Pan

PANWeb Theoi Greek Name Transliteration Latin Name Παν Pan Faunus, Inuus All (pan), Rustic PAN was the god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music. He wandered the hills and mountains of Arkadia playing his pan-pipes and chasing Nymphs. His unseen presence aroused feelings of panic in men passing through the remote, lonely places of the wilds. The god was a lover of nymphs, who commonly fled from his advances. Syrinx ran and was transformed into a clump of reeds, out of which the god crafted his famous pan-pipes. Pitys escaped and was turned into a mountain fir, the god's sacred tree. Ekho spurned his advances and fading away left behind only her voice to repeat forever the mountain cries of the god. Pan was depicted as a man with the horns, legs and tail of a goat, and with thick beard, snub nose and pointed ears. He was often appears in the retinue of Dionysos alongside the other rustic gods. Greeks in the classical age associated his name with the word pan meaning "all". However, it true origin lies in an old Arkadian word for rustic. Translation Pan,, Lucanian red-figure krater C4th B.C., Toledo Museum of Art Pan was frequently identified with other similar rustic gods such as Aristaios, the shepherd-god of northern Greece, who like Pan was titled both Agreus (the hunter) and Nomios (the shepherd); as well as with the pipe-playing Phrygian satyr Marsyas; and Aigipan, the goat-fish god of the constellation Capricorn. Sometimes Pan was multiplied into a host of Panes, or a triad named Agreus, Nomios, and Phorbas. PARENTS [1.1] HERMES & DAUGHTER OF DRYOPOS (Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan) [1.2] HERMES & THYMBRIS (Apollodorus 1.22-23, Scholiast ad Theocritus 1.123) [1.3] HERMES & PENELOPE (Herodotus 2.145, Apollodorus E7.38, Hyginus Fabulae 224, Nonnus Dionysiaca 14.67, Servius ad Aeneid 2.43) [1.4] HERMES (Plato Cratylus 408b, Pliny Natural History 7.204) [1.5] HERMES & SOSE (Nonnus Dionysiaca 14.67) [1.6] HERMES & KALLISTO (Scholiast ad Theocritus 1.3) [1.7] HERMES & ORNEIOS (Scholiast ad Theocritus 1.3) OFFSPRING [1.1] THE PANES x12 (Dionysiaca 14.67) [2.1] KROTOS (by Eupheme) (Eratosthenes, Hyginus Fabulae 224, Hyginus Astr. 2.27) [3.1] AKIS (by Symaithis) (Ovid Metamorphoses 13.750) [4.1] EURYMEDON (Statius Thebaid 11.32) [5.1] KRENAIOS (by Ismenis) (Statius Thebaid 9.318) [6.1] IYNX (by Ekho) (Other references) [7.1] SEILENOS (by Melia) (Other references) INDEX OF PAN PAGES PART 1: PAN GOD & MYTHS                       ENCYCLOPEDIA PAN (Pan), the great god of flocks and shepherds among the Greeks; his name is probably connected with the verb paô. Lat. pasco, so that his name and character are perfectly in accordance with each other. Later speculations, according to which Pan is the same as to pan, or the universe, and the god the symbol of the universe, cannot be taken into consideration here. He is described as a son of Hermes by the daughter of Dryops (Hom. Hymn. vii. 34), by Callisto (Schol. ad Theocr. i. 3), by Oeneis or Thymbris (Apollod. i. 4. § 1; Schol. ad Theocrit. l. c.), or as the son of Hermes by Penelope, whom the god visited in the shape of a ram (Herod. ii. 145; Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 123 ; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 43), or of Penelope by Odysseus, or by all her suitors in common. (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 16; Schol. ad Lycoph. 766; Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 3.) Some again call him the son of Aether and Oeneis, or a Nereid, or a son of Uranus and Ge. (Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 123; Schol. ad Lycoph. l. c.) From his being a grandson or great grandson of Cronos, he is called Kronios. (Eurip. Rhes. 36.) He was from his birth perfectly developed, and had the same appearance as afterwards, that is, he had his horns, beard, puck nose, tail, goats' feet, and was covered with hair, so that his mother ran away with fear when she saw him ; but Hermes carried him into Olympus, where all (pantes) the gods were delighted with him, and especially Dionysus. (Hom. Hymn. vii. 36, &c.; comp. Sil. Ital. xiii. 332; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 22.) He was brought up by nymphs. (Paus. viii. 30. § 2.) The principal seat of his worship was Arcadia and from thence his name and his worship afterwards spread over other parts of Greece; and at Athens his worship was Encyclopedia Entry Birth of Pan Children of Pan Pan & Typhoeus Pan & Demeter Pan & Psykhe Music Contest Apollo Pan Loves : Syrinx Pan Loves : Ekho Pan Loves : Pitys Pan Loves : Selene Pan & the Nymphs Hymns to Pan God of Shepherds God of Hunting God of Panic God of Rustic Music God Rustic Prophecy Pan Friend Rhea Pan Friend Dionysos Pan & the Indian War Sacred Plants Animals PART 2: CULT & STATUES      Attica, S. Greece Sikyonia, S. Greece Argolis, S. Greece Elis, S. Greece Arkadia, S. Greece 154. ix. 30. 515). 27. (Herod. 501. ii. &c. and to have even instructed Apollo in this art. iv. flocks. Virg. 239. (Eurip. § 2. § 2. 697. 391. Eclog. Catast. 20. whom he loved. i. or are derived from the names of the places in which he was worshipped. Anthol. 18. 277 . Lucian. Hymn. by whom or by Peitho he became the father of Iynx. 32. Sat.) Sacrifices were also offered to him in common with Dionysus and the nymphs. lambs. (Theocrit. near Acacesium. 22). Met.) As the god of every thing connected with pastoral life.) In Arcadia hunters used to scourge the statue. i. viii. § 1). 237. x. Flacc. ii. and to have sung and danced his lyric songs. 4. 59. 96. Plut. was sent to Sparta to solicit its aid against the Persians. 448. v. milk. § 5. 42.) As the god of flocks. vi. vii. 4. and where at the same time there was an ancient oracle. 239. (Paus. Greece Titles & Epithets not introduced till the time of the battle of Marathon. 38. Fast. Serv. Macrob. § 8. i. 26. Ov. (Theocrit. 37.) He was at the same time believed to be possessed of prophetic powers. i. Num. Dial..). § 7. viii. 105 . Pind.) He is thus said to have loved the poet Pindar. § 8. at which the nymph Erato had been his priestess (viii. Flacc.. Anthol. vi. and honey. 3. Frag. 11. § 5). and dwelt in grottoes (Eurip. and the inventor of the syrinx or shepherd's flute. 54. vi. and by it to have frightened the Titans in their fight with the gods. 20). C. Eclog. Paus. which he himself played in a masterly manner. § 4. s. as at Heraea. His love of Syrinx. Hom. at Troezene (ii. ad Virg. ed. Sanctuaries and temples of this god are frequently mentioned. 20 . iii. Rhes. x. 58.) The various epithets which are given him by the poets refer either to his singular appearance. 15 . 16. vi. as well as the coast where fishermen carried on their pursuit. 691. Ion. where a perpetual fire was burning in his temple. 107). § 2. on the well of Eresinus. (Aeschyl. and in which he instructed others also. 54. ii.) In Arcadia he was the god of forests. (Val. viii. and in valleys. on the Nomian hill near Lycosura. (Pind. vii. § 2. Pan accosted him. and promised to terrify the barbarians. wandered on the summits of mountains and rocks. on mount Parthenius (Paus. 31). as the nymph Pitys. Pind. 31. 58. the Athenian. Ov. v. with the Schol. Paus. 33). (Hesych. 271. x. especially in Arcadia. 145. at Megalopolis (viii. 28. § 5). iii. i. both of wild and tame animals. (Apollod. was the cause of his being considered as the minister and companion of Cybele and Dionysus. i. Palat. 10. during the heat of mid day he used to slumber. viii. but he was also a hunter. xiv. comp. ad Virg. vii. namely. 13.. if the Athenians would worship him. Boeckh. 24.  Phokis. v. 22. Palat. Serv. 32. and was very indignant when any one disturbed him. iii. his fondness of noise and riot. (Eratosth. pastures. Virg. who at the same time might prevent their being successful. 630. and shepherds. 36.) While roaming in his forests he fell in love with Echo. viii. Virg. (Hom. Anthol. and about his other amours see Georg. vii. 63. (Theocrit. Herod. v. iii. 26. rams. and whom he startled with a sudden awe or terror. ii. (Paus. like other gods who dwelt in forests. Deor. Eclog. such as Daphnis. ed. 63. Hymn. Fir-trees were sacred to him. was dreaded by travellers to whom he sometimes appeared. Anthol. Pyth. in return for which Pindar erected to him a sanctuary in front of his house. he was fond of music.) He is said to have had a terrific voice (Val. 31. it was his province to increase them and guard them (Hom.) As god of flocks. had been metamorphosed into that tree (Propert. Fragm. ii. after whom he named his flute. Paus. either amusing himself with the chase.) It seems that this feature. § 1. bees also were under his protection. Pers. Boeckh. vii. and the sacrifices offered to him consisted of cows. v. Palat. § 8. and hunters owed their success to him. 139. &c. Eclog. Palat. 26. 5. between Argos and Tegea . Theocrit. is well known from Ovid (Met. 38. 15. or leading the dances of the nymphs.) Pan. Hymn. if they hunted in vain (Theocrit. i. 47. iii. Agreus.) Thus when Pheidippides. i. 6. Eclog. puck-nose. in the island of Psyttaleia (i. BIRTH OF PAN Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan (trans. (Theocrit. in fin.e. 22 (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th .4th B. and goat's feet. and there he brought about the merry marriage. But when the nurse saw his uncouth face and full beard. 32. . though a god. 448). derived from the word pantes meaning ‘all’] because he delighted all their hearts. and set him down beside Zeus and showed him to the rest of the gods.) : "Apollon. 34. In works of art Pan is represented as a voluptuous and sensual being. because there fell on him and waxed a strong melting desire to wed the rich-tressed daughter of Dryopos. at Sicyon ii. the land of many springs and mother of flocks. § 7). and thus of a later date than the Trojan war . see Satyri. Aeschyl.). Histories 2.) : "Hermes . Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A. . came to Arkadia (Arcadia). sometimes in the act of dancing. Herod. Herakles.B. it . he used to tend curly-fleeced sheep in the service of a mortal man. Had Dionysus son of Semele and Pan son of Penelope appeared in Hellas and lived there to old age. § 2). near Marathon (i. And he went quickly to the abodes of the deathless gods. 1 (trans. and not the wife of Odysseus. Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology." [N. at Oropus (i. Bibliotheca 1. Bibliotheca E7. 32. son of Zeus and Thymbris. 39 : "Some say that Penelope [the wife of Odysseus] was seduced by Antinous [one the suitors]." Pseudo-Apollodorus. with horns. . and returned by Odysseus to her father Ikarios (Icarius). § 2). 153.] Herodotus. Penelope the mother of Pan was a nymphe. 28. 10. she was afraid and sprang up and fled and left the child. in the Corycian grotto near mount Parnassus (x. . she bore Pan. was [first worshipped in Greece] about eight hundred years before me [Herodotus].D. at Athens (i. . and sometimes playing on the syrinx. carrying his son wrapped in warm skins of mountain hares. and at Homala in Thessaly. For there. vi. 24. Pers. like Herakles the son of Amphitryon. and that when she reached Mantineia in Arkadia. 105).C. Respecting the plural (Panes) or beings with goat's feet. 36. merry-laughing child. Dionysos. learnt the mantic art from Pan.C. and sometimes also Faunus. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.) The Romans identified with Pan their own god Inuus.(ii. Then luck-bringing Hermes received him and took him in his arms: very glad in his heart was the god. and Pan are held to be the youngest of the gods . According to other sources. § 5). and they called the boy Pan [i. . vii. with goat's feet and two horns--a noisy. § 2 .) : "Among the Greeks. And in the house she bare Hermes a dear son who from his birth was marvellouse to look upon. § 4." Pseudo-Apollodorus. Then all the immortals were glad in heart and Bakkheios (Bacchic) Dionysos in especial. and Pan the son of Penelope. there where his sacred place is as god of Kyllene (Cyllene). for according to the Greeks Penelope and Hermes were the parents of Pan. to Hermes. 103. . and begat a son inspired with the divine voice of prophecy. . Dionysiaca 14. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.B. Dionysiaca 14." but is also a play on the word phobos.might have been said that they too (like Herakles) were but men. . who first saw the light in the trusted stream and was cradles in the green banks of his native river.D. the highland prophetess. 750 ff (trans.) : "They say that Pan was so surnamed [Sinoeis] after a [Arkadian] Nymphe Sinoe. . with armour rustic and uncouth and rustic weapons in his hand and native skill to arouse panic terrors--his sire was Pan. Pan. and a shaggy goat's head upon it . a great joy to both his parents." the aspect of Pan which inspires irrational panic in the lonely wilds.] CHILDREN OF PAN Ovid. the gods of antiquity. who divided his love between two Nymphai.D. rejoiced to fight in his mother's water--Crenaeus. for one he visited the bed of Sose. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A. Thebaid 11.C. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. 67 ff (trans. the other was Nomios (Shepherd). bearing all the name of Pan their father the ranger of the wilderness . to C1st A." Nonnus. Thebaid 9. 30. It is therefore plain to me that the Greeks learned the names of these two gods later than the names of all the others." Pseudo-Hyginus. 32 ff (trans. whom the pasturing sheep loved well." Statius. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B. 67 ff (trans.) : "[The army of the Seven Against Thebes is routed and the Thebans pursue:] Eurymedon pursues. Fabulae 224 (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.) : "Acis was son of Nympha Symaethis and Faunus [Pan] was his father. Along with these came Phorbas to join their march. . "fear." Nonnus. named after the older Pan and Dionysus. 318 ff : "[The battle of the Seven Against Thebes was carried to the streams of the River Ismenos:] Crenaeus.) : "The rockdwellers came also from their self-vaulted caves. the youthful son of Faunus [Pan] and the Nympha Ismenis.D.D. but as it is . they have human form. the Greeks do not know what became of him after his birth. . Agreus (Hunter). who with others of the Nymphai nursed him on her own account.D. one practised in the shepherd's pipe.) : "Mortals who were made immortal . for Pan. for whom Hermes sought the bed of Penelope the country Nymphe. and trace the birth of both to the time when they gained the knowledge." Statius. 2 (trans." Pausanias. savage and insatiate. Metamorphoses 13. the sons of Hermes. son of Mercurius [Hermes] and Penelope. Phorbas means "giver of grazing." [N. well versed in the beast-slaying sport of the hunt.) : "Two other Panes [in fact just Pan in his two aspects as Hunter and Shepherd].D. Description of Greece 8. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. with this changeling shape and hornbearing head. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. The pair Aigipan and Pan appear together in one C5th B.with horns. This was usually regarded as another divinity however.) : "Euhemerus [C4th B. 42. 290 ff : "[Zeus addresses Athena:] ‘He [Pan] once helped to defend my inviolable sceptre and fought against the Titanes. When she was embraced by Jove [Zeus] she bore a son whom she called son of Pan. and Jove. from whose skin Zeus crafted his aigis shield." For MORE information on this giant see TYPHOEUS Also COMPARE the story of AIGIPAN PAN & THE WANDERINGS OF DEMETER Pausanias. mythographer] says that a certain Aex was the wife of Pan. Haliplanktos (trans. because he hunted Typhon with nets. Since he was very fond of him.C. they say. . . But when the fruits of the ." Nonnus. which demonstrates that they were often regarded as seperate divinities. he placed in memory the form of a goat among the stars. she [Demeter] put on black apparel and shut herself up in this cavern for a long time. Twelve horned Panes there were. Dionysiaca 27. So the child was called Aegipan. he gave clever Kadmos the deceiving pan-pipes. Greek vase painting.D. part of the plot to pilot Typhaon to his death [and Kadmos disguised as a shepherd tricked Typhoeus into returning the sinews of Zeus]." PAN." Nonnus.C.) : "And goat-herd Pan who went with him [the hero Kadmos] gave Zeus Almighty cattle and sheep and rows of horned goats [during his war with Typhoeus].D. Then he built a hut with mats of wattled reeds and fixed it on the ground: he put on Kadmos (Cadmus) a shepherd's dress. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A. when he had clad his sham herdsman in this makebelieve costume. Afterwards.’" Suidas s. who were begotten of the one ancestral Pan their mountainranging father. Pseudo-Hyginus. so that no one could know him in disguise. despite their similar names. Dionysiaca 1. Fabulae 31 (trans. Description of Greece 8.v.D. angry with Poseidon and grieved at the rape of Persephone. ZEUS & THE MONSTER TYPHOEUS Pan was occassionally identified with the goat-fish god Aigipan who assisted Zeus in his battle with the monster Typhoeus. .) : "Haliplanktos (Sea-roaming): Thus Pan is called .) : "The account of the people of Thelpousa about the mating of Poseidon and Demeter . Aegiochus (Wielder of the Aegis).D. . 368 ff (trans. Then. until Pan. essaying with old Tmolus as the judge unequal contest. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B. to C1st A. and played light airs upon his pipes. looking towards the shepherd-god. rich with Tyrian purple.C. crass-witted Midas' voice. The tale is modified slightly to exclude the punishment inflicted upon that Satyr for challenging the god.] For MORE information on Demeter's search see DEMETER MYTHS 1 THE MUSIC CONTEST OF APOLLO & PAN Pan was identified with the Phrygian Satyr Marsyas in this story. To Phoebus [Apollon] next grave Tmolus turned and. Fabulae 191 (trans. they say. moderating her grief as well. But crass his wits remained. at the other reach their end at small Hypaepae. ‘The judge attends. and hinged their base . On his mountain top the judge was seated. . and sent the Moirai (Fates) to Demeter.’ So Pan made music on his rustic reeds and with his uncouth song entranced the king. Metamorphoses 11. in folly set to bring their master trouble as before. as he turned. When Timolus gave the victory to Apollo. Midas said it should rather have been given to Marsyas. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Pseudo-Hyginus. called in unjust. with acorns dangling round his hollow temples. ." Pausanias. his very pose proclaimed the artist. The crags of Tmolus. the state she was in and the clothes she wore. Mygdonian king.earth were perishing." Ovid.’ and with these words he caused him to have ass's ears.) : "Midas. 146 ff (trans. he said. he came at last to Mount Elaios (Elaeus) and spied Demeter. at one side fall to Sardis. Delius [Apollon] could not suffer ears so dull to keep their human shape. from his ears he freed the forest trees. steep and wide and high. He filled them with coarse grey hairs.) : "Loathing riches [after being shed of his golden touch] Midas gave his heart to fields and forests and the countryside and Pan who dwells among the mountain caves. or Pan. There Pan sang his songs. son of the Mother goddess from Timolus (Matris deae a Timolo) was taken as judge at the time when Apollo contested with Marsyas.D. his mantle. gazing across the sea. his right the plectrum held. knew where Demeter was hiding. So Zeus learnt this from Pan. 11 (trans. visited Arkadia. on the pipes. won by strains so sweet. daughter of Poseidon and Demeter. flaunting among the gently Nymphae." [See the "Cult of Pan" page for more details. who listened to the Moirai and laid aside her wrath. swept the ground he trod. only a wreath of oak fringed his green locks. and the human race dying yet more through famine. Then with expert touch he plucked the strings and. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A. Description of Greece 8. Roaming from mountain to mountain as he hunted. Beside this Pan a fire is kept burning which is never allowed to go out.) : "[At the sanctuary of Despoine. in Arkadia:] You will ascend by stairs to a sanctuary of Pan . Midas by chance was there. old Tmolus bade the reed bow to the lyre. The sacred Mountain's (Mons) judgement and award pleased all who heard. yet one voice challenging. and dared to boast Apollo's music second to his own. his fringe of trees turned too. 37.D.D. it seemed. no god. Then Apollo angrily said to Midas: ‘You will have ears to match the mind you have in judging. Apollo's golden hair was garlanded with laurel of Parnassus. in his left had he bore his lyre. inlaid with gems and ivory. in fear. he wears henceforth a little ambling ass's ears." For MORE information on this god see APOLLON Also COMPARE the story of MARSYAS K22. delighting in the music of the flute and embracing Ekho (Echo). [The] Satyros is unkempt.D. Aphrodite was irritated [by his judgement] and placed in the heart of Pan the love of Ekho (Echo) [i.) : "It is said that there was born also a son of Zeus and the Lamia called Akhilleus (Achilles).D. Myriobiblon 190) (trans. I suppose. [holding] a flute in his hand . ." . Imagines 2.4th B. . playng sweet and low on his pipes of reed .4 PAN LOVE OF PAN & ECHO Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan (trans.D. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A. Descriptions 1 (trans. all else was man. .) : "The rustic god Pan chanced to be sitting at that moment on the brow of the stream.1 PAN K22. New History Book 6 (summary from Photius. In it was set up an image of a Satyros wrought in marble . and teaching her to repeat after him all kinds of songs. holding the mountain deity Echo in his arms.3 PAN K22. he carried it then to the judgement of Pan." Philostratus the Elder.to move and twitch and flop. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th . lest the flute set in motion some musical sound and induce the Nymphe to make an echoing response to the Satyros." Apuleius. in that one part his punishment. Disfigured and ashamed he sought to hide his temples with a clinging purple turban. . The Golden Ass 5." Ptolemy Hephaestion. Pearse) (Greek mythographer C1st to C2nd A. . 25 ff (trans. To teach him a lesson they have bound him with ropes and shorn off his beard and they say that they will persuade Ekho (Echo) to scorn him and no longer even to answer his call.e. a love which was doomed].) : "[From a description of a sculptural group:] There was a certain cave near Thebes in Egypt which resembled a shepherd's pipe . . . as of a mountain spirit (daimon oreios) that leaps in honour of Dionysos . while Ekho (Echo) wails about the mountain-top.D. ." Callistratus.) : "[Description of an ancient Greek painting:] [Country Nymphai have captured Pan. 11 (trans. he was of an irresistable beauty and like others was the object of a competition.7 PAN K22. . Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C4th A. .) : "[Pan] sounds his note. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.C. Pan stood beside him. Ekho chimes in with her familiar note. Alas for love! Syrinx [transformed into a reed] escaped from Pan's marriage and left him without a bride. while Syrinx gives voice." Nonnus. my own Ekho navigating like Thetis unveiled? I fear the dangerous waves of the deep may have startled her. and sang out: ‘Where are you going. because when the Nymphe denied. and I care nothing for Polyphemos.Nonnus.D. 289 ff : "Goatherd Pan cried out: ‘I wish my father had taught me the trick of that matchmaking wine! I wish I could be lord of the mindtripping grape. and never became Ekho's (Echo's) bridegroom.’ With these words. asleep and well drunken! Then I should have achieved my love. and by your Polyphemos--you know the weight of desire. Dionysiaca 15. nor a maiden to marriage. charmer of mortals. but she might be caught by Poseidon! . do not hide from me if you have noticed my mountainranging Ekho (Echo) swimming by the rocks! Does she course through the wet like you? Does she also sit on a dolphin of Aphrodite the seagoddess. 257 ff ff (trans. she passed away from the lair of wayfaring Pan. and now she [the pipes made from the plant] cries Euoi to the newly-made marriage of Dionysos with melodies unasked. love's helper to deck out the marriage!’ Such were the words of Pan. I alone. 300 ff : "Then Pan [during the great Deluge] well soaked saw [the Nereis] Galateia swimming under a neighbouring wavebeaten rock.) : "The sea rose [during the great deluge] until Nereides became Oreiades on the hills over the woodland. carry your own Ekho through the waves-she knows nothing of the sea." Nonnus. shepherd of the bridal intoxication! you alone happy. must suffer. the rock-dweller left his sea and changed it for the hill. leaving the waterlogged pan's-pipes that floated. I am terrified at this tremendous flood. I seek no more the Sikelian (Sicilian) Sea. Dionysiaca 6. O poor thing! Maid Ekho (Echo) had to swim with unpractised hands. Dionysos draws intractable Nymphai to marriage by means of his tippler's river! He has invented a medicine for Eros--his plant : away with the goat's milk. though it is sweet. in sorrow for his thwarted desire. leave your Polyphemos. The roaring flood does not overwhelm me. Dionysiaca 6. Come. . you found out wine. Dionysiaca 16. 306 ff : "A pretty thing. I will lift you upon my own back and save you. and Galateia said in reply: ‘My dear Pan. which like a gadfly sends me gadding afar! Farewell to this pasturage! For while I water my sheep here by a neighbouring spring. Don't waste your time in asking me why I am going here this day. poor thing! She has left the hills and moves restless over the waves. and she felt a new fear for that old maiden zone--Pan she had escaped. Galateia? Have you given up sea for hills? Perhaps you are looking for the love-song Kyklops (Cyclops)? I pray you by the Paphian [Aphrodite]. . I have another and higher voyage which Rainy Zeus and found me. if I like I can mount to the starry sky on my goatish feet!’ He spoke. like Bakkhos (Bacchus)! Then I should have seen that cruel maiden Ekho (Echo)." Nonnus. Ekho once the maid of the rocks will show herself as the maid of the waters. away with the milk of my ewes! For that cannot bring sleep to desire. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. your Pan piping the Paphian's [Aphrodite's] tune! Often he chanted Eros (Love)." . and to crown all. O Dionysos. Nereus on his travels met rock-loving Pan on a submerged hill. Let be the song of Kyklops. the laggard! If you like. Kythereia [Aphrodite]. when the girl flees me swift as the wind. he [Dionysos in love with Beroe] disclosed to bushybreasted Pan in words full of passion the unsleeping constraint of his desire. killed their whole flocks of goats. 670 ff : "She [Aura after being raped in her sleep] killed the goatherds. in agony of heart. prattler as she was whose lips which were wont to sound with the pipe of Pan never silent. it was a small alleviation of his own love to see another burnt with a spark from the same quiver: ‘We are companions in suffering." For MORE information on this nymph see EKHO LOVE OF PAN & SYRINX ." Nonnus. imitating Ekho (Echo) returned the sounds of his pipes . Sing the erratic course of Ekho (Echo) [loved by Pan]. But I will tell you the multifarious ways of deception in love . . was the daughter of Ekho (Echo). much more than Bromios. and gave him love-advice. . Iynx (trans. 489 ff : "I am like lovelorn Pan. because she had seen Pan the dangerous lover with a face like some shaggy goat.v." Nonnus.v. for she felt quite sure that shepherd Pan tormented with desire for Ekho (Echo) had violated her asleep.] Suidas s. for during your search you have found a physic for love in a mindbewitching voice. Dionysiaca 48. the sea is noisy. 125 ff : "The host-assembling syrinx mingled its piercing tones.Nonnus. Haliplanktos ff : "Haliplanktos (Sea-roaming): Thus Pan is called . heartbroken he pitied one unhappy in love. Dionysiaca 42.) : "Iynx . . and I pity your feelings. when he heard the firebreathing torments of Bakkhos (Bacchus). . Dionysiaca 45. ." Nonnus.D. and Pan's answering Ekho (Echo) came from the sea with faint warlike whispers instead of her rocky voice. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. treading the wilderness with boot more agile than Ekho never see! You are happy. . for these two despised the desire of gods. Pan. because he is in love with Ekho (Echo)." [N." Suidas s. but. moving from place to place. . 196 & 257 ff : "Seeking a sweet medicine for love. friend Bakkhos. and craved advice to defend him against love. Presumably Pan was the father. and utters a sound of speaking like your voice. and the answering note of the goddess who never fails to speak. and wanders. Ekho (Echo) follows your tones and returns them. 174 ff : "Melodious Pan sat beside herds of goats or sheepcoates playing his tune on the assembled reeds. Dionysiaca 48. Horned Pan laughed aloud. a luckless lover himself.’" Nonnus. . How comes it that bold Love has conquered you too? If I dare to say so. Eros has emptied his quiver on me and Dionysos. . . . Dionysiaca 39.B. to aid. . 18 (trans. and he. still running alone after Aphrodite? When will you too be a bridegroom. and there. and how the scornful Nympha fled through the wilderness and came at last to Ladon's peaceful sandy stream. saw Syrinx once and said--‘but what he said remained to tell. Not yet had his words ended. while Syrinx gives voice. 363 ff : "You know how Syrinx disregarded fiery Kythera [Aphrodite]." Nonnus. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.) : "Sing also of Pitys who hated marriage.) : "Once there lived on the cold mountainsides of Arcadia a Naias. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.C. forswear you shepherd's cudgel. put the blame of Ge (the Earth)! Then she may perhaps lament the sorrows and the fate of the wailing . to C1st A. declaimed thus: ‘Horned Pan. the soft wind stirring in the reeds sent forth a thin and plaintive sound. Alas for love! Syrinx escaped from Pan's marriage and left him without a bride. when she had fled from Pan's love.e. how she turned into a plant with reedy growth substituted for her own. her flight barred by the river. and her fate--how she disappeared into the soil herself. so easy to mistake. and. 196 & 257 ff (trans.D. In her pursuits--and in her chastity--Syrinx revered Ortygia [Artemis]. cried ‘You and I shall stay in unison!’ And waxed together reeds of different lengths and made the pipes that keep his darling's name.D. 689 ff (trans.e. and abet you in your nuptials never consummated? Become a gardener too instead of herdsman. for Ekho (Echo) whom you chase? Will you ever bring off a trick like this [i.) : "And one of the lovemad Satyroi (Satyrs) in a thicket hard by .C. after she was transformed into the reed from which pipes are made] she cries Euoi to the newly-made marriage of Dionysos with melodies unasked. when goatherd Pan cried out: ‘." Nonnus. . Dionysiaca 42. Metamorphoses 1. while he sighed. Elegies 1. girt like her she well might seem. Dionysiaca 16. were not her bow of horn. Diana's [Artemis'] self. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B. . and what price she paid for her too-great pride and love for virginity.) : "If trees known any love. Syrinx the Nymphae called her. Pan returning from Mount Lycaeus. and how she still sings Pan's desire!" For MORE information on this nymph see SYRINX LOVE OF PAN & PITYS Propertius. Dionysiaca 42. crowned with his wreath of pine. Beech and Pine [Pitys] beloved of the god of Arcady [Pan].Ovid. . . who fled fast as the wind over the mountains to escape the unlawful wooing of Pan. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B. Many a time she foiled the chasing Satyri and those gods who haunt the shady copses and the coverts of the lush countryside. entranced by this new music and its witching tones. begged her Sorores Liquidae (Watery Sisters) to change her. and. my dear Pan. and now [i. he held instead only the tall marsh reeds. . Indeed she was mistaken. and to crown all. Latonia's [Artemis'] gold. Dionysos tricked a nymphe with wine]. 289 ff (trans.’" Nonnus. Ekho chimes in with her familiar note.D. when Pan thought he had captured her. who among the Hamadryades Nonacrinae (of lofty Nonacris) was the most renowned. leave oxen and sheep among the rocks--what will herdsmen do for you?’ . Imagines 2." For MORE information on this nymph see PITYS LOVE OF PAN & SELENE Virgil. Dionysiaca 2. Here are the Nymphai in a group. however. but today he is very angry. leaping up and jumping aloft after the manner of sportive goats. his garment extended. Pan. the Nymphai say. pays no heed to them but. when Pan is said to abandon the hunt and go to sleep. for the Nymphai have fallen upon him. O Luna [Selene the Moon]. 85 ff : "Pan in anguish uplifted his fallen pine [i." [N. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.e." Nonnus. 390 ff (trans. and the lean slenderness of the Boukolai (Pastoral Nymphai) is no white less beautiful than dew. Virgil is probably alluding to the story of Selene's seduction by the shepherd Endymion." and/or be connected with the birth the Selene's daughter Pandeia.) : "'Twas with gift of such snowy wool. Alternatively. and the Anthousai (Flower Nymphai) have hair that resembles hyacinth flowers. and they say that they would teach him a different kind of dancing.D. Arcadia's god. to C1st A. dances badly and goes beyond bounds in his leaping. as the god of sheep he was the source of the fine fleece which Endymion used to entice the goddess. "full moon. Moreover.) : . his beard.D. i. 11 (trans. and already Pan's hands have been tied behind his back.] For MORE information on this goddess see SELENE and cf. the god of the flocks. with peaceful nostril and soothing his angry spirit with slumber. panselênê. but do you look at them by classes. charmed and beguiled you. and they say that they will persuade Ekho to scorn him and no longer even to answer his call.C. when he. felled by the rampages of the monster [Typhoeus]." Ovid. calling you to the depths of the woods. the metamorphosed nymph Pitys]. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.B. Georgics 3. or a more delightful character. has been shaven off with razors which have been roughly applies to it.e. the story might be derived from a play on the Greek word. for some are Naides (Water Nymphai)-these who are shaking drops of dew from their hair. if we may trust the tale. Heroides 5. tries to make love to them they set upon him at noon. that Pan. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B. nor did you scorn his call.) : "[Ostensibly a description of an ancient Greek painting at Neapolis (Naples):] Pan. which he values most highly. PANDEIA PAN & THE THE NYMPHS Philostratus the Elder.Nymphe. Formerly he used to sleep relaxed. 133 ff (trans. and he fears for his legs since the Nymphai wish to seize them. is most likely used metaphorically. A vase painting depicts Endymion waving a fleece before the moon goddess. as though all were his quarry. and hops for their embrace. so that the trees of Jove [the oak of Zeus] and Phoebus [the laurel of Apollon]. 3. and poised upon its base cunningly lifts its head without any knot. where Ida swells in boundless ridges. scene of battles. but was content to fling it with one hand. At length it struggles upward. of the jealous lake and jealous shaft. through the fields of Quirinus she came running a-tiptoe and gained the Caelian wilds. but sped it not from the bent bow or with the wonted twang. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A. and the twy-coloured poplar shade and my own pines may marvel at thy boughs. and searches the waves with loving shadows. she wrapped the weeds about her.so 'tis said--the left hand of the drowsy Naiad with the arrow-feathers. and then shoots up aloft straight to its summit. and guard both a secure old age. and deems the maid his bride. then spying a young plane tree with long stem and countless branches and summit aspiring to heaven he set it by him and heaped fresh sand about it and sprinkled it with the longed-for waters. and sank down on the edge of the snow-white bank. O tree. and lest she should bare her snow-white limbs plunged just as she was with all her raiment into the lake. used to come in quest of--where I would lie hidden in covert of the wood--and Faunus [Pan]. a wanton rout with nimble foot.) : "Enfolding with tis overshadowing boughs the clear waters of my elegant Melior's [a patron of the author Statius] lake there stands a tree. bends down towards the mere. Lavish complaint made he of heartless Bromius [Dionysos]. curing from its base. he dares not trust himself to the deep waters. as the memorable token of my vow. and Cacus' deadly haunts [on the Aventine hill]. and the tree. and turning to her trusty comrades: ‘Shall I never keep this unseemly. the goddess was vexed to see it. the swift Satyri (Satyrs). shunning now the hairy following limbs. 1 (trans. I pray. Then will I long remember thee and the mistress of this kindly place. wanton brood from lustful rapine? Must my chaste band of followers ever grow fewer?’ So speaking she drew a short shaft from her quiver. relate the cause. and touched-. and cover her waters with thy leaves. but he breath of the waters put it from them.’ So he spake. now the wanton horns. whose trunk. already he allays the panting of his fevered breast. Why ask so slight a tale of Phoebus [Apollon]? Do you. as though it grew a second time from the midst of the waves. She awaking beheld at once the day and her wanton foe. be scorched by the sun's heat or lashed by cruel hail. What could the robber do. only mind thou to bestrew the pool with thickly scattered leaves."Me [the nymphe Oinone]. as she ranges the seven hills and tracks the flight of a deer on Aventine. Let her not. and from childhood untaught to swim. and do thou at least stoop down and cherish the secret abode of this hard-hearted Nympha. Silvae 2. hangs and broods over the full mere with drooping stem. so suddenly baffled? Conscious of his shaggy hide. though she has deserved it. By copse and stream she fled. quickened with the old passion of the god. Swiftly follows the shepherd-god. Lo! With speedy steps Diana [Artemis] approached. with hornèd head girt round with sharp pine needles. Frightened troops of Nymphae were fleeing from Pan." Statius. and dwelt with hidden roots in the glassy stream. already he hovers lightly o'er his prey. and at the bottom of the mere. and suffered not its touch. there at last wearied out and fordone with fear--where to-day stand the quiet home of hospitable Melior--she gathered her saffron robe closer about her.D. on he came. and thus commanded it: ‘Live long. yet on Pholoe alone was he bent. as though . O Naides. Through Janus' grove [at the foot of the Capitol at Rome]. and you compliant Fauni [Satyroi]--ye will suffice--inspire my song. believing Pan was following. 4 PAN HYMNS TO PAN Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan (trans. Now not even the Nais. Close by the bank nanny-goats were sporting as they grazed and cropped the river-foliage here and there.3 PAN Z22. and instead direct prayers of adoration to Cupidos [Eros]. Through wooded glades he wanders with dancing Nymphai who foot it on some sheer cliff's edge. that you are suffering grievous love-pains. PITYS Z22. 25 ff (trans. lovesick and weary as she was. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or 6th B.2 PAN. but my advanced years give me the benefit of considerable experience.it sank with another root into the bottom of the lake." PAN & PSYCHE Apuleius. greatest of gods. with his goat's feet and two horns--a lover of merry noise. and I am a rustic herdsman. The Golden Ass 5.C. and proceeded on her way. long-haired. the shepherd god (theos nomios). Cease your sorrowing. . If my hazard is correct--sages actually call such guesswork divine insight--I infer from your stumbling and frequently wandering steps. and soothed her with these consoling words. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.5 PAN Z22. He called her gently to him. calling upon Pan. but her stream invites the boughs she banished. and teaching her to repeat after him all kinds of songs. He has every snowy crest and the mountain peaks and rocky crests for his domain.D. The goat-shaped god was well aware of the calamity that had befallen Psyche. and not least from your mournful gaze. the dear son of Hermes. tell me about Pan. Phoebe's [Artemis'] votary.’ Psyche made no reply to this advice from the shepherd-god. hates it. She merely paid reverential homage to his divine person. lay aside your sadness. from your excessively pale complexion and continual sighs.) : "[Psykhe (Psyche) despairing at having lost the love of Cupid (Eros) was about to cast herself into the river:] The rustic god Pan chanced to be sitting at that moment on the brow of the stream." For MORE information on the girl see PSYKHE Z22. and by your caressing attentions win the favour of that wanton and extravagant youth. On that account you must hearken to me: do not seek gain to destroy yourself by throwing yourself headlong or by seeking any other means of death. unkempt. ‘You are an elegant girl.) : "Mousa (Muse). holding the mountain deity Echo in his arms. All-fertile Paian. Only at evening. and now he presses on amongst towering crags and climbs up to the highest peak that overlooks the flocks. as he returns from the chase. fine dancer. Then all the immortals were glad in heart and Bakkheios Dionysos in especial. fine of face. At that hour the clear-voiced Nymphai are with him and move with nimble feet. though a god. for all the world is thine. come. from whom the world began. divine. and the god on this side or on that of the choirs. blessed Pan. O all-producing power. Then luck-bringing Hermes received him and took him in his arms: very glad in his heart was the god. there where his sacred place is as god of Kyllene. o power divine. And in the house she bare Hermes a dear son who from his birth was marvellouse to look upon. this keen-eyed god.C. or at times sidling into the midst. goats rejoice. streams of water. and how he came to Arkadia. merry-laughing child. lord of winsome muse when he pours forth the god-inspired siren-song of the melodious syrinx. those fears peculiar to humankind. Strong pastoral Pan. On his back he wears a spotted lynx-pelt. sea. Often he courses through the glistening high mountains. And so hail to you. to 2nd A. wandering. Fumigation from Odours. for you are the bulwark of all. Thee. immortal fire. horned. whom rural haunts delight. and he delights in high-pitched songs in a soft meadow where crocuses and sweet-smelling hyacinths bloom at random in the grass. he sounds his note. For there. goat-footed. and often on the shouldering hills he speeds along slaying wild beasts. oh ie Pan. with suppliant voice I call. heaven.D. Campbell) (Greek lyric B. and all parts of thee. shepherds. how he is the swift messenger of all the gods. because there fell on him and waxed a strong melting desire to wed the rich-tressed daughter of Dryopos. rich increase is thine. In thee a refuge from our fears we find. All the earth and sea are mixed thanks to you. plies it nimbly with his feet.that bird who flower-laden spring pouring forth her lament uters honey-voiced song amid the leaves. But when the nurse saw his uncouth face and full beard. with goat's feet and two horns--a noisy. he used to tend curly-fleeced sheep in the service of a mortal man. Come. thou lovest the chase and Ekho's secret voice: the sportive Nymphai thy every step attend. And he went quickly to the abodes of the deathless gods. Nymphe-leader. and all thy works fulfil their destined end. the mighty queen of all. the land of many springs and mother of flocks." Greek Lyric V Anonymous. conspicuous with blond beard. and earth. lord! I seek your favour with a song.e. moving his all-shape body. Fragments 936 (Inscription from the shrine of Asclepius at Epidaurus) (trans.C. heavenly splendour pure.) : "I sing of Pan. she was afraid and sprang up and fled and left the child. much-famed. the world's great ruler. singing by some spring of dark water. starry light. adornment of golden choruses. agile. and there he brought about the merry marriage. and stepping nimbly to the melody leaps down from shadowy caves. while Ekho wails about the mountain-top. sprinkling the company of the Olympian gods with immortal muse. because pan means "all"]. playng sweet and low on his pipes of reed: not even she could excel him in melody . in endless dance and melody divine. leaping. darling of the Naiades. carrying his son wrapped in warm skins of mountain hares. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B. now lured by soft streams. Throned with the Horai (Seasons).) : "To Pan. To star-eyed Olympos goes the all-tune sound. Bakkhanalian Pan.hither and thither he goes through the close thickets. Pan!" Orphic Hymn 11 to Pan (trans. and set him down beside Zeus and showed him to the rest of the gods. in fruits . and they called the boy Pan because he delighted all their hearts [i. They sing of the blessed gods and high Olympos and choose to tell of such a one as luckbrining Hermes above the rest. Not long afterwards. when roused. still find thy providence support their race.) : "The Herdsman and the Lost Bull-calf. and said: ‘Just now I vowed to offer a lamb to the Guardian Deities of the forest if I could only find out who had robbed me.C. wherever dispersed through boundless space. whose sparkling eye shines on the summit of the azure sky. hither and thither he goes through the close thickets. Bakkhanalian. but high thinkers and great talkers . blessed power. he made a vow that.) : "[Plato constructs philosophical etymologies for the names of the gods :] Sokrates : Let us inquire what thought men had in giving them [the gods] their names . beast-tending Pan. as he ascended a small hillock. being the double-natured son of Hermes. The first men who gave names [to the gods] were no ordinary persons. Scholars at Dinner) (trans. enthusiastic Pan. stands on a basis permanent and strong. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B. All natures change through thy protecting are. and all mankind thy liberal bounties share. from humankind to earth's remotest bound." . Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th . now lured by soft streams. he would offer a lamb in sacrifice to Hermes. propitious to these holy rites attend. Gibbs) (Greek fable C6th B. ‘tis hard for mortals to assuage. Cratylus 400d & 408b (trans. Old Okeanos. . . and in caves obscure. smooth in his upper parts.C. obey. rough and goat-like in his lower parts. the lighter frame of fire. and the Guardian Deities of the forest [probably Nymphs and Satyrs]. unkempt. and now he presses on amongst towering crags and climbs up to the highest peak that overlooks the flocks. Vol. Campbell. Fabulae Aesopeae 23 & Syntipas 12) (trans. deep and long. the shepherd god (theos nomios)." Castorion of Soli. A herdsman tending his flock in a forest lost a Bull-calf from the fold.C. if he could only discover the thief who had stolen the Calf. and grant our lives may meet a prosperous end. . drive panic fury too. he lifted his eyes and his hands to heaven. whose dreadful rage. long-haired. Come. He has every snowy crest and the mountain peaks and rocky crests for his domain. he saw at its foot a Lion feeding on the Calf. for these.’" Plato." PAN GOD OF SHEPHERDS Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan 1 ff (trans. whose liquid arms begird the solid land.4th B.) : "Pan. I would willingly add a full-grown Bull to the Calf I have lost. The unwearied waters of the rolling sea. After a long and fruitless search. profoundly spreading. . draw near. an abode wintry with battering snowstorms. Pan. whose nutrimental fire and vivid blasts the heat of life inspire. The spacious air. whose general sway all parts of matter. Babrius.rejoicing. if I may only secure my own escape from him in safety. Greek Lyric V) : "You who dwell in the land of the Arkadians. Fragment 310 (from Athenaeus. but now that I have discovered the thief. Fables 74 (from Chambry." Aesop. [Pan] is rightly called goat-herd (aipolos). By thee the earth wide-bosomed. True serpent-horned Zeus. various formed. wherever found. too. reveres thy high command. thy suppliants hear. submit alike to thee. Terrified at the sight. yield to thy decree. of forest trees.C. for the coming winter was going to be exceptionally and unbelievably severe. to C1st A. as you love your own Maenalus. the home of half-goat Pan. leaving your native woods and glades of [Mount] Lycaeus. changed him into a wood-gnawing kerambyx beetle." Ovid. 140) (Greek poetry C4th A." Anonymous (perhaps Pamprepius of Panopolis). Nymphae. Fragment 689 (trans. Celoria) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.) : "The bays and pastures of Apulia [in Italia]. 513 ff (trans.) : "Pan of Mount Malea. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.) : "I entered a forbidden wood [sacred to the gods]. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B. though once the Nymphae lived there.Callimachus.) : "[In] the mountains called Nomia [in Arkadia] . 493 ff : "Happy.) : "She [a shepherdess] was not forgetful of her flock : the straying mother ewe . . come of your grace. Pardon. Fasti 4. Vol. 16 ff (trans. No.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B." .D. Select Papyri III. nor harm me for disturbing the pools. Much snow fell on the flocks of Kerambos and they were lost to sight as well as were the trees and paths.) : "Pan. gave him this advice: to leave Othrys and pasture his flocks on the plain. 10 (trans." Pausanias. placate for us the Springs and Fountain Spirits [Naiades].) : "The Nymphai one day became visible to [the shepherd] Kerambos (Cerambus) as they danced to the strumming of his lyre. the place they name Melpeia. there he had seen a grotto deep in shade." Antoninus Liberalis. The Nymphai. . Goddess [Pales]. Description of Greece 8. 751 ff (trans. hidden by slender reeds. saying that here Pan discovered the music of the pipes.C. in good will. Metamorphoses 14. . . Georgics 2. Fragments (trans. decided--as though smitten by some god--not to drive his beasts from Othrys to the plain . guardian of the sheep. in anger against Kerambos because of his slanders. too. Tegean lord!" Virgil. Page. If any knife has robbed a grove of a shady bough to give ailing sheep a basket of leaves: forgive my offence. and the Nymphae and half-goat god [FaunusPan] bolted from my sight. is a sanctuary of Pan Nomios. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Pan.D." Virgil.D. Pan and aged Silvanus and the sisterhood of the Nymphs. Kerambos. . drew forth a milky flood and gave it for an offering to Pan. trampling hooves for muddying your stream. is he who knows the rural gods.D. Georgics 1.C. Do not fault me for sheltering my flock from the hail in a rustic shrine. Kerambos [in his arrogance] taunted the Nymphai [with insults]. to C1st A. Metamorphoses 22 (trans. placate the gods dispersed through every grove.D." Ovid.C. with the arrogance of youth. It is very obvious conjecture that the name of the Nomia Mountains derived from the pasturings (nomia) of Pan. After a short while there came a sudden frost and the streams froze. 38. ((lacuna)) lightly gripping the roundness of its streaming udder. the goatherd's screw. Keep from our sight the Dryades and Diana's [Artemis'] bath and Faunus [Pan] lying in the fields at noon. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B. Pan.’" Nonnus. from the crag to be your companion.Propertius. Dionysiaca 14. my dear Pan. who gave me milk. . Close by the bank nanny-goats were sporting as they grazed and cropped the river-foliage here and there.D. Silvae 1. 417 ff : "[The huntress nymph Nikaia (Nicaea) slew a shepherd and the rustic gods cry out for vengeance:] Both Pan Nomios (of the Pastures) and Phoibos [Apollon] cried out aloud: ‘A curse on the fife! Where is Nemesis? Where is Kypris [Aphrodite]?’" Suidas s.v.C. who rule the goatfeeding promontory. 290 ff : "[Zeus addresses Athena:] ‘The god of countrymen himself. 13 (trans. once was mountain-ranging shepherd of the goat Amaltheia my nurse. said: ‘I am a rustic herdsman. . who have protection of the fields. 368 ff : "And goat-herd Pan who went with him [the hero Kadmos] gave Zeus Almighty cattle and sheep and rows of horned goats [during his war with Typhoeus]. forswear you shepherd's cudgel. Dionysiaca 27. whom the pasturing sheep loved well.D. one practised in the shepherd's pipe. Glokhinas (trans. Dionysiaca 16. goatfoot Pan . Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. the ram came home of his own accord to the Arcadian shepherd's empty fold.’" Nonnus.) : "Summon Pan from the Lycean glades [of Arkadia]. Elegies 3. he gave clever Kadmos the deceiving pan-pipes. summon me. Dionysiaca 1. your altars offered kindly words: ‘Whoever you are who come as a guest. ." Nonnus. 67 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A. leave oxen and sheep among the rocks--what will herdsmen do for you?’" Nonnus. 78 (trans." . .’" Statius.D.) : "[Pan] Nomios (Shepherd). lord of the shepherd's pipes. . Dionysiaca 15. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B. so that no one could know him in disguise.) : "And you. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A. Then he built a hut with mats of wattled reeds and fixed it on the ground: he put on Kadmos a shepherd's dress. 3." Nonnus. unlucky in love:] ‘Become a gardener too instead of herdsman [like Dionysos]. part of the plot to pilot Typhaon to his death. The goat-shaped god . ." Apuleius.) : "A horned marshal leading his full-fed ewes.) : "The rustic god Pan chanced to be sitting at that moment on the brow of the stream . Ye gods and goddesses all. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. Pan. you will hunt the hare along my path or any bird you seek: and whether you pursue your prize with rod or hound. 289 ff : "[A Satyros addresses Pan. when he had clad his sham herdsman in this make-believe costume. [son of] sheep-tending rock-angled Hermes [son] of Maia. The Golden Ass 5. 25 ff (trans.D. and often on the shouldering hills he speeds along slaying wild beasts." Callimachus. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B. when Pan always misses you. visited Arkadia. 1 (trans. the comrade of his ways and his labours." Nonnus." Nonnus.C. To him. 185 ff : "[Dionysos chases the nymphe Nikaia:] Coursing beside him in that rapid chase went the dog with sagacious mind. and thou camest to the Arkadian fold of Pan. which pulled down very lions when they clutched their throats and haled them still living to the fold. Roaming from mountain to mountain as he hunted. offered as a gift to Dionysos. the dog which highhorned Pan. Pan. Dionysiaca 5. this keen-eyed god.’" Nonnus. And he gave thee seven Kynosourian (Cynosurian) bitches swifter than the winds--that breed which is swiftest to purse fawns and the hare which closes not his eyes. breeder of hounds.PAN GOD OF HUNTING & DOG PACKS Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan (trans. Dionysiaca 16." Pausanias. And to thee the Bearded God gave two dogs black-and-white." Propertius. well versed in the beast-slaying sport of the hunt. summon me. Dionysiaca 16. Dionysiaca 14.) : "Pan. Hymn 3 to Artemis 86 ff (trans. 13 (trans. he came at last to Mount Elaios (Elaeus).C. 101 ff : "[Dionysos romances the nymph Nikaia (Nicaea):] ‘If you should want dogs.C. 42.) : "You will hunt the hare along my path or any bird you seek: and whether you pursue your prize with rod or hound. swiftest too to mark the lair of the stag and where the porcupine hath his burrow. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th ." Nonnus. three reddish.D. 67 ff (trans. and one spotted. wandering hound.) : "[Pan] Agreus (Hunter). once on a time when he was hunting in the highlands which he loved.D. Elegies 3.) : "[After the child-goddess Artemis had obtained a bow and arrows from the Kyklopes (Cyclopes):] Speedily again thou didst go to get thee hounds. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Bakkhos (Bacchus) lovemaddened spoke gently with kind words. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. and you are worthy of Pan? Why do you alone track the maiden along with tracking Dionysos? Did your trainer teach you to pity . while he outstripped the running of the swift stag. from the crag to be your companion. I will straight offer you the whole pack of my friend Pan together. Description of Greece 8. and to lead upon the track of the gazelle. 297 ff : "Shepherd Pan would ever gaze at him [Aktaion the hunter] over the bushes with wondering eyes. And he was cutting up the flesh of a lynx of Mainalos (Maenalus) that his bitches might eat it for food.4th B. they say.) : "He [Pan] courses through the glistening high mountains. as if he thought the creature had sense and voice: ‘Why do you run with Lyaios (Lyaeus). Dionysiaca 44. do not leave your rough wooer Pan near the girl [Nikaia].D. And you Tykhe (Luck). about midnight in lonely places are seen that hairy flank and the soughing leafage on his fierce brow. 32 (trans. how you make playthings of the children of men! Be gracious. 280 ff (trans. . Friend Pan.v. because even your dogs have become trackers of the loves. Argonautica 3. with armour rustic and uncouth and rustic weapons in his hand and native skill to arouse panic terrors--his sire was Pan. Pan fulfilling the cruel commands of the Mygdonian Mother [Kybele]. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A." Suidas s.) : "Agrotas (Rustic): In the Epigrams: ‘the three kinsmen set these nets. whom from the daylight hours caverns shelter. Louder than all trumpets sounds his voice alone. For causeless terrors are said to come from the god Pan. Thebaid 11.) : "During the night there fell on them a panic. 196 ff : "The hounds of an invincible Pan gave tongue one after another. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. or he may catch her and yoke her under an enforced bridal . O Agrotas (Rural) Pan. 7 (trans." Valerius Flaccus.v. Dionysiaca 36. Agrotas (trans.D.’" Nonnus.) : "[Dionysos] cracking Pan's Kronian whip of madness. nor the dismal Gorgon from on high spread such terror. 46 ff (trans.) : "[Kybele (Cybele) was angry with the King of Kyzikos who had slain one of her sacred lions:] The god Pan had riven the doubting city [of Kyzikos] distraught. Sport it is to the god when he ravishes the trembling flock from their pens. in concert with the roars of the wild beasts. . 23. I call you most blessed. and the steers trample the thickets in their flight. flitting inconstant over the mountains.’" PAN GOD OF PANIC Pausanias. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Description of Greece 10. each for a different hunt. all-subduer! First the human race and now perhaps you possess the canine race also. when this ill-fated wanderer is a servant for Dionysos in love next after Pan. the charioteer from his rocking car and bolts from gates of walls by night. nor with phantoms so dire sweep an army in headlong rout. that she many not make my Nymphe yet more a hater of wedlock. Panikoi deimati (trans.) : "[When the army of the Seven Against Thebes was routed:] Eurymedon pursues. and put madness in [Autonoe] the unbridled wife of Aristaios.D." Statius.D.love? . how many shapes you take.D." Nonnus. . Pursue Ekho (Echo)." Suidas s. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.) : . nor might the helm of Mars [Ares] and the tresses of the Furiai [Erinyes]. .D. Pan lord of the woodlands and of war. and at that sound fall helm and sword. you beast who serve the Mousai (Muses). and he delights in high-pitched songs in a soft meadow where crocuses and sweetsmelling hyacinths bloom at random in the grass. INFANT Z12. lord. ." F22. Campbell. Campbell) (Greek lyric B. laugh. companion of the Bakkhante Nymphai.C. rejoicing in my song. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th . . an abode wintry with battering snowstorms. DIONYSOS. On his back he wears a spotted lynx-pelt. dancer. . darling of the Naiades. moving his all-shape body. adornment of golden choruses. Fragment 368 (trans. singing by some spring of dark water. playng sweet and low on his pipes of reed: not even she could excel him in melody--that bird who flower-laden spring pouring forth her lament uters honey-voiced song amid the leaves. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C6th B. I shall glorify." Castorion of Soli. while Ekho (Echo) wails about the mountain-top. beast-tending Pan. Pan.C. Scolia Fragment 887 (trans. form ranks. and stepping nimbly to the melody leaps down from shadowy caves.) : "Hollower than the pipes of Pan. SEILENOS DIONYSOS PAN GOD OF RUSTIC MUSIC Homeric Hymn 19 to Pan (trans. Vol." Greek Lyric V Anonymous. Campbell. Vol. at my merriment. and attack one another. putting together all-glorious lines in this skilful composition. fine dancer."Panikoi deimati (in Panic terror): .C. lord of winsome muse when he pours forth the god-inspired siren-song of the melodious syrinx. plies it nimbly with his feet.16 PAN. who utter soothing song. Because they attributed to Pan things [that happen] for no reason. or at times sidling into the midst.2 PAN. the enemy seems to attack. Nymphe-leader. Scholars at Dinner) (trans. Fragment 310 (from Athenaeus. and the god on this side or on that of the choirs. he sounds his note. Greek Lyric V) : "You who dwell in the land of the Arkadians. At that hour the clear-voiced Nymphai are with him and move with nimble feet. for example.4th B. and [the soldiers] pick up their weapons in the commotion." Anacreon." Greek Lyric V Anonymous. Fragment 936 (Inscription from the Asclepeion at Epidaurus) : "Pan.) : "Pan. wax-poured. NYMPH PITYS F27.) : "At evening.1 PAN. lines hard for the unskilled to understand.1 PAN W/ PANPIPES Z22. as he [Pan] returns from the chase. ruler of famous Arkadia. hiding secret envy deep in his heart. Description of Greece 8. rustic Mousa (Muse) of such varied note.D. Thesmophoriazusae 970 ff (trans." Nonnus.’ Pan also piped a bridal tune on shrill reeds. 69 ff : "He [the shepherd Brongos] played Pan's wellknown tune on his pipes. I [the bird] sing with you in the groves and on the mountain tops." Pliny the Elder. Birds 737 ff : "[The Bird sings:] Oh. The Mousai (Muses) of the lyre love us well. ." . the forest fire resounded.C. the cliffs and caverns." Orphic Hymn 34 to Apollo (trans. To star-eyed Olympos goes the all-tune sound. Natural History 7. sprinkling the company of the Olympian gods with immortal muse. . Dionysiaca 16." Pausanias. two-horned named. the god of the shepherds. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. Ion 501 ff (trans.) : "Mount Mainalos (Maenalus) [in Arkadia] is held to be especially sacred to Pan. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. ko-ax. . Description of Greece 8. while fluttering flute-notes call from Pan piping the sunless cave!" Aristophanes. shrill winds emitting through the syrinx famed. and Pan and the beloved Kharites (Graces) to bestow a benevolent smile upon our songs. ko-ax. dancing over the ground the pipes tootled out loudly ‘Hymen Hymenaios’.D. 289 ff (trans. [there is a] place they name Melpeia." Nonnus. 38. . I poured forth sacred strains from my golden throat in honour of the god Pan. . 36. so that those who dwell around it say that they can actually hear him playing his pipes. tiotiotiotinx. ko-ax! .D.) : "Pan royal. Vellacott) (Greek tragedy C5th B. Harper bright. ‘A blessing on this bridal [of Dionysos and Nikaia] . where the ghosts of the daughters of Aglauros dance on the grass before Athene's temple.C. in our Chorus takes delight." Pausanias. 8 (trans. haunts of Pan." Aristophanes. and Apollon." Euripides. Brekekekex. Frogs 229 ff : "Frogs: Brekekekex. conspicuous with blond beard. Dionysiaca 17.) : "I think of the Long Rocks.D. ko-ax.) : "[On inventions:] Pan son of Mercurius [Hermes] [invented] the pipe and single flute." Aristophanes.) : "Pan's following voice. Midas in Phrygia the slanting flute. and hornfoot Pan who plays on the pipe his jocund lays. from the top of the thickly leaved ash. Pan the master of music. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.fine of face.C. 10 : "[In] the mountains called Nomia [of Arkadia] . tiotiotiotiotiotinx. O'Neill) (Greek comedy C5th to 4th B. 204 (trans. and made a defaming lay for the unnatural union. . saying that here Pan discovered the music of the pipes. Marsyas in the same nation the double-flute.) : "I also pray Hermes. to 2nd A. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A. tiotiotiotinx. and Pan's answering Ekho (Echo) came from the sea with faint warlike whispers instead of her rocky voice.] Pseudo-Apollodorus.D. . 284 ff : "The syrinx of Pan with its changeable sweet notes tuning up for battle.e. drawing on the Satryoi (Satyrs) to dance drunkenly after their war. Dionysiaca 45. and against the transgressors sends Erinys (Vengeance) at last though late.D. farming near the woodlands].B. 376 ff : "The herdsman Pan sang loudly. PAN GOD OF RUSTIC PROPHECY Aeschylus. 23 ff : "Deo sickle in hand met Pan playing his pipes [i. Dionysiaca 41. . after learning the mantic art from Pan. Dionysiaca 29." Nonnus. . 174 ff : "Melodious Pan sat beside herds of goats or sheepcoates playing his tune on the assembled reeds." Nonnus." [N. son of Zeus and Thymbris. these sojourners in his realm. made his way to Delphoi. roaring like the sea . pouring out his victorious note. because [he is] loud-voiced in the dance. Dionysiaca 44.Nonnus. the cries of the Greek warriors departing for Troy are likened to the screech of birds of omen. Dionysiaca 17.) : "Haliplanktos (Sea-roaming): Thus Pan is called . Bibliotheca 1. Haliplanktos (trans." Nonnus.) : "Some one of the powers supreme--Apollon perhaps or Pan. . . Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A. 125 ff : "[Pan joined the rustic army of Dionysos:] The host-assembling syrinx mingled its piercing tones. Here. 11 (trans. or Zeus [the gods of prophetic birds]--hears the shrill wailing scream of the clamorous birds. the sea is noisy . Dionysiaca 39. 4 ff : "The shepherd hearing the tune of the drooping pipes formed congregations for Pan at Tanagra. .D. . 22 (trans.v." Nonnus. .) : "Apollon." Suidas s.) : . . Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B." Nonnus. 37." Pausanias.C. . prattler as she was [whose] lips which were wont to sound with the pipe of Pan never silent. . imitating Ekho returned the sounds of his pipes ." See also Love of Pan & Syrnix (above) and The Music Contest of Pan & Apollo (above). Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A. Agamemnon 54 ff (trans. Pan is the patron of dances. where Themis gave the oracles at that time. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. Description of Greece 8. well versed in the beast-slaying sport of the hunt. that rulest over Arkadia. . . Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D. Pindar. she who wedded Arkas (Arcas). 46 ff (trans. Argonautica 3. . and to great Pan young maids before my door at nightfall often sing their praise. 67 ff (trans. Imagines 1. 77 ff (trans. the revered goddess to whom. Rhea was a goddess of the wild mountains. . in Phokis] .D.C. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A. [Pan] Agreus (the Hunter).D." Pindar. 480 ff (trans. 7 : "The Korykian (Corycian) cave [associated with the oracle of Delphoi. . Pythian Ode 3. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th B. thou dear delight of the holy Kharites (Charites)!" Valerius Flaccus.) : "O Pan.) : "But now I wish to voice a prayer to the great Mother [Rhea]. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. and begat a son inspired with the divine voice of prophecy. the dwellers around Parnassos believe it to be sacred to the Nymphai Korkykiai (Coryciae).C. and art the warder of holy shrines ." Nonnus. the son of Kallisto (Callisto). Description of Greece 10."[At the sanctuary of Despoine in Arkadia:] You will ascend by stairs to a sanctuary of Pan ." Statius. Maiden Songs Fragment 95 (trans. 32. It is said in days of old this god also gave oracles. Dionysiaca 14.) : ." Pausanias. . Pan fulfilling the cruel commands of the Mygdonian Mother [Rhea.) : "The god Pan had riven the doubting city [of Kyzikos] distraught. Philostratus the Elder. whom the rustic dweller [his oracular prophet] in wave-beat Pisa hears nightly beneath the Lycaonian shades. the highland prophetess. and that the Nymphe Erato became his prophetess. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.) : "[Hermes] visited the bed of Sose. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B." For MORE information on this goddess see RHEA PAN COMPANION OF DIONYSUS In ancient Greek art Pan was often depicted as one of the gods in the retinue of Dionysos. and especially to Pan. Thebaid 3.) : "Pan." PAN COMPANION OF RHEA Like Pan.D. 14 (trans. who was angry that the king of Kyzikkos had slain one of her holy lions] [and Pan filled the town with panic]. thou companion of the Great Mother [Rhea]. all armed to join the host. to C1st A. Listen to Pan. Old Silenus came. 298 ff : "[As Dionysos prepared to engage the Indians in battle:] Bakkhos [Dionysos] sent two heralds to give proclamation of war. on a sway-backed donkey. . who divided his love between two Nymphai. 67 ff (trans. Naiades were there . nor are the Satyroi (Satyrs) playing the flute. dimly outlines a cave for Dionysos more charming than any in Assyria and Lydia. for whom Hermes sought the bed of Penelope the country Nymphe. . they have human form. too. Having arrayed himself in fine purple and wreathed his head with roses. . Imagines 1. celebrated by custom each third winter. The heralds of Bromios departed [from the Indian camp]. . with pitiless . and begat a son inspired with the divine voice of prophecy. the highland prophetess. Some generate tender fires inside the Satyri. for Astraeis [a general of the Indian king] drew near them contemptuous.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B." Philostratus the Elder. With these were two other Panes.D. Agreus (Hunter). Twelve horned Panes there were. one practised in the shepherd's pipe. 391 ff (trans.) : "You were holding. Fasti 1. the feast of grape-crowned Bacchus [Dionysos]. Greece. well versed in the beast-slaying sport of the hunt. Dionysiaca 14. . Dionysiaca 14.D. nay.) : "[Rheia summoned the rustic gods to the army of Dionysos for his campaign agaisnt the Indians:] The rockdwellers came also from their self-vaulted caves. who were begotten of the one ancestral Pan their mountainranging father . the sons of Hermes [these are really the god Pan in his two aspects of Hunter and Shepherd]. for one he visited the bed of Sose. as he dances an Euian fling. Dionysos comes to the side of Ariadne.C."[From a description of an ancient Greek painting depicting the fiery birth of Dionysos:] The flame. namely Panes and young Satyri and goddesses who haunt streams and lonely wilds. . bearing all the name of Pan their father the ranger of the wilderness. . . They discovered a grove suitable for party pleasures and sprawled on grasslined couches. Liber [Dionysos] supplied wine . Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A. dividing. the other was Nomios (Shepherd). 15 : "[From a description of an ancient Greek painting depicting Dionysos' discovery of Ariadne on the island of Naxos:] The Bakkhai (Bacchae) are not clashing their cymbals now. with this changeling shape and hornbearing head. whose brow is bound with pine [Pan]. others in you. whom the pasturing sheep loved well." Ovid. how he seems to be hymning Dionysos on the crests of Kithairon (Cithaeron). either to fight or to fly: and with them went goatfoot Pan. . his longhaired beard shadowing his whole chest . for sprays of ivy grow luxuriantly about it and clusters of ivy berries and now grapevines and stalks of thyrsos which spring up from the willing earth . . The gods who serve Lyaeus [Dionysos] also attended and whoever is not hostile to play. and a shaggy goat's head upon it with horns." For MORE information on this god see DIONYSOS PAN & THE INDIAN WAR OF DIONYSUS Nonnus." Nonnus. and the red-groined terror of timid birds [Priapos]. even Pan checks his wild dance that he may not disturb the maiden's sleep. Dionysiaca 36. 81 ff : "[When Poseidon led the sea-gods into battle against the army of Dionysos in the Indian War. who gave me milk." Nonnus. needs your aegis-cape.’" . drawing on the Satryoi (Satyrs) to dance drunkenly after their war. let him break with his hooves the ring of Triton's backbone where his two natures join. tear Indian ships to pieces with sharp claws?’" Nonnus. and Pan's answering Ekho came from the sea with faint warlike whispers instead of her rocky voice. raise the lance born along with you. Dionysiaca 43. skipt about quickly beating the sea with his crook and whistling the tune of war on his pipes. save him. Dionysos cries out a challenge:] Let Pan my old mountainranger." Nonnus." Nonnus." Nonnus. 290 ff : "[Zeus addresses Athene during Dionysos' Indian War:] ‘Come now. . pouring out his victorious note. . 376 ff : "[At the close of a battle between Dionysos' army and the Indians:] By this time then . the crazy ranger of the hills. 125 ff : "[At the start of a battle between the army of Dionysos and the Indians:] The host-assembling syrinx mingled its piercing tones. shake your goatcape the aegis. proud with the longbranching points on his forehead. then hearing on the waves the shadow of a counterfeit sound carried by the wind. He once helped to defend my inviolable sceptre and fought against the Titanes. ." Nonnus. 151 ff : "[The army of Dionysos fords the Indian river Hydaspes:] Parrhasian Pan crossed the surface of the calm river on his goat's feet. the governor of war . 214 ff : "[When Poseidon led the sea-gods into battle against the army of Dionysos in the Indian War:] In the loud sea-tumult horned Pan. and made their way back in flight to Dionysos now in warlike mood. Dionysiaca 23. strike him full in the chest with those curving prongs. Dionysiaca 17. he shall slay the Medes and save shaken Marathon. or with a rocky stone. for he in the aftertime shall help the Athenian battle." Nonnus. Dionysiaca 39. he ran all over the sea with his hillranging feet seeking the other sounds--and so the sea-echo produced by his pipes in the wind was hunted itself. . goatfoot Pan. he once was mountain-ranging shepherd of the goat Amaltheia my nurse. Furiously he chased away Pan and the oxhorned Satyroi (Satyrs). the herdsman Pan sang loudly. press Poseidon with unarmed hand and butt him with sharp horn. 450 ff : "[Morrheus addresses his Indian troops during the war with Dionysos:] ‘When will highhorn Pan. lightly treading upon the untrodden waters and splashing up the brine with his goats-hooves himself unwetted.menace on his tongue. Dionysiaca 27. They turned with timid foot. despising the heralds of Dionysos when he was gently. Dionysiaca 43. C." Athenaeus.) : "‘Beech-trees. . Hence the name tragôidia (goat-song).) : "Mount Parthenios [in Arkadia] rears also tortoises most suitable for the making of harps. but high thinkers and great talkers . Deipnosophistae 2.’ says Nikandros in Book 2 of the Georgics.Greek Lyric C5th B.C. . but falsehood dwells below among common men. and that brother resembles brother is not at all surprising.D.) : "[Plato invents philosophical explanations for the names of the gods:] Sokrates: Let us inquire what thought men had in giving them [the gods] their names . Fragments ." PAN. Gullick) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to C3rd A. if he is the son of Hermes.Greek Lyric B. . Fragments . The chorus of the primitive performances from which tragedy developed appeared as satyrs.Greek Lyric C5th B. Cratylus 400d & 408b (trans. Well. being the double-natured son of Hermes. thinking them to be sacred to Pan.Greek Lyric C6th B." In this passage it has both meanings. 52 (trans. true and false . 6 (trans. Pindar. is either speech or the brother of speech. is rough and like the tragic goat [see note]. clad in goat-skins. And it is reasonable. Plants sacred to him included the pine-tree (see the story of Pitys above).B.C. Pausanias.SACRED PLANTS & ANIMALS Pan's animals were the goat and tortoise. for tales and falsehoods are most at home there. Pindar.Greek Epic C8th-4th B. that Pan is the double-natured son of Hermes [whose name Sokrates derives from the word for ‘speech’] . . rough and goat-like in his lower parts.D. .] Sources:      The Homeric Hymns . . but men on the mountain are always afraid to capture them. . Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A. the water-reed (see the story of Syrinx). and will not allow strangers to do so either. And Pan. . . the true part is smooth and divine and dwells aloft among the gods. Then Pan. Description of Greece 8. Pan's delight. . Odes .C. The first men who gave names [to the gods] were no ordinary persons. my friend. You know that speech makes all things (pan) known and always makes them circulate and move about. and is twofold. smooth in his upper parts." [N. . Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B. MISCELLANY Plato. The adjective tragikos may mean either "goat-like" or "tragic. is rightly called goat-herd (aipolos).C. Greek Lyric II Anacreon. as well as the mountain beech. Greek Lyric V Castorian. who declares and always moves (aei polôn) all.C. 54. in the tragic life . Fragments . Servius ad Aeneid 2.D. Scholiast ad Theocritus 1. Callimachus.Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A. Greek Papyri III Anonymous.Greek Mythography C2nd A. Hymns .43. Fragments . Aristophanes.C. Ovid. Fables . Hyginus.C2nd A.C.Greek Travelogue C2nd A. Frogs . Plato. Aristophanes. Fragments .                                 Greek Lyric V Anonymous.D. Silvae .C.D. Description of Greece .Latin Mythography C2nd A.Greek Lyric B. Aeschylus. Callimachus. .D.123.D.C. Longus 2.Greek History C5th B.Latin Mythography C2nd A. .Latin Elegy C1st B.D.Latin Epic C1st B. Other references not currently quoted here: Euripides Rhesus 36. Eratosthenes Catast. 22.D.D. Herodotus. Dionysiaca .Latin Novel C2nd A. Deipnosophistae . Suidas . Cratylus . Agamemnon .D.C.2327 & 10. Lucian Dialoges Deor.D.Greek Fables C6th B. The Library .C. Statius.D. Astronomica .D. Plutarch Numbers 4.D. Hyginus. Ovid.Greek Epic C5th A. Birds . The Golden Ass .Greek Tragedy C5th B.Greek Philosophy C4th B. Macrobius Sat. Elegies .Greek Mythography C2nd A.Greek Comedy C5th-4th B.3 & 1. Theocritus 1.D.C.D.Greek Comedy C5th-4th B.C.C1st A. Athenaeus.D.391.630 & 2.Latin Epic C1st A.Greek Rhetoric C3rd A. Statius. Euripides. Virgil Georgics 3.C. Aesop. Propertius.16. Georgics . Anthology Palatine 2.Byzantine Greek Scholar C9th A.Latin Bucolic C1st B. Pausanias. Plato Phaedrus 263. Fragments .Greek Poetry C3rd B.C. Fabulae . Photius. Natural History . Metamorphoses .C.C1st A. Apollodorus.20.D.154 & 7. New History . Apuleius. Histories .C.697 & 6. Thebaid . Nonnos. Heroides .Greek Rhetoric C3rd A. Descriptions .D.C. Virgil. Callistratus.Greek Poetry C3rd B. .D.22 .C.Latin Poetry C1st B.Greek Rhetoric C4th A.C. Pliny the Elder. Servius ad Virgil Eclogues 2. Imagines .D.Greek Scholar C1st-2nd A. 5.Greek Tragedy C5th B.96 & 6. Valerius Flaccus. Ion . Myriobiblon . 27.Latin Poetry C1st A.D. Metamorphoses .3 & 5. Antoninus Liberalis.58. Scholiast ad Virgil Georgics 1.59 & 9.Greek Hymns C3rd B. Scholiast ad Lycophron 766.34. The Orphic Hymns .31 & 5. Philostratus the Elder.Latin Encyclopedia C1st A.Greek Poetry C4th A. Ptolemy Hephaestion. The Argonautica .11.Latin Epic C1st A. 2011. Atsma. New Zealand .Theoi Project Copyright © 2000 . Aaron J.