Pahlavi Codices Of The Nirangistan

'7^-4v2PUC-NRLF B 2 flSL M53 TH E EXTANT PAHLAYI CODICES OF THE NIRANGISTAN. A PAPER READ BEFORE THE BOMBAY BRANCff OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, (24th NOVEMBER BY 1893) DARAB DASTUR PESHOTAH SAHJJHA, B.A. Under the kind Patronage of the Trustees of the Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhar Translation Fund, ^ if^-' UiNTI;:i) AT THIO KDUCATIOX S( M ' 1 ll'l' V's S'1'1:A.M I'liKSS. lS9-i. /^^^/^y THE EXTANT PAHLAYI CODICES OF THE NIRANGISTAN. A PAPER READ BEFORE THE BOMBAY BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, (24th NOVEMBER BY 1893) DARAB DASTDR PESHOTAN SAKJASA, B.A. Under Patronage of the Trustees of the Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhai Translation Fund, the kind PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S STEAM PRESS. 1894. IDAN STACK /- THE EXTANT CODICES OF THE PAHLAYI KIRAKGISTAN. A Paper read before the B. B. Royal Asiatic Society. (24M Novemher 1893.) The times, Palilavi literature that has survived to is moderu far more extensive than the extant. It sacred Avesta fragments heads: now may be classed under three 11. — I. The Pahlavi versions of the Avesta. The and texts treating of subjects III. closely relating to religion. to The texts relating history, mythology tradition. The Avesta-Pahlavi first text of the NirangUtdn belongs to the category, wherein are included the existing fragments of the sacred Avesta Nashs which are translated and commented upon in Pahlavi. These comprise the Zand-l- Avista of Airpatastdn, the Yasna, Vendidddj Visparadj Nirangistdn, Yishtdsp-YasM, Vazarlcard-I-Dhii, Hdddkht-Nash^ Farhang-i- Aogamadatchd, Chide-Avistd'i-Gdsdni, Oim-Aeuak, Shuze ; Auharmazd, Ameshaspand, Srosh {Edd6kht)y Behrdm, Khurshed and Mdh ; Yashts ; the JSfydyesh-l-Khurshidy Avdn, and Atash the Afringdn-t- -Dahmdn, Gdthd and Qdhamhdr. The existing Avesta fragments, therefore, form only one-fifth of the original Scripture. Of these the largest and most important books are the Yasna, the Yendidad, and the Nirangistan. The Pahlavi text, properly speaking, the Zand-i- Avista text, of the manuscripts now extant in India and Europe, contain two easily different books instead of the It one commonly known as the Nirangistan. may be proved from the contents of the Avesta Nasks 747 given in the Eightli Book of tte Dinkard, tLat oneeighth of the fragments or folios 1-27 of the MS. belonging to Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur Dr. Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona, contain the Airpatastdn section of the Husparam Nask. mentioned is It can also be shown from the that contents above, the text of the Airpatastan as at incomplete at the beginning as well the end. The final first two to folios and a large lost. number of the ones have been The fragments now extant seem the original work. be about one-fifth of The oldest text of the Nirangistan opens at folio 27 of the Bombay MS., belonging to Dastur Hoshangji Committee. of of Poona, w4iich is photozincographed for publication by the Victoria It Jubilee Pahlavi Text appears as though the first folios the Airpatastan and the old MS, of the Nirangistan had been combined by an ignorant owner or copyist. two MSS. have been copied as a single The work without dislocation. any regard to want of connection or Hence the present error of entitling the two ZandAvesta works by one ordinary name 'Nirangistan.' The text of the Nirangistan as is given in the MSS., is also incomplete at the end. It contains the first two the fargards and a portion of the third. Originally, Nirangistan section of the Husparam Nask contained to its more than three fargards according given in the Dinkard. It contents contained five fargards acof cording to the statement the Dadastan-i-Dini, Chapter LXVI, 1. (Cf. S.B.E., Pahl. Texts, Pt. IV.) The known MSS. of the Nirangistan existing in India and Europe, excepting the Iranian copy belong- ing to Eryad Tehmuras Dinshaii Anklesaria, are copies — of one and the same original MS. in A. D. wi^iiicli was first brought by Dastur Jamasp Vilayati from Iran to India 1 720. Probably in it was the MS. <Jopy written by 840., all Shahpuhr iamasp A.Y. as stated in the colophon at the beginning of copies of the text made found the in India. Iran by The Iranian copy brought from Dastur Jamasp Vilayati, is no more but its in India, probably direct descendant MS^ copy in the private library of Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji derived — is t<lie principal source from wliich are theMSS. of the work in Indian and European public libraries, a»d likewise the copies in the private libraries shotanji owned by Shams-ul-Ulma Dastur Dr. PeBehramji Sanjaua of Bombay and other Parsee scholars. Only four MSS. of the Nirangistan are known -exist in to Europe. One is No. 41 of the Pahlavi Codices, in the University Library at Copenhagen, taken from It is Bombay by the Idte Prof. Westergaard in 1843. a copy of the usual Bombay text, written by Mobad Minochehrji Jamaspji Fredunji Jamshedji, and dated the day of Tir in the month of Amerddd A. Y. 1205 { = 10th February 1836). This copy was presented to Dr. Westergaard by Dastur Peshotanji, through the late Dr, John Wilson. in Another MS. State is No. 8 of the Haug Collection the Library at Munich, taken from in 1866. Bombay by is the late Dr. Martin of the usual Haug text, This a copy Bombay written by Mobed Shapur, son of of Fredun, in the son of of Manak, and dated the day Dm, month Amn A.Y. 1177 (=2Sth May is 1808), according to the likely to Persian colophon which most be correct, third the Pahlavi colophon has A. Y. is 1167. A MS; in the possession of Dr. E. W. West, and a fourth — — MS. is in the library, of Prof. J, Darmesteter, both are recent copies of Indian MSS, original Consequently, the two MSS. of the Nirangistan are the independent copies Dastur. Hoshangji of owned by Poona and Ervad Tehmuras of Bombay. It would be interesting to describe the present condition of these two MSS. in detail. The Iranian in his shall call text of Ervad Tehmuras, which has been perfect at the beginning possession for the last 20 years, and which I TD., is much more than that contained in the Dastur's MS., and supplies several passages which arc wanting in this Poona text, hereafter named HJ. - The last one-seventh of the it. text of the Nirangistan surviving in HJ., is lost in TD. is of great importance to a student of Pahlavi, supplying, defects as it does, many first omissions in five H.J. which make the folios oi Dastur Hoshangji's MS. almost unintelligible. The Iranian copy contains 224 octavo pages, each having 16 to 17 lines. The budget of Pahlavi folios in the possession of Mr. Tehmuras begins with an Iranian copy of his complete Bundahesh, which runs over 206 pages. in Then commences fan, thus : page 207 the text of the Atrpatas- ))w3e) 3^-^^e) J^'ioc**©^ Jie) -K)^ ik^'^ — TD. being more incomplete than HJ., breaks at page 468, with the words : off W Though TD. which are wanting ^ -0^ -^1^005 folio, 11. 3^?^_)LJ^ or passages occurring in the 168ch 15 — 19. I supplies very in many words still HJ., observe that in this older text vacant spaces are left between words, which indicate omissions or damage of some words in the original from which TD. is descended. But this regrettable fact does not take away very its much from obscure share of usefulness, for, as I have already pointed out above, HJ, would have been quite at the beginning this had it not been for the existence of Iranian copy. undoubtedly help to correct The two copies TD. and HJ. and complete each other. to the A at copy of TD. belongs Mulla Firuz Library copy and is Bombay. ( It is a neatly written dated A. Y. 1251 1. = A. in all D. 1 8R1 )^^^^^_^^^^__^_^^_^^ '^' The -Is MSS., is pF9j]^<3>i]^-^n e^;(or.' SEP PUNCH f> 2. c,;..p.....o>.iorlfl^Hs^.TH^^ . 6 The MS. HJ. needs no J. description, as it i9= pliotozincographedby the V. PahlaviText Committeer its The various omissions, damage, or words wanting in original, will be clear from the passages a/nd expression* supplied which student are from T'D. under Collation s. The only fact I have to draw the attention of the important omission in HJ. of about j-Cyiff -**15 to, is thie three folios after the words ^ ^^ ^^'®' 11th line of the 6th the words folio folio, and of about one folio after jO^i^Q^SiiXI^ •^^asju*^ in line 30 of 153; also to the inadvertence of the copyist of in giving in the HJ. 48th folio a duplicate transcript of the 47th folio beginning from line 5, ^)))^ )))^^ )f is^** — 5) ..... It is may be remarked from- the Collations that not free from blunders, such as the former seems to latter. me to TD. we find in HJ., bu*t be more correct than the two MSS.. descended lines of .pther_,. As in all other cases of oi'iginal from one distant copies, through different the two is MSS. mutually correct each though neither wholly correct in itselL It is gene- rally believed that TD. and HJ. are- both copies of two- independent MSS. descended from- very old fragments of the two sections of the evidently Husparam Nask, which were at dislocated and incomplete '* both endsr Hence the Dr. West remarks text is that the task of editing to Pahlavi likely be one of no small it is difficulty and uncertainty whenever undertaken. .'' Kegarding the colophon given ag^e of HJ., it is evident from- the in folio 195, that this MS. was copied in by Mar/tipat Jdmdsp Asd^ inhabitant of Nausari, the year A. Y. 1097 ( := A. D. 1727), less thnn seven Vilayati, first years after Dastar Jam^sp, surnamed brought the Nirangistan Firuz, to India, Dastur Mulla alluding to him in his Avtjeh Dhi, states that left Dastur Jamasp Vilayati Iran for India about the the- end of A. D. 1720, Probably Iran Nirangistan MS, that he brought from may haye been the one written by Shahpubr Jamasp in A. Y. 840 (= A. D, all 1470) as stated in the colophon at the beginning of copies of HJ. According to the Ravayat, Shahpuhr brought Jamasp Shehryar was the writer of the letter from Iran to India by Nariman Hoshang in A.Y. 847, which was signed by his father Jamasp Shehryar three others. a,nd As to the older MS. TD., which folios are is incomiplete, it is difficult to fix its date in the absence of any colophon or introduction. Its 112 complete Iranian Bundabesh, fact of its though bound up with the written by to fiiX another hand. The having been copied an exact to con- by another hand, does not allow us date for TD. However, there are good reasons first clude from the colophon to the Bundahesh later than A. J). that TD. may not have been written Consequently, it is 170O. the oldest MS. extant of the Airpatastan and the Nirangistan sections of the sacred Husparam Nask, I have mentioned at the outset that the Airpatastan and the Nirangistan texts of the Avesta of the Husparam Nask, form an important part of the Avesta Scripture. The first 27 folios of HJ. from the begin- — 8 ning, comprehend the text of the Airpatastan, which is dislocated at is -^X^^^^ -^ in liue 19, folio27. It very incomplete in HJ. and TD., also defective at the beginning. There appears to be every probability that one or of two the folios of the commencement Its text the Nirangistan, in the too, are wanting. line begins folio middle of 19th of the 27th of HJ. with the Avesta: •"Jo^"^?*^^2) -x^>^**/ d^"^^ .•^i^i^ii/ .-ii?^ From this passage down to the end of HJ. the of the ot: text agrees very closely with the contents of the Nirangistan described in the Eighth with Book Dinkard. the I have been able to identify the whole work, and to conclude at certainty that nearly the last half or original text is still least one-third of the sixty-sixth section missing. tells The us of the Dadastan-i-Dini five that the original work contained fargards of the Avesta. An its identification of the Pahlavi with the sketch of substance given in the Dinkard, proves that the extant text ends at the subject of ** gathering and tying the text, relating to the is, sacred haresma.*' The remaining that purport of the contents follow, therefore, evidently lost. 9 By istan I a critical examination and digest of the Avesta passages contained in the Airpatastfm and the Nirang- am led to believe that in spite of the fact that is filled three-fourths of the Pahlavi glosses with explanatory by the translators or is commentators, most of the Avesta, after deducting untranslated citations or quotations, as is a continuous Avesta text —as continuous Wester- afargard of the Vendidad or a hd of the Yasna. Nirangistan We can easily trace from the gaard's fragments VI. and VII. (Cf. Darmesteter, Le Zend Avesta, vol. Ill, Paris.) At the present stage of Iranian difficult to ascertain research, it is very the exact period or epoch of time wherein the Nasks had been committed to paper. speculative The field scholar runs through the arduous without attaining to any satisfactory result. It has been believed by scholars who profess to be its adherents that the Parsee Scripture must have been in existence ii: when the Indian to its Vedas were composed, not very older. As Pahlavi version and gloss its we have enough materials to trace beginning during the Arsacian monarchy, in the reign of Narsih or Valgash of the Dinkard, ( according to Greek writers Vologeses I. ) and its completion in the illustrious sovereignty of Khusro Noshirwan, the son of Kobad. As to the age of our present text this may be easily traced back to the same time as that of the Tasna and the Vendidad. tors It mentions the same commenta- as the Pahlavi Vendidad does. Besides the names of Afarg, Gogoshasp, Soshyans, Medyo-mah, Dad-Auharmazd, Dad-far ukh, Kiishtan-bujid, Mahgoshasp, Nishahpuhr, Parik, Roshan, which are noticed in both of them, we discover some more in the Nirangistan, which are not alluded to in the Ven- 10 didad. These commentators Fariakh, are Pisliaksar, Atar- Auharrmazd, Narsih, A tar-pat, son of Dad-farukh, Baro- shau-i-Auharmazd, Mard-bud and Veh-dost. Manushchihr, the in tiie it According to the Pahlavi epistle of author of the Dadastan-i-Dini, of was reign Anoshirawan the Just, that all ike books and com- mentaries referring to the Avesta were collected and revised after the downfall of Mazdak. This may have been the for last revision, at all events, the kst great one, later* '^ small emendations Alluding to this point, may have been made Dr. West observes that Ep. I., the as mention the of Nishahpuhar in officiating iv« 15, 17, supreme priest and councillor of king Khusro :appai'ently in Noshirwan (A. D. 531-579), in the Pahlavi engaged writing commentaries on the Avesta,'' versions of the infer that and as a commentator these ¥endidad and the Nirangistan, leads us to works must have been revised since the middle of the sixth century. At all events the Husparam Nask which •-"' in corre- spouds to the seventeenth word the Aliuna Vairya stanza, or the different sections pertaining to it, were very familiar to the famous Pahlavi commenta- tors on the Vendidad, as is evinced by two references in the glosses attached to Fargard IV. 10 and V. 25. In the last the writer manifestly points to a passage in the Nirangistan. Besiddes the Pahlavi version of the Vendidad, the Dadastani-Dini, Dinkard, the and the III. Epistles of in ManAshchihr, references to our text the are found 29) and Bahman Yasht (II. 37, in the Shayast-la-Shayast (XII. 1, 31). 11 It lias been already noted manuscript, is tlie the first edition of the HJ. which contains '* two Pahlavi books, and inadvertently called the Nirangistan/' discovery already would reveal of existing. It to the student o£ Pahlavi the the codex of a is new Zand- A vesta work It is copied and bound with the fragments the codex of the Nirangistan at the beginning. of the Airpatastan section of the Huspfiram Nask. 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