PARAPHRASE IELTS WRITING(saying the same things in different words) Hi các bạn, Mình gửi các bạn phiên bản rút gọn của sách Paraphrase book 2017 . Đây là giáo trình mình mới biên soạn và cải tiến dành cho lớp Writing elite tháng 12/2017 Bạn nào đã từng tìm hiểu về IELTS Writing thì thấy là việc bạn có thể paraphrase lại các từ khóa, câu văn trong Task 2 là cực kỳ quan trọng Tuy nhiên, việc này không hề dễ dàng và thực sự chưa có một sách hay tài liệu nào viết chuyên về mảng này. Sách Paraphrase book 2017 của mình ra đời nhằm đi sâu giải quyết giúp đỡ, cung cấp cho các bạn một lượng từ vựng dồi dào để khắc phục điểm yếu, khó khăn khi paraphrase Mặc dù đây là giáo trình chỉ dành riêng cho lớp offline Writing elite của mình (tài liệu này sẽ không được bán public), nhưng để giúp tất cả các bạn đang tự học có thể tự luyện ôn thi hiệu quả. Mình quyết định public mini ebook phiên bản rút gọn của sách để tất cả các bạn có thể download về và học ở đây Chúc các bạn học tốt ! -Ngọc Bách- Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 1 A – TASK 1 1. In general You can try using different subjects to make your writing more flexible. For example, instead of saying “the number of people who learn English increased in 1950s”, you can say that “in the 1950s, more people tended to learn English than in the past.” It is very important to note that the words and expressions below are not lists of synonyms. A few examples are given here, but look for these expressions when you are reading, to see how they are used. To take just one example: made = produced sometimes, but not all the time. We can say that Rice is produced in India, but we cannot say that Rice is made in India. In other words, always notice how and when words and expressions can be used. You should also note that you can repeat key words from the task 1 diagram in your report, but try to avoid doing this too often. If you study the vocabulary, you will be able to make the vocabulary and structure of your reports more varied. - Subject refers to figures – Verb refers to increases/ decreases + The number of/ The figure for/ The proportion of/ The percentage of people who … (relative clause) + The number of/ The figure for people + V-ing/ (reduced relative clause) + There was an increase/ rise/ growth….in the number of… noun + V-ing or V-ed + There was a decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline…in the number of…noun +V-ing or V-ed Example: + In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. + There has been an increase in the cost of coffee. + The number of people going to college rose to 5 million. + The proportion of people shopping at Wal Mart was 5%. + The figure for people who like to go to Mexico in the summer increased last year. + There was a rise in the percentage of children born by C-section. + There has been a growth in the number of countries affected by drought this year. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 2 + There was a decrease in the number of hospitals. - Subject refers to the chart + The chart/ graph/ illustration/ map/ table…shows/ illustrates/ gives information about/ provides information about/ compares… Example: The chart shows a change in the percentageof international students among university graduates in different Canadian provinces between 2001 and 2006. - Subject refers to what is shown in the chart + People tend to + V + X is the most popular …. + Company A reduced its waste production + The …(noun: consumption, spending…) is highest + People show their preference for… + People have a tendency to do sth Example: + In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%. + People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of the six products. + Corn was the most popular food in Texas during the 60s. + The consumption of chocolate in the Middle East was higher than in India. + During the 1950s, the consumption of alcohol was highest in the USA, followed by Russia and Germany. + People showed their preference for travelling to work by car, rather than by bus or train. + People have a tendency to shop in their neighborhood, which often benefits the local grocery stores more than it does supermarkets. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 3 2. Particular words - A period of time + during the period between X and Y + between X and Y + from X to Y + during the 1950s + within five fears from X to Y + over the period from X to Y + over a period of 17 years + during the researched/ observed period + at the beginning/ end of the period shown Example: + In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5 million divorces, before falling (back) to 1 million at the end of the period. + The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in five major cities over a period of 13 years from 1989. + London experienced by far the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-year period. + The First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. + During the 1950s, the US economy quickly developed, making it the biggest economy in the world. + Within 6 years from 1920 to 1926, hundreds of factories were established. + Many schools were founded over a period of 25 years from 1900 to 1925. During the period shown in the graph, the quantity of ice cream consumed in Italy fell by about 25%. - Age group Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 4 + between X and Y years old + X - to Y-year-olds + X - to Y-year-old students + people (who are) aged X to Y. + people who fall into the X to Y age group + people who belong to the X to Y age group + in their forties (40 – 49 years old) - Old people: the elderly = elderly people = senior citizens - Young people: the young = teenagers = youngsters - Middle aged people = people aged 40 to 60 - People in early adulhood = people who fall into 20 to 40 age group Example: + 12% of those aged between 14 and 16 years old were current smokers. + There was a fall in the number of 16-19 year olds studying in higher education in Greece. + The majority of students aged 16 to 18 were doing vocational courses. + People in their forties went to the cinema more frequently than elderly people. + While 60% of people who fell into the 30-50 age group owned at least one car, this proportion fell to 40% among those who belonged to the 50-60 age group. + The period between 1980 and 1990 saw a dramatic increase in the number of youngsters and people in early adulthood who had motorbikes. - Spending + Noun: Spending = expenditure/ spender = consumer + Verb (active form): spend = use one’s money + Verb (passive form): be spent on = be allocated for = be used for = be expended = be paid out for Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 5 Example: + Around $800 per person was spent on IELTS books by Vietnamese consumers in 2017. + Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of the six products. + Spending on IELTS books increased dramatically to $800 in 2017. + Among US consumers, in 1990 $1 billion was spent on clothes, while the expenditure on holidays was almost double this figure. + Almost half of government spending was allocated for health and education. - Consumption + Noun: X consumption = X use/ the amount of X used/ consumed + Verb: consume = use Example: + The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo. + We can also see that water consumption was considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo. + The amount/The quantity of ice cream consumed fell from 5000 litres in 2004 to 3750 litres in 2007. - Internet usage + Noun: Internet usage + the population who used the Internet = people who used the Internet = people using the Internet = people who had access to the Internet = people accessing the Internet = Internet users + Verb: use = access = connected to Example: : + Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 6 + Overall, a much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage. + 50% of people using the Internet in the US are teenagers. + The number of Internet users rose sharply in Vietnam after 2002. + China witnessed an incredible growth in Internet usage over a period of 10 years. + The chart shows that in 2002, 50 million people had access to the Internet in Russia, compared with 70 million ten years later. B – TASK 2 1. In general These are ways to paraphrase the most common words in IELTS Writing Task 2. [used for every topic] - A is a cause of B + A result(s) in/ lead(s) to/ bring(s) about B + A is often associated with B + A paves the way for B + A is a catalyst of B + A is the precursor of B + A correlates with B + A makes a significant/substantial/valuable/great contribution to B + A is a key/contributing factor influencing B + A has/exerts an effect/impact/influence on B Example: : + Spirituality is often associated with a reduced perception of stress in one's life. + From 1960 to 2009 slow economic growth has made a contribution to the persistence of poverty. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 7 + From 1929 to 1933, the Depression Era was the catalyst for the high unemployment rate. + Political reforms pave the way for economic development. + Corruption is often associated with a decline in public morals. + An unhealthy diet correlates with a risk of heart disease. + The hard work of the employees has made a great contribution to the company’s success. + Having children is a contributing factor in building happy marriages. + Strict penalties for drivers who break the law exert a great impact on the reduction in the number of road accidents. - To do something for one’s sake/ for social benefit + For one’s own sake + for/in one’s own interest + as a social responsibility + not (only) for individual gain but (also) as a community duty. + social rather than personal benefits Example: + Voluntary work should be done as a community duty, not for individual gain. + Taking regular exercise is something that people ought to do for their own sake. + Responsible parenting must be seen as a social responsibility. + Taking a gap year before entering university is in one’s own interest, provided that one uses that time wisely. + The environmental movement stresses the importance of recycling for its social rather than personal benefits. - To get benefits from something + To gain/derive/ get/ obtain/ enjoy benefits + To benefit greatly/enormously/considerably…from something Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 8 + there are many benefits of doing something Example: : + The whole global economy benefits enormously from reductions in energy consumption and cost savings in industry processes. + The motor industry will be one of the first to enjoy the benefits of the recovery. + There are important benefits of walking for at least 30 minutes each day. + Most people enjoy jogging as well as deriving health benefits from this gentle exercise. - To meet the requirement + To meet/ satisfy the need of/thedemand for sth + To fulfil a requirement/condition/obligation Example: : + In many rural villages in Vietnam, the supply of underground water which has been in use for hundreds of years, is now incapable of meeting the growing demand of the expanding population. + Students must fulfil many requirements before going to college, hence the decrease in the number of people getting educated. + The market had to satisfy the demand for rice of the consumers, which resulted in the growth of production. - To try + to make every endeavor to do something + to make aneffort + to attempt + to struggle to do sth + to apply oneself to sth + to exert oneself Example:: + The government made every endeavor to help those affected by the earthquake. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 9 + The students struggled to do their homework. + She attempted to work with the government. + Making an effort to stay in a foreign country can be difficult. + In London, for example, the government has attempted to reduce traffic in the city by introducing a congestion charge. + While there may be an element of luck in exams, students who apply themselves to their coursework will generally achieve good grades. Written by Ngoc Bach Phiên bản mini của sách Paraphrase book 2017 by Ngoc Bach (Giáo trình lớp Writing elite ) Page 10
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