treatment capacity would be increased to 18. possibly amalgamation with the neighbouring brewery plant.Mwanza the design of the inlet works was based on a pump flow of 40 l/s. this appears more appropriate. equivalent to a population of around 22. assuming a sewage flow of 80 l/h/day.000 m3/day would also appear appropriate.750 m3/day.000 m3/day. The capacity of the LS1 pump station is 12. the capacity of the existing water treatment plant is approximately 100. thus it is likely that flows would be too high to be treated at the existing plant. The design capacity of the works is 5. MWAUWASA charge a fixed TSh 5. The flow measurement flume in the abandoned inlet works is of the order of 300 mm. The options appear to be to expand capacity at or adjacent to the existing works.6.350 m3/day (including infiltration). Impact of Proposed Sewers on Ilemela Treatment Plant Whilst Atkins has not seen the design calculations for the extensions to the sewer network designed by Don Consult. A reasonable increase in capacity at Ilemela would appear to be of the order of 12. However. and some other flow may gravitate to the treatment works.000 house connections. 1.3.595 m3/day in 2025. Based on a site visit it appears that the waste is used by the local farmers to irrigate the rice and other crops grown in the area. and Treatment Plant for Nyakato and Igoma Existing Wastewater Facilities Atkins has examined the possibility of taking forward the proposals for a new WWTP at Igoma to serve the eastern part of the Mwanza urban area. The report apparently details how the proposed 2025 works would be fitted within the available land. C Lotti and Interconsult. Mwanza Textiles. Pepsi Cola.6. New Trunk Sewer.1. Sewerage. an Oil Mill. with waste overflowing from chambers. there are some existing facilities which serve the industrial area. Serengeti Brewery.2 of Volume 1) anticipated a treatment capacity of 8. As noted earlier. The Report provides no details of any future expansion. Nile Perch Fisheries.1. to a lagoon treatment plant in a river plain to the east of Mwanza at Igoma. However the condition of the sewer appears poor. This needs to be explored further. This area includes the main industrial area of Mwanza including. This is far less than in the earlier report and appears too low.750 m3/day.6.3 and 7. Coca Cola. the works as designed and recently constructed are based on a subsequent Final Design Report by Poyry. No information has been seen on the quantity or quality of wastewater in the industrial sewer. The works as designed have a capacity of 5. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . In addition there is extensive domestic and commercial development along the main road and in the adjacent areas. However.5.002 m3/day in 2015 increasing to 13.5. and a mattress factory. Nyakato and Igoma.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and it’s is also noted that there are more ponds on an adjacent site belonging to a brewery.Mwanza Area ear-marked for expansion of WSP Brewery WSP Ilemela WSP Figure 3. reportedly serving other industries. which could offer scope for shared facilities. and the lagoons no longer operational. 3. 3.Final Page 65 . MWAUWASA has indicated that there is additional land available for expansion. an abattoir. although this is currently occupied by informal dwellings. These comprise a sewer running from the Coca Cola plant.16 – Area for Expansion of Ilemela WSP It is noted that the 2004 Poyry/GKW “Mwanza Water and Sanitation Project Impact Study” (Sections 7. located along Nyerere Road and its eastern continuation as part of a priority programme for Mwanza. It would appear appropriate to identify the options for increasing treatment capacity at Ilemela or in the near vicinity and to ensure that sufficient land is available prior to committing to any expansion of the sewer network. These figures appear excessive. copied from Lotti’s Report. The Lotti report makes no allowance for industrial flows. The Table 3. however we consider this unrealistic. Given the practical difficulties associated with maintaining the tankers required. apparently on the basis that they will be treated by the industries. The per capita investment for treatment appears to be approximately 45 Euros/head. and the clear need for an industrial sewer. The concept for the sewer network appears to be to have a gravity sewer running eastwards from the vicinity of Mwanza Textiles. Lotti project a sewered population of 89. The works proposed comprises two streams. The report assumes that all the properties in the areas of Nyakato and Igoma will be served by septic tanks. and it would be more logical to have a large pump station at the River Nyakurunduma serving an area running westwards for approximately 500 m and eastwards for approximately 2 km. increasing from 290. although a cost estimate was prepared. We note that Don Consult is projecting very large contributing populations to the proposed Igoma plant. This would be the natural solution and we have assumed that this would in fact be what should be implemented. after 2025. is not unreasonable.6.000 in 2012 to 1. All flow was to be received by tankers. although the two numbers are not precisely comparable. with some additional allowance for land acquisition and mechanical and electrical works.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and two pump stations to the west. sets out Lotti’s assumptions on sewer lengths and flows for Nyakato and Igomo.Final Page 66 . in both instances to the top of the adjacent hill.000 by 2025. The proposal appears deficient in that the natural location for pump stations is at low level.31 below. although low. and the plant was proposed to treat septic sludge tankered to the works. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Another issue is to what extent it is considered desirable to use sewerage systems based on septic tanks for the entire area. and polishing in constructed wetlands. It appears that this was based on unit costs per area of pond. which we believe. effectively reed beds. It is unclear why Don Consult opted for the system proposed. and the second serving the remaining population in the rest of the proposed service area. Lotti did not propose an outline design for the Igoma WWTP. a fraction of that assumed by Don Consult. it is likely that the solution proposed is both uneconomic and is likely to lead to problems with septic tank and soak-away operation.Mwanza 3. and the relatively high population density. C Lotti etc This report envisioned the sewerage and sewage treatment for the Igoma and Nyakato areas not being provided until (their) Phase 3. Additional allowances are added for engineering and contingencies. Thus no outline design was done for the treatment works although domestic flows and lengths of sewer were provided. and would assume that they would discharge into the main trunk sewer.5.86 million in 2032. Given that there already is a (partly defunct) trade sewer in the area it would appear wholly inappropriate not to make provision for diverting this flow to the new works. In addition two pump stations are assumed. each with a reception/settling tank followed by anaerobic and facultative ponds. Additionally the pump station at the western end would have a short rising main to the gravity sewer flowing east to the pump station at the River Nyakurunduma. with no incoming sewer proposed. the first serving approximately half the population as far west as almost to the River Nyakurunduma.2. Planned Developments Don Consult The most recent proposal is that in a January 2012 Don Consult report referenced above (#12). extending further west to the outskirts of Mwanza. This envisioned the construction of a lagoon-based sewage treatment plant at Igoma. 994 Total 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .000 382 236.034 743 Institutions 2.5 3. except that there is no allowance for the industrial flows.380 m3/day.9 2. with all costs in MEUR.591 m3/day in 2025.3. of which around half was in the Igogo zone.000 155 95.2 98 89.4 The 2025 annual discharge of 6. Lotti Design Year .5. Institutional and commercial demands are stated by the 2009 report to be around 20% of domestic.7 3.31 .140 Other industries 24.32 – Cost Estimate C.2025 Nyakato Sewer length (km) Connection rate (%) Connected population (c) Maximum hour discharge (l/s) Maximum day discharge (l/s) Maximum month discharge (l/s) Average day discharge (l/s) Annual discharge (Mm³/a) 60. Table 3. Table 3. This suggests an upper bound of around 1. and any proposal should be flexible enough to cater for some future uncertainty. The investment proposed by Lotti for 2025 is summarised below. as far as can be seen from the documents provided.5 81. This is provided below.6 6.1 88.000 m3/year is a daily flow of 17.204 Domestic 23.9 203.322 5.400.024 Beverage plants 35.5 10. Current Water usage Data on water usage in Zone G. was provided by MWAUWASA for the month of December 2011. However it is believed essential to cater for industrial flows.0 98 55.801 9.075 777 Commercial 161. and would therefore be approximately 3.6 Total 96.6. which MWAUWASA stated was the area concerned.745 2.5 0.500 m3/day.2 98 34.Final Page 67 .2 219.534 m3/day.Mwanza Table 3.5 Overall the Lotti proposals appear reasonable. 3.4 121.Future development of sewerage of northern part I (Nyakato and Igoma) C. The domestic demand proposed by Poyry is an average of 17.381 77 Water Kiosks 909 29 Temporary (construction) 309. Proposed Programme of Works In general Atkins considers that the Lotti proposals provide a reasonable basis on which to proceed.1 131.8 Igoma 36.5 141.700 m3/day in the Igoma area. Poyry et al Demand Projections The 2009 report by Poyry et al estimated that total industrial water consumption in Mwanza 2010 would be 3.335 1.33 – Water Usage – Igoma Area Data from MWAUWASA Class of User m3/month m3/day 62. Lotti Item Sewerage costs including rising mains and house connections Sewage Pumping Stations Sewage Treatment including land acquisition Total Cost (MEUR) 6.000 226. The lack of information on loads should not be used to delay the design of the works. Suggested Future Demands and Waste Flows Comparison of the December 2011 actual demands with Poyry’s projections suggests that the industrial demand is significantly higher and the domestic demand is lower. Overall we suggest that the Poyry projections be accepted. of 5.204 m3/day in 2011. This capacity would be provided from the vicinity of the Textile plant to the treatment works. of which maybe one third would initially be installed.500 m3/day.021 m3/day. which will cater for existing industrial flows and a significant domestic and commercial flow. However Atkins considers it reasonable to design on an assumed strength similar to that of the waste received at the existing Mwanza plant. although we would expect a significant increase by 2025. These would need to be designed but it would seem that a 300 or 400 mm pipe would be adequate to the east and a 600 mm pipe to the west. given the uncertainties inherent in projecting demands. This equates to a peak flow factor of around 1. It may also be advantageous to provide facilities for use of the effluent in irrigation. It appears to be good quality farming land and using it for sewage treatment will require proper consideration of the current use and possibly appropriate compensation.Final Page 68 . around twice that implied by the 2009 Poyry report. but this figure is an allowance and is not based on an engineering assessment. Atkins viewed the proposed location for the treatment plant.000 m3/day when running full. but does mean that some flexibility needs to be built in. Compared to the data provided by MWAUWASA the industrial flows appear a little low. Thus Atkins considers the total average demand in 2025 based on Poyry’s report and assuming a doubling in industrial flows would be approximately 24. which is considered reasonable.164 m3/day. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . including trunk mains. There is an abattoir in the catchment and the strength of waste from this plant needs to be closely monitored. To the east of the textile plant there would be a pumping station located on Nyerere Road where the River Nyakurunduma crosses. We were told that it was on government owned land that will be transferred to the city. Atkins suggest a reasonable treatment plant capacity is 12. The planned capacity of the pump station would be approximately 20. but with an industrial demand of 3.000 m3/day. and pretreatment provided if needed. After allowing for return to sewer (85%) and infiltration (25%) then the average flow would be 26.491 m3/day. A suitable outfall will be needed.491 m3/day. This flow would require a 800 mm sewer laid at a gradient of 1 in 500. but. or slightly more if water kiosks are included. Without an assessment of possible routes that would require more detail than could be done in the time available it is not possible to comment on the reasonableness or otherwise of this figure. which in practice will most likely take several years to develop.400 m3/day. Institutional and commercial flow is approximately 29% of the domestic. which would have a capacity of approximately 46. Lotti assumed a total length of 96. The domestic flow. fed by trunk sewers from the east and west. into the trunk sewer. assuming a 2025 average flow of 24.2 km of sewer in 2025. the overall projection appears reasonable. Outline of Suggested Works Atkins would therefore propose a trunk sewer capacity of 46.Mwanza Atkins was not provided with support to these figures and whilst they appear reasonable it would be prudent to check wastewater production with the major industries. If the assumptions on sewage strength prove to be significantly wrong then this will need to be addressed when the works are extended. We note that the strength of the waste that will be discharged to the treatment works is unknown. In the short term it is suggested that an allowance be made for 25 km of sewer additional to the trunk system. This would represent approximately 90 km of other sewer. There would be a 450 mm rising main running eastward to discharge at the top of the hill adjacent to the textile plant.000 m3/day. which is in line with Poyry’s assumptions. It can be seen that the industrial demands totalled 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . is approximately 30% of that projected by Poyry for 2025.8. and Atkins consider the domestic flows high. Provision should be made for doubling the capacity in the future to match trunk sewer capacity. 1 18. Although both systems have been planned and designed neither is in an acceptable form to progress to construction as described elsewhere in this report. and possibly an extension to the treatment works at Igoma. The city is rapidly growing.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . In the event that funds are limited.7. 3. septic tanks are perfectly acceptable if properly constructed and service. 3.Final Page 69 . The scheme also drains areas of reasonable quality housing currently reliant on sceptic tanks. It was noted that a lot of attention was being put into developing a sewerage network with minimal effort on assuring house connections are constructed. supervision and contingencies ex. but the suggested investment is underpinned by the significant existing industrial flows which should ensure that the lower portion of the trunk sewer and the waste stabilisation ponds will function satisfactorily.6. It is considered that construction of a new treatment plant at Igoma will have a greater benefit.5.4 Note: Prices are indicative. A Master Plan needs to be developed. The plan should integrate the needs identified into capital investment planning. The main network expansions proposed for construction cover two principal areas. and should be considered as part of the works that are being designed at the moment. The next major phase of works would be to extend the sewer network westwards. Table 3.3 32. particularly on the environment.Mwanza Atkins considers that the above represents a reasonable basis for a programme of works for the period 2012 to 2017. Other Development Needs The absence of a suitable sewerage master plan is a significant shortcoming. The uncertainties surrounding the scope to expand Ilemela WWTP including the need to resettle the people currently occupying the land suggest that this scheme may take longer to finalise than the Igoma scheme. at least initially.6. It should be noted that the rate at which house connections are made translates into revenue and hence the viability of the project. when constructed. development of the sewerage system requires co-ordination to ensure the sewer network aligns with the available and planned sewage treatment capacity. lead to the existing sewage treatment works at Ilemela becoming overloaded. it is important to prioritise the two main schemes. requiring a further pump station nearer to Mwanza. those draining to Ilemela and those draining to Igoma. VAT. Sequence of Works The proposed expansion of the sewerage networks requires a considerable investment in new capital works. they include engineering. is that people who have already invested in septic/latrine tanks at their houses are not keen to 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Based on what has been seen.4.34 . the need for expansion of the sewer network to un-served areas is pressing. because. 3.6. causing strain on the available systems. Based on the findings of the data collection and study exercise in Mwanza. Whilst the longer term desire is to install piped sewerage. in addition to taking domestic flows it will also treat industrial effluents currently discharged untreated into an open watercourse.Sewerage Expansion – Priority Areas Priority 1 2 Areas Included (part) Construction of Igoma WWTP and sewerage networks Expansion of Ilemela WWTP and sewerage networks Total Estimated Cost MEUR 14.6. Sewer Connections The main problem with persuading individuals to connect to newly constructed sewers. There is inevitably uncertainty about the extent to which connections will be made to a new network. The proposed extensions to the sewer network under design by Don Consult will. However. supervision and contingencies ex.4 4. VAT.3 Design and construct sewer network in Mabatini and Isamilo including for house connection and pumping station.5 32. Nyegezi. The design already done for the proposed treatment plant will need to be reworked.Possible Interventions in Mwanza Sewerage Item Expand sewer network to cover Ilemela. The areas to be considered for sewerage system include. Table 3. The best solution would probably be for the utility to make the connection as part of the construction works with householders only paying the formal connection charge of about TSh 5.Final Page 70 . Estimated Cost € million 14. The approximate total area to be sewered is 45 ha and the total length of sewers is approximated at 3. Proposed sewerage system expansion in Ilemela and environs will increase the load to the ponds hence they will need to be extended. All regulations are in place for enforcement in the Public Health Act but there’s great reluctance to use it as it would be unpopular for the reasons given.6 million Provision will be required for this from within the sewerage budget. Encouragement and assistance would appear to be the answer. No. Lumala. The cost of land acquisition is included.9 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . The total area be covered by the proposed expansion is approximately 750 ha and the approximate total length of sewers is 54 km. The development will also see construction of a pump station at NyegeziLuchelele next to the fisheries and laboratory institute in Nyegezi. Mukorani and the areas surrounding the university.8 Sewerage Master Plan study TOTAL COST (MEUR) Note: Prices are indicative. they include engineering. The areas to be served by the plant based on preliminary observations include.2 km.9 12 0. The cost includes for the first phase construction of the Igoma ponds. The area was visited during the field data collection exercise and preliminary observations revealed that it is ideal for setting up a waste treatment plant. those adjacent to Musoma Road from Mabatini to Igoma. financing for construction has not been identified.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .35 . Kiseke and part of Pasiansi Include for house connections and pumping stations. Remarks Studies and designs are underway for the proposed sewer network in this area. Design for the sewer network to serve the proposed Igoma waste stabilisation ponds including house connections and one pumping station. Extension of Ilemela WSP.000. The studies will determine its suitability including undertaking designs and propose mechanism for land acquisition. The sewer network for Mabatini area including parts of Isamilo will be pumped to the central pumping station. 0.Mwanza invest further to connect to the municipal network (unless their current arrangements are problematical). The development will also involve design of a proposed pump station at the Nyakurunduma river. 0. of connection needed Cost per connection Cost 3000 €200 €0. Design studies for the proposed sewage treatment plant at St Augustine’s University grounds and the sewer network to serve the Treatment plant including for house connections and pumping stations. These appear to be expensive and elaborate if there is room.7. in the form of latrines or septic tanks. Public Toilets Public toilets were not inspected during the site visit but the subject has been covered extensively by previous studies. but in all but the highest density areas we would assume the existence of latrines and septic tanks. which will allow some soak-away (but not much. Most existing communal blocks are in poor condition and do not have a water connection. 3. Note. By-laws require new properties for have adequate sewage disposal facilities usually septic tanks.1. many of the very wealthier areas are also still unserved. the majority of the city relies on forms of on-site sanitation.7. 3. In the medium density parts of the city septic tanks are the rule. Private tanker Some open defecation was witnessed in very high density areas (defecation directly into an open drain). 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . From observations in the informal areas. Both the Poyry study and the more recent Don Consult/CEC report proposed extensive construction of latrine blocks at schools.7.1.Final Page 71 .1.2.7.7.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The tanks may not have bottoms. They also possess a number of new network maintenance machines in excellent condition. as a layer of solids and slime builds up).Mwanza 3. 3. which are unserved by sewer networks.3. health centres and other public places. The majority of the population is therefore using on-site sanitation. it is apparent that most houses have latrines or septic tanks. pumping stations and treatment lagoons covering the centre of the city as described in the previous section. Sometimes these are shared between several houses. with ventilation pipes. and piped connections from the pour flush toilet. Problems are reported in areas with high water tables. The split between these is yet to be established. 3. with large and deep septic tanks being constructed wherever there is space often above ground. Sanitation Current Situation Networks MWAUWASA has sewer network infrastructure. The biggest problem appears to be ensuring that new latrines have running water connections to ensure improved hygiene.1. However. Latrines and Septic Tanks Atkins was informed that 70% of the population are in informal and low income areas.1. who quoted emptying prices of 100. which are accessible by trucks. Medium density housing and septic tanks in sandy soil.Final Page 72 . seems to be an eminently reasonable solution that people are readily implementing themselves. presumably when soil infiltration and evaporation capacity drop and groundwater levels rise. The official (regulated) prices charged by the City Council are 35. saying that he hoped by the time it needed digging out the government would have a solution for their sanitation. Workload increases during the rainy season. Better surface water drainage would prevent erosion of the roads and tracks (which makes access difficult.000 to 120. This appears to be because large plots are not really viable on steep terrain and the steep terrain is cheap to acquire and therefore gets acquired by the poorest. they are not currently overworked. Judging from conversations. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 50.000 TSh. He had no plans for emptying. City Council workers interviewed said that people emptied their latrines and septic tanks during the rains (flushing them down to the bottom of the hills. Note this site has no means of vehicle access Cheap (plastic sheeting) outhouse with exposed cesspool The sites visited did not really present a sanitation problem.000 TSh for domestic locations.000 for industrial (per trip). One resident interviewed had constructed a septic tank in a part of a hill which was totally inaccessible by trucks. Outhouse with above ground septic tank. Sanitation infrastructure is not adequate in the higher density parts of the informal areas. who only require small blocks. It is also possible that some of the hills were not actually subdivided or owned by anyone. and does present a health risk if tankers. depending on the distance travelled.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza A private tanker operator was interviewed.000 for commercial and 100. The tankers are 6 or 12 m3 trucks and appear to be new and in good condition. which are also sometimes the pathways to access houses. leading to chaotic and dense settlement. Note that the higher density informal settlements correspond to the steeper less accessible terrain. fire trucks. and where people are not using groundwater. ambulances etc cannot access the houses). where shallow soil and lack of space means the septic tanks are small and quickly overflow into open channels and gutters. This suggests that ability or willingness to pay for domestic water connections were either severely under estimated. making the business bring in about half the national minimum wage (60. and to have formal existing owners who manage the subdivision process.000 TSh per day. informal settlements in Mwanza Flatter terrain is more expensive and attractive to richer people.Mwanza Dense. MWAUWASA staff reported that many of the kiosks constructed to serve informal areas have closed down due to lack of business. steep. and may therefore be sold in larger plots.000 TSh per month. which explains the need for septic tanks. Exposed pipes Leaking pipes A large number of residents in the informal areas are connected to the water supply.Final Page 73 . One kiosk operator we spoke to reported that their revenues were around 2.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and their rent to MWAUWASA was 30.000 TSh / month). Flatter terrain is also much more likely to be formalised by the council than the steep terrain. or those connections were made at a discount compared to 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . In all of the informal areas visited a lot of construction was in evidence and on the streets. shops were in existence and being constructed. The septic tanks being constructed were large (2. Since all of the houses have meters at the door. bars. presumably to take advantage of the disposable income of the residents. The cost of 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Some are mud brick. the houses built in informal areas clearly represent an important investment.Final Page 74 . general stores. schools and mosques. Meters are immediately before the tap – all the leakage risk is held by MWAUWASA Regarding ability to pay. These included hairdressers. hotels. but most involve cement bricks and foundations. Observations of these connections were that they are very long. very shallow tubes of black PE.5 m deep x 2 m x 2 m) and fabricated using cement bricks and mortar (see below): Septic tank under construction Some houses have rendering.Mwanza the price used in the ability / willingness to pay studies. which are leaking inordinate amounts of water everywhere. the leakage is attributable to MWAUWASA. are painted and have balconies.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . and corrugated iron roofs. and indicate prosperous suburbs on the rise. 7. This might also explain the smaller houses and plots in the steeper areas. From our investigations. it can be gathered the City Council has no definitive plans for sanitation infrastructure in the informal areas although they are coming under increasing pressure from the residents to provide a solution. where eco-san could be considered.4. Given the prevalence of piped water.Final Page 75 . 72 ha without accounting for roads or public land) at Bujungwa north of the airport as part of the resettlement offer for congested informal areas. 3. MCC plans to develop “satellite cities” where resettlement can occur.1. including a plot size of 120 m2 and access to a road (6 m wide). These have to be brought up by hand where no roads or paths exist.7. 3.e. The City Council informed Atkins that: Estimates indicate that there were 49.000 plots are suitable for title. Provision has been made within the development plans of MWAUWASA for some pilot communal sludge and/or condominium schemes. Eco-San No eco-sans were seen and the Council and MWAUWASA staff were not aware of any. eco-san is particularly useful if water is in short supply. There are plans to acquire 3. The reports of these pilots were that they required extensive communication campaigns to build up support for their use. but plots which are very “congested” will be offered strata title or resettlement. Sludge Septage is emptied by the tankers at the landfill site Buhongwa. Apparently private tankers will still be required to go to the landfill site (the reasons for this were unclear). and Resettlement has not been formally discussed with residents in the earmarked areas. The project target is 15. and the means to transport it away to other locations. It is uncertain how many of the remaining 34.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . There is an on-going project to “formalise” the informal areas.000 have been surveyed and formalised. Of these.000 plots of 12 x 20 m (i. Future Development Plans One of the main issues for the future is resettlement and formalisation of the informal areas. Apparently. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .7. It is worth noting that eco-san will be most effective where there is space for the sludge to dry or be used. None of these conditions apply in the high density parts of the city. most residents may prefer a water-borne / flush type system.1. and in future will be emptied at the Ilemela treatment lagoons. Where there are sludge drying beds and the vision is that farmers will collect and use the dried sludge. It was known what they were. Some ‘local’ exceptions to these rules were mentioned by other MCC staff and apparently plots smaller than 120m2 are being titled as part of the formalisation process. 12.Mwanza getting building materials to the more inaccessible areas is also reportedly high. compared to the flatter ones. by surveying them and issuing land titles but progress is slow due to inadequate funding. 3.5. as they had been seen in Arusha and Dar-EsSalaam.2. There were positive reports also from Bukoba where eco-san had reportedly been piloted (but no evidence found). the Tanzania Land Act (1999) stipulates minimum conditions for land title. Also.000.000 informal dwellings. Public transport in dala-dalas does not seem to be too expensive at 300 TSh. and the cost of public transport to the existing workplaces (and time cost). There is a third (and perhaps most likely) possibility. people are earning 2. which is that everything will remain as it is for an indefinite period. Residents resort to constructing above ground pits (made from rocks and mud) to overcome the problem but there is no access to facilitate pit emptying and sludge removal.1. and 600 TSh. keeping in mind a steady income is probably worth more than a lump sum in an African context (as the lump sum will be shared or consumed quickly on pressing needs. Regulation of Sector Both the Utility and the Health Department of the Municipal Council are afforded roles in the provision of sanitation services.7. 3.000 TSh. per month (about € 30). it might be accepted. 3.3. Problems in the low income informal residential areas because of the difficult physical conditions prevalent. Building pro-poor infrastructure may not account for market dynamics.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . When pits require emptying the contents are spread around or dumped in any available spot. Residents will have two choices. If poor standard infrastructure is provided the poor areas may well just remain poor. the Water 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . by subdivision and renting of the new property).7. per day. community health centres and other public places and it is proposed that this should go ahead provided that water connections (and some agreement over bill payment) can be reached. given the minimum wage is around 60. The Poyry report also proposed extensive construction of communal latrine facilities at schools. but will be middle class people. and that the titled plots will not be the poorest people. Future Development Options Main Problems Investigations have confirmed that the principal sanitation problems needing to be addressed in Mwanza are: i. or re-settle elsewhere.000-2.2.500 TSh. Totally inadequate provision in most schools and some other public places such as market and health centres. markets.Final Page 76 .Mwanza Given this “rule”. If sound infrastructure is provided. ii. “congested” informal areas (which correspond to the poorest. Both problems are significant and will only be solved by investment in appropriate infrastructure. accept a share of a larger plot (something like strata title). it is the provision of adequate facilities that are lacking).3. The resettlement compensation would clearly have to outweigh this. the Low Income Areas (LIA) situated in the rocky inaccessible hills where conventional latrine construction (holes in the ground) is often impossible. but is not considered to be genuinely ‘pro poor’ by EIB/UNHABITAT. However. In that case poor people will tend to move to or congregate in less well served areas. the value of served properties rises and poor people who live in these newly valued properties may be displaced by landlords looking for higher returns. 3. This offers advantages in terms of cost recovery and public land for infrastructure. on transport represents a 20-30% drop in disposable income. The viability of resettlement eventually depends on the alternative offered. It would be prudent to assume it is only possible to connect people who are titled. per trip (regardless of distance).7. Two Acts of Parliament from 2009. If resettlement offered an opportunity to increase disposable income (for example.3. (Hygiene awareness seems generally good within the LIAs. and least accessible) may not be formalised. rather than invested). near truck access). 3. The present regulations for emptying septic tanks/latrines require that. in Mwanza however. On-Site Options for Low Income Areas The present responsibilities for sludge collection in low income areas and its transport.7.Mwanza Act and the Public Health Act appear slightly contradictory in that they allocate responsibilities for sanitation services to both utilities and councils respectively. There are some formalised. The solution to these locations may end up being off-site or communal septic tanks (at the bottom of the hill. Access Tracks in Low Income Areas Domestic Installations In line with the Project Sanitation Strategy on-site facilities for individual properties does not offer an opportunity for investment under this project. in theory.3. It is reported that the Ministry of Health is preparing guidelines for the design and organisation of sanitation projects but these are not yet available. In the places that onsite can work. however. there may still be scope for the provision of technical advice and assistance. treatment and disposal are shared between the city council and the water utility that handles and treats sludge at Buhongwa and Ilemela waste ponds respectively. all requests for pit emptying services should come through the council and this applies to council and privately owned exhausters. The Utility takes direct requests but this is acceptable to the council. and in addition the council has its own by-laws.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . poor areas) which have a sanitation problem which poses a threat to public health (and the environment).Final Page 77 . Various solutions are considered below. The Public Health Act of 2009 is the prime legislation pertaining to hygiene/open defecation etc.e. Both outlaw most practices normally considered unacceptable but actual enforcement is rarely carried out. hilly and rocky zones with quite small plot sizes (i. people tend to be able to afford to provide their own facilities.3. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . good cooperation between the council and MWAUWASA means there are no problems with service provision in this regard. It then flows under gravity to a point where communal septic tanks can collect and store sludge for later collection and treatment.Mwanza Investments which would improve the lot of the informal settlements and improve their on-site service are access roads and surface drainage. the actual flow rates into the effluent network could be hard to estimate.local NGO ‘KADETFU’ provide this facility in Bukoba but not Mwanza. They would mainly be useful during the rainy season. make use of both septic tanks and a shallow.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . above ground where necessary. to collect latrine sludge in inaccessible areas.g. poor flush) . Effluent Only Networks An alternative would be to construct “effluent only” networks to be attached to existing septic tanks. small-bore network to a carry liquid effluent where ground conditions do not permit infiltration and evaporation. Presently there doesn’t appear to be any microcredit providers for sanitation/toilets (e.Final Page 78 . This would enable better sludge truck access and also help alleviate the soil saturation problem which stops septic tanks working in the wet season (increasing costs by getting trucks in for unnecessary trips). used in suburban America and Australia. for VIPs. Funding facilities for some individual householders is likely to be problematic and may cause conflict. Sludge (whilst still reasonably fluid) is manually deposited in inspection chambers at regular intervals along the pipe. Access Tracks in Low Income Areas 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . These networks. irrigation. Sludge Removal Pipes One option is to adopt the sludge pipe concept promoted by Poyry where. and given that the existing septic tanks are actually soakaways (have no bottoms and have perforated walls). or the sewer network) is unlikely to be a worthwhile investment as it would leave the problem of sludge disposal. pipes are laid. Note that ‘willingness to pay’ for this seemingly “unnecessary” investment may be limited. when rising water levels reduce infiltration and require extra call-outs for sludge trucks. Where housing density in Mwanza is increasing and limiting infiltration capacity of houses with existing septic tanks. an effluent-only network (leading to decentralised treatment. Wastewater cannot be removed by buried pipes. It also reduces the cost of bringing in building materials and saves a small amount of time each day. and so care should be taken both to reduce velocities to the extent possible. which rely on pipe pressure build up to move solids along in waves. An open channel facilitates this and makes blockage less likely in the first place. iii. The open channel is preferred because initially. The steep slopes mean that liquids could “run away” from the solids for a given flush. An open channel was discussed with local sewer operators and there are a number of reasons why they may be more appropriate: The channel should be carefully designed in an ovoid-shape to ensure that liquids are concentrated in the bottom and will move solids. and is the ideal location for a semi-open channel (covered by pavers) to carry wastewater out. including the hilly ones.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . have piped water supply delivered though PE pipes snaking for hundreds of meters over rocks. unless drilled through solid granite.Final Page 79 . people unused to flush toilets will probably use them as a semi-garbage bin and any pipes will quickly block. and so residents should be able to unblock their own sewers should the need arise. old and pregnant. The path could also carry other utilities. sometimes lying in the open sewers which run down to the flat. such as water supply. Above Ground Sewer Pipes The final technical solution considered for improving sanitation in the steep informal areas is localised collection ‘lateral’ systems directly connecting household toilets to a collecting pipe (or channel) terminating in a communal septic tank at the foot of the hill (assuming that there is no sewer nearby). The collector pipes will need to be laid at 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Currently most houses in the informal areas. It is not anticipated that MWAUWASA will be highly responsive to these areas. Pipes will therefore be on the surface and would need to be ferrous to limit breakage. This addresses a number of problems: i. The idea of an open channel does go against standard practice for shallow sewers. Note that the path could present an opportunity to carry out a NRW reduction exercise and risk transfer from MWAUWASA to residents at the same time (by installing large diameter HPDE pipe and meter boxes and connections in the path). where residents go to connect to transport links to work (or walk). but also ensure that a constant scouring occurs. ii. Access is improved. particularly for the infirm. The path clearly defines public land.Mwanza Utility Staircase Another option is to construct a combination stair/path/drain (a “utility staircase”) which connects the steep informal areas to the flat land below. pushing solids along. exposed and leaking. Management.000 €6 million 3. Well being of residents is improved in other ways (access. The CBO pays a fee to MWAUWASA (or the council) for technical support 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Land availability for the staircase and communal septic tanks may be issues.Final Page 80 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The idea of individuals manually transferring the contents of their pit to the collector sewer is not favoured as people object to handling fresh wastes and the council consider it an added health risk although this may be the only solution for the less accessible properties. The extent of the direct connections will need to be resolved with the community during the detailed planning phase. The concept of a CBO (or private company) managing the small collection network. time. House connections should be made to all toilets during construction to ensure areas are not left unconnected. Operations and Maintenance These small systems should be managed by MWAUWASA and the communal tank emptied by them because they have the technical capacity and resources to do so.Mwanza surface level along the routes of the existing. access pathways and could go hand in hand with upgrading the pathways (which could be ‘formalised’ by the council’s planning department as part of the operation). In particularly difficult areas this could include the construction of shared communal facilities if acceptable and space can be found.4. or perhaps a number of them. Preliminary Cost Estimate A preliminary assessment for the above ground sewer pipes suggests the following investment will be required: Length Properties connected People served Cost Cost per person Population to be served Cost 500m 100 1000 €40. if rationalisation of the water network with corresponding leakage reductions is taken into account. security). develops the DMM model (trialled in Kisumu) for water supply. It is considered that the main collector systems should be laid by contractors – consideration can be given to delegating the lateral construction to the community but this must be properly supervised (and suitable material used which could be provided through the project). or the sewer network if this is close by. so public health and the environment are improved.000 €40 150. Conclusions The advantage of these measures is that the sanitation problem is solved by a long term solution. Communal bio-gas could be an optional add-on. Note in some places enough land may exist for reed-bed treatment of effluent and local reuse of septage as fertiliser. very steep. MWAUWASA should consider delegating operational tasks to a CBO or other organisation for day to day management and security.7. The preferred option is the construction of above ground sewer pipes as they should be a more flexible solution to implement.3. The pipes and/or channels can feed into a communal septic tank. So the intent will be to connect as many toilets to the pipe as possible. The cost of the “utility staircase” appears to be prohibitively high although it is possible that the project may be justifiable on economic grounds. Residents could participate in construction effort to reduce cost. There appears to be some 170+ schools in Mwanza and less than 10% have facilities assessed as meeting ‘minimum’ standards (SNV .Final Page 81 . Disposal of sludge after treatment is a problem – cultural considerations mean that people are reluctant to consider its use as fertiliser. Communal tanks will have to be on flatter land near the road i. where possible. Consideration has also been given to providing communal facilities in the hills but the problem is to find suitable land with any sort of reasonable access for the facilities.7.e. 3.2009). Ultimately it must be affordable if the investment in facilities is to be worthwhile and sustainable. The biggest problem is likely to be where compensation is required to establish rights of way through any existing structures. The alternative preferred solution is to bring the wastes down to the bottom either by pipe or some sort of channel or pipe . as major changes to these areas are unlikely even in the short to medium term.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The possibility of formalising access for foot traffic along existing routes which could be formalised and would not involve significant compensation along which service corridors could be established was discussed. 3. School Sanitation The position relating to school sanitation is described locally as a situation in crisis.Mwanza and emptying services and charges the customers directly. MWAUWASA confirm that some 80% actually have piped water connections (data received showing some 140 schools with connections). again requiring finance – they are also well away from the city centre.3. The City Director also made a commitment to support the project in terms of settling up a co-ordination team to help deliver solutions within a ‘project’ type timescale. The council are keen to service these areas because they believe property improvements will follow. Potential for ‘Infrastructure Led Upgrading’ The council would prefer to relocate everyone away from the hills but recognise that this is very unlikely to happen since the compensation required would be massive and although they say they have areas where people can be relocated these would need be developed for infrastructure/utilities first. Mr Kabwe. The idea was well received and it was noted that this would combine the ILU and utility stairway concepts.6. Previous attempts to trial proposed solutions for the informal/unplanned areas were not done due to lack of funds towards the end of the EU/KfW funded project.3. The council has started mapping some areas to identify plots and buildings for formalisation of these. said that he feels that sanitation facilities should be provided in the informal areas now. The City Director. The problem is providing access to the properties. prime development land.5. It is likely that some funding would need to be provided to support the council in this. MWAUWASA has 3 new large exhauster vehicles and tend to take the bigger loads. This method would overcome the problem of billing customers for sewerage who don’t have connections – it may also be possible to set charges more appropriately for the type of housing if necessary and could even be a micro-finance type arrangement for people who would struggle to meet normal charges.7. The City Council is responsible for paying the water bills 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Waterlogged areas should be a priority for sewers as septic tanks need frequent emptying – this has not been raised before and may affect the priorities in the PFS. so council and community involvement is essential to secure sites. Normally sludge will accumulate in the ponds until moved to landfill at some future date. It is possible that with assistance the communities could construct stone paths along the route of which the collector system could run.and store in communal septic tank until waste can be tankered away. since the slopes are so steep that direct access is impossible. council and private operators do the others. 4.e. iv.000 €5. The following approach is recommended: i. Consultant to work with Council to revisit every school. It is strongly recommended that any facilities constructed under this project should. reassess facilities and needs. confirm pupil numbers. The council has also prepared a list of schools within the city. utilise pour flush technology and therefore require a water connection (wherever possible).Final Page 82 .say build 1 x boys and 1 x girls at 75% of schools. The key findings from SNV’s survey are presented in Appendix 3. Most existing facilities tend to be basic pit latrines in poor unhygienic condition. Parents may be asked for a contribution for maintenance of sanitation facilities although care must be taken to ensure that this doesn’t become divisive with facilities available to all. This item needs to be properly funded if real improvements are to be made. There is strong pressure from many quarters in Mwanza for something to be done about the sanitation in schools but no funds are currently available. Finance for the construction of new toilet facilities in schools is very hard to obtain with most spending going into school classrooms rather than sanitation facilities. Continued reliance on latrines is hardly a step forward! SNV’s figures suggest that the primary school population is split roughly 50:50 between boys and girls although this will need to be assessed for each school during implementation. i. Prepare outline design for facilities.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . of blocks that would be required if all schools had new facilities Actual requirement . they generally pay. A preliminary assessment suggests that the following facilities will be required: No of Schools No of Pupils Pupils per toilet No. as a minimum. identify suitable water connection/source Revisit design criteria taking into account actual experience and usage data. iii. of toilets required No of toilets per block No.Mwanza and. ii.5. All three data sources are compared in Appendix 3. It is important that boy’s facilities are provided with suitable urinals for ease of use and to limit overall cost of facilities.000 30 4500 8 562 256 €20. apparently. Some anomalies remain to be resolved between the lists provided by the Council. Selected Contractor to construct facilities.(2 blocks at 128 schools) Cost per toilet block Cost 170+ 135. The existing facilities are usually managed by schools themselves although there is no fundamental reason why this service cannot be privatised as with other public facilities.1 million 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Many schools share sites following sub-division of large schools into a number of smaller ones and often they still share latrine facilities. Inadequate toilet provision results in long queues at class break times. SNV and Don Consult under the WSDP. Private companies are engaged in running public toilet facilities.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .000 €0.7. Kirumba. Bugarika Dispensary and Luhanga Dispensary Proposals were generally for WCs but at two health centres VIPs were proposed due to the absence of a piped water supply – this decision needs to be revisited to see if this problem can be overcome. The company’s incentive in competing for a contract is the opportunity to make profits for themselves. ii. NGOs There doesn’t appear to be any NGO actively working in sanitation in Mwanza at the current time although a number. No. Such appointments are advertised and tendered in accordance with prevailing procurement regulations. Makongoro Clinic. A similar approach to that proposed for school sanitation is proposed although smaller blocks may be suitable. Public Facilities . however they also have to pay the Council fees under their contract. usually a public toilet block.Other Locations The recent studies (and designs) by Don Consult concluded that additional ‘public’ facilities should be provided at the following locations: i. Use of CBOs in the Provision of Sanitation Services Registered CBOs only work in solid waste collection not sanitation.7. transparent and above board. Igoma Dispensary.3.Mwanza New School Toilet Block 3. Butimba. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . with sanitation experience. are present in the City.8. Nyamanoro.3. Markets – 5 no.7.7. 3.3. of toilet blocks Cost per toilet block Cost 20 €20. Mabatini. The competition process is reportedly fair. A company will compete for and win a contract with the Council to run specified toilet facilities.4 million 3. Nyakato and National Health Centres – 5 no.Final Page 83 . they will also receive a license permitting them to operate as a service provider. and complies with the Procurement Act.9. Council Facilities and Requirements The council has opinions on what is acceptable for on-site/communal facilities but do not have standard designs as such. run by private companies/individuals not CBOs. possibly with access to funding. Because of the influence that the overall system (master) planning will have upon design. demand creation and training/organisation of private contractors and credit/subsidy schemes if these are required. some. Septic tanks designs receive approval as part of the building permit process. There are internal guidelines for the design of septic tanks for instance and consultants have produced designs for facilities. Communal facilities exist at some markets and health centres. now. 3.e.Mwanza ‘Plan International’ were reported to be working in the sector – but this is currently only on small water supply schemes in some rural wards.11. There will need to be Council liaison and extensive community consultation which may be assisted by an NGO.7. MWAUWASA prefer this approach incorporating an IFI audit of the procurement process with procurement decision being made by the ‘project’ rather than the Ministry in Dar (i. Scoping out the early the early works for Mwanza Despite the critical assessment made of the WSDP designs prepared to date MWAUWASA felt that it should be possible to identify some distribution mains which could proceed with little risk (small diameter secondary mains and replacement mains for instance). It appears that considerable time effort and money has been expended previously on hygiene promotion and awareness campaigns and the real problem. Implementation Organisation MWAUWASA would be happy for a third party such as an NGO stepping in to take charge of latrine and hygiene awareness. However it is now clear that much of the sanitation implementation will have to be undertaken by engineers as the challenge is how to get pipes up the hill.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Green Hope.10. A potential stumbling block will be where the council is required to compensate landowners for either access for pipes/stairways or for the collection tanks. SNV also have a local office and undertook some capacity building for UNHabitat during the first stage of LVWATSAN and the schools survey. it is proposed that both tasks be undertaken by the scheme consultant. Procurement process As an ear-marked project under WSDP the IFIs can impose their own procurement procedures as long as they are not in breach of legislation. They are also cooperating with DUNEA on a WASH programme for Mwanza and a change management project directly with MWAUWASA.7. 3.3.3. Contracts can be prepared on a schedule of rates basis rather than against formal designs. Their project does include hygiene awareness campaigns which are managed on their behalf by a local NGO. is a lack of adequate facilities to allow people to implement what they have learnt.Final Page 84 . A number of other international NGOs have also expressed interest in supporting sanitation improvements in Mwanza. The schools sanitation programme and low income areas collection sewers could also start reasonably quickly as these will be designed as the works proceed. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . similarly. the same as the KfW/EU project). analysis and contracts for the operation improvements can also be fast tracked. 5 1.7.7.Final Page 85 . Utilities can only charge customers for the services they provide to that customer and cross subsidies are not permitted.4 6. Alternatively.7. With the proposed community schemes a charge can be levied to cover the cost of emptying which will be passed to householders – many of whom will have water connections and hence receive bills.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .1.0 11.1 0.2. Subsidising Sanitation Costs It appears that the suggestion of a sanitation charge added to the normal water/wastewater bill would be unacceptable to the Regulator. Item School Sanitation Other Public Facilities Low Income Areas Sub-total Engineering and Contingency Total MEUR 5.1 3.6 13. 3. if CBOs or private companies are engaged in operation of the system then they can be charged a ‘fee’ against which they can charge users.4. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Sanitation Cost Estimate Preliminary Estimate A summary of the preliminary cost estimates is shown below.Mwanza 3.4.4. vegetation has started to grow in some of these and if proper maintenance practices are not employed blockages and dilapidation may begin. The city terrain is highly rugged and this is one of the main challenges faced in relation to storm water management. It is recommended that proper maintenance practices be employed. Road drains have also been provided.1. The road side drains empty the storm water into the main valley drains and then into the lake. 3.8. Planned Developments From the summary presented by the Council. Construction of approximately 800 metres of culverts of sizes varying from 600 to 1.8. 3. though it represents the council’s appreciation of the problems at hand. i. No documents were available for review and thus the documented findings are based on discussions held with the City Engineer of MCC. iv. From the inventory of structures provided by the Council. following are the proposed interventions: Construction of approximately 50 kilometres of new drains. These will comprise of both lined and earth drains.200 mm diameter. The bridges are to have spans of between 10 to 50 metres.8.Mwanza 3.3. iii. However. There are several main drains into the lake and these follow the main valleys in the city. As noted for Kisumu little or no studies have been undertaken in regard to storm water drainage in Mwanza. It may thus not be conclusive. It should be noted that during the site data collection exercise.38 . Total 50 100 50 10 3. ii.Inventory of Existing Urban Drainage Structures (MCC) Item 1 2 3 4 Existing Structure Line ditches Culverts Drifts Bridges Unit Kilometres Metres Numbers Numbers Est.2. The recent road network development in Mwanza city has seen extensive development of the storm water drainage facilities within the city. The information presented in this report was provided as a summary received at a later date.Final Page 86 . 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Existing Urban Drainage Network The current storm water infrastructure coverage is less than 40% of the municipality. the length and numbers of the existing structures is as summarized below: Table 3. little time was available for field visits and for the Council to prepare adequately for the discussions. The existing structures appeared to be in good state and most of them were constructed recently. Construction of approximately 150 drifts within the city at the low lying sections on road crossings.8. Construction of approximately 50 new bridges.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Urban Drainage General This section of the report details the findings of the site visit in Mwanza regarding storm water drainage. Some mark-ups for engineering costs and provision for contingencies have been allowed. The costs presented were obtained from the council.000. Development Needs The possible interventions for Mwanza storm water drainage based on the proposed development needs presented above are summarized below.Possible Interventions in Mwanza Urban Drainage Item Construct line ditches Construct Culverts Remarks This intervention will involve construction of approximately 50 km of new line ditches The intervention will involve construction of approximately 800 m of culverts of varying sizes from 600 to 1. The size and type of what structure will be provided at what section. supervision and contingencies ex. Estimated Cost € million 5.Final Page 87 . Table 3.Mwanza 3.200 mm diameter. In some sections.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . will be determined after undertaking detailed designs.3 15. The funding for the bridges is considered to fall under road works and not storm water drainage. The costs presented above are conceptual. VAT.300. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . and detailed studies need be undertaken to determine the actual numbers in order to arrive at a more realistic cost estimate for the proposed intervention based on need and feasibility of the proposals. This excludes the cost of constructing the proposed 50 bridges whose total cost is approximately € 9.3 9. they include engineering. Box culverts of dimensions up to 3x2 metre twin culverts will be required.300.39 .7 0.4.8.6 The total cost of the proposed intervention for Mwanza Storm water drainage improvements is € 6.3 Construct Drifts Construct Bridges 0. cost of which are factored in this cost estimate This intervention will see construction of approximately 150 drifts This intervention will see construction of approximately 50 bridges of varying spans in Mwanza City TOTAL COST (MEUR) Note: Prices are indicative.000. Approximately 314 tonnes of waste are produced daily by Mwanza.1. the City Council passed a by-law to outsource waste collection services. is the responsibility of the Council’s Health Department. a dumpsite located to the south near the village of Buhongwa. Mirongo River adjacent to the MWAUWASA Pumping Station 3. it is polluted by sewage washed into the river during storms – mainly from unformalised hillside settlements and poorly managed latrines. there are no weighing facilities in Mwanza and as such waste quantities are based on a volumetric estimation.2. However. 17 wards being serviced by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and the remaining four rural wards managing waste themselves – with waste being burnt. In addition.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Solid Waste Introduction Currently waste management services are undertaken by a number of different means.9. 3. However. Waste collection and disposal. thanks to scavenging and recycling initiatives during waste collection. in 2000.9. Rather. small concessions have been let for each ward within Mwanza with the five Central Business District (CBD) wards being serviced by specialised private contractors. under local law. There is one company operating in each of the five CBD wards. it appears that. its mouth appeared to be relatively clean and people were also seen to be picking plastic bottles out.9. As a result. but. It is currently unclear what the 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . waste composition is also unknown. following a visual inspection and discussions with the Head of the Mwanza City Health Department.Mwanza 3. Whilst there is evidence of solid waste in the river. Whilst a number of documents report the River Mirongo to be heavily polluted with solid waste. The Council undertake some waste collection and is responsible for the operation of the city’s only current disposal facility.Final Page 88 . that the river does not contain excessive amounts of solid waste. Collection Systems The private companies responsible for collecting waste from the CBD are required by the Council to collect waste and also haul the material to the dumpsite for disposal. the amount of material delivered to the dumpsite is around 280 tonnes per day. buried or used as manure on agricultural plots. presumably for recycling. Both the CBOs and private contractors undertake some recycling of materials such as plastics and metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) before disposal to the dumpsite. CBOs deliver the waste they collect to a central collection point from where the Council collects the waste either in an enclosed skip container or by using a front end shovel loader (wheel loader) to scoop the material off the ground and into a tipper truck.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . etc) and also with collecting fees.000 per month but are obviously dependant on the size of the ward and length of roads within it. It is unclear what revenue they get for the recyclate but observations suggest that the revenues are not high.g. café. burnt or composted. They are paid depending on the amount of road/ open space they clean and the current rate for CBOs is TSh 1. The CBOs collect directly from the waste producers in fourteen of the remaining wards. industrial. It is understood that the Council offers some support to the CBOs with items such as clothing and equipment (brushes. etc) and charges vary from between TSh 2. hand forks.Mwanza collection charges are for the CBD wards but it is understood that these are comparatively high as this is the affluent and business centric part of Mwanza. There are four rural wards where no formal waste collection takes place and waste is either buried. shop.Final Page 89 .000 per month for a weekly collection. as stockpiles of plastic bottles can be seen around the city.000 per 300 m2 of road/ space. the private companies and CBOs are also responsible for street and public open space cleaning within their wards. Image of Typical Centralised Waste Area and Skip As part of the waste collection services. Commercial properties are charged more depending on their land use type (e. Average invoices from CBOs for street cleaning services to the Council are around TSh 800. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .000 to TSh 20. Households pay TSh 800 per month for a weekly collection of wastes. Collection Infrastructure The Council operate a fleet of collection vehicles comprising: 4 ‘side-loader’ tipper trucks. 1 compactor (for compacting infill/ soil in open collection areas).3. 2 skip loaders (IVECO) – only one currently working. Wastes are collected and delivered to the dumpsite for disposal. These collections are generally made using tipper trucks or side-loader trucks. 1 shovel loader (O&K) – operational. 1 shovel loader (Komatsu) – not operational.Final . Page 90 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .9.Mwanza Stockpile of Plastic Bottles The Council is also responsible for the collection of waste from some larger institutions such as hospitals and government buildings.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Waste Collection from Bugando Hospital 3. all the equipment (with the exception of the O&K shovel loader) is old and in a poor state of repair. The site occupies a land area of 99 ha and includes treatment lagoons for wastewater from septic tanks. 3. In general. In addition.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Examples of Mwanza Council Waste Collection Plant The CBOs use handcarts to undertake the routine collection services from around the ward. There is no weighbridge at the site. Breakdowns are a regular occurrence and mean the collection service is inefficient. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . there are 30 enclosed skips (used at waste collection points) although an increasing number of these are becoming too damaged to use and/ or repair. Disposal Systems The current dumpsite is located to the south of the village of Kagera approximately 15 km (15-20 minutes) south of the CBD. Individual waste producers are responsible for storing the waste material in containers (sacks.Mwanza 1 wheeled backhoe excavator – not operational. etc) which are then collected/ emptied into the hand carts before delivery to the central waste collection points.9. Due to only one skip loader truck being operational. plastic boxes. and 1 tractor with front loader and ‘sweeper’ attachment. it is unlikely that more than five skips per day are emptied and transferred to the dumpsite for disposal. Vehicles entering the site are logged and registered and their payload is estimated based on the size (volume) of the truck. It is not clear exactly what plant the private contractors use for waste collection but it is likely to include some form of tipper truck to transfer the waste to the dumpsite.Final Page 91 .4. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Mwanza Council Dumpsite The dumpsite has no basal lining or leachate and gas collection and management systems in place and material is deposited directly onto natural ground (soil). To the south of the site is a river which is approximately 300 m from the site boundary, separated by a buffer of fields. Immediately to the north of the site is a hill that is environmentally sensitive and is protected from development. The dumpsite slopes from the gatehouse towards the river at the south. The site has no boundary fence and, as a result, there are a number of scavengers that sort through the waste extracting plastics, metals and polystyrene for sale to the recyclate market. A significant number of animals and scavenging birds are also present on the site. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 92 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Birds and Animals Scavenging on the Dumpsite The landfill has been poorly developed loosely following the principles of ‘cells’. The cells appear to be around 10-12 metres in length/ width with waste placed at a shallow depth of around 1.5 to 2 metres – in a land raise. When a cell is ‘full’ soil is excavated from elsewhere on the site and used to cover the waste. Waste is not compacted with anything other than the waste trucks and the shovel loader during ‘covering’ operations. The cells are not combined and are divided by access roads measuring about 3 metres in width. This leads to the dumpsite having a significant area footprint with large areas of unused land. It was observed that there were a number of open fires on the dumpsite. These appear to be started by the scavengers as a way of burning the waste material to leave the valuable metals behind to assist in the picking process. However, it is also apparent, following discussions with the Bugando Hospital, that the general waste delivered to the dumpsite from the hospital is also burnt on site with diesel supplied by the hospital. It is understood that this on-site burning of hospital general waste is a measure proposed by the Infection Prevention Control unit to ensure destruction of the waste. The liquid wastes received at the site are emptied into treatment lagoons. It is understood that these lagoons are lined but the lining material and its integrity is unknown. The quality of effluent from the lagoons is not controlled or monitored, and the efficiency of the water purification is not known. 3.9.5. Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste arisings are understood to be relatively low in Mwanza. In general hazardous wastes are only produced by hospitals and healthcare related functions. Under Law, it is a requirement of all hospitals to have on-site incinerators for burning the sharps and pathological waste and placenta pits (if necessary). Often the smaller hospitals and clinics use small scale burners (e.g. De Montford) whilst the larger hospitals have diesel fired incinerators. In both cases, these plant are often poorly maintained and operated and have little or no flue gas treatment systems in place leading to harmful emissions to air. The ash from the incinerators/ burners is usually buried or stockpiled on site although occasionally it seems that some of this ends up at the dumpsite. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 93 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Medical Waste Incinerator at Aga Khan Hospital, Mwanza Medical Waste Incinerator at Bugando Hospital, Mwanza Expired medicines and pills are managed by a centralised government body that arranges and oversees their destruction. It should be noted though that, as elsewhere in the world, the levels of electrical waste (ewaste) generated is on the increase in Mwanza. At present there are no formal channels for e-waste recycling and as a result most e-waste ends up at the dumpsite. E-waste can be a valuable waste stream as electronic goods often contain many precious metals (gold, silver, etc) as well as many recyclable plastic components. However, conversely, they can also contain many toxic and harmful chemicals such as cadmium and lead that can cause significant environmental damage if not disposed of in a controlled manner. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 94 However. The push walls will probably need to be around 1. the potential for soil and ground water pollution and the spread of disease. Dumping waste directly onto open ground means that a shovel loader is required to pick up the waste and transfer it into the side-loader collection trucks. This type of almost uncontrolled stock piling leads to littering.5 – 1. in general. it is possible that where Wards are split between the two councils there may be some issues with accountability and invoicing. However. concrete ‘push walls’ should be constructed around three sides of the slab. Proposals for Improvements to Solid Waste Management Systems Waste Collection It seems that the current waste collection system from each of the wards works relatively well. The streets are.6. It is evident that the Council’s existing fleet of waste collection vehicles is in dire need of upgrading and replacement. etc.9.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . In addition.Mwanza 3.1. thus reducing littering and pollution to ground and water. Perhaps most critical is the need for the skip loaders and compaction truck to be operational.7. The concrete slab and 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . It is also harder to deposit the collected waste into the skip as the carts/ wheelbarrows cannot empty directly. Some of the skips are placed onto small concrete pads (although in most cases the concrete is crumbling). Planned Developments It is proposed that in the near future the city will be divided into two Councils: Ilemela Council (North of the city). The division of the city is planned not to affect the current waste collection operations and the existing contracts with private companies and CBOs will continue to exist. When the hole deepens. the CBOs are able to access and collect solid waste from the steep hill sides where unplanned settlements are located. the Council dump more soil in to the hole to create a level ground and so the process starts again. Each time this operation is done more of the underlying soil is excavated and hauled to the landfill. as these would have the most significant benefits to the current efficiency of collection operations and enable containers to be emptied more regularly.Final Page 95 .9.2. deployment of more centralised waste collection points may offer efficiencies in collection and reduce the CBOs needing to transfer waste over comparatively long distances. As a result an additional dumpsite will be required for the newly formed Ilemela Council to use.9. relatively clear of waste and debris. Whilst these systems are simple and low maintenance they each have inherent operational problems. Instead the waste is lifted or shovelled into the skip container. 3. 3. and Nyamagana Council (South of the city).7.8 m in height. Most of the existing collection points are areas of open ground with no containment. In addition. Using the skips creates less littering and waste spreading around the collection area but the skips are comparatively expensive to buy and maintain. 3. The current proposed location is unclear but it is understood to likely be in Bugogwa ward. In addition. only one skip can be carried at a time by the collection vehicle. They are often located at street corners or market areas.9. These will mitigate damage from the shovel loader bucket when scraping up waste and should help prolong the operational life of the site.7. Waste Collection Improvement Options Improvement options for waste collection include the following: Constructing Concrete Slabs in All Centralised Waste Collection Areas In areas that were previously open ground the slabs should be constructed with protruding steel ‘runners’ in the top face of the floor slab. Some improvements are operational. Procure New/Additional Enclosed Skip Containers with a Nominal Capacity of 10. the City Council fleet. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .e. Procure and Deploy 4.g. Disposal The existing dumpsite needs significant improvements to reduce the environmental impact that disposal of waste has at the site. which also needs to be considered at the financing stage. or in conjunction with.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Additionally. dumpsters would facilitate the segregation of materials at source and due to their relatively small land take (~3 m2) additional units can be easily deployed if necessary. either continued use of skips and open stockpile areas or dumpsters). etc). The possibility of procuring a fleet of trucks with locally available maintenance and spare parts will be cheaper and easier to run than some of the more remote manufacturers.6 m3 (6 yd3) Dumpsters Instead of Skips These are smaller and manoeuvrable by hand and can be collected by a compaction bodied collection vehicle. Procuring trucks can be expensive and leads to a requirement to maintain and operate a fleet. These will enable flexibility in the sizing and orientation of bays. 3. The concrete slab should have an area of around 25 m2 as a minimum to enable safe operation of the wheel loader.7. thus increasing the payload and enabling more than one central waste collection area to be serviced before needing to go to the dumpsite.Final Page 96 . This reduces the need for the Council to have a significant capital outlay and can be undertaken quickly. To facilitate recycling it would be possible to create two storage bays on the slab (each with push walls) to enable source segregation of recyclates and residual waste.Mwanza push walls will need to be reinforced with steel. whilst others may require significant investment. near markets. through drawing up a simple contract of works.7 m3 (14 yd3) These should replace the existing damaged and un-repairable skips and also enable more than one skip to be located at places where high waste generation occurs (e.9.3. it is possible to contract the private sector to supply (and potentially operate) waste collection vehicles to work for. The specific number and type of truck will depend on the type of waste storage systems selected (i. It could be possible to use ‘alphablocks’ or similar locally constructed blocks as the push-walls. Example of Front End Loader Waste Collection Vehicle Procuring new collection vehicles will greatly improve collection efficiency and reliability. The slab will also need to be at a slight gradient to enable water to freely drain. As an alternative means of increasing collection capacity. the installation of a weighbridge at the entrance to the existing dumpsite would enable better data recording and future decision making in waste management systems.7. Therefore. it is hard for any Council or contractor to develop a waste management strategy and system without a robust knowledge and understanding of waste quantities managed. Scavenging on the dumpsite should be formalised and managed. As discussed above. leachate management system and potentially also some form of gas management system in engineered cells. and a weight attributed to that. Whilst the practice of recording waste quantities by volume estimations (and subsequent conversion to weight) is proven and well established. reducing the risk to soil and groundwater contamination and also the risks posed to the scavengers. Waste that arrives at the dumpsite is logged and recorded by vehicle type and nominal volume capacity. Major Capital Works A lined cell (with leachate and gas management systems) should be constructed for containment of hospital and industrial wastes. 3. The lighting of general waste from the hospitals should be stopped immediately. The fencing should be checked daily to ensure its integrity. In addition.Final Page 97 . the loader can be used to put out fires. They pose a significant danger to the environment and human health and could lead to an explosion if there is an escape of landfill gas. Installing landfill gas systems is not possible in existing cells as the shallow nature of the waste means that ‘vertical’ gas wells will not be effective and ‘lateral’ systems should have been installed prior to waste deposition.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Water quality in the river to the south of the existing dumpsite should be regularly monitored to check for contamination. This will contain potential contamination and chemicals in the waste stream. However.4. Currently the Council has no means of accurately measuring and recording waste arisings. Any fire should be covered immediately with soil/ cover material. Rehabilitation of the site into an engineered landfill would be expensive and take time but the dumpsite would pose significantly less environmental risk and have a prolonged operational life. Budget funds will need to be allocated to cover operational and maintenance costs of the loader. The existing site could be rehabilitated to install a liner. maintain haul roads and construct new cells. a more expensive option being a concrete block work wall. animal and bird scavengers should be discouraged. Waste deposited in this cell should be covered immediately. We understand that the Council is already looking to install a weighbridge at the site due to be installed in 2011/12. etc. Minor Capital Works Security fencing should be erected around the perimeter of the existing site to prevent unauthorised scavengers and animals from accessing the site. At present no landfill gas management systems are in place at the site and as a result landfill gas vents passively. Material choice for the fence will be important. A shovel loader should be kept on site to enable daily cover to be applied and to compact and spread waste in the cells. If metal sheeting or wire mesh fencing is chosen then it is possible that it could be stolen.Mwanza The current dumpsite covers a large area and combines solid waste disposal with liquid septic waste treatment. The act of scavenging not only creates employment and income for the community but also prolongs the life of the Council’s dumpsite by reducing the void space in the waste. Security and access to the site are not well controlled and families operate as scavengers on the site. these comprise of operational improvements and both minor and major capital works improvements including the following: Operational Improvements Open fires on the dumpsite should not be tolerated. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Waste Disposal Improvement Options A number of improvement options exist for waste disposal.9. 3. This would help to create a market for recyclates within Mwanza and within the wider East Africa region. Poorly managed hazardous waste and e-waste can cause significant environmental damage. Bugando hospital is looking to replace their large diesel fired incinerator in the next few years. the quantities recovered are small and the practices used primitive and unregulated. equipment and crew. The first phase would be to remove all the waste to the higher ground and install a liner in the excavated part. perhaps at the council vehicle depot/yard where scavengers will not pick off all the recyclate. detailed site selection should be done to ensure that the landfill is not located adjacent to any environmentally sensitive receptors. Side bunds should be constructed and also lined. This will increase collection efficiency and enable better general site management to occur (concrete pads. However.9. some recovery of metals takes place on an ad hoc basis – for example lead from vehicle batteries is extracted and recycled. Leachate collection ponds should also be installed in the south of the site with the leachate collection pipework feeding into it. treatment and disposal and how to promote and educate waste awareness across the city. In addition.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . etc in phases as and when necessary. Once the basal and side lining and leachate and gas management systems are installed the stockpiled waste can then be replaced in the lined area in managed ‘cells’. Many of the existing medical waste incinerators/ burners operational in Mwanza are in poor operational condition.Mwanza Remediation works would need to be done in phases. Proximity to the airport should also be considered when selecting the site location.9. The remainder of the site can then be gradually lined.8. This could then lead to the development of a waste management strategy for the Council which would focus on waste collection. The liner should have low permeability and could be HDPE although a locally sourced clay material could be cheaper and less complicated to install. This will enable the Council to identify priority materials to be targeted for recycling or recovery or for better management in general. The dumpsite should be engineered from the outset with basal and wall linings and leachate and gas management control systems in place. However. Further Studies and Pilot Projects It is evident that more work needs to be done to gain a more accurate picture of waste composition and quantities generated by Mwanza. storage.7. This will help to reduce the Council’s financial burden relating to vehicles. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3.5. However. New/ additional centralised waste collection areas should be identified to reduce the distances that waste is transferred from point of generation to point of storage. it is a responsibility of the hospitals/ clinics to ensure that these are maintained and replaced as and when necessary. Hazardous Waste Disposal Improvement Options Improvement options exist for hazardous waste disposal and include the following: Construction of a suitably engineered hazardous waste dumpsite cell at each of the two dumpsites (existing and proposed). A compositional study could be done relatively cheaply and easily. etc). precious metals and ensure that remaining hazardous materials are probably segregated and managed. Construction of a new engineered sanitary dumpsite for the proposed Ilemela Council is also necessary. Hazardous Waste Disposal Currently there are no hazardous waste management collection or disposal methods in place.Final Page 98 . Further studies may need to be done to investigate the possibilities of contracting private companies to undertake some or all of the Council’s collection services. The cells should be at a depth of around 10 m to enable sufficient gas capture and allow for settlement as the waste degrades. has good vehicular access and is of a suitable size to manage the waste quantities proposed. and Construction of an e-waste recycling facility within Mwanza City to recover plastics. new skip containers. Final Page 99 . Composting happens on an ad hoc basis in the rural wards but it is understood that significant levels of organic waste are produced at the markets. A small composting pad could possibly be constructed at the dump sites. Capital Projects. They have been split.40 below provides an overview of the possible interventions that could be undertaken in Mwanza. into Operational. Supply.9. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3. If this were collected separately it may be possible to undertake some form of windrow composting operation to produce a soil conditioner for resale and use by the agricultural industry.Mwanza Currently little formalised composting is undertaken in Mwanza. Grants and Capacity Building. However. Overview of Possible Interventions Table 3.9. in broad terms.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . in order to assess the feasibility of centralised composting it is important to get a better handle on waste composition and quantities arising in Mwanza. *These costs include provisions for design and civil engineering works and assume a surface mounted weighbridge **These costs are estimates as precise waste quantities are not known and therefore the precise size of cell cannot be determined and no ground investigation work has been undertaken 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .4 0. they include engineering.40 .6 0.0** 0.0 4.3 0. supervision and contingencies ex.6 TOTAL COST (MEUR) 43.Final Page 100 . Alternative option of compactor truck and dumpsters to increase collection capacity Install a weighbridge to record data Number of additional skips and/ or dumpsters to be determined based on further studies of waste generation Requires design and engineering – understood that Council have plans to install a new weighbridge in 2011/12 but uncertain of how they will pay for it Would help to reduce contamination into groundwater and contain leachate produced Remarks Council have insufficient number of trucks to undertake waste collection Estimated Cost € million 0.7 0.0** 7.Mwanza Table 3.3 Capacity Building 0.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .0** 21. Develop a WEEE recycling and reprocessing facility in Mwanza Construct a dedicated lined hazardous waste landfill cell at the proposed new landfill facility and existing dumpsite Grants Provide grants to the Council to procure new vehicles and containers Undertake a feasibility study into development of formalised composting plant Technical support in the site selection exercise to identify optimum location for new dumpsite Ilemela Technical support to identify new/ additional centralised waste collection areas 4. VAT.Possible Interventions in Mwanza Solid Waste Item Operational Study into potential to let a contract for waste collection services Develop working plans to improve landfill operation and ensure regular monitoring of groundwater and water quality in the adjacent river Supply Skip loader and skip containers to increase waste collection capacity.8 Capital Projects 0.4 Note: Prices are indicative.0** 3.7* Construct a lined landfill cell to manage industrial and hospital wastes Rehabilitate existing dumpsite and install liners and gas/ leachate management systems and construct new landfill cells Construct new sanitary dumpsite for the Ilemela Council. Design and engineering of the facility. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The Ministry MoU regulates the provision of water to the residents of the city. The main objective of MWAUWASA therefore is to fulfil government policy of providing potable water and efficient sewerage services to the residents of Mwanza purely as a commercial entity. The City Director.Final Page 101 . and another MOU with Energy and Water Utility Regulatory Authority (EWURA) regulates tariffs and arbitrates in cases of disputes.10. Councillor’s representative. Distribution of water to consumers in Mwanza and its surrounding peri-urban centres. The composition of the Board of Directors includes the following stakeholders: Chairperson of the Board. Receiving payments and account for revenues from services provided.10. The Regional Secretary. MWAUWASA was commissioned in 1998 under the Ministry of Water. In 1996. Meet all operation and maintenance expenses including staff remuneration from the revenues generated. 3. Ministry of Water representative. The Board of Directors which is appointed by the Minister of Water in consultation with the Regional Administrations is charged with providing policy direction for effective and efficient management of the services to be provided by MWAUWASA. The operations of this Utility Authority are governed through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Water. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . to which it reports regularly. Institutional Assessment Mwanza Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (MWAUWASA) MWAUWASA was established through conversion of what used to be a government water service provider under the Regional Water Engineer in the Ministry of Water. Women’s representative. and Invest where necessary in expansion of water production infrastructure. Domestic Consumers’ representative. The Board of Directors also provide the vital linkage with both the Regional Administration and the Central Government. The functions of MWAUWASA include: Abstraction and treatment of water. Commercial Consumers’ representative.1. and Managing Director of MWAUWASA who is also the Secretary to the Board. Managing the operations and maintenance of production and distribution infrastructure including liquid waste treatment and disposal. the idea was mooted to start regional water authorities with the aim of liberalising water and sewerage services from government control to improve on service delivery.Mwanza 3. Large Consumers’ representative. Regular monthly reading of meters and billing for the water consumed. This is to ensure that propoor water provision policy is constantly adhered to. As will be discussed below. First. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . abstraction of water is subject to conditions laid down by Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA). It is therefore a requirement that MWAUWASA submits its monthly reports to EWURA for purposes of monitoring and control. In addition. As a category “A” fully autonomous authority MWAUWASA is expected among other targets.2.3. There are a total of approximately 140 staff members in the establishment of MWAUWASA. it has also revised its organisation structure to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery. 8 of 1997. to meet all its operation and maintenance expenses and part of its investment costs (10% of Operating Income). This includes approval and license issue by the Lake Victoria Basin Office. and is currently falling into category “A” of water and sewerage utility service providers.1. Day-to-day management of the Authority is the responsibility of the Managing Director and four departmental managers according to the new organisational structure. The main rationale for institutional restructuring has been to rationalise the scheme of service to the level that supports the business nature of the Authority. Institutional Organisation and Capacity Building at MWAUWASA Legal Mandate MWAUWASA is fully owned by the Government of The United Republic of Tanzania as a water authority under the Ministry responsible for water. this has resulted in improvement of service and performance results in many areas.1. These include the Technical Manager. Apart from regulating the amounts abstracted. 3. in February 2011. the Lake Victoria Basin Office ensures that effluent water discharged back to the lake meets internationally acceptable environmental standards. affordable and sustainable clean water to the residents of Mwanza City (including Kisesa Township) and to manage disposal of sewerage services. 3. to approving and licensing water abstraction. adequate and sustainable safe water and disposal of wastewater in an environmentally friendly manner to Mwanza City at optimum cost” Although MWAUWASA is fully autonomous.Final Page 102 . In addition to having an elaborate business plan. the Commercial Manager.3.2. It became fully autonomous in January 1998 operating under the Board of Directors.10.Mwanza 3. It was established in July 1996 by a ministerial decision to establish semi-autonomous water authorities and formalised by Act No. Institutional Capacity MWAUWASA has undergone institutional transformation in the recent past. EWURA approves tariffs obtaining at any one time. The main objective for establishing MWAUWASA was to supply reliable.10. 3. the Finance Manager and the Administrative and Human Resource Manager. accountability and equity in governance. relieved of his services by the Permanent Secretary on advice of the Board of Directors. its activities are regulated by statutory bodies established by the Government of Tanzania to ensure transparency. In its current Business Plan MWAUWASA has stated the following as its vision: “To be a model in the provision of safe water and sewerage services in Tanzania” The mission statement is similarly focused and is stated as: “Provision of reliable. Managing Director’s Office The current Managing Director is currently holding the office in acting position after the previous incumbent was. The senior professional staff members in the different departments have attained impressive academic professional training.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .10.10. who are invariably heads of department.3. Procurement Management and Management Information Systems can be delegated appropriately to release the Managing Director to provide necessary advice to the Board of Directors and quality management direction to all the service delivery departments. the zone offices will be headed by engineers (currently undergoing professional/academic training in local Universities) and supported by qualified and experienced technicians. Legal Services. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Initially these operational zone offices are headed by technicians. and Administration and Human Resources Department. The following operational service delivery departments report directly to the Managing Director and are headed by Managers: Technical Department. In the long run this is bound to cause a major bottleneck in the management process. Other than functions that are advisory in nature like Legal. Procurement Management.Mwanza The Managing Director is guided in fulfilling his functions by the Board of Directors who has the ultimate responsibility from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to supply potable water to the residents and other customers in Mwanza. 3. These include: Public Relations. Ultimately.2. Commercial Department.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . the current structure places heavy responsibility on the Managing Director to the extent that this could render that position inefficient. MWAUWASA has planned to divide Mwanza into four operational zones with fully established management offices to bring services closer to the customers. Planning and Quality Assurance. and Management Information System. Having said that. Similarly there are many artisans who are also well trained. In addition there are several Assistant Managers heading minor sections but are reporting directly to the Managing Director. Internal Audit. Three of these zones are already established and operational in Nyegezi.10. Finance Department. Nyakato and Kiseke.Final Page 103 . Internal Audit and Public Relations. Chairmen of such Operational Committees. the management style was appreciated of the current Managing Director who has established Operational Committees of Heads of main Departments to deal with issues such as staff discipline and general management follow up. In our opinion. Technical Department The Technical Department has a total of five sections all headed by graduates as follows: Infrastructure Development Water Network Operations Water Quality Control Plant and Production Sanitation Operations 2 Engineers 1 Engineer 1 Engineer 2 Engineers 1 Senior Technician (Engineer resigned) The Technician levels are filled with personnel (15 in number) who are trained at technical training colleges within Tanzania. This brings a total of ten functional lines reporting directly to the Managing Director. report regularly to the Managing Director on issues discussed and progress made. others such as Planning and Quality Assurance. Ensuring customers get their monthly bills. this is less than 30% of the total population of Mwanza enjoying services of potable water. Commercial Department The Commercial Department was established out of what was originally the Business Department MWAUWASA in 2008. Finance. Attend to all the complaints received. revenue collection and management of debts. This has improved collection efficiency ratio approximately 98% during the past FY. and Enforcing collection of current payments due. Administration and Human Resources Departments were also created. This is informed by the fact that this grade of staff is in the front line and has regular contact with the customers during meter reading and while distributing the monthly bills. customer care. Ensure plans have been made to expand water supply network to cover the new customers especially the big customers. Marketing and Customer Services The head of this section has appropriate qualifications in marketing and customer relations and is supported by a team of staff with commensurate professional training. To ensure that customers receive their monthly bills and that payments are made promptly.10. Currently there are approximately 34. The department has four sections all of which are headed by graduates with relevant professional qualifications.Final Page 104 . billing. The designation of former meter readers has been changed to Sales Assistants. Marketing and Customer Services. This grade of senior management staff is supported by a number of well qualified staff in the relevant disciplines which enable them perform their functions. the actual number of persons served could be less. So for a population of 617. timely and proper meter reading.3.000. The objective was to make water service provision a purely commercial business service offered to the customers of Mwanza. The sections include: Sales and Billing. especially where new developments are taking place. Simplistic analysis with a household size of five people. the Sales and Billing Section has instituted a system of hand delivery of monthly bills to customers’ premises. Considering that some connections are for large and industrial consumers. Receive complaints from customers and from general public and customers with regard to services provided. The functions of sales and billing section include: Regular. Producing monthly bills and statements.000 metered customers connected to water supply. translates this to a population of approximately 170.000. Besides the Commercial Department.Mwanza 3. Posting the readings.3. and Zone Operations. Sales and Billing This section is headed by a graduate. Credit Control. The new designation empowers them to also be proactive in matters and issues affecting the delivery of water as a service offered by MWAUWASA. Other staff members are reported to hold appropriate qualifications. The aim was to make the commercial activities more effective by enhancing marketing of services. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This section has the following functions: Market the services of MWAUWASA to the potential customers.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Credit Control follows non payment by sending reminders through demand notes giving a time frame to pay. Created out of the original Business Department. This will help to reduce under-billing and/or over-billing. The billing section ensures that customers get their bills promptly at the end of the month. especially when the same team was also responsible for meter reading and hand-delivering of bills. Credit Control The section is headed by an Enforcement Officer with appropriate qualification. The aim of this section is to increase the number of consumers with legal connections and to ensure that issues arising from water service delivery and sewerage management are handled effectively. Nyakato and Kiseke to reduce congestions at Finance Office. Payments are expected within fifteen days in the subsequent month. To make the function of the enforcement staff more acceptable. the Finance Department comprises the following sections: 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . and Train leaders of the community to sensitise residents to report any leakages immediately these are noticed. preferably companies with sufficient experience in debt collection. Finance Department This department is headed by a Finance Manager who has an appropriate professional qualification. Additional functions of the Marketing and Customers Services Section will be to check and repair meters and replace regularly when necessary. 3. One of the reasons constraining customers from paying for the services is the fact that much time is spent queuing to make payments at the Cash Office at the Head Office.10. or Disconnect customers from sewerage service when they are in default of paying for water. Whereas previously the meter readers were also required to enforce payment through disconnections.Final Page 105 .Mwanza Monitor and control leakages through 24 hour patrolling of the distribution lines. One of the main functions of this section is to ensure that all customers in arrears of payment actually pay. thus increase turnover and willingness to pay that will ultimately increase revenue collection. MWAUWASA has plans to use one or a combination of the following methods to enhance payment collection from customers: Outsource debt collection to qualified private sector. or Use an internal team to whom the function of debt collection has been fully delegated. this was seen as portraying the disconnection squad negatively.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .3. The customers will be charged interest on outstanding balances beyond the grace period. Where the customer fails to pay within the stipulated time the section enforces payment. Separating the payment enforcement function from sales and billing function has removed the negative image which was attached to the act of disconnection. those who effect meter disconnections are now known as Credit Control Assistants.4. A new meter management policy has been introduced which requires attaching red seals to disconnected meters and blue seals for functioning meters. Currently MWAUWASA is preparing a credit policy proposal to be tabled with EWURA which if passed will provide a grace period to creditors. Zone Operations In addition to the Zonal Network Supervisor from the Technical Department. Disconnection is the last resort. This has encouraged more customers to pay their utility bills thus enhancing collection of payment. Illegal connections identified through scouting of the network will be first handled by this section to get these formalised before any drastic action is taken. MWAUWASA has established three Zonal Operations Offices at Nyegezi. the Commercial Department has also deployed staff especially from Sales and Billing and Credit Control sections to provide easy contact. payroll and remuneration management. short listing and preliminary elimination based on non-compliance with the basic requirements for the positions. Staff appointments are not all done by the Human Resources section. The Finance Department now uses Smart Billing Manager operating system built on an Access database. Administration and Transport This section is managed by an Assistant Manager who has the requisite professional qualification in administration.3. The head of this section ensures that the organisation runs smoothly. The efficiency of the Finance Department is reflected by the fact that accounts receivable ratio have been reduced to three months as at 30th June 2010. In this process the Board of Directors may engage the services of Human Resources section to do the secretarial duties to prepare dossiers to be forwarded to the Permanent Secretary. The selection of subordinate skilled and unskilled personnel has been delegated fully to the Managing Director provided a specific request to recruit has been approved by the Board of Directors in advance.Mwanza Revenue Accounting. disciplinary and termination issues. Supplies and Stores The section is headed by an Assistant Manager and handles only stores required for the daily running of the office.5. The Board of Directors selects the Department Heads and Heads of Sections and other skilled manpower directly or may outsource the selection process to qualified human resources consultants. Its functions include managing all issues related to personnel such as recruitment of support staff. Human Resources The section is headed by an Assistant Manager qualified in human resources.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The position of the Managing Director is filled through a process whereby the Board of Director selects three suitably qualified persons whose names are forwarded with recommendations to the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Water who appoints one. It was created from the original Business Department and comprises of the following sections which are manned by Assistant Managers: Human Resources. Previously accounts receivable remained outstanding for six months. In this case the support of the Human Resources Section will be fully involved in the selection process such as advertisement. The Board of Directors may also choose to delegate the selection Heads of Departments and Sections and other skilled manpower to a special Human Resources Committee. 3. Administration and Transport.Final Page 106 . and Expenditure Accounting. The section deals with issues such as office logistics. facilitating annual staff performance appraisal and organising staff training and development. records and archives. In 2008 average payment collected was 300 million TSh per month against a billing of 400 million TSh per month.10. Administrative and Human Resources Department This department is headed by an Administrative & Human Resources Manager with an appropriate university degree. In 2009 this had improved to an average of 600 million TSh collected per month against a billing of 650 million TSh per month. Stores required from the technical operations are managed by the Procurement section directly under the Managing Director. deployment and supervision of administrative support staff and overall security both in office and plant/machinery. This enables the department to produce all bills timely for distribution and subsequent collection of payment. and Supplies and Stores. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . leave and off-duty management. 6% chose not to respond to this question.7% chose not to respond to this question. Only very few members of staff have other qualifications.10. Only 7.5. We therefore suggest having a Procurement and Supplies Department headed by a graduate and comprising of two sections of Procurement and Supplies each headed by an Assistant Manager with requisite qualification. The organisation encourages management staff to pursue academic/professional courses.7% of the respondents indicated they do not have any job descriptions. 3.7% have been in employment for over 10 years. A questionnaire administered to 35 of MWAUWASA staff members revealed the following trends among the staff: General Duration of Employment 35. These are categorised into professional. We nevertheless recognise the importance of procurement in water supply business due to high value of equipment and materials required to provide the services. As noted earlier most are male.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Because of the policy of encouraging personal growth. most senior staff members seem motivated to work and give their best.Final Page 107 .10. skilled. This arrangement will still separate the two functions to enhance transparency. 8. The staff categories from Assistant Managers upwards are well trained professionally and have achieved appropriate degrees or are in the process of pursuing academic qualification.5%).4% are in the ranks of support staff.8% of the respondents are in the middle management while 31. We did not probe whether the job descriptions reflect actual jobs they do on daily basis. This indicates a fairly stable personnel with confidence in the employer. logging. inspection and distribution of monthly water and sewerage bills. Job Descriptions Issued 65. Currently the most of the heads of department have attained a Masters degree plan to enrol for the Masters as soon as possible. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Part of the staff in middle management which includes Assistant Managers and Supervisors has attained undergraduate qualifications (26. Institutional Capacity The current MWAUWASA business plan requires that staff members are exposed sufficiently in their areas of work so as to increase their efficiency.1% of the respondents are in the senior management positions.Mwanza Consolidating the functions of supplies and procurement will enhance management of materials and release the Managing Director from direct oversight of procurement. The majority of staff fall within the grade of skilled.5% of the respondents indicated they have been in employment for between six and ten years while 25.4. Levels of Education The staff component at MWAUWASA is fairly well qualified with 50% having attained either Proficiency Certificates or Diplomas in the appropriate areas they are employed to work in. 8. 3. for example one person holds a PhD. 25. This is a normal distribution of personnel considering the nature of service delivered which requires technical knowhow with large measure of responsibility on the one hand and fairly large grade required to perform fairly regular tasks such as meter reading. with only 55 being female. Training Needs Assessment MWAUWASA has a staff capacity of about 255. semi-skilled and unskilled and include technicians. Positions in the Organisation 42.7% of the respondents have been issued job descriptions for the job they are employed to perform. artisans and handymen. The staff members are given study leaves for that purpose. semi-skilled and unskilled cadres. This is a very impressive record and is linked to selection process and the policy to upgrade staff qualifications which is pursued by the organisation. 8 8.7 11.6% 26.2% 20.8 26.4 50.8 50.8 14.5 14.4 35.5 23.9% 26. The attitude of “this how we have done it” has remained stuck in the minds of most of the staff in this category.6% 20. An assessment of training needs during this assignment produced the following areas of 2 training need listed in priority according to scores : Table 3.41 .6 Need Little 8.9 - % that did not respond 1 2 4 - 11. The mentality of what an individual can benefit from a situation which has arisen. the characteristics of the majority of staff in this category include: Unfriendly demeanour towards customers.8 14.2 Need Some 29. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Resistance towards change.4 35.8 17.5 8.8 11.6 20.6 17.6% 23.Final Page 108 .6 26.0 23.List of Identified Training Needs – MWAUWASA Staff Areas of Training Need Rank in Priority Budget Preparation Skills Budget Management and Monitoring Techniques Plant Operation Skills Static Plant/Assest Manage’t Skills Quaity Control Skills Leak Detection and Correction Techniques Network Operation and Management Skills Unaccounted for Water/Non Revenue Water Management Meter Management Skills Network Survey Skills Customers Care Techniques Billing and Data Base Management Skills Accounting Procedures Procurement Procedures Inventry Mangement and Control Techniques Tariff Setting Revenue Management Skills 2 Responses in Percentages Need Much 58.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .6 29. like default in payment of services. They have not accepted that water supply and sewerage services are currently provided as a commercial venture.7 23.7% A questionnaire was administered to a total of 35 members of staff representing all the Departments.5 50.9 8.9 5.0 38.7 11.9 11.8 29. most of the staff in this category require extra effort to get them to attend courses that will first improve their attitude to work and enhance their productivity.3 29. MWAUWASA has developed a capacity building road map which highlights the following areas of focus: Improving Human Resources Performance.7 8.8 8.9 8.8 17.6 38.Mwanza 3.9 8.5 11.4 14.8 2.8% 5.8% 20.7% 20.9 14.4% 17.9 Don’t Know 5.6. Operational Challenges The problem currently is with the lower grade of staff who have not shown much initiative towards personal professional growth.7 11.7% 20.9 2.9 61.6 Need None 8.9 8.8 2.8 14.9 2. has been a major concern to the current management.8% 50% 14.10.0 29. According to management. To address these and other issues that affect the staff performance.9 2.8 5.4% 26.6 41.9 2.3 35.8 2.8 5.8 17.5 8.9 2.8 5.8 2.9 2.3 8. Having been subjected to patronage from powers that be.8 26.4 26.5 17.9 2. and Improving Customer Services.5% 32.7 14.7 20. They have not yet accepted the fact that service to the customers is the reason for their continued existence in the payroll of MWAUWASA.7% 17.5% 20.1 5.7 5.2 17. 0 41.9 5. This is followed closely by training on Budget Management and Monitoring Techniques. Establish performance standards and guidelines for all staff detailing the importance of and how to relate to customers.Mwanza Areas of Training Need Rank in Priority Strategic Planning Techniques Business Plan Preparation and Mangement Techniques Montoring and Evaluation Change Management Skills Basic Computer Application Skills 3 6 7 5 Need Much 47.5 23.1 44.9 2. These are listed in the Business Plan and include: Human Resources Improve organisation set up. Exposure on skills in Strategic Planning Techniques comes third but is very closely linked to budgeting and budget management.9 14.8% 8. Human resources management concepts. and Improve work environment by completing construction of and moving into the new office block. Replace all old distribution pipes and extend network.1 50. Different styles of management and leadership especially for senior and middle management grades.9 % that did not respond 8. Accounting systems and packages. Improve remuneration by reviewing staff salaries scales and incentive packages and then adjust for staff accordingly.6% 20. The cross cutting topic here is basic computer application skills.5% The need that came up at the top of this training needs assessment is training on Budget Preparation skills. and Customer Relations 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .9% 17.3 20.7 2. Improve marketing services and marketing approaches to increase service coverage.9 Need None 5. monitoring and evaluation. In addition to the above MWAUWASA has listed areas of quick wins that will help kick start performance improvement.8 5. and Staff performance appraisal.9 8. Other areas of training and capacity building needs that were highlighted by the key informants include: Well designed exchange visits to other utilities outside the country that are performing better and from which the staff can learn.9 2.0 50.6 17.9% 14.8 Don’t Know 2.Final Page 109 . Provide staff training in identified areas of need to improve skills.6 23.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .8 Need Little 8. Enhance proper placement of staff along the lines of the improved organisation set up.0 Responses in Percentages Need Some 35. Short courses to update staff on new state of the art in their different fields: Water and sanitation engineering.7 14. knowledge and attitude to work. Interpersonal relationship training. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza Improve documentation of customers’ relations feedback and institutionalise how to use these for management purposes.1. As suggested above. meter reading.10. and Improve staff and other management records.10. Low-Regret/Low-Risk Fast-Track Interventions The following suggestions should be considered by MWAUWASA management to improve efficiency in delivery of services: Direct Responsibilities of Managing Director The current number of functional lines reporting directly to the Managing Director should be restructured. Other training institutions include: Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology. Designing and Project Implementation in the Technical Department. Update employees’ job description to include all relevant functions they currently perform.Final . Staff Emoluments MWAUWASA has adopted a policy whereby staff are given incentives depending on the total revenue generated in the previous year. Mbeya Institute of Technology. MWAUWASA also has a budget to sponsor staff for training either for professional/academic achievement or for short technical and managerial courses. some training costs are carried by the Government of the Republic of Tanzania under its staff development programme.7.7. Training and Staff Growth Costs Being a state corporation.10. 3. the following functions can be delegated: Planning and Quality Assurance to be included under Planning.2. Institutes such as Rwegarulila Water Institute in Dar es Salaam come in handy for training of water technicians at all levels in all relevant areas. This will be a management decision that will not have cost implications but will enhance and streamline reporting line thus relieving the Managing Director of some direct responsibilities that can be dealt with at lower levels in the organisation hierarchy. and University of Dar es Salaam.7. “Let the right hand know what the left hand is doing”. A staff member with any type of dossier in their files may not be considered for sponsorship by MWAUWASA or for nomination for Government sponsorship. So far most of the training courses both technical and managerial have been obtained in Tanzania. 30% of net surplus generated in any one year can be shared out to staff as bonuses. This has encouraged all staff to be frugal in the use of finances and in ensuring that revenue due every year is collected promptly. logging and distribution of monthly bills. The basic requirement for any staff to get sponsorship is a minimum of three years exemplary service with MWAUWASA. Page 110 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3. Leadership 3. The senior management indicated that there is a possibility of organising short courses to be delivered in Mwanza by the training institutions to save on cost of transporting several staff long distances. Enhance communication with and between staff. The staff must take the first initiative to ask for sponsorship and the training required must be in line with overall institutional capacity needs. Such courses can be designed to provide hands-on (on-the-job) training especially for water technicians and artisans including staff in the Commercial Department dealing with block mapping. Enhance disciplinary procedures for erring staff. all the sales.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . This is because most residents still perceive the utility as a government service and will evade paying with impunity. The third component of this course will include repairs and maintenance skills for meters and pipes network. The target for this course will ideally include all staff members in the Commercial Department with special emphasis on Marketing and Customers Care. Following the training needs assessment survey some topics came up as priority for training. it is different in that it will emphasis psychological aspects of relationship. Short Courses for Staff The following courses have been identified as necessary to improve efficiency in service delivery. and Page 111 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . They can be offered at minimal cost to the organisation and staggered to allow for smooth continuation of service delivery: Customer Care and Public Relations Training. Interpersonal relationship training. We propose that these are offered when resources are available especially to the senior management: – – – – – – – Budget preparation skills Budget management and monitoring techniques Strategic planning techniques Management of Unaccounted for Water/Non Revenue Water skills Basic computer application skills Business plan preparation and management techniques Change management skills Other Courses These include: A well designed exchange visit to other utilities outside the country that are performing better and form which the staff can learn. MWAUWASA has acquired GIS and GPS equipment. Although this might sound similar to the public relations course. The Procurement Manager will be supported by Procurement Officers and Supplies Officers. It will highlight how different dynamics can influence work. There are state of the art equipment that can be used to detect leaks in the network. Emphasis should be on the need for all customers to get connected legally and to pay for the services they have received. All the relevant staff must be exposed to the use of these as soon as possible. marketing and control officers must be trained on how to use the equipment. Network Surveillance and Leak Detection Training.Final .Mwanza Procurement Management to be elevated to a full department of Procurement and Logistics headed by a Manager and responsible for processing procurement for both technical and office administration requirements. and Management Information Systems should be included under Administration and Human Resources Manager and charged with the responsibility to generate management information for the whole organisation. Besides. especially in work place. Courses arising from Training Needs Assessment. In addition to purchasing leak detectors. MWAUWASA should embark on a systematic public awareness creation and customer’s sensitisation on its functions and the services it provides. Using the existing Zonal Offices. we propose purchase and installation of meter servicing facility. Customers Awareness Campaigns The current level of awareness among the residents of Mwanza on the need to support MWAUWASA in its endeavour to provide quality service in both water supply and sewerage management is still low. Credit Control and Zonal Operation staff who have daily or regular contact with customers. Once these are acquired. Final Page 112 . all vital areas to improve if MWAUWASA are to develop into a high performing organisation. particularly on network mapping and modelling. leakage control and management and through the provision of management information systems. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . These recommendations support the proposals within the technical section of this report for additional assistance in some of the higher skilled areas of water operations.Mwanza Different styles of management and leadership especially for senior and middle management. Hence at 0.58 22.982.078.08 460.00 84.92 21.14 8 Working Ratio (WR) and Operating Ratio (OR) As Table 3.25 8.23 3.42 4.39 1.69 894.79 4.30 % of total expenditures 25.30 347.16 176.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .05 0. Cost of Providing WATSAN Services The latest FY 2009/10 audited figures for MWAUWASA water and sanitation costs.07 2.33 0.65 1.27 7.03 3.69 3.42 .555.635.252.191.000 otherwise it would not have funded total O &M expenditures.13 3.70 1. 3 Rate of €1 = Tsh 1964.094.11.69 15.95 904.82 3. 3.64 respectively.33 15.010.44 1. credit-worthiness.170.49 and 0. The ratio indicators presented here provide information on efficiency and operational performance.54 0.Final Page 113 . are shown in Table 3.447.12 MWAUWASA’s WR and OR respectively are outside the range of developing country utilities’ ideal ratios of 0.22 637. The ratios reflect respective financial year (FY) performance based on the latest information provided to the Study Team.87 1. Compared to 2008/9.988.22 as of June 2010 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .50 6.Mwanza 3.42 shows.842.834.984.82.29 1.208. Table 3.28 77.43 104.078.1.MWAUWASA Costs Tsh.11. 3.58 77.25 6.094. in 2009/10 FY MWAUWASA has a positive net operating income but only because of inclusion of deferred income of € 615.13 11. liquidity and profitability of the utility and hence provides some insight into the financial conditions of the utility.42 below.12 0. Financial Analysis Introduction This section uses ratio analysis as a tool to analyse MWAUWASA’s operational and financial positions.42 100.29 615.378.2.65 6.756.98 36. It should be noted that these are not good enough for the EWURA/MOWI performance target figures of 0. million Personnel Expenditures General Admin Expenditures Operating Expenditures Total Operating Expenses Total O & M Expenditures Depreciation Allowance Total Expenditures 3 Billed Water Volume (m million) Billed Revenues Deffered Income Other Income Total Income Of which Grants Operating Income Net Operating Income WR OR 3 Personnel Costs per m Personnel Costs in Operating Expenses Unit Operational Cost (UOC) Staff Productivity Index (SPI) Source: Tanzania National Audit Office MWAUASA 2009/10 € ‘000 1. transparently and willingly provided by the Authority.55 89.87 and 1. Figures are given in both Tsh and € equivalent3.29 6.68 and 0.11. 34 0.43 .Mwanza MWAUWASA’s WR improved from 0.85 because of higher depreciation allowance. In June 2010 the average domestic tariff for water was Tsh 442.23 0. MWAUWASA will ensure that tariffs in force are capable of recovering operating expenditure. the current water and sewerage tariffs will be reviewed to cater for smooth running of MWAUWASA to achieve full cost recovery” MWAUWASA.320 commercial and 120 kiosks. Tariffs and Cost Recovery Levels – MWAUWASA Current Tariffs The current tariff structure charged by MWAUWASA has been in place since 31st July 2006.89 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 1.24 0. Table 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .MWAUWASA . 516 industrial. Indeed in its Business Plan for July 2010 to June 2013 such an increase is taken into account with effect from July 2011. With personnel costs at just over € 1 million.23 0. at € 0. but avoid monopoly returns” (MWAUWASA.41 2010/2011 (Jul-Dec) 300 442 470 675 800 0.4 in 2008/9. 2010 300 442 470 675 800 0. 2010:34).18 0. The performance target for SPI is 7.69 0. Reflecting higher volumes of water sold. Proposed Tariff. and 22 clerical and 135 blue-collar workers making a total of 252. provision for assets renewal (depreciation). current and proposed tariffs for water are as shown in Table 3. Affordability Constraints and Social Acceptability It is understood that plans are being finalised to prepare tariffs review application and submit to EWURA for approval to take effect from July 2011.Current and Proposed Average Water Tariffs 2009/2010 Kiosk Domestic Institutions Commercial Industrial Kiosk Domestic Institutions Commercial Industrial Source: MWAUWASA.51 0. Staff Productivity Index (SPI) MWAUWASA reports that as of end of June 2010 it had had 31. This compares favourably to the OUC of € 0.15 0. recommended return on investments (ROI).5 m3 of water sold in 2009/10 MWAUWASA sold almost 10 times the amount of water sold by KIWASCO. 540 institutional.34 0. Personnel costs for MWAUWASA are also relatively low. For example.65 2011/2012 (Jun-Jul) 350 708 815 1200 1550 0. 74 professional. interest cost on debts (if any).79 2012/2013 (Jun –Jul) 400 770 900 1350 1750 0.467 connections comprising 29.18 0.95 mainly due to much higher relative revenues in 2009/10 but the OR worsened from 0.61 0. 2010:15).07 UOC for MWAUWASA is quite good.41 0.32 0.39 0.3.23/m3).43 below. According to the MWAUWASA Business Plan.11.5 per m3 (€ 0.15 0. “due to the dictate of marginal cost as regards to operation and maintenance. Unit Operational Cost (UOC) At 21.24 0.41 2010/2011 (Jan-Jun) Tsh/m3 350 620 710 1010 1280 Euro[1]/m3 0.36 0.07.36 0. Personnel Costs per Unit of Water Similar to UOC. in June 2010 MWAUWASA had a staff complement of 24 managementlevel.46 0.2 0.011 domestic. In 2009/10 MWAUWASA had a figure of 8 just above the target but this was an improvement from the figure of 8. the cost per unit of water sold was only € 0. The tariffs are due for review and indeed it is stated that “MWAUWASA will gradually increase tariffs to attain full cost recovery tariffs that will enable the Authority to recover her operating expenses (including Interest on Loans and earn sufficient surplus as Return on Investments (Recommended: 10% of Net Assets Employed).Final Page 114 . 3.05. Hence reduction of the 42% NRW must be a critical part of revenue enhancement programme for the Authority since moving even 10% of these losses into billed water would greatly enhance revenues since all the consumers are metered.44 .10% 84.95 3.733 9.338 141 31.5. the collection efficiency of what is billed is quite high. which is only an approximation.40% 518 542 1.00% 12.99 54.15 173. are served through kiosks and/or stand pipes and those who completely cannot afford to pay for water are provided with “free water” service on application and certification by their respective local authorities. There is obviously much to be done to reduce these losses. As Table 3.48 75.36 89.20% 88. Table 3.80% 12.Final Page 115 . The outlet (production water) of the purification works is out of order and the raw water meter reading from the lake intake is used. Non Revenue Water is obtained from the amount of water produced minus the water billed.19 76.650 155.Composition of Water Sales – November 2010 Category Dom estic Industrial Institution Com m ercial Kiosk TO TA L Custom ers Total Total Sales Total Sales % Sales Total Total %Collection (#) Consum ption (TSh.111 614.859 1. the needs and income limitations of low-income customers appear to have been considered when designing services and setting the proposed tariffs.3 the CP is not too high but can be reduced further.30% 0. As discussed in Section 3.55 1.92 327. m illion) (€ '000) Category Collection Collections Efficiency 3 (Tsh. Financial Performance Indicators Accounts Receivable/Collection Period (CP) At the end of FY 2009/10 MWAUWASA carried a lot of trade and other receivables comprising sundry debtors.MWAUWASA .60 65.18 1. Non Revenue Water (NRW) MWAUWASA gets most of its water revenues from domestic consumption.80% 99.61 316.5.3 discusses the water balance in Mwanza and shows that only 58% of the water produced is actually billed. As part of a revenue enhancement programme there would be need for urgent replacement of meters.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . The performance target for NRW is 30%. 2011 Section 3.68 99.97 20. given the proposed marginal increase for water obtained from kiosks.338 129.25 68.743 95. 3.5.90% 104.78 644.11.010. Nevertheless.98 37.16 622. 3.50% Source: MWAUWASA. water meter theft and new project pumps and water used in network tests.Mwanza The urban poor for example.47 3. Hence at 3. This takes into account pipe bursts.50% 100% 135.4.99 104.28 39.8 billion in carried over receivables from the previous year for receivables to stand at € 935. debtor’s loaned fittings and also a massive Tsh 1. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .000 135.86 45.000. The water loss over the works is quantified by using pump curves.11.92 38. which provides just over half of revenues.20% 341. About 60% of the meters are due for replacement as they are over seven years old. shown in Table 3.003 337.44 below.44 shows. water theft.49 74. m illion) (€ '000) (m ) 29.82 171.5 there is a technical problem with the water meter at the Capri Point. 15 208.170.000 in 2013 from internallygenerated funds and a further total of 6.29 4.33 2. Table 3.68 38.9 5 9 8 .787.25 6.75 408.30 1.96 from external funds.60 42.15 3.970.000 in 2012 and €489.MWAUWASA .6 5 3 4 .635.39 934. 2010 Percentage Contribution to Investment (CTI) MWAUWASA has an ambitious investment programme detailed in its Business Plan comprising €580.Mwanza Table 3.79 1.00 7.06 493.70 8. 2011 – 2013 Capital Expenditure Proposals In t e r n a lly f u n d e d W a t e r N e t w o r k R e p la c e m e n t O f f ic e F u r n it u r e H o u s e h o ld F u r n it u r e Land C o m p u t e r a n d R e la t e d A s s e t s M o t o r V e h ic le & C y c le s B u ild in g s P la n t & M a c h in e r y W a te r M e te r s S e w e r a g e N e tw o r k S tr u c tu r e s S u b -T o ta l E x t e r n a lly F u n d e d P ip e s & f it t in g s P la n t C a r s a n d m a c h in e s E q u ip m e n t s ( L a b o r a t o r y ) B u ild in g s ( p u m p s t a t io n s ) W a s te w a te r P o n d s S u b T o ta l T o ta l E u ro s ‘0 0 0 142 31 4 149 109 217 483 27 469 22 1 . €585.466.9 1 6 195 444 17 56 1 .MWAUWASA Revenues and Financial Ratio MWAUASA 2009/10 FY Tsh.6 1 2 Source: MWAUWASA.18 1.95 904. With depreciation allowance of € 895.08 460.Final Page 116 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .000 per year and net income of € 904.46 .50 3.378.191.14 Billed Revenues Total Income Of which Grants Operating Income Net Operating Income Accounts Receivable Total Fixed Assets Debt Service Charges New Capital Expenses Total Shareholders Equity Current Assets Debt Current Liabilities Ratios CP (months) CTI (%) New Investments/Fixed Assets (%) DSC DER CR RR (%) RE Source: MWAUWASA.555.23 3.400 in 2011.8 2.747.46 below.3 3 1 6 . 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .31 € ‘000 3.871.000 every year from internally-generated funds.79 251.982.56 19. Figures in Euros for the 3year plan are given in Table 3.45 .835. 2010 For MWAUWASA the CTI was 46% and the investment over net fix assets in 2009/10 was only 1%.05 0.32 45.02 21. million 6.000 it should be able to fund an average € 550.165. 500) in the FYs ending June 2011.3%. there are no commercial debts held by MWAUWASA.14.Mwanza The externally funded capital expenses averaging € 2. the RR although quite low can be increased through generation of more revenues and thus net operating income.8 billion (€ 7. Though there were no reported grants from the Government in 2009/10 the Authority managed to add € 208. With a clear planning vision in its horizon. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSC) In 2009/10 MWAUWASA did not hold any debts apart from nominal overdraft and bank charges.300) and Tsh 0.000 every year. according to its Business Plan 2010 –2012 (MWAUWASA. With its net annual income in excess it would appear that MWAUWASA would be able to finance these external sources of funding that would indeed be additional revenue creating assets.Final Page 117 . MWAUWASA is able to meet operating expenses from operating revenues as well as adding some capital assets from operating profits. Debt Equity Ratio (DER) As mentioned above.54 million). Since CR should be observed in conjunction with CP. we saw above that at 3. the RE is rather low at 2. June 2012 and June 2013 respectively.000 in new capital equipment from its own operating profits though there was a sizeable € 615. Tsh 1. 2010:64) it plans to add Tsh 14. As discussed in (a) above.15 billion (€ 584. Current Levels of Grants and Government Budget Support Much like KIWASCO.3 CP was not bad but could be improved upon. Current Ratio (CR) At 7. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .8 MWAUWASA has a CR that is quite good.96 billion (€ 487. Return on Equity (RE) Similar to MWAUWASA’s low RR.4 million per year would however be more difficult to fund and would need some degree of external guarantee.000 in deferred income added to the 2009/10 accounts. MWAUWASA should be able to service debts for capital expenses up to at least € 900.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . expressed as the ratio between net operating income and net fixed assets in 2009/201 MWAUWASA reported an RR of 2. Return on Net Fixed Assets (RR) As a measure of productivity of fixed assets in use. Given MWAUWASA’s relatively high value of fixed assets. The Water Resources Management Act of 2009 stipulates the need for protecting biodiversity.8 of 1997. these standards will specify requirements for discharge licences and applicable fees. Occupational Health and Safety Act No. soil contamination and waste oil disposal. 14 of 2002. consent to discharge into receiving waters is required. particularly in aquatic ecosystems. environmental protection is given considerable attention in national legislation and regulatory instruments relating to water resources and supply. and the need for determination of water flows for the environment (in order to maintain a healthy and viable riverine and estuary ecosystems based on best available scientific information). sewerage and sanitation sector. Specifically it promotes the polluter pays principle. Forest Act No.Mwanza 3. and for preventing and controlling pollution and the degradation of water resources.5 of 2003. Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No.12. The National Environmental Policy of 1997 provides the framework for mainstreaming environmental and social considerations into decision making in Tanzania. air emissions. The main principles for environmental management in the Environmental Management Act of 2004 (EMA) include the ‘precautionary principle’ and the ‘polluter pays principle’.336. Fisheries Act No. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is developing standards for water effluent quality. The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) Act of 2001 endorses the need to protect and preserve the environment. drinking water. Other pieces of legislation which may be relevant with regard to potential environmental impacts of the proposed project and its components include: Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Ordinance Cap. and underscores the interaction between water and the environment. In line with the polluter pays principle.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . to satisfy other needs. air quality (vehicular) and acoustics (environmental noise). EWURA is responsible for regulating and monitoring environmental and health and safety issues with respect to the water and sewerage authorities. Wildlife Conservation Act No. Water supply and waste treatment and disposal (municipal solid waste and municipal sewage) fall under these Schedules.12 of 1974.1. Environmental Policy and Legislation Policy and Legal Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector In Tanzania. With regard to the water.12. 2005. 3.Final Page 118 . and Protected Public Places and Recreation Areas Act (1969). It requires Strategic Environmental Assessments or Environmental Impact Assessments to be undertaken for major water projects in accordance with Regulations provided under EMA. and endorses the precautionary and polluter pays principles. For trade effluents. require all ongoing projects listed under the Third Schedule of the Act and First Schedule of the Regulations to conduct environmental audits.42 of 1974 and with Amendments of 1981 and Act No. The National Water Policy emphasises the need for the protection and conservation of water sources. The Water Supply and Sanitation Act makes it an offence to pollute water that may be carried into a waterworks. 22 of 2003. The Tanzania Bureau of Standards specifies standards for municipal and industrial wastewaters. the Policy supports the objective of providing clean and safe water within easy reach. to protect water sources and prevent environmental pollution. recognises the necessity of causing the least detrimental effect to the natural environment. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations. and Local by-laws. The RPF is essentially based on the World Bank Operational Procedure 4. The Land Act of 1999 (Section 34) also states that where a right of occupancy includes land which is occupied by persons under customary law.2. The National Land Policy requires full and fair compensation to be paid to any person whose right of occupancy or recognised long standing occupation or customary use of land is revoked or otherwise interfered with to their detriment by the State under the Land Act of 1999. compensation shall be paid to any person for use of land. Town and Country Planning Ordinance cap 378. Valuation must be done by a qualified and authorised valuer. The Land Act (Section 156) requires that with regard to communal right of way in respect of wayleave. who is in lawful or actual occupation of that land.Mwanza 3. The Village Land Act (1999). Requirements for the assessment of compensation are provided in the Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations of 2001. Where involuntary resettlement and land acquisition is unavoidable. whichever is higher. ii) loss of assets or access to assets. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . resettlement and compensation activities will be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs. The Local Government (District Authorities) Act . The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act. Displaced and compensated persons will be meaningfully consulted and will have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement and compensation programs. They also have the right to reap crops that are sown before any notice for vacating that land is given. In the absence of a formal Resettlement Policy. in real terms.Final Page 119 . to pre-displacement levels or levels prevailing prior to the beginning of the project implementation. The policy covers direct economic and social impacts resulting from projects caused by the involuntary taking of land resulting in i) relocation or loss of shelter. for any damage caused to crops or buildings and for the land and materials taken or used for the works. but provides guidelines that can be applied to all water sector projects.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Land in Tanzania is vested in the President as trustee on behalf of all.12. It also covers involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. they must be compensated for loss of interest in the land and for other losses. The Land Regulations (2001). and those persons are to be moved or relocated. whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. Displaced and compensated persons will be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihood and standards of living or at least to restore them. It requires that: Involuntary resettlement and land acquisition will be avoided where feasible. Land Acquisition Act (1967). or minimised. providing sufficient investment resources to give the persons displaced by the project the opportunity to share project benefits.12 for Involuntary Resettlement. the following legal instruments provide the legal framework for compensation and resettlement in Tanzania: The Land Act (1999). by exploring all viable alternatives. Provision for Compensation and Resettlement A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) was prepared in 2006 by the Ministry of Water for the Water Sector Development Programme. or iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . EMA requires that each city. Institutional Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector Various institutions are involved at various stages in the environmental and social impact assessment process. The main parties involved in carrying out resettlement and/or compensation processes for this project are MWAUWASA. district. and is therefore responsible for monitoring environmental impacts of water supply and sewage / industrial wastewater.12.3. NEMC has the overall responsibility for environmental regulation. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . District Lands Officers.Final Page 120 . municipality. mtaa and village levels. Environmental management officers and committees should be appointed at the kitongoji. These institutions are well experienced in national procedures for compensation and resettlement. The EMO should report to the Director of the Environment. ward. the District Councils. Ward Councils and Village Councils.Mwanza 3. review and approval of EIAs of local investments and projects. town council appoints an Environmental Management Officer (EMO) and an Environmental Management Committee (EMC). The EMO's responsibilities include the monitoring of the preparation. improvement of wastewater treatment facilities. and have a direct impact on the quality of its water and therefore the Lake ecosystems. through the provision of increased access to clean water.1. However. as well as other waterborne diseases.2 and potential negative and positive social impacts and mitigation measures are discussed in Section 3.4 It is anticipated that the second phase of the LVWATSAN Initiative will have a tangible impact on public health (including improving maternal health and reducing under-five mortality). provision of adequate sanitation facilities. 4 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2010).Overview of the Pro-poor Approaches for Improved Access to Affordable Water and Sanitation Initiative of UN-HABITAT.13. Improved drainage would contribute to reduced incidence of malaria (by eliminating breeding habitats for malariacarrying mosquitoes). Given that poverty and environmental well-being are inversely linked. while efficient solid waste disposal systems would also have a positive impact on public health by discouraging disease-spreading vermin and preventing entry of toxic leachates into soils and water sources. and therefore with alleviation of poverty and hunger. Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative . The combined effects of these interventions are associated with greater productivity and output. Supporting development of institutional and human resource capacities at local and regional levels for the sustainable delivery of improved water and sanitation services. which is spearheaded by UNHABITAT.Final . Environmental and Social Impact Analysis Introduction The Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative.13. Potential environmental impacts (negative and positive) and associated mitigation measures are discussed in Section 3.3.47) may themselves pose a number of detrimental environmental and social risks. aims to assist the East African regional governments in achieving the Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation through four specific objectives: Promoting pro-poor water and sanitation investments in the secondary urban centres in the Lake Victoria Region. Page 121 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Facilitating realisation of upstream water sector reforms at the local level in the participating urban centres. 3.13. the implication is that overall environmental conservation and protection will be enhanced.13. and Reducing the environmental impact of urbanisation in the Lake Victoria Basin. the actual interventions proposed under Phase 2 of the LVWATSAN Initiative (see Table 3. Improving sewage treatment facilities and sewage coverage will prevent further pollution of the Lake. during construction and/or operation.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . improved urban drainage and solid waste collection and treatment.Mwanza 3. Nyasaka and Bugando Area Supplies to Igombe Develop new Water Source Feasibility Study for new source for Mwanza MWAUWASA need better offices and facilities Expand sewer network to cover Ilemela. Lumala. pipes. Design studies for the proposed sewage treatment plant at St Augustine’s University grounds and the sewer network to serve the Treatment plant Sanitation Capital Project Provision for properties near to a sewer Provision for properties far from sewer Construct line ditches Urban Drainage Capital Project Construct Culverts Construct Drifts Construct Bridges Study into potential to let a contract for waste collection services Develop working plans to improve landfill operation and ensure regular monitoring of groundwater and water quality in the adjacent river Solid Waste Technical Assistance Undertake a feasibility study into development of formalised composting plant Technical support in the site selection exercise to identify optimum location for new dumpsite Ilemela Technical support to identify new/ additional centralised waste collection areas 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Mwanza Table 3.47 . etc Supply of consumer meters Expand distribution network Supplies to settlements located above the service reservoirs Six areas under consideration. GIS database records. Kiseke and part of Pasiansi Include for house connections and pumping stations. fittings. The cost includes for the construction of Igoma ponds. Sewerage Master Plan study Sewerage Capital Projects Design and construct sewer network in Mabatini and Isamilo including for house connection and pumping station. Nyabungu. waste control DMAs etc Supply of materials.Final Page 122 Water Capital Project . Kitangiri. Design for sewer network to serve the proposed Igoma waste stabilisation ponds including house connections and pumping stations.Proposed Mwanza interventions Discipline Category Item Surge problems at Capri Point Pump Station Flowmeters at Capri Point not registering accurate flows Remodel outlet pipework to use existing circular tank at Capri Point Inadequate suction problems at some booster stations Provide a second small pump at the intake to allow better balancing between intake flow and system demand Water Ops Air locks were reported to be a problem in parts of the network – Nyanshana Tank reported as having to operate air valves in order to supply ‘high’ areas Need Waste Control Unit Assistant with Set-up of WCU including undertaking network modelling.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . replacement valves. Capri Point. Nyegezi. Capacity check of Ilemela WSP and expansions thereto. access roads.2. mosquitoes) and increase the risk of cholera. land clearance by fire may aggravate the loss of biodiversity due to the increased risk of uncontrolled expansion. Ponding and the creation of stagnant water in excavated areas.g.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .g. Design and engineering of the facility. Siltation downstream from erosion areas.g. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . typhoid and dysentery for people bathing in or drinking such water. pipelines. construction sites. Air pollution (and associated health impacts) may occur due to the presence of airborne dusts (e.g. chemical pollution of water may also occur (e.1. biodiversity in areas where land is temporarily or permanently cleared (e. and Discharge of partially or untreated sewage and wastes from temporary labour camps. or changes in.g.13.Mwanza Skip loader and skip containers to increase waste collection capacity . These include: Erosion in and around excavation areas (in construction areas and also areas where borrow pits for construction materials are established). which may lead to loss of soil productivity and capability. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures General Negative Environmental Impacts There may be a number of general environmental impacts associated with construction and operational stages of the proposed project interventions.g. Increased local resource use (e. Develop a WEEE recycling and reprocessing facility in Mwanza Construct a dedicated lined hazardous waste landfill cell at the proposed new landfill facility and existing dumpsite All Capacity Building Capacity Building Solid Waste Ops Solid Waste 3. derived from spills of petroleum products and cementitious materials).Alternative option of compactor truck and dumpsters to increase collection capacity Provide grants to the Council to procure new vehicles and containers Install a weighbridge to record data Construct a lined landfill cell to manage industrial and hospital wastes Capital Project Rehabilitate existing dumpsite and install liners and gas/ leachate management systems and construct new landfill cells Construct new sanitary dumpsite for the Ilemela Council. Introduction of alien fauna or flora species (e.2. which may increase the breeding of problematic species (e.g. from burning materials and diesel engines). siltation can cause significant ecological impacts by reducing light penetration and growth of important food chain species. 3. sloping and bare land is particularly prone to erosion.13. borrow pit areas. harvesting of wood and hunting) by workers brought into the area to undertake construction and operational activities. Losses of.Final Page 123 . Noise pollution from construction and operational plant. labour camps etc). from the transport of construction plant from one area to another). particularly during periods of intense rainfall. from bare areas and the passage of vehicles / plant) and smoke (e. In addition to siltation. and the blanketing of bottom dwelling plant and animal species (leading to mortality). water table fluctuations (particularly during the rains). and proximity to water sources.2. establishment of water quality. and located such that exhausters can gain access. In Mwanza. but rather will improve operational conditions that will in turn improve the quality and supply of water.Mwanza It is reasonable to assume that with appropriate planning and implementation of standard mitigation measures the risk and extent of such impacts can be effectively minimised. etc). waste disposal should comply with international best practice. The installation of distribution pipes to settlements above the service reservoirs as well as establishing local pumped schemes with provision for local storage will result in some erosion. the location of houses on the rocky outcrops makes the construction of pit latrines unfeasible and access by exhausters impossible. In accordance with the Environmental Management Act of 2004.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . so that the system can adequately treat all sewage. proposed interventions include construction of latrines. but also addressing current and potential industrial sewage loads. an EIA will have to be carried out during the feasibility study.2.in the former case preventing contamination of water supplied through leaking pipes. In the absence of waste management guidelines. consideration must be given to soil types in the proposed location.13. necessary treatment and distribution of water. and identification of sites. then the septic tanks will require less frequent emptying. wastewater (filter backwash). while the handling and storage of treatment chemicals must comply with manufacturer’s recommendations.13. aluminium chemicals. which will not have major environmental repercussions. The urban drainage component proposed under this project will help to ensure that storm water does not contribute to excessive loading of the sewage system. communal facilities and septic tanks.Final Page 124 . and 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .13. Installing flowmeters will assist in monitoring the amount of water consumed and wasted. and this then comprises an important aspect in conservation of water resources. both during and after construction works. In constructing pit latrines. disposal of solid waste (for example sludge. etc). Sewerage The main environmental considerations in designing the proposed sewerage interventions would be catering for additional domestic loads.2. international best practice and standard operating procedures (which should be in place for all treatment facilities). Septic tanks should be designed so that overflow or effluent will comply with national guidelines. During operation. 3. 3. Septic tanks must be designed bearing in mind the number of people they will each serve. MWAUASA may have to obtain a water abstraction licence for the new source. Moreover. 3. Therefore consideration may have to be given to communal above ground sealed septic tanks into which sewage from a number of houses will collect. Water quality must comply with national guidelines issued by the Ministry of Water/EWURA. If it is possible to separate grey water from foul water. leaks and overflows will be more easily detected . spent media. this may be possible for new houses on a communal basis (grey water would have to pass through a sieve.4. In addition to connections to a sewer. This can be managed by ensuring that construction is done during the dry season and by creating terraces and catch water drains to stop erosion particularly on steep rocky hillsides. ammonia and chlorine).3. The main environmental impacts related to the new water treatment works will arise from the disposal of solid waste (residuals.g. filtration membranes. silt trap and oil separator before entering a storage tank or being discharged through – for example – French drains on to land). Sanitation Improving sanitation and access to sanitation will undoubtedly contribute to improved environmental quality. sludge. Water Supply Most of the proposed interventions for the Capri Point Treatment Works involve mechanical solutions (replacement of pumps and meters. and storage and use of chemicals used for treatment and disinfection (e. the main issues will be: disposal of liquid effluent.2. The proposed feasibility study for a new water source for Mwanza will include investigation of another potential source on Lake Victoria. but it may be too expensive or complicated to change the pipe work in existing houses to implement this option. but not for any crops or properties. drifts and bridges to enable unhindered flow of storm water. methane gas) and odours.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . Dredged material and litter from the drains. then treatment of industrial wastewater will be easier.2. a compensation and resettlement plan will have to be prepared and subsequently implemented for this site. especially in steep terrain. It has been proposed that a Sewerage Master Plan be developed. in accordance with development partners’ resettlement policies and Tanzanian land laws. However. However. NEMC does not have the capacity to monitor offenders. This land has subsequently been occupied illegally by squatters and these people will need to be resettled. During construction of new lined drains. the site will produce much more sludge which will be taken to Buhongwa dumpsite for disposal. the owners of the houses and the crops are aware of the planned works and that the land belongs to MWAUWASA. cassava and millet in adjacent fields. however. This will contribute to improved public health. The site should first test the sludge for toxic substances and heavy metals to ensure that it does not pose a risk to public health and the environment. as well as construction debris (e. Expansion of the sewer network to cover Ilemela. damaged slabs) will have to be disposed of in an acceptable manner. Currently the area where the stabilization ponds are expected to be located is an empty field. by eliminating the accumulation of water. University staff and students are cultivating rice. Sludge from the Ilemela WSP was previously given to members of the local community and used for land application. Plans to expand Ilemela WSP to accept more flow is likely to involve expansion on an area previously ear-marked by MWAUWASA for this purpose. now that it has been expanded. Compensation will therefore have to be paid for the land. the land will first have to be acquired from the University. Mecco and Isegenke. air emissions (e. Mabatini and Isamilo. there are two permanent houses that will be affected by the rehabilitation works. Urban Drainage The urban drainage component comprises construction of line ditches.5. MWAUWASA should report all offenders to NEMC so that the latter can take appropriate action. but measures should be taken to address erosion during and after construction.g. At Ilemela. by reducing the speed of runoff through for example terracing and installing catch water drains. Buzuruga.Mwanza solids and silt accumulating in the sewers and screens). 3. At Igoma. Industries disposing of liquid effluent into the sewer (especially industries at Nyakato that will feed into the rehabilitated Igoma WSP) must comply with the national water quality guidelines for discharge into sewers. culverts. Kiseke and part of Pasiansi. and the results are sent to Maji. there will be some disturbance to motorised and pedestrian traffic. Most will be temporary impacts. According to MWAUWASA staff.Final Page 125 . typhoid and cholera.13. dust and noise emissions. maize. For the proposed sewage treatment plant at St Augustine’s University grounds. and a number of cultivated fields. and EWURA. This is likely to raise some problems which will need to be resolved prior to implementation. It would be appropriate to carry out an SEA to feed into that Master Plan. Nyakato (including industries at Nyakato). To accept more flow Ilemela WSP will need to be expanded either on to adjacent land which is allocated for the purpose but currently occupied by squatters or onto a new site probably beyond the airport. If this is regulated. and rehabilitation of existing ones. some soil erosion. either through land application 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Lumala.g. MWAUWASA tests the water quality of all the stabilization ponds at the inlets and outlets on a weekly basis. which is linked to several water-borne diseases such as malaria. although this would be temporary. and Nyegezi and Mukorani (which will be served by the proposed St Augustine’s treatment plant) would have impacts typical of construction projects such as disturbance to traffic and the public. and proximity to residential areas and educational institutions. soil types. a new lined landfill for hazardous waste.6. extensive public consultations should be held to identify public concerns that would need to be addressed. During site selection.2. land will have to be acquired in a suitable area where the landfills and dumpsite can be sited. a new lined landfill site for hospital and industrial waste. Attention will have to be paid to wind direction (to avoid odour nuisance to neighbouring communities). 3. Persons handling waste at the collection points should be provided with appropriate personal protection equipment. 3.g. Potential social impacts (negative and positive) and mitigation measures Positive Social Impacts Positive social impacts arising from proposed project interventions and related indicators are summarised in Table 3. Dredged material that is applied to land will need to be tested before application. an EIA will have to be undertaken for each landfill site and the new dumpsite in order to assess the potential impacts and propose appropriate mitigation. high quality and affordable drinking water Reliable supply Number of meters connected Number of yard taps Number of water kiosks.48 . Table 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . In accordance with EMA (2004). compensation and resettlement plans will have to be drawn up and implemented. In addition. It must also be ensured that emissions of landfill gases are controlled or captured.13. employee health and safety needs to be ensured. Collection centres should provide receptacles for different types of waste. Waste collection vehicles must be covered. cholera.3. Collection services must be scheduled and the public must be aware of collection days and times. Solid Waste The proposals to develop a new sanitary dumpsite at Ilemela. The proposed composting plant will also require an EIA study to be undertaken to assess potential impacts and recommend measures for mitigation. Firstly. for new sites.1. If the sites are privately owned or have people residing on them. which means that all employees at the dumpsite must be properly trained in handling the various types of waste. 3. natural drainage systems and proximity to water sources. and to ensure acceptability of the sites.Positive social impacts and indicators Aspect Health Positive Impact Improved health Impact Indicators Reduced child mortality children aged 1-5 Improved life expectancy Reduction of preventable water borne diseases e.13.Mwanza or at approved dumpsites. Waste and leachates should not be allowed to enter storm water drains.13. bathrooms and toilets Revenue generation from water sales by both men and women Willingness to pay for new and improved water supply (infrastructure and meters) Employment generation and increased business opportunities Poverty reduction Affordable water prices Savings in time and cost of searching for water and bathing and Page 126 Water supply Safe drinking water Economic strategy Improved livelihoods 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .48.3. Management of the landfills and dumpsites is critical to ensure that leachates do not enter into water sources. and that the sites are properly secured with buffer zones to improve aesthetics. and rehabilitating the existing site at Buhongwa will have to address a number of issues. and diarrhoea Reduction of child mortality rate Access to clean. There are a number of issues that also need to be considered for waste collection services and collection centres. which will entail regular monitoring.Final . sludge spillage and septage Risks of drowning. 3.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .4.49.3. Table 3.2. Enhancing Environmental and Social Outcomes of Interventions Gender Mainstreaming in Project Interventions Gender is an integral component in development.Final Page 127 . policy formulation and implementation of the project Taking into account women’s opinions on water and sanitation in the design and choice of technology Effective participation of women and other vulnerable groups in the project Gender sensitive development and inclusion in decision making processes Degree of personal hygiene at home Access to toilets and bathing services Capacity building through awareness creation at community level and school wash programs Social Integration Collaboration and participation Gender and pro-poor strategy Community involvement and participation. project interventions should focus on women’s and men’s involvement in the planning.49 . facilities and activities related to water and sanitation services Social cohesion through daily dialogue on operations and maintenance of the facilities Security and safety of the infrastructure Involvement of community (men and women) members in decision making.4.1. Gender analysis and mainstreaming Sanitation Cleanliness 3. Negative Social Impacts Potential negative impacts and proposed mitigation measures are summarised in Table 3. sewerage and storm drainage Increased water and sanitation demand/supply and facilities Contamination of drinking water through storm water.13. surface run offs from roads. direct collection drains.Mwanza Aspect Positive Impact Impact Indicators toilet facilities Reduction in the cost of medical services Investments due to trickle effects of water and sanitation Efficient and effective service delivery by the project Willingness of the people to participate and share costs. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .13.13.Potential negative social impacts and proposed mitigation measures Aspect Infrastructure development Negative Impact Demolition of private properties on encroached road reserves that are corridors for piped water networks. To address existing gender inequities. accidents and injuries to the community through open manholes Interference with local culture and values Increased informal settlements due to the improved services Mitigation Measure Proper planning by the Council Clear policy on public road reserves Continuous awareness in respect to public utilities being developed Facilitate contingency funds for expansion Plan and charge user fees Plan designs for water and sanitation appropriately Demography Water supply Occupational health and safety Monitor the system regularly to identify areas of danger and isolate these areas Involve the community in project activities from inception Adherence to policy and regulatory mechanisms for better control and management of the town Involve the community in project activities through community forums 3. 50 .All staff Financial / time resources .Develop sex-disaggregated information systems . operation. including decision making. Table 3. and safe travel arrangements.Allocate time for actions at the operational level . Project interventions should also give due consideration to internal culture and staffing issues. To improve gender participation in rural water supply programs will require: A fair representation of women in village water-user entities.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Establish training in gender mainstreaming and advocacy as an on-going process with action targets . sexual discrimination and harassment.Allocate budgets for staff capacity building and for actions on the ground . appraisals. want and are able to manage.Assess who are the champions for gender equality and equity .Mwanza construction.Develop indicators to monitor progress . Rural water supply programs based on what both men and women in rural communities know. planning.Have professional backstopping support . irrigation.50.Attention to gender in all policies Issues to consider Is there a gender policy? When was it developed and who was involved? Does it use sexdisaggregated data? Is its implementation being monitored? What is the attitude of senior management staff to gender issues? Who are formal and informal opinion leaders? Which external agencies or people have an influence on the organisation? Who are the decision making bodies? Is there a designated gender unit/focal person? What do they do? With what resources? Are other staff members gender-aware? Is sensitivity to gender included in job descriptions and assessed at job evaluations? Is there funding for capacity building on gender? Is there funding for gender actions on the ground? Steps to be taken for organisational change If there is no gender policy but a desire to address inequalities between men and women then the action will be: . supervision and management.Staff capacity building initiatives .Final . maintain and pay for. promotion and training opportunities for female and male staff.Involve focal units as an integral part of existing processes and programmes . Gender mainstreaming activities for participating institutions are summarised in Table 3. and issues such as child care.Create a participatory and inclusive environment for policy development Influencing policy Human resources .Have clear ToRs for the unit/focal persons . sanitation or environmental protection. training and empowerment of women to actively participate at all levels in water programs.Engage all relevant and potential staff and management . and Raised awareness. planning and monitoring)? Have staff been issued with guidelines on gender Page 128 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Include gender in systems and procedures . paternity or maternity leave.Gender focal staff .Develop a gender policy for all the participating institutions .Gender mainstreaming in participating institutions Category of inquiry Policy and action plans .Gender policies . maintenance and management of domestic water supply. for example recruitment.Include gender in staff Terms of Reference and interviews .Have indicators for monitoring Systems procedures and tools Is attention to gender included in routine systems and procedures (information systems.Gender equality initiatives on the ground . European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . the “kiosk model”.Develop checklists and guidelines . even though gender is not about balancing numbers . Pro-Poor Strategy The water supply model of individuals selling water to others as described for squatter areas can be enhanced by MWAUWASA and replicated where an individual owns the water connection and they sell the water to other households i.Assess and evaluate continuously using gender-sensitive indicators to enable a comprehensive review 3.4.Pay attention to equality within the structure. and flexibility of working hours? How does information flow and to what extent are women and men included in the communication chain? What are the main shared values? Do they relate to equality? And specifically to gender? Is decision making centralised or decentralised? What are the attitudes towards female/male staff? What are the male and female staff perceptions towards gender? Organisational culture Staff perceptions Policy and actions Does the organisation have equal opportunity polices? What does the policy cover? How is it promoted and implemented? .Provide staff access to decision making processes .4. MWAUWASA currently has a Water Quality Engineer who monitors the quality of water of both Mwanza’s water supply and sewage.Analyse the organisation with respect to its sensitivity to the different needs of women and men . 3. Are they suitable for women and men? . transport.Have gender sensitive recruitment policies that are not discriminatory. Improved Monitoring of Social and Environmental Impacts Although NEMC may delegate its powers to EWURA to ensure environmental compliance in MWAUWASA’s activities.Look at organisational assets such as equipment.Decentralise decision making to allow both women and men a voice in organisational decision making Staffing statistics Women and men’s practical and strategic needs What are the numbers of men and women at each level in the organisation and according to roles and sectors? Check employment and hiring policies Does the organisation create a safe and practical environment for women and men e. toilets. especially where gender is seen as just one of the donor requirements and not an organisational value . furniture. But no person or department is specifically charged with monitoring environmental and social issues.Adopt an organisational culture that values women and men’s perspectives equally . childcare.3.Conduct gender capacity building and awareness raising programmes.Mwanza Category of inquiry Issues to consider mainstreaming? Steps to be taken for organisational change policy progress in implementing gender .Explicitly state the organisation’s commitments to gender equality in all policies and programmes .e.g. at the inlets and outlets. etc. MWAUAWASA should also develop a comprehensive pro-poor strategy for serving all the disadvantaged and poorest groups.13.2.. toilet design and accessibility. it does not appear to do so. policies and procedures . culture and staffing of organisations as well as in the programmes.13.Final Page 129 . It is therefore recommended that an existing member of MWAUWASA’s staff be appointed to oversee environmental and social impact 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . 3.13. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . MWAUWASA can hire an Environmental / Social Expert to do this. as LVSWSB has done.51 illustrates the potential impact of social risks on the project.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza monitoring.Final Page 130 . This person can undergo the necessary training in order to be able to pre-empt or recognize issues of consequence and to be able to deal with them appropriately. Alternatively. Social Risks and Effects on the Project Table 3.5. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . markets Water and sanitation - Need for major modifications due to beneficiaries demand Reputational damage of the implementing agency Lack of users’ acceptance of the project Consumer boycott of the new developments.Final Page 131 . requirements and conditions Non participation by the community due to high levels of poverty Exposure to legal action due to non compliance Decreased levels of revenues Insecurity and vandalism Social exclusion Frequent migration of people from one area to another in search of better livelihoods and services Medium Low Low Low Moderate High Severe Severe Economic - Moderate Moderate Low Low Low Medium Severe High High Severe High High - Infrastructure Gender balance and service to the poor Demography - 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Social Risks and Potential Impacts on the Project Component Overall project Social Risks Delay in or abandonment of the project Likelihood Low Severity Severe Mitigation Measures Ensure the project has milestones Track progress of the project Designate responsibility for follow up and evaluation Provide time plan to allow performance evaluation Involve the community and major institutions in participatory planning Open and transparent sourcing of professional implementing agencies Consult and create awareness of the users’ rights from the start of the project Consult and create awareness of the users’ rights from the start of the project Develop pro-poor strategies Create awareness of the operating conditions of the project Develop user friendly tariffs Create awareness and educate the community to own the project and all its components Community capacity building and gender mainstreaming in the project and continued mapping of the poor Continued stakeholders dialogue to plan social facilities i.51 .e. houses.Mwanza Table 3. Mwanza 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Final Page 132 . Final Page 133 .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza Appendices 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . If it were to fail then it would be necessary to start and stop a large pump. At the time of my visit one large and one small pump was working. On the older side the pressure vessel is connected to the end of the delivery main with a check valve and a small by-pass to the check valve.550 m3/hr at a velocity of 1 m/sec). Page 134 11.Mwanza Appendix 3. It would appear worthwhile to provide another pump either similar to the existing small pump. The floor of the new pump station is a little below ground level to cater for the situation when lake water level drops. On the new side the vessel is connected to the delivery main immediately upstream of the final pump. the capacity of the raw water mains would be 4.Final . supplying the sump from which the older part of the station pumps was reported to be a 900 mm diameter pipe (nominal capacity of 2. 3. At the chambers flow is fed via coarse hand raked screens to sumps. Both sides of the pump station have anti-surge pressure vessels of 6 cum. One possible improvement would be to provide an additional small capacity pump.1 – Capri Point Intake and Treatment Plant 1. the replacements are conventional angle check valves. I asked why three large pumps were not run and was told there was insufficient demand.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 6. The older half of the pump station contains two large (reported as 1. This problem of water hammer is a major concern and needs to be addressed. and the current capacity appears to align with treatment works capacity. On the old Pump Station the air vessel is located at the end of the main. 10. one serving each half of the station. 2. prior to the delivery main leaving the building. It was reported that the reflux (check valves) on the deliveries from the three new pumps have been damaged by water hammer.400 diameter pipe (nominal capacity of 5. and one of 350 mm. We first visited the Intake. The raw water inlets comprise two pipes running into the Lake. one sump serving each pump. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . At a subsequent visit we were told a different story: It seems that the staff are disinclined to use the three new pumps because of problems with water hammer. or to provide a new pump of approximately 750 m3/hr. The current pumping availability is five large and one small pump. Assuming a velocity of 2m/sec. with the connection upstream of the pumps. I asked about water hammer but I was told it was not a problem. However there is no sign of any flow restriction or reflux valve: it appears the vessel simply sits on the system. The original valves were of a form of rubber diaphragm valve.000 m3/day.500 m3/hr). not good from a process point of view. 9. The new pipe was on a subsequent visit said to be 1. to reduce the spare part inventory needed. This suggests that the raw water system should be adequate to deliver the stated WTW capacity of 105. given both space limitations and possibly deteriorating raw water quality.500 m3/hr) and one small (400 m3/hr) pumps and the newer half contains three large pumps (reported as 1. On the new Pump Station the air vessel is downstream of the pumps. The small pump is used to fine tune the flow to the works. a reasonable velocity for the relatively short and large mains. damped and weighted to slow closing. 8. I was told this was because of power problems at a booster reducing demand. meaning very large step changes in flows. although the chamber serving the old part of the station has an unused sump as there is space for four pumps but only three have been installed. the newer was a 1. It is difficult to envisage any expansion of the treatment works. Both vessels have a volume of 6m3.765 m3/hr or 114. The valves originally installed were damaged during commissioning and replaced. to increase operational flexibility. The raw water passes to two inlet chambers. 4. The older. The end of the older pipe appeared to be around 40 m into the lake. 7. 5. This appeared generally clean and tidy and well looked after.300 m3/hr at a velocity of 1 m/sec). and the newer one around 80m. There are three rising mains to the works: two of 600 mm. Normal procedure was stated to be to run two large pumps continuously and a small pump for 50% of the time.300 m3/day.100 mm. Water quality appeared reasonable. I asked about colour of the raw water and a test was done on filtered water giving a value of 125 oH. located at relatively high level on a restricted and rocky site apparently offering little or no opportunity for expansion or addition of additional treatment.Mwanza There appears to be space in the older part of the pump station to install such a pump. Lime can in theory be dosed using three progressive cavity pumps. However there may well be sufficient space to add a high intensity clarification phase if necessary. 14. The on-line chlorine monitor has failed and chlorine dose is manually checked. The process appeared generally appropriate. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Polymer is dosed using three small progressive cavity pumps. It may be that the velocity in the lines is too low and lime settles out and blocks them. I asked if a carrier water was used. The treatment plant is new. Calcium hypochlorite is dissolved in two tanks and dosed using three diaphragm pumps. In more detail: The three raw water mains are combined in a 900 mm manifold where calcium hypochlorite and alum are dosed. At the exit from the contact tank there is provision for dosing lime. This was not identified as an issue however. However the pH is if anything a little high. It is not. 16. The covers to the two dissolving tanks are mild steel. with dirty backwash water flowing to a tank from which supernatant is recycled. and the treated water was 0. Water enters a flocculation chamber where a polymer coagulant aid is dosed. However the lines can be flushed with water. commissioned in 2008.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . It then flows to the filter inlet channel Flow passes through the filters and is chlorinated using calcium hypochlorite.6 NTU. There is a package plant to make up the polymer solution. dosing only calcium hypochlorite. The plant is a direct filtration plant. an improbably high value. Alum is dissolved in tanks and dosed using three diaphragm chemical dosing pumps.Final . However the vacuum priming system is located on the plinth and would need to be re-located. I was told the quality of the water measured by turbidity varied over the range 5 to 30 NTU. or the clean backwash water tank. Given the stable nature of the raw water this should not be an issue – but it may be seen as an indication of future problems associated with a high technology plant. but see comment below. 13.32 NTU. Water then flows to a contact tank and into treated water storage before gravitating into distribution. Flow then passes to the two treated water storage tanks and to distribution. It then flows into the contact tank. 12. However I was told that in practice it was not possible to dose lime as the lime did not reach the dosing point. There could be more of an issue if the alum dose is raised at times of poor water quality. It is a Degremont designed plant and this is consistent with the type of filters used. I would imagine that at times of poor water quality the solids load on the filters would mean frequent backwashing was required. There are four chemical dosing systems: 17. There is also provision for by-passing treatment. with a plinth already constructed. However only two were in position as one had been taken to replace a broken hypochlorite doing pump. There does appear to be a problem with spares: I was told there were no spare diaphragms or pumps on site and spares have to be ordered. with the raw water being dosed with a coagulant and a coagulant aid before entering a flocculation chamber and passing to rapid gravity filters. It is clearly only a matter of time before there are problems dosing alum or chlorine. Backwashing uses air and water.3 at the time of my visit. It may be that the filters are operating at lower than Page 135 18. The plant is located at the site of a simple disinfection facility which was used prior to this plant being constructed. have badly corroded and have been removed. 8. 15. We then visited the treatment works. with the high values after heavy rain or high wind causing currents. and sludge goes to lagoons for drying. for pre-chlorination and coagulation. At the time of my visit the turbidity of the raw water was recorded at 6. It is unclear what the problem is. with washing done daily. using a smaller pump for switching on and off where necessary. 19. 22. There would appear to be a significant risk of plant failure leading to the plant being bypassed either in part or totally. There is the possibility that the design throughput may not be achievable at times of poor water quality.Final Page 136 . In addition if the filters were approaching the need for cleaning. It is not known how long this will be as it will depend on the logic within the filter control system. From process considerations it would be far better to match raw water pumping to treated water need. There are problems with measuring the treated flows in the five mains delivering treated water from the works to the distribution system. If this small pump were to fail then the balancing flow in excess of that provided by the two large pumps would have to be met by switching in and out a third large pump. particularly if poor water quality is associated with heavy rain and reduced demand. This will involve nominal treatment plant throughput switching between a nominal 72. The Degremont drawings show a location for pre-treatment and provide a layout for this. apparently associated with the delivery mains not being full. but this was not reviewed in detail. These figures are based on nominal pump duties and in practice may be a little lower.500 m3/hr pumps operating).000 m3/day (with three1. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . depending upon the nature. with the small pump operated for around 12 hours/day. and although manual control should be possible there is no obvious provision for manual operation. with valves actuated using compressed air. The major issue at present would appear to be the sophisticated nature of the plant and the lack of spares for the chemical dosing systems. 20.000 m3/day (with two 1500 m3/hr pumps operating) and 108. but nothing yet to suggest this is an issue.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . However the impact of such large changes in flow is likely to be difficult to manage. It appears that some provision has been made for addition of future pre-treatment in the pipework. Also the backwashing is fully automatic. meaning that any failure in the actuators would mean a filter could not be used. 21. Because there is no flow balancing in the system the impact is likely to be operation of the filter feed channel overflow until filter rates have been increased. then increasing the flow by 50% may well trigger backwashing meaning the overflow may operate until some of the filters are backwashed. As noted above the works is normally operated with raw water delivered by two of the large intake pumps.Mwanza design loadings. and using the pump curve it will be possible to estimate the flow when on pump is operating. It comprises: A simple inlet works with a flow measurement fume and a hand raked screen. The Sewerage Final Design Report states that “The current measured capacity of one pump is about Q = 40 l/s (41. and I was told this was what was provided. LD = 450. There are also reception/settling tanks for septic and cess wastes. I was told by the sewerage operations manager that one pump has a capacity of 85 l/s. Later at 09:24 the depth was down to 8cm. is looking at the pumps for the current contract. A channel conveying flow to three anaerobic lagoons operated in parallel.co. The contract documents specify a Endress & Hauser Khafagiventuri flume QV305 with a design flow of 137 l/s. A subsequent check at the pump station revealed that only one pump is operated. with the supernatant taken to the lagoons and the sludge to drying beds.tz . near to the design peak flow of 137 l/s. A local pump company. There is also a small 300 mm diameter overflow/by-pass. far more consistent with what was seen. The FDR also states that the power rating of the pump motors is 132kW. However these pumps are to be rehabilitated or replaced under the ongoing sewage contract. There was no reason to doubt this.75m. After allowing for the different sewer depths the static head is likely to be of the order of 55m. East Coast Pumps. The following day at around 09:00 the flow was similar. It is clear that the pump capacity is far higher than reported in the FDR. the flow would be of the order of 120 l/s. Design duty of 85 l/s at a head of 80m. n = 1485. Flows/flume At the time of my first visit the depth of water in the inlet channel upstream of the flume was indicated as a little over 0. From the manufacturer’s plate on a pump removed from the station details are: KSB SEWATEC 150-500 manufactured in 2002. By assuming the dynamic head is proportional to the flow squared. and the end of the rising main is at a ground level of 1191. with flow discharging from the final pond to the Lake. He promised to obtain pump curves from KSB and e-mail to us. The outflow from the three anaerobic ponds is combined and flows to a flow splitting arrangement which divides flow to four facultative ponds. This flow appeared very clean and presumably was mainly infiltration. Contact details are Jannie Rossouw. assuming an efficiency of 70% and a head of 70m. The process is essentially as described in Section 4.Mwanza Appendix 3. Looking at curves for SEWATEC pumps it appears likely that the flow when a single pump is operating could well be of the order of 110 l/s. This differs from the Design Report which envisaged a layer of clay to line the ponds. In one of the facultative ponds the liner had risen to the surface in two positions. with flow diverted to each.e. It is common to provide some form of venting system to allow gas forming under the liner to escape. operated in series.3 of the Final Design Report Mwanza Water Supply Project Phase II – Sewerage. The impeller from the damaged pump was seen – this is worn and damaged. janneman@ecpumps. “5 M25 715 694/3” From the GIS data the ground level at the pump station is 1138. with completion appearing to be two or three months away. assuming the flume throat is 0. He noted that the sumps are large and a great deal of 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . This is presumably because of gas production below the liner. The depth of the anaerobic ponds was said to be 3m: the design report says 3. Working back.2 m and the invert of the flume is flush with the floor of the channel (i. It does appear odd that the lining is unprotected. Rising membranes are unacceptable and this should be addressed. 076 788 8087. equivalent to a flow of 8l/s. The ponds are lined with a plastic liner which apparently covers the entire pond and is run up the sides onto the banks between the ponds.5m. but this does not appear to be the case here. with two chunks of the impeller missing. Work was still proceeding on construction. that the depth is to the invert of the flume). Thus the dynamic head at the duty point will be of the order of 25m. There are a large number of sludge drying beds. this would be flow rate of 135 l/s.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . a difference of 53m.Final Page 137 .2 l/s) at H = 70 m”. Flow from all four of these ponds flows to the first of eight maturation ponds. an apparent pump flow rate of around 110 l/s after allowing for infiltration. It therefore appears that there is a pumped flow of around 110 l/s.2 – Ilemela Waste Stabilisation Ponds The ponds are still under construction. assuming the flume was not drowned. assuming a sewage flow of 80 l/hd/day. Pond Lining The use of unprotected plastic-based liner appears inappropriate in the anaerobic and arguably in the facultative ponds. there will be repeated traffic in the vicinity of the access ramps which it seems likely will cause ruts and damage. given the relative unwillingness of people to pay for sewerage. More treatment capacity is urgently required to be planned as the ponds could be at capacity within two or three years if connections are made as planned. but the supplier’ s recommendations should be followed. However the actual rate of sewer connection may well be lower than planned. The hydraulic design of the waste stabilisation ponds appears inadequate. The flow measurement flume in the abandoned inlet works is of the order of 300 mm. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . However whilst if smaller pumps were installed in the Central Pump Station then the hydraulics of the plant would be acceptable. This appears far more appropriate. Additionally there are risks of the bucket damaging the liner even where it is level. The current sewage contract includes for 5. I did not review the BoQ but was told that the contract provides for 5.900 to 4. These show typically a pump is run for around 9 to 10 hours/day. It also has three submersible pumps and a 250 mm rising main.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . most likely by increasing throat width to around 300 mm and increasing the depth of the flume.5 l/s. including infiltration. Review of Contract Documents I extracted some information from the contract documents. These show the design of the waste stabilisation ponds and pump stations to be precisely as the Final Design Report. Additional Land We were told that MWUWSA own the land to the north of the ponds. Any extension would need to cater for the sewers already designed by Don Consult for the area to the north and west of the ponds. Flows will be higher during the rainy season than those seen at present.Final Page 138 .500. particularly during the rains. The hydraulics of the works should be checked to ensure the works can handle higher flows than designed for.350 m3/day. The facultative ponds will require less frequent de-sludging. and it is possible that damage will occur from the wheels.000 house connections.750 m3/day. a little wider than my shoes are long. If the above analysis is correct then the flume at the wastewater treatment works needs to be increased in capacity. with liner visible at the surface in two locations. (There are constant velocity grit channels and screens at the inlet to the pump station Pump running hours are recorded at the pump station.800 m3/day. particularly if the lining is damaged and the underlying material gets wet. an obvious location for an extension or a new treatment plant. this could well lead to problems at the Central Pump Station. The existing inlet screen and flume has been abandoned in order to provide more head to allow flow to the new anaerobic ponds. equivalent to a population of around 22. There is a lack of venting which can and has led to the formation of ‘bubbles’ in the lining.Mwanza grit gets into the sump. The anaerobic ponds will regularly be de-sludged using a JCB-type rubber-tyred excavator. The pond lining appears questionable for the following reasons: The liner is exposed above top water level in the lagoons and is vulnerable to vandalism. So if implemented this would take up the spare capacity in the waste stabilisation ponds. It has three submersible pumps and a 250 mm rising main. This compares to a design flow of 5.000 house connections but that as yet very few have been constructed as MWAWSA have provided few details of what they want. The Kirumba P Stn has a design flow of 61. Assuming a flow of 120l/s at the works this equates to a daily flow of 3. The Mwanza South P Stn has a design flow of 36. If there are ‘bubbles’ in the liner this will lead to immediate damage to the liner. He suggested installing two Flygt mixers in the sumps to keep solids in suspension. It seems that: There is spare capacity at present of around 1. One facultative pond has severe lifting of the liner. and Intuitively the use of unprotected lining in anaerobic ponds which will be regularly de-sludged appears unsatisfactory.5 l/s. European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Sewerage Questions The key questions are the planned extension of sewers and the rate at which house connections will occur. This is important for the financial viability of MWAUWASA as it will greatly impact on income. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 139 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Appendix 3.3 – Preliminary Urban Inequality Survey Data for Mwanza Nyakato - LIA code: 190803291 Mkolani - LIA code: 190999791 Mahina - LIA code: 190999991 Pamba - LIA code: 190304291 Igoma - LIA Code 190303291 Igoga - LIA code: 190804391 Nyamanoro - LIA code: 190302291 Ilemela - LIA code: 190807391 Isamilo - LIA code: 190308291 Kirumba - LIA code: 190309291 Kitangiri - LIA code: 190310291 Luchelele - LIA code: 190999891 Butimba - LIA code: 190802291 Mbugani - LIA code: 190307291 Pasiansi - LIA code: 190801291 Mkuyuni - LIA code: 190301291 Uswelu - LIA code:190810191 Overall 492600 7023 36% 36% 4% 98% 3% 11% 50% 41 63% 27% Population number Surface (ha) Population density (p/km²) Proportion of the LIA population using drinking water from a household connection, public standpipe/kiosk or borehole supplied by a licensed service provider and taking less than 30 minutes to fetch water Proportion of LIA population having a domestic connection supplied by a licensed service provider Proportion of domestic connection in the LIAs that are disconnected or do not provide water Metering ration of domestic connections in LIAs Proportion of the LIA population fetching water at a public standpipe or kiosk supplied by a licensed service provider Number of functioning and non-functioning kiosks or public standpipes supplied by the WSSA located in a LIA Proportion of the LIA population spending more than 30 minutes to fetch water Proportion of the LIA population receiving their drinking water from informal service providers Proportion of the LIA population fetching their drinking water from somebody else`s domestic connection supplied by WSSA Price per 20 litre jerry can paid by the people who get their drinking water from ISPs (TZS/20l) Proportion of the LIA population with access to improved sanitation Proportion of the LIA population sharing an improved sanitation facility 15200 554 2744 30800 1168 2638 41500 411 10092 24800 297 8337 29400 154 19115 21600 243 8898 18400 516 3562 7700 63 12133 16700 758 2203 35300 377 9356 7800 185 4219 50400 1133 4449 38400 391 9811 22500 98 22980 47100 307 15347 32500 110 29633 52500 258 20341 10% 49% 36% 28% 44% 17% 46% 18% 52% 33% 38% 40% 52% 27% 40% 24% 33% 7% 0% 100 9% 12 44% 13% 10% 11 11% 1% 49% 3% 100 0% 7 6% 50% 50% 40 64% 25% 25% 0% 100 14% 3 12% 41% 41% 37 68% 19% 29% 4% 100 0% 18 24% 14% 11% 44 30% 11% 28% 0% 100 15% 0 19% 56% 56% 75 55% 26% 21% 19% 88 0% 0 23% 49% 46% 36 59% 29% 53% 10% 95 0% 0 5% 41% 41% 49 79% 41% 12% 17% 100 10% 9 28% 6% 6% 50 34% 10% 43% 0% 100 11% 6 8% 36% 36% 44 65% 7% 37% 0% 100 0% 0 3% 63% 63% 37 74% 44% 42% 8% 92 0% 3 7% 52% 52% 29 60% 13% 43% 7% 98 1% 0 13% 43% 43% 42 71% 28% 53% 4% 100 1% 4 7% 44% 43% 41 67% 25% 35% 4% 88 0% 0 9% 63% 63% 43 75% 39% 43% 7% 100 0% 3 11% 60% 58% 41 66% 38% 24% 0% 100 0% 0 3% 76% 76% 37 65% 34% 34% 3% 97 0% 0 1% 67% 64% 33 63% 29% 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 140 European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Mwanza Appendix 3.4 – School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Mapping Report - Mwanza Municipality SNV / Plan / Geodata – November 2009 This is the report of the study into the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) situation in schools in Mwanza Municipality (including Ilemela and Nyamagana districts). The study was conducted in two parts. The first is a comprehensive mapping survey of all primary schools in the municipality, including public and privately-owned schools. This quantitative data is complemented by the second component of the study – a qualitative exercise to validate the survey data and collect further narrative information on governance aspects of school WASH. This report contains the findings of both components – survey data is presented in section 2 and qualitative data in section 3. The mapping survey was conducted in October to November, 2009 and the 3 day validation exercise in November 2009. Key Findings: Survey data Number of schools and pupils in the study districts No. of schools Public Total 66 87 153 82 90 172 No. of pupils Boys 30,755 36,069 66,824 Private B – Pre- and Primary C – Primary Total 16 3 19 Girls 31,603 37,029 68,632 Total 62,358 73,098 135,456 Latrine numbers, ratios and shortages # pupils 68,632 66,824 135,456 actual # DHs 1024 975 1,999 pupils per DH 67.0 68.5 67.8 required # DHs 3,432 2,673 6,105 shortage 2,408 1,698 4,106 Girls Boys Total 5099279/70/Mwanza Report - Final Page 141 Handwashing facilities summary Categorisation Wash basin Stand pipe Type of facility Fixed container None Enough Water for handwashing Insufficient None Yes Soap available? No number of schools 7 24 12 129 27 17 128 4 168 Water supply status summary Categorisation Piped Hand-drilled tube well Shallow well Rainwater harvesting Other / none On school premises Outside school premises Functional Non-functional number of schools 107 2 5 12 42 135 37 93 79 Type of source Location Functionality 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report .Mwanza Latrine status summary Categorisation Meeting "minimum standards" Halfway to "minimum standards" less than 100 pupils per DH 101-200 pupils per DH over 200 pupils per DH no latrines Dry compost VIP Pit latrine with slab Pour flush Traditional pit latrine Others number of schools 10 36 74 39 9 4 0 11 122 39 0 0 Latrine numbers Type of latrine National minimum standards are: 20 girls per toilet and 25 boys per toilet.Final Page 142 . and door available = 2 Yes. Grand Total Grand Total 8 46 26 2 8 13 1 16 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 2 16 68 39 Very Poor Poor OK Good 23 1 16 3 39 114 Overall School WASH 113 114 Management * The scoring system used in this chart is explained in box 1 below. Private Public . Box 1 – Definitions of composite indicators Category Indicator Latrine numbers score (girls) Max 5 Calculation Grading Less than 20 girls per DH = 5 20-40 girls per DH = 4 40-100 girls per DH = 3 100-200 girls per DH = 2 Over 200 girls per DH = 1 No latrine for girls = 0 Less than 25 boys per DH = 5 25-50 boys per DH = 4 50-100 boys per DH = 3 100-200 boys per DH = 2 Over 200 boys per DH = 1 No latrine for boys = 0 Sum of latrine numbers score for girls and 10 = good (A). 0-2 = very poor (D) Grading Category Latrine hygiene & hand-washing Indicator Cleansing materials Max 1 Water for handwashing Max 2 Soap available? Max 2 Disposal of hygienic pads? Max 1 Calculation Materials present = 1 No materials present = 0 Sufficient water = 2 Insufficient water = 1 No water = 0 Yes = 2 No = 1 Yes = 1 No = 0 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .and Primary Primary only School type All Primary Secondary . but no door / door but no privacy = 1 Neither = 0 Yes = 1 No = 0 Sum of all scores for latrine standards Grading Latrine numbers Latrine numbers score (boys) Max 5 Latrine numbers score (all) Max 10 Category Indicator Latrine type score Max 2 Latrine materials score Max 1 Suitable for disabled? Max 1 Privacy for girls Max 2 Privacy for boys Max 2 Latrine emptied? Max 1 Latrine standards score Max 9 Latrine standards 8-9 = good (A). 0-3 = very poor (D) Calculation VIP / pour flush / composting = 2 Pit latrine with slab = 1 Traditional pit latrine = 0 Cement/concrete/burnt bricks = 1 Other = 0 Yes = 1 No = 0 Yes. 6-7 = ok (B). but no door = 1 Door. 35 = poor (C).Mwanza Overall school WASH status* 120 100 no. 4-7 for boys = poor (C). of schools 80 60 40 20 0 0 0 0 0 Pre-school Pre.Final Page 143 . 8-9 = ok (B). and door available = 2 Yes.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . but no privacy = 1 Neither = 0 Yes. Insufficient awareness of the importance of proper WaSH facilities in schools amongst communities. 1-2 = poor (C). latrine hygiene. the failure to see the link between diseases and poor WaSH facilities). This challenges the proper implementation of planned activities. Due to immense needs and little funding resources. 1 = poor (C). 0-9 = very poor (D) Key Findings from the Governance and Validation Exercise Most of the schools receive the capitation funds late. most of the structures at the schools are substandard. latrine 30-34 = good (A). fragmentated and less than what was budgeted for. Although most of the schools follow the government designs. standards.European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report . 3 = ok (B). As a result.g.Final Page 144 . they construct latrines and other infrastructure using local constructors and builders because of lack of funds. 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . teachers. and hygiene education 10-19 = poor (C). 5-6 = ok (B). There is no clear policy on construction of WaSH facilities. 0 = very poor (D) Grading Category Hygiene education Indicator Hygiene teaching Max 1 Teacher trained in hygiene education Max 1 Teaching materials available Max 1 Hygiene education score Max 3 Indicator Overall score Max 34 Calculation Taught = 1 Not taught = 0 Yes = 1 No = 0 Yes = 1 No = 0 Sum of all scores for hygiene education 3 = good (A). 0-2 = very poor (D) Grading Category Indicator Water supply type Max 2 Water supply location Max 1 Water supply functionality Max 1 Water supply score Max 4 Calculation Piped = 2 Other protected = 1 Unprotected / none = 0 On school premises = 1 Off premises = 0 Functional = 1 Non-functional = 0 Sum of all scores for water supply Water Supply 4 = good (A). 2 = ok (B). water supply 20-29 = ok (B). 34 = poor (C). Unclarity on roles and responsibilities (‘unfinished decentralisation’) and lack of accountability amongst actors on different levels undermines the quality of various infrastructures in schools and thus affects the quality of education. operation and maintenance is usually not included in the plans and budgets.Mwanza Cleanliness Max 2 Latrine hygiene score Max 8 1 if neither “smelly” nor “soiled” Plus 1 if “dirty” not listed as a problem Sum of all scores for latrine hygiene 7-8 = good (A). 0 = very poor (D) Category Overall school score Calculation Grading Sum of scores for latrine numbers. government leaders and pupils (e. School WaSH is not a priority for many actors on different levels. Mhonze 1266 735 Bulola 1178 1033 Butimba Iseni A Iseni C B 831 884 Nyamadoke Nyamuhongolo Amani Butimba B Iseni B Messer Eng Med Mkuyuni Nyabuhogoya 1025 1025 586 586 1158 741 757 Nyegezi A Tambukareli Azimio A Azimio B Azimio C Igogo A Malulu Bujingwa Bukaga Igoma Kakobe Kanindo Kishili Mandela Mtakuja Nyerere Shamaliwa Ilemela A Jeshini 857 969 850 901 1047 936 1091 Azimio B Azimio C Igogo Igogo B Malulu Bujingwa Bukaga Kanindo Mandela Mtakuja Nyerere 1020 540 Ilemela Ilemela B 885 994 885 885 1242 621 566 416 1043 940 900 870 730 35 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 34 34 20 20 39 0 0 25 25 0 0 0 30 33 0 30 30 41 0 21 19 0 0 14 0 35 31 30 0 29 24 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 5 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 4 4 0 4 4 5 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 4 4 4 0 4 3 0 Bugogwa 829 Shibula Buhongwa Rwanhima Bujingwa Buswelu Ibinza 798 961 582 676 1207 800 Butimba Day 948 Nyabulogoya Nyamagana 906 931 Igogo Mapango Igoma 852 808 789 Shamaliwa 921 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 32 0 0 19 0 0 23 40 27 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 27 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 3 5 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Igogwe Kabangaja C C D D D D D D B B 10 9 Umoja .Appendix 3.Final Page 145 Rating C D C C C C C C B B C C C C C C B C C C C C C C C Sewer Pupils Pupils Water Water Score .5 – Collated School Data Ward Primary need toilets Pupils Don Primary public 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) Secondary 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) SNV Primary Schools Assessment Latrine Nos DHs (per y) DHs (per y) Education Standard Latrine Hygiene School School School School 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Bugogwa Buhongwa Buhongwa Buhongwa Buhongwa Buhongwa Buswelu Buswelu Buswelu Buswelu Buswelu Buswelu Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Butimba Igogo Igogo Igogo Igogo Igogo Igogo Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Igoma Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Kabangaja Bugogwa Igogwe Kilabela Masemele Mhonze Nyamwilolelwa Umoja Buhongwa Bulale Lwahnima Sahwa Bulola Buswelu Nyamadoke Nyamuhongolo Kabangaja 1124 Igogwe 1044 803 678 761 Umoja .Mhonze C D D A B 12 Bulola D B D B A 14 Nyamadoke Nyamuhongolo Amani Butimba B Iseni B Messer Eng Med Mkuyuni Nyabuhogoya C C C C C B C C D D B D B A D D D D D D C C D D B D A A A B A B B B B A B B A A 11 10 19 16 23 25 16 16 Azimio B Azimio C Igogo Igogo B Malulu Bujingwa Bukaga Kanindo Mandela Mtakuja Nyerere Ilemela Ilemela B C C C C C C C C D C C C C D D D B B D C D B D B D B D D D D D D D D D D D D D A A B C B C C C A C D D D B A B A B B B B B B A A A 15 15 13 17 20 12 13 11 15 11 13 11 16 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . Ward Primary need toilets Pupils Don Primary public 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) Secondary 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) SNV Primary Schools Assessment Latrine Nos DHs (per y) DHs (per y) Education Standard Latrine Hygiene School School School School 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Ilemela Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Isamilo Kirumba Kirumba Kirumba Kirumba Kirumba Kirumba Kitangiri Kitangiri Kitangiri Kitangiri Kitangiri Kitangiri Mahina Mahina Mahina Mahina Mahina Mahina Mahina Mahina Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mbugani Mirongo Mirongo Mirongo Mirongo Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Mkolani Kahama Kiseke Lukobe Mwambani Sabasaba Kileleni Lake A Lake B Lake C Makongoro A Makongoro B Nyakabungo 1167 Lukobe Nsumba Sabasaba Kileleni Lake B Maendeleo Makongoro Makongoro B Nyakabungo A Nyakabungo B Nyakabungo C Bugungumuki Songambele Tumaini Ziwani Kitangiri B Kitangiri C Igeregere Mhandu D Nyakato B Nyakato C Shigunga 766 561 815 Mabatini B Mbugani C Nyashana Pamba B Pamba C Victoria y y y Nyanza A Nyanza B Nyanza C Ibanda B 572 632 721 950 826 717 224 180 909 750 911 880 1161 811 836 975 1258 901 1045 913 876 576 766 1071 1071 888 756 766 189 280 939 1963 774 705 490 420 262 820 832 817 770 1086 650 Bugungumuki Kirumba Tumaini Jiwe Kuu Kitangiri A Kitangiri B Kitangiri C Mihama Igelegele Kasota Mahina Mhandu Nyakato Nyangulungu Shigunga Mabatini A Mabatini B Nyashana Pamba Mirongo Nyanza Ibanda Luchelele Mkolani Nyamalango Nyasubi Sweya 1115 969 1029 670 505 387 466 Nyamalango Nyamarango B 666 1000 0 0 19 0 0 21 24 32 28 0 0 24 7 6 30 25 30 0 29 0 0 39 27 28 0 0 33 42 0 0 30 0 0 35 30 29 0 19 0 26 36 0 36 30 25 26 0 6 9 31 65 0 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 4 3 0 0 3 1 1 4 3 4 0 4 0 0 5 3 3 0 0 4 5 0 0 4 0 0 4 4 4 0 2 0 3 4 0 4 4 3 3 0 1 1 4 8 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 Lukobe Lumala 648 917 Nyakabungo Ole Njolay Kabuhoro Kirumba 671 958 803 694 Mihama Mwinuko Igeregere Mahina Mhandu 760 716 566 1108 926 Mbugani Mtoni 889 1022 Mirongo 780 Luchelele Mkolani Nganza Nsumba 704 988 706 821 0 0 22 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 32 0 27 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 24 19 0 37 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 34 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 23 33 24 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 4 3 3 0 0 0 0 Lukobe Nsumba Sabasaba Kileleni Lake B Maendeleo Makongoro Makongoro B Nyakabungo A Nyakabungo B Nyakabungo C Bugungumuki Songambele Tumaini Ziwani Kitangiri B Kitangiri C Igeregere Mhandu D Nyakato B Nyakato C Shigunga Mabatini B Mbugani C Nyashana Pamba B Pamba C Victoria Nyanza B Nyanza C Ibanda B C C C C D C B B C C C C C C D B B C C B C B C C C D C C A A B D B B D C D D D A D B B C A D D D D D D D D B C C D D C B B B D D C D D D D D C D C D D C D D D D D D D D C D D D D D C D D B C A C B B B B A A A D A D A A A D C D D B A A D A A A A A D B A A A A A B B A A A A B B B A B A B A A A B B A B A A B A A 13 18 22 10 11 12 16 16 25 16 23 14 13 19 8 17 16 9 11 13 12 16 22 16 11 12 15 17 26 25 19 Nyamalango Nyamarango B C B D B D D A D A A 13 20 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 146 Rating C C B C C C C C B C B C C C D C C D C C C C B C C C C C B B C C B Sewer Pupils Pupils Water Water Score . Ward Primary need toilets Pupils Don Primary public 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) Secondary 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) SNV Primary Schools Assessment Latrine Nos DHs (per y) DHs (per y) Education Standard Latrine Hygiene School School School School 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 Mkuyuni Mkuyuni Mkuyuni Mkuyuni Mkuyuni Mkuyuni Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyakato Nyamagana Nyamagana Nyamagana Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Nyamanoro Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pamba Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Pasiansi Sangabuye Sangabuye Sangabuye Sangabuye Mkuyuni A Mkuyuni B Mkuyuni Mkuyuni C Nyakulunduma Buzuruga 734 734 550 1400 Mkuyuni C Mkuyuni D Nyakurunduma Buzuruga A Buzuruga C Buzuruga D Buzurunga A Gedeli A Gedeli B Muungano Nundu D 763 780 1018 1287 1114 990 1287 800 1360 1384 1277 Gedeli Ibeshi Muungano Nundu Nyambiti Nyamwilolelwa Nyasaka Sima Sima Buzuruga D 456 411 841 584 647 801 566 1174 647 914 615 1091 879 816 861 960 837 836 1033 874 1101 541 Nyamagana A Nyamagana B Bondeni Ghana Hekima Ibungilo Karume Kilimahewa Mkudi 1190 990 435 451 828 484 850 1044 1373 547 1681 Nyamagana A Nyamagana B Hekima Ibungilo Kiloleli Mkudi Mwenge Nyamanoro Bugando Bugarika Mlimani Bugando B y Mongela Moringe 510 893 923 Pamba A Pamba B Pamba C Sahara Bwiru Bwiru B Isenga Isenga D Pasiansi Chasubi Igombe Isesa Kabusungu y Sahara Sokoine 927 850 Isenga B Isenga C Isenga D 1300 Chasubi 1097 810 1080 911 846 0 0 0 25 26 34 43 37 33 43 27 45 0 0 46 43 0 0 0 40 33 0 0 15 15 28 16 28 35 0 46 18 56 0 0 0 17 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 0 0 31 28 0 0 27 36 30 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 5 4 5 3 6 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 2 2 3 2 4 4 0 6 2 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 5 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Mkuyuni Nyakulunduma 857 675 Kangaye Nundu Nyasaka 926 845 834 Capripoint 669 Ibungilo Kiloleli 881 846 Nyamanoro Bugarika Mlimani Mwanza Pamba 869 748 780 1733 1455 Bwiru Boys Bwiru Girls 740 419 Kitangiri Mnarani Pasiansi 942 828 1044 0 0 0 29 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 28 0 0 28 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 29 28 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 25 26 0 0 58 49 0 0 0 0 0 25 14 0 0 0 31 28 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 3 0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 4 3 4 0 0 0 0 Mkuyuni C Mkuyuni D Nyakurunduma Buzuruga A Buzuruga C Buzuruga D Buzurunga A Gedeli A Gedeli B Muungano Nundu D C D D C C C C C C D C D D D D D D B D B D D D D D D D D D D D D D C B C B B B D B B D B B A B B B B B A B B A 12 9 8 13 13 13 12 15 15 7 12 Sima Victoria Nyamagana A Nyamagana B Bondeni Ghana Ibungilo Karume Kilimahewa Mkudi Montissori Bugando B Mongela Moringe D B C C C C C C C D B C C B C D A B B D B D B C A D D D D D C C D D D D D D A D D D B A A A B B A B A D A A A A A B B B A A B B A B A B B B 14 17 23 23 19 13 17 13 20 8 33 15 16 16 Sahara Sokoine D C C D D D A A A B 13 15 Isenga B Isenga C Isenga D C D C B D C D D D B D B A A B 17 7 12 Chasubi C B D D B 14 5099279/70/Mwanza Report .Final Page 147 Rating C D D C C C C C C D C C C B B C C C C B D A C C C C C C D C C Sewer Pupils Pupils Water Water Score . Final Page 148 Rating C Sewer Pupils Pupils Water Water Score .Ward Primary need toilets Pupils Don Primary public 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) Secondary 30 8 Blocks (DH/x) SNV Primary Schools Assessment Latrine Nos DHs (per y) DHs (per y) Education Standard Latrine Hygiene School School School School 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 Sangabuye Sangabuye Sangabuye Kayenze Nyafula Sangabuye Don Consult extras Jamhuri Isege A Isege C Ziwani Songambele Miebeni Serengeti Victoria Totals Nyafula 879 1035 1009 805 1085 533 575 594 60679 850 0 28 0 0 4 0 Sangabuye 771 0 0 26 0 0 3 Nyafula C D D C A 13 y y 79127 2638 330 43547 1452 181 5099279/70/Mwanza Report . .Phil Sutherland W S Atkins International Ltd Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT18 5BW England Email:
[email protected] Telephone: +44 (0)1372 726140 © Atkins Ltd except where stated otherwise.