Paradigmatic and syntagmaticanalysis genre) .Paradigmatic analysis vertical metaphor selective/associative bipolar oppositions meaning by context (media. Syntagmatic analysis horizontal metonymy combinative composed of paradigms narrative . Vertical / horizontal P A R A D I G M S NARRATIV E SYNTAGMS P A R A D I G M S . Paradigmatic and syntagmatic • Paradigmatic – A dissimilar thing that can be exchanged for the thing of which the value is to be determined • Syntagmatic – Similar things that can be compared with the thing of which the value is to be determined . . i.Paradigmatic analysis • Paradigmatic analysis is the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which is termed syntagmatic analysis. Paradigmatic analysis often uses commutation tests. analysis by substituting words of the same type or class to calibrate shifts in connotation.e. arrangement").) are combined into clauses. adjectives. are combined into sentences. can in linguistics be described as the study of the rules. in turn. or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. which. meaning "co-" or "together") and τάξις (táxis. meaning "sequence.Syntagmatic analysis. . etc. going back to Dionysios Thrax. order. are categorized as nouns. verbs. This is often done through commutation tests. syntax • In semiotics syntagmatic analysis is analysis of syntax or surface structure (Syntagmatic structure). rather than paradigms as in paradigmatic analysis. It concerns how different words (which. originating from the Greek words συν (syn. • Syntax. to a greater or lesser extent. • Syntagmatic transformations – addition.Commutation test • According to Daniel Chandler. – transposition. . – deletion. the commutation test may involve any of four basic transformations which. involve modification of the syntagm: • Paradigmatic transformations – substitution. ) – Whole story lines as in sit coms • Paradigmatic analysis looks at sets of signs and how they come to stand for something else .Syntagms and paradigms • Syntagms defined as a coherent sequence of signs – A sentence (Jack jumped over the candlestick. Eds. or associative set. Martin W. image and Sound: A practical Handbook. Sage: London. Observations taken from Gemma Penn. George. “Semiotic Analysis of Still Images” in Bauer. • A paradigm. is a group of terms that are related or similar. 2000. and Gaskell. and different. 227ff . Qualitative Researching with Text. p.Paradigmatic and syntagmatic (semiotic) analysis • The value of a term within a text depends on the contrasts with alternative terms that have not been chosen (paradigmatic or associative relations) • The value of a term depends on the relations with the other terms that precede and follow it (syntagmatic relations). 227ff . Qualitative Researching with Text. Observations taken from Gemma Penn. Eds. 2000. George. image and Sound: A practical Handbook. “Semiotic Analysis of Still Images” in Bauer. Martin W.Paradigmatic and syntagmatic (semiotic) analysis • The meaning of a term is delimited by the set of unchosen terms and by the way in which the chosen terms are combined with each other to create a meaningful whole. Sage: London. and Gaskell. p. . The vicar’s pyjamas were pink.Example: Alice’s hat is green. The value of each term is determined by its place in the syntagmby the other terms in the sentence that precede and follow it. Also by the set of alternative terms that might replace it. Paradigm Syntagm People Clothing to be Color Alice’s hat is green. My coat isn’t yellow. .] We see that the co-ordinations formed outside discourse differ strikingly from those formed inside discourse. Those that have something in common are associated in memory.]. or to both. on the other hand.. [.] Combinations supported by linearity are syntagms. on the one hand. Their seat is in the brain.. resulting groups are marked by diverse relations.” (p. [. Those formed outside discourse are not supported by linearity. 123). The syntagm is always composed of two or more consecutive units [. words acquire relations of a different kind. Outside discourse. they are a part of the inner storehouse that makes up the language of each speaker. . In the syntagm a term acquires its value only because it stands in opposition to everything that precedes or follows it.. words acquire relations based on the linear nature of language because they are chained together. They are associative relations..Syntagmatic and Associative Relations • • • • “In discourse.. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations Associative (Paradigmatic) Axis C’’’ C’’ C’ A B C D E Syntagmatic Axis . Linguistic Values • Values are composed of – A dissimilar thing that can be exchanged for the thing of which the value is to be determined – Similar things that can be compared with the thing of which the value is to be determined Signified Signified Signified Signifier Signifier Signifier .