PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF THE IMPORTANT HORTICULTURAL CROPS OF ANDHRA PRADESH2010 ANDHRA PRADESH HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District – 534 101 (A.P.) 1 CONTENTS Page No. Agro climatic Zones of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural Zones of Andhra Pradesh FRUITS Mango Banana Citrus Grapes Guava Sapota Papaya Pineapple Watermelon and Muskmelon Custardapple Pomegranate Ber Aomla Tamarind VEGETABLES Tomato Brinjal Bhendi Gourds Beans Peas Bell Pepper Cauliflower Cabbage Potato Elephant Foot Yam Colocasia Dioscorea Tapioca Sweet Potato 2 Carrot Leafy Vegetables Amaranthus Spinach Indian Spinach Mint SPICES AND CONDIMENTS Chillies Onion Garlic Ginger Turmeric Coriander Ajwan Fenugreek Fennel PLANTATION CROPS Cashew Coconut Oil palm Cocoa Betelvine Black Pepper FLOWER CROPS Chrysanthemum Crossandra Gladiolus Jasmine Marigold Rose Tuberose AROMATIC PLANTS Lemon Grass Citronella Geranium Palmarosa 3 Davanam MEDICINAL PLANTS Aswagandha Senna Kalmegh Aloe Coleus Safed Musli Sweet Flag Long Pepper Glory Lily Psyllum Periwinkle Dry Land Horticulture Forest Plants Post Harvesting Equipment GENERAL Composition of Manures and Fertilizers Guide for Mixing Fertilizers Chemical Fertilizer Combinations and Dosage Chart Herbicides available in the Market Control of Perennial Weeds in Orchards Some insecticidal materials for common household use Insecticides their Common names and Trade names with Formulations Preparation of Fungicides Fungicides their Common names and Trade names with Formulations List of Banned Pesticides Ready reckoner for dissolving insecticides Guidelines to the farmers for spraying insecticides Compatability chart of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides Compatability chart of Pesticides, Fungicides and Biopesticides Measurements 4 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF ANDHRA PRADESH Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India with an area of 2,76,254 sq.km. It is located in southern part of country and extends from 12O to 19O North Latitude and 76O to 84O East Longitude. The State has three geopolitical regions consisting of 23 districts. Soil and climate are the two main factors that determine cropping in any area and the distribution of total rainfall chiefly determines the agro-climatic zones of the state. Based on this, the State has been divided into seven agro-climatic zones. I Krishna – Godavari Zone This zone consists of the districts of East Godavari (excluding uplands), West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and the contiguous areas of Khammam, Nalgonda and Prakasam districts. This zone receives an annual rainfall of 800-1100 mm. The maximum and minimum temperatures during sough west monsoon period ranged from 32O to 36OC and 23O to 24OC, respectively. The important soil groups are deltaic alluvium, red soils with clay base, black cotton soils, red loamy, coastal sands and saline soils. II North Coastal Zone This zone comprises most of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts (excluding tribal hill areas) and upland areas of East Godavari district. Annual rainfall is 1000 to 1100 mm. Maximum and minimum temperatures during the south west monsoon ranges from 33O to 35OC and 26O to 27OC, respectively. The soils are predominantly red with clay base. There are small pockets of acidic laterite soils with pH 4.0 to 5.0. III Southern Zone This zone includes the districts of Nellore and Chittoor, southern parts of Prakasam and Cuddapah and eastern part of Anantapur. The annual average rainfall from north east monsoon is 700 to 1000mm and 300 to 450 mm during south west monsoon. The maximum and minimum temperatures during south west monsoon range from 36 O to 40OC and 23O to 25OC, respectively. The important soils group is of red loamy soils which are shallow to moderately deep. IV North Telangana Zone This zone includes the districts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Medak (except southern borders) Warangal (except north-west portion) Eastern of Nalgonda and Khammam (except extreme southern and eastern parts). The annual average rainfall is 900 to 1150 mm, mostly from south west monsoon. The maximum and minimum temperatures during south west monsoon range from 32O to 37OC and 21O to 25OC, respectively. Red soils 5 are predominant in the zone which includes chalkas, red sandy deep red loamy and very deep black cotton soils are also seen in some parts of the zone. V Southern Telangana Zone The districts of Ranga Reddy, Mahaboobnagar (except southern border) Nalgonda (except south-east border) north western part of Warangal and southern part of Medak constitute this zone. The annual average rainfall is 700 to 900 mm. the maximum and minimum temperatures during south west monsoon range from 28O to 34OC and 22O to 23OC, respectively. It is a predominantly red soil tract having red earths with loamy subsoils i.e. chalkas. VI Scarce Rainfall Zone This zone consists of Kurnool, Anantapur, western parts of Prakasam and northern parts of Cuddapah. The average annual rainfall ranges from 500 to 750 mm. The maximum and minimum temperatures during south west monsoon range from 32 O to 36OC and 24O to 30OC, respectively. The important soil groups are red earths with loamy soils i.e., chalkas. Red sandy soils and black cotton soils are also seen in some pockets. VII High Altitude and Tribal Areas This zone consists of the areas along the northern borders of the State in the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam. These areas are inhabited by tribals and large areas lying at high altitudes upto 1000 m above M.S.L. with high annual rainfall over 1400 mm. HORTICULTURAL ZONES IN ANDHRA PRADESH Andhra Pradesh is essentially a tropical zone. However, depending upon the prevailing climate in the state, it is classified as 2 main fruit growing zones viz., Tropical zone and Subtropical zone 1. Tropical zone This zone is again subdivided into 3 subzones viz., Arid tropical, humid tropical and coastal humid tropical. a) Arid tropical zone It includes western parts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Nellore, Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari, Nalgonda, Medak, Khammam, Nizamabad, Mahaboobnagar, Kadapa, Kurnool and Anantapur. In this zone high temperatures prevail throughout the year, moderate to scanty rainfall in received from both South-West and North East Monsoons. The 6 fruits grown in this zone are Mango, Grape, Banana, Sweetorange, Lime, Custardapple, Guava etc., b) Humid tropic Heavy rains are received in this zone. Hence, the humidity is more. Based on the amount of rainfall this zone is again subdivided into 2 zones i) Heavy rainfall areas It includes Polavaram, Rampachodavaram talukas of West Godavari distirct where 150-200 cm rainfall is received annually. The elevation will be 600 m. from mean sea level and high humidity prevails in this regions. ii) Low rainfall areas Parts of Adilabad, Warangal, Kurnool and Kadapa come under this zone with annual rainfall of 100 to 150 cm. The fruits grown in this zone are Banana, Sweetorange, Guava, Papaya, Grape and Ber. c) Coastal humid tropic It includes the coastal areas from Nellore to Srikakulam. The average annual rainfall is 75-100 cm., majority of which is received from South-West monsoon and to a small extent from North-East monsoon. In this zone humidity is high due to high rainfall as well as due to presence of sea at close proximity. Banana, Cashew, Pineapple and Coconut are grown in this zone. 2. Sub-tropical zone This zone is sub-divided into two viz., Arid sub-tropical and Humid sub-tropical based on the amount of rainfall received a) Arid sub-tropical areas Average annual rainfall received is 75-100 cm and the elevation is 450 m. above mean sea level. The climate is cold between October and February. This area includes Hyderabad and Rangareddy districts, Horsley hills of Chittoor district and Penukonda taluk of Ananthapur district. Fruits like Grape, Orange, Phalsa, Mandarin, Seethaphal and Lime are cultivated in these areas. b) Humid sub-tropical areas The average annual rainfall in this zone is upto 200 cm and the elevation ranger upto 620 m above MSL. The zone includes parts of Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. Fruits 7 Avocado. Japanese plum. FRUIT CROPS 8 . Jack fruit and Cocoa can be grown in these areas. Litchi.like Peach. 5 lakh metric tons. Tree brittle and more susceptible to hoppers and cyclone damage compared to Banganpalli. Rains during flowering are detrimental to the crop. fruit quality poor to medium. It is tolerant to hoppers and winds. 9 . Varieties Banganpalli (Baneshan) Banganpalli is the leading commercial variety of the state. with is golden yellow color.MANGO (Mangifera indica L. The tree is medium in size and regular in bearing. fibre less. Andhra Pradesh is the second largest mango growing state in the country with an area of about 4. Warangal. 24 % of the total production of mango in India is from Andhra Pradesh. Totapari (Bangalora.05 %). Fruit medium to large. flesh firm. Nalgonda. The mango is grown extensively in Krishna. In Andhra Pradesh mango occupies 68 per cent of the total area under fruits. Alkaline and saline soils should be avoided.31 lakh hectares and annual production of 43. West and East Godavari. High humidity and cloudy weather at the time of flowering are not favourable as they affect pollination and fruit set and encourage diseases. The flesh of fruit is firm. skin thick. The fruit quality is very good with good keeping quality. golden yellow colour. Mango cannot tolerate high soil salt content (not more than 0. Climate Mango is well adapted to tropical climate. more regular and prolific yielder. Chittoor mamidi) Totapari is better suited to dry regions.) Mango is considered as king of fruits. The tree is medium size. The fruit is large. Adilabad. fibreless.5 m) well drained with low water table (below 180 cms in all seasons) and have a pH range of 6. Medak and Rangareddy district. The most desirable soils for mango should be of medium texture. Vishakapatnam.5. The bearing in Totapari is later than Banganpalli. Vijayanagaram. deep (2 to 2. Collector. Kadapa. The keeping quality is good. Soils Alluvial and sandyloams are ideal for mango cultivation. It can be grown even on lighter soils like chalkas and dubbas when properly manured.0 to 7. variety is suitable for export. The fruit quality very good to best. Fruit keeping quality Suvarnarekha is moderately tolerant to hoppers and susceptible to powdery mildew. fibreless. susceptible to hoppers and powdery mildew. yellow in colour. bearing heavy and regular. However. Dashehari is irregular in bearer. susceptible to powdery mildew and moderately tolerant to hoppers. Fruit is small to medium. heavy. The fruit quality is very good. The tree is medium in size. Neelum Neelum is a late variety. Neelum is a regular and heavy bearer. The tree is small in size. midseason to late. skin medium thick. Mahmooda Vikarabad A dwarf variety suited for high density planting. The fruit is medium with abundant juice and short and soft fiber. The fruit quality is good. flesh moderately firm. midseason. Peddarasam Peddarasam is popular in Godavari and Krishna districts. This 10 . The bearing is regular and heavy. Navaneetham The tree is medium to large size. Lal Sundari) This variety is popular in Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts.Suvarnarekha (Sundari. Fruit are medium in size. fibreless with good fruit quality. Chirutapudi Goa (Royal Special) The bearing is regular and heavy. tolerates wind. more popular in Rayalaseema region. yellowish green. The bearing is regular. The bearing is regular and early. The fruit is medium. The flesh is fibreless and fruit quality is good. the fruit does not attain good size in Telangana region. The tree is medium in height. skin thin. light cadmium with a blush of red. Skin medium thick. fibrous and sub-acidic. susceptible to hoppers. Fruit is medium in size. The fruit keeping quality is good. The flesh is firm. poor. The fruit is medium in size with abundant juice. characteristic strong flavor with fairly good keeping quality. Dashehari Dashehari is a commercial variety of North India and found suitable for growing in North Telangana Zone. skin medium thick and yellow in colour. Chinnarasam Chinnarasam is popular in Nuzividu area of Krishna district. However. Fruit quality medium to good. The keeping quality of the fruit is good. The tree is medium in size. flesh soft. The fruit juice is abundant. with large fruit. fibreless. The fruit turns greenish yellow when ripe. melting. The fruit resembles Jehangir in shape and skin characters. fibreless juice. fruit quality and bearing better than parents.. fruit size is medium to large. very sweet in taste and rich in chemical constituents. Neeluddin It is a hybrid between Neelum and Himayuddin. The fruits are harvested in the month of June and stands transport very well. Jalal It is a pickle variety. The fruit matures 15 days later than Baneshan and catches the late market. It is a hybrid between Neelum and Baneshan. A. It is abundantly juicy. The skin is smooth. This hybrid was released from Horticultural Research Station. moderately tolerant to hoppers.S. The bearing is regular. mid-season to late. moderately juicy and very sweet in taste with a delightful flavour. It is a late variety.Royal special gives second crop (September-October) apart from main season. regular bearer. The fruits are medium in size with firm fibreless flesh. abundantly juicy and very sweet with pleasant flavour. The fruits are akin to Neelum but bigger in size and smooth skinned. stands transportation well. Tree is medium in size.R. The fruits are medium sized weighing on an average 200 g each and intermediate between the parents in shape. melting and fibreless with characteristic flavor. The fruit weighs 270 g and is rich in nutrients. It excels both the parents in yield and bears 600 fruits.U. Each tree bears 500 to 700 fruits regularly and comes to harvest in the last week of May. The fruit is medium. Neeleshan This hybrid was released from H. Fruit medium to large flesh melting. Anantharajupet. Manjeera 11 . fibreless. The flesh is moderately firm. The flesh is firm. less susceptible to winds. It has a regular bearing habit and produces 1000 fruits just like Neelum and comes to harvest in the month of May.Rumani A hybrid between Rumani and Mulgoa. flesh is firm. Anantharajupet. juice abundant with good fruit quality. fibreless. Swarna Jehangir It is a hybrid between Chinna Suvarnarekha and Jehangir and inherits the attractive colour of the former parent and the size and quality of the latter. but slightly less in size weighing 230 g. Neelgoa This hybrid is developed by crossing Neelum with Yerramulgoa. Arka Puneet It is a cross between Alphonso and Banganpalli released from IIHR. Bangalore. Arka Anmol It is a cross between Alphonso and Janardhan Pasand released from IIHR. Bangalore. Since Amrapali is a short statured variety. Fruits very attractive and large. Tolerant to powdery mildew and hoppers. The grafts should have a minimum of 4 whorls of leaves with strong graft union. the planting distance can be reduced considerably. distinctly dwarf. Arka Aruna It is a cross between Banganpalli and Alphonso released from IIHR. The fruits are large. Sindhu It is a back cross between Ratna and Alphonso. Bangalore. Amrapali is precocious. The tree is semi dwarf. highly regular and prolific in bearing and has good fruit quality. The fruit are large (500-700 g) and attractive. fibreless flesh. elongated. The fruit has long shelf life and hence suitable for export. One or two year old veneer grafts should be collected from an authentic source. It is regular bearer with medium size fruit (200-300 g) with very attractive red colour. good quality and bears in cluster. The tree is medium in size and regular bearer. Mallika It is a cross between Neelum and Dahsehari. The formation of spongy tissue is absent. regular bearer with orange colour flesh. It is regular bearer.5 m either way. It has paper thin seed which weighs about 6. Amrapali It is a cross between Dashehari and Neelum. Planting and spacing 12 . It is a dwarf variety. fibreless with sweet flesh. About 500 plants can be accommodated per hectare adopting a spacing of 4. suitable for high density planting. Planting Material Mango is commercially propagated by Veneer grafting. looks like Rumani. It has good qualities of Alphanso in fruit characters with semi dwarf growing habit. Ratna It is a cross between Neelum and Alphonso.It is a hybrid of Rumani X Neelum released from Sangareddy.8 g. The graft should be planted with ball of earth and press the soil all around the base.5 m away from the trunk • Manures and fertilizers should be generally done in the beginning of monsoon. well mixed with 25 kg farmyard manure and 2 kg superphosphate and 100 gm of Folidol powder to avoid termite damage. Wherever irrigation is available it is advantageous to apply half of the recommended dose of fertilizers after fruit set. The pit of size 1m x 1m x 1m should be dug and filled with top soil. The graft joint should be above ground level. Even 12 meters spacing may be necessary in very deep and fertile soils. spraying of ZnSO4 5 g . For the 10 years age and above trees the fertilizer should be applied at 1. The fertilizers schedule for mango for different ages is as follows Age of the tree First year Second Year Third Year Forth Year Fifth Year Sixth Year Seventh Year Eight Year Ninth Year Tenth Year Nitrogen Phosphorus grams / tree 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 800 800 900 900 1000 1000 Potash 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 • Fertilizers should be applied through placement in circular trenches around the trunk. Boran 2 g and 10 g urea per liter of water is recommended at the onset of monsoon.The plantation of mango should be taken up at the beginning of the monsoon (JuneJuly). Irrigation should be given after the application of fertilizers. Sowing of the green manure crop (20 kg sun hemp/10 kg diancha/acre) with the onset of monsoon Fertilizer and incorporating 45 days after sowing. Spraying of KNO3 @ 10 g/l during November helps in opening of the flower bud and uniform flowering. Pruning 13 . • • For the correction of micronutrient deficiency. Manures and fertilizers To improve the texture of soils. Planting distances can be around 7 to 10 meters depending on soil depth and vigour of the variety planted. Remove root-stock sprouts below the graft joint. add adequate tank silt and FYM. Stake the plant to prevent wind damage. In areas with heavy rainfall planting should be done at the end of rainy season. Irregular Bearing 14 . As far as possible irrigation should be give with drip system. can be taken. The young plants at bearing stage should be irrigated frequently. nutrient deficiency and hormonal imbalance are the causes for the mango fruit drop.Pruning to remove criss –cross branches may be done so that center of the tree is opened out and inner branches are exposed to sunlight. Intercultivation Inter crops like vegetables. Stopping of irrigation creates stress and encourages flower bud formation. Two ploughing in the inter spaces. Fruit Drop Fruit drop in mango occurs when the fruits are at pea stage of development. Pruning in mango encourages production of new shoots. particularly at fruit set and developmental phases. Fruit drop can be controlled by spraying 2. • • • • Irrigation should be given fruit set and thereafter at regular intervals during fruit development period. once at the beginning and another at the end of the monsoon keep the orchard weed free and facilitate rain water percolation.4 – D at 10 ppm or Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 20 ppm twice at an interval of 15 days during the early stage (peanut stage) of fruit development. In old orchards shade tolerating crops like ginger. Red gram is not advisable as it is an alternative host to mealy bug.. rows (in rectangular system of planting) should be along the contour in sloppy locations. For better quality irrigation should be stopped 20-30 days before maturity/harvesting the crop. Pruning Pruning to remove criss –cross branches may be done so that center of the tree is opened out and inner branches are exposed to sunlight. for obtaining good flowering. • In bearing trees. turmeric etc. irrigation must be stopped at least 2 months before flowering period. Moisture deficiency. Pruning of the dried twigs and branches should be done with pruning saw during June-July. Drip irrigation not only conservers water but also increases water use efficiency. Irrigation Mango responds well to irrigation. beginning from fruit set stage to full development stage. low growing field crops and fruits like Phalsa or Papaya can be profitably grown in alleys in young orchards. For conservation of rain water. . after receding of heavy rainy.e. Allow 4-5 vigorous shoots to grow. Top Working Top working is done to replace the inferior seedling mango by know variety. Mango fruits cannot be stored below 12. After desapping the stock of the fruits are cut up to 1 cm. the dipped fruits being indicative of correct maturity. The minimum total soluble content for harvesting without sacrificing the quality is 9. remove the shoots arising from the seedling tree.5 90 %. Once the graft is successful.5 for Dashehari. Desapping of the fruits should be done by keeping the fruits in inverted position in the desapping nets for about 3-4 hours. Harvesting and packing Early harvest of fully developed but not matured fruit starts in April to catch the early Northern markets.Irregular bearing in mango is due to imbalance in nutrient status of the plant. Harvesting the fruits with a long poll having a net at the end (Gowka) or Dapoli harvester and lowering them gently on a gunny cushion minimizes the injuries. The fruits are then packed in the Corrugated fiber board baskets with stock end pointing upward to avoid injury to the fruits. The trees are beheaded upto 1. However. The desapped fruits are washed thoroughly in the running water to remove the dirt and other extraneous material.5 m height in August to September months i. The young shoots arising from grafts should be protected. Balanced manuring and fertilizer application and irrigation will keep the tree healthy and vigorous and prevent the irregular bearing. time of harvest is relatively more flexible and any time between stone hardening and attainment of physiological maturity. fruit samples from various directions of the tree are taken and dropped in a bucket of water. 15 . under cold storage the fruits can be stored up to 25 days at 12. dead criss cross shoots to open the canopy of the tree is suggested to regulate the bearing in old trees. For judging the maturity. The fruits should be harvested with 7 cm stock and taken to the packhouse in plastic crates.5 Plant protection O O C and relative humidity of 80- C as it causes the chilling injury. Post Harvest Technology The mango fruits can be stored for 8-10 days at room temperatures.0 in case of Banganpalli and 8. However. the mango fruits are graded as per the international guidelines of the importing country. Desapping of mango fruits prevent the sap injury on the fruits. Normal harvest commences when few “Patukayalu” or “Shakh” fall from the tree. Prune the new shoots to get more branches. For export. the fruits harvested without reaching maturity will not ripen properly. Grafting on the shoots is done by veneer grafting on the shoots of pencil thickness. Pruning of weak. In case of pickle mangoes. one week before their emergence. R iceryodies is serious in South India.Pests Mango hopper (Tenemanchu purugu) ( Idioscopus clypealis . Spray NSKE 4% or crude garlic oil 1% or Dimethoate 0.3 ml/ litre of water or thiamethoxam @ 0. Control Plough orchard during summer to expose eggs to natural enemies and sun heat. resulting in sooty mould. Mealybug ( Drosicha mangiferae. Severely infested leaves become curled and inflorescence gets dried. They are considered more important because if the control measures are not taken timely.06 % or Acephate @ 2 gm/lt or Spirotetramat @ 0. Raking the soil around the tree trunk and mixing of chlorpyriphos (1. The affected shoots wilt droop and finally get dried. The infested trees become stunted in growth and the shoot into which this 16 .3 ml/lit of water Shoot Borer ( Chlumetia transversa ) It causes serious damage to new flush of mango. After mud plastering 25 cm width 400 gauge alkathene sheet may be fastened to the tree trunk 30 cm above the ground level in the month of December.4 gm/ litre of water. Rastrococcus iceryodies ) Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigor of the plant. The dust may also be sprinkled below the alkathene band on the tree. Ovipositional punctures also cause damage to tender leaves and inflorescence.After fruit set at pea size stage spraying with imida cloprid @ 0. a sticky substance.3 ml/ litre of water if incidence of hoppers is high (more than 5-10 per panicle). Remove weeds like Clerodendron infortunaturm which are additional hosts. They also secrete honey dew. Idioscopus nitidulus Amritodus atkinsoni ) Damage is caused by sucking sap from tender leaves and inflorescence. which encourages the development of a fungus Maliola mangiferae. Excessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally drying of infested tissue. During full length stage of panicle but before full bloom full bloom stage spraying with endosulfan @ 2 ml /litre of water or Dimethoate @ 2 ml /litre of water or imida cloprid @ 0. Control One spray with carbaryl @ 3 gms/litre of water in November before panicle formation ensuring that tree trunks are also thoroughly drenched during the spray.5% dust) @250 gm per tree.January or use at sticky band on tree trunk to prevent migration of crawlers from soil to trees. Affected parts are covered with honeydew and sooty mould. the crop may be destroyed completely. Prune the infested the shoots and burn. Grubs with robust body feeding on inside tissues will be observed when there is severe infestation. Discolouration of the pulp adjacent to the affected portion has been observed. Spraying of apply sticky band at upper end of the trunk to prevent migration of weevils to branches for egg laying on fruits during February.of the pest is found in Assam and Bengal. Control Collect fallen infested fruits and destroy. S. Spray during of season (December – January) on tree trunk up to 2m height with fenthion 0. frigidus. Apply relatively higher dosage of potash. Totapuri and Banganpalli varies from 60 to 65 %. Newly emerged grubs bore through the pulp. stout and dark brown in colour. etc. Pupation takes place inside the seed.04% or Quinalphos 0. Life-cycle is completed in 40 to 50 days during June-July. Bangalora. Extent of damage in susceptible cultivars like Neelum.5% at 15 days interval from commencement of new flesh. Control The grubs can be extracted through hooked wires and then destroyed. Adult weevils are 5 to 8 mm long. Sthe insect can be controlled by injecting in hole 0.1% or Deltamethrin 00025% six weeks after fruit set (especially at marble stage) and second spray may be given after 15 days.frigidus ) It is a common pest of mango in southern India. 17 .02% dichlorvos ( DDVP) or 0.1 % followed by Dimethoate 0. There is only one generation in a year. Stone or Nut Weevil ( Sternochaetus mangiferae. S.05% endosulphan @ 5 ml/holes or Celphos (aluminium phosphate) one tablet (3g) per hole and then holes may be sealed with mud . Control Do not retain minor flushes during off season. boring upwards and resulting in drying of branches and in severe cases attacked tree is killed. Spray at bud – sprouting stage with Carbaryl 0. Another species. Sweeter varieties such as Alphonso. Female lays eggs on the epicarp of partially developed fruits or under the rind of ripening fruits.larva is bored dies and does not flower subsequently flowering is inhibited. Neelum. are more prone to attack by this pest. Young trees up to the age of 8-10 years are more damaged.March. Stem Borer (Kaandam tolughu purugu) Batocera rufomaculata Damage is caused by the grub of this beetle as it feeds inside the stems. Keep the tree basins clean to prevent hiding of diapausing weevils. feed on seed coat and later cause damage to cotyledons.05%or Carbayl 0. Eggs are minute and white in colour. Adults hibernate until the next fruiting season. 05%) or dimethoate (0. Severs attack leads to drying of shoots / branches and reduction in fruit yield. Mango fruit borer ( Deanolis albizonalis) 18 . The use of same chemical for every spray should be avoided. The galls dry out after emergence of psyllid adults in March. Their impact on young fruits are seen in terms of rough surface as well as deshaping of fruits.P.Thrips (Rati Mangu) ( Thrips hawaiiensis. After pruning 2 to 3 sprays starting from last week of July at 15 days interval with Carbaryl 0.2% or quinalphos 0.05 %) at 2 week intervals starting from the middle of August. North Bihar and West Bengal.06%) or quinalphos (0. particularly in Terai region of U.5 ml/lt of water or fipronil 2 ml / lt of water.. Control The galls with nymphs inside should be collected and destroyed to prevent carryover of the pest.4 gm / litre of water or acephate 1. Control It can be controlled by spraying thiamethoxam @ 0.05% have been found effective in controlling the pest. The galls are usually seen during September-October. There is only one generation of the pest in a year. Prune the infested shoots and destroy them along with larvae during April – July. Late instar larvae feed on whole leaf lamina leaving only midrib. Control Supervise the orchard once in a month and search for webbed shoots. The pest can effectively be controlled by spraying monocrotophos (0. Consequently. The larvae are gregarious in the beginning and feed by scrapping the leaf surface. Scirtothrips dorsalis) Thrips appear during flowering and fruiting stages where their infestation can be recognized during January on flowers and developing fruits causing ‘Mangu’ though initial infestation result in flower drop. Shoot gall psylla ( Apsylla cistellata ) It is a very serious pest of mango in many parts of India. The activity of the pest starts from August. Old orchards with lesser space between tree canopies have more infestation than open orchards. The larvae of Orthaga spp web the leaves and the terminal shoots into clusters which harbor several of them in the initial stage. there is no fruit set. Leaf Webber ( Orthaga euadrusalis ) The infestation is severe in shady conditions. This pest creates green conical galls in leaf axis. fruits in one bunch are prone to attack due to migration of grown up larvae to neighboring fruits as in case of nut weevil Newly emerged larvae bore through the pulp. In initial stages upto 6-10 larvae are found in one fruit. Control It can be controlled by spraying wettable sulphur 3gm/ litre of water or diafenthiuron 1 ml /lt of water. Diseases Powdery midew ( Budida Rogam) Oidium mangifere Powdery mildew is one of the most serious diseases of mango affecting almost all the varieties.5 ml or carbaryl 3 gms per litre of water especially in those garden where previous incidence of this recorded. Control • • • After mango harvest removal of Dead wood from the tree Removal of diapausing stage of Mango fruit borer from cracks and crevices in the bark and dried twigs Removal and destruction of damaged and MFB infested fruits especially at pea and marble stages of the fruit • In Second fort night of January spray of chloripyriphos 2. as high as 70-80 per cent crop loss has been recorded on individual plant basis. The characteristic symptom of the disease is the white superficial powdery fungal growth on leaves. The sprayings should be preferably carried out during evening hours • Spraying of NSKE 5 % at 10 days interval during the months of April and May upto 15 days before harvest Red mite (Erra nalli) ( Oligonychus mangiferous ) These mites both in nymphal and adult stages infest mango leaves. Their presence reflects in terms of scrapped chlorophyll resulting in yellowish tinge on upper side and white webs on underside of leaf.5 ml or dichlorovas 1. stalks of panicles. flowers and young fruits.5 ml or dichlorovas 1. The incidence is found right from pea size upto maturity stage. Repeat spray of chloripyriphos 2.5 ml or carbaryl 3 gms or Neem oil 3ml + chloripyriphos 1 ml per litre of water at marble stage of the fruit.In coastal Andhra Pradesh the incidence of mango fruit borer is slowly increasing and assuming as a serious problem on mango in some areas. feed on seed coat and later cause damage to cotyledons. Some times. The affected flowers and fruits drop pre-maturely reducing the crop load considerably or might even prevent the fruit 19 . It is also affects fruits during storage. Amrapali. Dashehari. Bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas campestris pv.3%) is recommended for the control of foliar infection. leaves and fruits. yield loss (10-85%) and storage rot (5100%). Control Following three sprays of fungicides at 15 days interval recommended for effective control of the disease Wettable sulphur 3-4 g/lit of water or Calixin 1 ml/lit or 1 ml Karathane / lit. The disease first appears as minute water-soaked irregular lesions on any part of leaf or leaf lamina. blossom blight. shrivel and drop off. initially producing water-soaked lesions and later turning into typical cankers. enlarge and turn dark brown to black. Fruits infected at mature stage carry the fungus into storage and cause considerable loss during storage. The disease is found on leaves. and Totapuri are susceptible to this disease. Rains or mists accompanied by cooler nights during flowering are congenial for the disease spread. Anthracnose (Macha Rogam) Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes The anthracnose disease is of widespread occurrence. cankerous and raised. Tender shoots and foliage are easily affected which ultimately cause die back of young branches. Several lesions coalesce to form irregular necrotic cankerous patches. petioles. The disease produces leaf spot. The disease causes serious losses to young shoots. They become angular. withertip. Young infected fruits develop black spots. frequent rains and a temperature of 24-32 oC. The fungus perpetuates on twigs and leaves of mango or other hosts. transit and marketing. Control Dead twigs should be pruned to reduce inoculum potential Trees may be sprayed twice with Carbendazim @ 1g/lit or Thiophenate methyl 1g/lit at 15 days interval during flowering to control blossom infection. and are surrounded by chlorotic halos. Many commercial cultivars of mango including Langra.set. flowers and fruits under favourable climatic conditions of high humidity. The fungus parasitizes young tissues of all parts of the inflorescence. branches and fruits. Older twigs may also be infected through wounds which in severe cases may be fatal. Severe infection destroys the entire inflorescence resulting in no setting of fruits. twig blight and fruit rot symptoms. mangiferaeindicae ) The disease causes fruit drop (10-70%). Mallika. water). The lesions are light yellow in colour but with age. In 20 . twigs. Black spots develop on panicles as well as on fruits. Spraying of copper fungicides (0. It is hardy and grows extremely vigorous. it is extending in East Godavari. Cuddapah. red loams and sandy loams of uplands are most suited. Black loams. releasing highly contagious gummy ooze containg bacterial cells. plump. It is the third important fruit crop after mango and citrus. occupying 8% of the fruit growing area in the State. Monthly sprays of Bavistin (1000 ppm) or copper oxychloride (3000 ppm) were also found effective. Vijayanagaram and Kurnool districts. short. It requires well drained soils having a depth of at least 1m. pH 6. Visakhapatnam. They often burst open.5 to 7. West Godavari. Krishna. Ginni) This is a popular table banana and the foremost commercial variety contributing to 70% of the total crop area. BANANA (Musa sapientum) Banana is cultivated in an extent of 60. Although it is cultivated in almost all the districts.5 and less than 1. bottlenecked fruits. twigs and young fruits. Soils Almost all the agricultural soils are suitable if they are deep.2m. under perennial garden and wet land systems of cultivation.000 ha. Guntur.0 to 1. in the State. The ideal PH is around 6. Easily recognized by its pinkish-purple midribs and big cylindrical bunches of tightly packed. Three sprays of streptocycline (100 ppm) or Agrimycin-100 (100 ppm) after first visual symptom at 10-days intervals. Cankerous lesions appear on petioles.5 to 7. The growth and yield of most of the varieties are better at a temperature range of 25-30oC.5% salts. inspection and orchard sanitation. The rind is thin and pulp cream coloured with a 21 . The water soaked lesions also develop on fruits which later turn dark brown to black.severe infections the leaves turn yellow and drop off. The soils should be atleast more than 75 cm deep with water table lower than 1.5. The fruits are of medium size and have a distinct tip. Control • • • Seedling certification. well drained and neutral in reaction. Varieties Karpura Chakkarakeli (Poovan. Climate Banana performs very well under humid tropical condition but can be cultivated successfully even under humid or semi arid sub tropical conditions. The fresh lesions on branches and twigs are water soaked which later become raised and dark brown in colour with longitudinal cracks but without any ooze. The plant is immune to Panama disease and is virtually immune to ‘Leaf spot’. The duration is 12 months and the spacing is 2 x 2m. soft and buttery. Each bunch weighs 8-10 kgs with 5-6 hands and 60-70 fruits.8m. with attractive bright yellow colour. Each bunch weighs 20-23 kgs with 8-10 hands and 100-120 fruits. The seed core is prominent. It fetches premium price over Dwarf Cavendish and Poovan. Robusta/Grand Naine (Pedda paccha arati) It is semi-tall with a little more stature than dwarf varieties. The petiole margins are spread out and tinged purple. It is not a prolific clone. The flesh is white. Tella Chakkarakeli (Godavari Chakkarakeli) This variety is considered the best of bananas in Circar districts. The fruits are big. The rind colour continues to be light green. The rind is thin and develops and ivory yellow colour when ripe. the fingers holding even at late ripeness. The fruit is ripe inside. It has a slightly thicker and more rigid bunch stalk. pulp yellowish and too soft but tasty with characteristic pleasant aroma.8 x 1. It is very susceptible to Erwenia rot bunchy top and leaf spot but immune to panama disease. slightly angular. It is highly priced in the market for its characteristic taste. It is suitable for the entire state and occupying the major banana area in the state. The bunches keep well. more rounded with a glossy green colour and the tip is less pronounced. The ribs are not distinct. The pulp is creamy white. The rind is thick. Amruthapani ( Rastali ) This is a choice table fruit. The plant is thin and medium size easily recognized by whitish petiolor margins. and curved. it is a heavy yielder. The plant suckers moderately and is tall and does not bear heavily. It is highly resistant to leaf spot but very susceptible to Panama disease. Each bunch weighs 15-18kgs with 9-10 hands and 130-160 fruits.sub-acid taste. Suitable for transport. It is tolerant to Panama disease but highly susceptible to Erwenia wilt and Sigatoka leaf spot diseases. The fruit is better in size to Poovan. even when the rind is partially yellow and greenish at the tips. Occassionally hard lumps develop in the pulp which is a drawback. It is also tolerant to poor soils and drought but susceptible to winds. Each bunch weighs 25-28 kgs 22 . aroma and quality. The duration is 12-13 months and the spacing 2 x 2m. The duration is 12 months and the spacing is 1. It is little less susceptible to wind damage. The bunches are small and loose with short stout slightly curved fruits glistening green and fairly rounded with a conspicuous apex. rather firm but tasty with a characteristic flavour. The keeping quality is poor. The attachment of the fruit to the cushion is very fragile when raw and is very strong when ripe.. The duration is 10-11 months and the spacing 1. It bears well under a wide range of conditions and is the basis of nearly all the sub tropical banana trades. The petiole is short. Persistant male flowers are noted. Fruits are larger. Gidda Vamanakeli. The duration is 13 months and the spacing is 2 x 2m. Each bunch weighs 15 kgs with 5-6 hand and 7080 fruits. Potti arati. Its low stature makes it less susceptible to wind damage than most other banana.good cooking quality and it is the only cooking banana variety commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh Fruit bunches are heavy. Bunches are heavy. compact and pendant. The fruits are long. Chitavali) This is the most wide spread clone in existence. The rind is thick and green with whitish pulp. The plants are tall sturdy and sucker freely. stout with less prominent ridges and bottle neck apex. suitable for the entire State.8m. susceptible to rhizome rot disease.5 m. Basrai. the stature permits chilling which a taller clone may avoid. For Cavendish varieties and Tella chekkerakeli planting in the month of June is the optimum time to avoid leaf spot diseases. The fruit turns yellow on ripening in winter but remains green in summer. Its main defect is poor keeping quality. Season of planting Banana can be planted through out the year but planting during June to September is recommended. pendent and not compact. The flesh is pale yellow and sweet. It is resistant of Leaf spot but is susceptible to Panama disease. It suckers sparsely. thick and axial channel wide open.5 x 1. waxy bloom is present over petioles and young regions. Kovvur Bontha It is a cooking variety and a sport with heavier bunches of bigger size and superior quality fruits. slightly curved with prominent ridges and blunt apex. Each bunch weighs 16-18 kgs with 6-7 hands and 75-90 fruits. The rind is thick and green with whitish pulp.with 10-11 hands and 130-160 frutis. It is suitable for the entire State but poor ratooner. Propagation 23 . Each bunch weighs 12-15 kgs with 8-10 hands and 120 fruits. Chinna paccha arati. It is very susceptible to leaf spot and bunchy top but immune to Panama disease.8 x 1. Tolerant to Sigatoka leaf spot. The fruit size is medium to big. The duration is 11 months and the spacing is 1. Cooking Varieties Bontha This is the foremost cooking variety of the State. Vamanakeli (Dwarf cavandish. Suitable for entire State. But in winter in the subtropics. and it is susceptible to ‘Choke’. Bhushavali. The male bud is also used for culinary purpose. The duration is 13 months and the spacing is 2 x 2m. Healthy sword suckers of 3 months age having strong base.25% Monocrotophos (2. gives 35-45% higher yields over conventional planting material. Just before planting of the suckers. rain water etc. Sucker treatment The suckers thus prepared should be dipped in 0. the dug up soil or fresh top earth mixed with (compost) farmyard manure 10kg. Sucker treatment 24 .5ml in 1 litre) and 0.. gradually tapering to slender point with one or two narrow sword like leaves at the tip are preferred for planting.Conventional bananas are propagated through sword suckers of 1. The dug up pits may be allowed to dry for 10 days before planting.25-1.5 kg may be preferred. The top portion of the pseudostem of the sucker may be given a slant cut leaving six inches pseudostem over the corm. Suckers from high yielding and healthy plant crop are selected. The suckers must be planted in the centre of the pit in such a way that the corm and another two inches of pseudostem over it should submerge in the soil. Selection of suckers and planting If any damage is noticed to the corm of the suckers at the time of separation of the sucker from the mother plant. Tissue cultured plants are becoming popular among farmers as they are not only virus free but also results in uniform and synchronized harvest. Press the soil around the sucker to avoid air spaces. All the old roots of the rhizome should also be trimmed. If the suckers are small the crop duration is longer but with more number of fruit. Banana suckers should not be planted either too deep or too shallow. But in coastal region the top portion of sucker is retained while planting and deheaded to 2/3 size in about 20 days when growth is visible to maintain uniform height of the plantation. since it grows faster and comes to bearing early compared to water suckers. the damaged portion of the corm may be clearly sliced off. For traditional varieties corms weighing 1. to give firm stand to the stem and for better sprouting of the suckers. leading to successful establishment of the sucker.0 kg and for Cavendish clone corms weighing 1. 50g folidol may be filled to three quarters of the pit. If the suckers are bigger the crop duration is shorter with less number of fruit but of better size.5-2 kg weight selected from healthy gardens. This will facilitate easy draining of plant sap. The selected field must be ploughed with mould board plough to a depth of 25-30 cm and allowed to dry for two weeks. Before planting the field should have fine tilth.5%Copper Oxy chloride (5g in 1 litre) solution for 15-20min and then planted.5-2. When sword suckers are used as a plant material the corms should be pared and dipped in a solution of 2. should be filled with 5Kg FYM. 200 g each of Nitrogen and Potash per plant has to be given as top dressing in 4 equal split doses for heavy soils .5 X 1.75.120. Green manuring with sunhemp or Cow pea may be done immediately after planting with 50 kg seed/ha and ploughed in after 35 days.150 35. 180 For light soils 30. Robusta.5 ml of Monocrotophos and 5g.140.0 m : : 1.8 X 1. Manures and fertilizers 200 – 250g of Single Super Phosphate should be applied per pit before planting. Amritapani. Gap filling Generally the banana suckers strike roots within 10 to 15 days after planting.80. of Copper oxychloride per litre for 15 minutes before planting.175 25 . 160 100.90. Dwarf 200 200 Cavendish Tellachekkerakeli 250 250 4 6 5 50 50 50 50 40.5 m While planting the pits of 45 cm3.60.150. 250 g Neem cake.125. .8 m 1. So gap filling should be done within 20 days to ensure uniformity in the crop stand. Grand Naine Dwarf Cavendish (Vamanakeli) : 2.90.135.For light soils 300g each of N & K fertilizers per plant should be given in 6 equal splits. The doses of fertilizers and time of application varies with the duration of variety and also soil type.105.50. Planting Spacing • • • Karpura Chakkerakeli.180 200 200 Grand Naine. Variety Fertilizers to be given N Karpura chekkerakeli. 25.0 X 2. Maintaining optimum population for unit area always leads to higher yields. 300 g of super phosphate. Kovvur Bontha Tella Chakkerakeli. 120.70. Kovvur bontha K No of splits Heavy soils 4 Light soils 6 Dose /each split N K 50 50 Days after planting For Heavy soils 45. hastens growth and improves yields. When the summer temperature crosses 37. Quality of fruit will also be reduced if inadequate irrigations are given in summer leading to sun scorching. ridge gourd tomato.5% at 5 and 20 days after last hand opening improves fruit grade and quality. it is desirable to mulch the garden immediately after planting with banana trash at the rate of 15 t/ha. reduced size in bunch and also poor keeping quality of fruits. sweet potato. Mulching Where pure crops are grown. Under fertigation. delayed maturity of fingers. colocasia. In East Godavari. greengram variety onion and leafy vegetables can also be grown.Spraying of Sulphate of Potash (K2SO4) @ 0. the crop duration of banana is extended from 20 to 40 days but the yields are not affected. • • Remaining 20% of the N& K fertilizers should be given after shooting in 4 splits at weekly intervals from 33rd to 36th week after planting. conserves moisture. for heavy soils 50% of RDF and for light soils 75% of RDF is sufficient to harvest higher yield and also reduces the crop cycle by 20 days. Fertigation • • Fertilizer use efficiency is more with increased number of splits. Vegetable crops like lady’s finger.8OC irrigation on every 4th day is essential. Light irrigation after every manuring is essential.0 acre inches) are required for banana crop. 26 . With intercropping. Amorphophallus alone or the association with colocasia under banana is profitable. • Under this 80% of the N&K fertilizers should be given in 20 split doses th th before shooting at weekly intervals starting from 6 week after planting to 25 week after planting. Inadequate irrigations to banana leads to delayed flowering. ginger. Cowpea variety and lab-lab are grown as intercrops. Irrigation The plants are either pot watered or irrigated immediately after planting. diascorea and amorphophalus are traditional intercrops in banana. Visakhapatnam. turmeric. Under fertigation 50% of the recommended dose (Applied at weekly intervals) is sufficient to harvest higher yield than RDF and reduces the crop cycle by 20 days. Intercrops Short duration leguminous crops like blackgram. Visakhapatnam. Mulching controls weeds. Vizianagaram and Srikakulam agency tracts. About 3040 weekly irrigations (2. as well as induced early shooting and superior yields. An insecticidal cum fungicidal 27 . The improved method of desuckering is as follows. The sucker thus removed may grow again.2m long and 1. While spraying. soil mulching with sugarcane trash or paddy straw or spraying of glycel (100 ml of glycel + 100 g Ammonium sulphate in 10/lit. However for ratoon crop one good sucker should be left when the crop has attained 50 % flowering. frequent irrigation and more of sunlight. Where problematic weeds like Cyperus rotundus is predominant split application of Glyphosate spray @ 2. an integrated management of weeds by inter cropping cowpea. This method has given good results in research and farmer’s fields. of water) gives good results. a flattened crowbar or an iron rod of 1. After care The dry and diseased leaves should be removed and destroyed regularly. resulting in lower bunch weight and therefore total yield. Desuckering with sickle at 15-20 days interval. At flowering the plants are propped up with bamboos to protect from strong winds or gales in coastal region. the light intensity gets reduced and hence it is sufficient that weeding is done at monthly intervals from them on. sunshine. and a follower is left for ratoon. So. right from the beginning till flowering is to be followed. Therefore in young plantation (upto 4 months age) weeding has to be done at 15-20 days interval. care should be taken to avoid drift hazard. These suckers have to be removed periodically as otherwise they compete with the mother plant for water and nutrients. Intercultivation In a young banana garden luxurious weed growth is seen as the crop is given heavy doses of organic and inorganic fertilizers. It may also lead to heavy incidence of leaf spot disease due to congestion in the interspaces.0 lt/ha effectively controls nut grass and other weeds.Desuckering Banana starts bearing suckers from 2-3 months after planting. once in 35 days up to flowering. Apart from cultural practices. Soil mounding is done in the eighth month. the male flower bud is removed.. lack of aeration.25cm diameter flattened at one end and provided with wooden handle at the other end should be used for digging out the sucker with a bit of its corm. the mother plant should not be disturbed. After flowering is completed. and high dampness. Once the plant starts to flower. As the crop grows. Desuckering or pruning is the removal of unwanted suckers. after shooting desuckering should be done by cutting suckers to the ground level with the help of sickle. The retailers normally provide smoke to the bunches for 24 hours in airtight rooms to make them ripe. The bunches with long peduncles are cut to the maximum possible height on the plant. In this process of ripening starch is converted into sugar by the action of enzymes and the astringency disappears. Dumpa puchchu) It causes dead hearts in banana. Yield The average yield of different varieties of banana ranges from 50-60t/ha. wither and die prematurely. bicycles. increased. Application of 10gm carbofuron granules per plant will keep away the weevil and also Phorate (10g) granules at 10g per plant to control the pest. Later the corm will decay and the plant may die of. 28 . Injury to corm prevents nourishment going to the plant. Fully matured bananas are round and free from angular shape and produce metallic sound. During ripening the chlorophyll gradually breaks down and the yellow pigments begin to develop until the whole fruit turns bright yellow. The tunnels are mostly circular and increase in size with the growth of the grubs.2% solution and planted. Plant protection Pests Rhizome Weevil ( Cosmopolites sordidus ) (Mukku purugu. By using polythene bags and potassium permanganate.spray at this stage ensures fruits. Bananas meant for long distances are cut at 75 to 80 per cent maturity. Leaves turn yellow. The suckers thus selected may be trimmed and dipped in monocrotophos @ 0. when tapped. The flag leaf should be bent on the peduncle and tied to protect from sun scorching. Harvesting and Post harvest Technology Banana bunches are harvested in about 2 to 3 months time after flowering. The research findings show that banana fruits can be stored well under 62 to 65O F with 85 to 90% of moisture up to 3 weeks. rickshaws or lorries to the marketing yard. Adult weevil feeds on decaying and dried banana plants. In heavily infected plantations production is low. keeping quality can be Fruits are harvested at ¾ the maturity when the angles become less prominent and fruits on upper hand turn light green in color. The borers spread from plantation to plantation through planting material. where they are sold either by auction or by bargain to the retailers through a mediating agency for commission. The grubs of weevil burrow into the rhizome of the banana plant. Control Suckers must be selected from healthy gardens. Immediately few green leaves are wrapped around and carried by carts. Banana Rust Thrips ( Chaetanaphothrips signipennis ) (Tuppu Tegulu) The pest has yellowish white shaded wings. Selection of suckers from infested areas should be eliminated.2% (2 ml/lit) for effective control of the pest. The damage is usually concentrated on bunches suffering from physical damage or where mixed ripening of bunches is occurring because of poor plantation management. The damaged tissue is reduced and individual fruits are small. Nematode population is built up rapidly in ratoon crops. The fruits may also split. Harvest fruit at the green mature stage. The nematode deposits eggs in the root tissue and when these hatch the larvae also feed on the root. Bananas should not be planted until the soil is free from nematodes for atleast six months. Coquillet ) Banana fruit fly is minor and sporadic and will lay eggs into both green and ripening fruit. Adult female fruit flies lay their eggs in the fruit and the maggots develop as the fruit matures destroying the flesh. cause fruit breakdown. Spray the bunches after emergence with Dimethoate @ 0. which enter through the oviposition puncture. roughened and dull in appearance. Maintain good-growing conditions and healthy plants to prevent 'mixed ripe' bunches. and secondary rots.2% (2 ml/lit) solution to control the spread of the insect. The maggots destroy the flesh. irrigation or cultural practices. Corms of suckers used for planting should be trimmed carefully. Root or Burrowing Nematodes ( Radopholus similes ) (Veru Toluchu Purugu) The first visible symptom is a small dark spot on the root. It causes smoky or red discoloration between individual fingers. Affected plants do not respond to fertilizers. superficial cracks appear in the discolored skin. Cut up bunches left unharvested in the 29 . Control Dipping in monocrotophos 0. The skin becomes reddish brown. Decline is accompanied by leaf chlorosis. Control Avoid physical damage to bunches since damaged fruit will attract ovipositing females. Control Phytosanitary measures are effective. The land should be ploughed thoroughly and left fallow or planted with a crop not affected by nematode for atleast six months. Fruit fly ( Dacus cucurbitae. Sugarcane has been shown to be a good alternate crop. Treatment of suckers with carbofuran 3g granules (45 g/sucker) is suggested as a control measure and this should be followed by post application twice at 3 monthly intervals in the filed. Oviposition sites can provide entry for rot producing organisms. Control Planting disease-free materials. In younger plants the unfurling leaf goes yellow first and dies off. The mycelium of the fungus spreads through the vascular bundles. 30 . The variety Amrutapani is highly susceptible to this disease. Robusta and Karpura Chakkarakeli and growing wet paddy preceeding banana will ensure against incidence of Panama disease in banana plantations. The earliest symptoms seen in the infested plants are small chlorotic spots or streaks on the leaves. parallel to the leaf lateral veins. Badly affected clumps should be destroyed after uprooting the corm. Sigatoga Aakumacha Tegulu) Premature death of large areas of the plants. the leaves collapse and hand down around the plant. In severe cases. In less severe cases. The fruit may also ripen pre-maturely with abnormal flavour. Dry and diseased leaves should be removed and destroyed. In warm humid weather the spread of the disease will be quick and severe. Control Cultural • • • Proper sanitation should be maintained in the gardens.field to speed up breakdown and prevent field breeding. Remove neglected plantings to reduce build up of fruit fly. the entire leaf is affected. The streaks darken and expand laterally to form elliptical brown spots on leaves. In warm humid weather they spread and form large dead patches. leaving a brown or dark red strain in rhizome and pseudostem. Diseases Panama Wilt ( Fusarium Oxysporum ) (Panama Tegulu) It is a soil born disease. clean cultivation. they unite into bands. avoiding ill-drained soils. The disease spreads to other gardens through planting material and also through irrigation or rain water. First the lower leaves become yellow and at the lower parts of the petioles or midribs. Pheromone trapping with methyl eugenol and replenishing the traps every fortnight during fruit development stage. leaf surface and in some cases. The time for infection and wilting is about two months. the fruit does not develop or mature since the photosynthetic area is drastically reduced. timely desuckering and optimum spacing should be followed. Proper drainage. Later on. growing resistant varieties like Dwarf Cavandish. the size of the bunches drastically reduced. When numerous spots form closely they all unit and form large dead patches. Leaf Spot (Sigatoga) ( Mycospharella Musicola. The disease is transmitted by the insect vector aphids i. In severe cases. 31 .5cm. Bract mosaic (Transmitted by aphids) The disease is characterized by the development of black streaks on the petiole. Streak virus (Transmitted by mealybug) Karpura chekkerakeli is highly susceptible to this disease. pink streaks continue on the lower surface of the midrib. Control Disease free suckers should be planted. Control insect vectors through insecticides. Disease free suckers must be selected for planting new gardens. on the under side of the leaf lamina on the midrib and petiole. pentalonia nigronervosa.05% (2 ml/lit) or dimethoate 0. on the secondary veins. Viral diseases Bunchy top virus (Transmitted by aphids) It is a virus disease. narrow and chlorotic. The disease causes total loss in yield as the affected plants do not flower. eventually leading to drying of leaves.1% will prevent the incidence and the spread of disease. sheaths. Affected plants are characterized by marked stunting and bunching of leaves. yellow or pinkish colouration on pseudostem and mosaic like purple spindle shaped streaks on the bract. Early symptoms are discontinuous yellow streaks along the blade or midrib which turn into discoloured patches. causing 30-40% losses in yield. midrib and secondary veins are conspicuous. Powdery bloom covers the midrid and petioles. Diseased plants must be destroyed as soon as the symptoms of infection are noticed. The affected plants are highly stunted and the leaves are reduced in size and crowded at throat showing. The crown leaves are undersized. The infected plants may throw small bunches which will not develop or often fail to flower. Subsequently the other infected leaves show the same symptoms.75mm wide and vary in length upto 2. The first leaf affected shows green streaks.. The streaks are about 0. Control Rogue and remove diseased plants.25% or Chlorothalonil @ 0.2% and two post monsoon sprayings at 10 days interval with Tridemorph or Propiconozole 0. rosette appearance.Two pre-monsoon sprayings with Dithane M-45 @ 0. Broken dark green streaks on pseudostem. Necrosis appears on the lower side of the sheath.06% (2 ml/lit) to keep the plants free from insect vector. Fortnightly sprays of Dimethoate or Methyldemeton @2ml/lit reduce the aphid population. The leaves will be brittle and show maginal chlorosis and curling. But before removing the diseased plants they may also be sprayed with metacystox 0.e. Climate 32 . Severely affected leaves show greenish-yellow mottled look. Control Use disease free planting material. Weeds should be checked by spraying herbicides and growing cucurbits as inter crops should be avoided. The infected plants remain stunted in growth. interveinal necrosis and death of the plant. The disease is caused by a strain of TMV. Infectious chlorosis Symptoms vary greatly from very mild streaking on the leaves to stunting.53. Control The disease can be checked by destroying the diseased stools and planting disease free suckers in the new areas. Andhra Pradesh has and area of 2. CITRUS (Citrus Sps) Sweet orange and Acidlime are the two chief commercial citrus fruits grown in Andhra Pradesh. Stunted plants have a rosette appearance due to bunching of leaves. Control Use virus free planting material.261 hectares under citrus producing 3.53 million tones annually and holds first rank in acidlime production. It causes 5-10% losses in yield. The most invariable symptom is the presence of yellow streaking on the older leaves with the streaks usually running from the mid rib to the edge of the blade. Infected plants must be rogued out from the field to avoid further spread. extending from margin to midrib. Yield losses are recorded to be 75-90%. either generally distributed over the leaf lamina or in bands of half in inch or more in width. Mosaic (Transmitted by infected suckers) The disease is characterized by mosaic or discontinuous linear or spindle shaped streaks on the leaf. The disease causes yield loss up to 50-60%. Pummeloes and Mandarins are cultivated in limited areas. Clustering of leaves at crown with at traveller’s palm appearance. Lemons. elongated peduncle and half filled hands are its characteristic symptoms.Suckers show unusual reddish brown streaks at emergence and separation of leaf sheath from central axis. 5 ideal. The segments 14.5 O. smooth and develops attractive yellow colour when fully ripe.44% and juice content 43%. if well drained. The fruits are of good quality.. Tropical climate with moderate rainfall i.e. It is spherical.The state provides congenial climatic condition for production of citrus fruits. Petlur) were developed. Balaji (By AICRIP. smooth and weighs about 200g. Mosambi It is grown in some parts of Telangana. Varieties Sweet Orange Sathgudi This variety is a high yielder and popular in South India. Heavy soils.5 to 7. Tirupati) and Petlur selection (Prereleased variety by Citrus Research Station. acidity 0. Canker tolerant varieties. 33 . It is found to grow well and produce yields equal to Sathgudi. The water table should not rise within one metre from ground level. It is having rough and thick skin and tastes sweeter and has more seeds compared to Sahgudi orange. brix 8. The juice sacs are slender and spindle shaped. The fruit is spherical. Juirce 49%. It weighs 140 to 150 g. Individual tree bears 1000 to 2000 fruits. Brix 8. Batavian Batavian variety (Bathayee) closely resembles sathgudi except for the green and yellow patches that develop due to basketing and mostly grown in coastal districts. The segments are 10 to 12.5o to 9o. adhering to segments. The base and apex are evenly rounded. The peel is thin and ragrery little. and brix 6 to 7O. The fruit weighs 40 to 50g. Number of seeds 14. 750 mm and absence of strong winds are ideally suited to kagzi lime and Sweet orange. A high water table for permanent or fluctuating nature and low lying locations are unsuitable. The plant is highly sensitive to water-logged situation. They can be grown successfully even upto an elevation of 900m above mean sea level. Soils A well drained loamy soil of uniform texture upto depth of 2-3 m having good fertility is considered ideal for its cultivation. The annual yield varies from 3000 to 5000 fruits per tree. yield good crops but the cultivation becomes difficult pH 6. The fruit develops prominent furrows on skin and a circular grove at the stylar end. The fruit is almost spherical in shape and attractively coloured when fully manure. It lacks flavour and inadequate blending of acidity with sugars.65% and ascorbic acid 47 mg/100 g of juice. acidity 0. Acidlime The variety commonly grown in the State is Kagzi lime which is susceptible to canker. The peel is very thin. juice 47%. 2. acidity 0. In case of aicd lime.acidity 6. In the case of acidlime.8 to 7% and ascorbic acid 25 to 27 mg/100 g of juice. Pummelo Red Fleshed: Pulp is red in colour. Manures and Fertilizers Age of the plant 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year & above Sathgudi & Pummelo N P 2O 5 K 2O (gms) (gms) (gms) 300 70 80 600 140 160 900 210 240 1200 280 320 1500 350 400 Acidlime & Lemons N P 2O 5 K 2O (gms) (gms) (gms) 375 150 200 750 300 400 1125 450 600 1500 600 600 1500 600 800 34 . Rangapur lime root-stock is recommended for Sweet orange. red earth and farmyard manure. Planting Pits of 1 meter cube are dug in square system at a spacing of 6m for acidlime and 68m for sweet oranges and filled with a mixture of tank silt. For raising seedlings.5cm X 7. The seeds are sown in May-June or Septemebr-October and the seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 6 to 8 months of sowing. freshly extracted seeds should be sown. healthy and vigorously growing budlings have to be selected. Two or three kilos of bone meal or super phosphate per pit need to ber applied. The plants selected should be free from viruses. brix 8%. They are budded in case of sathgudi.5 cm apart on raised seed beds prepared from well pulverized and heavily manured soil with decayed leaf mold or well rotted cow dung. The plants have to be staked immediately to avoid wind damage.7% and is sweet in taste. The seedbeds are taken care of to be free from damping-off by drenching the soil with 1% Bordeaux mixture/metalaxyl 3g/lit of water. The average number of seeds is 12. While planting care should be taken to see that the bud-joint does not get into the soil. pests and diseases. pammelo and lemon (gajanimma) or rangapur lime rootstocks can be used. Bud material should be procured from the virus free parent trees. Propagation Generally acidlime is propagation by seed and sweet oranges by budding. when they attain pencil thickness. Planting of seedlings and budlings may be done after rainy season to avoid heavy rains and stagnation of water in the soil. For Sathgudi orchards one year old. Root-stock sprouts. 3rd dose in September. Zinc sulphate … 5g Copper sulphate … 3g Magnesium sulphate … 2g Ferrous sulphate … 2. ragi. gummosis and other fungal diseases. Intercrops During prebearing period short growing crops like groundnut. manganese sulphate 0. A mixture of zinc sulphate 0. urea 1% and lime 0. cowpea etc.Nitrogen is applied in the form of FYM and oil cakes each at 25% and the remaining 50% with chemical fertilizers. Other wise there will be flower and fruit drop in 35 . Potash application can be reduced if the soil is rich in this nutrient. greengram. water suckers and dead wood should be removed periodically and the cut ends are smeared with Bordeaux paste.4% has to be sprayed two or three times in a year to control chlorosis in leaves. The basins may be enlarged from year to year so as to accommodate adequate irrigation water for growing tree. The practice of applying water close to the tree trunks should be avoided as it is conducive to the development of collar rot. a composite spray of the micronutrients given below has to be sprayed on new flush. bajra wheat and vegetables (except solanaceous crops) can be profitably grown in the inter spaces. Under normal conditions citrus plants required 18 to 25 irrigation per year. Irrigation Young trees have to be regularly watered throughout the year during the dry season. While P2O5 in the form of super phosphate and K2O in the form of sulphate of potash. are raised and incorporated into the soil during the monsoon period. Double ring system of irrigation should be adopted for advantage. 2nd done in June-July. Depending on the climate citrus requires irrigation once in 7 to 15 days interval.5%. boric acid 0.2%. In the bearing orchards green manure crops like sunnhemp. Manures are applied in 2 to 3 equal doses i.e. first dose in December-January.5g Manganese sulphate … 2g Borax … 1g Lime … 6g Urea … 10g Water … 1 lit Purning and Taining The plants should be trained to grow straight and to build a strong frame work. the plantation. In severe cases of chlorosis.1%. Mulching But during the flowering and fruit maturity stage there must be sufficient moisture in the soil.. while improving the fruit quality. Harvesting is done after fully maturity of fruits only. once the fruit reaches fully. in March to June. the second one month after fruitset and the third one month before harvest which is beneficial and increases the yield considerably minimizing the fruit drop. January-August (14%) and September-December (6%). size. Where as in acid lime it takes 4. Under no circumstances should weeds be allowed to grow rampant in the orchard. In the case of acid lime also the fruits can be similarly treated and packed in alkathene lined gunnies to 36 . Usually a fruit will take 8 to 9 months time from flower to fruit measure stage in sweet orange. May to August (80%). Pummeloes. increasing in sweetness. green color and kept in the stroge till the fruit color changes to yellow and send to the market. In sweet orange harvesting done once in change color from green to yellow indicated.After weeding and manuring. Main harvest is from December to February and second one from June to September and third one. it is a better to give three sprays of 2. Control of Fruit drop Early and pre-harvest fruit drop is common in citrus fruits. The sweet orange in South India produces two crops a year regularly with a variable third crop. one at the time of flowering. Harvesting and Post-harvest Technology Bearing starts from third year onwards in acidlime and 5th year onwards in Sathgudi. During fully maturing stage there is change of color of fruit.5 months time. application of dry-leaf mulch or paddy husk to a thickness of 8 cm in the basin keeps down the weed growth and decreases the number of irrigations. but mainly. if there is. Intercultivation Shallow ploughing may be taken up during monsoon season to avoid damage to fibrous root-system.4-D at 50 ppm and air drying before packing. Damaged fruits will have less price. The soil in the basin is likely to become hard under continuous irrigation and therefore it should be given a light hand-digging with spade after every three irrigations so as to maintain porosity and tilth. between August-December. Storage and Marketing Storage life of Sathgudi can be enhanced by dipping the fruits for 30 seconds in 2 to 3% wax emulsion mixed with 2. Limes are harvested throughout the year. During the harvesting care in taken to avoid damage to the fruit skin.4-D at 10 ppm (1g/100lit). where as the in acidlime harvesting is done. To control this physiological disorder. Bark and Stem borer ( Indarabela tetraonis ) The caterpillar bores into stems and branches and forms long galleries of silk overlaid with small fragments of wood and frass. pickles etc.15% two or three times at 10 days intervals.6 ml or fenvalerate 0. The larva comes out from this gallery and feeds on the barks.05% or phosphamidon 0.2 ml or imidacloprid (confidor 100 SL) 0. deform and the plant appears sickly.increase the storage life. They are the main source for preparation of peel oil. citric acid. citrate of lime and cosmetics which have international market value. Control Spray fenetrothion 0. The fruits are then packed in gunnies providing paddy straw before transport to distant markets. are prepared. Citrus leaf weevils ( Myllocerus sp ) The weevils cut the leaves from margins Control Spraying of monocrotophos 0.04% @ 10-20 litres/tree. Several delicious fruit products like refreshing drinks.5 ml or profenophos 2 ml per liter of water immediately after the appearance of fresh foliage and 2nd spray after a week period is recommended. It is dark grayish brown in colour with whitish oblique patches when young. 37 .. The sweet orange fruits can be preserved for longer periods in cold storage at 0 to 2OC and acid lime at 7 to 9OC in a relative humidity of 85 to 90%. Plant Protection Pests Leaf miner ( Phyllocnistis citrella ) The caterpillar mines into the leaves of young flush.05% or diazonan 0. Control Spraying of chemicals like monocrotophos 1. The affected leaves curl.04% or monocrotophos 0.05% or carbaryl 0. Uses The citrus fruits are valued for the vitamin ‘C’ and phosphorus content. showing glistening and zig zag mines on them. The fruits are then packed in gunnies to increase the storage life. But care should be taken that the same chemicals should not be sprayed repeatedly. Citrus butterfly ( Papilio demoleous ) The caterpillar is severe in nursery and young plantations causing defoliation of the young plants. Green mites ( Olygonychus citri. So that the moths get attracted to light. Bait prepared with 15g lead arsinate + 1kg jaggery or molassus + 5 liters of water with a little vinegar and kept in the field here and there to attract the moths. Tetramychus spp.ancilla ) These moths pierce the ripening fruits and suck juice. 4. Achoea janata. So affected dropped fruits should be collected and destroyed. 2. October and November months. Rotten and fallen fruits attract the adult moths. Fruits sucking moths ( Othreis maternal. Control Spraying of water soluble Sulfer 3g or propargite 2ml or Dicofol 3. Then the hole is sealed with clay so that the larva dies within the tunnel. The spraying should coincide with the marble stage of the fruit. O. Moths get attracted to light.5 ml/lt of water 2 times in 10 days interval is recommended for mite control.5ml or Propargite 2ml per liter of water in September. Just before the ripening period of the fruits itself bagging of fruits either with 300 gauge polythene bags or palm leaf bags helps to reduce the pest attack and in 38 .fullonica. 3 times at monthly intervals is recommended. silk and bored holes plugged with excreta should be cleaned and poured with Endosulfan or Malathion or Kerosene or Petrol using an ink pillar. fell down and die in the baited basins kept under the light traps. there by reducing the market value of the fruit. Infested fruits remain often small in size and drop. Control 1. The affected fruits rot and drop. The larvae develop on the weeds. Control Spraying with Wettable sulphur 3g or Propargite 2ml/ Dicofol 3.Control The wooden particles. O. The moths will be acitive during dusk. 3. Mangu mites or Pinkish Brown Blotch ( Phyllcoptes oleiverus ) The mite causes pinkish brown blotch on fruits. ) Infested leaves from upper side become stippled and later on turn grey on yellow. So during fruit ripening period light traps along with basins containing fruit juice + 1% sugar + 1ml Malathion or kerosene bait solutions are to be arranged here and there in the field. the same way the bagged fruits with alternate green and yellow marking look attractive to the consumers. 5. The adult lives for 8 days, and it feeds only 6 days. In remaining 2 days it lays egg on Menispermaceae family weeds on the field bunds. The larvae feed on the weeds and pupal period is also completed on weeds itself. Only adults damage the sweet orange fruits. So, by destructing Menispermaceous weeds on field bunds and near by places we can reduce the pest attack. Aphids ( Toxoptera citricidus and T.auranti ) The pest attacks the tender shoots, as a result of which the shoots get curled and growth checked. They also transmit Tristetza virus which causes decline of citrus. Control Spray with Imidacloprid (confidor 200 SL) 0.5ml or Dimethoate 2ml per liter of water is recommended. Citrus Psylla ( Diaphornia citri ) Adults and nymphs suck sap from flush as a result of which the leaf curls and flowers drop. Greening pathogen is transmitted by this insect. Control Spray with Imidacloprid (confidor 200 SL) 0.5ml or Dimethoate 2ml per liter of water is recommended. Mealybugs ( Planococcus citri, P.pacificus, Icerya purchasi ) The mealy bugs infest tender shoots and fruits. Severe infestation causes premature fruit drops and affects plant growth. Presence of sooty mould and white mealy bugs no fruits and shoots are the symptoms. Control Spraying of Methyl parathion 2ml or Monocrotophos 1.6ml per liter of water 2 times at 15 days interval is recommended. Snow scales ( Pinnaspis aspidistrae ) Small white insets in large Number colonize on all plant parts like fruits, leaves, branches, trunk etc. and suck sap from them, thus devitalizing the tree. Control It is recommended that the tree trunk is rubbed with pieces of gunny bags, then sprayed with Metasystox or Dimethoate 2ml per liter of water completely covering the damaged parts. 39 Termites ( Odontotermes ( Termes ) obesus, Microtermes obesi ) Feed on roots and stem bases near the ground level. The severely infested trees often dry Control Mud galleries on tree trunk should be scraped off and dusted with lindane powder or Chloriphyriphos solution @ 3-5 ml/liter of water should be well mixed with soil around the tree basins using hand hoes. Red tree ants ( Oecophylla smargdina ) Although these ants do not feed on any plants, they spread all over the trees and nests of leaves, thereby causing great nuisance. Indirectly harmful by protecting aphids and coccids and hinders fruit harvest. Control The ant nests on the tree should be disturbed and dusted with lindane powder to control the tree ants. Nematodes ( Tylenchulus semipenetrans , Meloidogyne spp., ) Slow decline, die back, rootlets shortened, swollen and irregular. Soil adhere to gelatinous matrix of the egg mass, galls on roots, reduction in yield. Control 1. Seedlings should be selected from nematode tree nurseries. 2. During replanting of the nurseries neem cake or castor cake or pongamia cake should be applied @ 60-80 kgs per one cent area. 3. Do not grow solanaceous crops or bhendi, banana crops in citrus orchards. 4. Apply 130-160g Furadon or 40-80g Thimmet granules per plant basin. After 3 months, based on plant age applies 15-25 kg neem or castor or pongamia cakes per plant for every 6 months. Dieseases Fungal diseases Leaf fall and Fruit rot (Akuralu or Kaya Kullu Tegulu) ( Phytophthora palmivora ) Water soaked leisions develop on leaves and fruits, resulting in their drop. Control Two sprays of 0.1% Bordeaux mixture, once before the beginning of monsoon and the other at the end of the monsoon are suggested. Gummosis or Root-rot (Banka or Veru kullu Tegulu) ( Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora palmivora ) The bark at the collar region peels off allowing gum exudation. 40 Control 1. 2. 3. Selection of proper site with adequate drainage. Graft union of the plant should be well above the soil (high budding: 30-46 cm or above). Double ring method, with an inner ring at about 45cm and an outer ring around the tree, should be followed. It prevents the irrigation water from coming in direct contact with the trunk. 4. Scrape the gum portions of affected bark and apply Bordeaux paste or copper oxychloride paste on the affected portions. Apply of Bordeaux paste to the tree trunks upto 2 feet height is recommended once a year. 5. Spray Carbendazim (1%) on twigs and branches twice at 15 days interval to prevent Diplodia gummosis. Diplodia Gummosis (Diplodia Banka Tegulu) ( Diplodia natalensis ) The affected branches show oozing of gummy substance out of bark splitting. Control Similar treatment as in rootrot is suggested. Dry Root rot ( Fusarium solani ) Infected roots become blackened and the bark portion of the roots easily peeled off from the root. Infected plant shows heavy flowering and fruiting and the plant dies before the fruits reach maturity stage. Control Root rot in acidlime and sweet orange can be controlled effectively when the plants are detected at early infection stage and by using integrated management practices. 1. 2. For the diseased trees, apply 20 lit of 1% Bordeaux mixture or 0.2% Carbendizim (2g/lit of water) at the tree basin immediately after the next day of irrigation. Initial symptoms of root rot appear generally in summer season. Apply leaf mulches or agricultural wastes such as paddy husk, groundnut husk, dried leaves, black gram or green gram husk, saw dust to the infected trees at 2-3 inch thickness. 3. Immediately after the start of rains (August- September), apply green leaf manures such as neem, Crotalaria juncea, Cassia auriculata, Cissus quadrangularis, Vigna species below the soil in the tree basin. On top of the manure, apply single super phosphate (1kg/tree), mix thoroughly deep in to the soil. Green leaf manures helps in increasing the biocontrol agent populations such as Trichoderma in the soil and there by disease control. 41 4. Apply 10 kg mixture of Trichoderma culture for each tree (mix 1 kg Trichoderma culture + 90 kg FYM + 10 kg neem cake, kept it aside for 4-5 days) at the trunk basins and mix it well. Repeat the same after 6 months. Application of 5 kg of this mixture every year to the healthy trees prevents root rot. Ganoderma root rot (Ganoderma or Puttagodugu or Puttakokku Tegulu) ( Ganoderma lucidum ) The entire plant wilts and dies in extreme cases. The roots become weak and pliable. Numerous brackets like objects are produced at the base of the stem and also in the trunk to some height. Control These mushrooms also infect Coconut, Mango, Jackfruit trees. So, collect and destroy the mushrooms on these crops. Continuously watch for the mushrooms, particularly in rainy season and destroy them. Cut the diseased older trunk portions and apply Bordeaux paste. Apply 1 lit / Sq.m area of carbendazim (1gm / liter of water) or Aureofungin sal (1.5g / 5 liters of water) or Tridemorph (2.5g / liter of water). Twig blight ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae ) Light brown to dark brown discolouration of leaves. They get defoliated. The naked twigs have profused black coloured fructification on grayish twigs. Control Pruning and burning of the affected twigs before the rainy season followed by spraying of 0.1% Carbendazim (10gm in 10 lit of water) or Copper oxychloride 3g / lit of water twice at monthly interval reduces the disease. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Acrisporium tingitanium ) White powdery growth is formed on the surface of the leaves. Control Spraying of Karathane 0.1% or Wettable Sulphur 0.2% twice at 15 days interval reduces the disease incidence. Felt disease ( Septobasidium spp ) Soft felt like leathery fungal growth encircles petiole, leaf base, twigs, branches and fruit stacks. The causal fungus grows over the surface and it does not penetrate the bark tissues. Control 42 Pruning and destruction of diseased twigs before the onset of monsoon. Spraying of Monocrotophos (1.6ml) with Mancozeb (2g) or Captan (2g / lt of water) controls the scale insects and the disease. Pink disease (Pellicularia salmonicolour) Whitish mycelial growth appears on the infected twigs. Later white or pink pustules appear on the twigs. When the bark is severely infected, it gets shredded, and the wood is exposed. Longitudinal cracking and gumming of the branches may also take place. Control Cut-off the diseased twigs, which are drying after rainy season and destroy them. Apply Bordeaux paste on the cut surface of the twigs. Pre harvest stem end rot (Gloeosporium limetticola) Brown colored round spot appears at the stem end of the fruit and the rotting spreads gradually throughout the fruit. As the disease advances, the color charges from brown to chestnut brown. The fungus spreads up to 2-3 cm in the stem and rots that portion. Some of the affected fruits drop off. Some rot and dry on the tree attached to the fruit stalk. Control The infected and dried fruits should be pruned along with the fruit stalks and destroyed. Spray 10g of Carbendazim in 10 lit of water and apply three times at monthly intervals in June, July and August months. Spray should cover thoroughly the leaves and fruits. Greasy spot ( Mycospherella citri) Symptoms include oily, chestnut brown spots or blister like lesions on underside of mature leaves. Smaller spots coalesce and become larger. The disease is severe in rainy and winter season. Heavily infected leaves drop off before reaching maturity and the twigs are defoliated. Control Spray Copper oxychloride 30g / 10 lt of water or 25g Zeneb (0.25% in 10 lt of water) twice in June, July at 20 days interval. Spray should cover the lower surface of the leaves thoroughly. Longitudinal bark and wood splitting disease ( Botryodiplodia theobromae ) The symptoms first appear as two longitudinal splits on trunk and branches. The splits gradually deepen in to inner woody portions of the stem and appear as a canal. The 43 tissue within the splits is dead and the branches above the split region dries up from top to bottom. Control Spray Carbendazim (10g/10 lt of water) twice at 15 days interval when the initial symptoms are observed. Spray should cover the trunk and branches thoroughly. Apply Bordeaux mixture (1lt / 1 sq.m area) the next day after irrigation. Cut and destroy dried up twigs and branches before spray. Bacterial diseases Canker and Greening are the two main bacterial diseases of citrus. Canker (Gajji or Bobbara Tegulu) ( Xanthomonas auxonopodis Pv. Citrii ) Corky out growths develop on the leaves, fruits and twigs. The disease is serious in acid lime. Control 1. Canker tolerant acidlime variety ‘Balaji’ was developed by Citrus Research Station, Tirupati. The variety is canker, tolerant and high yielding. Farmers can obtain the variety from Citrus Research Station, Tirupati. 2. Diseased twigs and branches should be pruned and destroyed before the rainy season. 3. Spray Streptocycline (1g) + Copper oxychloride (30g) in 10lt of water, twice on young flushes in rainy season at 20 days interval. 4. Control of leaf miner in acidlime orchards can reduce canker. 5. To prevent canker on fruits, spray the above chemicals on small fruits twice at monthly interval. Spray should cover entire fruits. 6. If canker is present on trunk and main branches, scrap that portion and apply Bordeaux paste on the effected area. Greening disease ( Leptobacterium asiaticum ) Leaf patterns include chlorosis resembling zinc deficiency (some times dotted with green islands), and yellowing of veins. Reduction in fruit size and die-back of twigs are also noticed. The pathogen is spread by use of infected bud wood and by the citrus psylla (Diaphornia citri) Control 1. Selection of certified disease free budlings. 1. Application of Dimethoate to control psylla (as in case of psylla control). Viral diseases Tristeza disease (Quick decline or die-back) 44 Decay of roots, die-back of twigs, diminished fruit-set, vein-clearing in leaves and stem pittings are symptoms of tristeza virus. The disease is transmitted by budding and by certain aphids including (Toxoptera citricida, Aphis gossypi and A.craccivora) The disease is distributed throughout the world. It affects mostly acidlime orchards. Symptoms are very clear in lime trees. Tristeza affected trees look chloratic and sickly in the early stages. Gradually the leaves drop and the defoliated twigs show die-back. The declining trees die gradually but some times apparently healthy trees die suddenly. Diseased trees usually blossom heavily. They bear small sized fruits. As the fruits develop, the tree wilts partly or completely. Vein clearing in young leaves of acidlime, which is seen intermittently when viewed against light is a characteristic symptoms. In sweet orange the specific symptoms of tristiza is stem pitting on the root stocks such as Jambhiri. It is fine pitting of inner face of bark in the portion of trunk below the bud union. The disease primarily spreads through the use of diseased bud wood by the nurserymen. Under field conditions, the disease is transmitted by the aphid, Taxoptera citricida. Control Tolerant rootstocks such as sweet orange, trifoliate orange, Cleopatra mandarin and Rangpurlime have to be used. Budded plants free from the virus are to be planted. Mosaic disease Symptoms appear on leaves and fruits. Affected leaves show irregular yellow or light green patches alternating with normal green areas. Reduction in leaf size and leaf drop is observed. Fruits show depressed yellow patches and elevated green areas. Reduction in fruit size is common. The disease is transmitted through infected bud wood. Bud union crease disease In the diseased plants stem looks swollen near the bud joint. When the bark near the bud joint is cut open, honey colored mark is visible on the wood. When the disease is severe and mark is visible around the stem, transport of food material is not possible and the roots may die. The disease is observed on sweet orange plants grafted on Jambhiri root stocks but not on Rangpurlime root stocks (in Ananthapur district). Yellow corky vein disease The disease occurs in sweet orange and acid lime trees. The disease initially produces yellowing of mid-rib and lateral veins. In advanced stages mid-rib becomes corky on the lower surface and the leaves finally curl. The disease is transmitted through infected bud wood. Control measures for viral diseases 45 5.There are no effective practical treatments to cure citrus trees once they are infected with viral diseases such as tristeza. Propagation of the plants should not be done from diseased trees.76 thousand hectares with estimated annual production of 58 thousand tons. The red soils of Telangana called ‘Chalka’ soils and black loamy soils with more of coarse fraction are ideal for grape. In Anantapur two crops in a year could be harvested due to favourable climatic conditions. Ananthapur district. Season and Climate The main cropping season in Andhra Pradesh is February to April. Soils The soils should be well drained. mosaic.. bud union crease. Warm and dry weather is ideal for grapes. It is mainly grown in the districts of Ranga Reddy. The total area under Grape in Andhra Pradesh is about 2. Some times identification of viral diseases in the plants is difficult. the total amount of rainfall is not the criteria but the distribution of rainfall in important for successful grape growing. low temperature and rains during flowering and berry development are detriemental as they are congenial to the spread of diseases. Hyderabad. Tirupati. This disease has become serious in acid lime plantations.5 to 7. yellow corky vein etc. high humidity. In Rayalaseema region. Varieties 46 . When the farmers use such indexed bud sticks and graft them on Rangpurlime root stocks. Control In the early stages. Sticky clay soils should be avoided. There should be clear weather about 3-4 months during cropping period. light scraping of such portions and application of Bordeaux paste can relieve the incidence. Cloudy weather. It grows well at pH range from 6. Ananthapur and Chittoor. At the center. GRAPES (Vitis vinifera L. farmers should buy the bud sticks from Citrus Research Station. Lime Bark Eruptions (Nimma Beradu Pokkulu) Yellowish brown corky bark eruptions develop around the branches. So. the bud sticks are supplied after indexing the plants for viral diseases. two crops of Anab-e-Shahi is taken per year once in November to December and another in May. they can minimize the viral diseases to maximum extent. It is grown successfully in our country at a temperature range from 15O to 40oC and a rainfall to 50 to 60 cm.) Grape is one of the most remunerative crops of the present times. medium yield. slightly shouldered or conical. good keeping quality. spherical with thich skin. low total soluble solids (T. berries small.9%. 21. T.56%. well filled. 22%.S. very heavy yielder. colour purple to black.S.S. medium yielder. 18-19%. well filled berries black. Gulabe (Karachi.S. Pusa Navrang Zinpandel Shiraj Seedless Varieties Thompson seedless (Kishmish. thickf skin which separates. large and elongated.8 to 0. pale. spherical. well filled. medium vigour. T. upto 28% early maturity. seeded.Important commercial varieties Seeded Varieties Anab-E-Shahi Vigorous. bunch medium to large elongated and cylindrical. Resistant to anthracnose and downy mildew diseases. acidity 0.S.S) 16-17%. good keeping quality.S. coloured. berries large to very large. berries small to medium. T. excellent keeping quality. seeded. uneven ripening.45 to 0.S. seeded. Regina Medium vigour. dark blackish purple. good quality. bunch very large. late maturity. oval.S. total titratable acidity 0. bunches small and loose. medium yielder. Panneer drakhsa. pulp firm high quality. medium vigour. berries medium in size and spherical. uneven ripening. bunches small and compact.S. good shipper. Bedana) 47 . bunch medium to large. moderately yielder. titratable acidity 0.0%. pulp pale green. seeded. late maturity.81%. seeded. berries large and elongated.79 to 0. pale green coloured. medium yielder. Muscat) Mostly grown in Tamil Nadu. average weight of bunch 800g. bunches small to medium and loose. T. Bangalore Blue Grown in Penugonda area in Ananthapur district. Kalisahebi Medium vigour. Dilkush Vigorous seeded. 8 cm in diameter with internodal length of 8 to 10 cm cuttings of about 25 to 30 cm size with 4 to 5 nodes are selected and they are planted in well prepared flat beds. T. 22%. A bower is erected with stone pillars and galvanised iron wire before planting. medium yielder. Matured canes from productive vines should be selected preferably from the October prunings. 22 to 24 per cent.S. soil and method of training.5 x 4. treat the soil with heptachlor. berries small. medium yielder. To control insect pests like termites in nursery beds at periodical intervals. Planting The planting of rooted cuttings should be taken up only after erection of “pendal” or bower.S. leaving two nodes above the soil surface.0 x 3.Vigorous. T.S. compact. bunches moderate to medium. The most commonly adopted spacing for Anab-e-Shahi around Hyderabad is 4.S.. seedless and black colour well filled berries. bunch small to medium. It has got all characteristics of Thompson seedless and yields more. seedless. total titratable acidity 0.5 m (500 plants/ha) and for Thompson seedless 3. conical with shoulders. While digging the top half-depth of soil is separately heaped and some trash 48 . Kishmish charni Medium vigour. The rooted cuttings will be ready for planting in about three months. conical to cylindrical. good quality T.S. pits of 90cm x 90cm x 90cm are dug and allowed to weather.48 to 0. purplish black in colour. One month in advance of planting.S.112 plants/ha). sun hemp during monsoon and incorporate insitu in August and September. bunch small to medium. berries small.e. spherical. Flame Seedless Propagation It is propagated by stem cuttings.5% Thas-A-Ganesh Mutant of Thompson seedless.7 to 0. 0. ellipsoidal.4 to 0. acidity 0. upto 22%. The land should be ploughed well and raise a green manure viz.0 m (1. Ideal canes are those which are medium in vigour i. seedless and coloured. Kishmish Rozoviz Medium vigour.6 per cent. Spacing Spacing to be adopted varying with variety. compact. Lay out The plot selected for planting grape should be well levelled. pale. Anab-e-Shahi and Thompson Seedless is excellent when trained on bower. The arms and secondaries from the permanent frame work of the vine. trellis and head systems.. The top soil is mixed with 50 kg of farmyard manure. telephone. It helps to maintain the form and spread of the vine which facilitates to carry on operations like pruning. since vines are vigorous and due to continuous growth habit. intercultivation and spraying and harvesting. Cut off all the auxillary shoots and the main growing shoot is pinched off at 15 cm below the pendal level. from which fruiting spurs develop. It is most expensie system of training.. so as to reduce damage due to sunburn during summer months especially aftger February-march purning. the performance of the commercial varieties. it facilitates the distribution of growing apex at many points and spread of branches horizontally. One vigorous growing shoot is selected nipping off other shoots and this single shoot is allowed to grow up straight with the support of bamboo or plastic wire stake. The entire space allocated for each vine is covered in instalment by intermitant pinching of the primary arms and secondaries not allowing them to grow more than 60 cm at a time. After filling. Pruning 49 . The best time for planting is October. As they grow the shoots are tied with jute twine and all tendrils are removed. These side shoots are called secondaries and tertiaries or canes. In the centre of pits 25 g of 2% folidor is dusted at the time of planting. The rooted cuttings are planted in pits without causing damage to roots. The main arms should be trained towards East and Western direction. many systems of training of grapes are adopted but the commons systems followed in India are bower. The soil in the pit will sink and it should be filled with some more mixture to make it to ground level. On the main arm. These two shoots develop into main ‘Arms’. side shoots are allowed to grow at regular intervals of 40 to 45 cm apart. Under Hyderabad climatic condition. Bower of 2. The arms and secondaries from which fruiting spurs develop. water is given to pits. Two shoots arising from below the cut ar allowed to grow in opposite direction on the wires overhead. The method of training system to be adopted depends upon the variety and its vigour. Training Training is a very important operation in grapes. etc. kniffin. 5 kg of castor cake and 3 kg of super phosphate ande pit is filled with this mixture.1 m height is erected using granite stone pillars as supports and galvanished iron wire of 8 to 10 gauge thickness for mesh. Bower system is commonly followed system of training in tropical India fro most of the commercial varieties of grapes.may be burnt before filling. All the mature current season canes are pruned and immature canes and leaves should be completely removed. The dose of fertilisers in kg per plant having 13.8 cm diameter) more number of buds and in thinner canes less number of buds are retained. Manures and Fertilizer Grape is a heavy feeder. The following manorial schedule is adopted in the different years of growth.e. NPK requirement kg/acre of the bearing orchards. If the cane is thicker (0.e. the new leaves and flower panicles will be damaged by fungal diseases i. The level of pruning differs with the variety for Anab-e-shahi Seedless varieties 5 to 7 buds 5 to 12 buds Depending upon the thickness of canes pruning is done. Manures/Fertilizers Organic manures (40%) Inorganic fertilizers (60%) Nitrogen 80 120 Phosphorous Kg/acre 80 120 Potash 160 240 50 .7 to 0. Organic manures are spread uniformly in the basins and then fertilizers are applied and covered with soil.Pruning is a vital operation in grape. The efficacy of fertilizer is more if it is applied at root feeding zone i. copious supply of water is to be given to the basins. February-April and again in winter i. The fruit bud differentiation takes place on these shoots 40-60 days after pruning.e. In Andhra Pradesh grape vines are pruned twice in a year once in summer after the harvest of crop i. Downy mildew and Anthracnose which spread rapidly under rainy or cloudy weather conditions.e. It is done to concentrate the activity of vine in the parts left after pruning and to induce sprouting of the fruitful buds located in the middle portion of canes. Otherwise. In both the seasons prior to pruning the top 15 to 20 cm soil in the basin is dug out and heaped around the trunk. Meter trailing space is given below. Immediately after application. All the old leaves and dried shoots are removed. at about 15 cm depth and 60 cm away from the trunk. September to October. After pruning the weather should be clear. Winter pruning Vines which are about one year old can be subjected to this pruning. This is done in the month of September and October in Andhra Pradesh for fruiting purpose. This pruning is also called foundation pruning or back pruning or growth pruning.5 sp. Summer pruning In summer pruning canes are pruned to 1 to 2 buds for vegetative growth. Removal of any vegetative part is called pruning. – spray Magnesium sulphate @ 2g/lit or Magnesium oxide @ 1g/lit – spray Borax @ 1 – 2 g/lit In shallow red soils around Hyderabad.16.2 The vineyard should be kept clean.2 12.2 20.75 days 76 .28.0 36.0 28. In winter. for Anab-e-Shahi grape about 30-40 irrigations are given in a year.48. Spray the following nutrients for the correction of the deficiency.0 7. free from weed growth. Fully grownup vine requires about 1000 litres of water in winter and 2000 litres in summer season.0 . irrigation is to be given when the top 5 cm soil (8 to 10 days) is dry while in summer 3. a shallow digging of 8 to 10 cm depth is done once in 15 to 20 days interval with spade by manual 51 .Total 200 200 400 Manurial requirement at different stages of growth Nutrients Kg/ha Nitrogen Phosphorou s Potash Summer pruning Before 1-30 days 60-120 pruning after days pruning after pruning 40 60 40 Winter pruning Before 1-30 days 60-120 pruning after days after pruning pruning 40 30 40 30 20 Collect about 200 random Petiole samples (fifth leave from the base) 45 days after summer pruning (flower bud initiation) and analyze for the nutrients.2 . After summer pruning 0 . Zinc Magnesium Boron Irrigation – spray Zinc sulphate @ 2g/lit.8 19.0 16.40 days 41 – 100 days 101 days to till winter pruning After winter pruning 0 . Usually.45 days 46 .5 cm top goes dry (4-5 days).0 19.0 35. In the case of drip irrigation. vines are given 2 to 3 successive irrigations at 3-4 days interval.4 . During berry development stage irrigations are given at weekly intervals and water is withheld 10 days before harvesting to improve quality. water requirement per acre is as follows.8 12. Immediately after pruning and application of fertilizer.110 days 111 days to till harvesting Intercultivation Water requirement (kilo litres/acre) 38. it provides more light.e.5 to 1. Anab-e-Shahi is harvested when it records a brix of 18. The bunches are harvested with secature or scissors. Pinching encourages the growth of sub-canes in Anab-e-Shahi which are more fruitful. Spraying of 50 ppm Urocil 45 days after summer pruning increases the bud fetility.labour and weeds hand picked. Usually maturity of bunches is judged on the basis of the following conditions.A. The bunch is ready for harvest when the lower most berry of the bunch is soft and sweet. Further total soluble solids also give the indicative of ripening. The yield of this variety increased by about 30% with gibberlic acid. In addition to G. When such shoots grow to a metre length the tips are to be pinched off and tendrils are removed. Checking the growth by tipping helps in many ways i. It is done in the individual fruiting canes in the second and third internode immediately after fruit set. early cane maturity and leaves become less susceptible to anthracnose disease after the onset of monsoon. crop load on the vine and atmospheric temperature. on back pruned spurs more than 3 to 4 new shoots may be seen growing. 60 ppm solution at capfall or decapping stage.A. Then the immature and rotten berries are removed with the help of scissors.0O and Thompson seedless 21. Uses 52 . Improving the size and quality of Bunches The fruit size and quality of Thompson seedless can be improved by use of growth regulators like gibberlic acid.0O to 22. Pinching of Shoots During summer. A single bullock drawn implement. Time taken from fruit set to ripening depends on the variety.0O to 20.0 cm around the cane is called cane girdling. The bunches are packed in wooden or card board boxes or bamboo staked baskets. The paper strips are used to avoid damage to the berries. The bunches are dipped in G.0O. Pinchoff weed shoots and allow to grow one or two vigorous shoots. a three tyned harrow can be used for intercultivation for loosening the soil and to check weed growth. Harvesting and packing Grapes are harvested when they are fully ripe on the vine itself as there will not be any further ripening of berries after harvest. treatment. Seed of the ripened berries becomes dark brown. Removal of a narrow strip of 0. On ripening white grapes turn to amber colour while the coloured ones attain characteristic uniform colour with ashy bloom. cane girdling is also practiced for improving the size and quality of bunches. Remove the loose bark during rainy season. severe cases defoliate the vine. affected parts coated with sticky honey over which sooty mould develops. @ 8 – 10/plant. Control Rub the trunk with gunny cloth. Spray Carboryl 3g/lit or Monocrotophos 1. It is fairly a good source of minerals like Calcium. Control Spraying Bordeaux mixture serves as a repellent. Infested berries develop scab and quality of fruit affected. in severe cases only the mid rib of the leaves remains and completely defoliate the platns. Plant Protection Pests Cock Chaffer beetles (Penku Purugu) ( Adoretus spp. spray Endosulfan or Quinalphos @ 2ml/lit. 53 . Beetles feed on tender shoots and leaves. Control Use light trap.3 ml/lit.3ml/lit.6ml or Immidachlopride @ 0. Thrips ( Rhipiphoro thrips cruentaus ) Suck the sap and make the leaf fade and dry. Tobacco caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura ) It feeds on tender leaves. Control Spray Methyl demeton or Dimethoate or Endosulfan @ 2ml/lit or Thiomixicon @ 0.25 g or Fipronil @ 1ml or Spinosad 0. The juice is a mild laxative and acts as a stimulant to kidneys. almost all our produce is consumed as table fruit while in European countries 99% of their produce is used for preparation of wines and other products like raisins.In India. feed on leaf lamina leaving only midrib. Mealy bugs (Pindi Purugu) ( Pseudococcus spp ) Both nymphs and adults suck cell sap from plant parts and berries. Flea beetles (Chita Purugu) ( Scelodonta strigi collio ) Heavy damage to sprouting buds after winter pruning. Phosphorus and Iron. fresh juice and jams etc. ) Beetles appear soon after first monsoon shower. or Pallus sp. remove the bark and Swab it with Carboryl 6g + 10g of COC + 1ml Neem oil + 1ml Sandovit/lit. Remove the affected branches and bunches in spray Dichlorovos @ 2ml or Methomyl @ 1g/lit. In summer ploughing in the inter spaces should be taken up. affects shoot malformed and quality of bunch much affected. Release predatory beetles such as Cryptolaemus sp. berries etc. Spray Bordeaux mixture 1% or Carbandazim 1g or Thiophinate methyl 1g or Mancozeb 2.5ml or Methomyl 1g/lit. Spray Bordeaux mixture 1% or Mitalaxyl MZ 2g or Cymaxanyl MZ + Mancozeb 3g or Propineb 3g or Phosetyl Aluminum 2g or Phenomedan + Mancozeb 1g or Iprohelicarb + Propinate 2. Spray NPV 250 LE/acre or Chlorophiriphos 2.6ml/lit Downy mildew (Majjiga Tegulu) ( Plasmopara viticola ) All the tender parts of vine are infested. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Uncinula necator ) White powdery patches are found on the upper surface of tender leaves. Control Collect infested leaves. During March-April insert ½ tablet of Aluminium phosphide or petrol or Dichlorovos into holes and plug to kill the grubs. On tendrils and shoots circular light brown and slightly sunken spots are produced. 54 . Grapevine Borer (Kandum toluchu purugu) ( Sthenias gristor ) The adult beetles lay eggs on the bark of trunk or arms by making a slit on bark. Control Mechanical removal of grubs in June-August. 1 .5g or Cropineb 3g or Iprodin 0.Control Pick and destroy the egg masses on the leaves and prune the tips and collect the caterpillars manually. on fruit whitish growth appears which results in discolouration. In severe case the entire leaf is affected. hard and often mummified.5g. Keep at least 4 pheromone traps per acre.. brubs make tunnel in the stems and weaken the vines.5 g or Copper Hydroxide 2g or Copper oxychloride 2.6ml or Dyfenconazole 0. infested panicles turn brown and drop off. First small light pale yellow spots appear on upper surface and whitish downy growth on the lower side. shoots.1 ½ feet above the pandals. turn brown and later drop off. cracking of fruit or shedding of fruits. stems become grey and turn dark brown. Don’t use Nitrogenous fertilizers or gibbarellic acids during the severity of disease. Control Cut off all infested plant parts in early stages. and destroy. in severe cases entire leaf is covered with powder like substance and leaves become discoloured. fruit becomes grayish. Diseases Anthracnose (Pakshi Kannu Tegulu) ( Gleosporium ampelophagum ) On leaves small circular spots with grayish black centre and yellow margins are formed. Guava is grown successfully in tropical & subtropical regions up to 1. in the irrigation water Bunches should be free from pests and diseases. Medak (585 ha).e. Temperatures between 23-28oc is ideal for flowering and fruit set.500 grams Berry should have 18 mm diameter It should have atleast 18O brix Bunches should be free from Pesticide residues.Control Remove affected plant parts and destroy.5ml or Tevuconazole 0. guava crop requires 500 to 1000mm of rain.5ml or Tridemophos 1g or Pyrochlostrobin 0. Best quality fruits are obtained where low night temperatures (10o c) prevail during winter season. Varieties Allahabad Safeda • • 55 . dust Sulphur 10-15 kg/ha. Spray Wettable sulphur 2g or Microcel 2g or Hexaconazole 1ml or Penconazole 0. Prakasam (680 h). Krishna (1078 ha). Guava is grown in Rangareddy (2125 ha). evenly distributed throughout the year.44 lakh metric tons. Soils Almost all soils are suitable for guava cultivation. Climate For maximum production in the tropics.7ml/lit.) Guava is a popular fruit tree of tropical and sub tropical climate. In Andhra Pradesh Guava is cultivated in an area of 9626 hectares with a production of 1. GUAVA (Psidium guajava L. Mahboobnagar (550 a). Anathapur (800 ha). Uniform bunches with light green colour Bunch weight should be 300 . Export standards for grapes • • • • • • • Thompson seedless is highly acceptable variety. However deep loams with good drainage are ideal for guava.500m above mean sea-level. Soil pH should be between 6 – 8 Chlorides should not exceed 3 m.5g or Ajaxiprobin 0. West Godavari (557 ha). Guava is considered as one of the exquisite and nutritionally valuable and remunerative crop. Allahabad Surkha Allahabad Surkaha is an outstanding variety of large. Brix) with good keeping 56 . Arka Mridula This is a seedling selection of variety Allahabad Safeda. The pink colour in beverage remains stable for more than a year in storage. Sangareedy. The fruit has hard seed. This is suitable for both table and processing purposes. Lalit The variety is released from CISH. Lucknow – 49 (Sardar) The tree Semi dwarf. with heavy branching habit. high TSS (12. The pulp is white with few soft seeds. The fruit tastes sweet (9-10 quality. It is high yielder when compared to Allahabad Safeda. Sangareedy. Seeds semi hard and located at the core. The fruits are red fleshed with good sugar acid blend. Lucknow. The plants produce up to 120 kg fruits in its sixth year of fruiting. Fruits are roundish ovate and meaty pulp with soft seeds.5 O Brix) and good keeping quality.Fruits are medium in size with white flesh. CISH-G-1 O Fruits round and medium in size with smooth skin. vigorous. soft.It is the most popular variety in india and occupies the largest area under cultivation. Safed Jam (Hybrid) It is a hybrid between Allahabad Safeda and Kohir evolved at Fruit Research Station. The fruit size is medium with excellent quality. Tree vigorous. Kohir safeda (Hybrid) It is a cross between Kohir selection and Allahabad Safeda evolved at Fruit Research Station. medium tall. The keeping quality of the fruit is good. Arka Amulya (Hybrid) It is a cross between Allahabad safeda and Triploid released from IIHR. The plants are vigorous. strongly flavoured with few seeds and is slightly depressed at both ends. The fruits are round with thin skin. Flesh is white. The tree is medium in size. with dense foliage. round and bears profusely. The plants are of medium vigour but high yielding. The fruit is sweet. The tree is large in size. firm with few soft seeded. The fruits are large. Bangalore . iniform pink fruits with deep pink flesh. dome shaped and compact. Planting Planting is done in June. K2O and 40g P2O5 every year until the plants are 5 years old and there after a dose of 500g N. Increase the dose by 100g N. The pits should be filled with 20-25 kg FYM. few soft seeds. 100 K2O should be applied. Manures and Fertilizers Age of the tree (Years) 1 2 3 4 5 years and above Nitrogen (Urea) 100 (217) 200 (434) 300 (651) 400 (868) 500 (1085) Phosphorus (Single superphosphate) (grams /tree) 40 (250) 80 (500) 120 (750) 160 (1000) 200 (1250) Potash (Murate of Potash) 100 200 300 400 500 (170) (340) (510) (680) (850) For one year old plants. 100% P2O5 and 50% N.July or October. 50% recommended N. Fruit develops attractive peel colour during winter Guava is commercially propagated by ground layers (embedded pot layering) and approach grafting. 200g P2O5 (1250g SSP) and 500g K2O (850g MOP) should be applied. 500g SSP.November months depending on rainfall and its distribution and the type of soil. The tree should be trained and pruned to good shape with strong branches. (1085 g Urea). 40g P2O5. Intercropping with pulses and vegetables is profitable in all soils in young orchards up to 4 the year which checks the weed growth and increases soil nutrient status. Crop regulation 57 . Propagation The fruits are deep red in colour having attractive shape. and 50g Lindane powder to control termites with top soil. 50% K2O should be applied in September. 50% N should be given in the farm of organics. Layers/grafts obtained from good pedigree plants should be planted to obtain good crops. Lucknow. The land is thoroughly ploughed. Disease free Guava grafts/layerings of desired variety should be selected for planting. 1 kg Neemcake.The variety is released from CISH. 100g N. when temperatures are less than 10 Oc. Pits of 60 x 60 x 60cm are dug at a spacing of 5-6m distance in summer season. Inter cultivation The root suckers should be removed frequently. Spraying of 4g Zinc Sulphate + 2g Boric acid per liter of water and urea 2% during fruit develop will improve fruit size and yield. The new leaves which emerge will produce the winter crop. The leaves will senesces and plant sheds the leaves. The trees are irrigating in June with the application of manures and fertilizers. This bahar treatment makes the plant to shed all the leaves. The plant shed all the leaves. In the month of June the recommended dose of fertilizers are applied along with irrigation. one during March to may .There are two major flowering seasons. To get better yield trees should be irrigated at flowering and fruiting stage. the trees may be sprayed with 10 % Urea. Bahar Treatment In black soils. In the month of May the roots are dug and exposed to the sun. The crop is regulated by holding water after harvest from February onwards and pruning of branches to half the length on entire tree in the month of May. The rainy season crop is poor in quality with watery insipid taste.the fruits of which are harvested in rainy season and the other in July /August with the fruits harvested during winter. After the leaf shedding. After 20-25 days new leaves emerge which produces the winter crop. Defoliation For proper leaf shedding in the month of May for crop regulation. The new leaves which emerge will produce the winter crop. Pruning In the month of May 50 % of the terminal shoots should be pruned which induces new leaves which produces the winter crop. fertilizers are applied and the exposed roots should be covered with soil and irrigated. Irrigation should be withheld prior to ripening. Irrigation Young plants should be watered regularly during first year. Harvesting 58 . in the month of June. The incidence of fruit fly is also high during rainy season. crop regulation is done by bahar treatment. In guava the winter crop gives best quality fruit. One of the following crop regulation methods may be followed for getting the winter crop. With holding irrigation With holding irrigation from February to May. The plants are manured and irrigated in the month of June. Plants under drip irrigation perform well and 60-70% water saving will be there. The fruit harvested with two leaves will stay fresh for longer period and amenable for long distance transportation. frequent harvesting should be done based of maturity. Affected leaves turn yellow. Control 59 . Plant Protection Pests Fruit Flies ( Bactrocera dorsalis. As all the guava fruit does not come to maturity at a time.The quality of guava depends on the season of the cropping. zonata. The frequency of harvest for rainy season crop is 2-3 days and for winter season crop is 4-5 days. On hatching the maggots bore into fruit and feed on the soft pulp. Winter crop gives better quality fruits then rainy season crop.0g/lt or molasses @ 1. The maturity indices of the fruit are the change in dark green colour of the fruit skin to light green colour. The infested plants show the presence of such galleries on main stem and branches. Bait sprays carbaryl (75% wp) @ 2g/lit + Protein hydrolysate @ 1. Under irrigated conditions guava yields about 100-150 kg fruit for 8 year and above age trees. Spiralling white fly ( Aleurodicus disperses ) Severe infestation initially gives silvery appearance on ventral side of guava leaves. B. The fruit comes to maturity 4-5 months after flowering. Control Pheromone trapping with methyl eungenol for Bactocera dorsalissp replenishing the traps with new wicks every fortnight during fruiting season. chewed wood and excrete during night. Bark eating caterpillar ( Inderbela spp ) The caterpillars feed on the bark under webbed galleries of silk. diversa ) The fruit flies deposit eggs in the soft skin of ripening fruits. The infested fruits rot and fall. the maggots are visible. Control Spraying of Neemoil @ 5ml/lt of water or Dichlorovos @ 1ml/lt or Triazophos @ 2ml/lit of water. crackle and fall. The guava plant start commercial yield from 3rd year onward under good management practices.0g/lt (or) Malathion (0. The infested fruits show depressions with dark greenish punctures and when cut open. B.1%) @ 1ml/lt. Control The grubs should be removed and petrol injected into the holes and plugged to kill any young ones remaining inside. Stem Borer Attacks the trees between February and April months. lilacinus ) Severely infested fruits are covered by white mealy bugs and in severe cases sooty mould develops on the fruit surface. Moderately resistant varieties like Sardar (Lucknow -49) and Saharanpur Seedless can be grown in endemic area. In severe cases the plant dies. Acephate @ 1g or Dichlorovos 1ml per liter of water can be sprayed. Mealy bugs ( Ferrisia virgata. P. Control These mealy bugs can be controlled by releasing predators like chrysopa and cryptolaemus sps. They excrete honeydew resulting in the development of sooty mould.Field sanitation and removing excreta of caterpillar. They affect fruit quality as well as size. tender shoots and leaves to suck sap. Spraying of Carbaryl @ 3g/lit of water can be used. Tea Mosquito Bug ( Helopeltis antonii ) The nymphs and adults puncture fruits of all sizes. Control Collection and destruction of infested fruits. Feeding punctures on fruit result in brownish spots which develop into raised pustules. In case of non availability of predators the infested branches should be cut and destroyed. It can be killed by injecting 5ml Dichlorovos or Kerosene or petrol into holes infested with caterpillar and closing the hole with clay. Control 60 . Aphids ( Aphis gossypii Glover) Nymphs and adults colonize on tender shoots and leaves and suck cell sap. Fruit borer ( Virachola Isocrates) Larva bore into the fruits and feed the pulp. Plannococcus citri. Severely infested fruits become hard and corky which crack and finally drop. The grubs bore into the bark and stem and can be identified form the saw dust coming from the bores and by the follow sound when the branch is tapped. Control Collect all infested and fallen fruits and destroy. of water thrice at 10 days interval. Later the red pustules change to grey color. apply 1 kg lime in the basin of the tree along with the green manure. ) Yellowing and browning of leaves at the tips of twigs is the characteristic symptom. Red colour pustules 3-5 mm size appears on leaves both on upper and lower surface. The guava plants should be irrigated thoroughly especially in summer months where the wilt incidence is severe. Control Spray COC @ 3g/l twice at an interval of 10 days SAPOTA 61 .psidi. drying of leaves on terminal branches is followed by complete wilting of plant in 10-15 days.During primary stages of infestation branches should be cut and destroyed. • • • • Drenching the trees with Carbendazim/Benomyl @ 1g or COC @ 3g/lt. f. Leaves dry and splitting of bark. Antracnose ( Colletotrichum Psidii) Guava antracnose is caused by Colletotirchum. Botrydiplodia and Pestolotiasis fungus. Fruit Canker ( Pestalotiopsis psidi ) Cankerous growth on fruit leading to cracking of fruits. Control Apply Dithane Z-78 (2g) or Cuman L (4ml/lit) and Rovral (2g/lit) during rainy season. Rhizoctonia spp. In alkali soils where the wilt is sever. Dimethoate 2ml/lt should be sprayed. FYM + 10 kg. The antracnose affected fruit rot during storage. The young shoots and leaves and fruits turn develop brown spots and later turn into black spots and the shoots completely dry up. Control Spray Bordeaux mixture (1%) or Carbendazim 1 g /l or COC 3 g/l. Red Rust ( Caphaleuros virescence ) This is caused by Caphaleuros virescence algae. Trichoderma Viridi at the base of tree in the month of June. Neem Cake + 2 Kg. Control • The varieties like Lucknow-49 which are resistant to the wilt should be planted Application of 90 Kg. Diseases Wilt ( Fusarium oxysporium. with apex broadly pointed and are very sweet. pulp moderately smooth. At still higher elevations fruit qualtiy and tree health suffer. Fruits appear singly. Calcutta Round Fruits large. with medium quality. less seeded with a sweet. It can tolerate high pH and EC and suitable for poor soils and sandy soils and should not contain high lime content and hard pan in sub-soils. Pulp is gritty and granular and not very sweet. The bearing is heavy and fruits are borne in clusters. Pala The fruits are small to medium sized and oval egg-shapped. mellow flesh of excellent quality. Soils Can grow on all types of soils with sufficient drainage. Coastal climate is best suited. susceptible to leaf spot diseases. It prefers a warm and moist weather and grown in both dry and humid areas.87 lakh tonnes. Kirthibharthi On the find 4-6 ridges are seen.(Acharas zapota) The total area under sapota in Andhra Pradesh is about 18. Fruits are oval shapped. and pulp is sweet. medium thick and buff coloured. fruit skin soft. Fruit skin is rough. The fruits can be transported to distant markets.73 thousand hectares with estimated annual production of 1. spreading branches. Fruit apex is rounded. This bears the largest sized fruits which are round in shape. PKM-1 62 . broad and thick leaves. but light soils are preferable. The main harvest is in winter. fruits have a sweet pulp. Varieties Cricket Ball The leaves are light green. Kalipatti It has dark green. Each fruit has 1-4 seeds. The fruit has thin skin and of good flavour. Fragrance is mild. Dwarapudi The fruits resemble those of Cricket Ball but smaller in size. Climate Sapota is a tropical fruit crop and can be grown from sea level upto 1200m. Dig pits of above 1m x 1m x 1m at a distance of 10m x 10m or 13m x 13m apart. Singapore The tree is broadly pyramidal with dense horizontal branching. The fruit shape is acron with average weight of 92 g. sweet in taste and granular.0O brix. The flesh colour is brown. PKM-3 It is a hybrid between Guthi x Cricket Ball. mellow flesh with TSS of 26O brix. After planting staking should be done for proper support. The fruits are very sweet. The TSS of the fruits is 23.It is a clonal selection from Guthi. Plant the grafts in the middle of the pit keeping graft joint above the ground level. Fruits are of two shapes viz. The fertilizers should be applied in 20-30 cm deep and 30cms wide along the drip line of the tree. The colour of the pulp is light orange. 2 kg Single Super Phosphate and 100 g Folidol dust. Average fruit weight is 154 g. The fruits bear in clusters with oval shaped large fruits. The tree is dwarf statured and adaptable to southern and central districts. The fruits mature earlier than other varieties in the season thus fetching higher return. Average fruit weight is 100g. Spacing Light soils Heavy soils Planting Prepare land by ploughing and harrowing. The variety is tolerant to leaf spot and leaf webber.. High average yielder with medium size fruits. having a soft. Manure the plants in the beginning of rainy season.M 50 kgs/plant before planting and every year after planting. roung and oval. The variety is adaptable to tropical plants of Tamil Nadu and yields 14t/ha. ----10mx10m 13mx13m 63 . Tree is vigourous. The skin is very thin and the pulp has a buttery consistency. A mean yield of 3547 fruits (236 kg) can be obtained per tree per year. Virudhnagar Propagation By veneer grafting on Rayans or Khirnee (Manikara hexandra) rootstock. DHS-1 This is a cross between Kalipatti and Cricket Ball. bearing oblong to oval fruits with high yield.Y. Fill the pits with top soil and mixed with 25 kg FYM. Manures and fertilizers Apply F. The planting should be done during rainy or winter season. The vertical growth habit of tree allows high density planting. 000 kg/ha Yield Bearing starts from 4th year onwards and economical yields can be obtained from 7th year. Vegetables and other field crops can be grown as intercrops in the first 6 to 7 years. Excess irrigation results in flower and fruit shedding and also large number of misshapen fruits and fasciations of shoots. In later stage. Fully grown tree (>20 years age) can give >10. during summer. irrigation should be given at 20-25 days interval and in winter at 30 to 35 days interval. At this stage fruits become corky brown in colour with intermixed yellowish tinge. Plants flower almost thoroughout the year. Harvesting Index The fruit nearing physiological maturity sheds off the brown scaly scurf from the skin. The fruits 64 . Application of SADU at 100ppm applied before flowering stage results in higher fruit set and NAA at 300ppm after set results in better fruit retention. Fruits are obtained during SeptemberOctober and December if irrigated. It takes about 4 to 6 months from flowering to fruit maturity.Age of the tree 1-3 Years 4-6 Years 7-10 years 11 years onward Interculture Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash and 50 100 200 400 (grams /tree) 25 40 80 160 75 150 300 450 Bromocil @ 3 kgs a. March to May and September to October. irrigation may be given throughout the year depending upon soil condition.i /ha proved to be the best herbicide for controlling both broad leaved weeds and grasses and was effective for a period 6 months. Such fruits a yellow steak when scratched with finger nail. there are two distinct seasons of harvest viz. The main harvesting season is March – June. Irrigation When plants are young.. Although sapota flowers and fruits throughout the year. and show practically no green tissue or later. but also feed on buds and flowers and sometimes bore into fruits. Control 65 . Leaf webber ( Nephopteryx eugraphella ) It is a serious pest. Plant Protection Pests Sapota does not suffer from serious pests and diseases. Larvae generally feed on leaves. Fruit borer ( Anarsia achrasella Bradley) Damage is caused by boring into fruits and feeding inside the pulp Control Removal of fallen fruits and burning them. They web together bunch of leaves and feed on chlorophyll leaving behind a fine network of leaf veins.harvested during March to may will be generally sweet. The fruits will have to be harvested when they develop dull brown potato colour. severe infestation affects its fruiting capacity. lilacinus ) Damage is caused by sucking of sap from fruits near the stalk. shoots and inflorescence. Control Remove leaf webs and spray Monocrotophos 1. Active throughout the year with peak acitivity during June-July. Nymphs and adult females suck sap from tender leaves. Young leaves become curled. Control Spraying of Acephate @ 2 g/l or Spirotetramat @ 0. twisted and malformed. The insects excrete large quantities of honey dew which attacts ants and sooty mold. Spraying of Endosulfan @ 2 ml/l or Carbaryl @ 3 g/l Mealy bugs ( Planococus citri. Yields increase gradually with age as follows. P.6 ml or Endosulfan 2ml or Chloropyriphos @ 2ml/lit at regular intervals is recommended. A cluster of dried leaves hanging on webbed shoots is an indication of attack of the pest.3 ml/l Diseases Leaf spot ( Phleopheospora indica ) Reddish brown circular spots. 4-5th year 6-7th year 8-20th year By 30th year 250 frutis per plant 800 fruits per plant 1500 to 2000 fruits per platn 2500 to 3000 fruits per plant. skin yellowishgreen. PAPAYA (Carica papaya L) Papaya is one of the important quick growing fruit crops. It yields 1.500-1. good keeping quality. piles and enlarged liver and spleen. hence heavy clay soils should be avoided. Papain is a valuable enzyme prepared from the latex of papaya.9 thousand hectares with estimated annual production of 11. The total area under papaya in Andhra Pradesh is about 14. taste sweet. CO-4 Plant is medium tall. foot rot disease may cause heavy mortality.600 kg/ha of dried papain.96 lakh tonnes. Under water stagnated conditions and in soils with poor drainage.U. A loamy soil with a p H 6. On an average 100g of edible portion of ripe papaya contains 2500 I. flesh deep yellow with purple tinge. Climate It’s a tropical fruit crop grows well in regions where summer temperature does not exceed 38oC.5 to 7. Fruits obovate and large in size. 66 . Fruit round or oval in shape with golden yellow skin and orange colorued flesh.2 is considered idea.This may be effectively controlled by monthly spray of Zineb at 0. of vit. Varieties Dioecious CO-1 Plant dwarf. Soils Papaya requires well drained fertile soils of uniform texture. It improves digestion and is said to cure chronic constipation. flesh orange coloured.2% or Cuman L or Rovral 2g/lit or Dithane M-45 @ 3g/lit of water during rainy season. cultivated mainly for papain production. CO-2 The plant is medium tall in height. It is a very rich source of vitamin ‘A’ and a good source of vitamin ‘C’ and minerals and compares favourably with oranges. CO-5 It is a selection from Washington variety. It is agood table fruit and also a high yielding variety. Fruit large. A and 70 mg of ascorbic acid. soft and moderately juicy. Deeply ribbed. Red lady (Taiwan 786) This is also gynodioecious variety with bolld-red coloured flesh and good taste. Washington Plants are very vigorous. fruits large. fruits are elongated. stem has purple rings at the nodes. bears fruit. flesh yellow orange. pot and roof-top cultivation. The fruit is very popular. This variety is most suitable for high density orcharding. Fruit is medium sized. It is also called Madhu Bindhu. pulp sweet with agreeable flavour.CO-6 A selection from Pusa Majesty. Fruits are small. seeds few. This is ideal for high density orcharding. The plants start bearing from 25 to 30 cm above ground level. and seeds are very few in number. This variety is popular all over India. it is dioecious having dwarf stature. Honey Dew Tree of medium height. It is recommended both for papain and desert purposes. The plants are sturdy and tolerant to strong winds. It produces large sized fruits. flowers deep yellow. it is suitable for kitchen gardens. low on the trunk and heavily. sweet with good keeping quality. The fruits are suitable for tooty-fruity and candies like petha. Coorg Honey Dew 67 . Solo This is one of the best known varieties from Hawal. Gynodioecious Co-3 Plant is tall and vigorous. Pusa Giant This is a vigorous variety and is dioecious in nature. Pusa Dwarf Plant is dwarf and precocious in bearing. keeping quality good. ovate in shape and in large numbers. the pulp is sweet and has very agreeable flavour. nutrition garden and kitchen garden. The fruit size is medium and oval in shape. pyriform. Pusa Nanha An extremely dwarf variety. petiole dark purple. Pusa Delicious It is a gynodioecious variety with 100% productive plants with good fruit yield and quality having excellent taste and good flavour. Fruits borne on female plants are almost seedless. Propagation 500 g seeds will be required for planting one ha of dioecious papaya. of seed is enough to raise sufficient seedlings for a hectare. The fruits are of excellent quality. Planting can be done both in rainy season and winter season. This is also one of the highest papain yielders. Seedlings are raised in poly bags of size not less than 10 x 20 cm filled with a potting mixture made of 2 parts of sand. This variety produces hermaphrodite and female plants. Sowing of seeds during March to April is desirable to facilitate plant in June-July. Pusa Majesty This is a gynodioecious variety with high productivity and better keeping quality of fruits. In another two months. 1 part each of red soil and well decomposed FYM. Planting Prepare the land by ploughing and harrowing. when the seedlings attain a height of 15-20 cm they are ready for transplanting. Sow freshly extracted seeds at a depth of 2-3 cm in rows. Remove the seedlings with a ball of earth and transplant them in the main field. Drench the beds with ceresin wet (2g in 1 lit of water) solution. Sow two seeds in each bag and retain only one seedling after germination. About 250 g. Provide watering regularly during summer. Papaya seedlings raised in seed beds. In about three weeks time the seeds germinate. 1m in breadth and 10 cm heights. with a spacing of 5 cm in the rows and about 15 cm between rows. for gynodiecious varieties 50-60 g of seed is required. Nursery Prepare raised seed beds of 2m in length. Plant the seedlings in the centre of the pit and provide support. Perforated polythene bags of 20 x 15 cm size with 150 gauge thickness can be used for raising seedlings. soil and sand in equal proportions. Dig pits of 40 x 40 x 40 cm cube and fill them with top soil and compost.This is a selection from Honey Dew variety. Apply 10-15 kg of FYM and ½ kg of 15:15:15 mixes it well the soil. In areas where 68 . Fill the bags with a mixture of manure. Sunrise Sole This is a gynodioecious variety having pink flesh and good taste. Spacing Papaya is normally planted at a distance of 1. Papaya can be planted throughout the year. of well decomposed FYM should be applied.rainfall is heavy. The following fertilizers may be applied per plant at bi-monthly interval starting from 3rd month of palnting.8 X 1. in older trees bearing with fruits. Calcium Carbonate + 10g. Mangnesium Sulphate + 2g. Urea in one liter of water at 3-4 months age. Irrigation and water management Depending upon the climate. planting can be done in both the seasons. Zinc Sulphate + 2g.8m. irrigation is given every 10-14 days. Mangenese Sulphate + 2g. spray 5g. Plants also perform well under drip irrigation when supplied with 20-25 1/day for bearing plants. Manures and fertilizers Before planting. The fruits can be harvested when they are still hard and green but turn slightly yellow. Papaya plants are irrigated 10-12 days interval in winter and weekly once in summer if there are no rains. winter planting is preferable. vegetables can be profitably grown as intercrops for about six months from planting of papaya seedlings. Borax + 6g. Fertilizer Urea SSP MOP Quantity (g) 90 200 140 To correct micro-nutrient deficiencies. In areas with moderate rainfall. Harvesting Papaya plants come to harvest 5-6 months after planting. 69 . Ferrous Sulphate + 2g. Seedlings will be ready for transplanting when they are 45-60 days or when the seedlings attain 30-45 cm height. The seedlings should be watered preferably twice a day till they are established. for each pit 10Kg. Intercropping When papaya is grown as a pure crop. young papaya seedlings should be irrigated once or twice a week in irrigated orchards whereas. in the pits of 45 cm 3 size which are filled with decomposed FYM and top soil in 1:1 ration. however the best time for planting is after end of the monsoon. the latex starts flowing and this is collected in suitable containers (arecanut spathes. Do not retain birds’ damamged fruits on trees because they attract fruit flies for oviposition. Vale addition Whole fruit pulp is used for preparation of mixed fruit jam and immature fruit pulp bits are used for making ‘tooty-fruity’.045% when fruits are fully mature. Maggots feed in the fruit pulp. If the problem is serious.Yield Papaya fruits will be ready for harvest about 9-10 months after planting. The depth of the incision should be about 3mm. On incising. Potassium metabisulphite (0. spray Deltamethrin 0. The economic life of papaya plant is only 2 ½ to 3 years. This process to making four incisions in the untapped fruit surface at 3-4 days interval is repeated thrice of four times over a period of 12 to 16 days. After papain extraction fruits can also be used for consumption.003% or Dimethoate 0. Collect all fallen infested fruits and destroyed. Plant protection Pests Fruit fly ( Bactrocera cucurbitae. Papain extraction Papaya fruits. In the morning hours before 10. since this helps to extend the storage of papain. aluminium trays or glass vessels). The latex that solidifies in the cuts should also be scraped carefully and added to the liquid latex. Control Using of Methyl eugenol traps is effective in controlling fruit flies. causing rotting. sieved in a 10 mesh sieve and stored in polythene bags or in any other suitable container. 70 . Yield varies from 75 to 100 tonnes per hectare.05%) is added to the liquid latex in small quantities before it is dried. Fruits borne throughout the year. which are about 90-100 days old (fully grown but not mature) are selected for tapping. The dried papain is powdered. Tozotrypana curvicauda ) The fruit flies damage ripe fruits of papaya. Care should be taken not to use any other container for papain collection. The latex thus collected every time should be dried in the sun or in driers at temperatures ranging between 50OC to 55OC. The drying of papain is continued until it comes off in flakes having a porousstructure.00 am four longitudinal incisions are given on the four sides of the selected fruit from the stalk end to the tip. since it will react with papain rendering it unfit for any use. Control 71 . The affected leaves turn yellow and dry up. reduction in leaf numbers. of water may be used to drench the nursery bags to protect against wilting of young seedlings and also the main field. Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Leaf yellowing and shedding. Control Destroy virus affected plants. Control Good control of Anthracnose can be achieved by spraying Mancozeb @ 2.Aphids ( Aphis gossypii. The disease will be severe in ill drained conditions. Corresponding upper surface appears yellow. Neem cake @ 250g per plant. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) Dark brown depressed spots of chocolate colour. The fungus attacks the collar region and causes soft rot. and drop off. The plant may collapse with a break down at the bottom. or Carbendazim @ 1g/lit. Externally the leaves turn yellow. The patches coalesce and spread to the leaf blade. Water stagnation should be avoided. of Cooper oxychloride dissolved in 1 lit. Premature dropping of fruits.3% or Methyl Demeton 0. Nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. Myzus persicia ) Nymphs and adult aphids suck sap from leaves and while doing so.. they transmit mosaic virus disease. root galling. Control Nematodes can be controlled by application of Carbofuran @ 15-20 g/plant.5 g/lit. Give prophylactic sprays of Dimethoate 0. The affected trees die gradually. Causes decline and reduction in yield. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Oidium caricae ) Whitish patches appear on lower surface of leaves. Diseases Collar rot/Foot rot and wilt (Madima Kullu Tegulu) ( Pythium aphanidermatum ) The disease occurs both in nursery and in main field. Control Bordeaux mixture (1:1) or Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 2g/l or 3g. If young fruits are attacked they do not develop further and shrivel and drop off prematurely.05%. plants can be sprayed with 0. The leaf petiole is reduced in length and top leaves assume an up right position.1% Malathion or Metasystox at an interval of 10-15 days for controlling the vectors. leaf curl and ringspot are commonly found in most of the regions of papaya cultivation. Controlling aphids. Leaf Curl (Aku Melika Tegulu) (Virus nicotiane virus 10) (Transmitted by whitefly) The disease characterized by severe curling. or Dimethoate @ 2 ml/lit or Acephate @ 1. Papaya Mosaic (Boppai Verri Tegulu) The disease occurs on papaya plants of all age groups but mos serious on young plants. reduced size inward rolling of the leaves and thickening of leaves are also common. Viral diseases Three major viral diseases namely mosaic. The virus is usually transmitted by aphids and white flies and these vectors should be controlled by spraying systemic insecticides viz Imidachloprid @ 0. The diseased leaves become thick and brittle. Control Removal of infected plants and destroying them. other symptoms like vein clearing. The fruits are elongated and reduced in size. Characterstically elongated dark green streaks develop on petioles and upper half of the stem. vectos by periodical spraying of systemic insecticides. Control 72 .It can be controlled effectively by spraying Wettable sulphur @ 3g/lit or Kerathane @ 1ml/lit. The top young leaves of the diseased plant are much reduced in size and show blister patches of dark green tissue alternating with yellowish green and puckering. The plants are very much stunted.3 ml/lit. Ring Spot (Transmitted by aphids) Infected plants initially show chlorosis on the youngest leaves followed by vein clearing. rugosity and prominent mottling of the laminae. Mostly the young leaves are affected. The plants must be watched carefully for the viral symptoms and removed and destroyed as soon as the symptoms appear.5g/lit. causing up to 50-60% losses in yield. Some times the petioles are twisted. infected fruits show circular or concentric rings. The fruits on diseased plants develop circular water soaked lesions with a central soild spot. Control Removal of infected plants. Fruit yield is much reduced and defoliation often results. crinkling and deformation of the leaves. Decided malformation and reduction of the lamenae which may become extremely filliform. It is a late maturing variety. Where the rainfall is less.0 kg. It is the most suitable variety for canning. The flesh is firm.5 to 1. Queen plants are smaller with a dwarf and compact habit of growth. It is a prolific yielder. ripens in June-July with a a very uniform ripening habit. However. juicy and pale yellow in colour. The fruit cylindrical and of medium in size and weighs 0. Fruits are large and each fruit weighs 1. They have spiny serrated leaf margins. This variety is grown in Tamil Nadu. As compared to Kew. It requires an optimum of 150 cm which should be well distributed.0 is the best. weighing about 2-3 kg on an average. The soil should have a depth of atleast 60 cm without hard pan beneath or water logging.Rogue infected plants and control aphid vectors.5 to 6. It produces suckers freely. Varieties Kew It is a leading commercial variety of India. ripening in August and September. It grows well near the coast as well in the interior so long as the temperatures are not extreme. Eyes are prominent and deep. Queen is the best desert pineapple. It can be grown upto an elevation of 1100m above the sea level. Queen This is an early variety. Soils Pineapple can be grown on any type of soil (expect heavy clay).5 kg. It thrives well in a mild tropical climate. The external colour of the ripe fruit is deep yellow. crisp. sweet and golden yellow in colour. The variety is of shy suckering habit. The flesh is light yellow in colour and slightly 73 . The eyes on the fruits are broad and shallow. earliest of all the varieties in Indai. sandy loam with a pH range of 5. Fruits are of medium size. The flesh is firm. External colour of the ripe fruit is reddish yellow. The optimum temperature ranges from 21O – 23O C. Mauritius This is a mid season variety ripening in July-August. The external colour of the ripe fruit is yellow.5 to 2. PINEAPPLE (Ananas sativus) Climate It is tropical fruit crop. hence not suitable for canning. supplementary irrigation must be provided. It has almost spineless leaves. provided they are free from frost. Low lying areas with high water table are not suitable. The fruit may be oblong or round in shape. avoiding periods of heavy rainfall. Simhachalam This is a local variety. The two rows are spaced 60cm apart and in each row the plants are planted 45cm apart in such a way that no two plants are exactly opposite each other. The popular method of planting pineapple is the double row system. Because of shy suckering habit or Kew variety.0m. planting can be taken up alround the year to ensure supply of fruits throughout the year. slips and crowns. The leaves are serrated and spiny. Propagation Pineapple is propagated vegetatively through suckers. Planting materials should be collected from high yielding well maintained gardens.000-20. Slips take 20-22 months for the first crop. At the time of planting. few basal scale leaves of the suckers should be stripped off to encourage the formation and entry of roots into the soil. the sucker should be dried for one of two days.3%) and Difolatan (0. Otherwise. while crowns take more than 24 months for the first crop. largely grown in Visakhapatnam area. where irrigation facilities are available. Before planting. Fruits are small and flesh is light yellow with fibre.000 suckers can be accommodated per ha. because suckers give the first crop in 14 to 18 months. close spacing may be chosen. which are free from pests and diseases. Planting Suckers of uniform size (400-450g) should be selected for planting. however. The double rows are spaced at 1. Suckers are shoots arising from the axils of the leaves of from the base of plant near the ground. The suckers should be dipped in Bordeaux mixture (1%) or Dithane Z-78 (0.2%) to avoid mealy bugs and heart rot. Slips are produced on the fruiting stem while crowns are borne on the top of the fruit.5 to 2. In this method 15. July and August are the best months. crowns are used as propagating material in Kew variety. The plants of this variety resemble Queen plants in most of the vegetative and fruit characters. by spreading them upside down. otherwise they decay. Fresh suckers should not be planted in moist soil. When it is desired to have more than two ratoon crops.fibrous. early and higher yields are obtained from an 74 . as they give best yields compared to higher or lower size categories of suckers. In this method. Suckers and slips are generally used. Planting may be done normally during the rainy season. the above method can be adopted. Immediately after manuring. The Ethephon solution should be used immediately after preparation. 4-6 irrigations in hot months at an interval of 15-20 days will ensure a good crop. Therefore. Preparation of Land The selected site of land should be prepared very thoroughly by ploughing and cross ploughing or by forking or hand hoeing. it should be irrigated. 350kg Nitrogen. the land is laid out into trenches alternating with mounds for planting the suckers. Irrigations improve fruit size. Mulching with dry grasses. In this method a spacing of 25 x 60 x 105 cm or 25 x 60 x 90 cm is adopted. The land should be dug upto a depth of 40-50cm till a fine tilth is obtained. 2g Phosphorus and 3g Potash per plant. The fruits ripen from June to 75 . Application of 20-25 tonnes of FYM. If the land is undulating terracing should be practiced.000 to 53. Flowering and Harvesting To achieve uniform flowering in pineapple NAA in the form of Panofix at 10-20 ppm (1ml planofix in 9 lit of water) or a mixture of 10 ppm of Ethephon (ethrel) + 2% urea + 0. Intercultivation After planting. straw. FYM and P2O5 may be applied as basal dressing at the time of last ploughing or digging. This accommodates 49.e. two shallow furrows about 10-15 cm depth are to be opened.04% Sodium carbonate may be poured (50 ml) in the heart of the plants 15 to 16 month after planting on a clear sunny day. the crop should be irrigated and then earthedup to provide better anchorage to the plant. For double row system of planting. whenever weeds appear interculture should be done without digging of the soil deep. Irrigation Though pineapple is a drought resistant crop. The fruits take about 135 to 165 days to mature and ripen. coirdust. At the last round of ploughing or digging FYM or compost is applied. After leveling. 150th and 240th days after planting.000 suckers per hectare. sawdust. 60th. maintain the humus status of soil. Manures and Fertilizers After plants have been established apply 16 g Nitrogen. 130kg Phosphorusand 40kg Potash per hectare is recommended. will also help to suppress weed growth. two to three times. rice husk etc. atleast during the dry periods. for getting high yields.unit area. conserve moisture. Nitrogen may be supplied in the form of ammonium sulphate. Nitrogen and Potash are to be applied in three split doses i. The plant generally flowers 12 months after planting from February of April. sharp knife. cutting the fruit stalk few centimeters below the base of the fruit. Similarly all slips should be removed. The crop is retained like this for four or five years and then removed. Ratoon Crop Ratoon cropping is common in pineapple. it is very rich in Vitamin ‘C’. Pineapple juice is utilized in the manufacture of alcohol. when they are 5 to 10cm long. all the suckers borne on the plant should be removed leaving only one sucker on the monter plant. known as pineapple bran. However. The yield per hectare varies from 40-60 tonnes depending on the variety.September depending on the variety. Then the plants are fertilized. The fruit with the crown can be kept without damage of 3-4 days after harvest. The fruit juice is also canned.7 kg ai/ha of Phorate 76 . and earthed up so that the plants have good anchorage for ratoon crop. Harvesting may be done with a long. calcium citrate. When atleast 2 or 3 rows or eyes at the base have turned yellow. In our state fruits come to harvest from June to August. and vinegar. irrigated. the fruit is ready for harvest. The furit is a good source of vitamins A and B. Control The pest can be controlled dipping the suckers in 10 ml Methyl parathion or 17ml of Dimethoaiate in 10 litres of water before planting by applying 1. To achieve good fruit size and uniform cylindrical shape the crowns of fruits may be removed with a sharp knife. Pineapple is utilized in the fruit preservation and processing industries for preparation of canned pineapple in the form of slices. Uses It is one of the most delicious of the tropical fruits. In addition. The dried waste after extraction of juice. citric acid. for distant markets less matured fruits are to be harvested. After the harvest of the first crop. fruit is also used in the preparation of jam. is used as a stock feed. rings etc. it constitutes an important raw material for the fruit processing and preservation industry. In hot weather the fruits may be covered by wrapping the fruits with the outer leaves or dry grass or straw or banana leaves or paper covers for protection from sun scorch. Plant Protection Pests Mealy Bug ( Dysimicoccus brevipes ) The bug causes wilt and eventual death of plants. Plant growth is optimum under 2830°C. spray Difoltan @ 20g in 10 litres of water.granules and by treating the soil either with 2. Dip the planting material in 0. Infections occur through wounds and cut ends. The musk melon thrives best and develops the good flavour in hot.4% Difoltan at the time of planting. High humidity increases the incidence of diseases. particularly those affecting foliage. Control Field sanitation. Leaf spots are grey with dark margins later tuming olive-brown or white. In Andhra Pradesh the crop is mostly grown on river beds and garden lands under irrigation. If the disease appears on plants. dry climate. The top leaves turn brown and basal portion of leaves shows sign of rotting with foul odour. Fruit sking becomes brittle and diseased portions disintegrate accompanied with a sweet smell. Soft Rot and Black Rot ( Ceratocystis paradoxa) ) Most typical symptom is black rot of the butt in the field which is followed by wilting of foliage and breaking off of plants at ground level. Leaf tissues dry and leaves distorted. Climate Dry weather with high temperature (32°C) is preferable. collection of suckers from disease free fields. It is more prevalent in high rainfall areas. In 77 . WATERMELON AND MUSKMELON (Citrullus lanatus/ vulgaris) and (Cucumis melo) The melons are vine crops and are grown for their fruits.75 kg/ha of Chlordane or 2.25 kg/ha of Heptachlor to kill the attendants. which have typical thrust quenching characters with low caloric value and contain considerable quality of vitamin A and C. Dipping the cut end of the fruit stalk in a 10% solution of Benzoic acid in alcohol and spraying the packing shed and packing cases or baskets lith a 3% solution of Formalin will also help to check the diseases. Dieseases Heart Rot ( Phytophthora parasitica ) The disease is recognized by complete rotting of the central portion of the stem. exposing the planting material to sun for 2 hours. They thrive only in hot weather and will not with stand low temperatures. Control Proper drainage is necessary to avoid this disease. better drainage and periodical spraying with Bordeaux mixture from the time of flowering will control the diseases in the filed. Water blisters are noticed as soft watery rot involving the flesh of fruit. High temperature and susshine produce quality fruits.5 . The fruits ripen in 95 days. The fruit is dark green with moderate sweetness (8 to 9% TSS). it stands well in transport and storage. the fruits do not develop the best quality fruits. Arka Jyothi A mid-season hybrid (IHR 20 x Crimson sweet) with round fruits weighing 6 to 8 kg the rind colour is light green with stripes and the flesh colour is crimson. Soils Melons may be grown on a wide variety of soils.0 is ideal. 78 . seed with black tip and margin. the fruits weigh 3-5kg/t. Melons do not thrive well in a strongly acid soil and if grown make very poor growth and the leaves develop yellowish green colour and is known as “acid-yellowing”. India. Improved Shipper An introduction from the USA. having bluish black rind and deep pink flesh.7. flesh sweet. Durgapur Kesar Also cultivar maturing in 125 days. Released by Punjab Agricultural University.humid regions foliage diseases are serious and if the weather is cloudy and rainy during the fruit maturity and ripening period. round. Rind is thick with good keeping quality. Arka Manik A cultivar resistant to powdery mildew and tolerant to anthracnose. very sweet (1213% TSS) the average fruit weight is 6kg. Durgapura and Rajasthan. the flesh is deep red. Sandy loams are best for early crop. Released by Agricultural Research Station. average fruit weight 6 to 8 kg. Ahahi Yamato It is a mid season. while loams have high yielding potential. pH of 6. early season variety. The fruits are round to oval with green rind and dull green stripes. TSS 11 to 13%. TSS 11-13%. The fruits ripe in 80-85 days. Needs good surface drainage. TSS around 11 per cent with dark red colour. TSS 11 to 13%. The rind colour is light green with deep pink flesh. fruits round with light green. Generally they are cultivated in river beds by making trenches and sowing in hills or pits. Japanese introduction producing medium size fruits of 5-7 kg. a big-sized melon weighing 8 to 9 kg. The soils should be well drained and should have ample organic matter. If the crop is grown under irrigated conditions the seeds are sown on the upper side of the ridge. Watermelon varieties ( Citrullus vulgaris ) Sugar Baby An introduction from America. 5Kg/ha is required. hybrids of private companies are available in the market. For muskmelon. High yielding varieties particularly hybrids need one-third seed rate. To get an early crop. The seedlings become ready for transplanting at 2-4 leaf stage. weigh about 500g. big seed cavity. They should be sown 1. The fruits of these varieties weighing 300-500g with big seed cavity and with average TSS of 12-14% bears 4-5 fruits per vine.. light green flesh with dry texture. Palegreen rind.5 cm deep. 32-40 Kg of phosphorus. Beds of 3-3.a seed sate of 3-3. 24 Kg of Nitrogen should be applied in two splits while planting and once after 25 days. the average fruit weight is 600-800g with 10-12% TSS and can stand long distance transport.5 . Irrigation through drip gives better crop with low incidence of diseases. very sweet (13-14% TSS) and is an early variety.5m wide irrigation channels and seeds are sown 30-50 cm. seeds can be sown in polythene bags (6 X 4") under protected area. Local varieties viz. Green flesh Hara Madhu Fruits are round to flat with green and juicy flesh.Private hybrids became popular because of high yield and quality. 79 . watermelon . Season of planting Melons can be planted starting from 2nd fortnight of December to 1st fort night of January. Manures and Fetilizers 4-5 tonnes of FYM should be applied per acre. Irrigation Irrigation should be given especially during vine elongation and fruit development stage. Seeds and Sowing Melons are propagated by seed. These varieties have netted fruit surface. Kanpur and sidhout are also popular. 16-24 Kg of potash should be applied basally. Besides these varieties. it is a late variety. Arkajeet and Lucknow safeda. very sweet (12-15% TSS) poor keeping quality. They should be transplanted along with the ball of earth. Pusa Madhuras. Excess irrigation during fruit maturity leads to fruit cracking.2 Kg /ha for sowing in the field by dibbling method. apart on either side of the irrigation channels. Drugapurmadhu The fruits are oblong. Muskmelon varities ( Cucumis melo ) White flesh Arka Rajhans. a seed rate of 1. Punjab sunheri. Solman Orange flesh Pusa Sharbati. or Malathion 2ml/lit. harvesting should be done at full slip stage. for heavy soils in 200 lit. Plant protection Pests Red pumpkin beetle (Gummadi Penku Purugu) ( Aulacophora spp. In muskmelon the apical shoot of the vines should be pinched and 2-4 side shoots should be allowed to grow to get higher fruit yield. The fly attack is severe especially after summer rains when the humidity is high. flowers and foliage by biting holes Control Spraying of Carbaryl 50% @ 3 g/lit. The other way of judging fruit ripening is change of ground spot colur from white to yellow. leaving a large scar. the fruit slips from the stem. for light soils and 1. In case of muskmelon. The stage of maturity is generally judged by the change in the external colour of the fruit. the fruits for distant markets are harvested as they reach the half slip maturity and for local markets. Yield The average yield of watermelon ranges from 8-10 t/acre and muskmelon 4-5 t/acre. The eggs hatch into maggots which feed inside the fruits and cause rotting. The adult fly lays eggs below the skin of the young ovaries. ) Grubs damage the plants by boring into the roots. At 2-4 leaf stage. As ripening advances a crack develops around the peduncle at the point of fruit attachment and when frully ripe. The drying of tendril at the base of the fruit is also a sign of maturity. The fruit skin colour changes to yellow with typical aroma of fruit ripening. Harvesting The watermelons are ready for harvest in 90-120 days depending upon cultivar and season. Fruit fly ( Dacus cucurbitae and Dacus dorsalis ) Maggots of this fly cause severe damage to young developing fruits. of borax should be sprayed to promote more number of female flowers. Control 80 . of water and spraying within one or two days after planting. Generally fruits harvested at half slip stage withstand market handling with balanced sugar and acid blend.Intercultivation Weed control can be done by using Metolachlor @ 1 lit. controls the pest effectively. This is known as ‘’fullslip’’ stage. 3-4 g/lit.5 lit. Beetle injure the colyledons. A heavy dull sound when the fruit is tapped indicates ripeness. Z @ 2g/lit. A mixture of 100 ml Malathion. In severe infections the leaves and stem dryoff and further growth of the plant is arrested. Since waterlogging causes tree decline. or Tridemorph @ 1 ml/lit. hybrid between Seethaphal and Cherimoya (Annona Cherimola) are of commercial improtance. Fruits do not mature. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum lagenarium ) Reddish brown dry leaf spots are formed with often coalesce and cause shriveling and death of leaf.2% or Bavistin @ 1g/lit of water 2-3 times at 10 days interval. CUSTARD APPLE (Seethephal) (Annona squamosa) Among the annonaceous fruits. Sitaphal is capable of growing in soils having 50% lime 300ppm of chlorine in irrigation water.e. Areas with high humidity. Control Spray Dinocap @ 1 ml/lit. or Sulfex 0. only Seethaphal and Atemoya. or Metalaxyl M.Foliar spray of Endosulfan @ 2ml/lit. or Dithane Z-78 0.5 g/lit. Control Spray Copper oxychloride @ 3g/lit. or Carbendazim @ 1 g/lit. 81 . sub-soil with hardpan or high water table should to be avoided. heavy soils with poor drainage.2% or Calixin 0. at 10 days interval. Downy mildew ( Pseudoperonospora cubensis ) Purple spots appear on lower surface and yellow spots on upper surface of leaves. marginal and wastelands may be utilized for growing these fruits. occasional rains and warm temperature are ideal for Sitaphal in terms of fruit set and development. Soils and Climate The sandy. Lesions on petioles and stems are water soaked and yellowish. Under moist conditions. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Erysiphe cichoracearum ) A white powdery growth appears on the leaf surface mostly confined to the upper surface but also found on the lower surface and the stem. thrice in 10 days interval can be taken up.1% or Karathane 0. the lesions are dotted with pink conidia. 2g/lit of water at 8-10 days interval.2% i. The leaf spots on watermelon are black and foliage presents a scorched appearance. Control Spray Mancozeb @ 2. 100 g Sugar or Jaggery in 10 litres of water can be used as bait and kept in plastic trays in the field. Sweet in taste but seeds is many. juicy. Atemoya grows to a height of about 5-6m and has luxuriant growth. keeps for about a week. pulpy. Hybrids Atemoya This is a hybrid between Seethaphal and Cherimoya. British Guinea Fruit large. few seeded quality good. can be kept even upto 10 days. introduced from Australia. This variety has got the disadvantage of developing stone fruits. Hence. Fruits keep for about a weak after ripening without damage. very large segments. Its seedlings come true to type and are very prolific. Ripe fruits are whitish green in colour. very pulpy very delicious. The fruit is large.Varieties Balanagar It is a local seedling variety collected from Balanagar area of Mahaboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Fruits keep for about a week after ripening without spoilage. ovoid. veryfew seeded and greenish pink in colour. delicious. Fruit size big with large tuberless and plenty of very sweet pulp. Fruits are irregular in shape. greenish white in colour. For every 8-10 plants of Atemoya. Pink’s Mammoth This is a variety of Atemoya. The fruit is very large in size. The fruit is very large. pulp very sweet. pulpy. few seeded. Bearing is sparse. Washington This is an introduced variety. bearing is sparse fruits irregular in shape. has very broad and round segments. smooth surface. few seeded and greenish white in colour. Red Seethaphal The fruits are purple coloured and the leaves of the plant are purplish at the midrib. smooth surface. one custard apple plant should be planted in the middle 82 . excellent flavour. planting distance must be 7m x 7m. delicious and pulpy with an excellent acidic flavour. The fruit quality is good. greenish white in colour. Keeping quality good. Bearing is erratic. Island Gem This is an Australian variety. pulpy. excellent in quality. bearing is poor. Very few seeded. bearing sparse. Post Harvest Technology The Sitaphal fruits can be stored at 15-20 0C temperature. otherwise the bearing of Atemoya will be poor and erratic. minor millets and linseed can be grown rainy season oilseeds and gram during winter season. Disorders Stone Fruits For Atemoya after manuring irrigation may be given. and 125 gms K20 per plant before the commencement of rainy season. Planting Pits (50 x 50 cms) are dug and filled with a mixture of 20 kgs of farmyard manure and 300 gms of fertilizers mixture of Urea. low oxygen and Ethylene tension and 10% Co2. Interculture In the initial years of planting. was emulsion at 8% also extends the storage life. Therefore manual defoliation during the mid summer is recommended. Fruits are harvested when the colour is light green. Harvesting Harvesting should be done at proper stage of maturity. Irrigation Sitaphal does not require and prefers semi-arid conditions. The temperature between 15-300C and low relative humidity accelerates the process of ripening. Manures and Fertilizers The bearing trees of Sitaphal should be given 250 gms N. However. segments become flat. Sitaphal bears flowers on current season growth and very rarely on older wood. Fully mature fruits ripen in 2-3 days after harvest.90% relative humidity. 125 gmsP205. 450 gms P205. The Atemoya should be fertilized with 450gms N. irrigations will improve the fruit size and yield.to act as polleniser plant. intercrops like groundnut. Planting is done in rainy season at a distance of 4m x 4m. when the fruits are developing one or two 83 . Propagation By veneer grafting on its rootstock. the interspaces between segments become yellowish white and initiated cracking of the skin between the carpel. The early completion of season is essential for the initiation of new growth. Atemoya fruits will come to harvest from October to December. 85. and 450gms K20 per plant of about 5 years age. Single super phosphate and Muriate of potash in equal proportion at least a fortnight before planting. 05% or Dimethoate 0. Control Remvoe all infested fruits and destroy them along with mealy bugs.Some fruits instead of attaining full size remain very small and become brown and dry up. Exclude the ants by putting sticky bands or destroy their colonies in the orchard. The total area under Pomegranate in Andhra Pradesh is about 4. shoots. P. pacificus. Control Apply Carbendazim/Thiophanate 1g/lit and Chlorothalonil/Mancozeb 2g/lit during rainy season. Evenly distributed irrigation schedule and constant and uniform moisture level in the soil will reduce this problem. Fruit Cracking This usually happens from a heavy rainfall or irrigation after a prolonged day spell. Pomegranate fruit is very nutritious and refreshing. buds and fruits. Due to sucking of sap by nymphs and adult female mealy bugs. Competition among the developing fruits and high temperature are supposed to cause stone fruit formation. fruits remain small in size and become shriveled. Plant Protection Pests Mealy bugs ( Ferrisia virgata. 84 . The fruit infection takes place both from blossom end as well as stem end side as dry brown spots.Perissopnueumon ferox ) Colonies of small reddish white mealy bugs infest leaves.9 thousand hectares with estimated annual production of 44 thousand tonnes. POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum) Pomegranate is indigenous to the Middle East and was first introduced in India from Persia or Afghanistan in the first century. Dieseases Leaf spot and fruit rot ( Glomerella cingulata ) It occurs as light brown to blackish spots on leaves and such leaves defoliate causing die back of plants.045% at the initial stage of infestation. Spray Chlorpyriphos 0. These are known as stone fruits which are retained on tree for a long period. Presence of a large number of mealy bugs in grooves of fruits epicarp along with sooty mould affects its market value. Planococcus lilacinus. softer arils. soft seed. Fruits weight about 250–300 g. TSS 15. Average fruit weight 140g. should be treated with Seradex ‘B’ rooting hormone or given a quick dip in 500 ppm Indole butyric acid.25%) and Streptocyclin (250 ppm).1%. yield 15kg per plant. acidity 0. Aril colour pinkish with soft seed. Aril colour pinkish.28%. Average fruit weight 22g. Before planting in main filed. yield 16kg per plant. TSS 13. Mridula Fruits are medium sized (230–270 g) with thick smooth dark red rind colour with blood red colour soft arils. 15-20 cm long hard wood cuttings taken from 1-2 years old plant. Jodhpur Red Aril colour dark pink.Soil and Climate Deep fertile soils with good drainage are suitable. Tolerant to severe hot. acidity 0. Average fruit weight 174g. Can be successfully grown even in slightly calcareous and alkaline soils. Arils are juicy having TSS of 18 °Brix.5%.50%. Jalore Seedless Rind colour yellow with red patches.30%. with soft seed. Most prone to fruit cracking. yield 15 kg per plant. spraying mancozeb (0. acidity 0. TSS 15%. acidity 0.37%. Jyothi Aril colour pinkish white with red patches. Average fruit weight 360g. Rind colour light green with red patches. ground suckers can be used for cuttings.25%) at 15 days interval. Planting 85 . Ganesh Rind colour is yellow with pink spots. Ideal age of air layered plant should be minimum 4 months after cutting from mother plant. Average fruit weight 155g. spray the plants with Copper Oxy-chloride (0. TSS 15%.30%.25%) or Chlorothalonil (0. Muskat Rind colour is yellow with pink spots. Nursery should be maintained with proper care from initial stages. Rind and arils are dark red. acidity 0. hence most suitable for dry arid climates. Varieties Bhaguva It is a selection from Arakta cultivar. TSS 15%. yields about 12 kg per plant. Propagation Pomegranate plants are mainly propagated by air layering (gootee) and cuttings. old main stems should be renewed by cutting back to make it more productive. The main stem should be topped at a height of about 70 cm to induce branching. Recommended Fertilizers Doses Age (Years) 1 2 3 4 5 and above FYM (kg) 10 20 30 40 50 Nitrogen (g) 250 250 500 500 625 Phosphorous (g) 125 125 125 125 250 Potassium (g) 125 125 125 250 250 During first year of planting. starting at the time of first irrigation after bahar 86 . After about 10 years. apply recommended dose in split application at monthly intervals.Young plants can be planted at 3×3 m or 4×4 m or 4. apply N in 2 split does. Prune ground suckers. Pits (1×1×1 m) should be in the month of May–June and kept open for atleast a month for sun exposure. manures and fertilizers should be applied to in split doses coinciding with growth flushes during January. Fruiting can be taken from 3rd year. care should be taken to disinfect the secateurs with dettol (1%) or sodium hypochlorite (1%). criss-cross. however.5×3 m spacing. it responds well to manures and fertilizers.1% Carbendazim in 5 l/pit and filled with 20 kg FYM. Second year onwards till fourth year. While pruning. much pruning is not required as the fruits are borne on one year old branches (short branches). Best way is to apply fertilizers based on soil test and leaf analysis. dead. June and September. preferably dissolved in water or just before irrigation. However.5 kg SSP and 100 g of 2% Lindane powder along with loose top soil. drench pits with 0. Downward growing branches and crossing branches should be removed. water shoots. water sprouts and the dry branches should be removed. greatly increasing its productivity. The plant should be allowed to retain 4 main stems from the ground level. Training and Pruning Training pomegranate plants to one or too many stems is not advantageous and uneconomical. 0. In bearing trees. After the tree is trained. Watering must be done immediately after planting. dry and infected branches and twigs regularly. Ideal time for planting is July to October. Manures & Fertilizers Pomegranate can be grown in low fertile soils. so that infection may not spread from on plant to other. The tree is given a balanced shape during the initial 2–3 years by proper selection of secondary and tertiary branches. For soil moisture conservation plastic or organic mulches can be used. etc can be taken. Foliar sprays of 0. High salinity in soils and saline irrigation water affects normal fruit production. only one crop should be taken in a year. Bahar Treatment or Flower Initiation Bahar Ambe Flower initiation months January–February Harvesting June–August Advantages High flowering. Water quality also plays a major role on fruit production. Drip irrigation is economical and saves 30-40% of water. improves quality and reduces cracking of fruits. Intercropping During first 3–4 years. green manure crops. responds very well to irrigation. Summer showers may favor the spread of bacterial blight Assured rainfall. intercrops such as low growing vegetables. Water Requirement Cropping Season Month Water Requirement Litres/Day/Plant 87 . Irrigation frequency and water requirement varies with the season. high yield but fruits are more prone to sunscald and aril color development is poor. Three main bahars can be taken. Rainy season is the best time for intercropping.25% each of ZnSO 4. In general the irrigation requirement as given under may be followed.treatment and next at 3–4 weeks interval. Bahar Treatment or Crop Regulation Although pomegranate can be grown throughout the year. crop age and stage. onion. each has its own advantages and disadvantages.2% boric acid at flower initiation. increase yield. FeSO4 and MnSO4 combined with 0. Full dose of P and K should be applied as single dose with first irrigation. but more prone to bacterial blight and should be avoided Less incidence and spread of bacterial blight and it may be preferred Mrig Hasta Irrigation June–July September–October November-January February–April Pomegranate can tolerate drought to a greater extent but. During the crop period orchard should be kept weed free. a rest period of 3–4 months is necessary for prolific harvest and therefore. Aphid ( Aphis punicae ) Usually affects new flush and suck cell sap. The affected parts get discoloured and disfigured. First spray should be given at the time of fruit setting Thrips ( Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus/Scirtothrips dorsalis ) Feed by sucking sap from leaves. Spray Phosphamidon (0.01%). Black excreta of caterpillars are commonly seen on fruits Cotnrol Remove infested fruits and destroy. petals and result in leaf curl. flower stalks. 88 .Ambe Mrig Hasta January February March April May June July August September October November December 17 18 31 40 44 30 22 20 20 19 17 16 Plant Protection Pests Fruit borer or Pomegranate Butterfly (Deudorix isocrates ) Adults lay eggs at the time of fruit setting in flowers.4%) or Endosulphan repeat the sprays with Fenvalerate (0.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms.02%) or imidacloprid (0.15) or dichlorovos (0. Larvae develop inside the fruit and these larvae bore out of the fruits.03%) or Carbaryl (0. on which sooty mold develops. On fruits discoloured areas are seen which later show rusty scars Control • • Affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed on observing the insect infestation.04%) or deltamethrin (0. These insects secrete copious amounts of honey dew. Spray chloropyriphos (0. drying of young shoots and shedding of flowers. Control • • Affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed on observing the insect infestation. Cottony appearance of mealy bug and sooty molds are the visible symptoms of mealy bug infestation. Spray chloropyriphos (0.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms. Control • • Affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed on observing the insect infestation.02%) or imidacloprid (0.02%) or imidacloprid (0. Control • Orchard should be kept clean and overcrowding of trees should be avoided 89 .02%) or imidacloprid (0.04%) or deltamethrin (0.15) or dichlorovos (0. ) Adults bugs and nymphs are seen on all parts. Ferissia sp. White fly ( Siphoninus phillyreae ) They severely infest on dorsal sides of leaves resulting in to curling.04%) or deltamethrin (0.04%) or deltamethrin (0. yellowing and drying.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms. Bark eating caterpillar ( Indarabeal tetraonis.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms. Spray chloropyriphos (0. Spray chloropyriphos (0.04%) or deltamethrin (0. I.15) or dichlorovos (0. Mealy Bugs ( Planococcus sp. The attacked plants show the presence of such galleries on the bark surface. Control • • Affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed on observing the insect infestation.15) or dichlorovos (0.Control • • Affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed on observing the insect infestation.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms. Spray chloropyriphos (0.15) or dichlorovos (0.. quadrinotata ) Its larvae feed on bark under webbed galleries of silk and excreta. Mites ( Aceria granati/Oligonychus punicae/Tenuipalus punicae ) Adults and nymphs feed on the lower leaf surface resulting in shiny white/brown patches and leaves may curl and dry.02%) or imidacloprid (0. O.• • Whenever larvae holes are observed. Control • • When insect symptoms are observed (yellowing and drying of plants) soil drenching with chlorpyriphos (0. Their incidence increases in rainy season. Control • • Treat the holes produced by borer with dicholrovos (0.05%) Beetles bore holes in roots and trunks resulting in drying of trees.fullonica.2%) in and around the affected trees is effective. O.1%) as prophylactic spray or on initiation of insect infestation. Put poison bait containing malathion 1 ml + 100 g jaggery + 5ml vinegar in small tins during night. As prophylactic.2%) Catterpillars feed voraciously on leaves and adults suck juice from fruits. Fruit sucking moths ( Othreis ancilla. Control • • • • • Destroy weeds and keep the orchard clean. Leaf eating caterpillar ( Achaea janata ) Shot hole borer ( Xyleborus fornicates/X.25%) and seal holes with clay Spray quinolphos (0. They lay eggs on weeds. inject larvae holes with quinaliphos (0. Control • Spray crop with chlorpyriphos (0.05%) Give a prophylactic spray or on observing the symptoms spray with carbaryl (0. Generate smoke in orchards during dusk time.05%) or chlorphyriphos (0.cajecta.2%) and carbaryl (0. spray chlorpyriphos (0. feed internally. Through feeding punctures secondary pathogens enter and cause fruit rotting. Achaea janata ) It punchers mature fruits at dusk by inserting proboscis and suck juice. O. Collect and destroy infested fallen fruits.08%) Stem Borer ( Coelosterna spinator ) Grubs make holes and bore through the bark of main stems and branches. Harvest mature fruits little early. Excreta and dry powdered material are usually seen near the base of plants.01%) or fenvalerate (0.materna. perforans ) 90 .04%) or dischlorovos (0. • Drenching of bleaching powder @ 150g/5-7L of water per plant or dusting of copper dust (4%) @ 20 kg/ha on soil below canopy at the time of bahar treatment reduces the bacterial inoculum due to left over plant debris in orchards. cajeta ) The roots of infested plants form knots. twigs. fruits & twigs) in orchards nor dump near orchard or thro in irrigation channels. Cut ends should be applied with Bordeaux paste (10%) immediately after pruning. This will also help in proper aeration and distribution of solar light. which helps to reduce diseases. 91 . Control • • Plant orchard with disease free planting material Keep proper row to row and plant to plant spacing and follow proper pruning and training to avoid plant to plant contact. maternal. resulting in weakening of plants. E. ‘Y’ or ‘L’ shaped cracks are formed on lesions and in severe cases entire fruit split opens. Control • • • • Use well decomposed organic manure Remove dead decaying matter or dry stubbles from the field to avoid termite infestation. • Do not leave infected plant material (leaves. Punicae ) Water soaked lesions are formed on leaves. flowers. It is more serious in Rabi season. In standing crop apply chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 4L/ha with irrigation water for effective protection of crop against termite infestation. Nematodes ( Eudocima fullonia. flowers. twigs and branches break at the point of infection. • Prune twigs and branches 2 inches below the canker followed by 1% Bordeaux mixture spray. calyx and fruits.i/ha Diseases Bacterial Blight ( Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. The orchard should be swept clean to collect all fallen plant parts and burnt. E.Termites (White ants) ( Odonyotermis obesus ) White ants feed on many crops and more serious in light or light loamy soils and dry areas. E. The lesions coalesce to form big spots as a result the infected leaves and flowers drop. homaena. Control • Apply phorate @ 40gm/plant or carbofuron 2kg a. branches. Treat soil with quinolphos 1.5% or methyl parathion 2% dust @ 25 kg/ha before planting. • • • During pruning secateurs should be sterilized with dettol (1%) or Sodium hypochlorite (1%) People handling diseased plants/orchards should avoid entering/touching disease free orchards/plants without changing clothes and washing. Educate neighboring growers about the significance of sanitation and clean cultivation and to follow recommended spray schedules as well as doses strictly and in all the orchards effectively checking the spread of the pathogen. Adopt the following spray schedule • • • • • First spray be given with 1% Bordeaux mixture immediately after pruning Second spray at foliage initiation with Streptocycline (250ppm) + Copper oxychloride (0.25%) Third spray at 15 days interval with Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) Fourth spray with Streptocycline (250ppm) + Carbendazim (0.1%) Under favourable weather conditions of overcast sky and rains and high disease pressure higher concentrations of Streptocycline (500ppm) should be used. Also spray interval can be reduced to 8 – 10 days. • Rest period of 3 – 4 months should be practiced and during this period Bordeaux mixture (1%) should be sprayed at 1 month interval. Streptocycline (250ppm) should be sprayed once during the rest period. Leaf and fruit spots Colletotrichum and Sphaceloma spots On leaves the spots are brown-black spots with light center and purplish-brown borders. On fruits initially spots are small with dark purplish brown borders with light centers which later enlarge to form larger spots with light center and dark edge. Control At flower initiation or disease appearance spray the crop with carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.25%), or copper oxychloride (0.25%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.15%) Cercospora Spots Small irregular reddish brown spots are formed on leaves, which may be few or numerous. On fruits these spots resemble much to oily spots but donot have cracks. The disease is more severe in warm climates and in summer. Control At flower initiation or disease appearance spray the crop with carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.25%), or copper oxychloride (0.25%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.15%) Alternaria Spots 92 Isolated irregular round blackish-brown spots on leaves which may enlarge to cover large area. Sometimes the affected leaves appear blighted, turn yellow, dries and fall off. On fruits the spots are dark and cover large area, mostly mature fruits are attacked. Stressed plants are more prone to this disease. Control At flower initiation or disease appearance spray the crop with carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.25%), or copper oxychloride (0.25%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.15%) Drechslera Spots The fruits develop small irregular spots surrounded by yellow border. In severe cases these blotches result in discoloration of inner tissue or even extend up to the seeds, where arils turn brown. Control At flower initiation or disease appearance spray the crop with carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.25%), or copper oxychloride (0.25%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.15%) Wilt complex ( Ceratocystis fimbriata, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and nematodes) Affected plants show yellowing of leaves in some twigs or branches, followed by drooping and drying of leaves. The entire tree dies in few months or a year. When affected tree is cut open lengthwise or cross-section dark grayish-brown discolouration of wood is seen. Disease is more in heavy soil and increases with soil moisture. Control • • • • • Plant at spacing 4.5 m × 3.0 m in the orchard Plant pomegranate in sandy loam soil with proper drainage Soil drenching with carbendazim (0.2%), or propiconazole (0.15%) or Tridemorph (0.15%) + Chlorpyriphos (0.25%) before planting in diseases prone areas. Spray with carbendazim (0.1%) or propiconazole (0.15%) or tridemorph (0.15%) as soon as first sign of disease are seen. The completely wilted plants should be uprooted and burnt and drench the plant basin as above. Phytophthora Blight ( Phytophthora nicotianae ) Affects seedlings, foliage as well as fruits particularly during rainy season, when humidity is high. Affected leaves and twigs show typical blighted appearance. Fungus also attacks flowers and fruits at all stages and cause fruit rot. 93 Control At disease appearance, spray the crop with metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% (0.25%) or mancozeb (0.25%). Fruit rot ( Cercospora punicae/Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) Fruit spot pathogen also result in fruit rots. Pathogens enter through calyx or stem end and results dark brown depressed spots on fruits. Control At flower initiation spray the crop with carbendazim (0.15%) or mancozeb (0.25%) thiophanate methyl (0.15%) FRUIT DISORDERS Fruit cracking Apart from cracking due to bacterial blight, fruit cracks are also due to improper irrigation, boron, calcium and potash deficiency. When after a long dry spell there is rain or irrigation water is given fruits tend to crack. Hence regular watering during fruiting period should be practiced. Since abiotic cracks are directly related to moisture imbalance, maximum cracking is in Ambe bahar followed by Hasta and lowest in Mrig. Control Irrigate the plants with adequate quantity of water at regular intervals. Spray Boron @ 0.2% (2 g/l). Apply calcium and potash as per soil test values. Sun scald Develop good canopy by proper pruning and plant nutrition. To reduce sun scald spray Koalin thrice at 15 days interval during hot summer months. First spray is of 5% and next two of 2.5%. If heavy rain or wind occurs spray interval can be accordingly reduced. Internal break down of arils Disintegration of arils in matured pomegranates known as an internal breakdown or blackening of arils, is a serious malady. This disorder cannot be identified externally, whereas the arils become soft, light creamy brown to dark blackish brown and unfit for consumption. It is increasing rapidly in the pomegranate growing pockets in western Maharashtra. The incidence of internal breakdown occurs 90 days after anthesis. Its intensity increases if the fruits are left on the tree for 140 days onwards. It is evident in evergreen and deciduous cultivars. The incidence is more in ambe bahar, it increases with increase in weight of fruits from 150-200g (26.60%) to more than 350g (60%). No insect or organism is associated with this malady. The TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, starch, 94 tannins, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, boron and enzyme polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase increase in the affected arils compared with the healthy ones. The exact causes are not known and remedial measures are difficult to advocate. Therefore pomegranates should be harvested at 120-135 days after fruits set. Control Harvest as soon as the crop matures. BER (Zizyphus mauritiana L.) Climate Though ber is said to be a sub-tropical fruit, it thrives well under varying climatic conditions. Low temperature conditions below freezing point are injurious to the fruits as well as to the young shoots. It can, however, withstand severe hot conditions, by shedding its leaves and becoming dormant during May–June. The ber prefers dry atmosphere for its ideal performance, high atmospheric humidity is disadvantageous particularly during fruiting. Soils It adapts to a wide variety of soils, varying from shallow to deep and from gravelly and sandy to clayey. Ber can also withstand alkalinity and lightly water logged conditions. It can also be grown on marginal lands which are unfit for growing other fruit crops. However, deep sandy loam soils which are neutral or slightly alkaline provide best media for its excellent growth and fruiting. The ber tree is drought hardy and grow under the most hazardous conditions of soil, water and climate. Varieties Gola The fruit is greenish yellow, round, medium to large and weighs 20g on an average. It has good keeping quality. It yields about 100 kg/tree. Umran Fruits are large, oval with a roundish apex, and have an attractive golden yellow colour which turns to chocolate brown at full maturity. The fruit weighs on an average 30– 35g. It is tough and firm, surface smooth and glossy. It can withstand transporting and has good keeping quality. It is a prolific bearer and yields about 200 kg/tree, ripens during December-January. Banarasi Karaka 95 Fruits are fairly large, oval with thin skin. On maturity fruits turn yellow. The fruit on an average weighs about 25g, it is regular and a prolific bearer, yields about 150 kg/tree. Kaithili The fruit is medium with an average weight of 25g. Fruit is oblong, with pointed apex, smooth surface and greenish yellow skin. It is a medium to heavy yielder, yields about 120–150 kg/tree. It has poor keeping quality and does not stand transportation. Suitable for local markets. Mundia Fruits are oblong in shape medium sized, weighs about 14–18g. It is a medium yielder, 30–35kg/tree. Seb Fruits are apple shaped, each fruit weighs about 30g. Tree grows upright, yields about 40–45kg/tree. Gangiregu This variety belongs to Andhra Pradesh, fruits are oblong with pointed tip small to medium sized with less pulp to stone ratio. Propagation The popular method of propagation of ber is by budding. Though different types of budding are adopted the common methods is by shield and patch budding on suitable rootstocks. Preparation of land The land is ploughed on both ways to uproot the stumps and stubbles and these are removed. Finally the land is leveled. Planting Budlings are planted either during spring (February–March) or during the rainy season (August–September) the latter being more preferable. Pits of 60×60×60 cm are dug one month before planting at a spacing of 6×6m. After a fortnight the pits are filled using a mixture of good soil plus 25kg FYM plus 1kg superphosphate per pit. To avoid termite infestation 30g of folidol 2% dust is mixed with the soil. After filling the pit it is watered to allow the soil to settle. Then the budlings are planted in the pit, by scooping out soil in the middle of the pit and pressing the soil round the ball of earth of the budling. Then it is watered. After care 96 The young budlings are watered regularly at weekly intervals by basin method for a couple of summers. The budlings are protected from scorching sun by erecting thatches or covering the plant all-round, leaving a gap on the south-western side with palmyra leaves. Any sprouts arising on the rootstock portions are removed promptly. The young budlings should be staked to avoid breakage at the bud union. Training and pruning The ber is a spreading type of tree. If left uncared it spreads and becomes unmanageable. So training and pruning of ber trees are highly desirable to build a strong frame work and to obtain regularly profitable yields. For developing a strong frame work it is essential to train them right from the nursery stage, when the scion bud sprouts, only one upright growing shoot should be removed. Training of ber is carried out during the initial three years after planting. During the first year an upright and vigorous main trunk is developed upto a height of one meter from the ground level, by removing all the sprouts. From this trunk, 3–4 well spaced and favourably located main branches should be allowed, while the rest are removed. These laterals form the framework of the tree. During the second year, the above process should be repeated to develop the tree upto tertiary branching level. During third year, final balancing and correction of the tree framework is done, along with first pruning. All the criss crossing and week shoots should be removed. The ber fruits are borne in the axils of leaves on the young shoots of the current season. Hence, a regular annual pruning is necessary to induce maximum number of new healthy shoots to provide maximum fruit bearing area and to produce quality fruits. Heading back of 25% growth together with removal of diseased, broken or criss-crossing branches is also necessary to avoid crowding. The best time for pruning is April–May, when the trees are in dormant condition. Manures and Fertilizers The productivity of the ber trees can be improved by proper manuring annually. The manurial schedules vary from place to place. Application of 10kg of FYM and 15 kg of Ammonium sulphate per tree of 4-5 years old is recommended. A fully grown tree should be given 20-30 kg of FYM and half kg of Nitrogen to obtain good yields. The fertilizers are applied in two equal split doses once in rainy season (July-August) and next at the time of fruit set (September-October). Age (Years) 1 2 FYM (kg) 10 20 Nitrogen (g) 100 200 Phosphorous (g) 50 100 Potassium (g) 50 100 97 3 4 5 Above 5 Irrigation 30 40 50 60 300 400 500 750 150 200 250 300 150 200 250 300 Though ber is drought resistant, it responds well to irrigation and to improve the productivity irrigation is a must. However, ber trees need not be irrigated during the most period of the year but irrigation during the period of fruit development (September– December) is very essential and is beneficial. Irrigation is given at 7-10 days interval depending upon the prevailing agro-climatic conditions. Mostly grown as rainfed fruit crop, initial first 2 to 3 years irrigation should be provided using pitcher method where 20 liter capacity pitchers (mud pots) with drain hole plugged with cotton are arranged near tree drip circle. Drip irrigation and fertigation also a common practice saving 50–60% water and 20– 30% fertilizers. Irrigation should be regulated at the time of flowering and fruiting. Intercultivation One ploughing in September-October is desirable to keep the weeds under control. Ploughing in summer helps to check the insects and weeds. Intercropping The ber trees take about 5 years to occupy the interspace in the orchard. Till then, the interspaces can be profitably used by growing intercrops. Leguminous intercrops are preferable as they enrich the soil. Harvesting Ber trees are regular and heavy bearers. Budlings start bearing with in three years of planting. There after it gives regular yields. Under the prevailing conditions of Andhra Pradesh, ber flowers in the months of June-August and the harvesting of fruits begins by November onwards and lasts upto the end of January. All the fruits on the tree do not ripen at one time and therefore, 4 to 5 or more pickings have to be done in the season. Fruits are harvested with hand or a pole with a hook. The fruit should be harvested at the right stage. The best index is the characteristic maturity colour and softness of a particular variety after the fruit has attained full size. After harvesting, the fruits should be graded according to the size and colour, for getting good profits. The average yield per tree varies with the variety. However, the average yield per tree ranged from 100 to 200 kg. Uses 98 The maggot. The ber fruit is mostly eaten as fresh fruit but it can also be dried and kept for use in the off season. drops to the ground and pupates inside the soil. May-June and August. The ber fruit are rich in nutritive value. minerals.06% dimethoate 30 EC (2ml/L) or 0. to destroy the pest. candy and chutney. Control To minimize the pest infestation.1% (1ml/L). spraying should be done with 0.Although ber is often referred as “Poor man’s fruit”. Ber fruits can also be preserved in the form of murabba. yet it is not a “Poor fruit”. Several generations of pest are seen in the season. Leaf Eating Caterpillars ( Euprocitis fraternal. It excels many important fruits in vitamins and minerals. when fully grown comes out of the fruit. Viramin ‘C’ content of the ber fruit is more than that or citrus fruits. Plant Protection Pests Fruit Fly ( Carpomyia vesuviana ) This pest is recorded throughout the country and is the most serious pest of ber. when infested by the lac insect. The adult female lays eggs singly in the developing fruit. Thaicidas postica ) 99 . Infestation of the pest starts with the onset of fruit setting. The dropped fruits infested with fruit fly should be collected and buried deep in the soil. the ber wood has a high calorific value and makes excellent charcoal. Leaves are used as fodder in the dry regions of Punjab and Rajasthan. As fuel. On hatching caterpillars bore into fruits and feed on the pulp near seed. The extent of damage may vary from 20 – 80%. to expose the hibernating pupae to the bright sun and birds. Its wood is used for making agricultural implements. The most important use of ber tree. it gives lac. They contain considerable amounts of protein.125% malathion (2. making the ber cultivation uneconomical. vitamin ‘C’ and carotene.5ml/L) or dichlorovas 0. Eggs are laid on fruits at pea stage. orchard soil should be ploughed during March-April. Besides the fruits. During the fruiting season. other than providing fruits is. Foliar spray with polytrine @ 1ml or Endosulphan @ 2ml/L for 2-3 times at 10 days interval initiating first spray at pea size. Fruit borer ( Meridarchis scyodes ) Very serious pest. Control Destroy the infected fruits. Almost all the cultivated varieties are susceptible to this pest. Infested fruits become deformed and their growth is arrested and they drop off. On hatching the maggot starts feeding on the pulp inside the fruit. the ber tree also yields other economic products. Besides fruits. Dried fruits have been reported to be useful in haemorrhages. acidic and alkaline soils. dyspepsia and cough. Soil and Climate Any type of soils with good drainage. high productivity/unit area (15-20 t/ha). September. The affected leaves drop off. November and December will control the disease effectively. diuretic and laxative. When the attack is severe. cooling effect. The total area under Aonla in Andhra Pradesh is about 4.e. misshapen and under developed. Most suitable for dry arid climates 100 . It also attacks the fruits.1% Dinocap or 0. jaundice. Leaf fall start in summer and trees enter in to dormancy from March to May. Trifia and chavanprash are well known indigenous medicines in Ayurvedic system using aonla.25% wettable sulphur four times or 0. Later instar caterpillars disperse and devour leaves. It is acrid.Young caterpillars initially remain gregarious and scrape leaves and tender fruits. dysentery.05% Karathane four time times or three foliar sprays with 0. Control Spraying 0.991 hectares with estimated annual production of 9. leaves. cracked. bark and even seeds are being used for various purposes. Its fruits are a rich source of vitamin ‘C’. and causes heavy fruit drop. AONLA (Emblica officinalis) Aonla or Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) is an indigenous fruit to Indian subcontinent. initiating spray after the first appearance of the disease i. It can be successfully grown in saline.during July. anaemia. Tolerant equally to severe cold and hot climates up to 46 °C. Tolerates sodium levels up to 30% and pH up to 9. diarrhea. nutritive and therapeutic value. Owing to hardy nature. aonla have become an important fruit. Aonla. fruit is highly valued among indigenous medicines. The affected fruits become corky.1% Triademorph at 20 days interval.982 tons. Control Foliar spray with Quinolphos or Endosulphan @ 2ml or carbaryl @ 3g/L Diseases Powdery Mildew ( Oidium sp. fruits and tender shoots. ) The fungus attacks young developing leaves. suitable to various waste lands.5. entire crop is lost through fruit drop or rendered unmarketable. It is ideal for preserve and candy. flowers/branchlet). BSR-1 Variety is released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Fruits are attractive with light green having pinkish tinge. Plants should be staked and shoots arising from rootstock should be removed promptly. Pits of 1×1×1 m should be dug in the month of May-June and filled with 15 kg FYM.8 female. wedge and approach grafting also practiced. Five to 6 year old tree yields about 35–38kg/tree. Five year old tree bears yields about 30kg/tree. Chakaiya Fruits are greenish white color.7 female flowers/branchlet). Since fruit set is mostly by cross pollination. Vitamin ‘C’ content is about 711mg/100g pulp. Kanchan (NA-4) Fruits are light yellowish green. medium sized fruits (30–32g). mostly grown as rainfed fruit crop. it is precocious. however initial first 2 to 3 years assured irrigation is essential for good growth. Vitamin ‘C’ content is about 650mg/100g pulp. Young plants should be planted at 8×8 m or 6×6 m spacing. owing to low fibre content. Vitamin ‘C’ is about 789mg/100g pulp. During summer irrigation interval should be every 4–5 days. medium size (33–35g). it is prolific and heavy bearer (10. Irrigation Aonla tolerates well to drought conditions. prolific and regular bearer (9. A five year old tree yields about 40–45kg/tree. Fibre content is high. Amrit (NA-6) A seedling selection from Chakaiya. round with little warty skins weighing about 40g. Fruits are pinkish coloured and small sized (12–14g). while planting bud or graft union should be at least 10–20cm above the ground level. Propagation and Planting Propagated mostly by budding. In case of bearing trees irrigation 101 . more than one variety should be planted for better yields. Neelam (NA-7) A seedling selection of Franchis. Vitamic ‘C’ content is about 528 mg/100g pulp.Varieties Balawant (NA-10) Fruits are medium to large size. This is an ideal variety for preparation of products and has a great promise. Suitable variety for pharmaceutical use. Five to 6 six year old tree yields about 42 kg/tree. Ideal time for planting is July to October. 1 kg SSP and 100 g Furadon granules along with loose soil. Suitable variety for pickle purpose. 50 g P. during this periods tree basins should not be disturbed.should be stopped in the months of Nov–Dec for better flowering in the following season. For trees of more than 10 year old. By commencement of monsoon. Manures and Fertilizers During first year after planting. Drip irrigation and fertigation also a common practice saving 30–40% water and 20–30% fertilizers. Fruit set occur by cross pollination and later fruits enter in to a prolonged dormancy for up to four months (March–June). and 100 g K and 5 kg FYM up to the age of 10 years. later on flowers are borne on new definite branches.tetraonis ) Feed on the bark under silken ribbon shaped webs. intercrops such as groundnut. Control Foliar spray with dimethoate @ 2ml/L or Phosalone 0. Sucking pests Thrips Attack mainly fruits at pea stage resulting in poor fruit development. Later on every year fertilizers should be applied in increments of 100 g N.05% 102 . Trees start bearing fruits from 3rd year onwards. Fertilizers should be applied in 2 split doses in bearing trees. I. and 100 g K plus 10 kg FYM should be applied. first dose at new flush and second dose during monsoon (June-July). 0. A fully grown tree of about 10 year old yields up to 100 to 150 kg/tree. pulses and other leguminous crops or medicinal and aromatic crops can be grown. Control Inject with dichlorovos (1ml in 10ml of water) or Kerosin or Endosulfon (2ml/L) of water and seal holes with clay. Male flowers are produced first at the bottom and later female flowers at the tips of these branches. Indeterminate shoots are produced on main shoots.5kg P and 1kg K plus 60 kg of FYM should be applied. horsegram. Plant Protection Pests Bark eating caterpillars ( Indarbela quadrinotata. Flowering. Fruit set and Yield Flowering occurs on new shoots in the month of January–February. 1kg N. 50 g P. Intercropping During first three years. Rainfed Aonla orchards should use organic mulching in basins to 8 cm thick with either wood shavings or groundnut shells to conserve moisture. Micronutrients foliar spray should be applied at fruit set stage. dormancy is released and fruits start developing rapidly and will be ready for harvest in October. 100 g N. Fruit necrosis Necrosis a physiological disorder.) 103 . Control Foliar spray with Chlorothalonil @ 2g or Mancozeb @ 2.Aphids ( Schoutedenia emblica ) Infestation is severe on young flush and flowering stage. Foliar spray with neem oil @ 5ml/L. Sooty mold develops on these secretions that hinder photosynthesis. Apply 2% Follidol dust in the tree basins. Black Spot Initially small black spots are formed on fruits and later enlarges. Affected fruits drop off prematurely.05% Mealy bugs ( Nipaecocus vastator (maskell)) Nymphs develop in soil near tree basins and crawls on trees. has been observed in aonla fruits. Control Foliar spray with Borax @ 6g/L at 15 days interval for three times during fruit development stage. Foliar spray with Chloropyriphos @ 2. Both nymphs and adults infest near stalk end portion of fruits and suck sap resulting in poor fruit development and premature fruit drop. Incidence initates with browning of mesocarp which extends towards the epicarp resulting into brownish black appearance of flesh. Control Foliar spray with dimethoate @ 2ml/L or Phosalone 0. Control Intercultivate during summer. TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L. secrets honey dew all over the branches and leaves. Control Foliar spray with Copper oxycholoride 3g/L or 1% Boredeaux mixture immediately after receival of rain during fruit development and repeat it after 15days interval. Nymphs and adults suck sap from tender shoots.5 g/L or Sulphur 2g/lit or Bitertanol 1g/lit during December. Francis variety is highly susceptible followed by Banarasi.5ml/L Diseases Rust ( Ravenelia emblica ) Conspicuous black coloured rust pustules on leaflets and fruits. The species has a wide geographical distribution in the subtropics and semiarid tropics and is cultivated in numerous regions.099 hectares with estimated annual production of 46. Yogeshwari Variety released from Marathwada Agricultural University. 104 . is a multipurpose tropical fruit tree used primarily for its fruits. Tamarind grows under these conditions in the wet tropics but does not flower. Pits of 1×1×1 m should be dug in the month of May-June and filled with 15 kg FYM. reflecting its wide geographical distribution in the sub and semi-arid tropics. Varieties There are only few varieties of tamarind. With little or no cultivation it can flourish in poor soils and on rocky terrain. having sweet pulp Pratisthan Variety released from Marathwada Agricultural University.Tamarind. dry weather is important for flower initiation and if heavy rains occur during flowering tamarind does not bear fruit. It tolerates sodic and saline soils where it grows in ravines and on degraded land. Propagation and Planting Tamarind can be successfully propagated by root and stem cuttings or air and stemlayering or by budding and grafting. it is early variety yielding 263 kg pods/tree with a pulp content of 39 %. High yielding type with red pulp. Tamarindus indica L. However. In fact.962 tons. Ideal time for planting is July to October. commonly practiced method is by wedge and approach grafting. 60% pulp. used as a seasoning or spice. 1 kg SSP and 100 g Furadon granules along with loose soil. which are eaten fresh or processed. Important varieties in India are PKM-1 A clonal selection from the gene bank. Tamarind is adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions. It can give 26 tonnes of pods/ha if transplanted at a spacing of 10 m x 10 m.00% acidity. provided that the soil is well drained. 8% tartaric acid in pulp. The maximum annual rainfall which tamarind can tolerate is up to 4000 mm. Pulp has acid sweet taste. regular bearer. Soil and Climate The tamarind tree can grow in a wide range of soils and have no specific soil requirement.. The total area under Tamarind in Andhra Pradesh is about 6. Urigam This is another local type providing very long pods. Young plants should be planted at 10×10m or 9×9m spacing. or the fruits and seeds are processed for non-food uses. 11. Flowering and fruiting is promoted by irrigation. In dry areas the use of water harvesting techniques during the rainy season should be considered as it encourages subsequent growth and fruiting. Plants should be staked and shoots arising from rootstock should be removed promptly. the need for watering becomes less. Every year thereafter 5 kg of farmyard manure and 5 kg of neem cake are applied per tree in the months of March and April. Where irrigation facilities are available watering should be done and repeated as the need arises in the early stages of growth. but promotes better growth during establishment and the early stages of growth. Trees are known to fruit well even without fertiliser application. due to their deep and extensive root system. Young trees should be pruned to allow 3-5 well-spaced branches to develop into the main scaffold structure of the tree. Irrigation Tamarind tolerates well to drought conditions. Mulching during the dry season will also help to reduce water losses from evaporation. however initial first 2 to 3 years assured irrigation is essential for establishment. Mulches around the trees also help in weed control and water conservation. Vegetables and legumes can be grown during the rainy season in the interspaces in the first three to six years to augment farm income and improve soil fertility. but 5 kg of farmyard manure is applied to the planting hole at the time of planting. In later years as the deep tap root system develops. Irrigation Irrigation is not normally practiced in tamarind cultivation. Bearing trees require very little pruning other than maintenance pruning to remove dead. Flowering and Fruit set 105 . Inorganic fertilizers are not normally applied to tamarind trees. mostly grown as rainfed fruit crop. Intercrop Tamarind allows intercropping with a variety of annual crops. Tamarind is a compact tree and produces symmetrical branches. especially during the dry seasons.while planting graft union should be at least 10–20cm above the ground level. Manures and Fertilizers The nutritional requirement of tamarind has not yet been studied and standardized recommendations are therefore not available. During summer irrigation should be at every 7–10 days interval. Pruning and Training Initial training and pruning of young plants during the first years is essential for the development of well-formed trees. weak and diseased branches and water sprouts. but sometimes the harvesting period may extend to June. The period from flowering to pod ripening is 8-10 months. terminal vegetative shoots which bear flowers only in the following flowering season are produced annually. ** * 106 .In tamarind. Mealy bug ( Planococcus lilacinus ) The mealybug. Ripe fruits. Virachola isocrates ) The larvae infest ripening pods on the tree and persists in the stored fruits. Control Foliar spray with chloropyriphos (0. Diseases Powdery mildew A mildew caused by Oidium sp.02%) or imidacloprid (0. An extended spell of dry weather may be essential for fruit development. however. In general. Control In order to have effective control foliar sprays of wettable sulphur @ 3g/L at 15 day intervals is the most economical method. Plant Protection Pests Fruit Borer ( Lasioderma serricorne. flowering and fruiting of tamarind takes place in the dry season.15) or dichlorovos (0. short ones with an erect habit and long ones with a drooping habit. Two types of terminal shoots have been observed. is a leading pest of tamarind in India. In most of the tamarind producing countries the fruits are harvested from February to March/April. The disease causes defoliation and early growth is severely retarded. causing leaf-fall and sometimes shedding of young fruits. Control Destroy the infected fruits.04%) or deltamethrin (0. fruits are harvested from April to May. In India. Foliar spray with polytrine @ 1ml or Endosulphan @ 2ml/L or Carbaryl @ 3g/L for 23 times at 10 days interval. Those with longer vegetative terminal shoots produce more flowers. larvae feed internally on the pulp and seeds and makes unmarketable. may remain on the tree until the next flowering period. is a common occurrence in nursery seedlings.05%) as prophylactic or on observing the infestation. It is reported that production of flowers varies considerably between selections in India. 107 . It is cultivated in 81.08. Climate It is mostly grown as winter vegetable.000 tonnes in Andhrapradesh. Palamaneru areas of Chittoor district and in Arakuvally areas of Visakhapatnam district. It is the one of the most important protective foods. It cannot tolerate high temperature and heavy rainfall conditions. Soils 108 . In summer it is also grown around Madanapalli.VEGETABLE CROPS TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum) It is the world’s largest vegetable crop after sweet potato.069 hectares with an estimated annual production of 14. Arka Meghali This variety is suitable to dry lands. bearing firm fleshy fruits of deep red color. Plant small in size. Maarutham 109 . Crop duration is about 140-150 days. PKM-1 Released from Tamil Nadu. Pusa Early Dwarf Suitable for cultivation in our State.It is successfully grown as winter in almost all types of soils ranging from sandy loams to heavy clay soils and also during the onset of monsoon in kharif in light soils of Telengana as rainfed crop. The plants are semideterminate bearing oblate fruits weighing 80-85g. Crop duration is 125-130 days. Fruits medium in size and round. attractive red color. uniform red. ripening uniformly. Yield about 30tons/ha. Fruits are medium sized. This variety is determinate and erect in nature. comes to harvest in 60 days after planting. It is resistant to fruit cracking and produce 35 tons/ha in 105/110 days after transplanting. It comes to fruiting in about 60-65 days after transplanting. Arka Saurabh The plants are semi-determinate in growth habit. Earlier than Ruby. fruits are medium in size with slight furrows. Fruits are attractive. Suitable for cultivation in all seasons. red. yields 32 tons/ha. Arka Vikas This variety was developed from an American variety Tiptop. uniform red smooth and slightly larger fruits than Pusa Ruby and withstands better to rains. Duration 135 days. Crop duration about 130135 with 30 tons/ha yield. yield 35-40 tons/ha. Pusa Selection-4 Released from Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Varieties Pusa Ruby Suitable for cultivation in our State. It is dwarf but branches freely. more number of plants can be transplanted per acre. Suitable for fresh market. It is a dual purpose variety suited both for fresh market and processing into juice and ketchup. It produced 35-40 tons/ha of fruits in 105-110 days after transplanting. It produced the yield of 20t/ha. oblate with deeper furrows than Pusa Early Dwarf. each weighing on an average 70g. New Delhi Tall and moderately sturdy plants. prepare ridges and furrows at 60 cm spacing for convenient irrigation channel. fruit setting is excellent even during hot summer months. fruits medium sized. For winter and summer crop. Fruits are medium to large. Determinate. uniform ripening. hybrid widely adopted. Duration 135-140 days. suitable for processing.This variety released from Tamilnadu Agricultural University. Specially recommended for summer. firm fruits with good colour and high TSS. Coimbatore. Hybrids Naveen An early. and can be grown in hot and dry weather. medium sized. intense red coloured. sturdy. Rashmi A determinate and widely apated processing hybrid. it produces excellent round. oblate to round. prepare the field into convenient beds of 4x5 m size. determinate. Preparatory Cultivation Plough the land 4-5 times to attain a good tilth. Spacing Varietes Hybrids Seeds and Sowing 60 x 45 cm 90 x 45 cm 110 . Comes to harvest in about 65 days with a total duration of 32-35 tons/ha. heavy branching with dency leaves.plants resistant to Fusarium and Veticillium wilts. Coimbatore. tolerant to TLCV. Yield 32-35 tons/ha. Suitable for all seasons. very productive. determinate hybrid. Rupali Plants determinate. If the crops are to be raised in Kharif. freely branching habit. Fruits round medium in size. smooth. It gives high yields. early with good foliage cover. compact growing. Bangalore. ideally adopted for hot and dry climate. Fruits semi oblong. good coloured. compact growing hybrid. deep red with high TSS. incorporate the Farmyard manure in the last ploughing. Fruits medium sized. Vaishali It is produced by Indo American hybrid seeds. suitable for processing. CO-1 Released by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Plant small in size. with slight furrows. Avinash-2 A heavy yielder. Manures and Fertilizers Application of farm yard manure to an extent of 20-25 tons/ha is desirable in the final ploughing. 30 th. of P2O5 and K2O have to be applied and 100/ha. 2. 30th. Nipping of terminal shoots will improve the branching and fruit set. The Seedlings with 3-7 leaves which are approximately 25-30 days old should be transplanted at variety soil fertility. Before preparing nursery beds. of P2O5 and K2O have to be applied and 100/ha. 45th and 60th day after transplantation. Intercultivation Weeding hoeing and earthing up is to be done along with fertilization. Irrigation Irrigate the field at 7 to 10 days interval depending upon the soil moisture.4-D per lit of water at flowering and fruit setting to avoid flower & Fruit to get better yield. Apply 15 or 20mg. Stalking is prepared for the development of good size quality fruits. In summer irrigate every 5-6 days. 45th and 60th day after transplantation). well decomposed Farm Yard Manure may be applied to soil. Treat the seed. Yields 30 to 40 tons/ha in the high yielding varieties 5060 t/ha in hybrids. Seed beds should be raised 6” above the ground level.5% or Dithane Z-18 or Dithane M-45 2-3g/lit as a prophylactic measure against damping off. For high yielding varieties A basal dose of 50kg/ha each. Summer crop requires 1kg of seed/ha. These beds may be sprinkled with Bordeaux mixture 0. before sowing with Thiram 2-3g per one kg of seed. Of Nitrogen is to be applied in three split doses. For hybrids 250 kg N: 150 kg P2O5: 150 kg K2O/ha. Parachlorophenoxy acetic acid or 2mg.Seed rate 500g/ha for high yielding varieties and 150g/ha for hybrids or a nursery of 25-30 beds of the size of 1x4 m would be adequate to transplant one hectare. Harvesting Harvesting of fruits commences in about 85 to 90 days after transplantation and continues for about 45 to 60 days. (A basal dose of 150kg/ha each. Plant Protection Pests 111 . Of Nitrogen is to be applied in three split doses. Heliothis armigera. Utetheisa pulchella ) This is a serious pest on tomato. resulting in the wilting up of the leaves. Control Spray Dimethoate (0. Control Treat the seed before sowing with Thiram 2-3 g/kg seed. Control Spray Carbaryl 50% w. It cuts the branches of the plant and also forms holes and burrows in the fruits and destroy them. ) The seedlings re mostly attacked in the nursery bed at the ground level and as a result they topple. The caterpillar crawis over the leaves and feed on the vegetable parts. The feeding is irregular and gives a characteristic lace like appearance to the leaves. Wilt (Vadalipovu Tegulu) ( Fusarium Oxysporum fsp lycopersici ) The lower leaves become yellow and the petioles droop.1% @ 2g per lit or water or Endosulfan (0. Control Spray Carbrayl 50% w. In severe cases the fruits drop off and the whole plant dries up.1% @ 2g per lit of water or Quinalphos (0. The affected plants wilt and die. stems as well as on fruits.p.5ml per lit of water.05%) 25% EC @ 2 ml/lit of water Epilachna beetle (Akshintala Purugu) ( Epilachna vigintioctopunctata ) Both grubs and adults feed on the leaves.05%) 35% EC 1.Fruit Borer (Kaya Toluchu Purugu) ( Spodoptera litura. Crop rotation and using resistant varieties Early blight (Akumadu Tegulu) ( Alternaria solani ) Brown spots with concentric rings appear on leaves. 112 .06%) 30% EC @ 2ml per lit of water mixed with Metasystox 25% EC or Monocrotophos @ 1. Control Use of seeds from healthy plants.5ml per lit of water Disease Control Damping off (Narukullu Tegulu) ( Pythium spp. 0. 0.p. Jassids (Pach Doma) ( Sundapteryx biguttula ) The nymphs and adults stay underneath the leaves and suck the sap. with slightly purple stem. Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tomato Machalu Madu Virus) Bronze colour markings on the upper side or young leaflets accompanied by downward curling of leaves. Fruits are borne in clusters of 3-6.31. It is freely branching. erect type compact in habit. The leaf surface appears to be crinkled and britte Control Diseased plants should be removed as and when noticed. Spray insecticides to control the insect vectors BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L. Duration of the crop June – July October – November February – March 113 . It comes to harvest in about 45-50 days after planting. Mosaic virus (Verrikullu Tegulu) Interveinal mottling and yellowing of the leaves with scattered patches ongreen areas. Vareities Bhagyamathi It was released by APAU.000 tons. Seed from infected plant should not be used. Fairly resistant to fruit borer and little leaf virus. In Andrha Pradesh it is cultivated in an area of 28. deep purple with oblong shape and without spines. Control Diseased plants should be removed as and when noticed. Spray insecticides to control the insect vectors. It comes up well even in hilly regions where the temperature does not come down below 5 C. It is rich in Vitamin A and E. This can be grown successfully under the climatic conditions prevailing in South India and the Deccan Plateau.Control Spray Captan or Dithane Z-78 or Dithane M-45 @ 3g/lit of water. The emerging leaves are Purple in color. Seasons It can be grown in plains throughout the year but rabi season is the best Rainy Season Winter Season Summer Season Soils A well drained soil with medium to high fertility is best suited.) It is one of the most common vegetables grown throughout the Country.548 hectares with annual production of 5. spines are absent. It is a very high yielding and produces on an average 394 q/ha in 110 to 120 days after transplanting. Heavy yielder 30-40 tons/ha. erect. Leaves are with entire margin. Fruits are borne in singles. Semi erect habit. purple. Leaves and stem are purple. Leaves and stems are dark green colour and without spines. compact habit. Pusa Purple Round Tall. The fruit contains more edible flesh and less number of seeds. Arka Kusumakar The fruits are small finger shapped and light green in color. Fruits long. and sturdy in habit. smooth and large. erect. vigorous and study in habit. It is a very high yielding and dwarf plant bears about 70-75 fruits per plant with an average yield of 397 q/ha in about 110 to 120 days after transplanting. Fruits oblong purple with shining gloomy appearance with attractive green calyx. This variety withstands better for drought. The leaves are with cut edges. Comes to harvest in about 45 days after planting. Generally used for masala curries. One cluster has 3–4 fruits. glossy. medium to large in size heavy yielder 35-40 tons/ha. Gulabi Fruits medium in size. yields moderate i.e. Duration is 135-140 days. light pink colour with cluster bearing habit. Also performs better in upland rainfed cultivation.is 140-160 days. tall. Fruits round weighing 130-150gm purple glossy. Syamala It is best suitable for Telangana region. Arka Sheel The fruits are medium long tender and possess an attractive deep purple skin colour. This variety suitable for Telangana and Coastal region. 25-30 cm long. Pusa Kranti Tall. The fruits are borne in clusters of 5-7. Pusa Purple Long It is an early variety. leaves and stem are mild green. Pusa Purple Cluster Crop comes to harvest in 66-75 days. Fruits borne in clusters of 3-6 fruits deep purple oval shape. Spines are absent. leaves and stem are green in colour. Yields range from 30-35 tons/ha. Resistant to little leaf disease. Resistant to bacterial wilt. 10-12 cm long. 114 . 20-25 tons/ha. medium height. Duration is 135-150 days. 135-150 days duration. Spacing Varieties Hybrids Seeds and Sowing 650 g/ha or nursery of 25-30 beds of the size 1x4 m would be adequate to transplant one hectare.Pusa H-5 Early muturing. 60th and 75th day after planting. Application of Farm Yard Manure upto 25 tons/ha is desirable. 200kg N. Interculture Weeding. dark purple in colour. In summer interval of 45 days and in winter 7-10 days. long. cluster bearing variety. 100kg P2O5 and 150kg of K2O/ha. 100kg of Nitrogen per hectare is to be applied in three split doses at 30th. Ravaiah Purple coloured. Hoeing and earthing up is to be done along with fertilization. deep purple fruits. dark purple in colour. The seedlings with 3-4 leaves with are approximately 30-35 days old should be transplanted with a spacing of 50x50cm. Irrigation The crop requires adequate moisture during the first 70 days. It can withstand drought later to some extent and still revive upon the soil moisture. or 75x50 cm. Harvesting 50 x 50 cm 75 x 50 cm 115 . Pusa H-6 Early maturing. oval. yields 50 t/ha. round. yielding 45 t/ha. For hybrids 300 g of seed is required for one hectare Manures and Fertilizers A basal dressing of 50kg of P2O5 and 50kg K2O are to be applied/ha in the last ploughing. Suphal An early maturing vigorous hybrid which produces long. dark purple in colour. Utkarsha The fruit is round. For hybrids 20-25 tons of FYM. glossy. They form galleries. become whitish and brown patches develop.4% 1.15% @ 3ml/lit of water or Monocrotophaos @ 0. Mealy bug (Pindi Purugu) ( Centrococcus insolitus ) Stunted growth of plant. 2. The calyx is purple blue and is soft and edible too.p. Kaya Toluchu Purugu) ( Leucinodes orbonalis ) In nursery no damage is done by this pest. of water @ 1ml per lit.7 ml/lit of water or dust. otherwise it can be retained for 150-160 days.16% @ 3 ml per water of Methyl parathion 0. Mite (Doma) ( Tetranychus telarius ) Leaves present a blotching appearance. The crop can be removed after 110 days if the 2nd flush is not desired. Sulphur @ 20 to 25 kg/ha. Ready mixture Betacyfluthrin + Imidaclopride 21% @ 200 ml/ha is effective.5 g or Monocrotaphos @ 1. 116 .25 ml per lit of Water. A safe period of 10 days should be maintained between spraying and harvest. Yield High yielding varieties 20-25 t/ha Hybrids 35-50 t/ha. The trade name is Solomon 300 OD which is available in the market. of water Shoot and fruit borer (Muvva. Pest affects young shoots of tansplanted seedlings. Control 3 sprayings of Carbaryl 50% w. Plant Protection Pests Epilachana beetles (Akshintala Purugu) ( Epilachna viginti octopunctata. Control Spray Wettable Sulphur @ 3 to 5 g/lit or Dicofol @ 2. They wither and droop. At fruiting stage fruits are bored. Plants appear as though covered with white wash. Control Malathion 0. The size of the fruit reduces during the summer. These leaves dry up and plant presents an unhealthy appearance.The harvesting starts from 50th day onwards and continues for 50 days in the first phase and a second phase con be obtained after 20-25 days if adequate nutrition and irrigation are provided.03% @ 1ml per lit. Control Spray of Malthion 0.25 ml/lit of water. During summer the calyx tends to become green.dodecastigma ) Both adults and grubs skeletonize the leaves which present a lace like appearance. E. 4 lakh tons of fruits throughout the state for its immature fruits which are used as vegetable. Soils It can be grown in all types of soils. Control Spray with Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50 or Zineb 0. Mosaic Virus (Virus Tegulu) Infected plants show malformation and yellowing of leaves. but grows best in frible. Infected plants bear less number of flowers and fruits. The stems of the crop is used in paper industry and also for the extraction of fibre.Diseases Early blight (Akumadu Tegulu) ( Alternaria solani ) Scattered dark brown spots on leaflets showing concentric rings. Control Rouge out diseased plants. Varieties 117 .25% Little leaf (Verri Tegulu) (Mycoplasma like organisms) Affected plants produce tiny leaves. Control Rouge out diseased plants. may cover large areas of the leaf blade. Plants become bushy due to stimulation of axillary buds in to numerous shoots of small leaves. The seeds do not germinate when the temperature is below 20OC. Severely affected leave may drop off. BHENDI (Abelomoschus esculentus L) Bhendi is cultivated in an area of 29. The infected fruits turn yellow and drop off prematurely. Season The rainy season crop is sown in June-July and the summer crop is sown in February-March. Climate The Bhendi is a warn season crop and is cultivated through out the state. which are pale green in colour. well drained soils. It will not thrive when there is a continuous cold spell. Spray insecticides to control the vector. The growth being restiricted in summer season the seeds are to be sown at a closer spacing. Spray any insecticide to control the vector. Flowers are virescent and sterile. Chilled and frost weather is not suitable. stunted growth and some times show concentyric rings on the leaf lamina.315 hectares producing about 4. It is tolerant to fruit borer and may suit pruning to tame the plant for a ratoon crop. Fruits are dark green with 5 prominent ridges and comparatively less smooth surface. Plant height 120-150 cm with occational branching tendency. Fruits are slender. Hybrids Lam Hybrid Sel-1 (Harita) Developed by ANGRAU and released for cultivation in the state during 1983. the yield being 125q/ha.7 no. upright. green and five reidged. its plants and fruits resemble to those of Arka Anamika in appearance. Released from Marathwada Agricultural University leaves are dark green. Tolerant to yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) Vijay Mhyco hybrid Mhyco hybrid Mhyco hybrid Mhyco hybrid Priya Supriya Aswarya Mystic S-7109 Tulasi no.8 no.Parbhani Kranthi It is a widely adopted variety highly resistant to yellow vein mosaic. long. It is a sister line of Arka Anamika. It is resistant to yellow vein mosaic. open and slightly pigmented on stems. thin.6 no. petioles and lower leaves. lobed and hairy. Arka Abhaya Resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus. long five ridged. Smooth. Arka Anamika The plants are 100cm. It takes 50 days (6th node) to first flowering and 55 days to first picking of tender marketable fruits.10 Export varieties Panjab Padmini Varsha Vishal Nath shobha Seeds and Sowing 118 . Fruits are dark green. It is excellent yielder in south but with a lower performance in northern Indai. Manures and Fertilizers About 30 tons of farm yard manure per hectare should be applied two weeks before sowing and 50 kg each of P2O5 AND K2O per hectare incorporated in the soil at the time of final ploughing. Irrigation The crop should be irrigated every fifth or sixth day during summer and whenever required in rainy season. will also increases the yields. Keep yellow traps in the field @ 4/acre. Treat the seeds with Immidachloprid @ 5g/kg followed by 4g of Tricoderma viridii The soil is ploughed thoroughly 4-5 times to gety a fine tilth. Intercultivation The crop should be weeded regularly and earthing up in rows should be done at 2530 days especially during rainy season. Yield The yield vary from 5-6 tons/ha in summer to 8-10 tons/ha in rainy season. whereas in summer the seeds can be sown at 45 cm between rows and 15-20 cm within the row. Apply Pendimethylene 30% @ 1.5lit/acre immediately or one day after sowing. 119 . Release Tricograma @ 20. If the harvesting is delayed. 100 kg of nitrogen/ha is applied 1/3 as basal and the remaining 2/3 in two split doses at 30th and 45th day. The best time of picking is 6-7 days after the opening of flowers. the fruits become fibrous and loose the market value.The seed rate for summer crop is 18-20 kg/ha and for rainly season crop 12-15 kg/ha. Spraying 5mg of Micronutrients/lit.000/acre 4 times at weekly intervals at the time of flowering. Harvesting Harvesting of fruits commences from 40-45 days and the fruits are continuously harvested every second or third day. IPM in Bhendi • • • • Seed treatment with Immidachloprid @ 5g/kg followed by 4g of Tricoderma viridii. The seeds may be dibbled on ridges in Kharif at 60 cm spacing between ridges and 20 cm within the rows. Apply 100 kg/ha of Neem cake during last flowering. The average seed yield is 12q/ha. Spraying 1% Urea during flowering increases the yield. Irrigate the field immediately after sowing and again 4-5 days after sowing. Spray HNPV. E. NOTE: ENDOSULPHAN AND MONOCROTOPHOS SHOULD NOT BE SPRAYED AT HARVEST Jassids (Deepapu Purugulu) ( Sundapteryx biguttula ) Bothe nymphs and adults suck the sap. Spray Endosulphon 2ml or Carboryl 3g or Profenophos 2ml/lit. Diseases Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Erysihe cichoracearum ) Greyish powdery growth on either side of leaves. Plant Protection Pests Shoot and fruit borer (Movva. White Fly ( Bemisia tabaci ) Suck sap from leaves and transmit yellow vein mosaic virus. Control Spray twice Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit. Red mites (Erra Nalli) It is a problem in summer crop. Hopper burn symptom is noticed Control Spray Malathion 3ml/lit or Methyl Demeton or Dimethoate or Fipronil @ 2ml/lit.• • • • • Don’t spray insecticides during this time. Kaya toluchu Purugu) ( Earias vittella. In severe cases spray Acephate 1. Spray 1.insulana ) The infected shoot and fruit is plugged with excreta. and keep yellow traps in the field. Control 120 . Before flowering spray Thaidocarb @ 1g/lit. Control Spray Dicofol 2ml/lit or Wettable sulphur 3g/lit. particularly during summer. It affects the crop by sucking the sap. Control The affected shoots and fruits should be clipped along with the insect. at 10 days interval. Spray Quinalphos 2ml/lit or Carbaryl at 3 g/lit or Endosulphan or Profenophas 2ml/litat 10 days interval. Spray Phasolone or Fipronil or Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit to control sucking pests.5g/lit.5g/lit Acephate for the control of White flies. SNPV @ 250 larval equalence/acre. Losses may be even 80-90%. the plant dies. covering in an area of 28. nearly the whole stem is blackend. followed by wilting and rolling of the leaves as if the roots were unable to supply sufficient water.) The important cucurbit vegetables grown in Andhra Pradesh are Bottles gourds (Anapakaya) Pumpkin (Gummadikaya) Snake gourd (Potlakaya) Ridge gourd (Beerakaya) Bitter gourd (Kakarakaya) Cucumber (Dosakaya) Ash gourd (Boodida gummadi). If the crop is affected at harvesting stage. Yellow Vein Mosaic or Vein clearning disease (Pallaku Tegulu) The disease is characterized by yellowing of veins and veinlets of the leaves. become reduced in size and the plants are stunted. In severe infestations.67 lakh tons. Sown the seeds before July 15th for rainy season crop. Once the inoculum enters a field. Wilt ( Fusarium vasinfectum ) • The conspicuous symptom is a typical wilt. beginning with a yellowing and stunting of the plant. it slowly increases until Okra crops become unprofitable. The fungus has mostly three-septate spores.5g/lit. It is soil organism that enters the host through the roots and is disseminated in any way in which soil is transported from one field to another. When severely infected. Spray Dimethoate 2ml or Acephate @ 1. Control Grow resistant varieties like Arka Anamika. GOURDS (Cucurbitaceous Sp. near the base of the plant.Spray Wettable sulphur 3g/lit. Arka Abhay. Drench with Croper Oxychloride @ 3g/lit. or Dinocrab or Hexagonazole at 2ml/lit. Finally. 121 . the younger leaves turn yellow. Follow crop protection. Apply 100 kg/ha of Neem cake during last flowering. the vascular bundles appear as dark streaks.902 hectares producing about 4. If a diseased stem is split lengthwise. the fruits become small and whitish in colour. • • • • • • Control Seed treatment with Immidachloprid @ 5g/kg followed by 4g of Tricoderma viridii. green. Fruits are long. A local cultivar of Coimbatore. uniform. December-January Varieties BOTTLE GORUD Pusa Summer Prolific Long Its fruits are long. neck generally bent. light green. Pumpkin Snake gourd. It can be grown on varied types of soils. It has been recommended for cultivation preferably for spring sowing. its fruits are round. tender and attractive. 15-18 cm in girth. each fruit weighing 100-120g. it grows vigorously with prolific bearing habit. not crook necked. medium sized. The edible fruit yield is about 30 t/ha. Pusa Manjari (Hybrid) A high yielding hybrid. 40-45cm in length.These crops are generally growing in hot and warm weather and have almost similar cultural requirements. Arka Bahar The fruits are straight. Fruits are round. Bitter gourd Cucumber. light green. APAU-LS-21 (Rajendra) BITTER GOURD Pusa Do Mausami Furits dark green in colour with 7-8 continuous ribs. Yields high in mild climate. suitable for springsummer as well as rainy season crop but on trellis. tender and attractive. the yield being 120-150 q/ha Coimbatore Long Fruits are extra long and green. Crop duration is 120 days. Seasons Bottle gourd. Ridge gourd Ash gourd June-July and December-January May-July and December-January June-August and December-February June-July. garden lands or light loams soil with good water holding capacity is more suitable for obtaining higher yields. Pusa Summer Prolific Round A selection from local cultivates. skin light green. Arka Harit 122 . it gives comparatively more early yield and is suitable for both spring and summer sowing. weighing about 1kg each at edible stage. Pusa Meghadoot (Hybrid) A high yielding hybrid. The yield is 80-100 q/ha. It flowers in 60 days. Katrain (Kulu Valley). Sanyoue Pusa sanyog (F1 Hybrid) It is an early and high yielding hybrid. it is suited for cultivation in hills and lower hills. cylindrical and dark green with yellow stripes and crisp flesh. with light green and crisp flesh. Yield 140 q/ha in 125 days. The fruits are extra long. regular continuous ribs and thick flesh. Pusa Vivek VK-1 Priya A selection from Kerasa Agricultural University. thick. colour medium green. the yield being 130q/ha. Fruits mature in 50 days. Fruits are 28-30cm long. straight with round end. About 15-20 fruits are borne on each vine. Its extra early fruits mature in 45 days. It performs well in temperate regions only. medium sized club shaped fruits. released by IARI Regional Station. Vellanikkara. Straight Eight Early cultivar suited to hills. Coimbatore Long Co-1 Fruits are 45-50cm long with broader stylar and than stalk end and green in colour. white spined. SPONAGE GOURD Pusa Chikini 123 . spindle shaped. first picking in 61 days and heavy bearing. RIDGE GOURD Jagital Long Pusa Nasdar An early variety with light green. Fruits are 30-40cm long. 50 fruits per plant.Fruits are short. each fruit weighing 700g at harvestable maturity. around 40 cm. Crop duration 120 days. fruit medium long. glossy green with smooth. CUCUMBER Jyothirmai Japanese Long Green A temperate cultivar. 75 – 0.80 Bitter Gourd and Cucumber Ridge Gourd Bottle Gourd Pumpking Snake Gourd Manures and Fertilizers Add 15 to 20 tons of FYM/ha and mix well in the soil before planting. Each pit prepared is about 15-20 cm wide and is filled with FYM and about 50-100 g of superphosphate. Keep 1 to 2 vigorous plants per basin. sowing is done on either side of the channel and seed pits are prepared on the upper side of each ridge. It bears flowers 45 days after sowing. Then space between rows is as follows: For all these gourds. Co-1 Fruits long (160-180cm). Intercultivation Weeds should be removed frequently. Give a light irrigation.5 – 1. early maturing variety. Its fruits are dark green. Apply 80–100 kg of Nitrogen/ha in tow equal doses. Yields 280-300q/ha in 125130 days.0. about 3-5 seeds are dibbled in a 45 X 45 X 45cm pit at 1 to 2cm deep.80 1. one or two light hoeings around the plants are to be given after 2 to 3 irrigations.90 1.0 .2.50 – 1. first 25–30 days after sowing and the second 50 days after sowing. Between rows in Meters 1.90 0. dark green with white stripes. Yields 180 q/ha in 135 days.50 – 1. The fertilizer should not be applied close to the plant irrigation immediately after fertilizer application.0 On pendal only (1. P2O5 40–50 kg/ha may be applied as a basal dose. It is suited for both spring summer and rainy season cultivation SNAKE GOURD APAU Sweta Fruits long with whitish background and green stripes. Seeds germinate in 3-7 days.0 1.It is a high yielding.75 – 0.8) Between plants in Meters 0.90 0.0 3. Arka Sheetal Seeds and Sowing Irrigation channel of 60cm wide is prepared.60 . Irrigation 124 .60 – 0.90 0.0 3. smooth surfaced and cylindrical.0 – 2. Snake gourd should be trailed on pandal as otherwise the fruits do not grow longer. Fruits do not mature.06% (2ml/lit) or Malathion 0.07% at the rate of 2ml/lit or Monocrotophos at 0.3% at the rate of 3 g/lit of water. Control Dust carbaryl 5% or spray Methyl parathion 50 EC (0. bitter gourds are trailed either on pandal or on brush wood.1% or Karathane 0. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Erysiphe cichoracearum ) A white powdery growth appears on the leaf surface mostly confined to the upper surface but also found on the lower surface and the stem. Control Spray Sulfe 0. Bottle gourds. Mosaic virus (Verri Tegulu) 125 . Snake gourd semilooper (Potlaku Purugu) ( Phusia peponis ) Defoliates the plants Control Spray endosulphan 0. The vines may be allowed to trial on the ground.05% (2ml/lit). flowers and foliage by biting holes.2% or Calixin 0. In severe infections the leaves and stem dryoff and further growth of the plant is arrested.2% at the rate of 2g/lit or Dithane M-45 0. Staking/trailing Cucumber.04% (1. Control Spray Dithane Z-78 0.2% Bavistin at the rate of 1 g/lit. ) Grubs damage the palnts by boring into the roots. Diseases Downy mildew ( Pseudoperonospora cubensis ) Purple spots appear on lower surface an yellow spots on upper surface of leaves. ash gourd and ridge gourd do not need any staking.Irrigation when the top 3 to 5 cm of the soil goes dry in the basins and see that the water should not stagnate near the plants for long time. Plant Protection Pests Pumpkin beetles (Gummadi Penku Purugu) ( Aulacophora spp. pumpkin. Dusting the plants with ash temporarily repels the beetles.1% (2 ml/lit water).25 ml/lit) or Quninalphos 0.05% 1ml/lit) or Dimethoate 0. Beetle injure the cotyledons. BEANS The total area under Beans in Andhra Pradesh is about 26. Crops early. flower colour pale purple turning white. bears profusely. It is mostly grown in winter in our State. It is sensitive to both frost and very high temperatures. bushy habit. fleshy-walled pods with less fibre. Bountiful Heavy yielder. Fertile loamy soils are preferred. Some pods may become purple or bear purple streaks as they mature. pods are green in colour Arka Komal 126 . The entire plant may look stunted and sickly even from a distance. stringless.The disease is characterized by the formation of streaks in the interveinal regions of the leaves. light and dark green areas on leaves giving a mosaic appearance. FRENCH BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Climate French Beans can be grown throughout the year in cold temperature regions. Varieties Bush type Contender Crops early in 50-55 days.75 thousand tonnes. Control Rouge out diseased plants.146 hectares with estimated annual production of 313. Spray any insecticide to control the vector. Under severe conditions the plants show irregular. Season October to January In hilly regions: March to May Soils Beans are grown on all types of soils from light sandy to heavy clay. pods round and thick dark green. long curved at the tip. Seeds light brown comparatively resistant tyo mosaic and powdery mildew. Di-nitro materials are sprayed on the soil at 5-8 kg per hectare before flowering. Pusa Parvati It is a mutant variety released by IARI. Crops in about 45-50 days. Vine varieties 2 x 1m spacing is adopted. one week earlier. Bushy in habit. fleshy. Irrigation 127 . stringless excellent for transplantation. Pole type (Vine type) TKD-1 KKL-1 Seeds and Sowing About 60 kg of seed is required per hectare. Pods are straight. Inoculation If beans are being sown in a field for the first time. see that the soil should have optimum moisture content at the time of sowing of seeds. yields 18-20 tons/ha. It is an early variety bushy habit.e. Early variety with light cream coloured seeds. Pods are fleshy dark green. Bush varieties The seeds are dibbled on the ridges at a distance of 30-45 cm between the row and 25-30 cm with in the rows i.Released by IIHR. Seeds are dark brown in colour. before dibbling of the seeds. bears profusely. from plant to plant. tender fleshy. 60 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O per hectare in the last ploughing. Premier Early variety. it is advisable to inoculate the seed with nitrogen fixing bacteria before sowing. Manures and Fertilizers Apply 20-25 tons of farmyard manure per hectare and incorporate it in the soil and then apply 25 kg Nitrogen. dark green. Intercultivation There should not be any weeds in the field. Plough the land thoroughly to a fine tilth. 1 or 2 hand hoeings are necessary to control the weeds. This helps in quick nodulation on the roots and fixes the atmospheric nitrogen. light green in colour. Fruits are flat. Harvesting Green pods are usually harvested before they are fully grown and while the seeds are tender. The petiole often shows dark streaks where the maggots have moved through and damage tissue. the plants are shallow-rooted and sensitive to excess watering. Good crops can be produced with little moisture applied during the season. after sowing. Spray the crop with 40g carbaryl or 20 ml malathion or 10 ml methyl parathion in 10 litres of water if pod borer damage is noticed.06% @ 2 ml/lit or Malathion 0. however.5% @ 0. Use 540 litres of spray mixture per hectare. Repeat the same spray 5 weeks after sowing.Irrigate the crop when the top soil goes dry upto a depth of 5 to 8 cm. 7 weeks. 2.). luden ) Control Spray Monocrotophos 0. It is essential to maintain required moisture above 50 per cent during flowering and pod development stage. An additional irrigation is given when needed. Pods are usually ready for harves 2-3 weeks after the first blossom.5 ml/lit or Dimethoate 0. Use about 450 litres of spray mixture per hectare. T.5% @ 1.05% @ 1. Spray the crop with 5 ml phosphomidon or 17 ml dimethoate or 17 ml Oxydemeton methyl or 15 ml monocrotophos with 30 g copper oxychloride or 27 g difoltan in 10 litres of water two weeks after sowing.5ml/lit. 4. Diseases 128 .1% @ 2 ml/lit Pod borer ( Maruca testualis. Aphid ( Aphis fabae ) Mites ( Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.5 ml/lit or Phoshamidon 0. Use 360 litres of spray mixture per hectare. Spray the crop with 30 g copper oxychloride or 27g difoltan in 10 of litres of water.07% @ 2 ml/lit or Monocrotophos 0. Helicoverpa armigera ) Control Spray Endosulfan 0. Yield of green pods varies from 6-8 tons/ha in vine types and 10-12 tons/ha in bush types. Plant Protection Pests Agronomyzid fly ( Ophiomyia phaseoli ) One or two leaves on the plant turn yellow while the other leaves remain green. Use 540 litres of spray mixture per hectare. Spray Schedule 1. help in setting pods and another irrigation should be given soon after pod set. 3. Application of water just prior to blooming. 1%) or Dithane Z-78 or Dithane M-45 (0. Apply Carbofuran @ 1. Control Select seeds from apparently healthy plants. dark brown leaf spots giving the leaf a chuck board appearance.02%) at 10 days interval.1%) or Dithane M-45 (0. It causes more damamge in cool temperate regions. It caused 30-40% losses in yield.05%. Black sunken cankers with light coloured or grey central area appear on pods. cotyledons and stems are also infected.25% or Carbendazim 0. Spray Benlate (0.2%) at 15 days inferval. puckering and distortion of leaf are symptoms of advanced stage. 2. The central portion of the spot shows pinkish masses of the fungus in wet weather. The pathogen infects all types of vegetable beans and lowers yield considerably. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ) Most characteristic symptoms appear on immature pods although leaves. Spray Benlate (0. Control Use disease free seed and treat with Carbendazim 2g/kg seed before sowing. In severe infections.2%). Control 1.05%) or Phosphamidon (0. Bright yellow patches interspersed with deep green areas on lamina of leaflets.1%) 2. It causes 30-40% losses in yield.Yellow mosaic (Transmitted by aphids and whitefly) The infected leaves exhibit chlorotic bands along the major veins and line pattern.2%) + Vitavax (0.2%) or Plantvax (0. Favourable conditions leads to complete defoliation. though often they may be found on leaf petiole and stem. the leaf withers. Severe mosaic mottling. COMMON BEAN 129 .5kg/ha at the time of sowing.Use resistant varieties Angular leaf spot Small angular. Rust Characteristic rust pustules are formed mainly on the underside of leaves. Two to three foliar sprays of Dimethoate (0. Seed treatment with Benlate (0. Control 1. In disease prone areas spray right from beginning at 8-10 days intervals with Mancozeb 0. Rajolu Chikkudu.) The common bean is one of the most ancient among the cultivated plants.. bears early. long and thin pods in bunches suitable for both earlyspring and autumn crops. Balaji Bean etc. It comes to flowering in 40 days. fleshy. Average yield is 72 q/ha. short beaked. comes to flowering in 45 days. and curved. Varieties There are two types of common beans. The pods are long. white tubular. Seeds are bold and chocolate coloured. Spacing Pure crop 60 x 15 cm Mixed crop 90 x 15 cm 130 . Seed Rate 45-60 g/ha of seed is used for drilling depending on the type of crop grown. Pods are greenish. the bushy field type and the twining garden type.typicus) Sowing Time Sowing is usually done with the onset of south west monsoon in June-July. CO-9 It is a compact. Bushy type CO-8 It is a short duration (115-120 days) variety. There is a great range of varieties with different plants and pod characters grown all over the country. FIELD BEAN (Dolichus lablab var. Besides the above. tubular. slightly curved. non-septate. This bean is used both as green pods and dry beans as a pulse crop.(Dolichos lablab L. erect and photo insensitive variety. are commonly grown in our State. Pods are light green. bushy variety. flat and 8-9 cm long. It bears tender pods which are fleshy and tasty with no odour. CO-10 Ir is a bushy. Average yield is 45 q/ha. Garden type Pusa Early Prolific A vine variety. several local varieties like Bhadrachalam variety. Average yield is 75q/ha. Its vines when cut with sorphum/bajra straw give a mixed feed of good fodder value. ) Sowing Time June-July is the best period Seed Rate 5-7 kg/ha Spacing 2m x 2m Seeds are sown in circular pits of 0. flowers profusely in November-December and gives a crop both green and dry. The pickings may continue up to end of March. Plant Protection Same as in French bean Yield 50-75 q/ha. Harvesting The pods are harvested in January-February at 7-10 days intervals for green pods seed or dry seed the pods are left till maturity and threshed to gather seed. it is drilled at regular intervals of two rows and when the ear heads of cereals are cut.When it is sown as a mixed crop in sorghum or bajra. Manures and Fertilizers The soils in the pits are mixed with 10-15 kg of FYM and 0.5m cube. late as the bean is.2 kg of Super phosphate. at regular intervals of 7-10 days. at eht time of sowing. it twines on the sorghum/bajra stalks. Since the cultivated strins are vine types. Yield The yield of dry seed varies between 200-500 kg/ha depending on mixed or pure crop. Harvesting The vines comes to flowering in November-December three to four weeks after flowering the tender pods are picked for vegetable purpose. two to three seeds are dibbled in each pit. they need to be trained on trallies. Top dress with 100g of Ammonium Phosphate in each pit at the time of flowering and irrigate. 131 . GARDEN BEAN (Dolichus lablab var. Pods well fille. Hot weather upsets pod setting and lowers the quality of pods. Meteror Smooth seeded variety. peduncles bear two white flowers. Medium tall in habit. Variety Early varieties Early Badger It is an early variety. Peas grow best in those areas where there is slow transformation of cool weather to warm weather in spring. This is possible only in our State in Deccan plateau of Telangana region where the minimum temperature during winter ranges between 10O-17OC for over 30-35 days. carbohydrates and vitamins and high proportion of mineral matter. Pod 6-7 cm long. crops in 70-80 days. Arkel A wrinkle seeded high yielding dwarf variety. suitable for early sowing. well filled and sweet. Medium tall in habit. Foliage and pods are dark green. The total area under Peas in Andhra Pradesh is about 20 thousand hectares with estimated annual production of 3 lakh tonnes.) Peas are highly nutritive and contain a high percentage of protein. Seed wrinkled takes 85 days to be ready for green pod harvest. Season and Climate The peas are cool season crop and as such it should be grown in the plains only in winter season.PEAS (Pisum sativum L. peduncles usually bear white flowers. Soils Well drained loamy soils are desirable. takes 60 days to be ready for green pod harvest. takens 60-65 days to be ready for green pod harvest. All soils except those having very high pH and alkalinity are suitable. Bonne Velle It is a mid season variety. Peduncles bear usually white flowers. well filled. Pods and foliage are light green in colour. light green. dark green and sweet. Pods are 8 cm long. Medium duration varieties Perfection new line Mid-season variety. 132 . 8 cm long and sweet in taste. crops in 55-60 days. wrinkle seeded. Uneven germination of seed results in variation in maturity at harvest. Seeds and Sowing The long duration varieties may be spaced at 45cm x 20cm in the line with a seed rate of 80-90 kg/ha. a starter dose of 25 kg of Nitrogen. They begin to flower from 30-35 days. However. fruit setting stages one or two irrigations improves the crop yield. towards the end of December when the temperatures begin to rise at pod setting and the pods become less sweet and develop slight bitterness resulting in poor quality. Through ploughing bring the soil into aggregate structure is necessary. Pods are ready for picking from 45th day to 75th day. A thorough preparation of soil is necessary for perfect germination. 67 tons/ha in case of mid season and late varieties can be obtained. in case of early varieties. Short duration types can be grown at 30cm x 15cm with a seed rate of 100-120 kg/ha. Phosphorus and potash increase the nitrogen fixation capacity of peas crop.Late maturing varieties Np-29 Tall plants. Plant Protection Pests Gram pod borer ( Heliothis armegera ) Eats the tender foliage. takes 100 days to harvest. This is to be applied after the soil is prepared and seeds sown. Manures and Fertilizers Peas do not require heavy Nitrogenous fertilizers as they are legumes. Yield A yield of 3-4 tons/ha can be expected in a good season. 70 kg P2O5 and 150 kg K2O/ha at the time of sowing is beneficial. Irrigation Irrigate the field before sowing of seeds. Sowing can be started from 15th October to 15th November. later they bore into the pods. Irrigate every 10-15 days. Especially flowering. The crop can be grown in beds and channels. Seed Treatment To control root diseases and mildews treat the seed with 1gm Bavistin/kg of seed. 133 . Intercultivation 1 or 2 hoeings can be given to put down weed growth. In the last ploughing well decomposed faryard manure to an extent of 20 tons per hectare may be applied. 07% @ 2 ml/lit or Monocrotophos 0. Aphis craccivora) Nympths and adults suck the sap from tender leaves and shoots resulting into attack of saprophytic the fungus.5 ml/lit or Phoshamidon 0.1% @ 2 ml/lit Jassids (Deepapu Purugu) ( Amrasca bigutella ) Suck the sap the devitalize the plant. Plant turns yellowish. Control Spray Monocrotophos 0.5ml/lit.5% @ 1.5% @ 0.06% @ 2 ml/lit or Malathion 0. Disease Treat the seeds with Thiram 2-3 g/kg seed Downy mildew (Majjiga Tegulu) ( Peronospora pisi ) White.06% @ 2 ml/lit or Malathion 0. ultimately leading to devitalization of plants. Pod borer (Kayatoluchu Purugu) ( Etiella zinckenella ) They initially feed inside the developing seeds.07% @ 2 ml/lit or Monocrotophos 0.5 ml/lit or Dimethoate 0.05% @ 0.5ml/lit. cottony growth is seen on the lower surface of leaflets.05% @ 1. Powdery mildew (Budida Tegulu) ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Faint or slightly discoloured steeks are seen initially and under favourable conditions white powdery growth is seen on leaves. In advanced stages upper surface turns yellow to brown and dries up. Control Spray Dithane M-45 0. stems and pods.5 ml/lit or Phoshamidon 0.2% @ 2 g/lit. but later feed freely inside the pods.Control Spray Endosulfan 0. Control Spray Monocrotophos 0. The partly grown caterpillar may leave the original pod and penetrate one or more fresh pods before reaching maturity. ) Pre-emergence and post emergence damping off seedlings is very common and in severe cases fibrous roots are also infected.05% @ 1. Aphids (Penu banka) ( Acythosiphon pisum. Diseases Damping off or seedling (Kullu Tegulu) (Pythium spp.5 ml/lit or Dimethoate 0. Control Spray Endosulfan 0.1% @ 2 ml/lit. 134 .5% @ 1.2% @ 2 g/lit of water or Maneb 0. Varieties The varieties differ in colour and shape ranging from dark green to yellow in colour and 5 cm to 30 cm in length. erect fruits each weighing on an average 180g.R. Salty or saline soils are not suitable. Control Grow resistant varieties Wilt (Endu Tegulu) ( Fusarium oxysporum f. BELLPEPPER (Capsicum fruitesens) The bell pepper belongs to the family Solanaceae and genus capsicum. 135 .Control Spray Wettable sulphur (3 kg/ha) at 7 days interval or Bavistin 1 g/lit of water. The bell peppers are mild types and mostly used as green vegetable commonly known as ‘Simla Mirchi’.Bangalore has released the following three promising varieties.pisi ) Yellowing of leaves which wilt and die. Control Late sowing and using resistant varieties is found to be effective. Mosaic virus (Verri Tegulu) Clearing of veins followed by chlorosis or severe yellowing of the leaves withnumerous dark green areas dispersed over the leaflets. The infected roots become brown and rot.H. The plants are indeterminate in the growth habit. bearing dark green. I. They are rich in Vitamin ‘A’ and ‘C’. Arka Gaurav (Sel-16) It is an improvement over the capsicum variety California Wonder from U. Season The bell peppers are successfully grown in rabi season in the Telangana region of our State particularly in Medak. Yolo-Wonder and King of North. 3-4 lobed. The important varieties recommended by IARI are California Wonder. Ranga Reddy Districts and around Hyderbad city. Soils Well drained fertile soils are most suitable for this crop.I.A.S. The seeds are generally sown in 2nd fortnight of September and 5-6 week old seedlings are transplanted. where the minimum temperatures range between 10-17OC for over 30-40 days.. It produces 15-18 tons/ha of fruits in 140 days. Treat the seed with thiram or dithane M-45 at the rate of 3 g/kg of seed before sowing and apply 100g of Furadon-3 granules per 30 sq meters of nursery beds and sufficient quality of organic manures. Transplant 35 to 40 days old seedlings. In the soils where zinc deficiency is noticed. Foliar application of 1% urea along with insecticidal or fungicidal spray can be given and each time only 8-10 kg of urea may be required. The plants are determinate in habit bearing dark green 3-4 loded blocking fruits each weighing 280g. Drenching of nursery beds with copper fungicides at 12th and 19th day of sowing will prevent wilting of seedlings due to damping off. Apply neem cake at 4-5 quintals/ha. The plants are indeterminate in growth habit bearing cream coloured conical and erect fruits. 136 . Intercultivation 3 to 4 time’s intercultivation is to be done either by a junior hoe or light plough after each irrigation. After 45 days of planting three split doses of 20 kg N plus 10 kg K2O each at 15 days interval followed by irrigation. Arka Basant It is an improvement over the Hungarian variety ‘Sorokan’ capsicum. 2 seedlings per hill may be planted at 60 cm x 45 cm spacing.Arka Mohini (Sel-13) The variety was evolved from the variety ‘Titan’ from Florida. Sheep penning can be done if available. It produces 15-20 tonnes of fruits per hectare in 125 days.. Seeds and Sowing About 500-650g of seed should be sown uniformly in 30 sq meter beds. A balanced dose of NPK fertilizers is necessary to get a good crop. Intercultivation is to be followed by hand weeding to check weed growth. Three such beds are required for planting in hectare. preferably mixing with fertilizers at the time of final ploughing. A basal dose of 60 kg P 2O5 and 30 kg K2O is to be applied at the time of final ploughing. Manures and Fertilizers A basal dose of 25 tonnes of farmyard manure per ha is to be applied in final ploughing. This variety has very good cooking quality and yields 15 tonnes of fruits per hectare in 130-160 days. application of 50 kg/ha of zinc sulphate or zinc sulphate spray at 2 g/lit of water using 1250g of zinc sulphate per hectatre will rectify the deficiency. Mites ( Polyphago .00 P. The pods that develop black colour due to sooty moulds loose quality and fetch low price. ) Both nymphs and adults damage the crop.5 ml of water.5g/litre of water. Control Spray carbaryl 0. Harvesting 15-20 tonnes of bell peppers can be harvested in about 135 to 150 days.09% 5ml or Wettable sulphur 3g or Micronised sulphur 2. leaves and on the lower surface of the old leaves. If the plants show symptoms of dropping of leaves at 4.75 1-1. Plant Protection Pest Thrips ( Scrtothrips dorsalis H. They lacerate the leaf tissue and suck the sap.15% @ 3 g or Phosalone 0. 137 .Irrigation Bell pepper can not with stand heavy moisture. Aphids ( Aphis gossypi g.M. it is an indication that irrigation is needed.05% @ 2ml or Acephate 0. The affected plants develop dark green colour. Hence irrigation should be given as and when it is necessary. ) The affected leaves curl down ward along the margins of the leaf and attains on inverted boat shape. The bottom sides of leaves are also to be sprayed. They secrete sweet substance which attract ants and develop sooty moulds.1% 3 ml or Methyl demeton 0. The severely infested plants develop bronze colour. The infested leaves develop crinkles and curl upwards.25ml or Chlorfenpyl 2ml.tasonlmus latus b. The pedicles of the leaves get elongated and the young leaves at the tip of the branch cluster. They suck the sap and reduce the vigour of the plant. The yields are also reduced by aphids directly and more through the spread of virus diseases acting as vectors. Myzus persicae ) Aphids appear on the tender shoots. In the affected plants the vegetative growth is inhibited and flower production is ceased and yields ar considerably reduced.1% @ 3ml or Dicofol (kelthane) 0. Control Spray Phosalone 0. Difenthurion 1. If the plants are affected at early stage they remain stunted in growth and flower production and pod set are arrested causing severe loss in yield.5 g/l or Fipronil 2 ml or Spinosad 0.5 g or monocrotophos 1. The number or irrigations and intervals between irrigation depend on soil and climatic conditions. Drench the nursery beds with Captan (0.5 ml/l or Thiodicarb 1 g or Spinosad 0. spraying is to be done as far as possible within a day or two by all the cultivators of a particular locality. Brown water soaked lesions occur on the middle of the stem gradually the lesions become black. ) The shrinking of the cortrical tissue of the hypocotyl and toppling over of the infected seedlings takes place.15% 3 g/l or Chloropyriphos 0.Control The winged forms of aphids migrate from one field to another rapidly.3%. Uthesia pulchella ) Pod borers are polyphagaous and appear on chilli crop both in vegetative phase and at the time of pod formation.5 ml/l can be sprayed.05%) or 1% Bordeaux mixture or Copper oxychloride 0. The affected pods drop off or develop white colour on drying. The caterpillars are pale greenish brown and smooth with dark markings. Avoid spraying when predatory beetles are seen in sufficient numbers. The damage spread to 138 . Monocrotophos 0.1% Dimethoate 3ml/l of Methyl demeton 0.07% 2ml plus Nuvan ½ ml/lit of water can also be sprayed to control aphids. The dosage of these chemicals should not be increased as they cause flower drop. Choanephora blight ( Choanephora cucurbitarum ) The disease causes damage to the crop during rainy season.23ml or Acephate 1. Cotnrol Treat seed with Captan (2g/kg seed) before sowing. Heliothis armigera.05% 2ml/l of Acephate 0.07% 2 ml/l or Quinalphos 2. Phytophthora spp. 2-3 times at weekly intervals starting from 13 th day of sowing on appearance of symptoms. When the borer attack is severe. 2. Hence. Spray alternating the chemicals at 10 days interval till the aphids population is checked. Spray 0. Pod borers ( Spodoptera litura. Diseases Damping off ( Pythium aphanidermatum. Affects germination and stand of seedlings in nursery beds preemergence damping-off.05%.075% 1g in 1 lit of water.07% 2 ml/l or Carbaryl 0. The fully grown caterpillars enter the soil for pupation. Monocrotophos 0. They enter chilli pods by second and third in star by making a hole near calyx and feed on chilli seed. Control Spray Endosulfan 0. It occurs in nursery as well as in main field.25%) and Carbendazim (0. coalesce and leads to rotting of tissue. Rise seedlings on raised nursery beds and practice the rotation of seed-bed.5g of water.2%) or Mancozeb (0. 139 . It makes its appearance in OctoberNovember at the time of flowering. Cercospora leaf spot ( Cercospora capsici ) It is a fungal disease appears on the crop from October to February. Later they form in to large lesions due to coalescing of the spots. In the beginning small brown spots are seen on leaves which turn into grayish or black spots. Affected leaves become yellow and defoliated. black spots occur on the ripe pods. the bark first turn brownish and then turn to shiny whtite in long and narrow strips containing several black dot like fructification. Individual flowers get infected and dry up.upward and downward direction and leading to drying of effected plant or branches. In severe cases the affected leaves turn yellow and drop-off. Circular to oval. Control The seed from disease free crop only should be used for sowing. In the affected stem. The infection gradually spreads to the stem also. In the field. Control Spraying 1 g streptocyclin mixed with 30g of Copper oxychloride per 10 lit of water twice at one week interval Bacterial leaf spot ( Xanthomonos vesicatoria ) It occurs in October to December months. Control Spray Poshamycin or Plantomycin or Agrimycin or Streptocyclin 1g plus 30g Blitox in 10 lit of water at fortnightly intervals. Severally affected pods turn straw coloured instead of normal red. after on. Stem infection results in wilting of tender branches and twigs. shrivel and dry up. The disease first manifests as small brownish spots on the leaves and gradually develop in to the big circular grayish spots with whitish center. Control Spray Carbendazim @ 1g/l or Mancozeb @ 3g/l of water 2-3 times at one week interval Dieback or Fruit rot ( Colletotrichum capsici ) It is a seed as well as air borne disease. Early removal of isolated cases of die-back will be helpful in checking further spread. the disease spreads to the fruits also. the disease can be identified based on the appearance of a stiff silvery mass of whisker like or hairy strands of the fungus growing out of the affected tissue topped with a ball made of great number of spores. Infection on fruit stalk and calyx is also very common in severe cases. Affected twigs get with red and dry up from tip downwards. Seed treatment with Thiram Captan or Dithane M-45 at 3g per kg of seed should be taken up. older leaves show small concentric rings. Leaf curl (Transmitted by whitefly) Symptoms consist of abaxial and adaxial curling of leaves accompanied by puckering and blistering of interveinal areas and thickening and swelling of veins. Initial infection may cause yield loss up to 70-80% Control of Virus complex Treat the seed with Imidacloprid @ 8g/kg seed against thrips to prevent PBNV Control vector by applying Furadon granules 3 G @ 30 kg/ha or Fipronil Granules @ 20kg/ha twice at 15 & 45 days after transplantation. It causes 60-70% losses in yield. LCA 235 and LCA 305 Sowing of barrier crops like jowar. maize or sunflower Destroy alternate weed hosts n field bunds. in October-November and repeat the spray after 15 days if the disease in seen. Inabvanced stages.Spray Captan 1. Select virus resistant varieties like LCA 334. Mosaic (Transmitted by aphids) Mosaic motting of leaves. Whitish powdery patches are seen on the lower surface of the leaves.0g/l or Propiconzole @ 1 ml. Control Spray Karathane 1ml or Sulfex 2g/lit of water of dust sulphur at 20-25 kg/ha. At times. Copper hydroxide 2. G 4.5g/lit or Dithane M-45 at 2. Powdery mildew ( Oidiopsis taurica ) This disease occurs in December-February. Difenconazole 0. Spotted wilt (Transmitted by thrips) Infected leaves show mosaic and necrotic spots.5ml/l. causing 10-15% losses in yiled. Further flower production is ceased.e. Mosaic (Transmitted by contact) Leaves show greenish mottle and may slightly curl and become irregular in shape. Package of Practices for Paprikas under Protected Cultivation Under protected cultivation package practices are similar as in the case of open conditions of cultivation except in some operations like 140 .5g/l of water at the time of flowering i.5 g/l or copper oxychloride 3. wrinkled and withered. The disease causes 50-60% yield loss in case of early infection. the leaves turn yellow and drop-off. leaves show cream coloured patches and become yellow. At times yellow rings are produced on leaves and fruits. Furits are yellow. Spacing between the rows is 60 cm and with in the row is 45 cm. Soils Well drained loamy soils are best suited. 141 . between plants. Fertigation Fertigation is carried through drip. hold adequate soil moisture with good drainage and plenty of organic matter. The soils should be fertile. Climate It requires cool temperature and is mainly grown in winter season and to some extent in later part of the rainy season. Staking Staking should be done before first picking or 30 days from the day of transplanting.e. Fertigation (Nitrogen and potash) is done at the rate of twice a week through out the season from flowering stage. Micro nutrients deficiencies are corrected by spraying Multiplex or Agromin @ 3g/liter of water. from August-September and main season varieties during October-November.Raised beds Seedlings are planted in raised beds of 1 m width and 0. Season Early and mild season varieties can be grown during later half of rainy season i. Acidic and ill drained soils are not suitable. CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea L. Fertilizer doses are as recommended in open conditions of cultivation. Physiological disorders Sun scorch Due to high temperatures during the summer scorching occurs on the direct exposed part of the fruit. High temperatures results in the production of poor quality of curds. Pinching Pinching is done to induce branching and to get higher yields. Var-botrytis) Cauliflower is an important winter vegetable and a good source of Vitamin-C. It is controlled by regulating the poly house temperatures by operating the foggers and also cover the side walls of the poly house with shade net. rich in nutrients.3 m height along the polyhouse. Prepare raised seed beds of 10-15 cm height from the ground level with 4 meters length and 1 metre width. Cover the seeds with dried leaves. Remove the dried leaves/material after the plants attain 1 cm height with 2-3 leaves. mt area incorporate in the soil. Spray Malathion at the rate of 2 ½ ml/lit of water to control the leaf eating caterpillars. Irrigate daily till the seeds germinate. Drench the soil twich with 0. Curds small to medium. compact curd. Plough the soil 4 to 5 times to get a fine tilth. Apply 5-6 tons of farmyard manure in 100 sp. compact and white when first formed. crops in 90-95 days. leaves are grayish green. Snow-Ball + 16 Variety suitable for October-November plantings in the season. Mix the seed with thin sand of FYM and sow the seeds on the nursery bed uniformly and thinly. not incurred and at curding stage seen well above the ground. curds are medium to large. Pant Shubra and Himani Early variety crops in 90-100 days. compact white. 15 tons of curds per hectare.Varieties Pusa Katki and Pupa Deepali Early varieties suitable for planting early in the season. curds are medium. To prevent seed borne disease treat the seed with Agroson at the rate of 3 g per kg of seed. yielding 22-24 t/ha. seeds will not be gathered at one place while sprinkling water. Improved Japanese Mid season variety. Crops in 100-120 days. compact and white. Medium sizeb stem. white. compact. Pusa Synthetic Creamy white coloured. soon becoming loose and yellowish when harvesting is delayed. Plants are tall with a longish stem. Due to this covering. 600-800g for early varieties and 400-500g for late varieties and for hybrids 300-500 g/ha of seed is required. Medium sized stem. Hybrids Pusa Hybrids Indian Early Namdhari Hybrids Seeds and Sowing Seeds of 700-800g sown in 100saq meters area will be sufficient to transplant in one hectare area. Leaves are greyish green and incurved. Leaves are bluish colour. Leaves are not curved.2% Fungi copper to prevent diseases. 142 . Curds are medium. Crops in about 90-100 days. Deep hoeing should be avoided. plough the soil 4-5 times till a fine tilth is obtained. 143 .4% boric acid in two sprays 1) About two weeks after transplanting 2) two weeks before head formation. Generally Boron deficiency is noticed which can be rectified by spraying 0. Irrigation Irrigate the crop whenever the top soil upto 5-6 cm depth finds dried up. It is done by bringing the outer leaves up over head and typing them with a twine or a coloured rubber band. first dose at 30-40 days after transplanting.3 to 0. By using a different colour twine or rubber band each day. second dose 50-60 days after transplanting and third dose 75-80 days after transplanting. it is necessary to exclude the sun light to the growing heads. The seedlings of 25-30 days old are used for transplanting. Harvesting It is harvested when the curds attain a proper size and before they begin to discolour. Then apply 60-80 kg of Nitrogen/hectare in three uniform split doses. Incorporate 40-50 tons of farmyard manure in the last ploughing and form ridges at 60 cm distance. weeding and hoeing and earthing up operations should be taken up twice on 25th and 50th day after tansplanting. it will be easy at the time of harvest to select those tied earliest. To obtain perfect white heads. Manures and Fertilizers Apply super phosphate 150-200 kg/ha and muriate of potash 100 kg/ha in the last ploughing as a basal dose. Early varieties are transplanted at 45 x 45 cm while late varieties are planted at 60 x 40 cm spacing.Transplanting Prior to transplanting. Intercultivation Plants will be established well within 15 days. In severe cases the leaves are skeletonised. Irrigating once in a week in light soils and at 10 day intervals in heavy soils is good. Affected leaves present a withered appearance. Plant protection Pests Diamond Back Moth ( Plutella xylostella ) Caterpillars feed on under surface of leaves and bite holes on leaves and cause serious damage. 5 ml/lit of water) or 50 EC fenetrothion 0.04% (1.0 ml/lit of water) or 35 EC Endosulfan 0. Control Spray Malathion 0.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or 30 EC Dimethoate 0.15% (3 g/lit of water) or 40 EC Monocrotophos 0. Control Spray Monocrotophos 0.5 ml/lit of water).5 ml/lit of water). Leaf Webber ( Crocidolomia binotalis ) Leaves are skeletonized by the larvae which remain on the under surface of leaves in webs and feed on them.06% (2 ml/lit of water) or 35 EC Phosalone 0. resulting into wilting and affect the vigour of the plant.0 ml/lit of water) or Malathion 0. 144 .04% (1.05% (1.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or Carbaryl 0. leaves are skeletonised completely heavy defoliation takes places in severe cases. Painted Bug ( Bagrada cruciferarum ) Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves. stalk or leaf veins and cause damage by making the produce unfit for consumption.07% (2 ml/lit) or Quinalphos 0.15% (3 g/lit of water) or Endosulfan 0.07% 2 ml/lit of water.05% (2 ml/lit) Aphids ( Brevicolvne brasssicae. The bite holes into leaves and prefer young growth. shoots. Control SprayMalathion 0. Lipaphis erysimi ) They suck the sap from the under surface of leaves and cause damage.05% (1.1% (2 ml/lit of water).Control Spray Malathion 0.05% (1.05% (1.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or 50 WP carbaryl 0. Control Spray application of Endosulfan 0. Green Semilooper ( Trichoplusia ni ) Larva bites holes and cause severe damage by skeletonising the leaves. Mustard Sawfly ( Athalia lugens proxima ) Grubs alone are destructive. Borer ( Hellula undailis ) The larva webs the leaves or bore into stem. Control Spray Dimethoate 0.0 ml/lit of water). They also bore into the cabbage head. They also attach flower buds and pods.06% (2 ml/lit of water) or Endosulfan 0. 05% (1.05% Carbaryl 0.05% (0. Diseases Bacterial Blackrot ( Xanthomonas campestris ) Blighting of leaves from margin to midrib in ‘V’ shape and blackening of vascular bundles are the main symptoms of this disease. Young caterpillars skeletonise the tender leaves. the infected plants collapse and finally die. Treat the seedlings with Mercuric Chloride solution (1:1500) at the rate of 125 ml per 100 seedlings at the time of transplanting. Control Avoid infected fields.5 ml/lit of water) or Carbaryl 0.15% (3 g/lit of water) after head formation spray Malathion 0.06% 2 ml/lit of water.. ) Stem of seedlings softened at the ground level. Later broad leaves are completely eaten. White Rust ( Albugo candida ) Located white rust like pustules are seen on leaves and stems.1% @ 2 ml/lit of water. rouge out infected plants and drenching the soil with Formalin (1 part in 250 parts of water) is also effective. 145 . Rhizoctonia spp. Club Rot ( Plasmodiphora brassical ) Roots enlarge to form “Clubs” (Spindle shaped). Tobacoo Caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura ) Caterpillars are active during night time and feed on leaves fresh growth. This is followed by secondary invasion of soft rot bacteria forming materials toxic to plant and finally wilting takes place. or Dimethoate 0.Control Spray Melathion 0. due to infection. Control Before head formation spray 100 EC Phosphamidon 0.15% (2 ml/lit of water).4% Blitox or any other Copper Oxychloride preparation at 10 days interval after disease appearance. Control Seed treatment with hot water 50-52OC for 20 minutes or soaking in streptocycline (100 ppm) for 2 hours effectively control the disease under field conditions.5 ml/lit of water) or endosulfan 0. When fully developed these pustules have a powdery consistency and hypertrophy or stems and flowering parts takes place. Control Spray Dithane M-45 0. Damping Off ( Pythium spp.2% at 10-14 days intervals or 2 to 3 sprays of 0. Crops in 60-70 days. leaves cup shaped. Pusa Mukta It has short stalk. Weighing 1. caly or silt loam soil is preferred. Var-Capitata) In Andhra Pradesh cultivating in an area of 8. comes to harvest with in 100-200 days.Control Treat seedfs with thiram 2-3 g/kg sees. Sandy loam soils considered best for early crop. The optimum pH range for cabbage is between 5. Late crop September-October. Season Early crop August-September.34 lakh tons (including Knol-khol) Climate The cabbage thrives in a relatively cool moist climate. Comes to harvest with 60-80 days. Soils It is grown under varied soil conditions.0 kg. Pari Rani Gole S1 hybrid. early sowing variety. Early Drum Head Heads are flat. Pride of India Heads big sized round shaped.5 to 2. 146 . big in size. Drench seedlings in nursery beds with Captan (1:1500) in water. Small and compact in habit. stem is short with few outer leaves. CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L.5 and 6.953 hactares producing 1. It is grown mainly as a winter crop. flattish round medium sized heads and light green outer leaves. Varieties Goldedn Acre Head compact and round (Ball head) early variety.5. Head compact and hard. Shelf life more crops in 85-90 days. Yields good between the day minimum temperature 5OC to 30OC. It does not grow well in highly acidic soils. flat in its middle. Mid season variety Late Drum Head Head big in size. Early cropping variety. It is resistant to black rot. round. Crops in 60-65 days. But where a higher yield is the main criterion. Pusa Drum Head Curds are compact. 2% Copper fungicide as against the diseases. Prepare furrows and ridges at 60 cm distance for long duration varieties and 45 cm for short duration varieties. after plant attains 1 cm height with 2-3 leaves. Drench the soil with 0. Top Dressing Apply 60-80 kg N/ha in three equal split doses i.e.Hari Rani Gol Bajrang Hybrids Nath 501 Uttam Sri Ganesh Gol Seeds and Sowing 700-800g of seed for varieties and 300-500g of seed for hybrids are required to transplant one hectare or a nursery raised in 100 sq meters with a seed rate of 700-800 g will be sufficient to transplant one hectare. Transplanting Plough the land 4 or 5 times till to get a fine tilth. Plant to plant distance 45 cm and then transplant 25-30 days old seedlings. Plough the soil 4-5 times to get a fine tilth. first dose 25-30 days after treansplanting. to avoid shifting of the seeds from one place to another while giving irrigation. Spray Malathion @ 2 ½ ml/lit of water to control leaf eating caterpillar. second dose 50-60 days after transplanting and third dose 75-80 days after transplanting. Then cover the seed bed with dry leaves. Prepare raised nursery beds (10-15 cm height) with 4 metres length and 1 metre width. Apply 5-6 tons of farmyard manure in 100 sq meters area and incorporate it in the soil. Treat the seed with Triram 3 g/kg of seed. Remove all the dried material from the nursery bed. 147 . Manures and Fertilizers Basal Dressing Apply farmyard manure @ 40-50 tons/ha. Irrigate the crop immediately after fertilizer application. 150-200 kg/ha Superphosphate and 100 kg/ha muriate of potash in the lat puddle and incorporate in the soil. Mix the seed with sand or compost and then sow the seed uniformly on the nursery bed. 10-15 days before transplanting of seedlings. In severe cases the leaves are skeletonised. Application of Borox at the rate of 10-15 kg/ha on acid soils controls browning. In case of delaying of harvest protect the heads from sunlight by covering the heads in the lower leaves. Plant Protection Pests Diamond Back Moth ( Plutella xylostella ) Caterpillars feed on under surface of leaves and bite holes on leaves and cause serious damage. Physiological Disorders Browning (Brown Rot or Red Rot) This is caused by Boron deficiency. Weeding and hoeing should be done once within 20-25 days after transplanting and second time 45-60 days after transplanting. heavy soils 10 days interval irrigate the crop. Deficiency of nigrogen is the main cause of bottoning.000-15.s Blindness Bling cauliflower plants are those without terminal buds. Browning is associated with hollow stems. other symptoms are changes in colour of foliage. leathery. Affected leaves present a withered appearance. Deep hoeing should be avoided. Buttoning Development of small heads or buttons is called buttoning. So care should be taken in selection of the suitable varieties in the season and timely application of nitrogen. On alkaline and neutral soils larger quantity should be used. firm but tender. thickening. brittleness and downward curling of older leaves. Later. Blindness is due to low temperature when the plants are small or due to damamge to the terminal bud during handling of the plant or injury by insects and pests. these areas change into a rusty brown colour. Yield 10. dark green. thick. Light soils weekly once. Irrigation Irrigate the soil whenever the top soil moisture finds dried up upto 5-6 cm depth. The leaves which develop are large. 148 .000 kg/ha. The trouble first appears as water soaked areas in the stems and on the surface of the curd.Intercultivation The plants will establish within 15 days. Harvesting It is harvested when the head is of suitable size. They also bore into the cabbage head.5 ml/lit of water).05% (1.5 ml/lit of water) or 50 EC fenetrothion 0.07% (2 ml/lit) or Quinalphos 0.5 ml/lit of water).0 ml/lit of water) or Malathion 0. Leaf Webber ( Crocidolomia binotalis ) Leaves are skeletonized by the larvae which remain on the under surface of leaves in webs and feed on them.07% 2 ml/lit of water. Control Spray Melathion 0.05% (1. They also attach flower buds and pods.15% (3 g/lit of water) or Endosulfan 0. Control Spray application of Endosulfan 0. Control SprayMalathion 0. Control Spray Dimethoate 0. shoots.05% (1.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or Carbaryl 0.1% (2 ml/lit of water). stalk or leaf veins and cause damage by making the produce unfit for consumption.0 ml/lit of water). Green Semilooper ( Trichoplusia ni ) Larva bites holes and cause severe damage by skeletonising the leaves.04% (1. The bite holes into leaves and prefer young growth.0 ml/lit of water) or 35 EC Endosulfan 0.05% (2 ml/lit) Aphids ( Brevicolve brassicae. 149 .05% (1.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or 30 EC Dimethoate 0. Mustard Sawfly ( Athalia lugens proxima ) Grubs alone are destructive.06% (2 ml/lit of water) or 35 EC Phosalone 0.Control Spray Malathion 0. Borer ( Hellula undailis ) The larva webs the leaves or bore into stem.04% (1. Control Spray Malathion 0. Painted Bug ( Bagrada cruciferarum ) Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves. leaves are skeletonised completely heavy defoliation takes places in severe cases.15% (3 g/lit of water) or 40 EC Monocrotophos 0.1% (2 ml/lit of water) or 50 WP carbaryl 0. or Dimethoate 0. resulting into wilting and affect the vigour of the plant.06% (2 ml/lit of water) or Endosulfan 0. Control Spray Monocrotophos 0.06% 2 ml/lit of water. Lipaphis erysimi ) They suck the sap from the under surface of leaves and cause damage.1% @ 2 ml/lit of water. Tobacoo Caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura ) Caterpillars are active during night time and feed on leaves fresh growth.15% (2 ml/lit of water). Young caterpillars skeletonise the tender leaves.05% (1. ) Stem of seedlings softened at the ground level. Club Rot ( Plasmodiphoria brassical ) Roots enlarge to form “Clubs” (Spindle shaped). Control Avoid infected fields.4% Blitox or any other Copper Oxychloride preparation at 10 days interval after disease appearance. Control Treat seedfs with thiram 2-3 g/kg sees.. Diseases Bacterial Blackrot ( Xanthomonas campestris ) Blighting of leaves from margin to midrib in ‘V’ shape and blackening of vascular bundles are the main symptoms of this disease. Later broad leaves are completely eaten. This is followed by secondary invasion of soft rot bacteria forming materials toxic to plant and finally wilting takes place.05% Carbaryl 0.05% (0.2% at 10-14 days intervals or 2 to 3 sprays of 0. Control Before head formation spray 100 EC Phosphamidon 0. White Rust ( Albugo candida ) Located white rust like pustules are seen on leaves and stems. Treat the seedlings with Mercuric Chloride solution (1:1500) at the rate of 125 ml per 100 seedlings at the time of transplanting. Control Spray Dithane M-45 0. ** * 150 . Rhizoctonia spp. When fully developed these pustules have a powdery consistency and hypertrophy or stems and flowering parts takes place. rouge out infected plants and drenching the soil with Formalin (1 part in 250 parts of water) is also effective. Control Seed treatment with hot water 50-52OC for 20 minutes or soaking in streptocycline (100 ppm) for 2 hours effectively control the disease under field conditions. the infected plants collapse and finally die. due to infection.5 ml/lit of water) or endosulfan 0.15% (3 g/lit of water) after head formation spray Malathion 0. Damping Off ( Pythium spp. Drench seedlings in nursery beds with Captan (1:1500) in water.5 ml/lit of water) or Carbaryl 0. TUBER CROPS 151 . Chittoor and Visakhapatnam districts. High yielding 20 to 24 tons/ha. Tuber red medium. It is a high caloric valued tuber. Keeping quality very good. Climate It requires cool climate i.e. Normally under Hyderabad conditions it would be ideal to sow between 15th October to 1st week of Novermber. Tuber medium. long. It is grown in Andhra Pradesh in a limited area i. few and deep eyes. At high temperatures it grows luxuriously but fall to tuberize. Sowings are to be done well at the starting of winter. few eyes and shallow 18-20 tons/ha. Soils Sandy or red loamy soils with good drainage and irrigation facilities are the best. Kufri Chamtkar Plant trailing and smaller leaves. Tuber medium size. oblong. Kufri Sindhuri Plant erect and medium size leaves. 18-28 tons/ha. Incorporate FYM evenly in the last ploughing and form ridges and furrows 152 . flesh-creamy white. Preparatory Cultivation Plough the land well 4-5 times and apply heavy dose of well rotten organic manure 25 to 30 tons/ha. skin brown with shallow eyes and good creamy flesh colour. Flesh pale yellow coloured. Varieties Kufri Chandramukhi Plant semitrailing wider leaves. It is cultivated in Hyderabad. Medak.637 hectares producing 1. 90-100 days duration. Kufri Alankar Plant semi trailing and wider leaves. brown colour skin. about 6.e.33 lakh tons.POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L) Potato is a short duration tuber crop. Season It is grown in Rabi only. Yield 22-26 tons/ha 100 to 110 days in duration. duration 90 to 100 days. Avoid saline or heavy soils which hinder the development of tubers. 32OC maximum for growth and night temperature below 20OC for tuber development. spherical. Skin brown. It is ideally suited for cultivation in our State. creamy flesh. slighty in soils is considered favourble. Tuber big. spherical eyes few and deep. 90-100 days duration. Breading of Dormancy in Potato Sprouted tubers establish better and gap filling can be avoided. This indicates the time for harvest of tubers. Harvest the crop carefully by digging with a pick-axe without damaging the tubers. Generally under chalka soils in winer 7-8 days interval in the beginning during sprouting and 4-5 days during tuber formation. Seeds and Sowing Select Disease free tubers (obtain from reliable source) of about 35-40 g in weight and with 2-3 eyes which have already sprouted. sprout. Plant Protection Pests Tuber Moth ( Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) 153 . Irrigation Irrigation requirements are to be determined keeping the soil and climate in view. The crop is ready in about 90-120 days after planting in winter depending on variety.e. before they are stored. The land should be irrigated immediately after planting. Allow the tubers to dry under shade and harden. they may be cut into 2-3 bits having 2-3 eyes i. If the tubers are big in size. Manures and Fertilizers 100 kg of N + 60 kg P 2O5 + 100 kg of K2O/ha is recommended. Treat tubers with carbon disulphide (20 cc/100 kg of seed) 90% of tubers sprout in a period of 40 days. to control tuber infested pests.5 to 2 tons of the cut seeds are required per hectare and tubers should be kept for 2-3 days under shade so as to form callus on the cut end. In last ploughing apply Aldrin or heptachlor @ 45-50 kg/ha.50 cm apart. About 1. The planting is to be done on one side of ridge with sprouts upwards. Earthing up is to be done by 50 dyas after sowing and the exposed tubers are covered with soils. The tubers are to be treated with Agallol 25 to 50 g/10 lit of water for 2-5 minutes to check seed borne fungal disease. Harvesting The stems of the plant turn pale yellow to brown and collapse. Intercultivation The developing tuber should not be exposed to sun as they turn green. Irrigate the plot after application of fertilizers. The entire P2O5 and half K2O and 40 kg of N is applied as basal dose and 40 kg of N and 50 kg K 2O at 30 days at first earthing up and remaining 20 kg of N at 50 days after planting. A spacing of 20 cm x 50 cm should be adopted. Control Spray 50% EC Sumethion or Endosulfan 35% EC at 2 ml per litre of water at an interval of 10 days.07% at 2 ml/lit of water.P. Control Spray 0.)) The grubs of this beetle scrape the green matter on the leaves and damamge the crop.C. Control Spray Endosulfan 35% EC 0. Diseases Early Blight ( Alternaria solani ) Black spots are formed on the surface of leaves and branches. Control Spray 50% Carbaryl W. at 2 ½ g/lit of water or Malathion 50% EC at the rate of 2 ml/lit of water at an interval of 10 days. Ring Disease ( Corynebacterium sepedonicum ) This disease spreads through seed tubers making them unfit for seed purpose.) and White Flies ( Bemisia tabaci ) Nymphs and adults of their insects suck sap from the leaves and growing shoots resulting in puckering and yellowing of leaves.5 ml/lit of water or Metasystox 25% E. Epilachna Beetles (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab. If the attack is severe the whole plant will dry and fall on the ground. Control 154 . Control Spray Monocrotophos 1. During day time. Spray 5-6 times during crop period.2% Dithane Z-78 or 1% Bordeaux mixture or Chloromatonil (0. 2 ml/lit of water at 10 days interval.2%) 30 days after planting at an interval of 8 days.The larval stage of the moth damages bud and later on the tubers. they hide under the leaves and clods. Cut Worm ( Agrotis ipsilon ) Cut worms damage the base of the plants particularly during night time. Jassids ( Empoasca devastans Dist. Aphids ( Myzus persicae ). If the corms are big. East and West Godavari.kovvur Propagation Propagated by corms. Krishna and Nellore districts. Preparatory cultivation Deep ploughing (20 to 25 cm depth) Seeds and Sowing Use the corms 2 to 2 ½ months after harvest as the corms do not sprout immediately due to dormancy. It has less oxalate content and delicious with good cooking quality. Varieties Gajendra (Theepi Kanda) Released from Horticultural Research Station .e. Usually 500-750g (small size) tubers should be used as seed material . minerals and vitamin A and B Climate It requires well distributed rainfall with fairly high temperatures during sprouting.Before planting the tubers. Season It is generally planted from April to June. It is rich in carbohydrates. 1st week of April is preferred. The corms have to be planted at 10 – 15 cm deep with the main sprout facing upwards. 155 . warm and humid conditions for vegetative growth and cool dry conditions are favourable for corm development. cut the tubers into 2 to 4 bits keeping atleast a part of the central sprout. Planting early in summer i. Visakhapatnam. treat the seed tubers in Agallol solution prepared by mixing 25 g of Agallol in 10 lit of water.. A mulch with paddy straw or banana trash or for four to five times to get fine tilth. Heavy rainfall or water stagnation are detrimental to growth and cause rotting of tubers and wilting of the plant. Plant the corm at a distance of 60 x 60 cm. Immerse the seed tubers for thirty minutes in the Agallol solution before planting. and is high yielding (50-60 tons/ha). Beds of convenient size are formed (50 x 50 x 30 cm pits with a distance of 60 cm apart. Soils It can be grown from well drained light loams to heavy soils. It thrives best in heavily manured sandy loam soils. ELEPHANT FOOT YAM ( Amorphophallus paeniifolius) Elephant foot yam is an important crop grown in Srikakulam. Irrigation Irrigate the field immediately after planting and later on at weekly interval till the south west monsoon breaks. If dry spell prevails. In such a case irrigate at a long intervals to avoid desiccation of corms in the soil. Intercultivation Frequent weeding and 2-3 hoeings has to be done to keep the plots free from weeds. In severe case sooty mould develops. 156 . Post-harvesting Technology The corms can be retained in the soil for 1-2 months even after maturity. The fertilizers are placed in pockets on either side of the plant. Plant Protection Pests Aphids ( Aphis gossypii ) Yellowish speckling and curling of leaves.120 days after planting. The leaves turn yellow and fall on the ground.05% or 0. Harvesting Crop is ready for harvest within 6-8 months. The harvested tubers can also be kept under the shade of the tree for 1-2 months. reducing vitality of leaves. Harvesting of the corms is done by digging with crow bar without damaging the tuber and separating the root. Drying of leaves takes place. also controls the Manures and Fertilizers It is a heavy yielder and as such a heavy feeder too.75. Thrips ( Callothrips indivus ) Characteristic silverfish white specks with black dots develop on leaves. the irrigation may be given at least for every 10 days in chalka soils. 30 to 35 tons of FYM/ha is to be applied with 60kg of P2O5 as basal dose and 250 kg/ha of N and 250 kg of K 2O in 3 equal doses at 30.paddy husk would be beneficial to conserve moisture in summer and weeds.20% Captan at 30 and 60 days after planting. Control Spraying of Dimethoate or Quinalphos or Fenthion 0. Temperature 21-27 OC. Drench soil around the plants with 0. puckering and upward curling of leaf lamina are symptoms. Rogue out infected plants from field. Rhizocecus spp. Spray Dimethoate 0. Leads to poor germination and affect cooking quality. Mosaic ( Amorphophallus mosaic virus) Mosaic mottling and distortion of leaf lamina. Reduction in chlorophyll content results in yield losses. The tubers has wide acceptance when compared to other tuber crops. Control Grow crop in rotation for 2-3 years.2% Dieseases Soft rot or Collar rot ( Sclerotium rolfsii ) Water soaked lesions on stem. Climate It is a warm season crop requiring high moisture content. It is generally cultivated for its tubers which is used as vegetable. Control Use healthy corms for planting. keep the field clean. Control If pest infestation is severe. It can be grown all over the State both in Coastal and Telangana districts. Season 157 . Collapse of stem due to rotting at collar region.2% (2ml/lit) Mealy bugs ( Pseudococcus citriculus. COLOCASIA (Colocasia esculenta L) Colocasia is an important tuber crop in Andhra Pradesh.3% Copper oxy Chloride as soon as incidence of disease noticed. In severe cases leaf strapping.Control Spray of Dimethoate 0. shoe string. yellowing at the tips of leaves which moves downward. 1000 mm rainfall with high humidity ideal for crop. Rotting of stems takes place causing 20-100% yield losses. ) Tuber surface is covered with nymphs and adults with its powdery meal. Kovvur. KCS-2 It is a long Duration variety ( 8 months ) with good quality tubers and an yield potential of 35 t/ha. February-April and June-July under irrigated conditions with a duration of about 150-210 days. Variety Satamukhi A Variety released from Horticultural Research station.e. Leaves used as vegetable. 158 . a free budding type with round medium sized tubers. Leaves are also used as vegetable. KCS-3 Short duration variety with (5 months) good quality tubers and an yield potential of 24 t/ha .The tubers are low in oxalate with excellent cooking quality and good market with an yield of 22 tons/ha. The duration is 67 months . Seed tubers should be treated in 0. Soils Fertile and well drained black loamy alluvial soils and deep sandy loams. Sripallavi (C-266) It is also a high yielder with 23 tons of tubers/ha. good cooking quality. irrigation should be given after planting. For good establishment.3% copper oxychloride for 30 minutes before planting to prevent seed borne diseases. round and oblong. less in oxalate content.In Telangana area it is generally planted from February-April where as in Coastal districts there are two seasons i. Generally daughter corms are preferred. Land Preparation One deep summer ploughing and 3 – 4 times with Cultivator Propagation Propagated commercially by daughter or mother corms. Seed rate : 750-1000 kgs/ha Seeds and Sowing Sow the sprouting tubers (40-50g) in the bed at a distance of 30x45 cm spacing for short duration varieties and 45x45 cm for long duration varieties. NDC-2 Yield 18 t/ha. Pancha Mukhi A high yielding variety with tuber yield of 23 tons/ha. It is suitable to grow in Andhra Pradesh. Pre emergence herbicides like Butachlor or Pendimethalin@ 5. A subsequent earthing up can be done lightly to prevent exposure of the growing tubers which would otherwise turn green.5 lit/ha mixed in 500 litres of water may be sprayed imeediately after sowing to control the weeds during the initial months. 60 and 90 days after planting.0 lit/ha or fluchloralin2. The recommended dose of fertilizers is 120:60:80 Kg. The seed material can be stored under shade for the next planting season. 159 . cleaned and send to the market. Total phosphorus is to be given as basal and Nitrogen and Potash to be applied in 3 equal doses at 30. Small dark round spots on upper surface enlarge. of FYM/ha in last ploughing. Harvesting is carried out by ploughing carefully to avoid damage of the tubers or manual digging by pickage. of NPK/ha. First earthing up is to be given by 2nd month of planting. Control Spraying of Dimethoate or metasystox @ 2ml/lit of water can control the pest . Irrigation Irrigations at 7 – 15 days interval depending on soil type and season Harvest The crop is harvested when the leaves turn yellow brown and dry up. coalesce together.Manures and Fertilizers Apply 25. forming characteristic rings of yellow and brown zones. Diseases Leaf Blight ( Phytophthora colocasiae ) This disease is more severe during rainy season. It has a shelf life of 2-2 ½ months. Post harvest Technology The freshly harvested tubers (daughter corms) are sorted out from the mother corms. Plant Protection Aphids They suck the sap from the under side of the leaves and the leaves become chlorotic and in severe cases the leaves become dry and the yield will be reduced.0 t. Intercultivation The plot is to be kept free of weeds for the first three months till the plant cover the inter spaces. but sprouts in February. Infection in petioles leads to collapse of plants. Tuber conical in shape. Pits are filled with FYM. It is very delicious with good cooking quality. causing 25-50% yield losses. flesh white with good taste and quality. Continuous water stagnation is detrimental to growth and cause tuber rot. It is a rich source of carbohydrates and has significantly high source of iron and vitramin ‘A’. Duration 9 months. Some of its species are useful as medicinal plants. white flesh with good quality tubers.) Dioscorea is mainly grown in Srikakulam and coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Sri Rupa Duration similar to Sri Keerthi (9 months duration) 2-3 tubers per plant. yield 25-30 tons/ha. Season It is usually planted in April-June Soils Well drained deep sandy loams are the best suitable. Varieties Kovvur A local collection from West Godavari is found to be high yielding (30-35 tons/ha). Seeds and Sowing 160 . skin brown in colour. It destroys chlorophyll and reduces photosynthetic area. skin brown in colour. It has a shelf life of 2-3 months. Srikeerthi Released by CTCRI. 1-2 tubers per plant. DIOSCOREA (Dioscorea alata L. Control Spraying of Mancozeb 0. Climate It comes up well in warm climate.2% in 20 days interval can control the disease. pits are of 45 x 45 x 45cm deep at 60 x 60cm spacing. Propogation Mature tubers of previous crop weighing 100-125g are selected as planting material Preparatory Cultivation The land is ploughed up to a depth of 12-20 cm.25% or Ridomyl 0. Post harvest Technology The corms can be retained in the soil for 1-2 months even after maturity. Plant Protection Tuber rot is occasionally observed other wise the crop is almost free from pests and diseases. spray mancozeb 0.25%) for half an hour. Mulch the soil with paddy straw for promoting quick germination.000 to 30. In 60 days the vines can be trained on poles of 6’ height. In addition. It is mostly grown as rinfed crop in the uplands and agency areas where a number of sago and starch mills are existing. It should be lightly irrigated to avoid drying of corms. Plant the tuber in the pits at a distance of 60 x 60cm with the buds facing upwards and cover them with soil. seed treatment of tubers. Earthing up of tuber is done. Vizianagarm and Visakhapatnam districts covering an area of 25. Avoid water logged areas. Dried root hairs are removed before storing and marketing. Harvesting Crop is ready for harvest within 8-9 months. The tubers are dug without injuring. TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Tapioca also known as “Cassava” is cultivated mostly in East Godavari and to a lesser extent in Srikakulam. when the leaves turn yellow.The tubers are treated with wettable sulphur or Dithane M-45 (0. crop rotation.25% 4 times with an interval of 10 days. industries make use of tapioca tubers for producing starch. glucose and bio-fuel(Ethanol). Its fresh tubers are used commercially in Sago industries.000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh. The boiled tubers are consumed as staple food largely on the West Coast. The dried leaves of Tapioca are rich in protein. Irrigation Irrigate the field immediately after planting and frequent irrigations are given during dry weather. The cured tubers can be stored in shade for 2-3 months. To control leaf spot disease. Intercultivation Weeding is done 3-6 times to check the weeds. Manures and Fertilizers Apply 25-30 tons of FYM with 60kg P2O5 as basal dose while 100kg N and 80kg K2O in two equal split doses applied by pocketing method at 30 and 60 days after planting. serving as 161 . The tubers sprout with in 20-25 days after planting. In dry spell irrigation at least once in 10-12 days is to be given. Well suited for human consumption and for sago industry. suitable for industries. encased in a creamish rind. Climate Tapioca is a tropical crop requiring warm humid climate.5 to 6. It is known for its drought tolerance and hence being grown as rainfed crop successfully. Soils of low fertility status can also be used. The starch content is 29. Dried chips and outer peel of tubers are used as an ingredient in cattle and poultry feeds. Season June-July Soils Light soils viz. white fleshed. white fleshed. Average yield 25-30 t/ha. The starch content is 30. Suitable for both upland and low land conditions. Average yield ranges between 25-30 t/ha. conical tubers with golden brown sking. It requires well distributed annual rainfall when grown under rainfed conditions.. Of late the fresh leaves are being used for rearing Eri Silk warms.an excellent cattle feed. sandy loam or red loam of laterite with pH between 4. Sree Sahya Semi branching and the tubers are light brown.6 best suited. Sree Prabha Semi spreding and the tubers are light brown. Sree Prakash 162 . H-165 Non-branching and bears short. The fresh tubers and leaves contain harmful ‘Hydrocynic acid’(HCN) and hence are to be either sun dried for 5-7 days or boiled for 15 mintues for human consumption or cattle purpose. It can be harvested 78 months and contains 29% starch. encased in a creamish rind.0% with a yield potential of 30 t/ha. It can be harvested after seven months. It possesses good quality tubers. Varieties H-226 Semi-branching hybrid and bears medium sized tubers with light brown skin having purplish patches. Contain 23-24% starch.0% with a yield potential of 35-40 t/ha. The flesh is white. yield ranges between 18. The cuttings are to be immersed in a solution of Dithane M-45 (3 gram) + Dimethoate 2 ml/lit of water for 5 minutes and then planted in a raised nursery bed. 163 .23 t/ha. For which about 13. M4 Non branching table variety.0% Sree Jaya Sparsely branching. side by side for 7-10 days with daily watering to allow them to initiate rooting. yield ranges between 26-30 t/ha. stout and medium sized having white flesh. Apply FYM 12. The tubes are brown. Manures and Fertilizers A fertilizer dose of 60:60:60 kg of NPK/ha has to be applied along with FYM 12. The tubes are brown. 60 and 90 days after planting. There should be 12. Prepare the land into flat beds with good drainage channels. The tubes are brown. short duration (7 months) selection.000 rooted cuttings are to be maintained including those for gap filling. There should be optimum moisture at the time of planting. The starch content is 20. rejecting the tender growth at the top and thick woody portion at the base. Whole P2O5 is to be applied as basal dose in the last ploughing. short duration (7 months) selection. linear and medium sized having white flesh. It can be harvested in 8-10 months. Planting of Rooted Cuttings The mature stems should be made into 20 cm cuttings using any sharp implement (country knife or Kattipeetha) without damaging the buds. in the last ploughig along with 375 kg Super phosphate (60kg P 2O5 ) and 50kg Lindane dust (to control termites) and incorporate in the soil by ploughing. Preparatory Cultivation The land should be ploughed 4-5 times to a depth of 30-35 cm. stout and medium sized having white flesh. yield ranges between 20-25 t/ha.5 t/ha. Propagation Tapioca is propagated through stem cuttings taken from mature healthy and disease free plants.345 plants per ha.Sparsely branching. Around 6-8 cuttings of 20 cm can be obtained from mature stem. N and K2O are to be applied in three equal split doses at 30.5 t/ha.The rooted cuttings are to be planted in the main field at 90 x 90 cms to a depth of 5cm inside the soil. They are to be applied around the plant by making a ring at 10-15cm distance from the palnt and cover with soil. per ha. Irrigation Each rooted cutting has to be given pot-watering at the time of planting if there is no adequate rain or moisture in the soil.The planting material can also be stored safely in “ Zero energy cool chanber method”. Plant Protection Pests Scale insect ( Aonidomytilus albus ) White scale colonics appear on stems. The fresh tubers are highly perishable and can be stored only for 2-3 days. They are to be harvested before 90 days. Harvest Tapioca becomes ready for harvest by 7-8 months after planting in East Godavari District. Light digging or hoeing should be given at least thrice during early stages to remove weeds. irrigate the crop at 15-20 days interval in chalka soils. causing side branching to give bushy appearance. Two healthy shoots per plant have to be retained on opposite side by removing the rest. Viability of planting material is reduced. Blackgram. The practice of growing intercrops is seldom followed in Tapioca in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh as it comes in the way of frequent operations of local ‘gorru’ in between the rows by the farmers for checking weed growth and to make the soil prous for better growth and development of tubers. Stem becomes weak and dry. 164 . Post harvest Technology The palnting material is to be stored as whole stem under the shade of trees with stems in vertical position for next planting season. with in 2 ½-3 months. Tubers may be cut into chips and sun dried for a week and stored with 12-13% of moisture content for 2-3 months in air tight containers. They should be treated with fungicide like Dithane M-45 (3 g) /) + Malathion (2 ml) or Chloripyriphos (2 ml) per litre of water to prevent the incidence of diseases and pests during storage. Intercropping Intercrops like Greengram. if dry spell prevails. The intercrops have to be sown along with planting of Tapioca and fertilized separately as per their fertilizer requirement. Harvesting is done by digging with crow bars.Intercultivation It is an important operation in Tapioca cultivation. Later on. Groundnut and Maize can be grown to derive an additional income of about Rs. Drying of stems takes place under storage. resulting in the poor establishment. 1500/. neocaledonicus ) This group of spidermites colonizes on lower surface. The infested stems should be rejected and burnt at the time of palnting. sets can be given a dip in the above insecticidal solution for 10-15 minutes before planting. twisted and distorted. If further infestation is observed. Foliar application of urea followed by spraying of Dimethoate 0.03% Dimethoate 3-4 times at monthly intervals for the first four months of the crop. causes elongated yellowish streaks. Staking stems in horizontal position encourages multiplication of scales due to the development of higher temperature and humidity. reducing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic areas.05% at the time of storing. T. In severe cases leaves are reduced in size. Spidermites ( Tetranychus cinnabarinus. withering and drying of leaves. chlorosis.Control Scale free stems should be collected for storing and planting. Spraying 0. In case of acute shortage of planting material and the scale attack is mild. Sprayng water at run off level is also effective. This has an added advantage of preserving the biotic agents of mites.05% in severe infestation January-April. Chlorotic areas intermixing with normal green tissue gives mosaic pattern. As a prophylactic measure the stems may be sprayed with Dimethoate 0. Control Use disease free planting material. It causes 25-80% yield reduction. The mosaic disease is transmitted by a vector called white fly (Bemesia tabaci). Control Spray Dimethoate or Methyl demeton 0. Diseases Cassava mosaic disease (Indian cassava mosaic geminivirus) The most important disease of Tapioca is ‘Cassava mosaic’ in Andhra Pradesh. one more spraying may be done. Only stem cuttings from mosaic free plants should be used for planting to minimize the spread. Rouge out infected plants and follow strict field sanitation. SWEET POTATO (Ipomea batatas L) 165 . Therefore healthy stems are to be kept in vertical position under shade to facilitate easy aeration and diffused dry light. Grow field tolerant varieties H165 and Sree Sahya. Depletion of chlorophyll content of leaves affecting photosynthetic efficiency and yield. controls the vector and there by the spread of the disease.05% in severe case to contain the pest out break is recommended as an IPM approach. Season The main season for sweet potato is Rabi (October-November) but can also be grown in Kharif (June-July) and summer (February-March). there is a tendency for the roots to grow deeper. Kiran This variety released by APAU. heavily manured soils tend to produce much vegetation at the expenses of tuber formation. Climate It is a tropical crop and requires plenty of sunshine and moderate rainfall with cool nights and days for the growth.6 is preferred. A soil pH of 5. with an yield potential of 15-17 tons/ha. S30/21 White skinned short duration type can be cultivated through out the year. Soils Well drained light loams are best suited. East Godavari. 166 .In Andhra Pradesh it is cultivated in an area of 697 hectares producing 13. Varieties Samrat (S-30) The tubers are white with pink streaks and can be cultivated in all the three seasons of the year with an yield potential of 15-20 tons/ha in a period of 120-135 days.6-6. Small tubers can also be used for raising nursery. Preparatory Cultivation Plough the land 4-5 times to get fine tilth. moderately tolerant to sweet potato weevil and yields 18-20 tons/ha. Therefore deep ploughing is avoided. Can be cultivated round the year. Rich soils. In addition it is also utilized as animal feed and also for the preparation of starch and alcohol. If ploughed deep.940 tons mainly in Visakhapatnam. Tubers are orange in colour with grayish streaks High yielder of Medium duration (120 days). Propagation Semi matured vine cuttings are utilized for commercial propagation. Guntur. Nellore and Telangana areas. plots of covenient size are being formed and separated by irrigation channels. It is mainly cultivated for vegetable purpose. Seeds and Sowing 30-40 cm long cuttings preferably from the top with 5-6 leaves intact is selected. The cuttings are planted vertically by pushing atleast 2-3 nodes in the soil at a distance of 60 x 20 cm in the flat beds. A nursery of 20-25 cents is sufficient to platn one ha. Manures and Fertilizers Apply 10-15 tons of FYM/ha. Incorporate 60kg of P2O5 in the soil as basal dose. 60 kg/ha each of N and K2O is applied in two split doses at 30th and 60th day after planting. Intercultivation Two or three weedings and light hoeing may be given at 15-20 days after planting. Occasional lifting of vines and gently turning them is necessary to break and disconnect the roots formed at their nodes 45 and 75 days after planting. Irrigation Irrigate at weekly interval in the early growth period and increase the frequency at the time of tuber formation (60 to 90 days after planting). Late on irrigation at 10-15 days interval should be given. Harvesting and Post harvesting Technology The crop will be ready for harvest in about 4 to 4 ½ months after planting as indicated by yellowing of leaves. Do not keep the mature tuber in the soil longer than necessary as they would be severely affected by weevils. Cut the vines and lift the tuber with crow bar or pickaxe. In light soil, plough with country plough and collect the tubers. The tubers are cleaned and send to the market. The tubers can also be stored under the shade for 15-20 days without getting sprouts. Plant Protection Sweet Potato Weevil ( Cylas formicarius ) Adult weevil makes puncturing on vines and tubers. The grubs bore and feed by making tunnels. Feeding and adult emergence holes can be seen on vines and tubers. In severe infestation the collar region of the plants shows unusual thickening due to proliferationa dn hypertrophy of tissues casing of a characteristic terpenoisd odour. Even the slightly damaged tubers are unsuitable for consumption due to bitterness. Yield loss may go up to 100% in severe cases. On an average, 20-55% tuber loss occurs. Control Remove and destroy alternate hosts. Use pest free planting material. Use weevil free tender planting material. Earthing up or reridging the crop 30 and 60 days after planting is 167 essential. Adopt crop rotation. Spray Fenthion, Fentrothion or Endosulfan 0.05% at one month interval. Use synthetic sex pheromone Z-3 dodecen-l-ol-E2-buterate) 1 mg dose. Apply carbaryl 20 to 25 kg/ha (5% dust) before planting. Avoid using infected vines. Dipping of vines before planting in 0.5% fenitrothion for 5 minutes. Spray fenitrothion 0.1% (2ml/lit) at 15 days interval. Adopt crop rotation CARROT (Daucus carota L) Carrot is an important root vegetable commonly grown in the State. It is rich in viramin ‘A’ and some of the major minerals. The total area under Carrot in Andhra Pradesh is about 4,954 hectares with estimated annual production of 88,925 tonnes Season August-November (15 days gap) Soils Well drained deep loamy soils are best suited for its cultivation Varieties Pusa Kesar It has red coloured roots and self coloured core. Suitable for early sowing (from August to early-october), it matures in 90-110 days and yields 30 t/ha. It contains 7,753 mg carotene/100g fresh weight. Nantes Half long Cylindrical, stumpy roots, well shaped with abrupt tail, orange scarlet with self coloured core, flesh sweet, fine grained with good flavour and orange scalet in colour. It takes about 110-120 days for root formation. Glant Chanteney Early Gem Early Nantes Almost cylindrical roots terminating abruptly in small, thin, tail, 12-15cm long, fine textured, orange flesh with self coloured core, maturity 90-110 days. Chanteney An excellent variety for canning and storage. Roots are conical to near conical, thick, attractive orange, smooth, thick at the shoulders with gradual tapering towards the distinct stumpy end. Core indistinct, flesh tender, sweet and fine textured. Pusa Yamadagni 168 Orange flesh, self coloured core, earlier by a week to 10 days than Nantes. Seeds and Sowing 5kg of seed per hectare may be dibbled at a spacing of 30cm x 5cm Manures and Fertilizers Apply farmyard manures at the rate of 25 tons/hectare in the last ploughing and incorporate it in the soil. Nitrogen 50 kg/ha. Phosphorus 40 kg/ha. Potash 50 kg/ha. Nitrogen is applied in two split doses i.e. 25kg N ones with last ploughing as basal dose and remaining 25kg N next 6 weeks after sowing as top dressing. All P2O5 and K2O as basal. Intercultivation Irrigate the field once in 7-10 days depending upon soil type and weather conditions. Keep the land free from weeds. Spray Schedule Spray the crop with 20ml Malathion or 40g Carbaryl with 24g to control the leaf hoppers, weevils and aphids. Wettable sulphur and 30g Copper oxychloride in 10 litres of water 4 weeks after sowing. About 360 lit of spray mixture is required per hectare, for the control of leaf spot, blight and powderymildew. Repeat the same spray 7 weeks and 10 weeks after sowing. Use about 450 and 540 lit of spray mixture per hectare respectively. Harvest and Yield The crop will be ready for harvest in about 3 months. About 20,000 kg tubers may be expected from one hectare. Plant Protection Pests Leaf hopper ( Empoasca punjabensis ) Both adults and nymphs suck sap and deviatalize the plants. Control Apply Monocrotophos or Phosphamidon or Dimethoate or Oxymethyl demeton (0.05%) Weevil ( Listronotus oregonensis ) Control Spraying of monocrotophos 0.05% or carbaryl 0.15% two or three times at 10 days intervals. Aphids ( Cavariella aegopodii ) Control 169 Spray 0.1% Dimethoate 3ml/l of Methyl demeton 2ml/l of Acephate 1.5g in one litre of water. Spray alternating the chemicals at weekly interval. Diseases Leaf spot ( Cercospora carotae) Control Seed treatment with hot water at 50OC for 15 minutes. Spray Copper oxychloride or Mancozeb @ 3g/lit water for 2-3 times at 7 days interval Powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Control Spray Dinocap @ 1ml/lit. ** * LEAFY VEGETABLES 170 AMARANTHUS (Totakura) (Amaranthus blitium and A. tricolor) Amaranthus blitium and A. tricolor are mostly grown in South India. The tender fresh green leaves are rich source of calcium, iron and vitamin A and C. The soft fibrous matter provides the roughage in the diet. The dieticians recommended daily consumption of atleast 116g of leafy vegetables for balanced diet. Climate Amaranthus is a warm season crop, good quality crop is produced in summer. A. tricolor can be grown in summer and Kharif season. This plant is taller with thick stems and larger leaves. Soil Loose and friable soils with high organic matter are most ideal for an early and heavy yield. The crop cannot withstand water logging. The crop goes to seeding under drought conditions. Varieties There are two varieties based on leaf colour i.e. green leaf and red leaf. The improved varieties are RNA-1 ( A.tricolor ) It was developed by Vegetable Research Station, ANGR Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. It is rich in vitamin C & A. Leaves and stems are tender and green in colour. First picking can be done 15-20 DAS. Average yield of 6-7 tonns per acre can be obtained. It is tolerant to drought and leaf spot disease. Co-1 ( A.dubius ) 171 It is suitable for growing for tender greens and immature stems which are thick and fleshy. It produces 7-8 tonnes of green matter from hectare in 25 days after sowing. The leaves are broad, thick and dark green in colour. Flowering starts at 50-55 days and seeds are available in 90 days. The seeds are very small and black in colour. Co-2 ( A.tricolor ) Leaves are lanceolate and dark green. The stems remain tender and succulent. Hence, it is suitable to be harvested even 30 days after sowing as Thandukkeerai in Tamilnadu. Both leaves and stems are used as vegetable. It produces 10-11 tonnes of green matter on 25th day of sowing. Seeds are bold and black in colour. Co-3 ( A.tristis ) It is also called as Arakkeerai or Killukeerai in Tamil. The cultivar lends itself for ten clippings commencing from 25 days after sowing and provides a continuous supply of luscious tender green for a period of three months at weekly interval. The total green matter yield would be 10 to 12 tonnes/ha. Choti Chaulai( A.blitum ) Plants are dwarf in stature with succulent small leaves, suitable for greens, responds well to cutting. Flowers are borne in clusters in leaf axils suitable for both summer and rainy season. Badi Chaulai ( A.tricolor ) Plants are tall, stem is thick, tender green in colour, leaves large and green in colour, responds well to cutting and can be grown for longer period of time. It is suitable for summer and crop may prolong up to the end of rainy season. Seeds and Sowing About 2-3 kg seed is required to sow one hectare. The seed sowing is done by broadcasting after mixing with equal quantity of fine sand for uniform distribution. Give light irrigation immediately after sowing, if the soil is dry. Seed sowing in ridges and furrows will facilitate weeding and manuring practice. Manures and Fertilizers Application of 15 tonnes of FYM per acre is recommended during the last ploughing. Small quantity of Ammonium sulphate is applied in the beds as basal dose. Foliar spray of one per cent urea after two weeks of sowing will increase the leaf yield. 50kg of Nitrogen, 50kg of Phosphorus and 20kg of Potash per hectare is recommended. Irrigation In sandy soils 4-5 days irrigation frequency is maintained in summer season, while in rainy season the irrigation frequency is based on soil moisture level. 172 Harvesting Harvesting usually starts around 4 weeks after sowing. About 8 to 9 cuttings can be taken at weekly interval. In some parts of the state the crop is harvested by pulling out the plants along with roots, after 3-4 weeks of sowing. The seed rate required for this type of harvesting is 3-5 kg/ha. An average yield of fresh green leaves is about 8,000 kg in a span of 60 days. Plant Protection Pests Defoliators ( Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua ) Larvae feed on leaves by making holes in the lamina. These are nocturnal in habit, remain hidden in soil during day. Control Poison baiting with bran, jaggery and chlorpyriphos (8:1:1 W/W) is very effective. Leaf Webber ( Hymenia recurvalis ) Caterpillars initially feed on leaf epidermis, later web the leaves together with silvery silken secretion and feed within. Leaves become devoid of chlorophyll and dry up. Control If infestation is severe spray Endosulfan or Carbaryl. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray. Stem Weevils ( Hypolixus truncatulus ) Grubs bite their way into stem, as a result the affected part bulges. Gurbs feed on pith making irregular turnnels, which are filled with excreta. Affected stem becomes weak, may split longitudinally, plants get dried. Adults feed on tender leaves and stems but cause negligible loss. Control Removal of wild amaranthus prevents simultaneous and off season multiplication of the pest. Remove and destroy affected plants with grubs and spray Dichlorvos. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray. General Control of Pests As Amaranthus is regularly grown for leaf type, avoid spraying insecticides. In case of severity, spray Malathion 2ml/lit. For grain purpose spraying with neem oil can be taken up. Diseases Leaf Spots Cercospora Leaf Spot ( Cercospora bertrandii ) Phyllosticta Leaf Spot ( Phyllosticta chenopodii ) 173 calcium (190mg) and phosphorus (42mg)/100g. Leaves are rich in Vitamin ‘A’ (5. 174 .Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum spinaciae ) Small brown spots appear on the leaves. Female plants give failry high yield because they flower late and have longer vegetative phase. Male plants bloom early and hence are poor yielders. Varieties In spinach. It performs well during winter months. Banerjees Giant. The rosette of leaves produced during vegetative phase is used as vegetable. They are externarlly male. semi savoy and smooth leaved varieties exist. During hot weather leaves pass edible stage quickly. sowing should be done not more than 1. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray. the optimum pH is 6. SPINACH (Spinacea oleracea) It is a cool season annual vegetable.2 cm deep otherwise poor germination may be resulted.4mg). Climate This crop can withstand frost and tolerate warm weather but high temperature leads to early bolting without giving sufficient cuttings. folic acid (123mg) and minerals-iron (17. vegetative male. Similarly savoy (Wrinkled). The spots are roundish with concentric rings in the beginning which later increase in size and may coalesce. Planting The seeds can be sown either in beds or on the ridges and furrows at a spacing of 60cm x 2. 4 sex types exist. Soil Palak can be grown in any type of soil having sufficient fertility and proper drainage but does best in sandy loam soils . Acidic soils are harmful. Seeds and Sowing About 37 – 45 kg seed is required to sow one hectare.0 to 6. Virginia Savoy and Early smooth leaf are improved exotic varieties.5 cm. There are prickly seeded varieties and smooth seeded varieties. Banarasi (Katvi palak). Control Usually no fungicidal sprays are required. female and monoecius.5. a higher seed rate is required. In case of severity spray Carbendazim @ 1g/lit. If proportion of male seed is more in the seed lot. Khara Lucknow and Khara palak are popular desi types.580IU) and C (28mg). Irrigation Leafy vegetables need more water for good growth and quality leaf production. Affected leaves are not acceptable to consumers. They also transmit the mosaic disease from one plant to another. Harvesting of leaves should not be done for 6-8 days after spray. Plant Protection Pests Aphids ( Lipuphis erysimi. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray. Fusarium sp. The quality of the leaves is deteriorated.exigua ) They feed on leaves and make holes. Therefore assure good water supply at regular intervals based on soil moisture. Myzus persicae. Diseases Damping off ( Pythium sp. Rhizoctonia solani ) 175 . Do not harvest leaves for atleast one week after spray. Spodoptera litura. Intercultivation Since the crop duration is short. Yield is reduced. 20kg Potash/ha is applied as basal dose and 30kg Nitrogen in the form of urea as foliar spray starting from first cutting. Yield Average yield of fresh green leaves is 8-10 tons/ha. Control Cut and destroy infested leaves along with colonies of aphids and spray Dichlorvos. S.. keep the soil loose and friable and free from weeds. Leaf Eating Caterpillars ( Helicoverpa armigera.. Harvesting Tender and succulent leaves are cut from the base when they are 20-25 cm long at an interval of 10 to 15 days.1 percent. Quality of the leaves is reduced. Excessive irrigation leads to certain pests and diseases. They suck the sap from foliage and excrete honey dew and resulting in yellowing of the leaves. Pusa Jyothi gives about 25% higher yield.Manures and Fertilizers As palak is a leafy vegetable it requires more Nitrogen for crown growth. Apply 30 tons of farmyard manure. Control Spray Malathion at 0. Hyadaphis indobrassicae ) These are small insects attacking tender growing leaves. Plant becomes stunted and weak. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray. 20kg Nitrogen 40kg Phosphorus. INDIAN SPINACH (Beta vulgaris var.The young seedlings are attacked soon after emergence. Treat the seeds with carbendazim @ 1g/kg seed. Plants are vigorous. Many of them are killed and fall over the ground. leaves wrinkle and ultimately dry and fall down. Soil Though palak can be grown on a wide range of soils. uniformly green. Control Remove all the plant debris. Spray the crop with Mancozeb at 0. Follow the long crop rotation. Under high temperature conditions.R. quick growing and regenerate quickly after each cutting. Seed treatment with thiram or captan is recommended. bengalensis) Climate It is a cool season crop requiring mild climate. Leaves should not be harvested for about a week after spray.A.2 percent. It gives 6 to 8 cuttings with an average yield of 450 q/ha. Palak is tolerant to slightly alkaline soils and is highly tolerant to salts also. Pusa Jyoti It is a gaint leaved strain evolved at I. sandy loam soil with good drainage is ideal.I. It tolerates frost and high temperature under good irrigation. Later the spots coalesce. 176 . Control Avoid excess moisture and provide adequate drainage. Varieties All green It is a small leaved. well fertile. early bolting occurs and leaves pass edible stage quickly with poor yield. It has thick tender succulent leaf with late bolting qualities. small circular spots appear with ash colour in centre and deep violet or reddish purple border. Leaf spot Cercospora Leaf Spot ( Cercospora bertrandii ) Phyllosticta Leaf Spot ( Phyllosticta chenopodii ) Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum spinaciae ) On lower leaves. tender leaves and gives about 6-7 cuttings in 15-20 days intervals with an average yild of 125 q/ha. Formation of new leaves remains continued. Beds of convenient size are prepared and lines are drawn 20 cm apart. Seed rate 8-15 kg/ha. It produces large thick leaves with succulent stem and fleshy root.June. it will enhance quick and luxuriant growth of leaves. Nitrogen 60kg per hectare should be top dressed after every cutting. It can be sown throughout the year in places like coimbattore where mild climate prevails. Banerjee by crossing palak x Beetroot. the best crop can be taken by sowing during November/ December. yielder and yields about 29. Intercultivation 177 . tender leaves with strong flavour. H. The seeds will germinate in 8-10 days after sowing.P. The depth of sowing should not be more than three to four cm.P. To sow one hectare.Jobner Green It produces uniform green. Otherwise.6q/ha. It tolerates alkaline soils. the crop is sown in June-July and SeptemberOctober. Banerjees giant It is a popular variety of West Bengal developed by S. This variety can be successfully grown in soil even at pH 10. bengalensis) at IARI Regional Research Stration. it is sown from April. there will be difficulty in germination of seeds. Along these lines. In the hills. Manures and Fertilizers Application of 25 tonnes of FYM is recommended during last ploughing. Suitable for hilly areas. Hence during sowing only one seed is sown in each hill. Katrain. Pusa Harith It was developed by hybridization between sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) x local palak (B. It is a prolific. Phosphorus 60kg and 40 kg potash per hectare should also be applied as a basal dose for better yield. In North Indian plains . seeds are sown at a spacing of 10 cm and covered with top soil. late bolting and high yielder. large.vulgaris var. Season October Under south Indian conditions. thick succulent. a quantity of 25-30 kg of seed would be required. Leaves thick broad in size. Spacing 60 x 60cm Sowing Each seed ball contains 2-3 seeds. sandy to clay loam soils with proper drainage are preffered. The crop comes to first cutting three to four weeks after sowing. Harvesting Well grown green succulent leaves are cut along with petiole. MINT (Mentha arvenis L) Climate Can be cultivated both under tropical and sub tropical climate. watering is done. Soil All type of soils are suitable for cultivation. A quantity of 25 kg of nitrogen has to be applied after each cutting and the crop is irrigated. Ill drained soils are to be avoided. Spacing 45 x 10cm Planting 178 . a total green yield of 8-10 tonnes can be harvested from one hectare in four to six cuttings. Again on the third day and subsequently once in 7-10 days depending on the soil moisture. For oil purpose. Yield On an average. Irrigation A light irrigation is given immediately after sowing.Weeding and hoeing have to be done two or three times from 20 days after sowing once in a fortnight. A temperature of 2025oc is optimum for the crop growth. Season Year round Propagation Stem cuttings of 4-5 cm lenth having 2-3 nodes are used for propagation. high altitude areas are preffered. Varieties No improved varieties are available for vegetable purpose. Temperature more than 30 oc results in more oil content. Fertile soils with more organic content. Harvesting of leaves should not be done for 6-8 days after spray. 50 DAP and after the first picking. Depending upon the soil moisture. Manures and Fertilizers Application of 10 tonnes of FYM is recommended during last ploughing. Control Avoid insecticides Spray Malathion at 0. 65-70 kg of oil can be extracted per acre. irrigations are given at 8-12 days in winter and 3-4 days interval in summer. Quality of the leaves is reduced.1 percent . Yield In two pickings. an average leaf yield of 10-12 t/ acre can be obtained. They transmit the mosaic disease from one plant to another. Diseases Leaf spot 179 . Leaf Eating Caterpillars They feed on leaves and make holes. Affected leaves are not acceptable to consumers. The growth of the plant is checked. Subsequently after a month second cutting is done near to the ground level. Harvesting The crop comes to first cutting three months after planting leaving 4-5 cm from the ground level. they become weak.Dipping of stem cuttings with carbendazim 1gm/lit or captan 3gm/l is done prior to planting. Yield is reduced. The quality of the leaves is deteriorated. Phosphorus 40kg and 50 kg potash per hectare should also be applied as a basal dose for better yield. Intercultivation Weeding is done regularly at 25. Plant Protection Pests Defoliators Aphids These are small insects sucking the sap from tender growing leaves. Irrigation As the crop is shallow rooted frequent light irrigations are given. Planting is done on ridges at a spacing of 30-45 cm between the rows and 10 cm within the row at a depth of 1-2 cm. Nitrogen 50kg per hectare should be applied twice 20 and 40 days after sowing. On lower leaves. Later the spots coalesce. small circular spots appear with ash colour in centre and deep violet or reddish purple in border. Formation of new leaves remains continued. In case of severity spray Copper Oxychloride @ 2g/lit or Carbendazim @ 1g/lit. ** * SPICES 180 . Control Usually no fungicidal sprays are required. Adopt crop rotation. Wilt Wilting of plants are observed which reduce the yield of the crop. leaves wrinkle and ultimately dry and fall off. Control Application of Trichoderma culture 1 kg along with 10kg Neem cake and 90 kg of FYM. Prakasam and Krishna districts. it is largely grown in Guntur.48 lakh tonnes and productivity of 316 kg/ha. It is grown in an area of 2. UK. Composition of green chillies (per 100 g of edible portion) (Aykroyd 1963) Moisture Protein Fat Minerals : : : : 85.37 lakh ha with a production of 7.7 g 2. Chillies constitute about 20% of Indian spice exports in quantity and about 14% in value. In Andhra Pradesh.AND CONDIMENTS CHILLIES (Capsicum annuum L.) Chilli is an important commercial crop that gives a range of processed products such as chilli powder.6 g 1. Srilanka etc to a tune of Rs100 crores annually. there by offering excellent potential for export. Andhra Pradesh is the largest chilli producing state constituting a major portion of the total production. Khammam.9 mg 80 mg 1. Warangal. oleoresins etc. chillies is being exported to USA.2 mg 6. France. Japan.0 g Nicotinic acid Phosphorus Iron Sodium : : : : 0.5 mg 181 .9 g 0. From Guntur. Rainfed Irrigated Varieties G1 : : 56 x 15 cm 75 x 30 cm (or) 90 x 60 cm 2 182 .5 mg 34 mg 15 mg 0. Thinning is to be done in direct sown chilli crop maintaining a distance of 60 cm between plants Transplanting Seedlings are ready for transplanting five to six weeks after sowing. Soils with poor drainage are not suitable for chilli cultivation Seeds and Sowing For open pollinated varieties. For hybrids raising 1 cent nursery 100 g seed was optimum. Seed treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 is done at the rate of 3g/kg seed. which was sufficient to transplant one acre. Transplant in the late afternoon or on a cloudy day to minimize transplant shock. which was sufficient to transplant one acre. Direct sowing of chillies @ 2. 40 m length. One seedling in case of hybrid and two seedlings per hill in case of varieties are transplanted according to spacing. Recommended spacing varies depending on cropping system.U 111 mg Kharif/Rabi July-August/Sept-October July 15th to August 15th Black soils are best suited for chilli cultivation. 15 cm height (40 m ) is required for transplanting in an acre of main field. raising 1 cent nursery 650 g seed was optimum. Preparation of raised beds with dimension of 1 m width.5kg/acre behind the seed drill / gorru is recommended in first fortnight of July for reaping high yield. soil type. and variety. If irrigation is available can be taken up in light and alluvial soils.39 mg 67 mg Potassium Copper Sulphur Chlorine Thiamine Vitamin ‘A’ Vitamin ‘C’ : : : : : : : 217 mg 1.19 mg 292 I.8 g 3. Application of 80g of fipronil granules per 40m2is recommended against sucking pests. Spraying copper fungicide on 12 th day and 19th day of sowing to prevent damping off disease. Leave 30 cm gap between two beds for irrigation.0 g 29 30 mg 24 mg 0.Fibre Carbohydrates Calories Calcium Magnesium Riboflavin Oxalic acid Season Sowing of seeds Direct Sowing Soils : : : : : : : 6. Six weeks old seedlings are to be used for transplantation. weeding and spraying. Recommended for dry chillies in Krishna. Ideal for foreign export. suitable for Nellore and Chittoor districts. G3 Released during 1962. Average dry chillies yield in rainfed 10-12 q/ha and under irrigation 25-30 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 40q/ha. resistant to thrips. Plants tall growing fruits long and stout with cup shaped clayx and blunt tip.Released during 1938. Calyx cup shaped and persistant. Average dry chillies yield in rainfed 12-13 q/ha and under irrigation 30-35 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 50q/ha. It gained extensive spread throughout the state particularly under irrigated areas. tip pointed. G2 Released during 1954. Pods lengthy. Recommended for green chilli production in Cuddapah. It is cosmopolitan in habit and comes up well both under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Calyx persistent and 183 . Fairly tolerant to thrips. Seed content 38% and pungency is mild. tip pointed. Seed content 42%. Average green chillies yield is about 250 q/ha. G 4 (Bhagya Lakshmi) Released during 1968. Yield 18-20 q/ha. Fruits are medium with 40% seed to pod and olive green colour turning to bright red on ripening. sickle shaped. Pericarp light green turning to bright red on ripening. Fruits are medium in size with 44% seed to pod. Fruits are short and stout with conical shape. mites and aphids. Fruits are long and thin with light green pericarp and srosey red colour on ripening. Average dry chillies yield in rainfed 12-14 q/ha and under irrigation 30-35q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 60 q/ha. Yield 20-25 q/ha. Sindhur (CA-960) (Hot-Portugal) Released during 1977. Recommended for all the districts. West Godavari. Calyx cup shaped. Ananthapur. Recommended for all the districts under irrigation. Suitable for green chillies and tolerant to virus disease. Warangal and Karimnagar Districts where there is liking for stout and mild pungent types. Average dry chillies yield in rainfed 11-12 q/ha and under irrigation 30-32 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 50q/ha. Kurnool. Early in bearing by two to three weeks. Prakasam and Krishna Districts. wide adaptability. Kiran (X-200) Released during 1972. Average green chillies yield is about 200 q/ha. G5 (Andhra Jyothi) Released during 1971. calyx semi cup shaped. calyx persistent. fruits long and slender. Seed content 40%. Plants tall grown with light green leaves. Average dry chillies in rainfed 22-23 q/ha and under irrigation 40-42 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 60 q/ha. Seed content 42%. Pods are olive green (5-6 cm long) with high seed content (45%) and high degree of pungency. Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam districts.P. Visakhapatnam.cupshaped. Recommended to yellow chilli zone of East Godavari. LCA 305 (Lam 305) Released during 1993. Bhaskar (LCA 235) Released during 1885. Suitable for green cillies to be grown round about Hyderabad. red colour on ripening. Pod larger than Bhaskar 235 with shining red colour plant bushy in type. fruits shining. Average dry chillies in rainfed 20-25 q/ha and under irrigation 40-45 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 65 q/ha. Average green chillies yield is about 200 q/ha. 9-10 cm long and wrinkled.-46 Plants dwarf and spreading with light green and broad leaves. Aparna (CA 1068) Released during 1982. Fruits yellow in colour on ripening. mites and aphids. Recommended to all the districts. Jwala 184 . Prakash (LCA 206) Released during 1991. S. It is tolerant to salinity and can with stand drought as well as high moisture conditions. Seed content 42%. The yellow another colour which is a rare character serve as a marker gene in maintenance of purity. small leaves and flowers with yellow anthers. Fruits 7-8 cm long and fairly tolerant to virus disease. Seed content 35%. Average dry chillies in rainfed 12-14 q/ha and under irrigation 30-35 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 50 q/ha. This varieties characterized by compact plants with short internodes. Fruits medium long and stout with semicup shazped calyx and blunt up. Plants tall growing and late in bearing by two weeks when compared to other strains. Fairly tolerant to virus. suitable for both rainfed and irrigated crop in all the districts of A.A. Fairly tolerant to sucking pests like thrips. Average dry chillies yield in rainfed 12-14 q/ha and under irrigation 30-35 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 50 q/ha. Pods thin. Average dry chillies in rainfed 20-25 q/ha and under irrigation 40-45 q/ha with a maximum yield potential of 70 q/ha. LCA 353 Released during 2008. A recommended dose of fertilizer i. PAPRIKA VARIETIES LCA 424 Early variety. intercultivation is either by junior hoe or light 185 . but pods are longer (10-12 cm).P. Yield 40-45 q/ha. Early to medium maturing variety. suitable for export. Yield 60-65 q/ha. Fruits are long and stout. Plants are spreading. Plants semi spreading. apply 200 kg of Single Super phosphate/ha. For quick decomposition of the incorporated green manure crop. Less pungent. 300N:60P:120K ha-1 can be applied as N in the form of 50% Urea and remaining as Ammonium Sulphate/ Calcium Ammonium Nitrate and K in the form of 50% as Muriate of Potash and remaining 50% as Sulphate of Potash was found to give enhanced seed yield and profitable returns per unit area in chilli Intercultivation Chilli requires frequent intercultivation. LCA 436 Less pungent suitable for export. Average green chillies yield is about 180 q/ha.Similar to N. Suitable for green chilli production round about Hyderabad and to export to Hyderabad city. 46 A. Yield 45-50 q/ha. medium size with bright red colour suitable for export. In the direct sown crop blade harrow is Four intercultivations are needed at 10 days intervals alternated with blade harrow and tyned harrow. Final inter cultivation is given by the country plough. Medium to late maturing variety. In the main field where chilli crop will be transplanted in the forthcoming months. Yield 60-65 q/ha. LCA 334 (Lam 334) Released during 2006. medium tall with medium bold fruits. pods slender. Moderately tolerant to viruses.e. Apply neem cake at 3-4 q/ha preferably mixing with basal dose of chemical fertilizers at the time of final ploughing. Ready for release. short duration green manure crops like pillipesara/greengram /sunhemp may be raised and incorporated into the soil before flowering. pods slender. if available. medium size with bright red colour suitable for export. For an irrigated crop.. worked starting from 30th day of sowing. Moderately tolerant to viruses and abiotic stresses. Sheep penning of 2500 to 3000 sheep per hectare is advisable. Plants are erect and semi spreading. Ready for release Manures and Fertilizers Apply a basal dose of 25 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure per hectare in the last ploughing. Post Harvest Technology Dry the ripe pods till the moisture content reaches 8-10%.125% Tricontanol and IAA 10ppm significantly increased yield by reducing flower drop and increasing fruit set. If the plants show symptoms of drooping leaves at 4. Frequent and heavy irrigations induce lanky vegetative growth and cause flower shedding and spread of diseases. After drying. it is an indication that irrigation is needed. Do not use any chemical for improvement of color like Sudan R-I as they are hazardous (toxic) and are prohibited for 186 . Flower drop Flower drop is natural in chillies. For rainfed crop 3-4 pickings and for irrigated crop 6-8 pickings are necessary. The harvested fruits are dried in sun light on a drying floor. insect bored and diseased fruits (White coloured fruits) are separated and bagged. Intercultivation is followed by hand weeding to check the weed growth. The number of irrigations and interval between irrigations depend upon soil and climatic conditions. To minimize flower drop and to increase pod set. Store the produce in clean & dry gunny bags and stake them on wooden plank 50-60 cm away from the walls to prevent contamination. Post emergent weedicide Quizalofop-P-ethyl @ 400 ml/acre was found effective for grassy weeds except Cyprus. irrigation should be given only when necessary. Application of pre-emergence weedicide Pendimethalin 30% @ 1. Avoid application of pesticides just before picking i. the red riped fruits are harvested immediately.Dry the ripe pods in Poly house solar driers or tarpaulins or cement floor or polythene sheet to avoid aflatoxin contamination. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 10ppm can be sprayed thrice at fortnightly intervals starting from November.plough after each irrigation.3 l/acre was found effective when applied 1-2 days immediately after sowing in direct sown crop.e follow waiting period to prevent pesticide residues in the produce. Irrigation Chilli can not with stand heavy moisture. Spraying of 0. Don’t allow the fruits to over ripe/ dry on the plant itself and periodical picking is recommended to get quality produce. Sort out the damaged and white spotted fruits to market the graded quality produce. Harvesting Green fruits will be ready for picking from 2½ months of planting and red ripe fruits can be harvested 3-4 weeks later.00 PM. hence. Only 30-40 per cent flower set into pods. Flower drop will be high during cloudy days. For better quality and higher yields. Their damage can be seen in the field up to the end of November.5g or Spinosad@ 0. Control • Thrips ( Scrtothrips dorsalis H.25ml per one liter of water. Apply 250-500kg Neem cake/ha maxing with farmyard manure. If the plants are affected at early stage they remain stunted in growth and flower production and pod set are arrested causing severe loss in yield. Severely affected plants show distorted leaves with brownish patches leading to drying up of entire foliage. Difenthurion @1. Plant Protection Pests Root Grubs ( Holotrichia consanguinea ) Eggs laid in soil /compost dumps / manure pits during pre-monsoon showers. In the affected plants the vegetative growth is inhibited and flower production is ceased and yields are considerably reduced. Both nymphs and adults damage the crop.3% granules @ 8 Kg/ha at 15 and 45 days after transplanting Spray carbaryl 3gr or Phasalone 3ml or Fipronil @ 2 ml or or Chlorfenpyr @ 2ml. Adults feed on leaves. The petiole of the leaves gets elongated and the young leaves at the tip of the branch cluster. use only well rotten farmyard manure. The severely infested plants develop bronze colour. In severe cases apply 25kg Phorate (10G) or 33 kg Carbofuran (3G) granules/ha. They lacerate the leaf tissue and suck the sap. Control • • Application of Fipronil 0. The infested leaves develop crinkles and curl upwards. The affected plants develop dark green colour. Grubs damage the chilli plants by cutting the roots and several plants die in standing crop rows as it bores in to root system also. The attacked plants die and can be easily identified. To prevent root grubs.use. ) 187 . Control • • • Deep summer ploughing and destruction of grubs. pupae. Do not write with ink on chilli field gunnies to prevent contamination of toxic chemical Rhodomine B which will be absorbed by the dried and packed chillies. In severe conditions repeat the spray with 4-6 days interval Mites ( Polyphago-tasonlmus latus ) The affected leaves curl down ward along the margins of the leaf and attain an inverted boat shape. The pods that develop black colour due to sooty moulds loose quality and fetch low price.25 ml followed by Chloropyriphos @ 2. As a result infested flower drops off. Maggot feed on developing ovary resulting in ovary bulging prominently to wards one side with white discoloration.1% Dimethoate 3ml/l of Methyl demeton 2ml/l of Acephate 1. The yields are also reduced by aphids directly and more through the spread of virus diseases acting as vectors. Heliothis armigera ) Pod borers are polyphagous and appear on chilli crop both in vegetative phase and at the time of pod formation. Blossom midge ( Asphondylia capsici ) Damage occurs only to flower buds and flowers. They secrete sweet substance (Honey dew) which attract ants and develop sooty moulds. Pod borers ( Spodoptera litura. 188 . They enter chilli pods in second and third instar by making a hole near calyx and feed on chilli seed. The fully grown caterpillars enter the soil for pupation.5g/litre of water. They suck the sap and reduce the vigour of the plant. twisted pods and dropping of pods. In severe conditions repeat the spray with 4-6 days interval with thorough coverage of bottom side of leaves. Control • Deep ploughing of the filed in summer to expose resting stages of insect pests to hot sun • Grow castor and marigold in chilli field as trap crops against Spodoptera and Helicoverpa pod borers.5 ml/l in an interval of 4 days. Pupation takes place with in ovary. The affected pods drop off or develop white colour on drying.5g in one litre of water. Spodoptera exigua. But those retained develop in to abnormal fruits with poor seed set and quality in infested fruits is effected. Spray alternating the chemicals at weekly interval. Aphids ( Aphis gossypi ) Aphids appear on the tender shoots. Control Spray 0. leaves and on the lower surface of the old leaves. Damage causes severe flower drop.Spray Dicofol (kelthane) 5ml or Wettable sulphur 3 g or Micronised sulphur 2. Adults lay eggs on unopened flower bud. Control Spray Trizophas @ 1. The caterpillars are pale greenish brown and smooth with dark markings. deformed. poor drainage and applying excessive levels of nitrogen in soil are favourable for the disease development and spread in the nursery. ) It is the nursery disease caused by soil borne fungi under favourable conditions. Choanephora blight ( Choanephora cucurbitarum ) The disease causes damage to the crop during rainy season. Seedlings may be infected before or after emergence.5 ml or Thiodicarb 1 g or Spinosad 0.5g or Chloropyriphos @ 2. over crowding. Phytophthora spp. If infected before emergence. Affected plants usually die in patches in nursery beds or low parts of fields. brown and decompose.25ml • Diseases Damping off ( Pythium aphanidermatum. 2-3 times at 4 days intervals starting from 9th day of sowing as a prophylactic measure. • Drench the nursery beds with Copper oxychloride 3g/litre. Optimum seed rate (650g/cent) is to be used to avoid over crowding of the seedlings. Control 189 . If infected after emergence. water soaked lesions form about 1cm above or below the soil line. In the field. Raise seedlings on raised nursery beds to avoid ill drained conditions and practice the rotation. high relative humidity.• Growing sorghum/maize as border crop two to three rows around chilli field as barrier crop to limit immigration of insect pests and to encourage build up of beneficial insects like predators and parasites to take care of the key pests that occur on chilli crop. the germinating plants become soft. Brown water soaked lesions occur on the middle of the stem gradually the lesions become black. Excessive moisture. the disease can be identified based on the appearance of a stiff silvery mass of whisker like or hairy strands of the fungus growing out of the affected tissue topped with a ball made of great number of spores. coalesce and leads to rotting of tissue. • Erecting bird perches @ 10/ac to promote predation of pod borers Spray Acephate 1. The stem softens and cannot support the seedling which collapses and die. The damage spread to upward and downward direction and leading to drying of effected plant or branches. It occurs in nursery as well as in main field. Control • • • Treat seed with Mancozeb (3g/kg seed) before sowing. the disease spreads to the fruits also.0g or Propiconzole 1 ml. Control • • • • The seed from disease free crop only should be used for sowing. In the affected stem.5g or Mancozeb at 2. the bark first turn brownish and then turn to shiny white in long and narrow strips containing several black dot like fructification. Difenconazole 0. Affected twigs get with red and dry up from tip downwards. black spots occur on the ripe pods. in October-November and repeat the spray after 15 days if the disease in seen. In the beginning small brown spots are seen on leaves which turn into grayish or black spots. Copper hydroxide 2.5g or Azoxystrobin 1ml per litre of water at the time of flowering i.5 g or Copper oxychloride 3. Spray Captan 1. Circular to oval. Later they form in to large lesions due to coalescing of the spots. Infection on fruit stalk and calyx is also very common in severe cases. Control Spray Plantomycin 2g or Streptocyclin 1g plus 30g Blitox in 10 lit of water at fortnightly intervals. The infection gradually spreads to the stem also. The disease first manifests as small brownish spots on the leaves and gradually develop in to the big circular grayish spots with whitish center. Stem infection results in wilting of tender branches and twigs. Control Spray Carbendazim @ 1g/l or Mancozeb @ 2. Seed treatment with Captan or mancozeb at 3g per kg of seed should be taken up.Spraying 1g Streptocyclin mixed with 30g of Copper oxychloride per 10 lit of water twice at one week interval.e. In severe cases the affected leaves turn yellow and drop-off. Cercospora leaf spot ( Cercospora capsici ) It is a fungal disease appears on the crop from October to February. It appears in October-November at the time of flowering. Individual flowers get infected and dry up.5ml. Powdery mildew ( Laveilula taurica ) 190 . Severally affected pods turn straw coloured instead of normal red.5g/l of water 2-3 times at one week interval Dieback or Fruit rot ( Colletotrichum capsici ) It is a seed as well as air borne disease. shrivel and dry up. after on. Bacterial leaf spot ( Xanthomonos vesicatoria ) It occurs in October to December months. Affected leaves become yellow and defoliated. Early removal of isolated cases of die-back will be helpful in checking further spread. Mosaic mottling of leaves. G 4 and LCA 235 Treat the seed with Imidacloprid @ 8g/kg seed against thrips to prevent PBNV Control vector by applying Furadon granules 3 G @ 30 kg/ha or Fipronil Granules @ 20kg/ha twice at 15 & 45 days after transplantation. older leaves show small concentric rings.This disease occurs in December-February. The disease causes 5060% yield loss in case of early infection Drop prematurely. Control Spray Karathane 1ml or Wettable sulphur 3g/lit of water two to three times at 10 days interval. have to be uprooted and destroyed immediately to avoid further spread • • Main field and bunds of the fields should be kept weed free to avoid the incidence of viral diseases. Leaf curl (Transmitted by whitefly) Symptoms consist of abaxial and adaxial curling of leaves accompanied by puckering and blistering of interveinal areas and thickening and swelling of veins. Whitish powdery patches are seen on the lower surface of the leaves.. Initial infection may cause yield loss up to 70-80% Cucumber mosaic virus (transmitted by aphids) Stunted plant growth. Virus complex Viruses have become most serious causing extensive damage.EXPORTS 191 . CHILLI. In advanced stages. thrips (PBNV). the leaves turn yellow and drop-off. The wide spread virus diseases in Andhra Pradesh are given below. It causes 60-70% losses in yield. Further flower production is ceased. Sowing of barrier crops like jowar. leaves become narrow and show foliar mottling. Yellow rings are produced on leaves and fruits. Peanut bud necrosis virus (Transmitted by thrips) Infected leaves show mosaic and necrotic spots. Control of Virus complex • • • • Select virus tolerant varieties like LCA 334. maize or sunflower The vectors of viral diseases viz. aphids (CMV & Poty viruses) and white fly ( Gemini virus/ leaf curl) should be regularly monitored and should be kept under check as a prophylactic measure to avoid the incidence of viral diseases • Virus infected plants if noticed. The highly pungent "Sannam" & the mildly pungent 'mundu' chilies are internationally popular varieties. with or without stalks & with clipped stalks and fresh and dried capsicum and as powder. tolerance upto 5% for pods not conforming to the specified length will be allowed in all grades. Sri Lanka. For accidental errors in grading. Chillies are exported as whole. They are (1) Agmark standards (2) ASTA standards (3) European standards. Broken Pods Pods which are broken into places of size not included under whole pods. Pesticide residues. QUALITY STANDARDS FOR CHILLIES EXPORT There are mainly three quality standards that are followed for chilli and chilli products. In view of this. the Middle East and the Far East. Bangladesh. Byadgi chilli grown in Dharwad district of Karnataka and Tomato chillies of Warangal. chilly powder. oils and oleoresins. pickled chillies and chilly oleoresins. Damaged and discoloured Pods 192 . Chilli importing countries and consumers over the world today places much emphasis on quality aspects. Loose Seeds Seeds out of chilli pods will be considered as loose seeds. Description of quality factors Length of Pod The length of the pods shall be reckoned with from the tip of the fruit to the pedicel point where the stalk is attached. Aflatoxins and other microbial contaminations and mixing of undersirable chemicals like "Sudan R-1" for imparting colour caused great damage for exports of chilli products from India to other countries particular to European countries. Whole pods Pods which are intact lengthwise to the extent of 75% or more of the whole pods. The value added products from chilli have wide export demand in the world market under WTO scenario provided the quality standards are maintained. Indian chili is mainly exported to USA. Andhra Pradesh are demanded for their high colour value.India exports chillies in the form of dried chillies. utmost care shall be taken to meet the international quality standards besides reducing the cultivation cost to enhance the export potential under the situation of extreme competition among different countries and WTO scenario. Jwala.Damaged pods are those pods. Germany.A.26 0. affecting the quality. Mexico.51 0. pieces and loose stalks will be treated as foreign matter. Pods having brown. Bangladesh Maximum pungent yielding varieties : LCA-235. Singapore. 424. Nigirian chillies (Aferica) K-2. LCA-436 193 . 305. 334. calyx. Aparna. England. Sindhur : LCA-206. LCA-235. Badigadabbi. 324. G-4. Jawahar G-4. Sindhur Sri Lanka. PKM-1 Importing standards set by American Spices Board Insect residues Excreta – – 4/lb.e. LCA-353 Sindhur.75 0. Pakistan. Canada. Musatwadi LCA-235. Tolerance for moisture Though the optimum moisture level is 12% an additional tolerance of 0. Saudi Arabia. China.76 0.3% 3% 2% Classification based on the Capsicin content Range (%) > 1.50 0. Malasia. India. 357.S. 334. Chillies in International market Importing from India Chillies producing countries Export competitors for India Varieties suitable for export Maximum pulp yielding varieties Maximum colour yielding varieties : Pusa Jwala. 304. which are damaged materially. white foreign chillies. LCA-424. Pakistan. Moracco. 1st June to 30th September. Turki. 1/lb. black. 324. LCA-334. G-5. white and other coloured patches covering 25% or more surface area of pods will be considered as discoloured pods.00 0. Bangladesh China. Foreign matter Extraneous matter. Pusa Jwala.. U.25 Content High Medium to high Medium Low to medium Low Varieties Foreign chillies. Part Chilli pods Chilli Powder Content Other material Insect damage Ash Fiber Oil Limit 5% 5% 1.5-1% will be allowed during monsoon season i. LCA-206.10 – – – – 1.00 0. Mahaboobnagar and Cuddpah are important districts. not very high yielder.ONION (Allium cepa L) Onion is an important crop used widely both as a condiment and vegetable. Kurnool. Naisk Red Medium size. Pusa Red A very popular short to intermediate day long variety. It has less bolting. popular in Maharashtra. Rampur Red Similar to Bellari red. popular in North India. Takes 150-160 days for maturity. the bulbs are pungent. Gets ready in 125140 day seed yield 4-6 q/ha. Better keeping quality and storing capability. It occupies an area of 28. red colour bulbs. 1-2 split under each buld. Soils Loamy soils are highly suited for proper development of bulbs. grown extensively in Visakhapatnam area. Season There are two main seasons. Varieties Bellary Red Big bulb. pungent tubers. Agrifound Dark Red Bulbs round globular in shape with tight skin. moderately pungent and dark red with bulb diameter of 5-8 cm. White Onion Big size.000 ha. more pungent. Onion is rich in riboflavin and calcium. Seed yield 4-7 q/ha. sweetish. Good drainage and irrigation facilitates better crop growth. Alkalinity or water loggings are not tolerated by onion. Small Red Onion One or more splits small in size. in Andhra Pradesh. Bulbs medium. Less pungent. Agrifound Light Red 194 . Rabi (Main Crop) – December to April Kharif June-July to October-November Onion crop is propagated mostly by seed and in some parts bulbs are also used. suitable all over the state. flat to globular red average weight 70-90 gram and less pungent. meters area raised in nursery beds of 120 cm width and 3 metre lenth are formed.Small size. Rabi Nursery has to be raised during December.K and half of the N as basal and the remaining 50 N has to be top dressed in two equal doses at monthly intervals. The seedlings will be read with in 45 days. The seedlings are planted on both sides of the ridges at half way on the slope at 7. The land is prepared in to ridges and furrows or beds and channels depending upon the conditions. At the time of transplanting. 40-50 kg P2O5 and 60kg K2O per hectare are to be given. 7-8 kg of seed ha is sown in 500-600 sp. Seeds are sown in lines. Apply entire P. Manures and Fertilizers Kharif Incorporate FYM at 25 t ha-1 during preparatory cultivation and apply fertilizers @ 100:50:60 NPK Kg/ha. Takes 162-165 days maturity.5% Bordeaux Mixture is to be sprayed at 10 days intervals to prevent damping. light red colour bulbs with more pungency. Plough thoroughly and add 100 kg of well rotten FYM for 10 sp. In the nursery 0. The ridges are to be made at 30cm apart. 50kg N. Dip the seedlings in 1% Bordeaux mixture before transplanting. solid. Suitable for transport to longer distances. Harvesting and Post-harvest Technology The seedling transplanted crop comes to harvest in about 100 days.m area to transplant one hectare. Split application is recommended for light soils. 7-8 Kg seed sown on raised beds in 500 m 2 will be sufficient to transplant one hectare. they can be placed at a little wider space up to 10cm. the seedlings are to be dipped in 1% Bordeaux Mixture. Nitrogen is applied in one or two doses at monthly intervals after transplanting as top dressing. while raised from bulbs it takes 120 days.5cm distance. Good export value. Rabi In addition to the FYM. The last irrigation is to be given 3 days before harvesting to 195 . The beds are to be not watered and hand weeded. Useful for direct sowing. TSS 13%. Plant on both the sides of ridges or beds with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm. The seedlings will be ready within 45 days. Best suitable for rabi season. For seed production spacing up to 30cm either way is given. In black soils. Seed and Sowing Kharif Sow nursery during June-July. The storing and transplanting of bulbs provide an opportunity for selection and rouging. Intercultivation Manual weeding followed by earthing up at 30. the bulb to seed method should be followed. Plants get stunted. In case of seed production the flower heads are to be harvested as and when ripe and dried under shade. If large sized bulbs are planted more seed yield can be obtained (about 1000kg) but it requires more seed rate and larger space.0 ml/l or moncrotophos @ 1. Seed Production Two methods are used most commonly for the production of onion seed. For nucleus and foundation seed production. The yields. Medium sized bulbs are selected (2.0 ml/l or methyl dematon @ 2. The bulbs are planted by the first fortnight of October at a spacing of 30cm with in the row and 45cm between the rows in ridges. About 850kg of seed can be produced from one hectare.facilitate pulling of bulbs.5 to 3cm diameter) about 1500 kg/ha of bulbs are required to transplant. which involves first producing bulbs for the market and then replanting them for seed production. The development of onion or Garlic bulbs is affected to a great extent. Cotnrol Spray dimethoate @ 2.5 ml/l Mite ( Aceria tulipae ) Infested leaves show yellow patches.5 l/ha one week after transplanting onion seedlings. in case of Bellary variety ranges from 20-25 t/ha and the smaller bulbs range 10-15 t/ha. Plant Protection Pests Thrips ( Thrips tabaci ) Both nymphs and adults remain at leaf bases and whorls and feed by sucking. 196 . About 500 kg of seed can be obtained/ha. 45 days after transplanting Weed management Spraying pendimethalin 3. The infestation causes pale whitish blotches on leaves and in case of severe attack. However seed to seed method may produce a higher quality of seed but roughing becomes problem. the leaves dry from tip downwards. The most common is bulb to seed method. 1%) may be done.Control Apply Dimethoate/Ethion (0. Control Spray Endosulfan 0. the leaves turn yellow and whither. Control Cultivars of Allium fistulosum are resistant. Apply arbofurean/Phorate (0. Leaf spot ( Cercospora sp. Control As and when observed soil application with Chlorpyriphos (0. Spray mancozeb @ 2. Secondary infection by fungus causes soft rot of onion. In severe cases the leaf gets girdle out at the infected region. Diseases Leaf Blight ( Alternaria perri ) This is the most common and devastating disease of onion in the state and is noticed at all stages of the crop from November to May.5g/l or ziram @ 2g/l or carbendazim @ 1g/l four to five sprays at 7-10 days interval starting from first symptom appearance.07% 2 ml/l of water. Onion Fly ( Delia antiqua ) Maggots feed on developing bulb underground. Purple to dark coloured spots appear on the leaves and at the spots increase in size and colour. Incidence up to 48% has been observed.5 kg/ha) ro neem cake (500 kg/ha) to soil while sowing only Cut-worm ( Agrotis ipsilon ) Seedlings are cut from the base at night by cut-worms. and dry up. Leaf Eating Caterpillar ( Spodoptera exigua ) Caterpillar bores in to Onion leaves. ) 197 .05%) at initial stage of infestation. At bulb maturing stage larvae feed on the internal content of the bulb. Groundnut earwing ( Euborellia annulipes ) Bores into onion bulbs Control As and when observed soil application with Chlorpyriphos (0. The early instar larvae feed on surface of leaves in group and later instar larvae form irregular holes.1%) may be done. Damping Off ( Corticium solani ) This affects the germinating seeds and seedlings in the nursery beds. The leaf infection was found up to 3%. Garlic having various medicinal uses is used as a gastric stimulant.It is noticed in the off season crop in the form of large oval and grey spots on the leaves. which aids in digestion and absorption of food. fungicidal and bactericidal action also. In this case the affected leaves gradually turn pale and dry up. rheumatism. The important commercial varieties like Bellary big. Storage Rot ( Erwinia spp. It is also reported to be useful in reducing the cholesterol concentration in human blood. Sattenapalli. Devanapalli and Rayaduraga are found susceptible. 198 . cough and red eyes. GARLIC (Allium sativum L) Garlic has been considered as a rich source of carbohydrates. Apart from medicinal uses garlic has been reported to contain certain insecticidal.5kg in 25 lit of water. Control The incidence of the above two leaf diseases can be minimized by timely sprays of Bordeaux mixture 1% fortnightly intervals. Control Drenching the soil with 1% Bordeaux mixture or wettable Ceresan 0. ) The onions while in storage are subject to rotting caused by abactirium and fungus resulting in a loss upto 30%. Control Storing of the bulbs in proper aerated and well ventilated storage structures and elminating the rotted bulbs by periodical turning of the storage heaps are recommended in minimizing the losses during storage.3% reduces the disease incidence. protein and phosphorus. Remove debris and disinfect walls of warehouse with Formaldehyde (1% in 10 gallons of water) or copper sulphate 0. The inhalation of garlic oil or garlic juice has been recommended in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. 00 Dehydrated garlic powder (%) 5. It will not tolerate excessive humidity or rainfall.10 1.68 0.40 13.80 29.40 0.Nutritive composition of fresh peeled garlic cloves and dehydrated garlic powder (Pruthi. grown extensively in India.10 0.01 175.1979) is as given below.) Nicotinic Acid (mg/100g) Vitamin ‘C’ (mg/100g) Vitamin ‘B’ (mg/100g) Vitamin ‘B2’ (mg/100g) Fresh peeled garlic cloves (%) 62. Season It is normally grown in rabi season. Local varieties are common.10 0.00 0.31 0. Varieties There are hardy any recognized variety in our state.30 0.U. It is generally grown as a cool season crop in our State.03 0.60 3.20 1.00 0.08 Garlic has originated from Central Asia. Desi or Local Variety 199 . Particulars Moisture Protein Fat Mineral Matter Fibre Carbohydrates Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Iron Niacin Sodium Vitamin ‘A’ (I. This is a crop of the tropics.50 0.004 0.001 0. This is a common spice in Indian house hold and has several medicinal uses.20 17. Climate Garlic prefers mild temperatures and does not stand either drought or ill-drained conditions.00 0.00 12. Soils Loamy soils with good drainage and adequate irrigation facilities are ideal for development of bulbs. Ramnagar variety of Rajasthan It produces bold cloves and popular variety in Rajasthan and other areas in the country.90 71.70 0.42 1.80 6. Cloves are white in colour and have fairly big cloves. Irrigation Crop should be irrigated at an interval of 8-10 days during vegetative growth and 10-15 days during maturation. 35 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O/ha for chalka soils or light sandy soils. The cloves are put down at a depth of 1 to 2 inches. Agrifound parvathi – (G-313) Bulbs are bigger in size creamy white colour with pinkish tinge. Yamuna Safed – 2 (G -50) Bulbs are compact. Planting material and Sowing The garlic is propagated by the segments of the bulb which are known as cloves. But this is to be adopted according to the soil and local conditions. Manures and Fertilizers The field is made into small beds and channels for convenient size and 15 to 20 cart loads of farmyard manure is incorporated in the last ploughing. silvery white with creamy flesh. 10-16 cloves per bulb and tolerant to common diseases. Yamuna Safed – 3 (G -282) Bulbs are creamy white and bigger in size with 15-16 cloves per bulb and medium storer and the variety is suitable for export.41) Bulbs are compact. It may be sown by broadcasting or planted in furrows or dibbled at a distance of three inches within the row and 6 to 9 inches between rows. The P 2O5 may be given in the last ploughing before forming the beds. attractive white with creamy flesh. silvery white with creamy flesh. Yamuna Safed – 4 (G -323) Bulbs are silvery white and bigger in size with 20-25 cloves per bulb. Yamuna Safed (G -1) Bulbs are compact. with 35-40 cloves in number and high yielder. bigger elongated cloves with 2025 in number and high yielder. sickle shaped cloves with 25-30 in number and high yielder. 200 . The field is irrigated immediately after sowing to facilitate sprouting of the cloves. Gap filling is done within the first fortnight. Agrifound White (G . The Fertilizer requirements are 60 kg N. Control Apply Dimethoate/Ethion (0. Plants get stunted.05%) at initial stage of infestation. it is cultivated in an area of 2508 hectares mainly in Visakhapatnam ( 1931 ha). In Anhra Pradesh. Climate 201 .0 ml/l or methyl dematon @ 2. Rangareddy (91 ha). Harvesting Garlic crop is harvested when the tops turn brownish and shows signs of drying up.766 hectares. Plant Protection Pests Thrips ( Thrips tabaci ) Both nymphs and adults remain at leaf bases and whorls and feed by sucking. Srikakulam (25 ha) and limited areas in other districts lke Krishna East and West Godavari. Yield The normal yield is about 100 – 150 q/ha. Guntur (58 ha). the leaves dry from tip downwards.Interculture First weeding is done after one month planting and second weeding is done after two months of planting.0 ml/l or moncrotophos @ 1. India is the largest producer of dry ginger in the world accounting for more than half the total world production. Cotnrol Spray dimethoate @ 2. The tops are separated before marketing. GINGER (Zingiber officinalis L) Ginger is an important spice crop cultivated in India in an area of 1. Nizamabad (77 ha). Hoeing the crop and earthing up just before the formation of bulbs (about two to two and half months after sowing) loosens the soil and helps in the setting of bigger and well filled bulbs. The infestation causes pale whitish blotches on leaves and in case of severe attack. Medak (311 ha). The leaves of the bulbs are tied together and after curing them in shade for 3 to 4 days they are stored in ventilated rooms.5 ml/l Mite ( Aceria tulipae ) Infested leaves show yellow patches. under proper culture and yields upto 200 q/ha can be obtained. The development of onion or Garlic bulbs is affected to a great extent. 2 m x 1. Seeds and Sowing Prepare beds of 1.8 m sizes. V1 S1-8 V 3 S 1-8 V2 E5-2 (171) .3% Dithane M-45 for half an hour plant the seed pieces with sprouted buds in the first fortnight of May. Showing of castor on bunds alround the ginger field (and also at 9 meters intervals within the field) to serve as wind break and also to provide some shade.Less fibre content tolerant to leaf spot diseases. well drained soils are most suitable. Remove cowpea 60 days after sowing and earth up ginger forming ridges and furrows spaced 45 cm apart.It can be used as a fresh ginger. These beds should be provided with alternate irrigation andf drainage channels. Before planting. Varieties Siddipet Local . Sowing of cowpea at the rate of 50-60 kg/ha as mulch crop to provide shade. Susceptible to diseases. Delayed sowing increases. 2250 rhizomes sufficient per hectare of palnting. weighing about 10-25 g and treat them with 0. cut the sprouted rhizomes into pieces. The irrigation channels can be 20 to 25 cm depth but the drainage channels should be 45 cm deep. high in fibre prefixed for extraction of oleoresin.Warm humid weather is congenial Season The seeds will be sown from the end of April to first fortnight of May. Procure healthy seed rhizomes from disease free crop. Garden soils rich in humus content are idea. plumpy and hard when pressed. conserve moisture and ensure better germination of ginger.Suitable for Telengana region Bhyrl Tuni Narsipatnam Rio-de-janeiro (Brazil) . The site selected should not have any impervious hard rock or heavy clay layer within 45 to 60 cm depth impending drainage. They should be well matured. Soils It can be grown in a wide range of soils with good drainage like sandy or clayey loams and red loams to laterite loams. Plant the seed 45 cm apart and 10 to 15 cm with in the line. Good quality with high yield potential. However. Manures and Fertilizers 202 . the rhizome-rot disease and reduces the yield. Farmyard manure 50 t/ha and P2O5 60 kg/ha should be applied as basal dressing. Complete drying of leaves and pseudostem indicate the maturity of the crop. Irrigation Irrigate the crop during the different seasons according to the soil and climatic conditions and crop needs. Underground rhizomes are dug out by manual labour. the crop can be left unharvested for a year to make up in growth and yield. As and when micro-nutrient deficiencies like Zinc. Harvesting and Post-harvest Technology The crop gets ready for harvest from November onwards when the leaves turn yellow and stems begin to dry. dried and then rubbed with coarse cloth to remove all remaining bits of skin. ginger is grown as an inter crop. it may not be necessary to irrigate ginger crop if there is more than 2. care should be taken to see that there is no stagnation of water in the field after the rain. 7 days interval in post monsoon period. 30 kg of Nitrogen and 30 kg of Potash/ha apply near the rhizomes at 40th day after planting. Scraped produce is washed. Leaves are cut close to the ground. manganese etc. It is again steeped in wate for two hours. are observed they may be applied by foliar spray. In coconut and young coffee and orange gardens. Plant Protection Pests 203 . dried in the sun for three or four days and hand rubbed. if there is a good demand for green ginger. The rainfed crop is given a second and a third leaf mulch at the time of weeding. Field is hand weeded three or four times and plants earthed up once or twice. the ginger is cleaned of adhering earth and soaked in water to facilitate removal of skin. 60 kg Nitrogen and 60 kg Potash/ha at 80th day and a final dose of 30 kg Nitrogen and 30 kg Potash/ha should be applied at 120th day followed by eating up of the crop. Irrigations may be given a 4 days interval in summer. Curing After reserving a small quantity of rhizomes for seed. Intercultivation The beds are mulched immediately after planting. During the rainy season. hoeing and earthing up. The skin is scraped off with pieces of sharpened bamboo or bits of sea shells.. Sun drying also bleaches the produce. During heavy rains. A part of it may be harvested a little early. In case of poor growth or dull market.5 cm rain in 12 days. resulting the death of central shoot. Good cultivation practices should be adopted to avoid decaying of rhizomes.i/ha (10 kg/ha). spraying on the main field is also good to some extent. Control Treat the seed with Thiram 0. Spots are usually isolated but under humid conditions they coalesce with one another developing towards the margin forming a big lesion.P. @ 2. Control Spray 0. Initially disease appears as small.00 kg a. The spots enlarge.0 mm. turn to white and papery at the centre with dark brown margin surrounded by ayellow halo. Shoot Borer ( Dichocrosic punctiferalis ) These larvae bore on shoots. 500 l of spray fluid is required per hectare.25% i.5 g/l of water. Proper drainage should be ensured. Control Spray endosulfan 0. Root Grubs At the time of germination these grubs cuts away the growing shoots. Black minute pycnidia develop in the white papery centre of the spots which is conspicuous in the later stages of the3 disease. ) Symptoms like drying up of the shoot and decaying of rhizomes will be noticed.07% of 35% EC @ 2 ml/l of water about 625 l of spray fluid is sufficient for one hectare. yellowish oval to elongated spots on the leaves measuring 0. Control Dusting of BHC Carbarg 5% dust 25 kg/ha. i.1% carbaryl 50% W.5-1.e.e.20%. If the infestation is high apply phorate 10 g @ 1. @ 2 g/l of water once in 10 days intervals depending on necessity. Leaf Spot ( Phyllosticta zingiberi ) In Andhra Pradesh the disease is common during monsoon months. TURMERIC 204 . Skippers ( Udaspee folus ) These larvae fold the leaves and feed on the chlorophyll. Control Spray Dithane M-45 @ 0.Rhyzome Fly ( Chalcidomyia atricomis ) These maggots are white in colour and stay in decayed rhizomes. Afterwards. Diseases Soft Rot ( Pythium spp. Soils Turmeric is a tropical crop. India occupies a pride of place with an area of 5. there is a practice of providing shade to the crop by inter-planting castor.8 and this is resistant to leaf blotch diseases. Climate Humid climate is congenial. East and West Godavari. Andhra Pradesh stands first in the country with an area of 67. Duggirala This variety is popularly grown in Guntur district. 205 . it thrives best in a welled rained sandy soil or clayey -loam soil. smooth and hard with pale yellow colour. Guntur. It is requted for fast yellow coloured rhizomes. Yield ranges from 25 to 37 t/ha or raw rhizomes with curing percentage of 19. Nizamabad. CLL-327 It isa selection from Telkurpet type and resembles Mydukur type. Rhizomes are long.71 million hectares producing 7.(Curcuma longa L) Turmeric is an important spice crop grown on a commercial scale and is in great demand in India and other oriental countries. Karimnagar. However. stout. Kurnool. It grows on light black. Varieties Long Duration Types (9 months) CLL-326 It is a selection form Mydukur type. Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Curcumin content of rhizomes is 3. It is mainly cultivated in Krishna. Hence. The crop can't stand waterlogging or alkalinity. first fortnight of June for medium duration varieties and second fortnight of July for long duration varieties. It has been found to be the highest yielder in all Zones of the State and resistant to leaf blotch.93 million tones. ashy loam and red soils in irrigated and rainfed areas. with a curcumin (colour) content of 1. Yields upto 25 t/ha.46%. Curing percentage is 21.78 thousand hectares producing 420.3.0%. Plant grows to 60cm height.19 thousand tones. Optimum time of planting is last week of May for short duration varieties. Rich loamy soils having natural drainage and irrigation facilities are ideal for this crop. Cuddaph. It is widely used in food as a spice and condiment and also used in Indian medicines and cosmetics. Yields equal to that of CLL-326. Kasturi It is popular in agency and Godavari districts. Crop is tolerant to leaf spot and resistant to leaf blotch disease.7%.6%. Kesari This variety is popular in Cuddapah and Kurnool districts and a medium duration type (8months). Thin with shiny skin and aroma and curcumin content is 1. Puram selections (Ca 66J. Thick with narrow constructions. Curing percentage is 26. Cls NO. 190 days duration yield 29 t/ha curing percentage 20.L.Armoor Popular Nizamabad district. Ca 66A). Plant grows upto 57cm. Propagation Finger rhizomes are found to yield better crop than mother rhizomes. It is susceptible to leaf spot. Among the clonal selections Cls NO. Yield ranges from 15 to 20 t/ha. Rhizomes are medium long. Rhizomes are thick and wrinkled. Medium Duration Types (8 months) CLL-317 It is a selection from amruthapani Kothapeta type. Cucurmin content is 3. Preparation of land 206 . Suguna (PCT-13) Suitable for rhizome rot effected areas. yields range from 25-30 t/ha and matures in nine months.46%. Sudarsana (PCT-14) All characteristics similar to that of ‘Suguna’ yield 28 t/ha and curing percentage 20.8% yield ranges from 25-35 t/ha and curing percentage is 19. Short Duration Types (7 months) CA-69 It is a selection from Dindrigam type of Orisaa and matures in seven months.9A and G. Healthy finger rhizomes of 7 to 8 cm length with sprouting buds have to be selected. Yields upto 15-20 t/ha and rhizomes are reputed for aromatic flavour. Rhizomes are reputed for fast yellow colour. Yield 23-25 tons per hectare. Yield ranges from 12-18 t/ha. It is resistant to leaf spot and susceptible to leaf blotch.4. Rhizomes are long. Yields range from 15-25 t/ha.6.2A. Plant grows to a height of 50 cm with dark green toliage. 2m length with 30cm wide channels in between. Time of apply Basal Fertilizer FYM Qty. First split dose of potassic fertilizer can be applied before planting. Planting is done by dibbling rhizomes in furrows behind the country plough. The first dose has to be applied before plant in and the rest applied at regular periods just after each weeding at monthly intervals. In loamy soils rhizomes are dibbled at 15cm apart in the plough furrows spaced 30cm aprt./ha 25 T 207 . Manures and Fetilizers Turmeric needs very heavy manuring during the four months period after planting. Land is leveled and flat beds of 3 x 1. well developed well-dried and disease -free whole or split mother rhizomes and fingers of 2500Kg. Before the last ploughing basal dose of 25 t/ha. In heavey soils ridge and furrow system is adopted and rhizomes are sown at 15 to 20 cm spacing behind the plough and ridged by breaking the adjacent ridge.500 kg of finger rhizomes are required per hectare and rhizomes are dibbled along with the country plough. The crop can be sown during MayJune with the receipt of Pre-monsoon showers.3% Dithane M-45 and 0. A minimum of 25 t of farmyard manure need to be applied in the last ploughing and the rest of the nutrients have phosphorus requirement has to be applied in two or three splits. Nitrogen also has to be applied in three of four split doses. Fertilizer application should be completed within 120 days from the time of planting. Yields are higher in this method than the ridge and furrow method. Seeds and Sowing Healthy.8m size are prepared providing necessary irrigation channels. The seed rhizomes are treated with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @3g/lit before sowing.2m x 0.Turmeric crop requires clean cultivation and fine tilth and to achieve this 6 to 8 ploughings have to be given. Crop requires 300kg N.5% Malthion for 30 minutes and subsequently air dried. 125 kg P2O5 and 200 kg K2O per hectare in organic and inorganic forms. Preparation of Planting Material Healthy finger rhizomes with sprouting buds are selected and distinfected by dripping in 0. Spacing between ridges is 45 to 60cm in low lying areas and in stiff black clay soils planted on raised beds of 1. Planting is done in lines on these raised beds with 30 x 15cm spacing. Chemical fertilizers should be applied along with FYM and organic cakes as detailed below. per hectare are used for planting. Planting About 2.7m x 1. Farmyard manure is applied. MOP 62. Curing of fresh Rhizomes Within a week of harvest rhizomes are subjected to curing process to get the turmeric of commerce. Mulching The crop may be mulched immediately after planting with green leaves at the rate of 12-15 tonnes per hectare. Material is subsequently allowed to sun dry for 10-15 days on hard and smooth drying floor till the rhizomes produce metallic sound. 120 and 150 days after planting in light soils. of water a day after sowing of rhizomes when there is sufficient soil moisture in the soil.40 Days after Planting 80 Days after Planting 120 Days after Planting Castor/Neem cake 500 Kg. Harvesting and Post-harvest Technology The main season of harvest fall during February-April depending on the duration of the variety. MOP 62. Polishing 208 . In black soils where ridge and furrow method of planting and wider spacing are adopted country plough can be worked for earthing up and removal of weeds and followed by weeding in the lines. Irrigation The number of irrigations given depends on the condition and type of soil. Complete drying of leaves and speudostem indicate the maturity of the crop. Underground rhizomes are dug with pickages by manual labour. Leaves are cut close to the ground and the fields are irrigated two days before harvest. Neem cake 500 Kg. Fingers and other rhizomes are separated. with emission of characteristic turmeric odour and fingers becoming soft.5 Kg. SSP 375 Kg. Intercultivation Hand hoeing and weeding are necessary at 60. Immediately the plants have to be earthed up. Urea 125 Kg MOP 62. Fifteen to twenty irrigations are required for clay soils and upto forty irrigations in sany loams.5 Kg. Urea 125 Kg. Curing process consists of boiling the rhizomes in water till frothing occurs. Subsequently clumps are gathered and feed of roots and adhering soil. In ridge planting crop can be harvested by polughing and then the rhizomes are gathered. 90. Mothe and finger rhizomes are cured separately. Spray Attrazine @ 500-800 grams in 2001it. Urea 125 Kg.5 Kg. Leaf mite (Pogachuru tegulu) It is caused by eriophyid mite which eats away the chlorophyll. Control Selection of healthy rhizome for planting proper drainage should be provided. Plant Protection Pests Rhizome fly ( Mimegralla cocruleifrons ) Maggots feed on rhizomes by boring and result in dead hearts. Subsequently cured produce is filled in pits and is covered with mats and finally with earth.5 ml sticking agent per litter of water. Bottom and sides of the pits are thickly lined with grass or palmyrah mats. 30-35tonnes of fresh rhizomes and 4-5 tonnes of cured rhizomes can be expected per hectare.For better appearance of the produce the dried produce can be polished in rotaing drums. apply Zinc Sulphate @ 20Kg/ac or spray Zone Sulphate @ 5.63% gamma isomer) once in two months on foliage or Endosulfan 4% dust. For preservation of seed rhizomes the material is stored by heaping them under the shade of trees. Application of Phorate 10 G 10 Kg or Carbofuran 3 G 33 kg/ha (1kg al/ha) or spray with Monocrotophos 0. Micro-nutrient deficiencies Spray Ferrous sulphate @ 5.05% 2 ml/l water twice.Og per litre of water to control 'Fe' deficiency. The materials can be stored for one year. Storage The cured produce can be stored in pits of 4 x 3 x 2m size. Beetle pest This pest causes damage on cured produce in storage by making small holes in rhizomes and feeds on central portion resulting in loss or rhizome weight. To control 'Zn' deficiency.0 g + 0. Heaps are covered with turmeric leaf and plastered with earth and cow dung mixture. It can be left undisturbed for 2 ro 3 months until sowing. Control 209 . Rhizomes also rot due to the infestation.0 g along with lime salt @ l. Control Pest can be controlled by dusting lindane (0. Pits are dug in elevated place and dried for two days. Yield Under optimal conditions. use only healthy. Increasing the organic content of the soil also checks the multiplication of nematodes. Control Wherever nematode problems are common. Nematode Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. nematode free planting material. yellowing. Fusarium sp. marginal and tip drying of leaves. P.) Meloidogyne incognita Affected plants show stunted growth. Pochoma chlamydosporia can be applied to the beds at the time of sowing @ 20g/bed (at 106 cfu/g) for management of nematode problems. Control 210 .) Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similes) Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp. Roots show rotting and most of the decayed roots are devoid of cortex and stellar portion. aphanidermatum. Infested rhizomes lose their bright yellow colour. ) In early stages of crop growth disease causes decay of pseudostem. reduced tillering and galling and rotting of roots.5% Malathion for 30 minutes prior to storage and at time of sowing.myriotylum. Control The pest can be controlled by dipping the seed rhizomes in 0. Diseases Rhizome Rot or Early Wilt (Dumpa Kullu Tegulu) ( Pythium graminicolum. Radopholus similes The infested plants show tendency to aging and dry faster than healthy plants. resulting in the death of the plant. High population of M. Plants die prematurely leaving a poor crop stand at harvest. Infested rhizomes are of yolk-yellow colour copared with the golden yellow colour of healthy rhizomes and have shallow water-soaked brownish areas on the surface.05% 1 m/l or water Scale (Aspidiella hartil C. incognita causes yellowing and severe stunting and withering in large patches.These mites can be controlled by spraying the foliage with Methyl Parathion 50 EC 0.) Damage the rhizomes both in field and in storage sucking the sap. P. Adilabad and Ranga Reddy districts).5g or Carbendazim @ l. seasoned chutney and salads.25% or Dithane Z-78 0.Og or Thiophenate Methyl @ 1.October when there is countinous humidity in atmosphere. Apply cultured Thichoderma Viridi to the soil. Control The disease mainly appears during August . CORIANDER (Coriandrum Sativum L) Coriander is one of the most important minor seed spices produced as well as exported from India.25% at 15 days interval. On an extensive scale it is cultivated in Rayalaseema (Kurnool and Ananthapur). In severe cases. In Andhra Pradesh coriander is cultivated in an area of about 56 thousands hectares contributing about 32% of the area and 42% of the production in the country. crop gives a scorched appearance and the yields are reduced considerably. rectangular or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves and the spots turn to dark brown. Climate Cool climate with low temperature and good amount of dew fall are favourable for the crop growth. Coriander seed are also known for its medicinal properties.0 g/lit. the soil around the plants should be drenched with Metalaxyl + Menozeb @ 2. Prakasam and Krishna districts) and in parts of Telangana (Medak. When the disease is noticed in the field. Coastal Andhra (Guntur. Leaf spot (Aaku Macha) ( Colletotrichum capsici ) The incidence commences from 40 to 50 days after planting and spreads rapidly in humid weather. Control Disease can be controlled by giving 4 to 5 sprays with Dithane M-45 0. Affected leaves eventually dry up and yields are reduced.0 g/lit. Oval shaped spots with greenish colour in the centre are developed. Leat blotch ( Taphrina maculans ) This disease appears on leaves as small. The green leaves are used to flavour. Soils 211 ./lit prevents disease. It is a very popular cheap and versatile spice used in Indian and foreign dietary and is one of the chief ingredients in Indian curry powder. Spray Mancozeb @ 2. along with sticking agent when the incidence is severe.Treating the seed rhizomes with Metalazyl + Mancozeb @ 3g. 40%) C. Yields range 1000 to 1100 Kg/ha.36% to 0. Resistant to aphids and performs well in moisture retentive black soils. The above varieties were developed at all Inida Coordinated Spices Improvement Project.Black cotton soils with good moisture retention are suitable for coriander cultivation under rain fed conditions. Swathi (CS-6) Short duration variety (80-85 days). This variety is having high volatile oil content (0. the best time for sowing is between October 15th to November 15th. Grain is medium in size with an yield of 1050 Kg/ha. More saline or alkaline soils with water stagnation are unfit for this crop. Grain is bold. Season The best season for coriander cultivation is rabi depending upon the fainfall and soil moisture. Sudha (LCC-128) Medium duration variety with 80-98 days duration.S-5 (Small grained) It is a Cosmopolitan variety with 100 days duration yielding 10-12 q/ha. Guntur. C. RARS. Yield potential is of 1000 – 1500 Kg/ha. Seeds and Sowing The seeds are sown as split or whole seed between 15 th of October to 15th of November.S-7 (Late mainly for leaf and also for grain) This variety yields more leaf and bushy type with 130 days duration yielding 8-10 q/ha. Lam. Varieties Sadhana (CS-4) Medium duration variety suitable for grains as well as leaf purpose because of its bushy nature and grows up to a height of 70 cm. depending upon the rainfall and soil moisture using about 12-15 kg of 212 . It is not cultivated on an extensive scale in light soils under irrigated conditions except in garden soils of Tadipatri area (Ananthapur District). Escapes powdery mildew and gives and yield of 900 Kg/ha Sindhu (CS-2) Medium duration variety with 95-100 days. oblong shaped. Post-harvest Technology The seed after careful drying and packing should be stored in shade and insect and rat proof godowns. In light soils under irrigated conditions 45kg of N. (1 st dose in the last ploughing and second dose 30 days after germination and total quantity of phosphorus and potash as a single dose in the last ploughing and irrigated for getting higher yields. 10kg N and 10kg K2O at 30 days after sowing when irrigation is available.5 l/ha immediately after sowing. 40kg P2O5 and 20kg K2O as a single basal dose in the black cotton soils and levelled. Irrigation 2 to 3 irrigations in light soils. Broad-leaved weeds can be successfully controlled by spraying pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1 to 1. Myzus persicae ) 213 . the seeds are cleaned properly dried. The crop is harvested when 60% to 80% seeds mature and turn to light straw colour (90-100 days). and stored in gunny bags. 30kg of P2O5 and 30kg of K2O can be applied. Marketing is done when the price is favourable. Harvesting is done by pulling out the whole plants. Nitrogen is applied in two equal split doses i. Harvest Depending upon the variety the crop comes to flowering in about 40-45 days and matures in 80-130 days.5 kg/ha and five FYM/ha and half the Nitrogen (15 Kg/ha) gives maximum yields. In the last ploughing well rotten compost (10-15t/ha) is incorporated along with 30kg of N.e. Split seed germinates in 2 to 3 days. These are kept in the field for 2-3 days and dried in partial shade to get good colour and aroma from the grain. Intercultivation Two intercultivations before flowering.seed/hectare. Dusting of insecticides like Malathion dust on bags will ward off the insect damage. Plant protection Pests Aphids ( Hyadaphis coriandri. Manures and Fertilizers Azospirillum seed treatment @ 1. After threshing. with a spacing of 30cm x 10/15 cm in between and along the rows. quality and appearance take place. Adults and nymphs feed on plant sap and cause wilting of tender shoots. Total loss of crop in case of death of plants. AJWAN 214 . Used disease tolerant lines like Sindu. severely infested leaves turn yellow to brown colour and dry.1%. Occasionally plants become sterile. Control Spraying with Dicofol at 3 ml/L of water. Reduction in the yield. leaves and flowers and shriveling of fruits.05% or Dichlorvos 0. Tobacco caterpillar Caterpillars feed on leaves. Diseases Powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Infection occurs as whitish circular patches on leaves and stems and later white powdery mass appears. Control Spraying with 0.5ml/L of water. Control Spraying with Carbendazim or Mancozeb 0.Wilting of tender shoots. Pest infestation leads to formation of sooty mould.03% or Methylo demeton 0. CO3 etc.1% at 10 to 15 days interval. Mites Suck sap from under side of the leaves. Control Spray Endosulfan 0. Affected inflorescences dry up or get shriveled.05% or Thiometon 0.3% wettable sulphur or Carbendazim 0. Fusarium. Curvularia. Helminthosporium ) Fungal infestation occurs in the semi mature and mature grains when they are still intact on panicles.. flowers and grains. Swathi.05% or Monocrotophos 0. Control Spraying with Monocrotophos 1. Grain discoloration ( Alternaria. leaves and flowers and shriveling of fruits.25% twice at weekly interval after seed set. if seed set noticed seeds are light and immature. When partially infected plants appear stunted. 80 and 110 days after sowing. Season Late Kharif to Rabi Varieties Lam selection-1 Comes to maturity in 150 to 160 days with 400 Kg/ha yield potential under rainfed conditions.The crop is becoming important recently in Andhra Pradesh.007 tons Climate It is suitable for cool climate and dew also favours for good growth of the crop. Broad-leaved weeds can be successfully controlled by spraying pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1 to 1. apart from that there is good market demand and very few problems while growing this crop. Sowing August to September (rainfed) Septemeber to October (irrigated) Seed rate 2. Plant protection Pests 215 . Soils Black cotton soils (Rainfed) and light garden soils under irrigated conditions. The total area under Ajwan in Andhra Pradesh is about 4013 hectares with estimated annual production of 2. Harvesting When grains turn to straw yellow colour.5 l/ha immediately after sowing.5 to 3 Kg/ha Planting Planting must be done with gorru Manures and Fertilizers 20 Kg N. Irrigation 3 to 4 irrigations at 50. It is due to the crop is suitable to all Districts of our state. plants can be harvested. 40 Kg P2O5 and 20 Kg K2O as basal application Intercultivation Thinning has to be done after sowing and 2-3 weedings followed by intercultivation with gorru within 50-60 days of crop duration. The leaves are very rich in proteins ranging from 18 to 40% on dry weight basis depending upon the age of the plant. The seeds too contain proteins. Soils 216 . minerals and vitamins and are used for improving taste of food stuffs and has rich medicinal properties. Control Spraying with Chlorpyriphos 2. Climate It requires cool climate with low temperature and good amount of dew fall. Control Spraying with Karathane 1 ml or carbendazim 1g/L of water FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenumgrecum L) Fenugreek is one of the important minor spices in the Country occupying an area of about 32600 hectares. States are Rajasthan. The major Fenugreek producing.5ml or quinolphos 2ml/L of water. Mites They suck the sap from the under surface of the leaves. For grain it is grown in very small pockets here and there in circars particularly in lanka areas. Gujarath. In Telangana even the tender plants with cotylendons and 2-3 leaves are removed and sold in the market for seasoning purposes. Control Spray Monocrotophos 1. The seeds contain about 0.8% to 1% ‘diosgenin’ which is the main ingredient in oral contraceptives.6 ml/L of water. advance stage instars feed on leaves and flowers. In Andhra Pradesh it is grown mainly for leaf for flavouring purposes of dhals and curries when cooked. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Aphids Both the nymphs and adults. suck the sap from leaves. In severe infestation leaves become yellow and dry.Tobacco caterpillar and gram caterpillar The young caterpillars skeletonise the tender leaves by feeding the chlorofil. Diseases Powdery mildew Whitish powdery patches appear on the lower surface of the leaves. producing nearly 35710 tonnes of grain. Control Spraying with wettable sulphur at 3g/L of water. When the crop is cultivated under irrigated conditions in light soils the field is prepared into small beds of convenient size depending upon the slope of the land and the seeds are dibbled at 30 x 6 cm spacing in between and along the rows. Rhizobium seed treatment @ 1. Manures and Fertilizers 25 kg N. Better yields can be obtained with 2-3 light irrigations at flowering and pod development stages. Thinning is to be done. The crop can be grown throughout the State.It can be cultivated in a variety of soils. Preparatory Cultivation The land is prepared well by ploughing 3-4 times to a fine tilth and levelled.5 kg/ha and five t FYM/ha and half the Nitrogen (12. Germination of the seed starts in 3-4 days and will be over in about a week.5 kg/ha N) given maximum yields. 217 . 50 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O as basal application. Irrigations are given as and when necessary in light soils. Season The best time to cultivate fenugreek is in rabi season. Flower initiation starts in about 5 to 6 weeks after sowing and the crop will be ready in 10-11 weeks. to avoid over crowding of plant population in the field. APHU Methi – 1 It is a medium duration (80-0 days) variety with an yield potential of 700 – 900 kg/ha under rainfed conditions and 1200-1500 kg/ha under irrigated conditions. Varieties Lam Selection-1 Bushy type with 75 to 80 days duration with an average yield of 750 kg/ha under rainfed conditions. The yields can be doubled if cultivated under irrigated conditions. The seed rate/ha when sown with gorru is 30-35 kg while for dibbling 12-15 kg of seed is sufficient. In black cotton soils under rainfed conditions the growth will be tardy. If the crop is meant for leafy vegetable top dressing with N is to be done 10-15 kg/ha after each cutting. Seed and Sowing Seeds are sown with gorru in the 2nd fortnight of October depending upon the rainfall and soil condition and can be extended to middle of November. The best soils are clay and sandy loams and light garden type of soils with assured irrigation facilities. if necessary. Intercultivation One hand weeding followed by working with tyned harrow. For leaf when raised on beds it can be grown throughout the year. About 2 cuttings can be taken for green leafy vegetable. the plants are pulled out and dried in the fields. the seed is obtained by beating the pods with sticks. Control Spray Endosulfan 0.6 ml per liter of water or Quinolphos 2 ml/lt at 10 days interval depending on pest population.03% or Methyl – o – demeton 0. Prodenia . This can be properly packed stored and used upto 6 months without loosing its flavour.05% Heliothis. Control Spraying with Monocrotophos 1. leaves and flowers and shriveling of fruits. 218 . Diseases Powdery Mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni. The seed is perfectly dried. Aphids ( Hyadaphis coriandri. Pest infestation leads to formation of sooty moult. leaves and flowers and shirivelling of fruits.Broad – leaved weeds can be successfully controlled by spraying Pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1 to 1. Yield is reduced.000 to 12. Myzus persicae ) Wilting of tender shoots. The green leaf is some times dried and the dried leaf is used in flavouring curries and cooked mixed with dhal etc.05% or Thiometon 0. Plant Protection Pests Leaf eating caterpillar and pod borer Caterpillars eat away the young foliage resulting in herbage loss. Grass hopper and leaf eating insects Control Spray 0.1% of Folidol or Monocrotophos or Coroban at 10 days interval. Leveillula taurica ) On leaves it appears as discoloured patches and later spreads to whole plants as a powdery mass. Irrigation 2 to 3 need based irrigation in light soils. Yield The yield of seed ranges from 750 to 1500 kg/ha depending upon the type of cultivation (a) rainfed or irrigated and the yield of green matter ranges from 10. Adults and nymphs feed on plant sap and cause wilting of tender shoots. The average yield of dried leaf ranges from 1000-1500 kg/ha.000 kg/ha under irrigated conditions. After drying.05% or Dichlorvos 0. Harvesting When 60% to 80% of pods turn to straw yellow colour. cleaned and stored in gunny bags.5 lt/ha immediately after sowing. Soils Except sandy soil. Climate Fennel requires cool and dry climate for its cultivation. Dry and moderately cool weather conditions during seed formation increase seed yield as well as quality of produce. Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a stout. Uttar Pradesh. fennel can successfully be cultivated in all types of soils having sufficient amount of organic matter. aromatic. Black cotton soils. annula herb (biennial with potency of regeneration). Better yield can be obtained by transplanting 40-45 days old seedlings on ridges made at 60 cm wide with 20 cm spacing from plant to plant. The fruits are used as stimulant in carminative and in cure of colic pains. In Inida. Under irrigated conditions September first fortnight to October second fortnight. Land preparation Land should be prepared to fine tilth with two ploughings followed by harrowing for direct sowing. The root is regarded as a purgative.Control Spraying 0. which is commonly given to infants as medicine. The volatile oil is used for manufacturing cordials and enters into the composition of fennel water. seeds are used for mastication and chewing alone or with betel leaves. Punjab. Varieties Lam Selection – 1 Crop matures in 150 -155 days with an yield potential of 1000-1100 kg/ha Lam Selection – 2 Crop matures in 150 -165 days with an yield potential of 1000-1200 kg/ha Sowing Under rainfed cultivation sowing must be taken up in the last week of August to first fortnight of September.3% Wettable Sulphur or Carbendazim 1 gm/liter of water at weekly intervals or dusting Sulphur dust of 300 mesh twice at fortnightly intervals when the crop is one month old. The essential oil extracted from seeds is used for scenting soaps and flavouring material for cakes. Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh. alluvial to sandy loams and other light soils containing lime with proper drainage are better suited for its cultivation. Seed Rate 219 . It is mainly cultivated in Gujarat. Rajasthan. Pest infestation leads to formation of sooty moult.25 kg/ha Spacing 60 x 20 cm. 220 . All the umbels do not mature at the same time. Yield On an average. The seeds are cleaned with the help of vacuum gravity separator or spiral gravity separator. 60 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O along with 25 t/ha FYM as a basal dose. Myzus persicae ) Wilting of tender shoots. Plant Protection Pests Aphids ( Hyadaphis coriandri. the produce should be graded and stored properly. To get good price and easy marketing. leaves and flowers and shirivelling of fruits. leaves and flowers and shriveling of fruits. Fennel faces severe weed competition at early stages because of slow germination. Keep the field free from weeds with 2-3 hoeings. Topdressing with 30 kg N and 30 kg K2O at 30 DAS and 60 DAS by placement. Irrigation Fennel is long duration crop. 40th day followed by earthing up. wider row spacing and frequent light irrigations. Harvesting Depending on maturity of variety (150-170 days).2. The physiologically matured umbels to be plucked 4-5 times shadedried and threshed. requiring more irrigation than other seed spices. Water stress during flowering and seed formation may adversely affect the seed formation and grain yield. Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1kg/ha supplemented with one hand weeding 50 days after sowing controls weeds effectively. Post Harvest Technology Dried and clean seeds should be stored in jute bags in free aerated store. Manures and Fertilizers 30 kg N. Adults and nymphs feed on plant sap and cause wilting of tender shoots. Intercultivation Thinning has to be done 15-30 days after germination with in the row (for direct sown crop) to have a spacing of 20 cm from plant to plant. It is irrigated at an interval of 1525 days. fennel yields 8 – 10 q/ha. Seed germination in fennel requires one or two light irrigations. For transplanted crop weeding at 20th. Flower buds turn yellowish and dries up.Control Spray Endosulfan 0. ** * 221 . Alternaria blight ( Alternaria tenius ) The symptoms appear on inflorescence and in top of young leaves in the form of brown patches.05% or Thiometon 0. It affects the quality and yield of crop due to poor seed formation. and Spodoptera sp. It affects the quality and yield of crop due to poor seed formation Control Spraying of 1 gm Carbendazim or Mancozeb @ 2. In initial stages whitish powdery patches appear on leaves and on stems.6 ml Monocrotophos or 2 ml Quinolphos or 2. Control Drenching with Copper oxy chloride @ 3g/lit of water Powdery mildew( Erysiphe polygoni ) Infection occurs at flowering stage in cloudy weather.03% or Methyl – o – demeton 0. ) Spray 1.05% Caterpillars ( Helicoverpa sp.5 g/lit at weekly intervals. in dark brown spots. Diseases Damping off Severe damage in nursery stage affected plants will die in groups.05% or Dichlorvos 0. Control Spray 3 gm Wettable sulphur or Kerathane 1 ml or 1 gm Carbendazim per litre Rumularia blight ( Rumularia foeniculi ) The symptoms appear on lower leaves in dark brown spots.5 ml of Chloripyriphos in one liter of water twice in 10-15 days interval. PLANTATION CROPS 222 . Produces about 8% bisexual flowers. with a minimum of 600 mm rainfall. Krishna. Vizianagaram. BPP-4 (EPM 9/8) 223 . it yields about 15kg of raw nuts per year. However the nuts are smaller. Cashew does not grow well in areas subject to frost and cold waves. are Guntur.P. It also yields about 25 kg of raw nuts on an average per year. It is also drought resistant. Srikakulam. Climate It requires a warm humid climate. On an average. Nuts are medium in size weighing about 5g with a shelling percentage of 26. It yields on an average about 12kg of raw nuts per tree per year BPP-2 (H2/12) This is another hybrid obtained from the same above parentage. BPP-3 (SCH 3/3) It is a moderate sized tree. A late bearer with about 15 percent bisexual flowers. Bapatla.82. Hilly slopes up to an elevation of 700m above mean scale level can also be utilized for cashew cultivation.CASHEW (Anacardium Occidentale L) Andhra Pradesh has an area about 1. BPP-1 (H2/11) A hybrid between Tree No. East and West Godavari. Cashew thrives under a wide range of temperatures from 15 OC to 40OC. weighing about 4g with a shelling percentage of 26.000 hectares under cashew with annual production of 1.1 and 273 of Cashew Research Station. well drained sandy loam soils. but well distributed rainfall is more important. Varieties The following improved varieties have been released for commercial cultivation from the Cashew Research Station. Important cashew growing districts in A. The nuts are of medium size (5 g) with shelling percentage of 25.10.000 tons of raw nuts. Soils It has a high degree of adaptability and can be raised on any soil free from rocky strata or hard pan and water stagnation. Visakhapatnam. Bapatla produces 15% bisexual flowers. Nellore and Prakasam. The best soils for cashew are deep friable. BPP. It gives mean nut yield of 7. On lands with steep slope. 56) It is a vigorous and high yielder.2 g. It gives 21. all the vegetation on the site has to be cleared. BPP-9 (H 3/28) This is also a hybrid with 15 percent bisexual flowers.5 kg. stubbles.6 (TR. the rows may be 224 .4 kg per tree. yield per tree per year. On an average it gives an yield of about 10 kg per annum. per year. Nuts are of medium size (6 g) with a shelling percentage of 26. No. It produces about 10 percent bisexual flowers and is a prolific yielder. and the shelling percentage is 29.6 kg. VRI-2 (M 44/3) This is a selection from Tamilnadu suitable for Andhra Pradesh. bunding and terracing are done to check soil erosion. and the shelling percentage is 28. uniformity in quality and for higher yields.1 g and shelling percentage is 28. At an age of 40 years it gives an average yield of 57 kg.) with a shelling percentage of 25. which are removed promptly. Nut size is medium weighing 5.7 g. Seedlings raised from the raw nuts should not be used as planting material as it gives lot of variation in growth and yield. The nuts are medium in size (5 g. It gives an average yielding of 42 kg per year at an age of 40 years. It produces about 8 percent perfect flowers. If the land is undulating. Preparation of land If the selected site is a jungle area. Nut size is medium bold weighing 8. Finally the land is levelled. 1) Highly intensive branching type tree. Grafts are recommended for precocity. BPP-5 (TR. Propagation Cashew is commercially propagated by soft wood grafting which has been standardized and commercially utilized for large scale production of plant material in the country. Nut size is medium bold weighing 6. Spacing Normal spacing recommended for cashew is 8 m x 8 m for poor soils to 10m x 10m for rich and deep soils and sandy coastal areas. No. yield per tree per year. BPP-8 (H 2/16) This is a hybrid with 18 percent bisexual flowers.This is a vigorous growing tree and produces about 8 percent bisexual flowers. It gives 24. Then the land is ploughed on both ways to uproot the stumps. Improving the soil fertility through application of organic manures and raising of green manure crops. During planting the graft joint must be at least 10-15 cm above the ground level and the ball of earth should not be disturbed. In red soils recommended dose can be applied in single split.. regular watering is necessary for the better establishment of the young grafts. Use of earth worms for the production of vermicompost from cashew biomass is a low cost technology. flowers and apples. Pits has to be filled with FYM.e. Cashew responds well to fertilizer application. Planting Grafts of above 6 months age with 10-12 leaves can be planted in pits of 60 X 60 X 60 cm size during June to January months by providing irrigation or pot watering. Application of organic manure at 30 kg/tree along with in organic fertilizers i.spaced 10-15m apart with a spacing of 6-8 m between the trees in a row. Age of tree Firtst year Second year June-July 1 st Dose N (g/tree) P (g/tree) K (g/tree) FYM. tank silt and rock phosphate or SSP After care For the first two or three years. The allies are ploughed to suppress weed growth.5 tons of vermicompost can be produced from an area of 1 ha of grown up cashew orchard. Since cashew is grown under neglected conditions. The following fertilizer schedule is recommended in grams per tree. The grafts are stalked and protected from scorching sun in summer by providing shade with palmyra leaves and from cattle damage by fencing. alternate plants need to be thinned out in order to avoid overlapping of canopy. Manuring is very essential to get early and high yields in new plantations and to get regular high yields in mature plantations.October based on soil nutrient status increases the yield. red soil. High density planting wit 4mx4m spacing (625 plants/ha) was found to give increase in yield by 2. NPK at 500 g + 125g + 125g /tree in two splits during June-July and September. SSP in pits 85 20 20 September-October 2 nd Dose N (g/tree) P (g/tree) K (g/tree) 85 20 20 225 . twigs.0 tonnes of cashew biomass in the form of fallen leaf. application of nutrients is not usually done. About 3. Neem cake. Being a deciduous tree cashew provides approximately 5. need cake. The basins of young plants may be mulched with dry leaves to conserve moisture in summer and also to suppress the weed growth in the basins.5 times over normal density planting in the initial 10 years. Manures and Fertilizers Cashew responds well to manuring. After 11 th year. vegetables. ginger are found profitable inter crops where increase in total returns from unit land is high during early stage of cashew plantation. Irrigation Grafts needs regular watering for initial establishment. Sprouting will be profuse in young 226 . The stem should be sawed off to avoid stump splitting. Sprouts emerge 30-45 days after beheading. Lower branches die due to shading effect resulting in poor flowering and fruiting branches per unit area there by reducing the yield. cowpea. Soon after beheading. Pruning Majority of the cashew plantations are established without proper pruning. spices such as turmeric. The unproductive trees are to be headed back to a height of 0. Poor yielding trees of 5-20 years of age can be successfully rejuvenated by top working. The first dose may be given in July-August. By providing protective irrigation of 200 Lt/tree once in 15 days from flowering to fruit development doubles the yield. Irrigation during nut development (March. Top Working Top working is a technique evolved to rejuvenate the unproductive and senile cashew trees.00 m from the ground level. the stumps and cut portions should be given a swabbing with blitox and sevin 50% WP (50 g. Cashew is mostly cultivated under rain fed conditions in many parts of the country. Fertilizers are applied in trenches (10-15 cm deep) dug about 100-150 cm away from the trunk. Such plantations become unmanageable due to erratic branching and un even spreading of canopy. The best season for beheading trees is May-September. April and May) will increase the nut size and yield. training and canopy management. each per litre of water). pepper.Third year 170 40 40 170 40 40 Fourth year 250 60 60 250 60 60 onwards The above fertilizers are to be applied in two split doses. gingelly. Pruning as to be taken up alternate years by removal of dried and criss crossed branches and branches crawling close to the ground in the month of June to July. In flat to medium sloppy lands terraces have to be made with crescent bund for efficient utilization of the available water during pre and post monsoon periods.75 to 1. Intercropping Inter crops like groundnut. while the second dose in October-November. fruit crops such as pineapple. ragi. black gram. Application of water through drip irrigation @ 80Lt/tree at 4 days interval also increases the yield by two folds since the cashew is predominantly grown under rain fed condition it is essential to conserve the water as well as soil. The kernel oil is reported to be superior to olive oil and almond oil. attack. Harvesting Cashew trees (Grafts) normally come to bearing in 3-5 years after planting. An ideal cashew tree should give an yield of 20kg of raw nuts per tree per year. Thinning of the extra shoots arising from the stumps should be done to obtain better growth of the grafts. requiring about 60 days for complete development. Removal of sprouts below the graft joint and removal of polyethylene strip from the graft joint should be done. They are mostly salted. The fallen ripened apples with matured nuts are collected and after separation of the nuts from apple. The kernels are rich in nutrients and are put to use in a variety of ways. The nuts take 45-60 days to mature and for complete development and hardening and when the growth of the nut ceases the apple starts growing and ripens in 20 days. Harvesting commence from April and ends by May-June. Early bearing can be treated as one of the best advantages of this technique. The tree yields in cashew vary very widely. The best season for grafting is July-November. majority of the trees yield 2 to 3 kg per tree in the existing plantations. Uses Cashew nut is the most versatile of all nuts. Top working is simple and can be done by farmers themselves after getting proper training. graft scions of high yielding varieties following soft wood grafting technique. fats and vitamins. The kernels are used in cocktail parties. The kernels are low in carbohydrates but rich in proteins. 227 . The top worked trees start yielding right from the second year of top working.P. However. the nuts are sun dried for 2-3 days before storing to bring the moisture content down to 10-12% and stored in tins or gunny bags. It is also used as poultry feed. but economic yields can be expected only after 7th year and by 10th year the yields will be stabilized. The major As such disadvantage associated with top working is the huge casualty of trees due to stem borer Intensive care and management to ward off stem borer is essential.trees. The testa of the kernel is rich in tannins and hence mainly used in leather industry. Cashew flowers in January-February in A. in confectionaries. On 20-25 day old new shoots. adoption of top working on a larger scale would be difficult. 10-15 graftings are to be done on every tree to ensure at least 6-7 successful grafts per tree. Jam. the ascent of the plant sap is arrested.) The pest is common in old and neglected plantations. dried and dead trees should be removed immediately along with roots by digging pit of 2 feet around the base of the trunk and disposed off. Control • Periodical monitoring of the crop is very essential to prevent the infestation by cashew stem and root borer. insecticides. Neglected management is the root cause of cashew stem and root borer problem. juicy and is rich in vitamin C. gummosis and extrusion of fross. The grubs pupate in a calcareous cocoon in the feeding tunnel.0% and earthling up on to the chiseled portion. The apple is fleshy. • Trees with symptoms of yellowing. The hatched grubs bore in to the bark. It occurs throughout the year. It is a by-product of the cashew industry. tasty drinks can be prepared by mixing with juice of lime. Extraction and killing of the grubs & cocoons by chiseling the affected portion of bark of trunk or root followed by spraying the chiseled portion with neem oil 5% or chlorpyriphos 0. Stem and root borer ( Plocaederus ferrugineus L.2% or carbaryl 1. plastics. leaves turn yellow and are shed and finally the tree dies. the lower and dried branches should be cut and removed for allowing sunlight to the base of the tree. Plant protection Cashew plantation should be kept weed free.The cashew nut shell liquid is extracted from the hard shell. As a result the vascular tissues are damaged. pineapple. but more prevalent during the rainy season. From cashew apple. wood preservatives. The adult lays eggs in crevices and cracks of bark on the trunk and exposed roots. At the time of pruning the cut ends of branches should in variably be treated with neem oil 5% mixed with carbaryl 0. at present most of the produce is not at all being utilized. • • Tree base must be kept clean and weed free so as to observe the gum exudation which is the early symptom of borer attack. The symptoms of infestation include the presence of small holes in the collar region. It is a versatile industrial raw material being used in preparation of resins. brake linings. paints. However. Feni is most popular wine prepared from cashew apple in Goa. varnishes. The brightly coloured. chutney and pickles can also be prepared out of cashew apple. 228 . swollen peduncle of cashew furits is cashew apple. The cocoons present around the trunk and root system 1 to 2 feet below the soil surface should be destroyed mechanically.2% immediately to avoid oviposition by cashew stem and root borer. grapes etc. cosmotics etc. S) The tea mosquito bug is one of the serious pests of cashew tree. Leaf and blossom webber ( Lamida moncusalis W.• • More than 50% of the bark circumference on the trunk/root should not be removed while extracting the grubs and or cocoons.) This is a major pest in the state. It also feeds on tender. appearing regularly throughout the year particularly at the time of emergence of new flush. The spots later on turn to black lesions and gradually the shoots dry up. The pest can be identified by such webs on the plants. The adult moth lays eggs at the growing point. The nymphs and adults attack the tender shoots.2% as post extraction prophylaxis effective in reducing re infestation up to 70. which drop prematurely. flowering and nut formation stages respectively are essential to control the pest. inflorescence. Control Spraying with monocrotophos (1. Crinkling. Trees heavily attacked cashew trees by Helopeltis present a scorched appearance which can be made out from a distance. blackish depressions appear on the nuts and the nuts shrivel and dry up. Feeding on the inflorescence results in black patches on the axils and later on the whole inflorescence turns black and dries up resulting in heavy crop losses. The scorching and drying up of inflorescence is also called as ‘blossom blight’. Sucking of the plant sap by the bugs results in different types of symptoms. developing nuts and apples by scraping the epidermal layers. The caterpillar on emergence webs the terminal leaves as well as panicles and feeds inside. As prophylactic measure the tree trunk up to a height of 1 m. When tender nuts are attacked.0 ml/litre) and carbaryl (2 g/l) during flushing. Generally young trees suffer more. leaves. • Swabbing the pest infested portion after removal of different stages of pest and drenching the root zone with chlorpyriphos 0.7% Tea mosquito bug ( Helopeltis antonii. Control 229 . tender nuts and apples. by scrapping the epidermal layers.and the exposed roots should be sprayed with neem oil 5% thrice during the year at an interval of 4 months starting from June onwards or onset of monsoon. As a result flowers fail to open and there will be no crop.4 ml/litre). On tender shoots there is oozing out of a resinous substance which later on hardens into a gummy substance. distortion and drying up is the common symptom on tender leaves. Chlorpyriphos (2. Control Spray Monocrotophos (1. the nuts get shrivelled. apples and nuts are affects. Chlorpyriphos (2. carbaryl (2g/litre) during flushing . causing drying up of twigs and panicles. As a result the development of kernel is arrested.Spraying with monocrotophos (1. they are out of reach for the chemicals. floral and fruit & nut feeders [ from (ii) to (vi) above] can be kept under control by application of the insecticides as per the schedule which consists of sprayings with monocrotophos (1.0 ml/litre) and carbaryl (2 g/l) during flushing. Shoot and Infloresence tip borer ( Hileria haligramma. Control Spray Monocrotophos @ 1. ) This pest appears regularly at the time of emergence of new flush. causing premature fruit drop. tender shoots.4 ml/litre). At fruiting time. Scabs on floral branches. Chlorpyriphos (2. It appears at the time of fruiting.4 ml/litre). Control All the foliage. The caterpillar feeds on leaves.0 ml/litre) and about one month. inflorescence stalks.4 ml/litre). Scirtothrips dorsalis ) They cause immature shedding of flowers. ) This pest causes direct loss to the crop.5 ml/litre or Chlorpyriphos 0. Flower Thrips ( Rhynchothrips raoensis. Then it enters the tender shoots by making a hole at the tip and feeds inside. M ) The pest appears throughout the year. flowering and nut formation stages respectively at an interval of 230 .0 ml/litre) and carbaryl (2 g/l) during flushing. As the caterpillars reside inside the apple and nuts.05% Leaf miner ( Acrocerops syngramma M . As such preventive measures are more important. apples get hallowed and shrivelled and they drop prematurely. Apple and nut borer ( Thylocoptila panrosema M. At the time of new flush the caterpillar folds the tender leaves from one margin and feeds inside. The caterpillars mine into the young and developing leaves and cause blisters on the leaves and feed on the tissues. particularly at time of flowering and fruiting . the larva enters the fruit at the joint of the apple and nut and feeds inside. Chlorpyriphos (2. apples and nuts. The larvae bore into either apple or nut at the joint and feed inside. flowering and nut formation stages respectively are essential to control the pest. Mature dehusked nut possesses three district raw materials i.0 ml/litre) and carbaryl (2 g/l). Control Removal of effected leaves.scoparium wilting and withering of seedlings and presence of necrotic lesions leading to rotting of underground parts occur.e. water (17%) and shell (33%) by weight approximately. spraying of Carbendazim 1g/l or 1% Bordeaux mixture as soon as the disease appears. Phytophthora palmivora spp. The disease occurs in the nursery stage. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes ) Reddish brown. Cylindrocladium scoparium ) The fungi attack either root or collar region of the tender seedlings. the milk or cream obtained by sqeezing the grated kernel goes into preparations of commercial importance. affected seedlings become pale. Apart from being used for culinary purposes. In case of C. causing mortality of seedling. Phythium spp. Damping off seedlings ( Fusarium spp.Control Spray Monocrotophos (1. Monitor for the disease particularly during rainy season and cloudy weather conditions which enhance the disease very fast. dedication of buildings and sacrificial occasions. water soaked lesions along with the resinous exudation. COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L) The coconut palm is a versatile plant with a variety of uses. drink and shelter and also raw materials for a number of industries. Control Drenching of seedlings/grafts at fortnightly intervals with Bordeaux mixture 1% during rainy season and cloudy weather conditions. Coconut is frequently used in various ceremonies like wedding. Every part of it is useful to manking in one form or the other.. The Wet meat or Kernel The Kernel or endosperm of the matured coconut is an important food in all the coconut growing countries. Chlorpyriphos (2. shiny.4 ml/litre). wet meat or Kernel (50%). In case of P. It supplies food. The chemical composition of fresh coconut meat (percentages) Meat Protein Fat Carbo Fibre Mineral CaO P2O5 231 . showing water soaked girdles of dark tissues around the stem and seedlings droop and die.palmivora attack. It has a caloric value of 17.6 A I. The tender coconut water is recommended incases of gastroenteritis. Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram.5% 0.36.9468 million hectares under coconut cultivation and 15.4% 4.e.5 41. It is also urinary anticeptic and eliminates poisons through kidneys in case of mineral poisoning. Srikakulam. Chittoor. with 1.02% < 0. Per 100g 3.U.5 hectares and 1. a high precipitation of 2000 to 3000 mm can be of better advantage. The following is the composition of water of the tender nuts. Per 100g 0.01% 0. industries. Per 100g Water 1.092.05% mg/100g 232 .7 million nuts respectively. preparation of various attractive articles.0% 0.0 B I. It does not tolerate extremes of temperature and fails to come up well in places where long dry spell and severe cold conditions prevail. It is also used for making activated charcoal. diarrhea and vomiting against dehydration. Per 100g hydrates 13. Climate The coconut palm is essentially a tropical crop which grows best in a warm humid climate. the trunk of mature palm is used for house construction and furniture making.6 C I. i.01 0. leaves to thatch house in coconut growing areas and woven into baskets.1% 0.U.0 E I. Apart from the kernel. Andhra Pradesh ranks third in India both in area and production with 102. In well drained soil.1% < 0.4 per 100 gm of water.24 The liquid endosperm of tender coconuts (seven months old) makes a popular refreshing drink. coconut water and shell. West Godavari. Area in India and Andhra Pradesh India. Water Protein Fat Mineral matter Carbohydrates Calcium Phosphorus Iron Shell Coconut shell as it is used for antiques. If the precipitations are Shell has a variety of uses in the organic 95.840 million nuts production is one of the largest coconut producing countries in the world.U.3 Fe2O3 Per 100g Coconut Water 4.U. The important coconut growing districts in the state are East Godavari. The average annual yield ranges from 75 to 100 nuts per palm. Hybrid Godavari Ganga (E. grown extensively in Andhra Pradesh. Ambajipeta during 1992 for A. with good sweet water content. The average yield under ordinary conditions is about 127 nuts/palm/year.comparatively well distributed. Areas away from seacoast are also suitable for coconut if sufficient irrigation facilities are available. It is long living. They normally come to bearing in about 6 to 8 years after planting. The nuts are medium sized and have elliptical shape. even a low rainfall of 1000 mm is sufficient for commercial yields. It was released from HRS. The nuts are big in size with 200g of copra having 66 per cent oil content. comes to bearing in about 4 years. Varieties East Coast Tall (ECT) It is a commercial variety. This is a tall variety with fairly stout trunk. This variety is recommended at National level for commercial cultivation as it is very high yielder compared to all other tall varieties grown in the country. Season June-July in upland areas and October-November in low lying and heavy rainfall areas for planting. The copra content per nut is 154g. It is a cross between East Coast Tall as female parent and Gangabondam as male parent.Tall x Gangabondam) This hybrid was released from HRS. It comes to 233 . Double Century (Philippines Ordinary) It is a tall cultivar which comes to bearing in 6-8 years after planting with an average yield of 130 nuts per palm/year. oil percentage ranges from 62-65 per cent Chandrakalpa (Laccadive Ordinary) This type resembles the ordinary tall variety. It is mainly intended for hybridization. The mean yield is about 60 nut per palm/year. sandy and sandy loam soils of Godavari delta and other areas with rich porous soils where rainfall is not less than 100 cm are suitable.P.C. hardy and yields economically for about 75 years. Gangabondam This is a semi dwarf variety. The copra content is 155g and oil content is 72%. Soils Coastal alluvial. Ambajipeta as ‘Double Century’ in 1993 for cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. commonly called ‘Desavali’ variety. Keep them in shade. in pits dug to a dimension of 1 x 1 x 1 metre and filled with a mixture of top soil. Collection of seed nuts should be done from January to May for planting in June. Add sand to this mixture if the soil is heavy black clay. Planting Use 9-12 months old seedlings for planting.0 m away from the trunk in the basins after making 2. good girth at the collar. 2nd and 3rd year. For young palms ¼. The mean annual yield is 150 nuts/palm/year.bearing within 3 to 4 years. respectively after planting and the full dose from the 4th year onwards. ½ and ¾ of this dose may be given during 1st. at the age of about nine to twelve months. Cattle and sheeop penning and application of neem cake @ 2kg/palm/year in winter would also be advantageous. cover with sand and sprinkle water on the heaps regularly to prevent drying of nuts in storage. The copra content is 150g with an oil content of 68%. more number of functional leaves and early splitting of leaflets. Nursery Select seed nuts from high yielding middle aged mother palms giving not less than 100 nuts per year. Give protection to newly planted seedlings against grazing by cattle and provide shade in hot weather. Fully matured nuts of 12 months old should be collected. Irrigation Irrigate the gardens 3 to 4 times through basins during the dry period from January onwards till the monsoon sets in. Manures and Fertilizers Sow green manure crops like sunhemp or diancha with the onset of rains in June and plough the crop as soon as it comes to flowering.0 kg single super phosphate (320 g P 2O5) and 2. Selection of Seedling Select only vigorously growing seedlings characterized by early germination. Planting of nuts horizontally in the nursery may be done in June or July after the onset of monsoon at a spacing of 30 x 30cm. Give a spacing of 8 x 8m for hybrids and tall varieties in the main field. Depending on the soil conditions the frequency has to be increased. farmyard manure or compost in equal proportions. The fertilizer should be applied between 0.0m basin around the trunk. Apply 1 kg Urea (460 g N). once in 7-10 234 .5 kg Marinate of Potash (1500 g K2O) per bearing palm. If the summer is severe irrigation should be given through basins.5 to 2. per year should be applied in two equal splits in June-July and October-November. 2. The second dose can be given even in December-January if irrigation facilities are available. arrange them in layers. food. fruit. it is called as inter cropping. turmeric. and bud and fruit rot. colocasia. To prevent button drop. banana. Similarly. sweet potato. vegetable etc. Diversified multi species of crops are grown to generate ample cash. cassava. it is termed as multistoreyed cropping. Intercultivation Coconut garden may be ploughed 4 times a year two times in rainy season and two times in winter season. Irrigate the gardens at 15 days interval in black and heavy soils and once in a week in red loams during the dry period from January onwards till the monsoon sets in. colocasia and other vegetables etc. Ensure adequate moisture in the soil throughout the year and prevent prolonged water stagnation during rainy season by providing adequate drainage facilities and can be managed through judicious Nitrogen fertilization (500 g N/palm/year). If the drop is severe spray 60 ppm. 2. ginger. Button drop Prevent button drop by giving 3 to 4 spraying of 1% Bordeaux mixture during rainy season. fish ponding also can be taken up in coconut gardens. 3-4 sprays of 1% Bordeaux mixture in rainy season may be given. Intercropping Grow inter and mixed crops like banana. and crops such as pepper. turmeric. Barren nuts 235 . Cocoa.days. fodder. pineapple and cocoa could be successfully raised as mixed crops in aged coconut garden. Annuals of seasonal crops when grown in the inter space of coconut palm. fuel etc. The common intercrops grown during pre bearing (upto 4 years) period of the palms are Elephant Foot Yam. Turmeric and Elephant Foot Yam appears promising under Andhra Pradesh conditions. A mixed farming involving coconut fodder live stock in order to integrate animal in the plantation can also be practiced to suit the needs of small farmer. Pineapple. A multi storeyed crop combination with Banana. Cropping Systems Coconut seedlings are planted 8m apart and hence the wider space available in between offers opportunity for additional income through raising other crops. elephant foot yam. When inter crops and mixed crops are raised in combination. 4-D or NAA solution (2 ml/10 L) on the spadices at brown stigma stage of buttons. Cocoa and other tree spices. in the old gardens of over 20 years age.. in the inter spaces of young gardens upto 7 to 8 years of age and Pepper. In Srilanka harvesting is done from the ground with a knife. Release parasitoids sequentially depending on the stage of the pest as follows. Larval: Bracon hebetor and Goniozus nephantidis Pupal: Brachymeria nosatoi 236 . In some parts of the state harvesting is done three times a year. Harvesting Harvesting is normally done at 30 days intervals during summer and 45 days intervals during rainy season. In unfavourable weather conditions. Control Cut and burn the severely pest infested non-functional lower leaves leaving onemeter midrib portion. button drop and reduction of nut yield are also associated with the infestation. smoke drying and klin drying is also being practiced. water drained off and spread the cups on the floor for sun drying. The nuts to be made into two halves by cutting across. Plant Protection Pests Black headed caterpillar ( Opisina arenosella ) Larval galleries made of silk and excreta seen on the lower side of the leaflets. In Malaysia and Thailand trained monkeys are used for harvesting or nuts. loss of chlorophyll leaving only epidermal layer of leaves are symptoms of damage. After the moisture content of the endosperm comes down to 5-6% the endosperm is scooped out of the shell and sent to market. Post harvest Technology Coconuts are popularly traded as the dried nuts which are dehusked and marketed as whole nuts or as copra after removing the shell. Burnt appearance of infested garden. shelling cleaner. Harvesting is usually done by experienced climbers who climb the palms with the help of a rope ring round the feet or ankles. the nuts are to be stored in heaps under shade for few days. Storage of nuts After the harvest. tied to a bamboo pole.This problem can be managed by the application of Borax @ 75 – 100 g/palm/year in the rainy season. obtaining higher out put of superior quality copra. Nuts are harvested by cutting down after examination for maturity. Storing of nuts in heaps facilitates husking easier. Control Root feeding of monocrotophos 10 ml with 10 ml water/palm would be effective. Control • • • • • Monitoring of the pests by keeping light traps from the second fortnight of January would help to forecast the pest. If larval population is high. Root feeding ofmonocrotophos 36% WSL @ 10 ml + 10 ml of water/palm by observing 45 days safety period will control the caterpillar stage of the pest.). Cutting and burning of severely infested and dried leaves will reduce the pest population to a greater extent. Rhinoceros beetle ( Oryctes rhinoceros ) Beetles bore into the soft tissues of the crown by cutting and chewing the tender unopened leaves and inflorescences. Avoid injuries to the stem. Mass trapping and destruction of moths by placing light traps would be an efficient method of pest management. Due to feeding of leaf lamina by larvae only midribs remain and leaf spots appear during the early stages of larval feeding. Small pellets of faecal matter will be observed near the base of the trunk. Spraying of Metarhizium solution on manure heaps @ 1 lt of spray fluid for 3 mt3 of heap. Red palm weevil ( Rhychophorus ferrugineus ) Dark brown gummy liquid oozes from the site of infestation on the stem. Establishment of rhinolure traps @ 1 trap/2ha. Ambajipeta (E.The parasitoids may be obtained from Horticultural Research Station. 237 . It breeds in manure pits and dead palm trunks.Dt. Spraying of carbaryl 50% wp @ 3 gm/lt.G. Slug caterpillar ( Macroplectra nararia ) and Phalaera sp. Remove and destroy pest affected dead palms. Mechanical hooking of the beetle from palm crown. Control Release of baculovirus @ 10-15 inoculated beetles/ha at 3 months interval. of water in the young gardens will check the pest. Due to continuous larval feeding. The affected leaf appear like a fan with geometrical cut. Leaves dry up and results in yield loss. the pest can be managed with root feeding of monocrotophs (10 ml + 10 ml water) duly observing 45 days safety period. From small holes on the stem chewed fiber pieces protrude. Destruction of dead logs and boles of palms in the garden. tunnels will be formed within the stem making it weak and ultimately palm dies. Diseases 238 . Control Location of termitoria. white streaks/triangular yellow and brown patches appear near the perianth region on nuts of 2 to 4 months age. Button drop or reduced nut size and thereby decreased copra yield are associated. Application of recommended dose of fertilizers (1 kg U. Keeping rat traps in the stores where nuts and copra are stored.5 kg MOP/palm/year) Providing regular irrigations. 2. Growing of intercrops like banana. and their destruction mechanically.05% chlorpyriphos twice at 20-25 days interval. Termites ( Odontotermes obesus ) Seedlings are attacked through the nut or at the base of the young shoot. Adopt periodical crown cleaning. Immediate application of recommended dose of fertilizers [1 kg Urea. Use of smoke generators in nurseries. Application of neem cake @ 5 kg/palm/year along with other organic manures including green manuring. Checking the pest on non target intercrop also helps to keep the pest under check. Older palms through trunk to crown. Affected seedlings wither and die. Root feeding with Azadiractin 10000 ppm @ 10 ml + 10 ml of water/spraying of Azadiractin 10000 ppm 5 ml/lt of water. 2 kg SSP. Control Recommended spacing @ 8 x 8 m should be followed in plantations. Adoption of field sanitation by disposal of organic matter in nursery soil and covering germinating nuts with a layer of river sand. Eriophyhid mite ( Aceria guerreronis Keifer) Due to feeding of mite colonies. Bromodiolone bait cake should be kept in the palm crown and live burrows in nurseries. Swab the affected trunk with the same chemical. Drench the nursery with 0. Rats ( Rattus rattus ) The rodents damage immature nut and young palms. 2 kg Single Super Phosphate and 2½ kg Muriate of Photos] and irrigation will boost the palms to recovery early. cocoa and turmeric or vegetables. These brown patches increase on the nut surface in the advanced stage causing longitudinal cracks. yams.• • • Collection and destruction/cleaning of pupal cases from the crown/leaf axils would help in the reduction of pest population to a great extent. Control Collection and destruction of mite infested dropped nuts. Frequent watering/irrigation should be done during summer months. prophylactic dusting 239 . Basin system of irrigation to individual palms should be adopted. care should be taken to avoid flow of water from diseased trees to others.5 m. Under favourable conditions the disease spreads to nuts on other trees and also other gardens. The spindle leaf and its neighboring 2 to 3 leaves are affected. width). Outer whorls of leaves droop slowly and within a period of two years after the palm succumb to the disease. While irrigating.Ganoderma wilt or Basal Stem rot ( Ganoderma lucidum ) This is a soil borne disease prevalent in all types of light soils. talc formulation of T. Tale formulation of Trichoderma viride (50g) in combination with 5 kg neem cake/palm/year should be applied to all trees in a garden where diseased palms are noticed. The disease affects the underground roots causing root rot. deep and 0. The leaf if pulled. The three fourths mature nuts in middle aged trees are commonly affected. the entire crown collapses and the palm dies. later spreading to other nuts and other bunches. Later the leaves dry out. Later the surrounding leaves also are affected. The mesocarp. Initially water soaked spots develop on the nuts and coalease forming big spots. Bud rot ( Phytophthora palmivora ) The disease affects mostly plants from seedling stage to the age of 25 years. Due to the wet rot condition and increase in weight the nut drops. Injury or damage to roots and pruning or cutting of roots should be avoided to prevent infection through injured roots. Since bud rot disease is common during rainy season. Initially one or two nuts in a bunch are affected. The rot extends to the meristem and kills it leading to the death of the plant. The affected leaves show withering and turn pale green. comes out easily emitting foul smell. These spots slowly turn grayish. The immature nuts in many cases grow to maturity but the buttons drop. meat and water rot completely and give foul smell.viride (50 g) in combination with neem cake (5 kg) per palm/year should be imposed to all the palms in the garden. Oozing of dark brown liquid from the cracks on the stem nearer the ground is the initial symptom. Control Spraying of copper oxy chloride @ 3g/lt of water twice at 15 days interval is recommended. The meat loses its consistency and separates out from the shell. Control The diseased part of the garden should be isolated from healthy area by digging isolation trench (1m. Even if one diseased palm is noticed in a garden. chlorotic spots are seen in some palms when the disease is severe. Fasciation is seen on some palms. In some diseased palms. Tatipaka disease The causal agent is suspected to be Phytoplasm. especially while tractor ploughing should be avoided. Control Eradication of Tatipaka disease should be taken up on collective basis by cutting and burning of affected palms. leaf size both in length and breadth is reduced and lean in appearance. Round nuts are produced and are soft nature. At this stage tapering of stem starts from the base of the crown. leaves turn yellow. Tatipaka diseased palms bear heavily and later there will be reduction in bearing below normal level. some round and soft nuts and also some atrophied nuts are seen. all the bunches are empty without formation of round and soft nuts or atrophied nuts. in some cases bend abnormally and curves up. Smearing of talc powder paste of Trichoderma viride on the bleeding patches on the stem. leaves bund like an arch. Control Injury or damage to the stem. Rotting of root is also high in Tatipaka disease palms. Leaf number is greatly reduced. In early stages. On chiseling of such bleeding patches on young trees of 10-15 years age yellowish liquid with a fermented smell flows out. The bleeding is commonly seen about more than one foot above the ground level and never seen on the trunk at the ground level. Soil application of 50 g of talc powder formulation of Trichoderma viride in combination with 5 kg neem cake/palm/year. besides the colour of the fluid. OIL PALM (Elaeis quineenis) 240 . At times in the same bunch.with Pseudomonas fluorescens talcum powder @ 10 g/palm twice at 15 days interval during monsoon prevents the disease incidence Stem Bleeding ( Ceratocystis paradoxa ) The diseased trees show extensive yellowish brown to black bleeding patches from natural cracks or places of damage due to implements which become infected. Collection of seednuts from diseased palms should be avoided. This is the major difference in bleeding between Ganoderma wilt and stem bleeding. These are used for culinary as well as industrial purposes. Varieties There are three main types of oil palm. But moist. Climate Oil palm is a humid tropical palm which thrives well where annual temperature range is 29O-33OC (maximum) and 22O-24O C (minimum) with an evenly distributed rainfall of 2. On an average. relative humidity more than 80%. The soil pH should be 5.500-4.5-8. waterlogged and coastal sandy soils should be avoided. import substitution.5 to 4 mm with medium to high mesocarp content of about 60- 241 . This is not grown commercially. oil palm produces 4-6 tonnes oil/ha. It has a thin shell usually measuring 0. Indonesia. and not less than 5 hr sunshine/day. Increasing demand for palm oil and also the technological developments for its extraction have greatly changed the entire scenario of the palm industry. Republic of Zaire and Ivory Coast. It can also contribute substantially to the nutritional and energy requirements of the masses. Season Planting is preferably done at the onset of rains during June-July. for its cultivation. It can be grown up to 900m above mean sea-level. is now extensively grown in Malaysia. Nigeria. energy generation (non-conventional energy) eco friendly and sustainable. value addition. At least 1 m depth of soil is necessary. saline. Oil palm is a crop for future and a source for diversification.000 mm. producing palm oil and palm kernel oil. pisifera and tenera Dura With a thick shell (2-8mm) its fruits have low to medium mesocarp content (3555%).Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the highest oil yielding plant among perennial oil yielding crops. Pisifera It is a shell less. waste utilization.0. In India about 80% of the area is located in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Tenera This is a hybrid obtained by crossing Dura (Female) and Pisifera (Male). deep. Oil palm is a native of West Africa. loamy and alluvial soils rich in organic matter with good water permeability are best-suited. They are dura. fruit bearing variety. Highly alkaline. health and nutrition. Soils It can be grown on a variety of soils. arranged at a spacing of 45 cm2 and one seed/bag is dibbled. Manures and Fertilizers Age First year Second year Third year P2O5 K2O g/palm/year 400 200 400 800 400 800 1200 600 1200 N Fertilizers should be applied in two equal split doses (in June and September) within 2 m diameter around the palm and forked in. Seeds and Sowing The seeds are subjected to a temperature of 40 O C for 80 days for stratification. Thereafter the seeds spread out in shade for drying for two hours. Seeds are soaked in water for five days changing the water daily. Apply 50-100 g of Borax per tree every year. Inter cultivation and Weed Control The base of the palm is to be kept clean by weeding and pruning of cover crops. For conserving the moisture in the basins apply coconut husk or paddy husk or saw dust. all dead and diseased leaves should be pruned. The bags are filled with top soil and compost. Planting is preferably done at the onset of rains during June-July. Application of potassium fertilizer may be enhanced depending on the requirement of the palm. The poly bags (preferably black) of 400-500 guage measuring 40 x 35 cm are used. Pruning Maximum number of green leaves should be retained on the palm. cut leaves or male inflorescence as mulching. Watering the seedlings weekly thrice is essential.90%. This is a widely cultivated hybrid all over the world due to higher mesocarp content and resultant oil output. As a regular practice. The germination commences in about 10-12 days. The dried seeds are kept in polythene bags in cool place in order to maintain the moisture content. Planting Oil palm is planted in the main field in triangular system at a spacing of 9 x 9 m accommodating about 143 palms/ha in hexagonal system of planting. Severe pruning adversely affects 242 . Ablation Ablation is the removal of male and female flowers produced in early stages of plantation. care should be taken to avoid clogging and for uniform discharge of water. A chisel is used for harvesting bunches from young palms. However. Insufficient irrigation reduces the rate of leaf production. When water is not a constraint. Required quantity of water can be given at weekly intervals or once in 5 days depending on soil condition. Irrigation channels must be prepared in such a way that the individual palms are connected separately by sub-channels. basin irrigation can be taken up. a harvesting hook has to be used. gourds and other vegetables can be profitably grown as intercrops leaving an area of 2 m around the palm for the first two years only. frequent irrigation with less water should be given. When drip irrigation is given. Irrigation Oil palm requires sufficient irrigation. a minimum of 200-250 litres water/day is a must.both growth and yield of palm. When the palms become taller. pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus has to be introduced for better pollination since oil palm is a cross pollinated crop. this amount may be increased up to 300 litres. Ablation can be started immediately after the appearance of inflorescences on plams and extended upto two and a half to 3 years depending upon plant growth and vigour. Four drippers are sufficient to discharge 200-250 litres water within 6-7 hr. For grown-up yielding palms of 3 years age and above. After the onset of flowering there should not be any competition from other intercrops for the early stabilization of yields. in older plantations during hot summer. Under very good maintenance especially with irrigation the yield could be 4-6 tonnes of oil per hectare per year. For light soils. Pruning should be done by giving clear cut to the petiole as close to the stem as possible with the help of a sharp chisel. Intercrops Annuals like chillies. This enables the plant to gain adequate stem girth. In heavy soils irrigation interval can be longer. vigour and develop adequate root system. 243 . as it is a fast-growing crop with high productivity and biomass production. If irrigation water is limited and land is of undulated terrain. affects the sex ratio and results in inflorescence abortion and leaf production. After this stage. Flowering starts 14-18 months after planting. drip or microsprinkler irrigation can be advantageous. Harvest First harvest 3 ½ -4 years after planting. In some cases. Remove and destroy pest affected dead palms. Leaf eating caterpillar ( Opisina arenosella ) Infest the lower leaves and scrape the leaf and later feed on the leaf lamina making rectangular cuttings. Control Root feeding of Monocrotophos @ 10 ml with 10 ml water/palm would be effective. Control Remove and destroy by burning the affected leaves and spray with carbaryl @ 3g/lit or quinolphos @ 2ml/lit of water. Bagworm ( Manatha albipes. Establishment of rhinolure traps @ 1 trap/2ha. Control Spray Monocrotophos @ 1. Mechanical hooking of the beetle from palm crown. The beetles also bore into the male and female inflorescence even when they are within the spathe. ) 244 . Spraying of Metarhizium solution on manure heaps @ 1 lt of spray fluid per 3 mt3 of heap. Metisa plana ) The caterpillars of these species of bagworms cause severe defoliation occasionally on oil palm. resulting in snapping of the fronds at the feeding sites. meristem and mesocarp of fruits. Control Release of baculovirus @ 10-15 inoculated beetles/ha at 3 months interval.6ml/lit or quinolphos @ 2ml/lit of water. Avoid injuries to the stem. rotting of spear can also be noticed. Red palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ) The grubs bore through and feed on softer tisúes of stem. Infested palms show gradual wilting and drying of outer whorl of fronds. Plant Protection Pests Rhinoceros bettle ( Oryctes rhinoceros ) The adult beetle bores through into the spear leaf. destruction of dead logs and boles of palms in the garden.The fresh fruit bunches harvested from the palm are to be transported for oil extraction immediately preferably within 24 hours. Diseases Bud-rot ( Ermima sp. Injury or damage to roots and pruning or cutting of roots should be avoided to prevent infection through injured roots.viride (50 g) in combination with neem cake (5 kg) per palm/year should be imposed to all the palms in the garden. Frequent watering/irrigation should be done during summer months.5 m. Talc formulation of Trichoderma viride (50g) in combination with 5 kg neem cake/palm/year should be applied to all trees in a garden where diseased palms are noticed. Basal stem rot ( Ganoderma lucidum ) Appearance of light brown lesions/rotting of the bole at the stem base is a characteristic symptom of the advancement of the disease. care should be taken to avoid flow of water from diseased trees to others. Control The diseased part of the garden should be isolated from healthy area by digging isolation trench (1m. Climate 245 . Bunch rot The tissues between the individual fruits are affected leading to rot. Control Excision of the rotten tissues followed by the application of 0.1% calixin and hot coal tar and plugging the holes with a paste containing sand cement and insecticide to provide mechanical support. Control Clean the affected tissues and drench the crown with Carbendazim @ 1g/lit. talc formulation of T. Basin system of irrigation to individual palms should be adopted. deep and 0.Rotting of spindle and the affected spindle can be easily pulled off. While irrigating. Note: Copper fungicides should not be used in oil palm. Even if one diseased palm is noticed in a garden. COCOA (Theobroma cacao) In recent years the cultivation of Cocoa as an intercrop in Oil plam and aged (20 years) Coconut gardens. is gaining momentum in Andhra Pradesh. Control Remove and destroy the affected inflorescence and spray carbendazim 1g/lit. width). Stem bleeding ( Thielaviopsis ( Ceratostomella ) paradoxa )) Gum exudation and stem bleeding on the upper potion of the stem are noticed. thin walled.5-3. Criollo The pods are red or yellow in colour. The beans are flat and dark purple when fresh. cocoa can be planted 4 m apart in a single row in between two rows of coconut palms. When cocoa is to be raised as a mixed crop in 8 x 8 m spaced coconut. Virgin. Season and Planting They can be planted with the onset of monsoon till December. though most of such soils of high rainfall areas are relatively coarse-textured and acidic to neutral. freshly cleared forest soils are used for cultivation of cocoa. It is largely grown as a commercial 246 . variety. well-drained and acidic to netural in reaction. They possess bland flavour and pleasant aroma. The soils should be rich in organic matter and nitrogen. so as to keep a minimum distance of 3. Seedlings are vegetatively propagated material (budlings or grafts) can used for planting.Temperature and rainfall affect the growth of cocoa. Manures and fertilizers It possesses a ‘harsh’ flavour with markedly bitter taste. The optimum range in mean monthly temperature of cocoa growing regions is 15o-32OC and minimum night temperatures ranging from 18-21OC. Cocoa is a crop of humid tropics requiring well distributed rainfall of 90-100 mm a month.5m is necessary for cocoa. They contain large and plump seeds with white or pale purple cotyledons. Varieties Forastero The pods are green when immature and yellow when ripe.75 m from coconut palms. A depth of up to 1. It grows upto an attitude of 500 MSL. melon shaped with rounded ends or very bluntly pointed and warty on the surface with smooth inconspicuous ridges or furrows. It is planted at a distance of 2. It can also be grown in regions of low rainfall by supplementing rainfall with irrigation during dry periods. thick-walled.0 m both between and within rows as a pure crop. Trinitario These types have characters of both these types. Soils It can be grown on a wide variety of soils. pointed and warty on the surface. Trees younger than three years require only half or three-fourths of those. It is desirable to limit the tree height at that level by periodical removal of chupon growth. from October-November to June-July. Irrigation It can not withstand drought hence irrigation is necessary after the cessation of rains i. First jorquette can be encouraged at 1. the vertical growth till another jorquette develops. While harvesting fruits. both the crops will receive a set-back. Harvesting Cocoa flowers from the second year after planting. extreme care should be taken to see that the cushions carrying the flowers and fruits are not damaged.The cocoa plants are manured with 125 g of N. Pruning Cocoa grown in a series of storeys. are used. pods are harvested by cutting the stalk with a knife. in September-January and in April-June. where four or five fan branches develop. Each pod weighs 300-500 g. The beans are taken out by cutting the pods crosswise. Each pod will have 25-45 beans embedded in white pulp or mucilage. The pods take about 4-6 months to ripen. 40 g of P 2O5 and 140 g of K2O per plant per year in two to four split doses. The beans. when grown as an intercrop in Coconut. therefore. The shell constitutes 75% of the pod weight. Depending upon the soil and climate irrigate at 47 days interval. One or two to three for jorquettes can be allowed for Cocoa.5m which will be convenient height for harvesting and other operations. During harvesting all the pods damaged by diseases and rodents are removed. The fresh bean to dry bean ratio will be 3:1. This should be done within 2-3 days of harvest. Yield 50-60 pods/tree (300 kg of dried beans/ha/year) Fermentation and Drying It is generally done in sweating boxes made of wood and having holes at the bottom to allow the sweating from the pulp to drain down and air to enter.e. done every 5-7 days when ripe pods are harvested. If sufficient irrigation is not available. are placed in the box and covered with few layers of 247 . cocoa gives two main crops in a year. Generally. In the drip system it requires 20-30 lit/day. the ‘chupon’ or vertical shoot of the seedlings terminating at the jorquettle. Harvesting is. For this. The plantation is irrigated at weekly intervals during summer. scooped out from the ripe pods. Further chupon develops just below the jorquette and continue. 6 ml/l of water. Control Spraying Dimethoate 30% EC @ 0. Mealy Bugs ( Pseudococcus citri & Rastrococcus iceryoides ) They suck the sap from tender leaves.e. 248 . 1. young shoots.1% Carbaryl. beans are stirred after about 48 hours and second stirring is done after another 48 hours.banana leaves. Fermentation is allowed to continue for another 48 hours or until the temperature begins to fall and ammonical smell develops when the fermentation can be considered to have completed. To facilitate uniform fermentation.15% Carbaryl suspension gives a good control of hiding adults and white grubs. flower cushions and pods. Leaf Eating Caterpillars Several hairy caterpillars and semiloopers feed on tender foliage and shoots.05% i. The aerial portions above the point of attack dry up. Control The pest can be controlled by extracting the caterpillar and plugging the burrow with Carbaryl paste. Control Drenching the soil with 0. S) Suck the sap from the young leaves. Control Spray Endosulphan @ 2ml/lit for control Aphids ( Toxoptera aurantii ) Suck the sap from the emerging new leaves and young shoots. Cockkhafer Beetle ( Popilla complanata ) Adult beetles feed only on young leaves causing a series of irregular holes. Tea Mosquito ( Helopeltis antonii. Plant Protection Pests Stem Borer ( Zeuzera Coffeae ) It bores into branches and trunks of the cocoa trees. Control For the control spray Dimethaoate @ 2ml/lit. Control They can be controlled by spraying 0. (The beans are dried till moisture percentage comes to 6-8). ) Caterpillars web the leaves and hide in the webs and continue to feed on the chlorophyll content of the leaves. They cause very serious damage. Rodent and insect damage should be controlled. Control Poison baiting with zinc phosphide or warfarin. where adequate irrigation facilities exist and where the required condition of cool humid and shady atmosphere could be artificially created. Infected tissues shrink and become dark brown in colour and corky in texture.Leaf Webbers ( Lamida moncusalis W. ) The affected pods shrivel and hang as mummies. Nellore and Ananthapur districts.694 tons. Charcoal Rot ( Botryodiplodia theobromae and Macrophoma sp. Squirrels ( Funambulus palmarum ) They make holes on ripe cocoa pods and feed on the sweet mucilage surrounding the beans. BETELVINE (Piper betel L) The Betelvine is an important commercial crop of Andhra Pradesh. Control Spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture is recommended. Dieseases Black Pod disease ( Phytopthora palmivora ) Pods of all ages are affected during the monsoon season. tropical forest conditions which provide a cool shade. in addition to regularly trapping them. It is largely grown in Guntur. Soils 249 . The infection spreads very rapidly and soon occupies the entire area of the pod. Chittoor. Cuddapah. Control Spray Dimethaoate or Metasystox @ 2ml/lit for control. The internal tissues are rotten due to infection and the affected beans and pods turn black in colour. Control Spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture twice is recommended with the onset of the monsoons at 45 days interval. Climate It grows well under warm humid climate with diffused sun light. occupying about 2772 hectares producing 93. The seeds of Agati are sown at the rate of 40 to 50 kg/ha during June-July along the ridges spaced at 100 cm.000 sets (vine cuttings) are required for planting a hectare. 2 kg lime. With very few or no laterals/vine. thick with broad lamina.5 t/ha and plough the field before sowing live standards in saline and alkaline soils. It can also be grown successfully in black (alluvial) soils under good drainage conditions. The leaf is green to dark green. Along the border sow some seeds of Moringa or Pangara. The vine sets are planted at 100 x 20 cm spacing. Propagation This is usually propagated by terminal stem cuttings obtained from sufficiently mature plantations. Apply gypsum @2. Generally Agati is used as supporting betelvines. Land Preparation Apply farmyard manure 25 t/ha as basal dressing in the last ploughing. coarse to touch and pungent. Variety Tellaku (Kapoori Type) Leaf is greenish yellow. 250 . Irrigations are given to the standards twice a week or even more frequently. The length of the vines used for planting is about 30 to 45 cm having 6 to 7 nodes. Susceptible to foot rot disease. For seed vine treatment 2 kg copper sulphate. smooth with acute tip. Prepare the field into small plots to facilitate good drainage to avoid the incidence of foot rot disease. well drained red laterite and red loamy soils are good for betelvine. Seed vines should be treated with 0. The land is laid out into ridges and furrows 45cm apart and irrigation channels formed at convenient places.Deep.000 panthas per hectare per year (approximately) 100 leaves make one pantham. It yields on an average 80. ovate in shape.5% Bordeaux mixture + 500 ppm streptomycin for 15-30 minutes. It produces large number of laterals/vine and hence the yield is more when compared to other types. Glyricidia as wind breaks. cordate in shape. The vine bears 10-15 lateral shoots. The seed vines of top ‘50’ cms length must be collected from vigorously growing. juicy and nonpungent. Planting The vines are planted during September-October in place where live standards are raised in June-July. disease free gardens. 400 lts of water and 200 g. of streptomycin (9%) per one acre are required. 50. Karapaku (Bangla Type) It is moderately vigorous. Second Year Manuring schedule of first year except FYM is to be followed. Later light irrigation is to be given depending on the soil conditions and season.100 kg P2O5 through single super Phosphate and 100 kg K2O through muriate of potash. once in 2 days during summer and 5 to 6 days during winter. 100 kg P2O5/ha through single superphosphate and 100 kg K2O/ha through Muriate of potash/sulphate of potash as basal dosage during land preparation. Fix dry bamboos wherever there is no standard. the following composition is to be used. Quick lime : 2 Kgs. Irrigation and drainage Irrigation is given after planting betelvine cuttings. Intercultivation Weeding Weeding should be done whenever necessary.For treatment of seed vines require for one acre. 100 kg N through Ammonium sulphate). Manures and Fertilizers First Year Black Alluvial Soils 200 kg N/ha in 4 split doses at monthly interval starting from 2nd month of planting through organic (Neem cake) and inorganic manures in 1:1 ratio. Subsequent irrigations are to be given based on the seasonal and soil conditions i. Proper drainage channels are to be provided in the field for every 10-12 m row length and water should not be allowed to stagnate at the base of plants. Water : 400 lit.e. 251 . Copper sulphate : 2 Kgs. twice in a day for 3 days. Red Soils 200 kg N/ha (100 kg N through FYM or oilcake. Propping Train the vines to the standards at 20-30 days interval. Third Year Manuring schedule of first year is to be followed. streptomycin (9%) : 200 g After seed vine treatment the remaining Bordeaux mixture can be applied to the field. once in a day for next 3 days and later once in two days for 3 times. Hence.000 . hot summers and cool winters by sowing some seeds of Moringa/Pangara/Glyricidia or fencing with banana leaves/coconut fronds/gunny sacs as wind breaks along the border. Harvesting Generally betelvine is ready for harvest after 2-3 months of planting and thereafter for every 25 to 30 days.000 – 1.70.00.000 sets vine cuttings) + 252 .Topping Sesbania (Avisi) tops are pruned at 4m height. chillies. Crop rotation Crop rotation with maize once in two years recorded the lowest foot rot disease incidence. Average yield: First year 60. tomato should not be included in the rotation.5% Bordeaux mixture solution and then tied to the sesbania standard. the vine grows beyond 3-3. the latter have to bear a heavy burden. Second year garden At the time of lowering the vines. bhendi. Less number of branches are retained during winter to allow sufficient sunlight and more during summer to protect the vine from hot sun and wind.000 bundles/ha (1 Bundle: approximately 100 leaves) Integrated crop Management module Best plant population (50. Crops like castor. brinjal. Wind breaks The garden is protected from the strong gales. Tying with ropes When the vines grow to the top of sesbania. The top 50cm of the vines is erected and tied to live support.5m and picking leaves is difficult. The pruning of sesbania branches is a regular and continuous process. This operation is called lowering of vine for rejuvenation. leaving the apical 50cm of the vine. hence they are tied with strong coir and these ropes are tied strongly to a thick bamboo poles to protect from strong gales during April-May and cyclonic storms during October to November.000 bundles/ha Second year 80. Lowering the vines When the first year crop is completed. the coiled vines are to be sprayed with 0. the vines are lowered by forming a ring (lower leaves of shoots are stripped and then coiled) and fastened to live supports just above the ground level. In case of severe infestation. of water) during October to November two times at 15 days interval. the establishment of newly planted seed vines also delayed. • After planting of seed vines. Control Spray wettable sulphur 0.200 kg N through Neem cake + Urea (1 : 1) (Neem cake as basal and Urea in 4 splits at bimonthly interval) 100 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O as basal. Plant protection Pests on Betelvine Leaf eating caterpillars Tobacco caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura ) Tobacco caterpillars makes holes on leaves which are unfit for market. The bugs are 253 . Collection and destruction of skeletonised leaves. Characteristic removal of chlorophyll and other plant pigment and leaves turns to pale yellow and dry after some time. fade and dry up. Repeat the insecticidal spray at 7 days after first spray if necessary. Formation of red or brown spots on the lower surface of the leaves is the characteristic feature of infestation by red spider mites. P politus cause small brown spots on the leaf which forms small holes where as P humerale forms dark brown angular patches on leaves. Betelvine Bug ( Pachypeltis politus & P humerale ) The nymphs and adults damage the leaves by puncturing and sucking the juice the leaves shrivel.5% (5ml/lit. Control • • • Installation of sex pheromone traps @ 10/ha from July to October. Before planting of seed vine cuttings spray malathion or chlorpyriphos or monocrotophos @ 0. spray neem oil 0.3% during December & January and March-April against white mites and red spider mites respectively. White mites (Hemitarsonemus piperae ) and red spider mites ( Tetranychus cinnabarinus ) All stages of the pest feed on the under surface of the leaves by sucking the leaf sap results in Curling and malformation of younger leaves. + Irrigation 100% replenishment of CPE + Application of Bordeaux mixture (4 drenches + 8 sprays) + Recommended insecticides if required.05% when ever the infestation is noticed. 05% after harvesting of leaves. Nematodes ( Meliodog vine arenaria ) They attack the roots resulting in the leaves turning yellow and pale. Leaf folder ( Cocoecia sp . Scale insects ( Lepidosaphes cornutus . collection and destruction of folded leaves containing pupal stages.) The larvae feed on the sesbania foliage by webbing the leaflet on the top portions of leaves. Aspidiotus destructor ) The insects suck the sap from the leaves and stem. They take shelter in dark and protected places and thrive by feeding on the plant sap. The fully grown caterpillar migrates to betelvine plant and folds the betel leaf and pupates with in the fold rendering the leaves unfit for sale because of the crinkling nature of the infested leaves. Maximum incidence of the pest is observed in the betelvine gardens where there is excessive shade by the prop crop (sesbania). Control Spray tobacco decoction 2% or neem oil 0. Control Spraying of neem seed kernel extract 5% or tobacco decoction 2%. Control Spray neem seed kernel extract 5%. Pests On Sesbania (Prop Crop) Flea beetles ( Chaetocnema sp . Due to feeding by the pest. The flies infest the crop from October to February and the peak period of incidence is observed from December to January.07% or malathion 0. The roots develop knots and galls. White fly ( Dialeurodes pallida ) & Black fly ( Aleurocanthus rugosa ) They feed on the lower surface of the younger leaves and infest the whole vine under heavy infestation.active during June-December and multiply rapidly under warm and humid conditions. Control • • Thinning of excessive sesbania foliage. The leaves become yellow and vine wilts.5% or endosulfan 0.) 254 . Control Application of Neem cake @ 2 t/ha will reduce the nematode population to a considerable extent. Leaf damage to an extent of 5 – 12% during November to January was recorded in Andhra Pradesh. the vines become stunted and leaves become chlorotic. Control IPM for the management of Sesbania stem borer • • • Arrange light traps during July-August which is the peak period of adult moth emergence and destroy the adults.25 kg /ha (after dilution with water in the ratio of 1:6) on the 255 . The adult beetles feed on the leaves by making holes and also cutting the plants near the ground level resulting in gaps in the field.The pest damages the young plants when they are 10 -15 days old. Excessive side branching on the terminal protion of the plant. In the case of the severe infestation. • After planting of seed vines (within one month) adopt stem application with monocrotophos @ 1.05% or monocrotophos 0. the sesbania plants will be free of foliage. spray moncrotophos 0. bored holes on the stem and the presence of chewed fibrous material at the base of the infested plant are the characteristic features of stem borer infestation. Control Spray endosulfan 0. the caterpillar tunnels down into the main stem and feed on the internal contents. The larva immediately after hatching bores into the growing point or top portion of the plant which is indicated by the presence of necrotic brown spots at the site of infestation. Later. Maximum damage due to pest is observed during the period synchronizing with the planting time of the seed vine cuttings. Before planting of seed vines. Stem borer – Azygophleps scalaris (F. Before planting of seed vines.07% as soon as the pest incidence is observed Leaf eating caterpillar (tobacco caterpillar .Spodoptera litura and green looper Semiothisa pervolgata ) The leaf eating caterpillars which are active from July to September cause defoliation on sesbania and the infestation is observed when the plants are 1 1/2 to 4 months old.07%. spray chloropyriphos 0.05% twice at an interval of 15 days (during third week of July and first and first week of August) synchronizing with the first brood emergence.) The pest is active from July to February. Remove the top portions of the plants during August-September which harbours early instar larvae.05% or endosulfan 0. Control Monitoring of the pest during the planting time is important. The infested plant gets dried up or will be broken at the site of infestation even with slight wind or touch. Selection of healthy seed vines from disease free gardens. Avoid application of inorganic fertilizers two months before seed vine cutting. Avoid excess and unnecessary irrigation. Provide good drainage facilities. Delay fertilizer application during winter. Do not allow irrigation water to flow from diseased garden to healthy garden. Application of gypsum @ 1 ton/ acre and incorporation into the soil before sesbania seed sowing.000 lts /ac) and 0.top portions of the sesbania plants immediately after the last thinning of sesbania plants is under taken. necrotic spots with distinct greyish brown zonations (under fluctuating relative humidity conditions) or dark brown necrotic spots without zonations (Continuous high humidity conditions). per linear meter (4. The plant looses lusture. Seed vine treatment. • • • • • • • • • • • Material required for one soil drenching and one foliar spray/acre 256 . For the management of leaf and foot rot disease of betelvine.5% Bordeaux mixture as foliar spray (8 times) @ 200 lt / ac at monthly and fortnightly intervals respectively should be taken up from November to February months in first year garden and with the on set of monsoons in second year garden. Stem and under ground parts rot and may break at any point. • Drench the soil around sesbania plants with neem seed kernel extract 5% or neem oil 2% followed by spraying with insecticide. Blackish brown marks on the stem at ground level or slightly above. turn yellow and drop. Diseases Leaf and Foot rot ( Phytophthora capsici ) Leaf spots either deep brown. circular. prophylactic soil drenching (4 times) with 1% Bordeaux mixture @ 1 lt. especially during rainy season and drain out rain water immediately after rain. Removal and destruction of diseases leaves and vines. Soft tissues in the root get disintegrated leaving only fibrous portion. Protect the vines from cold waves and don’t remove sesbania tops during winter. Integrated disease management for Phytophthora leaf and foot rot : • • Deep summer ploughing to expose fungal inoculum to high temperatures Crop rotation with Jowar or maize once in two years. leaves droop while still green. Prior to sowing of sesbania seed. per linear meter. ii) 0. Control • Crop rotation with maize or jowar. Earthing up the base of the vine. This causes rotting of affected portion causing wilting and ultimate death of plants. • • Leaf spot. Tieing the coil to sesbania standard just above ground level at the time of lowering. • • • • • Seed vine treatment with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture (foliar spray) Cuso4 : 1 Kg Lime : 1 Kg Water : 200 lts. Control 257 . followed by reddening and drying of the leaves.5% Bordeaux mixture Removal and destruction of affected leaves. Sclerotial wilt. Pressing the soil at the base of the affected vine. Leaf spot appears as brownish black centre with yellowish hallow around and in severe cases the leaves drop owing to shrinkage of tissues. In cases complete defoliation of the affected vines. marginal blight or Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum capsici ) Small black circular or irregular lesions appear on leaves expanding rapidly in humid conditions.5% Bordeaux mixture. Control • • • Seed vine treatment with 0.i) 1% Bordeaux mixture (soil drench) Cuso4 : 40 Kgs Lime : 40 Kgs Water : 4000 lts.3% copper oxychloride fungicide. Dense white cotton like mass of threads (Mycelium) are seen on stems. Small powdery patches on the lower surface of the leaf corresponding upper surface Powdery mildew ( Oidium piperis ) with yellowish discolouration. Spray 0. flooding the field for one and half month followed by drying. Deep ploughing in summer. Soil drenching with 1% Bordeaux mixture @ 1 lt.5% Bordeaux mixture or 0. stem rot or collar rot or basal rot (Sclerotium rolfsii ) The plants are usually attacked at ground level. Seed vine treatment with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture + 500 ppm streptomycin for 1530minutes. Climate Black pepper is a plant of humid tropics requiring adequate rainfall and humidity. It grows successfully between 20° North and South latitude. A well distributed annual rainfall of 125-200 cm is considered ideal for black pepper. Disinfection of tools and implements before use. Black pepper is cultivated to a large extent in Kerala and Karnataka and to a limited extent in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The crop tolerates temperatures between 10 oC and 40° C.Spray with 0. and from sea level up to 1500 m above sea level. The centre of spots are mottled brown and later turn black and in severe conditions leaves turn yellow and fall. Soils Black pepper can be grown in a wide range of soils with a pH of 4. BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) Black pepper (Piper nigrum) (Family: Piperaceae) is a perennial climbing vine grown for its berries extensively used as spice and in medicine. betlicola ) Minute water soaked spots initially on the under surface of leaves later appear on upper surface also are as dark round to angular spots surrounded by yellowish zone. though in its natural habitat it thrives well in red laterite soils.5 to 6.3% wettable sulphur or 0. leaf blight or stem canker ( Xanthomonas campestris pv.5% Bordeaux mixture 2 times at 15 days interval. India is a leading producer. Black pepper is cultivating in 271 hectares producing 407 tons in Andhra Pradesh in High altitude tribal zones of Chintapalli. Control • • • • Selection of healthy seed vines. Removal and destruction of affected vines. The hot and humid climate of sub mountainous tracts of Western Ghats is ideal for its cultivation. Bacterial Leaf Spot.5. Varieties A majority of the cultivated types are monocots (male and female flowers found in the same spike) though variation in sex expression ranging from complete male to complete 258 . consumer and exporter of black pepper in the world. Araku and Paderu of Visakhapatnam District and Rampachodavaram in East Godavari district. Pournami and Aimpirian Propagation Black pepper vines develop three types of aerial shoots. 5. though terminal shoots can also be used. Cuttings from lateral branches are seldom used since they develop a bushy habit. a trench of 45 cm depth.5 % essential oil.female is found. Panchami. It’s having 11. Production of rooted cuttings Traditional method Runner shoots from high yielding and healthy vines are kept coiled on wooden pegs fixed at the base of the vine to prevent the shoots from coming in contact with soil and striking roots. and after trimming the leaves. The trench is filled with rooting medium comprising of forest soil. Yield potential 1242 kg/ha. Split 259 . 30 cm width and convenient length is made. Karimunda OP Most popular cultivar suitable for most of the Black Pepper growing areas. sand and farm yard manure in 1:1:1 ratio. Subhakara. However. Other suitable varieties Sreekara. The cuttings become ready for planting during May-June. The runner shoots are separated from the vine during February-March. Suitable for heavily shaded areas. Cuttings are raised mainly from runner shoots. Rapid multiplication method An efficient propagation technique developed at Sri Lanka has been modified for adoption in India for quick and easy multiplication of black pepper vines. cuttings of 2-3 nodes each are planted either in nursery beds or in polythene bags filled with fertile soil. high yielder and medium in quality. with adventitious roots which cling to the standards (b) runner shoots which originate from the base of the vine and have long internodes which strike roots at each node and (c) fruit bearing lateral branches.3 % Piperine and 3. rooted lateral branches are useful for raising bush pepper. In this method. Out of 75 cultivars of black pepper the following varieties are most suitable for cultivation in Andhra Pradesh Panniyur-1 F1 hybrid of Uthirankotta x Cheriyakaniyakadan.8 % Oleoresin.Suitable to all black pepper growing regions. Adequate shade has to be provided and the polythene bags are to be irrigated frequently. namely (a) primary stem with long internodes. The tying can be done with dried banana leaf sheath fibers or coir rope. higher field establishment and vigorous growth as a result of better root system. or should be covered with thin polythene (200 gauge) sheet to retain humidity. The cuttings are irrigated regularly. The polythene bags should be kept in a cool and humid place. taken from runner shoots of field grown vines are planted in polythene bags (25 cm x 15 cm. the vine is cut at the crushed point and removed from the rooting medium and cut between each node. The buds start developing in about 3 weeks and the polybags can then be removed and kept in shade.halves of bamboo with septa or split halves of PVC pipes of 1.75 kg). 200 gauge) filled at the lower half with a mixture of sand. Rooted cuttings are planted in the trench at the rate of one cutting for each bamboo split. well developed root system.0 m x 1.0 m x 0. For rapid growth. Each cutting with the bunch of roots intact is planted in polythene bags filled with fumigated potting mixture. the bamboo splits are filled with rooting medium and each node is pressed down to the rooting medium and tied. Trichoderma @ 1g and VAM @ 100 cc/kg of soil can be added to the potting mixture. super phosphate (0.5 kg) and magnesium sulphate (0.25 kg) in 250 litres of water is to be applied @ 0. After about 10 days.25 litre per vine at monthly intervals. As the cuttings grow. in order to activate the axillary buds. The polythene bags with the planted single nodes are arranged in the pit.50 m length and 8-10 cm diameter provided with plastic septa at 30 cm intervals are fixed at 45° angle on a strong support. After keeping the bags in the pit. soil. cheap and efficient technique for propagating black pepper from single nodes of runner shoots taken from field grown vines has been developed at the institute. The single nodes are to be planted in the bags in such a way that their leaf axil is above the potting mixture. The advantages of this method of propagation are rapid multiplication (1:40). Trench method A simple. A pit of 2.25-1.10 cm length and with their leaf intact. This sheet may be secured in position by placing weights on the corners. a nutrient solution of urea (1 kg). The lower portions of the bamboo splits are filled with rooting medium (preferably weathered coir dust-farm yard manure mixture in 1:1 ratio) and the growing vine is tied to the bamboo split in such a way so as to keep the nodes pressed to the rooting medium. muriate of potash (0. the pit should be covered with a polythene sheet. coir dust and cow dung in equal proportion. Single nodes of 8. When the vine reaches the top (3-4 months after planting of the cutting) the terminal bud is nipped off and the vine is crushed at about three nodes above the base. The cuttings should be watered at least five times a day with a rose can and the pit should be covered with the polythene sheet immediately after 260 . Care should be taken to keep the leaf axil above the soil.5 m size is dug under a cool and shaded area. watering. After the initiation of roots the frequency of watering may be reduced to 3. rooted black pepper cuttings are planted in polythene bags holding about 500 g potting mixture. which will serve as mother plants. Each node with the ploythene bag is cut just below the rooted node and the cut end is also buried into the mixture to induce more roots. Preparation of land and planting standards With the receipt of the first rain in May-June. Foliar application of nutrient solution will also enhance the growth of the cuttings. The node may be kept gently pressed in to the mixture assuring contact with the potting mixture with the help of a flexible twig such as mid rib of a coconut leaflet to enable rooting at that junction. Polythene bags filled with solarized potting mixture or soil. new shoots start emerging from the leaf axil. At this stage it is advisable to keep the pit open for about 1 hour per day so that the cuttings would harden and will not dry when they are taken out of the pit. The cuttings can be taken out of the pit after 2 months of planting and kept in a shaded place and watered twice a day.4 times a day. In a nursery shed with roofing sheet or shade net. These cuttings will be ready for field planting after about 2 ½ months. Roots start growing from the nodes and the cuttings keep on growing further. Selection of site When black pepper is grown in slopes. By this method 80-85%success can be obtained. primary stem cuttings of Erythina sp. It is advisable to drench the cuttings 2-3 times with copper oxychloride (2g/litre). Serpentine method Cheaper propagation technique for production of rooted cuttings of black pepper is serpentine layering. the slopes facing south should be avoided and the lower half of northern and north eastern slopes preferred for planting so that the vines are not subjected to the scorching effect of the southern sun during summer. Daily irrigation can be given with a rose can. The process of keeping potting mixture filled polythene bags at every node to induce rooting at each node is repeated. As the plant grows and produces few nodes small polythene bags (20x10 cm) filled with potting mixture may be kept under each node. In 3 months the first 10 nodes (from the mother plants) would have rooted profusely and will be ready for harvest. After 2-3 weeks of planting. After about 1 month. The rooted nodes will produce new sprouts in a week time and will be ready for field planting in 2-3 months time. granite powder and farmyard manure in 2:1:1 proportion is recommended for producing disease free rooted cuttings. the cuttings will start producing roots which are visible through the polythene bags. (Murukku) or Garuga pinnata (kilinjil) or Grevillea robusta (silver oak) are planted in pits of 261 . On an average. 60 cuttings can be harvested per mother plant in a year by this method. With the onset of monsoon. leaving thick organic mulch. Planting Pits of 50 cm at a distance of 30 cm away from the base. the shoots are tied to the standards as often as required. application of phorate 10 G @ 30 g may be done twice a year (May/June and September/October) to control nematodes and stem and root borer. but also to shade the black pepper vines optimally. The stacked stems start sprouting in May. they dry during summer. The pits are filled with a mixture of top soil. 300 nos Black Pepper cuttings are required for planting in one Hectare area of Coconut garden @ 2 cuttings for each tree. 2-3 rooted cuttings of black pepper are planted individually in the pits on the northern side of each standard. At least one node of the cutting should be kept below the soil for better anchorage. at a spacing of 3 m x 3m which would accommodate about 1110 standards per hectare. and the other towards the end of south-west monsoon in October-November. on the northern side of supporting tree are taken with the onset of monsoon. Adequate mulch with green leaf or organic matter should be applied towards the end of North East monsoon. the primary stems are cut in March/April and stacked in shade in groups. not only to regulate height of the standards.50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm size filled with cow dung and top soil. pinnata are used. The base of the vines should not be disturbed so as to avoid root damage. From the fourth year. lopping of standards should be done carefully from the fourth year onwards. Manures and Fertilizers 262 . During the second year. The young vines should be protected from hot sun during summer by providing artificial shade. Neem cake @ 1 kg and Trichoderma harzianum @ 50 g also may be mixed with the mixture at the time of planting. When E. Growing cover crops like Calapogonium mucunoides and Mimosa invisa are also recommended under West Coast conditions as an effective soil cover to prevent soil erosion during rainy season. Further. Whenever E. Cultural practices As the cuttings grow. Regulation of shade by lopping the branches of standards is necessary not only for providing optimum light to the vines but also for enabling the standards to grow straight. The stems are planted in the edge of the pits dug for planting black pepper vines. farmyard manure @ 5 kg/pit and 150 g rock phosphate. two diggings are usually given in the inter species one during May-June. However. the same cultural practices are repeated. indica is used as standard. Existing Coconut gardens having age of more than 15-20 years also suitable for Black pepper cultivation. Excessive shading during flowering and fruiting encourages pest infestations. Lopping may be done twice (during June and September) in a year. indica and G. When dried. In soils that are deficient in zinc or magnesium. During harvesting the whole spike is hand picked when one or two berries in the spike turn bright orange. convection drier and cascade type driers can also be employed for drying. The optimum temperature to be maintained in mechanical driers should be around 60ºC. Mechanical driers such as copra drier. cement floor and high density black polythene which gives better appearance and cleanliness to the dried product. Care should be taken to avoid direct contact of fertilizers with roots of black pepper. 263 . Application of lime @ 500 g/vine in April-May during alternate years is also recommended. The harvest season extends from November to January in the plains and January to March in the hills. respectively is recommended. The berries can be separated manually or mechanically using threshers.1st year 2nd year 3rd year and above N (g/vine/year) 17 34 50 P 2O 5 (g/vine/year) 17 34 50 K 2O (g/vine/year) 50 100 150 Apply the above in two split doses once in June-July and the other in AugustSeptember and applied at a distance of about 30 cm all around the vine and covered with a thick layer of soil. Neem cake @ 1 kg/vine can also be applied. The recommended drying surfaces are bamboo mat coated with fenugreek paste. The crop is ready for harvest in 6-8 months from flowering. foliar application of 0. Threshers with capacities varying between 0.25% zinc sulphate twice a year (May-June and September-October) and soil application of 150 g/vine magnesium sulphate. This enhances speedy and hygienic separation of black pepper berries. Harvesting Black pepper flowers during May-June. Post Harvest Technology and Processing The fresh berries are dipped in hot water for a minute before drying in the sun which results in an attractive black colour and also reduces the drying time. When biofertilizer like Azospirillum is applied @ 100 g/vine.5 tons per hour are available. the recommended nitrogen dose may be reduced by half to 70 g/ vine. The optimum moisture content in dried pepper to prevent mould attack is 8-10%. The berries are separated from the spikes and dried in the sun for 7-10 days. the berries retain the characteristic wrinkled appearance of black pepper of commerce. Organic manures in the form of cattle manure or compost can be given @ 10 kg/vine during May.5 to 1. The pest infestation is more serious in shaded areas in the plantation. The adult beetles feed and damage tender leaves and spikes. Control Regulation of shade in the plantation reduces the population of the pest in the field. The larvae bore into tender terminal shoots and feed on internal tissues resulting in blackening and decaying of affected shoots. Fully-grown grubs are creamy white and measure about 5 mm in length. The adult is a small black beetle measuring about 2. The grubs bore into and feed on the internal tissues and the infested spikes turn black and decay. the head and thorax being yellowish brown and the fore wings (elytra) black. The pest population is higher during September-October in the field. Plant protection Pests Pollu beetle ( Longitarsus nigripennis ) The pollu beetle (Longitarsus nigripennis) is the most destructive pest of black pepper and is more serious in plains and at altitudes below 300 m. The pest infestation is higher during July to October when numerous succulent shoots are available in the vines. Control 264 . The females lay eggs on tender spikes and berries.The white pepper of commerce is prepared either from freshly harvested berries or dried black pepper using special techniques such as retting. Top shoot borer ( Cydia hemidoxa ) The top shoot borer (Cydia hemidoxa) is a serious pest in younger plantations in all black pepper areas.05%) during July and Neemgold (0.1 are ideal to prepare white pepper.6%) (neem-based insecticide) during August. Spraying thoroughly underside of leaves (where adults are generally seen) and spikes quinalphos (0.5 mm. Water steeping is the most popular technique for preparing white pepper in which ripe pepper berries are soaked in water for 8-10 days and the outer skin is removed. September and October is effective. washed and sun dried. The adult is a tiny moth with a wing span of 10-15 mm with crimson and yellow fore wings and grey hind wings. The term pollu denotes the hollow nature of the infested berries in Malayalam. steaming and decortications. The infested berries also turn black and crumble when pressed. the growth of the vine is affected. Fully-grown larvae are grayish green and measure 12-15 mm in length.05%) during June-July and September-October or quinalphos (0.5 mm x 1. The recovery of white pepper from ripe pepper berries is about 25%. The berries of Panniyur. When successive new shoots are attacked. In severe cases of infestation. Later the infested leaves become crinkled and malformed. The pest infestation is more severe during the post monsoon and summer periods. leaves and berries. repeat spraying at monthly intervals (during July. They feed on plant sap and cause yellowing and wilting of infested portions. The affected vines exhibit varying degrees of root degeneration due to infestation by plant parasitic nematodes. Leaf gall thrips ( Liothrips karnyi ) Infestation by leaf gall thrips (Liothrips karnyi) is more serious at higher altitudes especially in younger vines and also in nurseries in the plains. The larvae and pupae are creamy white. The feeding activity of thrips on leaves causes the leaf margins to curl downwards and inwards resulting in the formation of marginal leaf galls.1%) on affected vines. Spray dimethoate (0. Initiate control measures during early stages of pest infestation.05%) on tender terminal shoots. Scale insects are sedentary. The adults are black and measure 2. The diseased vines exhibit foliar yellowing from October onwards coinciding with depletion of soil moisture. With the onset of south west monsoon during May/June. some of the affected 265 . Slow decline (slow wilt) ( Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita nematodes) Slow decline is a debilitating disease of black pepper. Foliar yellowing. in severe cases of infestation the affected portions of vines dry up. remaining permanently fixed to plant parts and appear as encrustations on stems.05%) during emergence of new flushes in young vines in the field and cuttings in the nursery.October) to protect emerging new shoots.Spray quinalphos (0.0 mm in length.3% or Neemgold 0.5-3. Females of mussel scales are elongated (about 1 mm length) and dark brown and that of coconut scales circular (about 1 mm in diameter) and yellowish brown. Control Spray dimethoate (0. defoliation and die-back are the aerial symptoms of this disease. Control Clip off and destroy severely infested branches. Scales Mussel Scale ( Lepidosaphes Piperis ) and Coconut Scale ( Aspidiotus Destructor) They cause serious damage to black pepper vines at higher altitudes and also to older cuttings in nurseries in the plains. the growth of younger vines and cuttings in the nursery is affected. repeat spraying after 21 days to control the infestation completely.3% or fish oil rosin 3% is also effective in controlling the pest infestation. In nurseries spraying neem oil 0. wilting. defoliation and drying up of a part of the vine. the expression of symptoms is delayed till the cessation of rain and the vine starts showing declining symptoms such as yellowing. Severely affected vines which are beyond recovery should be removed from the plantation and destroyed. The disease spreads to the entire vine. This 266 . The damage to feeder roots is caused by these nematodes and P. Control It is necessary to adopt a combination of fungicide and nematicide application for the management of the disease. The affected vines show varying degrees of feeder root loss and the expression of symptoms on the aerial parts occur after a considerable portion of the feeder roots are lost. capsici in the soil under field conditions. Nematode free rooted cuttings raised in fumigated or solarized nursery mixture should be used for planting in the field. The branches break up at nodes and the entire vine collapses within a month. The pits for planting should be treated with phorate 10 G @ 15 g or carbofuran 3 G @ 50 g at the time of planting. If the main stem at the ground level or the collar is damaged. The tender leaves and succulent shoot tips of freshly emerging runner shoots trailing on the soil turn black when infected. the symptoms reappear in subsequent seasons after the cessation of the monsoon and the diseased vines gradually lose their vigour and productivity. capsici either independently or together in combination. There is no spatial segregation of plant parasitic nematodes and P. However. Diseases Foot rot (quick wilt disease) ( Phytophthora capsici ) It is the most destructive of all diseases and occurs mainly during the south west monsoon season. If the damage is confined to the feeder roots. All parts of the vine are vulnerable to the disease and the expression of symptoms depend upon the site or plant part infected and the extent of damage. Symptoms _ One or more black spots appear on the leaves which have a characteristic fine fibre like projections at the advancing margins which rapidly enlarge and cause defoliation. the entire vine wilts followed by shedding of leaves and spikes with or without black spots.vines recover and put forth fresh foliage. The root system of diseased vines show varying degrees of necrosis and presence of root galls due to infestation by plant parasitic nematodes such as Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita leading to rotting of feeder roots. during intermittent showers due to rain splash. from these infected runner shoots and leaves. all the vines are to be drenched with potassium phosphonate 0. These vines may recover after the rains and survive for more than two seasons till the root infection culminates in collar rot and death of the vine. Drenching and spraying are to be repeated once again during August September. After the receipt of a few monsoon showers (May-June). At the onset of monsoon (May-June).125% metalaxyl mancozeb @ 5-10 litres/vine.3% is to be repeated during August-September.2% @ 5-10 litres/vine. Chemical control Any of the following chemical control measures can be adopted. a third round of drenching may be given during October. Reduced humidity and presence of sunlight reduces the intensity of leaf infection. After the receipt of a few monsoon showers. all the vines are to be drenched at a radius of 45-50 cm with copper oxychloride 0. A foliar spray with Bordeaux mixture 1% is also to be given.may occur during October-November onwards. Cultural practices Adequate drainage should be provided to reduce water stagnation. The branches of support trees must be pruned at the onset of monsoon to avoid build up of humidity and for better penetration of sunlight. apply Trichoderma around the base of the vine @ 50 g/vine (this quantity is recommended for a substrate containing Trichoderma @ 1010 cfu).125% may also be given.The freshly emerging runner shoots should not be allowed to trail on the ground. Control The disease can be controlled by adopting integrated disease management strategies. A second application of Trichoderma and foliar spray of Bordeaux mixture 1% or potassium phosphonate 0. A foliar spray with metalaxyl mancozeb 0.3% is also to be given. A foliar spray with potassium phosphonate 0.If the monsoon is prolonged. 267 . Planting material must be collected from disease free gardens and the nursery preferably raised in fumigated or solarized soil. Phytosanitation removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is essential as this reduces the build up of inoculum (fungal population).3% or Bordeaux mixture 1% is also to be given. A second drenching and spraying with potassium posphonate 0. A foliar spray with potassium phosphonate 0. all the vines are to be drenched with 0.Injury to the root system due to cultural practices such as digging should be avoided. A third round of drenching may be given during October if the monsoon is prolonged. After the receipt of a few monsoon showers.3% are to be given during August-September.3% @ 5-10 litres/vine. They must either be tied back to the standard or pruned off. Stunt disease ( Cucumber mosaic virus and a Badnavirus ) This disease is caused by viruses.Anthracnose (Pollu disease) ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) It can be distinguished from the pollu (hollow berry) caused by the beetle by the presence of characteristic cracks on the infected berries. It spreads through the use of infected stem cuttings and also transmitted through insects like aphids and mealy bugs. ** * 268 . The leaves become small and narrow with varying degrees of deformation and appear leathery. The yield of the affected vines decreases gradually. the discolouration gradually increases and the berries show the characteristic cross splitting. Control Use virus free healthy planting material regular inspection and removal of infected plants and the removed plants may be burnt or buried deep in soil. The affected berries show brown sunken patches during early stages and their further development is affected. Finally. The disease appears towards the end of the monsoon. In later stages.05%. The fungus also causes angular to irregular brownish lesions with a chlorotic haloon the leaves. puckered and crinkled. Control Spray Bordeaux mixture 1%. Insects such as aphids and mealy bugs on the plant or standards should be controlled with insecticide spray such as Dimethoate or Monocrotophos @ 0. The vines exhibit shortening of internodes to varying degrees. the berries turn black and dry. Chlorotic spots and streaks also appear on the leaves occasionally. 269 . 0. However it is grown even in sands in the Coastal areas. sandy loam with PH of 6.449 hectares with estimated annual production of 28.FLOWER CROPS CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemums Spp. It is cultivated on a limited area in our State and is mainly concentrated in the neighbouring areas of big cities like Hyderabad. Depending on the location planting date should be adjusted so that cultivars are exposed to long days during vegetative phase and short days for flowering. underground or aerial.) Chrysanthemums are grown for their showy fragrant flowers. A sizeable area is also developed near Tirupati in Chittoor district.5-7. It is highly sensitive to waterlogged conditions. The total area under Chrysanthemum in Andhra Pradesh is about 2. This is also cultivated on a large scale in sandy tracts of Coastal Andhra. It can be successfully grown up to an altitude of 1200m from MSL. Visakhapatnam etc. 270 .164 tonnes Soil and Climate Soil should be well drained. It is a short day plant responds differently to their environments. 3. 4. 2) Anemones. It is suggested that 4 ft wide beds are made so that while picking there will not be trampling and damage of plants. the stem is cut back just above the ground. Propagation Chrysanthemum is propagated vegetatively either through suckers. there are variations in colour ranging between yellow to red with different shades of admixture. Medium flower types or Patnam Chamanti and 3.Punjab Anuradha 3. This induces the formation of side suckers which are separated from the mother plant and are planted in sand bed. The advantages of this 1. 60kg of P2O5/ha in the shape of Superphospate can also be incorporated in the last ploughing. Basanthi 2. Varieties All the cultivated types can be broadly classified into three groups. Among these three types. Preparation of Land The land is ploughed 3 to 4 times in March-April and 25-30 t/ha of farmyard manure applied in the last ploughing and the land is made into beds of convenient size. 5) Large flowered. 1.CO-1 4. White Ratlam selection IIHR-13 IIHR-6 Baggi 271 . 3) Pompons. The following varieties are suitable for loose flowers in our state.Flower Types In chrysanthemum flowers are classified by the kind and arrangement of florets into five broad groups 1) Singles. Silper 6. Yellow 1.Yellow Gold 5. Suckers After flowering. cuttings and by Micro propagation. The small flower type known as Nakshatra Chamanti or Kasturi Chamanthi 2. Well rooted suckers can be directly transplanted to field. main season for the crop is from June – July. This is usually raised from suckers after the harvest of main crop in February-March. The crop can be started in Feb-March by planting the suckers.Raichur Season It is a cool season crop. 2. Large flower types which are mostly used for flower decorations and for cut flowers. 4) Decorative. These cuttings are put in sand beds in semi shade conditions and watered immediately and thereafter regularly. The cuttings are ipped in 2500 PPM Indole butyric acid or either in Seradex/Keradex (rooting hormone). Irrigation depends on soil and weather conditions. Intercultivation and Irrigation The crop is to be irrigated twice a week in the first month and subsequently at weekly intervals. The slips are then allowed to grow for the ratoon. The well rooted suckers/cuttings are planted in beds at a spacing of 30 x 30 cm. It is also not economical to take more than two ratoons. the soil is made loose. normally 8-10 times. The entire Phosphate is to be applied as basal dose in the last ploughing. The slips should be planted at a spacing of 90cm either way after irrigating the field. the soft wood cuttings of 58. Nursery raised in 8-10 cents will be sufficient for planting a hectare. it is planted in February-March also. One or two ratoon crops are also taken up after the harvest of the first crop. The best time of planting is June-July. 160kg P20 and 80 kg K20 per acre as a basal dose. Normally nursery would be planted for multiplication in February-March. Planting It can also be raised by planting a nursery. 272 . One hectare will require about one lakh slips. Some times. Weeding and hoeings’s generally done manually as and when required. Besides control of weeds. The stems of the plants will be cut close to the ground and the crop is earthed up with a liberal dose of FYM and superphosphate. Top dress the crop with 50 kg Nitrogen /ac at the time of first pinching. A life irrigation should be given on the third day. Manures and Fertilizers This crop requires a high dose of organic manure which is applied as basal dressing in the form of FYM and oil cakes. porous to provide aeration. their easy establishment and almost no mortality. After well preparation of land 10-12 tons/acre of well decomposed farm yard manure is incorporated into the soil.080 are needed for planting in one acre. Apply 50 kg of nitrogen. While separating slips for planting.method are natural availability of suckers. they should be lifted with care with their roots intact. This crop may give less yield and the flowers size also may be reduced. Terminal cuttings These cuttings are taken from a healthy stock plant. The main disadvantages are transmission of parental disease to progeny and lack of uniformity and poor flower quality. 5-7 cm length cuttings are made by shearing basal leaves and cutting half of the open leaves. so that the number of flowers is limited and blooms of better size are obtained. Each picking would give about 40-50 thousand flowers per acre. The harvesting of the crop commences from December-January and lasts upto February-March depending upon the age of the plant (i. In such types two pinchings are required to encourage lateral growth. Flowers can be plucked by hand picking at 4 days interval with or without pedicel (stalk) for loose flowers purpose. Yield. Plant Protection Pests Aphids ( Macrosiphoniella sanborni ) There are only a few flowering varieties which neither require pinching nor staking and hence known as ‘no stage no pinch’ varieties. 6. In standard chrysanthemum regular disbudding is done to produce single flowers on single stems. The natural blooming season. Spray Chrysanthemum These types produce numerous small to medium sized flowers. for most of the regions lasts from July to February with traditional cultivars and techniques.Horticultural Practices Staking Staking is necessary to provide the support whether the plants are grown in pots or in field.per kg giving a gross income of Rs.to 7. packaging and Economics Flowering season varies from region to region.per acre annually. The yield will be reduced by about one fourth of this in the ratoon crop. 6 to 7. Disbudding Disbudding is done to remove the side branches which arise from axillary buds. 273 .5 lakhs flowers weighing about 600-700 kg valued @ Rs. The yield ranges from 9 to 10 tonnes of loose flower per acre.000/. Harvesting Depending on the variety plants start yielding flowers after 3-4 months of transplanting. 10 to 15/.000/. The correct stage of harvesting depends upon the cultivar. planting time).e. First pinching is done at 4 weeks after planting and second after 7 weeks of planting or approximately 100 days before full bloom. One can harvest the flower around 15 times. Pinching The objective of pinching is to encourage the side branches and it should be repeated to encourage more number of branches depending upon the number of blooms to be retained. marketing and purpose etc.e. i. reduced flower size. Control Spraying of Acephate or Cartap hydrochloride or Ethofenprox or Dimethoate at 0. Two or three sprays of Methyl parathion or Quinolphos at 0.Greenish black nymphs and chocolate brown adults suck the cell sap from growing shoots and lower surface of leaves. Honey dew secreted by aphids favours development of sooty mould. Larvae feed on growing flowers causing considerable flower loss. Leaf folder ( Hedylepta indicate ) Pale white eggs are laid singly or in small groups on lower side of leaves. Control Sprays Endosulfan 0. Damage results in loss of vigour. Damaged flowers discoloured. Affected leaves become skeletonized and dry. Spraying of NPV of Helicoverpa @ 250 LE/ha also gives effective control. dark lesions on roots.05%. ) Slender white nymphs and black adults feed on tender leaves causing silvering. Bud borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Round cream coloured eggs are deposited singly on bracts and petals of buds. withered and dried due to scorching.1% to control pupae. The larvae also damage flowers by feeding on petal. 274 . Spray Dimethoate or Oxydemeton methyl at 0.01% give effective control of leaf folder.07% or Methyl parathion 0. Thrips ( Microcephalothrips abdominalis.05%.01% at appearance of eggs. Control Spraying of pongamia oil or neem oil 2% gives significant mortality of aphid. Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus coffeae ) Stunting of plants with premature yellowing and drying of leaves. mottling and distortion of leaves. yellowing and premature leaf fall and stunted growth. Frankiniella spp. Drench the soil with chlorpyriphos 0. 2 to 3 days at 15 days interval. Control Cutting and buming of infected parts.05% or Fenvalerate 0. Green larva with brown head folds leaves together and feeds on chlorophyll.05% or Fenvalerate 0. Control Besides fungicides like Captan.5kg/ha. Diseases Wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum. Phytophthora sp.01% Methyl parathion to aerial parts. The apical leaves show curving and necrosis. 275 . soil solarization is useful. Bud and leaf nematode ( Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi ) Interveinal discolouration of leaves and their death. Stem rot ( Fusarium solani ) The symptoms appear as leaf chlorosis. Spray 0. Control Soil treatment with Thiophanate methyl or a combination of Benlate + Lime + nitrate is effective.Control Apply neem cake 1t/ha or Carbofuran 2. small dark streaks are seen at the base of the stem. At the base of the plants above the soil surface dark streaks are common. Control Hot water treatment of ‘stools’ at 46 OC for 5 minutes. Control Drenching the soil with Thiophanate methyl or combination of Benlate + lime + nitrate are effective.02% Thionazin or 0. ) Root rot is common in wet weather conditions. Mancozeb. chrysanthemi ) The infected plants show chlorosis and necrosis starting from lower leaves. This disfigures the leaves and often results in defoliation. necrosis and decay and discolouration of pith and the adjacent vascular region of the cortex. Powdery mildew ( Oidium chrysanthemi ) The symptoms appear as powdery coating on the leaves. When flower buds are about to open. Metalaxyl and Fosetyl-Al. Dead leaves do not drop. Root decay is noticed only in the advanced stages of infection.. f. Control Use sulphur fungicides or Carbendazim. The nematode spread up the plant from base. Root rot ( Pythium sp. Under high soil moisture the affected plants will suddenly. Varieties producing yellow flowers are also grown in some places. Care should be taken to protect the germinating seedlings from cut worms by dusting Carbaryl 5% on the beds.. red loamy soils with pH range of 6 to 7. Fertile. CROSSANDRA (Crossandra infundibuliformis) Crossandra flowers are very popular for their bright colour. The seeds will loose their viability very soon and hence only freshly extracted seedsshould be used. Deep orange coloured flowers are of great demand for garlands and hair adornments. Preparation of Land The land is ploughed 4-6 times.000 seedlings/acre at a spacing of 30 x 50 cm. Septoria chrysanthemella ) The infection first appears on the lowermost leaves. mostly in home gardens. Control Spraying of Mancozeb at 10-15 day intervals offer good control. These are perennials and are propagated by cuttings or seed. The total area under Crossandra in Andhra Pradesh is about 3. Propagation Propagation is by seeds or stem cuttings. The damping off disease can be controlled by applying wettable ceresin (1g/l) to the seed beds. light-weight and keeping quality. The small dark brown spots with yellow surroundings merge and in the advanced stages the entire foliage rots. Seeds and Sowing Seeds are sown in June-July in raised beds. Seedlings are transplanted on the sides of the ridges (40 cm).868 tonnes Soil Crossandra can be cultivated in a wide range of soils. which rot completely. 25 t/ha of farmyard manure is applied in the last ploughing and ridges are formed or beds and channesla re formed at convenlent size (60cm apart). When the flowering starts the infection occurs on flower buds. Seeds are to treated with mancozeb or carbendazim @ 2g/Kg seed before sowing them on the raised nursery beds. Varieties The common variety under cultivation is the one producing orange coloured flowers.084 hectares with estimated annual production of 9.5 and rich in organic matter are ideal for its cultivation. About 2 to 2 ½ kg of seeds will be required per ha which will accommodate about 50. Vigorous growth of the seedlings can be promoted by applying Ammonium sulphate solution (25g/10 lit of water) to 276 .Leaf spot and flower blight ( Alternaria sp. White scale ( Orthezia insignis ) Yellowish nymphs and dark brown adult scales are seen in large numbers under leaves and on petioles and stem. The application of fertilizers is to be necessarily followed by irrigation. Manuring The crop is top dressed 3-4 times with 25-20-45 kg/acre of N: P 2O5 : K2O each time. Dried flower stalks and branches are to be removed at regular intervals. favours development of sooty mould which harms the plant growth. The seedlings will be ready for transplanting with in 50-60 days after sowing. Honey dew secreted by Orthezia sp. When the seedlings develop 3-4 leaves they are ready for transplanting. Harvest and yield Crossandra flowers within two to three months after planting and continues to bear flowers throughout the year with a lean production during rainy months. The seedlings are transplanted at a spacing of 30-50cm. Application of Carbofuran granules at 1 kg a. Before planting. an yield of 5 to 7 kg of flowers will be obtained. at 3. increases the flower yield and also quality. Control Removal and burning of infested portion of plants prevents further spread. The crop can be retained in the filed for about 3 years.05% at fortnightly intervals. cuttings are used. about 500-700 kg of flowers per hectare/year will be obtained. Intercultivation Weeding once or twice may be done during the first two months. In the case of triploid varieties like Delhi. After 6 months. 277 .i./ha and spraying of dimethoate @ 2ml/lt or acephate @1gm/lt or Chlorpyriphos 0. Plant Protection Pests Brown Scale ( Saissetia nigra ). Application of Zinc sulphate @ 5gm/lt 60 days after transplanting Irrigation Immediately after planting. Cuttings should be transplanted when sufficient roots are developed. Harvesting of flowers is to be done on alternate days.9 and 15 months after transplanting . it is better to dip the roots of the seedlings in wet Ceresan solution to prevent the incidence of wilt disease.6. the crop has to be irrigated twice a week and later irrigation is to be provided at 7-10 days interval based on climate and soil conditions. Flowers are to be picked early in the morning by pulling the corolla out of the calyx. Flowers will be available for picking for six months in a year. Severe infestation results in stunted growth and leaves turn yellow and drop. At each picking. After that it has to be removed as it would not be economical to keep it.the seed beds twice a week. 05% at fortnightly interval repeated twice.Mealy bugs Nymphs and adults suck the sap and weaken the plants. Control Apply neem cake 2 kg/m2 in nursery beds. The affected plants shows brown to black colored spots and lesions on the roots. Control Spray Dimethoate @ 2ml/lt or Acephate @1gm/lt or Phosalone 0. Control Spray dimethoate @ 2ml/lt or acephate @1gm/lt. Nematodes They are serious pests in crossandra.5 kg/ha or neem cake 1t/ha. The incidence of the disease is found nematode Control It can be controlled by application of phorate @ 1g per plant. Soil application of Carbofuran 2. Application of FYM and interplanting with marigold or pangola grass are helpful. It is prevalent during August-November and heavy infestation leads to chlorosis and development of sooty mould. reduction in yield (22%). In severe conditions. plants are stunted in growth and finally death occurs. ) It occurs in large numbers on the undersurface of leaves.05% or Fenthion 0. Needle nematode ( Longidorus africanus ) Stunting of plants with pinkish to purple and yellow coloured leaves. Diseases Wilt ( Fusarium solani ) Wilt caused by Fusarium solani will result in yellowing of leaves and death of the plants. Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ). reduction in inflorescence and flower size. Foot and Root rot ( Phytophthora nicotianae ) to be more in the presence of root lesion 278 . Water logged conditions are to be avoided. Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus delatrei ). White files ( Lipaleyrodes sp. retardation of root growth with brown to black spindle shaped lesions/galls. Control They can be controlled by application of 4-5 quintals of neemcake per acre during last ploughing. At the time of planting apply Furadan granules 2 8-10 Quintals per acre. symptoms appear as brown lesions on rootlets followed by rotting of the entire rootlet. The Indian Institute of Horticulture Research. 279 . Control Growing seedlings in raised beds drenched with Captan.0 is ideal. prophylactic application of Captaf as soil drench at the time of planting in the main field and application of Fosetyl Al as soil drench 2-3 times at monthly interval during mosoon season are effective.glamorous beauty. For commercial cultivation. Propagation Gladiolus is usually grown from its corms which are available with nurserymen and gladiolus growers. The total area under Gladiolus in Andhra Pradesh is about 12 hectares with estimated annual production of 30 tonnes Soils Loamy to sandy loam soil is best suited for gladiolus cultivation. Nazrana.5-7. The leaves show pink discolouration and drooping. cooler climate is always preferable. application of neem-cake to control nematode infestation. Adding sand to make it porous can amend light clay soil. Clay soil is also not suitable for gladiolus cultivation. Water logging with high salinity areas are to avoided. 3-4 cm diameter corms are to be selected for planting which would start yielding after 90 days of plantation. Poonam. GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus spp. Meera. In advanced stages of infection wilting of whole plant can be noticed. however. the corms should not be used for planting. Corms usually have dormancy period of 70-90 days. So immediately after uprooting. Soil pH of 6.) Gladiolus is has gained a wide popularity because of its. Apsara. Gladiolus has got high commercial value and it is a boon to the florists all over the world. ) Drying up of flowers during winter months are symptoms. Control Spray Mancozeb at fortnightly interval. Bangalore has developed several hybrids like Sapna. Young flowers fail to open on infection. it is always advisable to propagate through corms. Flower blight ( Alternaria sp.In young seedlings. Shova etc. Climate It can be grown in all climates. On the collar region peculiar brown rot can be seen. Manures and Fertilizers Basal dose of 8-10 tons/acre of FYM. Otherwise. dust. Planting of marigold immediately after gladiolus helps in rebuilding the soil and eradication of nematodes. Even December planting is also recommended.Spacing The corms are planted at a spacing of 30 X 20cm. It is highly essential to stake the plant when they are 15 cm high in order to provide shelter from wind and biomass pressure. Mulching and Stirring Gladiolus requires periodic stirring of soil for more aeration and percolation of soil water to facilitate the growth of the plants as well as the flowers. The spikes should be cut with 30 inches stalk during evening hours and packed into bundles of 12 or dozen and kept overnight in wet linen. Sword like foliage grows upwardly in one plane. Before planting the scaly portion of the corms are to be removed and they are dipped in mancozeb 2g or carbendazim 1g/lt of solution. Mulching with coconut fiber. Bundled spikes are transported to the market in bamboo baskets with wet new papers or linen as lining. dried leaves etc. 15-20Kg N. Harvesting Gladiolus takes 80 to 140 days to produce spikes depending upon the variety. Later 30-35Kg N is to be applied two times as top dressing at 3 and 6 leaves stage. Usually gladiolus is harvested as blooming spikes which sell in the market. Planting Land is prepared during sep-Oct and corms are planted up to Nov. adds to the growth of Gladiolus. 30-35Kg P2O5 and 30-35 Kg K2O are applied to the field. Crop rotation It is highly desirable to resort to crop rotation which acts as prophylaxis against pests and diseases. grass clippings. Staking After 10 to 15 days of planting. 280 . the plants as well as heavy spikes will grow crookedly. the corms strikes out buds or shoots which come above the ground level. Infested corms produce stunted plants with yellow and distorted leaves. along with systemic insecticides like Thimet or Furadan. Plant Protection Pests Cut worms( Agrotis segetum ) Grown up clay coloured larvae cut the plants at ground level. or planting out corms. All infest the foliage and also transmit virus diseases. Corms in storage are also attacked by thrips. globular. Control 281 . but good sanitation is very important when digging up.5 mm long. Gradually the water supply is reduced till the leaves get dried naturally. Cut worms also damage underground corms and developing spikes. pink.1% in wheat bran and molasses in the field controls the larvae. Early infestations are found around the basal plate of the old corm. Aphids are slow moving and plump bodied insects. Infested corms are sticky. Control Hot water treatment will kill the mites. storing. get shriveled and produce weak plants.Once the spikes are cut out. the leaves begin to turn yellow. Aphids Several species of aphids attack gladiolus. brown and black forms occur. After 3 . Malathion etc. Thrips ( Taeniothrips simplex ) Yellow coloured nymphs and black adults damage leaves and spikes by rasping tissues and sucking the sap. Poison bait consisting of carbaryl or malathion at 0. Control Spraying contact insecticides like Rogor. Bulb mite ( Rhizoglyphusechinopus ) This slow moving mite is about 0. The colour varies with the species and green yellow. and yellow-white with brownish legs. Roots are destroyed first and stems are attacked later. turn brown. Plants are vulnerable to attack up to 3 leaf stage. Affected leaves and spikes develop silver streaks. Control Plouging during summer exposes pupae to predators.4 weeks corms are lifted from the ground along with cormels produced by corms and stored in cool and dry place . Corms can be completely destroyed by the combined action of the mites and micro-organisms that invade the damaged tissue. Metacid. get deformed and dry when attack is severe. yellowing of leaves and heavy galling on roots. Control Use nematode free planting material. Fusarium corm rot or wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum. It is also suggested to treat the corms in a solution of Bavistin prior to planting in the field. Carvularia. In advanced stages of infection. gladioli ) In worm soil. Control Can be controlled by spraying mancozeb at weekly or 10 days interval. Stunted growth. Corms when cut open show brown spots or streaks usually at the base.8OC for 30 minutes. Root-knot Nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. f. Fusarium etc. it is advisable to destroy the infected corms from the field and to spray systemic fungicide like Bavistin on the soil as well as on the plants in the affected field.Spray Acephate 0. Neck rot ( Pseudomonas marginata. 282 . Hot water treatment of corms at 57. the plants show wilting. Stomatinia gladioli. the plant is attacked by Botrytis . ) Gladiolus is also attacked by root-knot nematode causing wilting of the plants. Diseases Gladiolus is highly susceptible to fungal attacks by fungi like Stromatinia. Leaf and flower blight ( Curvularia trifoli. Botrytis gladiodotum ) Stromatinia causes neck rot stunting the growth of the plant and forming brown or black spots on the corms.eragrostidis ) In warm and humid weather.. Control Spray Bavistin or Captan. The initial symptom is yellowing of older leaves. fusarium attacks the corms causing fusarium corm rot. Intercropping or crop rotation with marigold.yet another fungus causing brown patches on upper side of the leaves which turns grey. In cool and humid weather. oval brown spots appear on the young leaves and later on spreads to stems and spikes which is caused by Curvularia fungus.sp. along with systemic insecticides like Thimet or Furadan. Metacid. Apply Furadan granules @ 8-10 q / acre or Carbofuran/Phorate (1g/m2). Malathion etc. Spike develop dark green colour and petals also develop dark colour.1% 2-3 times at 10 days interval or spraying contact insecticides like Rogor. C. whereas the inner leaves remain green. Control In order to control the disease. 400 tonnes Soil and Climate Jasmine can be planted on a wide range of soils. Well-drained sandy loams and red loams are ideal for its cultivation.JASMINE (Jasminum sps. 1.880 hectares with estimated annual production of 24. Its flower buds are white with single or multi whorled petals. The main areas of production of these flowers in our State are Hyderabad. The fully double small flowered Arabian jasmine (Gundumalle). 2. adorning hair. Three important species and their varieties are given below: Jasminum sambac It is common known as Arabian jasmine. Ananthapur and Chittoor districts. The jasmine oil has great export potential in addition to its use for medicinal purpose. Important varieties are Gundumalle Motia Virupakshi 283 . Loose flowers are also used for extraction of essential oil which is used in the preparation of perfumes and scented water. which bears flowers profusely. Jasminum sambac is usually accepted as commercial jasmine which is a shrub. This is the most commercial type. 3. Semi double type of jasmine called Dontara Malle. Single flowered Arabian jasmine. The total area under Jasmine in Andhra Pradesh is about 4. The flowers are highly fragrant and used for religious offerings in temples and highly preferred by ladies for adorming their hair and also used for preparing garlands. In clayey soils. Guntur.) Jasmine is one of the important flower crops grown on commercial scale in certain selected areas of Andhra Pradesh. The large double or Tuscan type of jasmine (Boddu Malle) also called as the grand duke of Tuscany. Kurnool. decoration and extraction of perfume. climbing and erect growing species and cultivars. there is increased vegetative growth and reduced flowering. 4. worshipping. Rangareddy. used for garland making. They give good yield in low rainfall conditions. Varieties There are trailing. There are four types in Jasminum sambac. It is a tropical crop and grows well in moderate humid conditions. Prakasam. It is the most common species in India. Cuddapah. Jui. Malle. Flowers are white. often tinged with purple outside. They are suitable for planting in shrubbery. It is a scandent shrub having shiny leaves with minute lateral leaflets. Large single flowers are delightfully fragrant. Important varieties are Co-1 Pitchi Co-2 Pitchi Thimmapura Lucknow Jasminum auriculatum Commonly known as Juhi. axillary or terminal and 5 petalled. Simple and compound layering methods are followed during June – July to October – November. Presently concrete is extracted from its flowers. IAA (1000 ppm) and NAA (5000 ppm). Co-1 Mullai Co-2 Mullai Long Round Short Point Short Round Propagation Layering and cutting are the main propagation methods. Mullai. Better rooting of cuttings can be obtained by planting in coarse sand and also by using any of the rooting hormones like IBA (5000 ppm). Planting 284 . occasionally trifoliate. The plants produce numerous star shaped. Mokggu. It flowers from March to September. It is a large shrub in striate branches having pinnate leaves. adorning hair. Black type of this species is grown in home gardens. Leaves are mostly simple. The flowers are commonly used for garlands. worship and decoration. arches and pergolas. Jasmine sambac is propagated by cuttings and layers while Jasminum grandiflorum (Jathimalli) is propagated by layers and by stem cuttings.Sujimalli Madanabanam Ramabanam Jasminum grandiflorum It is a climbing type and is commonly called as “Sannajaji”. decorative bunches or veni. The flowers are borne in pubescent compound many flowered flax cymes. Its high yielding varieties are. compound with 7-9 leaflets of equal sizes. Flowers are used in making garlands. white scented blooms and are very good as loose flowers. Layers will be ready for planting within 90-120 days. Adavi malle and Ambur Malliage. It bears flowers from spring to summer and in rainy season. auriculatum J. Species Planting distance 1.After ploughing the land. In some places tank silt and horse manure are also applied to get high yields. pits of about 40 x 40 x 40 cm size are taken and filled with topsoil and 15 kg well-rotten FYM. at the rate of 100 g per plant per month. 120g P2O5 and 120g K2O 100g N.2 x 1.2 m 1.sambac J. After pruning. After flowering is over. Jasminum auriculatum is generally pruned during Jan. Planting distance depends on the species and also on soil and environmental conditions. 60g N. groundnut oil cake etc. the water supply can be cut off.Feb months.8 m 2.8 x 1.auriculatum J. With the approaching of winter the bushes start to shed the leaves. the leaves are also to be removed and irrigated profusely so as to encourage vegetative growth on which flower buds are developed during the season. J.grandiflorum 90g N. 150g P2O5 and 100g K2O This has to be supplemented with organic manures like neem cake. To promote good flowering water is withheld to the bushes in the 2nd fortnight of November which throws the plant to rest and shed the leaves.grandiflorum Irrigation Planting is usually done during June – August. 120g P2O5 and 240g K2O – four times at two months interval. The bushes are trimmed back to half the height (45 cm from the ground level) during mid December – January. The fertilizer recommendation also differs with the species grown. Irrigation is most important for jasmines. Constant and adequate water supply (irrigating twice a week) in light soils during peak flowering season (March –October) is essential for high yield of flowers. Pruning The pruning of jasmine is an important operation.sambac J. Before pruning irrigation is to be with held and all the dried and diseased twigs are to be removed. The manures are usually applied after pruning the bushes once in June-July and again December-January. Weed control 285 . Manures and Fertilizers The plants are usually manured once in every year with organic manures in January before flush season commences at 10-12kg of FYM per plant.5 m J.0 x 1. The plants are defoliated. tender shoots and flower buds. March-August) while climbing types (Jatimalli) will flower throughout the year. Control Spray 0.20% carbaryl Stick Bugs ( Antestia cruciata ) Adults and nymphs of this bug suck the sap from leaves.0 1. Harvest The layers will start flowering from 2nd year after planting and the commercial yields commence from third year onwards. Control Spray 0.15 – 0. Larva is greenish with pale body hairs and black head.05% Malathion Thrips ( Thrips orientalis ) Nymphs and adults attack the flowers. Pests Bud and Shoot borer (Hendecasis duplifascialis) Caterpillar makes hole on the flower bud and feeds on the inner content.auriculatum J.0 J. Adult .Petals are eaten by the larvae.06% Dimethoate (2ml/lit) 286 .grandiflorum Since the jasmine flowers are highly perishable and will have to be disposed off in the market within few hours after picking. Larva attacks 2 -3 buds .8-4. Yield Yield of flowers and jasmine oil vary according to the species and management practices. with peak flowering in June-July. The Jasminum sambac varieties flower profusely in summer and also in rainy season (i.8-3. Brown streaks are seen on flower petals. Plant Protection Jasmine is comparatively a hardly plant.6 1.20% carbaryl or 0.15 – 0.Manual weeding is effective but expensive.06% Dimethoate (2ml/lit) Spray 0.small white moth with black wavy lines on hind wings and abdomen.e.0-2. Use of weedicides like paraquat is also practiced.sambac J. reducing the market value. Species Flower Yield (t/ac) 1. Control Spray 0. size and good keeping quality.1% benomyl Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporium) Wilt slowly kills the root system of the jasmine. planting of marigold is done in 3 three seasons’ i. (African Marigold – Tagetes erecta) (French Marigold – Tagetes patula) Climate Marigold requires mild climate for luxuriant growth and flowering. And as it progresses. Control Spray 0.Can be controlled by spraying 0. infected leaves curl and dry at the margins. shape.Disease Leaf blight ( Cercospora jasminicola ) Jasmine plants affected with leaf blight develop red-brown circular spots on their upper surface. Planting of African marigold after 1st week of February and before 1st week of July greatly affects the quality and yield of flowers. The infection spreads rapidly. MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula) Marigold is one of the most important flowering annuals cultivated in India. summer and winter. but is not dangerous. It has gained popularity on account of its easy culture and wide adaptability. So staggered planting between 1st week 287 . starving the plant of essential nutrients. wide attractive colours. Leaf blight severely reduces flower production.2% zineb or any Copper fungicide. Uprooted jasmine plants with wilt show roots that are blackened in patches and girdled with the white mycelia that cause the disease. Rust ( Uromyces hobsoni ) Brown coloured pustules develop on the lower surface of the leaves and in severe cases on stems and flowers. In severe cases shoots.e rainy. especially during the rainy season.2% mancozeb or 0. Control Can be controlled with 1% Bordeaux mixture. buds and young branches dry out as well. Depending on environmental condition. Control Spray affected plants with bordeaux mixture to control the disease. sandy loam soil rich in organic matter is best suitable.0 to 7. Propagation Marigold is generally propagated either by seed or by herbaceous cuttings. Seeds can be sown on nursery beds in lines in shallow furrows. well drained. however maximum yield can be obtained from September planted crop.of July to 1st week of February at monthly intervals assures supply of flowers to market over an extended period from October to April. Neither too acidic not too alkaline soils with p H 6. During preparation of nursery beds 8-10 Kg of well decomposed farm yard manure per 1sq. Rainy season 2. Varieties Pusa Narangi Gainda Pusa Basanti Gainda Season Season 1. Soil It can be grown in a wide range of soils except water logged conditions. However. Seeds germinate 5-7 days after sowing. it produces more vegetative growth and do not produce any flowers. The width of the seed bed should not be more than 1. Selection of site A sunny location is ideal for marigold cultivation. Under shade. Before sowing of seeds a little amount of folidol dust is applied to the nursery bed to avoid ant or termite infestation.m bed is thoroughly mixed with the soil. Rainfall during rainy season and high temperatures during summer will affected the flower quality. By herbaceous cuttings 288 . Winter 3. However the straw should be removed as soon as the seedlings are visible above the soil. Summer season Sowing time Middle of June Middle of August First week of January Transplanting Middle of July Middle of September First week of February Highest yields are upturned when planted in September. By Seed Seed rate for marigold varies from 0.5 are suitable.8 – 1 Kg per acre and takes about 5-7 days for germination. During winter beds should be covered with a layer of straw to accelerate germination process. a deep fertile soil having good water holding capacity.2m and height should be 15 cm. Spacing Proper spacing between plants is required for better development of plants and for higher flower yield. Therefore these are usually multiplied by herbaceous cuttings. 1) African marigold 60 X 30 cm or 45 X 30cm. preferably one week after transplanting and rest half nitrogen should be applied one month after the first application. Gaint African orange do not set seed. 80 kgs of P2O5 and 80 kgs of K2O per acre. Regular watering should be done to keep the bed in moist conditions. Before putting the cuttings in rooting medium the basal portion of the cuttings is treated with a hormone powder which is marketed as seradix B-1. a great loss would occur in terms of growth and productivity of marigold particularly during rainy season. Apical shoots of 10cm long are usually used for vegetative propagation. Irrigate after application. Transplanting of seedlings Land should be ploughed 2 to 3 times to bring the soil to a fine tilth. Irrigation At all stages of vegetative growth (55-60 days) and during flower production sufficient amount of moisture in soil is essential. Moisture stress at any stage affects normal 289 . With in 8-10 days. Half of nitrogen. If the weeds are not removed in time.Varieties like Gaint African yellow. entire dose of phosphorus and potash should be applied as basal dose. Watering of nursery bed one day prior to uprooting will lessen the damage to root system. Rootex-1 to encourage profuse and early rooting. One month old seedlings with 3-4 leaves are fit for transplanting. rooting is observed in the cuttings which are later used as planting materials. Herbaceous cuttings each with one or two pair of leaves are inserted in sand medium either in seed pan or nursery bed. Shade should be provided initially to the beds. 2) French marigold 20 X 20cm or 20 X15cm Manures and Fertilizers Incorporate 20 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure during the last ploughing. Intercultural operations In marigold control of weeds is an important operation. Apply 20-40 kg N. The following spacing is recommended for marigold. Uprooting of seedlings and transplanting should be done in the evening hours for better establishment. Hoeing and weeding should be done 3 to 4 times during the crop period to make the soil loose and weed free. In sandy loam soil. Seed Seeds should be collected only from winter crop. In lighter soils more frequent irrigations are required than in heavy soils. weekly irrigation is necessary between September to March while during summer months between April to June irrigation at 4-5 days intervals is required. Harvesting should be done either in the morning or evening hours. After the formation of terminal flower bud. Packing After harvest. flowers are packed in moist gunny bags or bamboo baskets covered with moist cloth or polythene sheets and sent to market. plants first grow upwards to their final height and later on produce a terminal flower. Plant Protection Pests 290 . large number of axillary shoots arise resulting in well shaped bushy plant bearing more number of uniform sized flowers. Giant double African yellow and orange do not require pinching as the plants are bushy and branching type. However. Normally 4-6 tonnes of flowers per acre can be obtained. Removal of apical portion of shoot is known as pinching. African marigold 120-150 Kg /ac French marigold 400-500 Kg/ac. However. Harvesting Marigold flowers are plucked when they attain full size.growth and flowering. Field should be irrigated before harvesting of flowers so that the flowers keep well for longer period after harvest. Yield Flower Yield of flowers varies with type and variety. Pinching In tall cultivars of African marigold. may give 10 tonnes of flowers per acre. Productivity of plants increases considerably by regular plucking of flowers. Giant African yellow when planted in September. It is observed that pinching at 40 days after transplanting enhances flower yield. if the apical portion of shoot is removed early. However. axillary branches develop which also bear flower. rolfsii. Control Soil fumigation and planting healthy seedlings. Affected leaves get distorted.05% or Moncrotophos 0. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the flowers causing discoloration and withering. Cerospora sp. Mancozeb and Metalaxyl. In nurseries the infection results in damping off and is aggravated by high soil moisture. Leveillula taurica ) The fungi cause powdery patches on leaves. Control Two or three sprays of Oxydemeton methyl. Pythium ultimum. Sprays of Endosulfan 0. Larvae feed on developing flowers by damaging florets.07% or Methyl Parathion 0. Diseases Wilt and Stem rot ( Phytophthora cryptogea) The fungus attack roots and collar portions of the plants. Control Spraying fungicides regularly. Control Spraying of Oxydemeton methyl 0. Septoria sp. Scelrotinia slerotiarum ) Rotting of root and collar portions is noticed resulting in wilting of the plant. Larvae of Phycita sp.. Control Treat soil with Captaf. ) Brown circular and brownish grey spots appear. Leaf spot and blight ( Alternaria sp. at 10 days interval. Aphids ( Aphis gossypii ) Aphids mainly infest lower surface of flowers and base of petals. feed on heads of buds and flowers. Thrips Thirps infest young leaves.05%. Collar and root rot ( Pellicularia filamentosa. Diemthoate 0. 291 . ) Eggs are laid singly on young buds. Powdery mildew ( Oidium sp. P.Bud caterpillars ( Helicoverpa armigera and Phycita sp. In the field the infected plants show wilting.. buds and flowers and suck the sap.05%.05%. while petals of flowers turn brown and dirty. Control Collection and destruction of infested buds and flowers. crossing with new introductions gave rise to the important groups of the Noisettes and the Bourbons. Soils rich in organic matter with good water holding capacity are ideal for its cultivation. The period after 1800 A.D. The tea roses were prized for their continuous flowering habit while Hybrid perpetuals included varieties of magnificent size and rich perfume. At a temperature below 10° C flowering is affected and blind shoots and bull heads are developed.gigantea from the far East. R.D. Shady area is not at all suitable for rosary. R. Floribundas and miniatures are the different types of roses.P. Fenerimol. was notable because of the influence of perpetually flowering types derived from R. and those after 1800 A. Rose is very sensitive to saline soils as sodium carbonate which is present in the saline soil is harmful to the plants. Soils Sandy-loam. Carbendazim. Climate Rose usually dislikes humid climate. Triadimefon.0 to 7. There are about 120 species of roses distributed in the North temperate and sub tropical parts of both the hemispheres. Penconazole and Triforine. 292 . but can tolerate high temperature. The rose has been used in rituals. Mostly Hybrid teas and Floribundas are grown in A.gallica. Among Hybrid Teas Gladiator. Further. Rose plant should receive 8 hours exposure to sun rays.wichuraiana have played an important role. Raktima. Cultivated roses can be grouped under two categories those in cultivation before 1800 A. R.Chinensis and R.) Flowers are among the loveliest objects on this earth. Rose is estimated to be more than thirty million years old and has figures in the myths and legends. pottery and embroidery. As far as the garden roses of the world are concerned.moschata and R. The soil pH of 6. as a motif in architectural decoration. complex crossing ultimately gave rise to the great groups of Tea roses and the Hybrid perpetuals.fortida. red-loam.gigantea.5 is ideal for rose.D. in beautiful designs in jewellery. is the poetry and music. Varieties Hybrid teas. R.Control Foliar application of sulphur compounds. ROSE (Rosa sp. Among them rose is the queen. silty-loam soil are best suited for rose cultivation. Teas The tea roses are not as hardy and resistant to cold as the Hybrid Perpetuals. Later they were crossed among themselves and also with some other types such as the ‘Permetianas’. Mother Teresa etc are suitable. ‘Mc Gredys Sunset’. They are suitable for hedges and borders. ‘General Jacqueminot’. Olympic gold.Grandgala. For rose cultivation. ‘Baby Gold Star’. “Mrs. e. with the result that the present day Hybrid Teas are quite a complex group. Some of the Hybrid Teas have ‘sported’ to produce climbing forms. Dwarf Polyanthus They produce enormous clusters of small flowers and bloom for several months. pits of size 45 cm X 45 cm X 30 cm are prepared for 293 . Land preparation Plough the land 4-5 times thoroughly during May followed by 15 days exposure to sun rays.g. ‘Baby Masquerade’. ‘Molly Sharmancrawford’ and ‘Mme Falcot’.g. Miniatures These are popularly known as Baby roses and suitable for edges. created by crossing the Hybrid Teas and dwarf Polyanthus. China Roses Also called Bengal or monthly roses. Aditya etc and among Floribundas Red front. e. Floribundas The floribundas started with a group called Hybrid Polyanthus. ‘Coralin’ and ‘Pixie’.g. e. ‘Peace’ and ‘Super Star’ are some well known examples. ‘Lady Hillingdon’.John Laing’ and ‘paul Neyron’. Hybrid Perpetuals Obtained by crossing the existing roses in Europe such as damasks and the gallicas with perpetually flowering introductions from China. The Hybrid Tea roses are the crosses between Hybrid perpetuals and Tea roses. ‘Cripson Glory’ climbing ‘Peace’ and climbing ‘Shot Silk’. large full flowers and by rich fragrance e. These are characterized by tall growth. For loose flowers mostly kakinada roses are suitable.g. ‘Comtesse du cayla’. e. ‘Baby Faurex’. ‘Crimpson Glory’.g. Hybrid Teas The outstanding event in the rose world was the origin of Hybrid Tea roses. ‘Chatillon Rose’ and ‘Echo’. ‘Cameo’. ‘common blush china’. i. Make a sharp horizontal cut at a suitable height in the stock and then make a vertical ‘T’ shaped cut in the stem of the stock. Briar for medium and Edward for both. Budding is the best method for commercial propagation. high density plantation will accommodate 28. cuttings.471 acres). The ‘eye’ should point towards the top and is tied with fibre.Leaf-mould iv. Seed propagation is done in the production of new varieties.75m from row to row in low density cultivation accommodating about 7.729/m 2. layers and by budding. Planting The roses are planted in circular pits of about 60-90 cm across and 60-75 cm deep. With a budding knife remove a shield shaped piece of the bark and the eye. The planting materials are planted in the prepared pits during evening hours. Propagation Roses can be propagated by seeds. (1 hectare= 2. After exposing to sun rays for 15 days the pits are refilled with soil-manure mixture in the following composition. Cow-dung iii. In case of green house culture.plantation of rose plantlets. 294 . Soil ii. Budding When a rose plant comes into flower small swellings are visible between the stem and stalk of the leaf. Bone-meal v. SSP vii. Before planting. Root Stocks 40% 40% 10% 10% 25 g 100 g 50 g R.000 plants per acre with plant density 1.000 plants per acre having plant density 7/m2. The Root stock should be kept ready by cutting the branches and side shoots which are not required. Plantlets are planted after a week of refilling the pits. Briar and Edward roses are best suited. MOP Spacing 0. The best time for planting roses in the plants is during September or October.Standard roses are planted at a spacing of 90100cm. Urea vi. 5 gram of Furadan 3G is to be applied to the pit for controlling pests. Multiflora is suited for hill stations.multiflora.Oil-cake. Cut off the portions of the branch with the eyes selected is called as ‘bud wood’. The pits are to be prepared atleast a month before the date of planting. Select the eyes which are plump and not started to elongate and grow.75m from pit to pit & 0. or leaf-mould are spread around the root of the plants with a radius of 1 to 2 feet and 4 inches thickness. Pruning is done to produce best possible flowers and to maintain good shape and to keep plant healthy by removing dead parts. will retard the growth of the grafted part ultimately leading to its death.days.After care Stock sprouts should be frequently removed very often. off shoots or suckers from the root-stock stem come up at the base of the plantlets or below the grafted point which. Now-a. Pruning It is a peculiarity with the rose that the old stem gradually stop giving healthy shoots to bear good flowers. Mulching Mulching is an agro technique for conservation of soil moisture around the root zone of the plants and to facilitate gradual supply of nutrients to the plants. Irrigation Twice a week during October to March. If the plant has only one or two weak shoots they are to be cut back to two or three buds. grass clippings. Without periodic pruning of old and week stems. used tea. The off-shoot of the root-stock part will be seven leaved and odd pinnate which is to be pinched off as soon as it comes up. All other branches are thinned out. A small quantity of iron sulphate may be applied @ 50-75 g/shrub by dissolving in water. Thrice a week during April to June. Dust setting on the leaves should be washed by spraying water on the foliage. dried leaves. Therefore. If old and week stems are pruned after wintering. Three to four months after planting the rose plant is first pruned. It is particularly very much important in arid and semi-arid zones where water becomes scarce during summer. Four branches placed in four directions are chosen and these are pruned back to an outer bud leaving two to four buds on the stump. black polyethylene sheet is used as mulch which is proved to be more efficacious and easy to manage. The first fortnight of October is usually considered to be the best time for 295 . Irrigations should not result in water logging. if allows to grow by mistake. healthy shoots come up which bear good flowers. at least once a year during October rose plant cannot yield qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The technique is very simple .agro wastes like straw. Such unwanted suckers should be removed by nail pinching or by a sharp knife. wintering followed by pruning are the two important operation under the general maintenance cares. A basketful of FYM is sufficient for one year. rice husk or other wastes like Saw dust. No irrigation is required during the rainy season. FYM. in two to three split doses is recommended. Pruning is to produce the required number of new shoots because rose bears flowers terminally on current season wood.August rose starts blooming from october and plant will yield on economic scale for 3 years. Plucking Stage For commercial purpose. superphosphate 30-50g. magnesium and manganese are available in the market under names like ‘Sequestrene Plus’ which are helpful in bringing out the full colour of flowers. leaf mould and oil cakes are good sources of nitrogen. Some hybrid Teas requires severe pruning. Limiting the number of flowers promotes flower size. Depending on the variety and severity of pruning roses takes about 35 to 60 days from pruning to flowering. Climbing roses needs no pruning. The chelated compounds of iron. It is better to apply fertilizers in a mixture such as ‘roxe mix’. In general for each rose plant urea 20-30g. Rose Mix can be prepared as: Neem cake Bonemeal Ammophos Sulphate of Ammonia Superphosphate Potassium Sulphate 5 kg 5 kg 2 kg 1 kg 2 kg 1kg 100g of this mixture can be used per plant. Time of Plucking Buds must be cut out from the plant by a sharp knife during the evening hours to keep them fresh.pruning. Harvesting After initial planting in July. Manures and Fertilizers The best time to add organic manure is at the time of pruning. roses are plucked at the bud stage just prior to blooming stage having a stalk of 9" to 12" long as per the preference of the market. In Tea roses strong shoots are pruned to 2/3 of their length. Too many shoots on plants will reduce the size and quantity of flowering. Potassium Sulphate 20-30g and Cakes ½ kg to 1 kg. Packaging 296 . The leaves lose their natural colour and become dull whitish yellow and subsequently dry up and the damaged plants have a sickly appearance. Roses are used for many purposes such as rose water. buds and flowers and sucks the plant sap making the plant weak Control The affected flowers and buds should be lightly dusted in the mornings or evenings with 9. Ash Weevil ( Myllocerus spp. Nicotine sulphate solution is. Metacid etc. Flowers are transported to market while covering the baskets with wet linen. Pankhuri Dried rose petals called Pankhuri are used during the hot weather for preparing cool drinks. Rogor or Acephate or Profenofos or Ethofenprox or Imidacloprid at 0. rose vinegar. Thrips ( Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus and Scritothrips dorsalis ) These are very minute insects which distort the leaves. ) 297 .2% Pyro dust or spray Nuvacron. It acts as a tonic and laxative. Jassids (Leaf hoppers) They suck the sap from the plant parts. Edward rose is mostly used for this purpose. . Rose Products Gulkand It is prepared by pounding together a mixture of rose petals and white sugar in equal proportions. Plant Protection Pests Aphids ( Macrosiphum rosae ) They occur in clusters on tender shoots. Control Spray Metacid. In normal condition.05%.Buds with long stalk are made to bundles of 100 as need may be and put in the bamboo baskets which are kept floating on water so that the cut end touch the water. specific in controlling aphids. however. Control Spray Methyl parathion 1. Rose develop fruits called ‘Hips’ and they are good source of Vitamin ‘C’. these insects effect the normal photosynthesis of plant.5ml/lt. Curled leaves with brown marks and deformed buds with burnt margins are the main symptoms of damage. It is difficult to eradicate red mites completely.05% Methyl parathion @ 1 ml/lit or Endosulfan 0.07% @ 2ml/lit. Chaffer Beetle ( Adoretus spp.5% Malathion @ 2 ml/lit or 0.Eggs are laid in soil. It appears as reddish brown waxy scale like marks on tender shoots and stems and the affected portions dry up. Red mites infest only during dry months. Rogor. Metacid etc. and dusting with Sulphur can control this pest. The insects live inside the scale and suck the sap of the plant. Red Spider Mites or Two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae ) Very minute insects or mites spin webs on the under side of leaves which can be seen through a magnifying glass. Control Dip a cotton swap in 0. Control They cause damage to the rose leaves by cutting neat. Control Spray 0. spraying of 0. The affected leaves look dull as mite suck sap from leaves. If it is on large scale. Grubs feed on roots.1 Malatihon solution and rub the affected parts. grey coloured adults feed on leaves from margins in a regular fashion and cause severe foliage damage. ) Rose chafer beetle cut away the leaves. In severe cases the plants reduced to a mere skeleton. Mealy-bug (Planococcus citri) Bug with white woolly incrustation are found on the branches which suck sap from young stem and leaves. Control Spray Malathion. circular or oval patches from the leaf margin and are controlled by applying 5% Carbaryl. Leaf-rolling larva ( Archips rosaceana ) It is a larva of an insect that first feed on the young leaves and then roll the leaves for its shelter 298 . Control Insecticidal spray with Dicofol. Red Scale ( Aonidiella aurantii ) It is an insect which form small and round red or brown scales on the stem near the base and then gradually spread upwardly.1% Methyl parathion or Malathion or Rogor. Metasystox and applying granular Furadan 3G to the soil should be done. Affected plants wilt. Dithane M-45 or Captan at the rate of 2g in 1 lit of water or 1% Bordeaux mixture or by systemic fungicides like Bavistin. Control Spray sulphur compound i. at weekly intervals. High temperature difference between day and night triggers the disease. In severe cases leaves drop and growth ceases. Foliage. young shoots to wilt and perish and preventing buds to bloom. Leaf-miner (Stigmella anomalella ) It affects the photosynthesis of the plant. 299 .e. Initially. Drenching soil with Chlorphyriphos 0. brown or yellow spots appear on the lower leaves which then turn into black spots. Black Spot ( Diplocarpon rosae ) This is also very common in India and it can be distinguished by almost circular black spots on the leaves causing severe defoliation and is a common fungal disease of rose.1% or soil may be mixed with 10% BHC or Aldrin berore planting. The affected leaves turn yellow and fall off. Thiovit 2g/lit or Bavistin 1g/lit of water at weekly intervals during winter season against Powdery mildew. The attack starts under dry soil conditions. Control Deep ploughing destroys termite colonies.07% ml or Malathion 0. Control Spray Malathion or Metasystox. They mainly feed on the roots and spread to stem and damage bark in case of severe infestations. dry and die consequently. White ants (Termite) ( Microtermes obesi ) White ant which inhabitates beneath the soil is menace to rose plant. The disease starts-with a small white dot and then rapidly proliferate affecting the entire plant. according to some experts.05% or Endosulfan 0. Control Spray copper fungicide like Blitox. Spray Fosetyl-Al or Metalaxy MZ against Downy mildew. Timely irrigation prevents pest buildup.Control Spray Malathion. young stems and stalk of flower buds of rose are coated with powdery dust or downy masses causing leaves to fall. Calixin etc. Diseases Powdery ( Sphaerotheca pannosa ) and Downy Mildew ( Pernospora sparsa ) These are very common fungal diseases of rose. it needs warmth. Basically. and even moisture. high relative humidity. The spike production. Climate The plant is tropical to semi-tropical. The tuberose needs a long growing period in order to blossom in early to late fall. Control Foliar spray with 1kg of ‘Ferbam’ plus 1kg of wettable sulphur in 500 lit of water with Sandovit as a spreader. well-drained soil. sunshine. 300 . It has long been cherished for aromatic oils extracted from its fragrant white flowers. Besides oil extraction. The disease. should be avoided. It is also advisable to procure buddlings from reliable nurseries only. Control The affected stem or branch is cut 2-3 inches below the effected part and a cap of fresh cow-dung mixed with Copper Sulphate or Bordeaux paste alone is put over the cut wound. but also for individual florets that can provide fragrance to bouquets. The stems die back from top down wards and gradually the whole plant. The commercial cultivation of tuberose is mainly confined to warm. Over watering. It is a popular cut flower. a native to Mexico. along with the quality flowers declines to a great extent during December –January except in “double varieties” of tuberose. the flowers are also used in making garland. petioles and stem imparting a rusty appearance on shoots. TUBEROSE (Polyanthes tuberosa ) The tuberose. ) This is the most dreaded disease of rose. belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae and is commonly known as lily. particularly in coastal areas. The ideal temperature for plant growth ranges between 26 and 30 degrees C.Rust ( Phragmidium spp. Colletotrichum sp. ) Yellowish to black swellings called pustules are produced on the leaves. not only for use in arrangements. according to plant pathologists. Die-Back ( Diplodia rosarum. is due to injury to the roots by fungi or careless root pruning or poor drainage in the root zone or due to shortage of essential food elements. humid areas with average temperature ranging between 18 to 32 degrees C. The flowers remain fresh for a long time and are suitable for long distance transportation. a basal application of farm yard manure (FYM) at the rate of 8 to 10 tones per acre should be done to ensure better growth and flowering. Varieties suitable to Andhra Pradesh: Singles (‘Single’ with one row of corolla segments) Hyderabad single Calcutta Single Shringar Semi double (‘Semi double’ with two to three rows of segments) Hyderabad double Suvasini Calcutta Double Vaibhav Manures and Fertilizers During preparation of the soil. Larger bulbs result in early flowering and higher yields. even in soils affected by acidity or alkalinity to some extent.5 to 7. The plant is very sensitive to water-logging which damages the root system and affects the plant growth. Loam and sandy loam soil having pH range of 6. bulbs should always be kept in store for a month or more to ensure better production of flowers. Spacing Bulbs are planted at a spacing of 30-20 cm between the rows and 20-10cm between the plants. Season Tuberose can be commercially grown throughout the year but highest yield is obtained from July planted crop. Planting of fresh bulbs produce less number of flowers hence. The bulbs should be planted 4-5 cm deep in beds and soil moisture should be maintained after planting of bulbs before monsoon starts. Entire dose of P and K and 301 . 80 Kg P and 80 Kg K is recommended. Propagation Propagation of the plant can be done by means of bulbs. The bulbs of 2-3 cm wide are suitable for propagation. A fertiliser dose of 80 Kg N.5 with proper aeration and drainage are considered best for tuberose cultivation.Soil The plant can be successfully grown on a wide range of soils. The soil should be rich in organic matter and retain sufficient moisture for proper growth. The flower spike should be cut off and placed immediately in cold water. irrigation should be avoided at the maturity stage of bulbs during December-January. especially in the initial stage of the bulb sprouting and the growth of plants. covered by cloth. plant density and bulb size at planting time and crop management. the old leaves become dry. The crop should be irrigated at weekly interval in the absence of rainfall. the loose flower yields is nearly 20-25qunitals/acre and in doubles the spike yield is 1. 302 . Flower yield Flower yield varies with variety. Atrazine can be applied. plant growth ceases and bulbs are almost dried. Harvesting of bulbs Harvesting of tuberose bulbs at the proper stage of maturity is important for storage of bulbs and their growth. length of the flowering zone and quality of individual flowers. flowering and bulb yield of tuberose.2 lakhs per acre. At this stage. The spikes are graded as per length of the spike. Irrigation Soil moisture is an important factor affecting the growth. Plant Protection Pests Thrips In singles . For chemical control. Weeding Weeding is carried out after a fortnight. Yield of bulbs The bulbs reach maturity when the flowering is over and the plant growth ceases.0-1. Hand weeding is eco-friendly but expensive. Harvesting Tuberose is harvested by cutting off the spikes from the base for decoration or the individual flower is picked from the spike for making garlands. Packaging Loose flowers are packed in bamboo baskets. Field should be irrigated after planting the bulbs and further irrigation should be avoided until the sprouting of bulbs.1/3 dose of N should be applied as basal dose and remaining N should be applied at 60 and 90 days after planting as top dressing. About 40 quintal of bulbs can be harvested from one acre of land. However. Thrips feed on leaves, flower stalk and flowers. They suck sap from these parts and ultimately damage the whole plant. Some times they are associated with a contagious disease known as bunchy top where the inflorescence is malformed. Control Thrips can be managed by spraying endosulfan twice at 10 days interval or by spraying dimethoate @ 2ml/lt. Diseases Stem rot or Basal rot ( Sclerotium rolfsii ) The soil borne diseases can be identified with symptoms like appearance of prominent coarse mycelial masses on the leaf surface at or near the soil level. Infected leaves loose green colour due to rotting, which extends to the whole leaf and detaches the affected leaves from the plant. Control The infected plants should be burnt immediately to check further infection. Drenching with Copper oxychloride @ 2gm/lt or 1% Bordeaux mixture will reduce the disease. Flower and bud rot or Flower blight ( Botrytis elliptica ) It is also a bacterial disease. The disease appears mainly on young flower buds and results in dry rotting with brown scorched necrotic discolouration of peduncles. In the advanced stage, buds become shrivel and dry. Control Destroy or burn the infected plant debris to check further infection and spray carbendazim @ 1gm/lt. ** * 303 AROMATIC CROPS 304 Aromatic plants possess volatile oils which have essence, gum, exudates, oleoresin in one or more parts such as roots, wood, bark, foliage, flower and fruit. These are extensively used in perfumes, food flavouring, cosmetics and soaps. Some of them have antibacterial and germicidal properties. LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Lemon grass is also a perennial grass (3-4 years) and grows to a height of 3’ to 4’, cultivated for essential oil distilled from freshly harvested foliage. The major constituent of essential oil is citral (80-90%) which imparts lemon like aroma. The oil is used in soaps, cosmetics, beverages and synthesis of α- and β ionones and vitamin A. Soils Lemongrass can be grown on wide variety of soils ranging from loam to poor laterite. It can also be grown on poor, marginal, waste and forest lands. It is hardy, drought resistant plant. Climate Warm tropical climate with high, well distributed rainfall (175-200cm) is good for rainfed cultivation. Sub tropical areas need supporting irrigation. It ceases growth during winter in North India. Seeds and Sowing By seeds, 4 kg/ac seed are mixed with sand and sown in May-June in nursery beds. Planting Lemongrass is propagated through slips which are planted during rainy season (June-July). About 60 days old seedlings are transplanted in spacing of 60 x 45 cm. Slips from old plants are planted on ridges or in a flat bed during July. The soil around the slips after planting is pressed to avoid lodging of slips during irrigation. planted throughout the year with irrigation facility. planting one acre. Variety Cauvery Herbage yield 100 to 120 q/ac, oil yield 80 to 90 kg/ac and citrol % is 80 to 82%. It is suitable for south Indian conditions. Krishna Herbage yield 100 to 112 q/ac, oil yield 90 to 100 kg/ac, citrol % is 80 to 82%. It is suitable for south Indian to north Indian plails and hills. Lemongrass can be About 15,000 slips are required for 305 After Cultivation 2-3 weedings in initial stages are required. The crop is irrigated once in 10 days. Manures and Fertilizers FYM @ 4 t, N @ 20 kg P2 O5 @ 20 kg and K2 O @ 15 kg per acre applied in the last ploughing. After each harvest, apply N @ 20 kg per acre. Irrigation The crop is irrigated immediately after planting at 2 to 3 days interval till about one month and subsequent irrigations are given as and when required. Harvesting The crop is harvested 10-15 cm above ground level. First harvest is taken 5-6 months after planting. Subsequent harvests are obtained at 2 ½ to 3 months after planting. The crop is economical for 4-5 years. After each harvest, the dead and dried leaves are removed to encourage growth of fresh tillers. Lemongrass flowers in winter season. The flowering stalks are to be harvested and discarded from time to time, otherwise the crop yield gets adversely affected. Yield The oils recovery ranges from 0.7 – 1.0% on an average12-15 tonnes of herbage and 60-90 kg oil yields can be obtained from lemon grass from one acre in a year. CITRONELLA (Cymbopogon winterian US) Citronella is a perennial grass cultivated for essential oil derived from freshly harvested foliage. The oil of citronella is used in soaps, cosmetic, deodorants and mosquito repellent cream. It is a raw material for manufacturing aromatic chemicals like geraniol and citronellal used in perfumes. Citronella is cultivated in Vishakapatnam and East Godavari districts. The total area under Citronella in Andhra Pradesh is about 887 hectares with estimated annual production of 177 tonnes. Its cultivation has been also taken in other districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is a perennial aromatic grass, growing to a height of 2 ½ 3 ½ ft. Soils Loamy and sandy soils are best suited. It is grown as an irrigated crop. However in areas with well distributed rainfall it can be grown as rainfed crop. Avoid clayey soils, waterlogged areas or soils with pH above 8.5. 306 Climate It comes up in tropical to subtropical conditions where rainfall and atmospheric humidity are high with warm days and plenty of sunshine. In areas with well distributed rainfall throughout the year like high altitude areas it can be grown as rainfed crop. Citronella can be cultivated throughout Andhra Pradesh as an irrigated crop. Varieties Java-2 Java-2 is the high yielding varieties recommended for South india. Bio-13 Bio-13 is the high yielding varieties recommended for South india. Propagation Citronella is propagated through slips obtaining by splitting old and healthy plants. Planting Although planting of citronella can be done anytime during the year, onset of monsoon is the best time. It is planted preferably during July – August adopting a spacing of 60 cm between the row and 45 cm within the rows. This can be planted either in ridges or in flat beds. About 15,000 rooted slips are required for planting one acre. After Cultivation 2-3 weedings are needed during initial stages of crop growth. The crop requires irrigation once in a week. Manures and Fertilizers FYM @ 4 t, N @ 20 kg P2 O5 @ 20 kg and K2 O @ 15 kg per acre applied in the last ploughing. After each harvest, apply N @ 20 kg per acre. Irrigation The crop is irrigated immediately after planting at 2 to 3 days interval till about one month and subsequent irrigations are given as and when required. Intercultivation Intercropping of Horse gram in citronella in the early stage of planting has been proved beneficial in controlling of weeds as well as improving the soil condition. Research findings revealed that sowing of horse gram one month after planting of slips is beneficial. Harvesting The crop is harvested 10-15 cm above ground level. The first harvest is obtained between 6-7 months after planting depending upon the soil and climate. The subsequent harvests are taken at the interval of 2 ½ to 3 months. The crop is economical for 4-5 years. After each harvest, the dead and dried leaves and tillers are removed to encourage growth 307 of fresh tillers. The flowering stalks should be removed from time to time and discarded, other wise the crop yield is affected. Yield Citronella yields about 15 t/acre of herbage and 100 kg per acre of oil per year as irrigated crop. The oil recovery ranges from 0.8 to 1.0%. Plant Protection Pests Stematophora fuscibasilis The inner most leaves show crinkling and remain unfolded. Control To control and prevent attack of this pest, 0.2% monocrotophos is sprayed immediately one month after planting and after each harvest. Apply Thimmet @ 3kg per acre. The dead stubbles may be removed and destroyed. GERANIUM (Pelargonium graveolens) Geranium is a native of Cape Colomy (South Africa). It is a perennial, drought resistant herbaceous plant. The chief constituents of essential oil of geranium are geraniol and 1-citronellol. There are three types, Algerian and Bourbon and Egyptian types in India; the Bourbon type is largely cultivated. Bourbon has 27.5% citronellol and 22.7% geraniol. The geranium is cultivated for oil, which has a pleasing rose like odor and blends well with a wide range of floral and oriental perfumes. It is used for scenting ointments, pharmaceutical and tobacco products, in the manufacture of high grade soaps and cosmetic products. Soils Requires well drained red sandy loams. suitable. Climate Requires warm winter winds. High humidity is not suitable. Areas with dry weather like Telangana with good irrigation are preferred. Nursery Raised nursery beds are prepared during the month of September & October by applying bavistin and blitox to the soil. Terminal cuttings about 10-15cm long are taken from well grown, healthy plants. After removing all the leaves except two to three terminal leaves, a slant cut is given at the bottom and is dipped in 2000 ppm solution of IBA and 0.1% bavistin and planted in the nursery bed. The cuttings are planted in such a way that Soils with a pH more than 8.0 are not 308 at least two nodes are inside the soil. The nursery beds are watered lightly immediately after planting and every 3rd are 4th day. The cuttings root in 30-40 days and are ready for planting in the main field. Planting The cuttings strike roots within a month and are ready planting. The rooted cuttings are planted at a spacing of 60 x 45 cm and irrigated immediately after planting. Thus 15,000 cuttings are required for planting one acre. The rooted cuttings can be planted from October to February. The unrooted cuttings are dipped in 2000 ppm solution of IBA and 0.1% of bavistin and planted in the main field directly during the last week of November to first week of January. If planted during the other months, the establishment of the crop is very poor. Geranium can be planted either in rainy season or in winter season. Irrigation The field is irrigated immediately after planting. Irrigate the field frequently till the establishment of cuttings. There after the crop is irrigated at weekly intervals, in the absence of rains. After Cultivation 3-4 weedings are required to check weed growth. Water logging is deter mental to the growth of Geranium and therefore good drainage should be provided. Manures and Fertilizers For Irrigated Crop 40 kg N + 25 Kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O/ac per year. P and K are to be given as basal and N in 3-4 equal split doses. For Rainfed Crop 25 kg N + 16 Kg P2O5 + 16 kg K2O/ac per year. P and K are to be given as basal and N in 3-4 equal split doses. Intercultivation The field is kept free of weeds for the first 2-3 months after planting and up to one month after every harvest. Havervesting First harvest is obtained 5-6 months after planting. The crop is harvested when the lower leaves start yellowing and flowers appear here and there. The top 20-30 cm of plants leaving few leaves on the plant and tender twigs are harvested using sharp sickle and distilled immediately.Ffour harvests can be taken per year. Subsequent harvests are taken at 3 months intervals for 4-5 years. Giving jerks to the plant while harvesting should be 309 Yield The oil recovery ranges from 0.1% bavistin or benomyl solution and irrigated immediately after each harvest. The crop should not be harvested from the ground level. Some of them have antibacterial and germicidal properties. Fusarium oxysporum redolens ) The infected plants showed drooping of leaves particularly lower ones and the plant collapses within 5-7 days.3% Mancozeb and drenching the nursery beds with same solution. food flavouring. wood. The crop should be sprayed with 0.1% benomyl at 12-15 days interval. In advanced stages stem basal portion also rots.11 to 0. bark. Leaf blight ( Colletotrichum gleosporioides.15% on fresh weight basis. oleoresin in one or more parts such as roots.3% zineb or 0. Control The crop is sprayed with 0. Rot of stem cuttings ( Rhizoctonia solani ) The symptoms generally appear in the form of cholorosis of lower leaves and the cuttings collapse with in 10-15 days.3%) around the plant and pretreatment of cuttings with 0. Alterneria alternata ) The symptoms first appears on the margin of the leaf as brown necrosis which later extend towards midrib leading to complete necrosis and rotting of leaves. gum. This crop is recommended for Telangana region only in areas where the climate remains cool for most part of the year and summer temperatures do not go beyond 30-40OC. Avoid waterlogging. These are extensively used in perfumes. Herbage yield is 10-12 tons/ac and oil 25-30 kg per ac. drenching of soil with chlorothalonil or mancozeb (0. per year.avoided. cosmetics and soaps. exudates. Control Dipping of cuttings in 0. Control The affected plants are uprooted and destroyed. Plant Protection Diseases Root rot and Wilt ( Rhizoctonia solani. flower and fruit.3% mancozeb. spots 310 . foliage. PALMAROSA (Cymbopogon martinii) Aromatic plants possess volatile oils which have essence. when uprooted a severe rotting of roots is observed. Irrigation The seedlings are irrigated every 3-4 days depending on rains. 311 . therefore they are mixed with sand and sown in May-June in nursery beds. cosmetics and perfumes. Varieties Trishna This variety was released by CIMAP. Palmarosa is irrigated once in 10-15 days interval. The nursery beds are irrigated daily. Lucknow. About 2 kg seed is kept immersed in water overnight and then mixed with sand sown in the nursery beds in furrows 2-3 cm deep and row 20 cm apart. The oil is rich in geraniol (75-90%). After Cultivation The crop required 2-3 weedings in the initial stages. The flowering tops and foliage contains scented oil giving rose like smell and is widely used in soaps. Climate Excess winter and frost not suitable. It contains higher geraniol (93. There after. When the crop is fully grown. The variety has potential of 160 q/ac of herb yield and 100 kg/ac of oil yield. Interculture The field is kept free of weeds for the first one month after planting and up to 15 days after each harvest. Transplanting The seedlings (15-20 cm height) will be ready for planting in 30-40 days in one-acre area. the crop is irrigated at 10 days intervals. The seeds are small and light.Palmarosa is a tall (6-7’) perennial (3-4 years) grass growing wild in dry open forest of Andhra Pradesh.6%). 20-30 days old seedlings are transplanted in a spacing of 45 x 30 cm 5 kg of seed is required for planting.5. Soils Loamy and sandy loams are the best although it can be cultivated on all kinds of soils including soils with a pH upto 8. irrigations are given at 15-20 days intervals. Propagation Commercially through seed by either direct sowing or nursery. during the first month of planting. Season Sown preferably during June – July. The oil is used as a raw material for producing ‘gerancol’ which is used in perfume industry. Yield On an average palmarosa gives 15-20 tons herbage and 90-100 kg oil and per ac/year (0. It should be planted during the first week of November when the crop is grown for the production of oil. sandy loam soil is ideal. Esters are the major compounds responsible for the characteristic smell of davana. However. well-drained. P and K are to be given basal and N in 3-4 equal split doses.Manures and Fertilizers For Irrigated Crop 40 kg N + 25 kg P2O5 + 25 K2O/ac/year. Davana oil is used in preparation of high grade perfumes. The crop is harvested 15-20 cm above ground at the time of flowering to early seed formation stage and fresh herbage is distilled. The leaves and flowers emit a delicate. Harvest The crop is harvested at flowering stage. esters (65%) and oxygenated compounds (15%). Soil Can be grown on various types of soils from sandy loam to medium black. a fertile. persistant fruity fragrance and are used in floral decorations. Season October – February 312 . Rainfed crop gives 70 kg oil.52% oil recovery). Climate A few light showers with moderate winter conditions and no frost is conducive to the good growth of the plant. First harvest is taken 3 to 3 ½ months after planting. P and K are to be given basal and N in 3-4 equal split doses. The oil of davana contain hydrocarbons (20%). DAVANAM (Artemisia pallens) Davana is an annual erect branched herb grows upto 45-60cm tall. The crop remains economical for 3-4 years and at least 2 crops per year can be obtained from rainfed and 4-5 harvests if grown as irrigated crop. The oil has been reported to possess antimicrobial activity. For Rainfed Crop 25 kg N + 15 kg P2O5 + 15 K2O/ac/year. Subsequent harvests are obtained at 1 ½ to 2 months intervals depending upon the season for 5 -6 years. Transplanting In about 40 days the seedlings will be ready for planting. The nursery beds are flooded with water and then the seed + sand mixture is broadcasted all over evenly.Nursery raising Only the seed from previous season’s crop should be used. They are harvested at about 50% flowering stage. leveled and plots are laid out of convenient size. The plants are cut from the base. the seeds will germinate and establish in 7-8 days after which the beds are regularly irrigated. Some times second crop can be taken 60-65 days after first harvest with good management. 10 days after transplanting and the subsequent two doses at 15 days interval thereafter. Intercultivation About 2-3 weeding are taken up during the early period of growth. higher oil-yield. When the seeds have settled down. There will be radicle emergence after 48 hours. light irrigation is given. Harvesting The crop starts flowering after 110-115 days of sowing which will be around 2 nd or 3rd week of February. Irrigation Immediately after transplanting. Manures and Fertilizers In addition to FYM. This is usually at the end of February or 1st week of March (100-120 days). About 5-6 t/ac FYM is incorporated during last ploughing. Regular irrigations are given till the establishment up to 10-15 days and later on 7 days interval depending on the weather conditions. The seedlings are transplanted at a spacing of 15x7. dried under shade for 2 days and then steam distilled. About 600 g seed is required to get the seedlings for one acre. After 2-3 days. Water is added so that the sand is sufficiently wet. The seeds are thoroughly mixed with sand @ 10 times the seed volume. Then the mixture is tied in a cloth bag and kept for 48 hours. Nitrogen is applied @ 50 kg/ac in 3 equal splits . Land preparation The field is thoroughly ploughed. The beds are prepared with 2 x1 m size. The plots are irrigated a day prior to transplanting. subsequently. a fertilizer dose of 20 kg P 2 O 5 and 20 kg K2O per acre are also applied as basal dose.5 cm close spacing results in higher herbage yield and 313 . a fine layer of sand or FYM is spread over to cover the seed. Damping off However. ** * 314 . Plant protection No serious pests and diseases were observed except. damping off observed in the nursery Control Seed treatment and drenching nursery beds with copper fungicide and allowing more light and air in between the seedlings.8 kg oil can be obtained per acre per year.Yield About 5-6 t/ac of fresh herbage. About 6 . MEDICINAL PLANTS 315 . ASWAGANDHA ( Withania somnifera) The roots are widely used in Ayurveda. Mandsaur. Climate Suitable as late Kharif. Regional Agricultural Research Station. The roots are used for improving the general vigour of the body. Varieties Jawahar Asgandha-20 This variety was released from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishya vidyalaya. Other improved varieties . Intercultivation Thinning is done at 25-30 days after sowing so as to maintain a population of 30. Siddha and Allopathy systems of medicine to cure a number of diseases.5 t/ac + P & K @ 20 kg/acre each.Rakshitha and Poshita Local variety-Nagore Season July/August (main season) – October / November (yield will be only 1/2 to 1/3 in rabi compared to main crop. 316 . Seed rate For broadcasting of seed 7-8 kg/acre mixed with five times of sand. Can be grown as rainfed crop if the total rain fall is 650– 750 mm.5-8. Soil Sandy loam or light . Unani. Otherwise 2-3 irrigations during late winter will improve the root growth.red soils with good organic matter and drainage with PH 7. Spacing 25 – 30 cms between the rows or broadcasting Manures and Fertilizers Mostly organic manures are used in the last ploughing @ 4 .000 to 35.000/acre.0 are ideal. Tolerates salinity. Pythium sp. Performs well in heavy soils also. @ 5g/kg of seed. Seed treatment with Dithane M-45 @ 3 g/kg or Thiram 1.Harvesting Starts from January (160 to 170 days) and continues upto February.5g + Bavistin 1. this darkens with time and tissues soften and the whole seedling collapse to the ground. The maturity is judged by indications of drying of the leaves and turning of the berries into yellow/ red colour. It can also be grown on poor and 317 . Senna is a small branched shrub remaining in fields for 5-7 months.5 – 3. Sensitive to heavy rains. Soils Any type of soil but preferably red loams including coarse gravelly and alluvial loams. Diseases Damping off ( Fusarium sp. The root is cut into pieces of 7-10 cm and dried. The disease incidence is severe during the rainy season. Practice crop rotation. Treat seed with Trichoderma sp.5g/kg seed.. ) Affected seedlings first a slight yellowing patch just above the ground level.. Climate Requires warm and dry weather year round. It is a drought tolerant crop and can be grown either as pure crop or mixed with other agricultural crops.5 q/acre Seed 50 kg/acre Plant protection Pests No serious pest is noticed. SENNA (Sonamukhi) (Cassia aungustifolia) Senna leaves and pod-shell contain the laxative principle (sennoside A & B) which are extensively used as bulk laxative in medicine. Entire plant is uprooted and the aerial parts are separated at 2 cm above the crown. Rhizoctonia sp. Yield Dried roots 2. marginal soils. Control Avoid water stagnation. e.90 (Ist picking) and 150 days after sowing (2nd picking). Water logging should be avoided. The pods are gathered in bunches and hung in ventilated rooms for drying which is completed in 10-12 days. 20 kg each of N. If necessary irrigation can be given at 15 – 20 days interval.February – March Extended rains may affect the crop drying in rainfed crop.Season Best season is at the cessation of heavy rains i. thick and bluish coloured leaves. Heavy rains during early stage of crop cause damping off and leaf spot diseases. The first picking is taken at 90 to 100 days and second at 150 days after sowing. Manures and Fertilizers In addition to FYM @ 5 t/ac in the last ploughing. It can be retained as perennial crop.. The land is prepared to fine tilth and seeds are sown preferably at the end of South West monsoon. 318 . Harvesting The crop flowers in two months after planting and the first flower flush is harvested to encourage more branching. The leaflets are spread on clean floor under shade in thin layers and stirred frequently. at field preparation. P and K are also recommended. Sowing The seed should be soaked in water for 6-8 hours before sowing to get good germination. Nitrogen is applied in 4 splits i. Winter Summer Propagation It is propagated by seed. end of August to middle of September. 30. A spacing of 60 x 30 cm or 60 x 60 cm is recommended. Irrigation Generally grown as rain fed. In 7-10 days. Stage of harvesting is judged by full grown. Intercultivation The first weeding-cum-hoeing is done at 25-30 days after sowing.October – November .e. second at 75-80 days and third 110 days after sowing. Then the pods are beaten and seed is . Seed rate 25 kg/ha under rainfed and 15kg/ha under irrigated conditions.. the leaves dry which is indicated by yellowish green colour. antihistamic.5g or Bavistin 1g/lit at 15 days interval. Soil drenching with Captan 3g/lit or Bavistin or Benomyl 1g/lit Leaf Spot ( Alternaria alternata ) First appear as minute pale yellow spot on leaf blades and its margins. leaf tips and margins die and the necrotic tissues increase in size. Yield 400-600 quintals of leaves and 600-800 quintals of pods/ac. Control Use optimum plant population. The produce is then graded. antibacterial. Spray Mancozeb 2. analgesic. In severe infection leaves start drying and drooping.05% or Carbaryl 0.9 per cent andrographolide an alkaloid pharmacopoeia. Use disease free seed. The fresh and dried leaves of kalmegh and the juice extracted from the herb are official drugs in 319 .separated. andrographolide and neo-andrographolide are isolated from the whole plant and leaves. antihepatotoxic.25% at an interval of 15 days. Plant Protection Pests Pod Borer ( Catopsilia pyranthae ) Control Spraying of Endosulphan 0. KALMEGH (Andrographis paniculata) The plant has been reported to posses antipyretic. identified as diterpenes. Concentric rings are visible in advanced leaf spots. antifertility and immunosupressive proprties. The green colour of the leaves changes from pale green to brownish yellow. In advanced stages the pods are also affected with brownish black spots. pressed and finally packed in Hessian bags under pressure. antiinflammatory. Spray Neem oil @ 3ml/lit in the early stages.5-0. With the advancement of the disease. The produce should contain about 2. Control Avoid water stagnation. responsible for bitterness. The three bitter principles deoxy andro grapholide. Diseases Damping off ( Rhizoctonia bataticola ) Seedlings are attacked at ground level and they fall down.5% of active principle calculated as anthraoquinoes. The plant contains 0. the herbage is dried for 3-4 days under shade and then stored. Spacing 30 x 15 cm (direct sowing – 88000 plants/ac) 30 x 15 cm or 20 x 15 cm (transplanted). Can withstand a temperature of 40-45oC.. The second harvest is taken 60 days after first harvest. Plant protection No serious pests and diseases have been observed. Rajendranagar. Season July – August. Manures and Fertilizers FYM @ 4–5 t/acre and N:P:K @ 20:30:20 kg/acre applied in the last ploughing. weeding follow every harvest. Intercultivation Two weedings are given early in the season i.000 plants per acre at spacing of 30 x 15 cm was proved beneficial in research findings at Herbal Garden Scheme. 320 . Nitrogen @ 15 kg/acre 30 days after transplanting or sowing. Best suited as rain fedcrop. Later.Soil It is a hardy plant and can be grown on a variety of soils. After harvesting. Seed rate 150 to 200 g/acre Sowing/Transplanting For direct sowing.11 q/acre dry herb. A Population of 88. mix the seed with sand in ratio of 1:5 and sown on ridges or broadcasted.e. Climate Comes up well both in tropical and sub-tropical climate. Yield 10 . Red sandy loams with good organic matter are best for the growth and yield. 30 days and 60 days after sowing. Harvesting The crop will be ready for harvesting in 90-120 days after sowing. Another harvest can also be taken after 60 days of second harvest or the crop can be removed. The plants are cut at base 10-15 cm above ground for regeneration. aloesin and volatile oils. gum resin. leaves also contain glucose.. galacturanic acid. Generally 4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year particularly during the peak dry period. chryphanic acid and traces of coumarin. anti ulcer. Irrigation Soon after planting. the land should be irrigated.ALOE (Aloe vera) The gel of Aloe vera possess various biological and physiological activities viz. Seed rate and planting About 15. Land preparation Plough the land thoroughly. humid or dry climate with rainfall ranging from 35-40 cm to 150-200 cm annually. Small suckers arising from the 321 . mannose. after which it needs replanting. Comes up well in sandy coastal to loamy soils of the plains with a PH up to 8. emodine. Climate It has wide adaptability and can be grown in warm. iso barbaloin and β barbaloin. Intercultivation Two to three weedings are done per year. Suckers of 1520 cm long and weighing 75 g are planted in such a way that 2/3 portion should be under the ground. The broken rhizome part left in the soil throws out new sprouts in spring for raising the succeeding crop. The some bacteria and fungi. Harvesting The plants are harvested at 10-12 months after planting. base are removed and marketed or planted in the nursery. Soil It is a hardy plant and grows on any kind of soil. The plants can be removed manually. The plant grows in a semi wild stage throughout the drier parts of India.000 root suckers/acre are required a spacing of 60 x 45 cm. inhibitory action against The pulp contains glycoside barbaloin. healing ability of skin burns and cutaneous injuries. Fertilizers About 20 kg each of NPK/ac is recommended in addition to organic manures. An aloe plantation gives a commercial yield from the second year up to the age of five years. About 5 t/ac of FYM is added in the last ploughing.5. galactose. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by anthraquinone type compounds. Propagation By herbaceous terminal cuttings. anti-glaucoma. Its tuberous roots are found to be rich source of in alkaloid called forskolin. Plant protection No serious pests and diseases are observed. Maharashtra. NPK @ 20:25:20 kg /ac in the last ploughing. Karnataka and Tamilnadu in large scale. Nitrogen @ 20 kg /ac should be applied 30 days after planting. congestive heart failures. It can be It is also important base for many drugs developed for asthma. successfully grown in the state as irrigated dry crop. Cuttings will be ready for planting in about 30 days or they can be planted directly in the field. management and certain types of cancers.20 t/ac on fresh weight basis. COLEUS (Coleus forskohlii) It is one of the most potential medicinal crops of the future as its pharmacopeia properties have been discovered only recently. Manures and Fertilizers FYM @ 5t. is done during July-August at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm accommodating approximately 22000 plants/acre. Varieties K-8 It is a selection from Karnataka and reported to possess 0. Forskolin has been reported to possess a large number of biological properties such as anti-hypertensive. weight 322 . Soil Well drained red loamy soils with marginal fertility also can be used Climate Found in wild form on hills of Andhra Pradesh with heavy rainfall.Yield 15 . No need of rooting hormone.5 per cent forskolin and higher tuber yield. It is under cultivation in parts of Rajasthan. Planting Kharif Planting Rabi First fortnight of October. Nematode infected plants though The diseased roots are stunted. There after. washed and dried under partial shade.700 kg dry roots/acre Rabi 300 – 400 kg/ acre Plant protection Pests Root knot nematode It is caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Intercultivation Needs weeding at least once in 25 – 30 days during first two months. irrigate the field. Mix 5 kg of totally damaged due to severe galling. Before harvesting. tuber formation was reduced to nearly 65% in field tricoderma viridae in 250 kg of compost and apply around the roots at 20 days interval.12 days there after. crop becomes bushy and weed competition will be less. Diseases Fusarial wilt Dip the terminal cuttings in Carbendazim 0. Yield Kharif 600. 323 . sorghum and maize would be beneficial to minimize the loss of yield.1% solution before planting. separate the tuberous roots.170 days after planting. wilting of leaves and basal part of the stem turned brownish black. appear as luxuriant as the normal plants. if there is no rainfall during the period. Application of carbofuron granules @ 8 kg/acre under wet condition near the root zone reduce the incidence of nematode. uproot the plants. Harvesting The crop is ready for harvest 150 . Control Crop rotation with marigold. It is most important disease of this crop. Apply of 200 kg of neem cake/acre before planting. The symptoms consists of stunting. Coleus is reported to be affected by root knot nematode.Irrigation Once in 3 – 4 days during the first 15 – 20 days and 10. conditions. Irrigation Light irrigation should be given immediately after planting.SAFED MUSLI (Chlorophytum borivilianum) Its tubers are popularly known as safed musli. Sprinkler. Afterwards irrigate the crop at weekly intervals. Red and medium black soils without stagnation are useful Season June – July Land preparation Deep ploughing in April–May. FYM @ 15-20 loads/acre is mixed in last ploughing. The longer and healthy fingers There should not be Raised beds (1 ft height x 3. NPK can also be applied after first rains @ 50 : 40 :40 kg per acre. Soil Sandy and Loamy soils are preferable.2% for 15-20 minutes before planting and planted at 15 x 25 cm spacing during 2nd fortnight of June to the end of July. advisable.5 ft width) with drip irigation are water 324 . It finds wide application in Ayurvedic medicine as general health tonic for improving vitality. About 80. Harvesting Harvesting is done during January – February either by digging or deep ploughing. Seed rate Tubers weighing 5-6 gm are used. Pinching promotes better plant growth and root development. Pinching of inflorescence Pinching of inflorescence is advisable. Intercultivation Two to Three weedings are required to keep the weed growth under check. stagnation of water in the field. Tubers are cleaned and spread under the shade for a week. Manures and Fertilizers Apart from FYM applied during field preparation. flood or drip can be used.000 tubers are used per acre (400 kg/acre) Planting Healthy tubers are dipped in Bavistin 0. 000 rhizome pieces/acre.(tubers) are detached from the tubers. Plant protection In general. βasarone acts on Central nervous system. clayey loams and light alluvial soils. The essential oil contains β-asarone (82%). The powdered rhizome and essential oil can be used as a safe insecticide. As a precautionary measure. Seed rate Approximately 40. the pest problem is very less. like neem oil. Land preparation The field is prepared exactly as in case of wet paddy. Submerged conditions like wet land paddy. whereas the smaller ones are used as planting material for next season. It grows wild in marshy and semi aquatic places as a perennial aromatic herb with creeping rhizome. capsicum. Soil Fairly moist soil. Planting season Best season is March-April. FYM is also mixed @ 8-10 t /acre during puddling. the fingers dry up. It is cultivated almost in It produces an essential oil. These are packed in poly bags and marketed. tobacco decoction etc. biopesticides be sprayed. garlic. SWEET FLAG (Acorus calamus) The rhizomes of sweet flag are mainly used for improving the digestion and also for gastric problems. Climate It is a hardy plant and grows in tropical and sub-tropical climate. can 325 . The optimum temperature range is 10-38oC and rainfall from 70-250 cm. Yield Fresh tubers Dry tubers 20 to 30 quintals/acre 4 to 5 quintals/acre Post harvest techniques The longer & healthy fingers are processed by peeling the skin with a stainless steel knife and then they are kept in the sun for drying. Within 3-4 days.. the plants are lightly pressed down at the base. At each weeding. P Irrigation The field is regularly irrigated. The rhizomes are cut into short lengths of 5-7. The pieces are then washed thoroughly and dried in sun. Method of harvesting The field is allowed to dry partially so that sufficient moisture is there to make necessary deep ploughing/digging. Yield The yield of dry rhizomes is about 3 to 4 t/acre Plant protection The crop is generally free from pests and diseases. K2O and 1/3 N are applied as basal dose. In the beginning. harvesting can be 2 O5. The graded rhizome is packed in the bags separately and stored in the godown.8 weedings are required. The rhizome will spread up to 30-60 cm. Harvesting and processing Time of harvesting 8-10 months after planting when the leaves start turning yellow and dry. After drying. 80 kg N. If it is cultivated on large scale. 50 kg P2 O 5 and 25 kg K2O/acre are also applied. Entire FYM. Intercultivation In all. it is increased to 10 cm as the plant grows.5 cm and all the fibrous roots are removed. The dried material is rubbed to remove leafy scales. Later. 326 . about 6 . therefore. about 5 cm of water is left in the field. The remaining 2/3 N is applied in two equal splits during 3rd and 6th month after planting.Planting Sprouted rhizome pieces are used for planting at a spacing of 30x30 cm and a depth of 5 cm. the rhizomes are graded into thick and thin cuttings. done by ploughing. harvesting should be done carefully. Manures and Fertilizers In addition to the FYM. The rhizome pieces are pressed into the mud in such a manner that the plant in the second row comes in between the two plants of first row and not opposite to facilitate root growth. well drain. Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Paderu tribal agency area of Visakhapatnam district). muscular pains. Climate The plant requires hot. In Andhra Pradesh. It should be grown under partial shade with 20 to 25% shade intensity. medium to heavy textured soils rich in organic matter. The field is prepared to good tilth by ploughing twice. Planting Indian long pepper is propagated through stem cuttings or suckers. Application of 60 kg urea in 3 equal splits is suggested for good yields. harrowing and planking. For rooting stem cuttings. Using rooted stem cuttings at a distance of 75 cm between the rows and 30 cm between the plants (17000 – 18000 cuttings/acre). It is cultivated in parts of Assam. piplartine and are used for cough.Viswam Propagation Long pepper is propagated through seeds. dysentery. Soils It flourishes well in rich. 327 . leprosy and tuberculosis. The nursery can be raised during March and April the cuttings are ready for planting in the main field by the end of may. 30 cm long having at least 3 nodes are planted in the nursery in the month of January – February. moist climate and elevation between 100 to 1000 meters for its cultivation. The crop is irrigated at 15-20 days intervals during non-rainy periods. Tamil Nadu. Manures and Fertilizers Generally the crop is Irrigation fertilized with manures only. About 5 tonnes of farm yard manure. Season May Varieties . stomach disorders. asthma. 16 kg P2 O5 20 kg of K and 15 kg of zinc sulphate per acre are applied basally. it can be grown as an irrigated crop in well drained.LONG PEPPER (Piper longum) The fruits and roots contain essential oil and alkaloids like piperine. bronchitis. loamy soils. Planting is done during rainy season. suckers s cuttings or by layering of mature branches at the beginning of the rainy season. It is commercially grown in Periyar district of Tamil Nadu and India is a regular exporter of seeds of glory lily. 12. The seeds and rhizomes. as they are said to be of good quality.0 has been found suitable to this crop.0 cm. which are poisonous. When the crop is grown for roots. rheumatism and for inducing polyploidy in plants. Periodically. A three-year-old turmeric intercropped with Indian long pepper gives 300 . Colchicine is widely used to treat gout. Harvesting When the crop is raised for spikes. the crop is to be replanted. A soil pH range between 6. Soils It can be successfully grown in red or black loamy soils with good drainage. contain alkaloids colchicine and superbine. Once the crop grows it covers the inter spaces of the beds.0. Plant Protection There are no pests or diseases on this crop. dried in shade and stored.000 per acre may be obtained. therefore. cleaned. GLORY LILY (Gloriosa superba) Glory lily is a tall.0 -7.400 kg roots and a net profit up to Rs. it comes to bearing in the first year itself (November-December).07. It belongs to the family liliaceae. the above ground part is removed to ensure better quality roots. Glory lily can be grown as an irrigated crop in Andhra Pradesh in well-drained red or black loamy soils having pH 6. In case the crop is grown an intercrop with other crops the irrigation provided to the main crop is sufficient Intercultivation During 1st year of planting weeding is done when weed growth is noticed in the beds.The crop should be irrigated once a week if it is grown as a pure crop. it can be harvested after 36 months.5-5. The spikes are harvested while still green and unripe. weak-stemmed climbing perennial medicinal herb native to India. The spike yield per acre increases from about 800 kg in the first year to about 1200 kg in the second and third years after which yield decline. Climate 328 . cut into pieces of 2. as they are most pungent at this stage. The roots are dug out. The plant grows wild in many parts of Andhra Pradesh. Tubers should be handled carefully as they are brittle and liable to break easily. Yield Trellis or supports are erected for the plant to climb on to the supports. The annual rain fall of about 300 cm. 20 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O/acre are applied at the time of planting. harrowed and planked to good tilth. 25 kg nitrogen. Nursery The crop can be propagated by seeds or V-shaped rhizomes. Tubers weighing 50-60 g treated with 0. The crop is kept weed free by 2 manual weedings. It may also be propagated by seeds however the plants raised from seeds take nearly 3-4 years to flowering. crop is irrigated once in 4-7 days. The crop yields 80-100 kg seeds and 1. later at 15 days intervals. Interculture At early stages.25 t of rhizomes per acre. Rhizomes are generally preferred. 30 kg urea is top dressed at the time of flowering. well distributed throughout the year ideally suitable for this crop. In natural conditions it may grow up to an elevation of 600 m from sea level. immediately after planting. 329 .1 % Carbendazim are used for planting @ 800 kg/ acre. About 5 tonnes of farmyard manure.0-1. The crop is irrigated Tubers weighing 50-60 g and treated with 0. Planting should be done during the months of July and August.1% Carbandazim are used for planting on an average 800 kg to 1 tonne of tubers are required for planting in one acre. sprouting from the month of May to August. Planting The land is ploughed.It is a tropical plant of warm and humid regions. Harvesting The crop flowers during August-September and mature pods can be seen in OctoberNovember. Manures and Fertilizers Five tonnes of well rotten farm yard manure. Propagation For commercial propagation underground ‘V’ shaped tubers are used. The treated tubers are planted 6-8 cm deep during rainy season in furrows spaced at 60 -45 cm. 10 kg N. 20 kg P2 O5 and 25 kg K2O per acre are applied at the time of planting. Remaining dose of 25 kg nitrogen is applied in two equal doses in 30-60 days after planting. Short duration legumes can be grown as intercrops. The vigour of the vine and its The dormant tubers start flowering and fruiting depends on the size of the tubers. 3% Mancozeb. Control This pest can be affectively controledl by spraying metacid @0. Control This pest can be affectively control by spraying metacid @0. From a well managed crop about 80-100 kg seeds and 60-72 kg of pericarp/ac can be obtained.2% at fortnight intervals or by spraying Neem oil @ 4 ml/lit. a native of Persia. depending upon the vigour and age of the plant. particularly beneficial in habitual constipation. The incidence is higher during cloudy weather with high humidity.The yield of seeds differs greatly. 330 .) This is soil born pathogen which effects the underground tubers and cause death of the plant.2% at fortnight by intervals or by spraying neem oil @ 4 ml/lit. It completely eats away the flowers cause in severe damage to the crop. The yield during first year will be low. in the subsequent years it increases gradually.2% Carbendazim. chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Control Spray 0. Diseases Leaf blight ( Curvularia lunata ) The effected leaf first turn light yellow and later small black spots are seen which ultimately spread to the entire leaf and neighboring plants. Plant Protection Pests Lily Caterpillar ( Polytela gloriosae ) The lily caterpillar attack almost all parts of the plant. In the initial stages the infected tubers start becoming soft and the foliage exhibits the yellow appearance and in advanced stages the whole tubers gets infected giving the appearance of discolored mass and the plant dies off. PSYLLIUM (Isabgol) (Plantago ovata) It is an annual herb. Green caterpillar ( Plussia chaleites ) This caterpillar attacks the leaves and flowers. The husk is rosy white membranous covering of the seed which constitutes the drug and is given as a safe laxative. Control Soil drenching with 0. Tuber rot ( Sclerotium spp . Gujarat. Unseasonal rain or high dew deposition during crop maturity results in to total loss of seed yield. This variety was released by Anand Agricultural University. Haryana Isabgol -5 Profuse tillering. Hissar. long and compact spikes and moderately resistant to downy mildew. Seed yield 4.Soil The crop is traditionally grown in light sandy to sandy loam soils. Early sowing increases vegetative growth resulting in lodging and high downy mildew disease incidence. It is a selection from Gujarat Isabgol-2.0 q to 6. Anand. It requires 110 to 115 days for maturity. Madhya Pradesh. This variety was released by CIMAP. Anand. This variety was released by Haryana Agricultural University.0 q/ac. This variety is moderately resistant to downy mildew.0 to 4. green and hairy. lathery. Seed yield 4. Season Last week of October to 2nd fort night of November is ideal time for sowing.0 q/ac. While late sowing reduces total growth period and increases risk of seed shattering due to occurrence of pre monsoon rains during maturity period. dense. Gujarat Isabgol-2 Medium broad and pale green leaves. Seeds are boat shaped. released by Anand Agricultural University (AAU). Seed yield 5. early maturing variety. It can be cultivated in clay loam.8 q/ac. It requires cool and dry climate. Lucknow. (HAU). Climate Isabgol is highly environmental sensitive crop. Jawahar Isabgol -4 Leaves are narrow. Gujarat. hard and light pink in colour. Seed husk is rosy white membrane like. medium black soils. maturity period is 120 days. Seed yield 4. Varieties Gujarat Isabgol -1 Dwarf and erect plant with dark green leaves and moderate tillers. Propagation This variety was 331 . The areas receive winter rains are unsuitable for cultivation of this crop. Haryana. This variety was released by Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishya Vidyalaya (JNKVV) Mandasur.0 q/ac. Uttar Pradesh. Niharika Long panicles. However good rain is essential for its cultivation in heavy soils. Two to three weedings are required during the first two months of the crop. Plant Protection Pests Aphids Aphids generally appear 60-75 days after sowing. Irrigation A light irrigation immediately after sowing is desirable to ensure good germination. The crop is harvested close to the ground.2% dimethoate effectively control the pest.2 kg/ac. Intercultivation The first weeding generally done after 20-25 days of sowing. Yield The seed yield is 4. Harvesting When mature spikes are pressed in between in fingers.0 q/ac and about 30% husk is recovered from the seed. Diseases Wilt ( Fusarium sp. The crop requires 4-5 irrigations. After Cultivation The crop requires 1-2 hand weedings. winnowed and the separated seed is collected. A light irrigation is to be given immediately after sowing. ) Control The last irrigation should coincide with the milking stage 332 . Stacked for 1-2 days and trampled by bullocks. Control Two sprayings of 0. 10 kg P2O5 + 10 kg K2O/ac as basal and 20 kg N in 2-3 equal split doses. of the maximum number of spikes. Germination starts within 6-10 days. The seeds are processed through a series of grinding mills to separate the husk. Second irrigation is given after 3 weeks and the third at the time of formation of spike.8-3. the seeds come out indicating the readiness of the crop for harvesting.The seeds are small and light are sown by broadcasting in early November to late December at the rate of 2. The plant bears flowers in about 60 days and matures in about 120 days after sowing. Manures and Fertilizers 6 cart loads of FYM/ac before final ploughing. Three more irrigations are given between flowering and maturity. 3% at 15-20 days interval or when the weather turns favourable for the pathogen to spread. K2O and ½ N as basal and the remaining N in two equal split doses at 3 and 6 months after planting.Spraying of Copper oxychloride or Dithane M. Damping off ( Pythium ultimum . Vinblastine etc. The leaves contain anticancerous principles (Vincristine. Propagation Seeds are sown by broadcasting at 1.45 at 0.0 g per kg seeds protect the seeds from damping off. during June-July. Billa gamera) Periwinkle is an annual drought tolerant herbaceous plant. The crop can also be transplanted and the seed rate is 200 g/ac. It can be successfully grown up to an elevation of 1300 m above sea level. Rhizoctonia solanii ) Control Pre-treatment of seeds with metalaxil at 5. Intercultivation and Irrigation Periwinkle grows wildly as an ornamental plant due to its attractive flowers.0 kg/ac. Manures and Fertilizers 32 kg N + 16 kg P2O5 + 16 kg K2O/ha. P2O5. productive. Both the varieties are equally 333 . However the best time for planting is September–October. pink and white. Soils Can be grown on all types of soils. PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus oseus) (Vinca rosea. A well distributed rain fall of 100 cm or more is ideal for raising this crop on a commercial scale under rainfed conditions.) and the roots contain antifibrillic and hypotensive principles (ajmaleine. Season Periwinkle can be produced throughout the year. Seeds are sown in nursery beds of conventional size with 5 cm spacing and 60 days old seedlings are transplanted during June-July at a spacing 45 x 30 cm or 45 x 45 cm.). Climate It comes up in tropical and subtropical areas. reseripine etc. 15. Roots ½” diameter and more. Leaves and roots (cut into small pieces) are dried in shade for 4-7 days and stored in gunny bags. fetch more price. Gross returns Rs.000. The yield is 40-50% under irrigated conditions. ** * 334 .2-3 weedings and 4-5 irrigations during non rainy months. Plant Protection The plant is very hardy and resistance to the attack of fungi and insects. Yield Yield 2-3 tonnes of leaves and 1 ton of roots under irrigated conditions.kg leaves Rs. Roots Rs. Harvesting 3 leaf strips may be taken after 3-6 and 9 months after planting.2/-kg.10/.000. Plants are pulled out after 9 months and the roots are separated from rest of the plant.10. Net retuns Rs. GENERAL 335 . forage crops and trees within a broader frame work of proper resource management. AMLA It can be grown even on slightly alkaline soils. Silvi pastural systems Involve lopping trees and grazing under storey grasses and bushes in forests and plantations.DRY LAND HORTICULTURE Certain crops such as ber. plantations for timber and fibre can be developed on soils. custard apple. Proper managing and irrigation during fruit development checks the dropping of berries. These orchards can be intercropped upto 3 years to generate more biomass.6. field boundaries. windbreaks and tree belts. Fuel and fodder forage yielding trees and planted on fences. Fruiting starts at the age of 8 years. Regular pruning is necessary. bunds and near the farm ponds as shelterbelts. amla and mango require less water and can be grown as rain fed crops. BER It can be grown in all types of soil.5 to 9 m. These modify the environmental factors and increase the yield of crops besides 336 . The trees should be planted at a spacing of 7. The trees include neem/leucaena and others in paired rows. it requires irrigations only in summer season from March to May at an interval of 15 to 20 days for fruit retention and maturity. This system is applicable to vast areas of cultivable wasteland.5 to 7. which are not suitable for grain crops. Plants need light irrigation till they are well established. MANGO Though it is a dry land crop. Spacing may be kept as 6 to 9m. With supplemental irrigation pomegranate and mango can be used for alternate land use systems. Stylosanthes hamata can be grown in the interspace. Mango requires slightly deep soils with good drainage and pH at 6. It needs 10 m X 10 m spacing in well deep soils and 9m X 9m in medium soils. Farm forestry system This system is an integration of field. Along with horticultural crops. February-May In Polythene bags. 337 . during in April 30x30x45 cm.P. March-may In Polythene bags. during April 30x30x45 cm. Ecualyptus.P. November-Dec In Polythene bags. 15-20 days interval.P. N. N. 4x4 m.K. during summer 45x45x60 cm.K. February-May IN Polythene bags. Irrigation interval and Manures (g/Plant) 6 10-12 days interval. 4x4 m. Final-3x5.P. N.K.300:400:400 20-30 days interval. February-May In Polythene bags. N. 500:500:500 20-30 days interval.yielding fuel. February-May In Polythene bags. during summer 30x30x45 cm.2m. In Polythene bags. 500:500:500 0-12 days interval. N.P. 20-30 At 30-40 years. N. 10 45x45x60 cm. June-July June-July 6x6 m. N. 20 At 20 years. 4x4 m.) Subabul Yepi (Hardwickia binata) Tumma (Acacia spp.P. 500:500:500 15-20 days interval. acacia. Package of Practices of some Timber Yielding Plants Name 1 Teak (Tectona grandis) Red Sander (Pterocarpus santalinum) Sandalwood / Sri Gandham (Santalum album) Tella Maddi (Terminalia arjun) Jeetregi (Rose wood) (Delbergia lattifolia) Dirisena (Albezzia lebbeck) Neem (Azadaricta indica) Nilagiri (Eucalyptus spp. 25 At 15-20 years. 5x5 m./plant) 7 At 20-30 years.K. fodder and fruits. during April 30x30x45 cm. During April 30x30x45 cm. mango. June-July June-July JulyAugust JulyAugust JulyAugust JulyAugust June-July JulyAugust JulyAugust July- 6x6 m. 25 At 30-40 years. 6x6 m. During April 30x30x45 cm.K.K. 4x4 m. 300:500:500 15-20 days interval. 10-15 At 25 years.P. during summer Nursery method and time 3 Stumps/Tissueculture plants In Polythene bags.K. 10-20 At 30-40 years. 20 At 25 years At 25-30 years. 500:500:500 20-30 days interval.P.) Sarugudu (Casuarina spp.400:400:400 20-30 days interval.3m. 10 At 20-30 years. during summer 45x45x60 cm. 300:400:400 20-30 days interval. February-May In Polythene bags.K.K. January-May In Polythene bags.P. 5x5 m. during MarchApril 30x30x45 cm. during April 30x30x45 cm. 30 At 30-40 years. tamarind.K. February-May Planting Season 4 JuneAugust June-July June-July Spacing 5 Initial-3x1. At 40 years. 5x5 m. 500:500:500 10-15 days interval. N.K.K. 5x5 m. N. N. 300:400:500 15-20 days interval. 10-15 At 20-30 years. 10-15 At 30 years. during April 30x30x45x cm. February-May In Polythene bags. 5x5x m. 5x5 m. N.K. N. neem. February-May In Polythene bags. N. 300:500:500 15-20 days interval.K.P. 4x4 m. 20 At 20 years. casuarinas and ber are useful for this purpose.P.) Austrilian Tumma (Acacia manziam) Sal (Shorea robusta) Silveroke Pit size (lxbxh) and preparation time 2 45x45x60cm. 300:400:400 15-20 days interval. during summer 30x30x45 cm.P. February-May In Polythene bags. 250:500:500 10-20 days interval.P. February-May In Polythene bags. N. February-May In Polythene bags. 400:500:500 Harvesting age and Yield (Cu ft.P. During April 45x45x60 cm. 47% of time saving and 7. Power operated turmeric polisher With suitable alterations and further attachments like 2 hp motor. N.8% of cost saving compared to traditional method of sun drying. February-May In Polythene bags. N. February-May August JulyAugust JulyAugust JulyAugust 5x5 m. 500:500:500 10-15 days interval.K. polishable Nali (2 to 3 cm length) and unpolishable Nali (less than 2 cm length) in a single pass.) Simarouba Vippa/Eippa (Bassia latifolia) during April 30x30x45 cm. during April 45x45x45 cm.K. replacing traditional method of shuffling and rubbing in gunny bags and use of wooden log attached palmyrah leaves in bullock treading method. It has the capacity to polish 500 kg of turmeric rhizomes per hour compared to only 100-200 kg/hr in the farmer’s traditional method. 500:500:500 0-15 days interval. Turmeric Polisher Hand operated turmeric polisher Hand operated ANGRAU turmeric polisher developed at this centre can be used for both preliminary and secondary polishing.P. fingers (3 cm length and above). 500:500:500 10-15 Every 3 years 12 poles Till 10 years 10002000 kl/ha. the hand operated turmeric polisher was converted into power operated turmeric polisher. 338 .Potash POST HARVEST EQUIPMENT Drying of turmeric Drying of turmeric with the chilli dryer is advantageous in time and cost saving. February-May In Polythene bags.Phosphorous. Note: N. Turmeric Grader The ANGRAU turmeric grader designed and developed by the centre can grade about 400 kg of Turmeric in an hour in to four fractions namely bulbs. The power operated ANGRAU Turmeric polisher can polish about 600-700 kg of turmeric in an hour with 98% polishing efficiency. 500:500:500 10-15 days interval. during April 45x45x45 cm.P. of oil Till 10 years 15-20kg seeds/plant. It can run at 30-32 rpm. 5x5 m. K. Low cost measuring device for determining colour intensity of agricultural produce Colour reflect meter designed and developed at this centre can be successfully used to determine yellowness of turmeric (cur cumin content) and redness.K.P. P.5% level against 168 hours of time taken for the similar level of drying in open yard drying. 9x9 m. N.K. It took 58 hours to dry turmeric of 79. V-belt and chain drive mechanism and gear system. thus eliminates tedious and laborious manual grading. N. With the attachment of gears and V-belt.P. durin April February-May In Polythene bags. This also facilitates better quality and value addition to get higher remunerative price.24% moisture content to 12. The result of the trials showed 65.Nitrogen.(Greevillea robusta) Veduru (Bamboo spp. Mango Harvester Experiments using IIHR mango harvester gave a harvesting capacity of 170-200 kg mangos/hr (500-550 fruits/hr). tetra pack or glass bottle. Suitability of storage containers for storage of tamarind Tamarind gained moisture when stored in mud pots and gunny bags with reduced total acidity compared to the produce stored in polythene bag. Mechanically dried chillies showed higher colour value in chillies during storage than that of open yard sun dried produce. it felicitates in elimination of not only physical drudgery but also scorching and pungency that hinder the extraction in traditional manual extraction. Two types of Mango harvesters which are useful to harvest fruits from ground (for small trees/young gardens) and on the tree (for old and well branched 339 . whereas it was least in case of the samples stored in gunny bags followed by mud pots. Thus. Seed is separated from the pericarp by a built in separation mechanism.Chilli seed extractor This machine is used for extracting seed from dry chillies successfully. Dry chillies (of 11% moisture content) were cut into pieces by the extractor and are collected at the outlet. None of the structures however could prevent discolouration of stored tamarind as it is temperature dependent. Chilli storage Chillies stored in amber coloured polythene bags were found to retain colour for longer period of storage. Local dhoti gave a capacity of about 300-350 fruits/hr. It was observed that farmers are using a dhoti which is made locally using bamboo stick and net made of jute thread. Percentage dropped fruits while harvesting were found to be lower 8-10% compared to 20-25% in local dhoti thereby reducing the damage to the fruits. The acidity of the samples stored in tetra pack was highest followed by polythene bags. The machine can extract seed in 4 quintals of pods in a day of 8 hours with 99% extraction efficiency. Among the varieties tested the decrease in curcumin content in storage was higher with Mydukur followed by PCT-14 and TC-2. The net is connected to the curved frame. However the IIHR mango harvester is somewhat heavy and difficult to handle for harvesting fruits by standing on the tree particularly for old and well branched trees. Chemical treatment of copra to prevent fungal damage Mature coconut halves treated with solutions of 1% acetic acid. sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride protected the copra from spoilage due to fungal infection. Curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties The curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties progressively decreased with length of storage period. b.e. The light weight harvester when used on large. The drying time is 5 to 8 days to reduce moisture form 75% to 10% (wb) in comparison to 15 to 20 days required to dry chilli in open yard sun drying depending upon weather and type of chilli. wire mesh trays of size 10. thick pericarp hybrids or thin pericarp varieties.5 cm are suitable to hold chillies on the existing tiers. Conversion of tobacco barns for chilli drying Ten to twelve quintals of ripe chillies can be loaded in the existing tobacco barns to dry chillies. November to February to fetch remunerative price. LCA 334). 2) less number of discoloured pods (Talukaya) 3) Reduction in drying time 4) Drying can be accomplished even during inclement weather particularly early in the chilli season i. The former takes about 50 hours to dry whereas the latter type takes about 40 hours only.e. The poly house can also be used to raise green Coriander during off season i.5 to 4% in barn dried produce in comparison to 9-10% in open yard sun drying. The open yard sun drying takes 12 to 15 days in comparison to barn drying method.e. The dryer can be converted into nursery house by replacing poly sheet cover using 50% shade net. The cost of barn drying is approximately Rs. i. The whole frame structure is covered with a UV stabilized 150 gsm cross laminated semi-transparent polyethylene sheet with ventilators at bottom and top to facilitate movement of air.trees) as alternatives to local harvester have been designed.50-2.1.) vary considerably depending upon whether the chilli is hybrid with thick pericarp (eg. in May and June when the chilli drying is completed. Drying of 340 . fabricated and tested with Banginapalli variety. The poly house can be efficiently use for about to 10 months in a year in chilli growing region i. G. The percentage discoloured pods can be reduced to about 3. Each tray can be loaded with 7 to 8 kg of ripe pods. The barn drying method has the advantages such as 1) quality product with good colour retention and free from external contamination. Drying of chillies in a poly house ANGRAU poly house solar dryer of size 12 x 7..000 chilli seedlings can be raised in the house per batch.00 per quintal of dry chilli. About 70.e. The heavy weight model useful to harvest fruits from ground gave a capacity of 600-615 fruits per hours. The whole frame structure is connected by nuts and bolts..8 x 2.1m has been developed to dry about 20 quintals of ripe pods. well branched tress grave a harvesting capacity of 625-650 fruits per hour.I.5 x 7. Drying time required to reduce moisture from 75 to 10% (w. Local dhoti gave a capacity of 300-350 fruits/hr. Wonder hot) or varieties with medium to thin pericarp (eg. The temperatures ranging initially at 50oC to a final value of about 55OC are appropriate for drying chillies.5 x 7. The dryer essentially consists of an arch type poly house to hold chillies on two different tiers made of wire mesh fixed to frame assembled by nuts and bolts. Suitability of storage containers for storage of tamarind Tamarind gained moisture when stored in mud pots and gunny bags with reduced total acidity compared to the produce stored in polythene bag. raising chilli nursery during July to September. Chemical treatment of copra to prevent fungal damage Mature coconut halves treated with solutions of 1% acetic acid. None of the structures however could prevent discolouration of stored tamarind as it is temperature dependent. whereas it was least in case of the samples stored in gunny bags followed by mud pots. The acidity of the samples stored in tetra pack was highest followed by polythene bags. 341 . Coriander leaf production in May to June.chillies during December to April. tetra pack or glass bottle. sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride protected the copra from spoilage due to fungal infection. 00 28.5 0.25 0.0 33.0 - 342 .3 0.5 18.5 16.00 45.00 1.2-1.5 0.2 0.6 0.00 or 60.4 0.5 21.8-1.5 3.00 20.00 35.Composition of Manures and Fertilizers Materials Ammonium Sulphate Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Calcium ammonium Nitrate Nitrate of Soda Urea Superphosphate-Single Superphosphate-Double Superphosphate-Triple Ultraphos Rock Phosphate Muriate of Potash Poultry Manure Sheep Manure Farmyard Manure Compost Bone Meal Percentage of nutrients N P 2O 5 K 2O 20.5 46.5 16.4 58.0 20.5 26.3 28. Sodium nitrate 6.GUIDE FOR MIXING FERTILIZERS 8. Calcium cyanamide 7. Basic slag 11. Sodium nitrate 6. 343 . Urea 9. Superphosphate single or triple 9. Ammonium phosphate 2. Sulphate of potash 4. Calcium carbonate 1. Calcium cyanamide 7. Urea 8. Sulphate of ammonia 11. Calcium carbonate Fertilizers which can be mixed Fertilizers which may be mixed shortly before use Fertilizers which can be mixed Note: The crossing point of the required vertical column and horizontal column indicates the possibility of mixing or otherwise of the fertilizer. Calcium ammonium nitrate 5. Sulphate of potash 3. Basic slag 3. Muriate of potash 1. Ammonium phosphate 10. Calcium ammonium nitrate 10. Superphosphate single or triple 5. Muriate of potash 2. Sulphate of ammonia 4. Locate the recommended dose of fertilizer in the vertical column (N=30) and in the horizontal column locate the available percentage of the fertilizer (N in urea 46%) the crossing point of these two columns indicates the required dose of chemical fertilizer (65) kg/hectare. K 2O 10% 1 50 100 150 200 300 500 600 750 1000 22% 11 22 45 68 91 136 227 273 314 455 11% 2 46 91 136 182 273 455 545 682 909 25% 12 20 40 60 80 120 200 240 300 400 26% 13 19 38 58 77 115 192 231 288 385 12% 3 42 83 125 167 250 417 500 625 833 28% 14 18 36 54 71 107 179 214 268 357 14% 4 36 71 107 143 214 357 429 536 714 32% 15 16 31 47 63 94 156 188 234 313 15% 5 33 67 100 133 200 333 400 500 667 35% 16 14 29 43 57 86 143 171 214 286 16% 6 31 63 94 125 188 313 375 469 625 36% 17 14 28 42 56 83 139 167 206 278 17% 7 29 59 88 118 176 294 353 441 588 45% 18 11 22 33 44 67 111 133 167 222 46% 19 11 22 33 43 65 109 133 163 217 18% 8 28 56 83 111 167 278 333 417 556 50% 20 10 20 30 40 60 100 120 150 200 19% 9 26 53 79 105 158 263 316 395 526 60% 21 8 17 25 33 50 83 100 125 167 20% 10 25 50 75 100 150 250 300 375 500 Note: Usage of the chart to obtain the required dose of Fertilizer. P 2O 5. 344 .Chemical Fertilizer Combinations and Dosages Charts Recommended dose of Fertilizers kg/hectare 5 10 15 20 30 50 60 75 100 Dose 5 10 15 20 30 50 60 75 100 Percentage of N. Anilophos + 2. Alltof Suffex plus % of a. Agrodex. Cattch. 18. Agrodar. Tafacide. 12. 36EC 48 EC. 1. 2. 4-D (dimethylamine) 2. 20. 9. 13. 4-D (amine) Acetachlor Amitrole Amitrole+ammonium thiocyanate Alachlor+atrazine Azafenidin AMS Atrazine Acrolein Anilophos (Anilofos) Trade Names Fernoxone. 4-D Sodium Salt 2. Combi. Weedonil. 4-D (ammine) 2. Erbitox. 4-D (Na salt) 2. 4. Weedamar. Anilotof. Aerogin. Arozin. Knockweed 72 Agrodex G Knockweed Agrodone Agrosodium Butoxone Fenoxurone WP Key-D Tafade Weedar Zeneca-ICI Weedazol Weedazol-TL MON 29870 Evolus Ammate Atrataf.Herbicides available in the Market S. Glyphotox. 18 WP 50 WP 30 EC 22. 26. 14. Taguard. 23. 4-DB 2. 18EC. 15. 4-D (ethyester) 2.96). 17. 4-D Ethyl Ester 2. 24. Agrotex Agrodar (32. Solaro. 3.4-DEE Anilophos (Anilophos+Ethoxysulfuron) Anilophos+trichlopyr Alachlor Benzoylprop-methyl 45 EC (24:32) 40 EC 26 WP 50 EC 345 . Rice. 4-D (ellylester) 2. 27. Milizine. Croginstrek Aqualin Aniloguard. 80 WP 80 WP 4 Granules 4G. Ricil. Dhanuzine. Arozin. Salix. 16.i. Anilostar. 25. 4-D (DMA) 2. 6. 11. Check.No. 19. Aniloguard plus Basagram Rice Guard BGE Lasso. Tapicide. 5. Anildhan. Common Name 2. 8. Surya. 4-D 2. Weedmar Knockweed Fernaxon. 21. Arilodhan. Rico Shot One. Weedicide knock Weed Granules. 10. 4-D (sodium) 2. Agrdone-48. 7. Sumo. Greenoxone. 36. 35. 32. 33. 30. 29. 34. Benthiocarb Benusulfuron-methyl Bromoxynil Bromacil Bentazon+Blazer Bromoxynil Bensulide Bentazone Butachlor Saturn Londax Jaguar Hyvar-X Galaxy Bromonil. 31. Buctril Betasan Basagran Butanex 10 G 60 DF 346 .28. 40. Teer. 49. 62. Delchlor. 53. Weedkill. Classic Command Clincher Topik Sirmate Premerge Mowdown Heolon Dow Weed Millor Dimension Casoron Avadex BW Avenge Banvel-D Dowpon. Milchlor. 57. 63. 67. 4-DEE Butanil Naminigold Setoff Sethoxydim Norex. 42. 59. 45. 48. Starchlor. 41. Butachlor+2. 60.4-DEE Chlorimuron-ethyl Clomazone Cyhalofop-butyl Clodinofop-propargyl Dichlormate Dinoseb Difenoxuron Dichlofop-methyl Dinoseb Dithiopyr Dichlobenil Diallate Difenzoquat Dicamba Dalapon DSMA Dazomet Diclofop-methyl Diuron Endothall Ethoxysulfuron Flchlorin Flupropanate Flamprop (methyl) Bilchlor. Rasayanchlor. 50. Radapon Ansar-529D Mylone Illoxan Agromex. 72. 65. 76. 70. 68. Nirmool. 66. Klass. 43.4-D Cinmethylin Clodinafop with safener Cyanazine Cimzine Carfentrazone-ethyl Cinanethylin Carfentrazone ethyl Chlorimuron-ethyl + metsulfuron + anilophos Chloramben Cinmethylin + 2. 61. Butachlor 38. Butanex. 69. 55. Lambast.37. 46. 39. 56. Tenoran Glean Dicuron Curtail Cinch CGA-184927 Bladex Taphazine. Trapp Dhanuchlor. 79. 71. 47. 51. 75. Karmax. Tafapon. Hiltachlor. 80. Hexapon. 54. Pillarset Anuchlor+2. 77. Hexuron Hydrothol Sunrise Basaalin Tetrapion Suffix super 50 EC 5G 5+4 Granules 28+28EC 10 EC 50 WP 25 50 10 15 WP EC EC WP 85 WP 28 EC 80 WP 15 WDG 45 347 . 78. 73. True. Arochlor. 58. Machete. 4-DEE (Butachlor+Propanil) Basphyriback Sodium Cinosulfuron Cyclocydim Choroxuron Chlorsulfuron Chlortoluron Clopyralid + 2. 44. Hexazine Affinity Agrgold Aim Alkombo Amiben Argold plus Kloben. 64. 74. 52. Fluroxypur+2. Ronak. Hammer. Sweep. Haproturon. 110. Kanak. Dhanulon. 93. 103. 95. Randip Ready mix Fusillade Verdict. 83. Wonder. 84. Milron. Isolon. 115. 113. Tolkan. Nocilon. Marklon. Pestolon. Greniran. Delron. 91. Isoguard. 4-D Isoproturon 114. Carelon. 90. Roundup. Isoptoturon. Comet. 104. Power. 48 EC 10 EC 10 WP 15 SL 41 EC 12. Rakshak. Pivot Valour. 111. 50 WP 348 . Graminon. 101. Vegfru Taurus. 86. 102. Sector. Glytof. Dhar. 88. 85. 82. Prow. 108. 99. 96. Cleanup. Tone up Squadran Assault Assert Pursuit. Parlan Cobex Afalon. Weedall. 92. Isohit. 118. 89. 98. Isocin.5 EC 10 SL 32 EC (2+32) 50 WP 75 W.81. Shivron. Break. Jaiproturon. 4-D (IPA salts) Haloxyfop-butyl Haloxyfop-butyl Haloxyfop Haloxyfop-methyl Hexazinone Imazosulfuron Imazaquin Imazaquin+pendimethalin Imazapyr Imazamethabenz-methyl Imazethapyr (Imazethapyr+pendimethalin) Isopropagyl Isoproturon+ 2. 112. 107. Lorox plus Venzar Weedhoe-108 50 DF 45 EC. Lactofen Linuron Linuron+Chlorimuron-ethyl (12:1) Lenacil MSMA Starane plus Starane Preforan Metaven Lexus Lanex Krenite Cotoran Barnon Basalin FOE-5043 Puma super. Sonaron. 4 D Fluroxypyr Fluordifen Flamprop-methyl Flupyrsulfuron-methyl Fluometuron Fosamine Fluometuron Flamprop (IP salt) Fluchloralin Flufenacet Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Firajo Sulfuran Ethyl Glufosinate aommonium Glufosinate ammonium Glyphosate Glyphosate+2. Hytane. Monolon. 105. Roleout. Pursuit plus JV-485 Isoguard plus Alon Arelon. 97. Liberty Liberty Glycel. 116. Ciluron. 109. Noweed.P. 94. 100. 117. Whip super Rice star Saadhi Basta. Tritilon. Phulon. Isotox. Totalon. Sulron. 106. Weedoff. Norlon. Bengran. Lorox Gemini. 87. Focus Gallant Dowco-443 Velpar Takeoff Image. Isoguard. 0. 137. 139. 136. 160. Hexanor. Hilnex. Invest Devrinol Planvin Tok E-25 Surflan Goal Oxygold. Valan Doxanex Patoran DMC. 126. 162. Gropper Anstar Atlantis Mesox maxx 80 WP 40 SL 40 AS Sencor. 135. Eraze 70 WP 500 EC. Weedol Arrage. 156. Gramuron Sweep Gesagard Falcon Chemshoe Basamaize Hitweed.35G 23. 134.5 EC 80 WP 6 EC 25 EC 10 WP 23. Yield Dual Algrip. 155.5 EC. 125. 132. Brushoff Dosanex. 148. 130. 120. 150. 127. Theme Gramaxone. 146. Alto Top Star. 131. 161. Perch. 143. 149. 123. 122. Lexone. 24 SL 50 EC 349 . Ally. 158. 154. 145. Allie. 159. 124. Milquat. 141. 129. 138. Refit. Metham Methazole Metribuzin+chlorimuron-ethyl Molinate Metoxuron Metobromuron Metsulfuron MAA Mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron Mesosulfuron-methyl MCPA Metribuzin Metsulfuron-methyl + Chlorimuron-ethyl Methabenzthiazuron Metolachlor Metsulfuron-methyl Mextoxuron Napropamide Nitralin Nitrofen Oryzalin Oxyfluorfen Oxadiargyl Oxadiargyl Oxadiazon Picloram Pebulate Pethoxamid Propachlor Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl Peperphos Pyrazon Prometryn Propazine Pethoxamid Paraquate (without surfactant) Paraquat Paraquat Prometryn Propaquizafop Propham Prynachlor Pyrithioback Sodium Paraquat dichloride Pretilachlor Vapam Probe Preview Ordram. Escort. 151. 144. 163. Saathi Avirosan-rilof Pyramin Prometrex Milogard Koban Gramoxone-S Gramoxone. 128. Raft Raught Ronstar Tordon Tillam Successor-600 Ramrod Rallis. 147. 133. Tribunil. 157. 142. 720 EC 20 WP 80 WP 23. Tata 71 WP Metri Almix 20 WP Ambinil. 0. Tatametri Barrier. Uniquat.35G 10 EC Paralock.119. 153. 152. 140.5Ec. 121. 179. 185. 188. Hexanil 34 EC Stomp. Preeth 30 EC Ready mix Sofit 50 EC Stam F-34. Pendiherb. 187. Tip Top. Krilin Amber. Trofan. 30 EC Pendimil. Princep. 172. Prowl Stomp 20 EC Targa Super 5 EC Poast Hoe-404 Sathi. 186. 173. 181. 180. 174. 170. Gesatopso. 50 WP Tafazine Leader 75 WG Sinbar Saturn 50 EC Avadex BW 50 EC Flora. Pandia. Trinetra. Petrobest. 171. Mop up. 183. Traflan. Pendistar. Logran 20WG. 178. Dhanutop. Gadar. 182. 169. 168. Hexazine. Pretilachlor Pretilachlor+2. 48 EC Trilex. 176. 175.164. 4-D (Pretilachlor+safener) Propanil Pendimithalin Pendimithalin Quizalofop-ethyl Sethoxydim Sunfonylurea Sirmate Simazine Sulfosulfuron Terbacil Thiobencard (=ben thiocard) Triallate Triflaralin Triasulfuron Triclopyr Trilopyr+clopyralid Trifloxysulfuron sodium Tribenuron (methyl) Thifensulfuron Triclopyr Thiobencarp Thiazopyr Sofit. 177. Pendigold. 166. 165. 75WG Dowco-443 Redeem Enfield Express Harmony Garlon Saturn 10 G Visor 2E 350 . Rampage. Refit. Dost. 184. 167. CONTROL OF PERENNIAL WEEDS IN ORCHARDS Perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus. The mixture is then violently agitated until the oil is completely emulsified. The required quantity of the coarse powder should be put in a small bag of muslin cloth and dipped in water contained in a bucked and squeezed till the water becomes light brownish. The mature dropped neem fruits should be collected and kernels obtained.700/. This is to be sprayed on crops for protection. (cost Rs. Finely divide 500 g of ordinary bar soap and dissolve it in 4. Falling of the spray fluid on young fruit plant foliage should be avoided Second spray is required when there is regrowth of weed.1% concentration 1 g of powdered neem seed is required for a litre of water. Cool and add 9 litres of Kerosene. Neem Seed Suspension This is very effective as a repellent against locusts and gross hoppers. For obtaining 0. 351 .to 1400 ha-1) SOME INSECTICIDAL MATERIALS FOR COMMON HOUSEHOLD USE Kerosene Emulsion This is a contact insecticide useful against many sucking insects.0 L ha-1 dissolved in 500 liters of water.5 to 5. Tobacco Decoction This is very effective for controlling aphids infesting vegetable crops. The kernels should be ground into a coarse powder. The soap solution is added to tobacco decoction and the stock solution is diluted 6-7 times. Tobacco decoction can be prepared by steeping 500 gm of tobacco in 4.5 litres of water by boiling. The stock solution can be diluted with 15-20 times of water before spraying. cynodon dactylon etc. Then 320 gm of ordinary sliced bar soap is dissolved separately in another vessel. in orchards can be controlled effectively by spraying glyphosate at 2.5 litres of water for 24 hours. Insecticides – Their Common Names and Trade Names with Formulations S. contact Systemic. Parmet M 50 EC Systemic. Residual. 6. Chlordane Trade names with Formulations 3 Intox ‘8’ DP 2. 1 2 Oragnochlorine group 1. Intox ‘8’ DP 50 WP Mode of Action 4 Control and dosage 5 Filling in leaf axills against coconut rhinoceros beetle. Contact Megaendo. Thrips 400-600 g/acre Seed treatment (pulses) 50-60 g/kg seed Jassids. Leaf eating caterpillars 1. stomach and contact Stomach. Kilex carbaryl 80 WP. Aldrin 10 D Non-systemic insecticide. contact Sucking pests and stomach nematodes 10-12 kg/acre. Endocel 35 EC. Sevin 5 D.5 D. Joint formulation 9. highly persistant soil insecticide All type of insects especially leaf eating caterpillars 2ml/l Broad-spectrum insecticide. Endodhan. Rapid knock down action. Aldrin Endosulfan Non-systemic insecticide. Relatively safer to beneficial insects and pollinators. Carbaryl and Sevidol 8 G* Lindane Organophosphorus group 10. To be used with extreme caution 352 . Sevin 50 WP. Marshal 25 EC Larwin 75 WP Lanet 40 SP.Granules 8. Carbaryl 5. Carbofuran 3% G Carbofuran. Caterpillars and borers 250-300 g/acre Caterpillars and pests on vegetables 2 – 3 g/l and 2. Soil insecticide Hildan 35 EC. Stomach and contact Carbamates group . Legent. Thiodan 35 EC. Carbosulfan Thiodicarb Methomyl Hexavin 5 D and 10 D. Kilex carbaryl 50 WP. Endotaf and stomach Carbamates group 4.5 ml/l Not to be used against pests supporting wide spectrum of natural enemies. Non-systemic Starsulphan 35 EC. 3. Furan. Aphids. 7. Hexasulfan insecticide and 35 EC. Methyl Parathion Metacid 50 EC. Common Name No. Dunet 40 SP Stomach and contact with slight systemic action Systemic. Leaf eating caterpillars. Intox 10 D. Non-systemic. Furadan 3% G etc. Contact and stomach. Paramar M 50 EC. Hexafuran 3% G. Contact and stomach with some fumigant action Aldrex 30 EC. acaricide. Ekalux Contact and 25 EC. Methyl – Odemeton Strongly systemic effective against sucking insects and contact 353 . Dhanraj 75 WP. Contact. Contact and stomach Folithion 50 EC.5 ml/l Particularly effective against mealy bugs and scale insects. Quinlux. 76 EC.5 g/l 15. Vapona and fumigant. Nuvan 76 EC. 12. Vajra. red palm weevil of coconut etc. stomach Marvex super 76 EC. Contact Starthene 75 WP. Contact. Choffer. Tara 909. Malathion 50% Non-systemic. Quinalphos Safe insecticide for controlling vegetable pests. Lucid 75 WP.0-2. Dimor 30 EC. stomach. Contact gold 75 WP. Twinguard 75 WP. Suchlor 76 EC Ekalux 5 D. Leaf eating caterpillars 1. Fenthion 19. Malamer 50% EC. Celgar. Asataf 75 WP.11. Quick. Rogor 5 G. Chemlux Quinoltaf. Megastar 75 WP. Methyl Parathion Fenitrothion Acephate Follidol 2 D. Novogar Metasystox 25 EC Systemic Termites. Cythion 25 EC Nogos 76 EC. Deldin 75 WP. Divas 76 EC. Ekalux 5 G. Smash. Dimethoate 20. Selquin. Zolone 4 D Broad spectrum insecticide with contact and stomach action. Leaf eating caterpillars 10 kg/acre Effective against chewing and sucking pests Sucking pests. Sumithion 50 Non-systemic EC insecticide and acaricide. Hilquin. Leaf eating caterpillars. Kilex Dimethoate 30 EC. Hilphate 75 WP. Phosalone 18. Ardin 75 WP. Doomer 76 EC.0-1. Megaquin. Queenguard. Suquin Zolone 35 EC. Archem 75 WP. Berucil. Thrips and Mites in Chillies 400-500 ml/acre Used for effective control of rice stem borer. mites 200-400 ml/acre Sucking pests. 13. Turbido 75 WP. Doom 76 EC. caterpillars 1ml/l Residual toxicity lasts for only 24 hours. Safer to be applied on vegetables. Lancer 75 WP. Also has acaricidal action Lebaycid 50 EC Contact and Stomach Rogor 30 EC. 2. Acephex 75 WP Cythion 10% D. Leaf eating caterpillars. Dichlorovos (DDVP) 16. Flash. Metacid 2 D 14. EC. Tamaran Systemic. Malathion (Mercaptothion) Non-systemic. stomach Malasandoz 50% DC. Sucking pests 2ml/l Effective against sucking insects Long rersidual action and contact Sucking pests 2ml/l 17. 21. Formothion Anthio 25 EC Systemic and contact 354 . 6ml/l Seed treatment @ 5-7 g/kg seed Neonicotinoid group 29. Monophos 36 SL. Suthathian 40 EC Dipterex 50 EC Ekatin 25 EC Systemic. Courage 17. Hilcron 36 SL.0ml/l). Megamono 36 SL. Classic 20 EC. Red mites and white mites. Atom 17. Stomach. Suchlor 20 EC. Phorate 10% G Phoretax. Tafaban 20 EC. Tatamida Systemic and 17. Phoskil 36 SL.8 SL.0-2. Chloroguard 20 EC. Trizocel 40 EC.0ml/l Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide. Luphos 36 SL. Crotocil 36 SL. Hilban 20 EC. Monocrotophos 23. Admit 17.8 SL. Dermet 20 EC.8 SL. Radar 20 EC. Hexamida 17. caterpillars 2ml/l Leaf eating caterpillars (2.8 SL.Granules 28. Chlorpyriphos 25.5 to 2. Media 17. Gouch 17.8 SL 355 . Imidacel 17. Tricell 20 EC. Loofet Systemic.Met.. contact and broadspecturm Useful only against chewing insects Systemic effective against sap sucking insects Whitefly. Croton 36 SL. 1.8 SL.8 SL.8 SL. Vachan 40 EC. Grenade. 27. Truzo 40 EC.8 SL. Profenophos 24. Thimet 10% G. Megaban 20 EC.8 SL. Imidagold 17.22. 26. Dhanvan 20 EC. ovicidal action too.5 ml/l Organophosphorus group .8 SL. 5 – 6 kg/acre. Lentrek 20 EC Hostothian 40 EC. Cadet 36 SL. contact and stomach Sucking pests. Chemida 17.8 SL. Maharaja 17. Jassids 2. stomach and fumigant Sucking pests. Leaf eating caterpillars etc. Triazophos Trichlorfon Thiometon Nuvacron 36 SL.5-3. Guardian 36 SL. Sucking pests 0. Termites (4-5ml/l). Monocil 36 SL. Monochem 36 SL. Fantan 20 EC. U.8 SL. Imidacloprid Confidor 17. Azordin 36 SL Curacron 50 EC: Baspro 50 EC: Kareena 50 EC: Celcron 50 EC: Bolero 50 EC: Proven 50 EC: Profex 50 EC Dursban 20 EC. Force 20 EC. persistent. For soil and leaf axil application against the banana bunchy top vector and for controlling nematodes of pepper. Coroban 20 EC. Contact and Stomach Contact. long residual action. contact Imidex 17. Bilphos 36 SL. contact Sucking pest of roots and fumigant and nematodes. Fipronil Pegasus 50 WP Broad spectrum and multiple activity Stomach. Cyperkil. Erban Systemic. EC Cymbush.Granules 41. Cyperguard. 10%EC Cympher. Cypermar. Diflubenzuran Jassids 1g/l 34. Padan Systemic. Silcard. EC. 7-10 kgs/acre Nereistoxin group . Thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam Jassids. Permit 20 and contact SC Cruiser70 WS Systemic and contact Actara 25 WG. Megatrin. Ustad. Cald. Ralotrin Stomach contact and All types of caterpillars and borers 1ml/l and All types of caterpillars and borers 0. Diafenthiuron Phenylpyrazole group 37. Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G Sasvex. Systemic 39. Cimitar. Jassids Benzoate 90g/acre Thiourea group 36. Spinosad Tracer45% SC. whiteflies (30-40g/acre) Seed treatment @ 5g/kg seed. Price 20 SC. Superkiller. Sucking pests. Bullet.5 Non-systemic. Cald. Stomach Leaf folders and contact 6-8 kg/acre SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS 42. Manik 20 SC. Aphids (20g/acre) Thrips. Java. Fipronil 0. Bisatrin.R.5 EC Stomach and contact Phenylpyrazole group . Cyrex. Whitegold. Daksha 14. Java. Nuvaluran Remon 10 EC Jassids and caterpillars 1ml/l A fermentation product from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis group 35. Ankush. Acetamiprid Pride 20 SC.Granules 40. Emamectin Proclin 5 SG Stomach Caterpillars. Hilcypres 43. Spinstar Stomach. Cypermethrin 25% Cybel.5 EC. Systemic and Ananth 25 WG contact Dimlin 25 WP Stomach and contact Stomach 31. Trophy. Megacyper.0-2. Renova 25 WG. Laser.5ml/l Stomach contact 356 .1g/l) Benzoyl Urea group 33. Cypermethrin Belsip. Indoxscarb Jassids 200-250 ml/acre Leaf folders and sucking pests.30. 32. 2530g/acre (0. Cyperguard. Caldan. Dava 14. Stomach 20 SC. contact Jassids and Thrips 90-100ml/acre Regent 5 SC Oxadiazine group Avant 14.3% G Regent – G.5 ml/l A fermentation product from the soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa group 38. contact and systemic 25g/acre Sucking pests (Including Thrips) 2. Aluminium Phosphide 56% EC Quickphos Fumigant 357 . Dhanumit Celphos tablets.0-1.8% EC Desis Bytam. 53.5% EC 44.5 ml/l and Borers 4-10ml/10l and Borers 300ml/acre and Leaf holders and and Leaf holders. Tata Alfa. leaf hoppers. Tatafen. Alfaguard. Sulfex. Colonel. Reena. Hilfen. Lamida Cyhalothrin Carate 5% 50. Fencel. Judge 2. Hexakel. Microsul. Jem. Stomach contact Mites and mildew 3g/l Powdery Organochlorine group and Red mites and white mites in chilles. Fenvalerate 20% EC Stomach contact Stomach contact Stomach contact Stomach contact Stomach contact Stomach contact Stomach contact and All types of caterpillars and borers 0. Sulphur 80% W. Alfadan.6-1ml/l and All types of caterpillars 1. plant hoppers specially in rice Quick knock down action Thiovit. Legend. Phars. Phonocron. Ethofenfrax Nukil 10 EC MITICIDES Sulphur group 52. Deltametrin2. Sultaf. Hilfol Contact Dicobel. Lufen. Tremcard. Contact Cumulus Share Kelthane. Guru. Belfen. 54. Lamida Cyhalothrin Kungfu. Alfametrin 10% EC Sherepalpo. Farmex. Decaguard.P. contact Mites 200-300 ml/acre To be used with extreme care. Oomite Organophosphorus group 56. Propargite 57 EC Simba. Ethion 50% EC Fumigants 57. Used for fumigating rodent burrows and also for controlling pests of stored grain and against red palm weevil Storage pests control Sulfite group 55. citurs etc..5% EC 49. Axil 46. Fenpropathrin 30% Meyothrin EC Pyrethroid derivative group 51. Phosfume etc. Tafithion. Fumigant 58.Fenval. Altafen 45. Aluminium Phosphide Tablets Phosmite. Sumicidis. 3-5 ml/l Red mites 200 ml/acre Stomach. Sulphur 40% EC Dicofol 18. Bita Cyputhrin 25% Buldak EC 48. Deltex 47. Forward. Borers 200-300ml/acre and Leaf eating caterpillars 300 ml/acre Leaf folders. Ethion 40% + Calfs. Cinrangi.0-1. Chloripyriphos 50% Nurel D 505. 63.COMBINED PESTICIDES AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET 59.5 ml/l Stomach and Fruit borer and sucking contact pests 300-400 ml/acre Systemic and Sucking pests and contact nematodes Stomach. Hamla. Stomach + Cypermethrin 5% Terror contact and Leaf and Fruit eating caterpillars 2ml/l 60 61. Leaf eating contact caterpillars 300-400 ml/acre 358 . Spectrum Cypermetrhin 5% Profenophos Cypermethrin + Rocket Chloropyriphos 16% Ducard + Alfamethrin 20% Acephate 25% + Coronda Fenvelarate Triazophos + Spark Deltamethrin Stomach. contact Leaf eating caterpillars and systemic and mites 1. Pagat. 62. contact Leaf eating caterpillars and systemic 300-400 ml/acre Stomach and Whitefly. 64. Apply the paste to the trunk and cut portions of stem. Bordeaux paste Dissolve 1kg copper sulphate and 1kg lime each separately in 5 lt of water. dip a blade or a knife or a sickle in the solution. Don’t use stored paste.1% neem cake. Mix this in 8lt of water before spraying.5lt of water for 24hr and filter the solution. add 1lt of water to 25g of powder. soak 1g neem cake in 1lt of water till the water turns brown color. Cheshunt mixture Powder finely 60g of copper sulphate and 330g of ammonium carbonate separately and mix both the powders in a vessel. Use the freshly prepared mixture every time. Tobacco mixture Soak 500g of tobacco in 4. Add the copper sulphate solution slowly to lime solution with continuous stirring. To check the concentration of copper element in the prepared mixture.PREPARATION OF FUNGICIDES Bordeaux mixture To prepare 1% Bordeaux mixture. 359 . Don’t use the stored mixture. slowly add lime to the mixture and check for copper with blade. Close the lid of the vessel with polythene cover tightly to prevent air circulation. Prepare freshly the paste at the time of use. High concentration of copper in the prepared mixture is injurious to plants. To reduce the copper concentration in the mixture. Add the soap solution to tobacco filtrate. After 24hr. Dissolve 1lt of this mixture in 7lt of water and use for spraying. Use this brown solution for spray. Soak 320g of carabolic soap in 1lt of water in a separate vessel. dissolve 1kg of copper sulphate and 1 kg of lime each separately in 50lt of water. Neem cake To prepare 0. Red color on the blade indicates higher copper concentration. Add the copper sulphate solution to lime solution with continuous stirring. 5 g/kg seed. Tricyclozole WP 5% Cantaf. Thiabendazole Bengard. Mycozol. Prophylactic eradicant and and 7. Should not be mixed with Bordeaux mixture or Lime Sulphur. WP WP). Thiophanate Methyl Topsin-M (70% WP). Zoom. Systemic. Arrest. Stin. All Leaf spots and 2 g/l 2. Powdery mildew. TBZ (60 WP) etc. Sivic Tilt. Benomyl 50% WP Benlate 50 WP Systemic. BAS-3460. Carbendazim Prophylactic (50% WP). Menege. Collar rot etc. Benfen. Chemistin. Downy mildew. Mancozeb 75% WP Trade names with Formulations 3 Dithane M 45. of Triazole group 8. Radar 10. Carbendazim 50% Bavistin (50% WP).Fungicides – Their Common Names and Trade Names with Formulations S. Thiophanate Systemic. Hexzol 75% Beam. eradicant Benguard. Roko Same as that Thiophanate. Compatible with most other fungicides excepting copper compounds. Toper. Arbotect. Therapeutic eradicant Non-systemic. Indofil M 45. Propineb 70% WP Benzimidazole group 3. Hexaconazole EC 9.0 g/kg seed. Milstin. Seedling rot 250-500 g/acre 2ml/l and 0. Therapeutic eradicant Control and dosage 5 All diseases and 750-1000 g/acre Seed treatment @ 2. Lottery. Dhanuswim Seed treatment @ 1. Manzeb. Prophylactic eradicant Dhantim. Spic Mancozeb Antracol Mode of Action 4 Non-systemic. Cercobin (50% WP) 6. 80-120 g/acre Should not be mixed pesticides alkaline in reaction Incompatible with a number of other pesticides. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Propiconazole 25 EC Sitara.5 – 3.6g/l and Seed treatment @ 24g/kg 1ml/l and 4. 1 2 Dithiocarbamate group 1. Common Name No.0and 1. All diseases 150-200 g/acre Not effective against phycomycetes and bacteria Leaf spots. Manezeb. Uthane M 45. Control. Hilden. Prophylactic eradicant and 5. Systemic. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Trooper. Topsin (50% WP). Prophylactic eradicant 360 . Rusts. MEC (50% Systemic. Belzeb. Derosar. Non-systemic. Fycop-56. Compatible with may fungicide and insecticides. Therapeutic Hexasul etc eradicant 400 ml/acre and 1 ml/l and Compatible and commonly pesticides with most used Basic copper group 17. Iprobenfos 15. Cuprous oxide All diseases 2g/l and Incompatible with Lime and sulphur. Prophylactic eradicant Cupravit (73. BLUE Copper-50. Kolodust (53% sulphur) etc. Emulsicop-40 (70% COC). Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Micop W-50 Micop D-6. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Therapeutic eradicant Kitazin-P Systemic. Fytolon (88% COC). Copper 4% dust Therapeutic (4% C. Therapeutic eradicant Microsul 80%. citrus canker) 3 g/l Not to be mixed with TMTD.5% COC). Compatible with most other pesticides. Sulphur dust 21. Prophylactic eradicant Fruit rot in Chilles and Powdery mildew. Elemental sulphur group 20. Captor. Blitox-50 (50% Therapeutic COC). Cosan. Indofilcop. Blimix 4%. 80% WDP. and fungal diseases.). Mercury compounds.P. Fycol BE. Wettable sulphur Should not be applied and when temperatures are high. It is the safest on tender foliage. and spots 200-400 g/acre Powdery mildew and 150-250 ml/acre Leaf Organophosphorus group 14. (50% Cu). 13. W. eradicant (50% COC). Vegfru vegsulf Non-systemic. Ecide 77% WP 19. Difenconazole 25% Score EC Bitertanol 25% WP Triadimefon WP Baycor 12. Same as that of sulphur and dust. lime sulphur and dithiocarbamates Inorganic copper group 18. Oleocop-40 (70% COC). Therapeutic eradicant Fungimar (50% Cu). collar rot.5% dust. 2-2. Thiovit. Copper hydroxide Cocide. Hilcoper. Prophylactic eradicant Hinosan (30 and 50% EC) and Non-systemic. Non-systemic. Ediphenophos Iprobenfos Kitazin Systemic. Copper Sandoz eradicant (50% Cu). Copper oxychloride All diseases (Leaf spots.11. 16. Perenox Non-systemic. root rot. Cupramar–50% . Dhanucop Non-systemic.O. 361 . 25% Bayletan Systemic. Fycol-8. Chlorocop-56 (97% COC). Rust etc. Arasan (50%) Dithane Z-78. Leaf spots. 75-150 ml/acre Compatible with common fungicides. Mildews. 65% WP). Texsan (75). Carboxin 27. Mildews. Manzate. Therapeutic eradicant 25. (Zinc+Maneb Therapeutic 75%). Maneb Dithane M-22. Rust and Fruit rot 600-1000 ml/acre. Hexathane (75% WP). Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Aureogungin-sol Systemic. Zineb 75% WP TMTD. Oxycarboxin Best used as seed and treatment against Loose smut of wheat Effective against rusts and Morpholine group 28.5 Thiram Plantvax Systemic. Fungicide dust (6% eradicant Coordination product or Zn+Maneb) Vitavax. Compatible with common fungicides and insecticides. WP). and Rust. Fruit rot. Hexazir (80% Non-systemic.Organic sulphur – Dithiocarbamates group 22. Miltox (Zineb + COC) Non-systemic. eradicant Seed treatment @ 3 g/l and Wilt. Zineb instantised (35%). and Rhyzome rot 600-800 g/acre Zinc sensitive plants such as tobacoo and cucurbits are injured. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Zineb (65). Prophylactic eradicant Oxathiin derivative group 26. sensitive to crops such as tobacco and cucurbits. Tridemorph 80% EC Calixin (75% EC) Powdery mildew. Lonacol. Thiram 24. Thride (75 D). Therapeutic eradicant Non-systemic. Canker. insecticides and micronutrients. Cuman L (30% liquid). Hexathir (75% WP). Non-systemic. and 23. (Zineb 5 AQUA enmulsion). Calixin is phytotoxic at 0. Dithane M-45. and Sigatoka leaf spot on Banana. Vitavax 200 (37. Non-phytotoxic except to zinc. Ziram 27% SL Ziride (80 WDP). Prophylactic eradicant 362 . Vegfru thiram (75% dry seed dress). It should not be mixed with Urea. and Antifungal antibiotic group 29. Aureofungin Aureogungin.5% Carboxin+37.1% on barley foliage Tip burn in cereals. Therapeutic Zerlate (76%. Thimer. therapeutic eradicant and and 363 .5% dust (7. fruits and ornamentals. Sulfonimide Non-systemic. (Captan 50% W. Captan 75 W. tomatoes. Carboximide group 36. potatoes and wheat show phytotoxicity. Orthocide 7. Triphenyltin Chloride (TPTC) Brestanol 45% WP Non-systemic.5% Captan). Lime sulphur and Bordeaux mixture. Rhyzocin Systemic. Captan 50% WP Captan 50 W. Senspar. Therapeutic eradicant and 250 g/acre and Tin group 32. At higher rates of application apples. Captafol Pheltan Difolatan (80% W. Fentin Hydroxide Duter 33. Griseofluvin Validamycin 3% L Sheathmar. Protective. Hexacap 7. Orthocide 406. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic.P. Difosan. Orthocide 75-SL (75% Captan for slurry) Seed treatment 2g/kg 650-700 g/acre and Incompatible with all alkaline materials. Prophylactic eradicant Non-systemic. Protective. Therapeutic eradicant Non-systemic.5% Captan). and 34. Therapeutic eradicant Compatible with and wettable powder formulations of other pesticides but incompatible with emulsiable formulations and oils.30. Esso fungicide 406.). Triphenyltin acetate Brestan (TPTA) Non-systemic. Phytotoxic to various vines. Compatible with and wettable powder formulaions. It is not compatible with oil containing formulations. Hexacap 50% WF.P. Therapeutic eradicant Non-systemic. therapeutic eradicant Phthalimide group 35. It is compatible with marry other common fungicides and insecticides. 31.).5 dust (7. Folpet 37. therapeutic eradicant Chlorinospora leaf spot. Carbendazim 12% Compaian. 45. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Matco 8. Miclobutanil 10% Sinthane WP COMBINED FUNGICIDES AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET 43. and Rhyzome rot etc. Organochlorine group 39. 600-1000 g/acre All diseases and 400-600 g/acre Mildews in Vine fruits and and vegetables 600-800 g/acre Systemic. Prophylactic eradicant and Powdery mildew in and chilles. Prophylactic eradicant 364 . Fruit rot and Collar rot 120-160 g/acre Downy mildew.64. Prophylactic eradicant Systemic. Metalaxyl 8% + Ridomil MZ. Master mancozeb 64% WP 44. Saff. Sixer + Mancozeb 63% WP Cymaclinal 8% + Karjet M 8. Protective. Fruit rot. Powdery mildew and and mites 85-125 ml/acre If used at higher concentration or when the atmospheric temperatures are above 30O C it may damage the foliage. Arathane. Suggest Mancozeb 64% WP Non-systemic. DNOPC. Therapeutic eradicant and Powdery mildew. Chlorothalonil WP Brassicol.Dinitrophenyl group 38. Mildex. Rust. It causes chromosomal aberrations in Vicia feba roots. Capryl. Terrachlor 75% Kavach Non-systemic. Dinocap 48% EC Karathane. Quintozene 40. Mildont and Crotothane Non-systemic. Dexan Dexon Sterol inhibitor group 42. Therapeutic eradicant Non-systemic. and Leaf Blotch and Collar rot 300-500 g/acre Benzene sulphonates group 41. Therapeutic eradicant Systemic. Waiting period (days) of Pesticides in vegetables Crop Chillies 5 23 6 6 7 7 Bhendi 2 23 7 7 15 7 2 7 Brinajl 1 5 7 5 5 2 7 2 Tomato 2 5 3 5 5 4 10 2 Cabbage 3-4 7-10 7-10 5 7-10 5 10-14 3-4 Cauliflower 5 10 5 10 7-10 5 - Pesticide Carbaryl Monocrotophos Phosolone Dimethiote Cypermethrin Quinalphos Endosulfan Malathion Fenvelarate Delta Methrin Waiting period (days) of Pesticides in Fruits Crop Grape 5 23 6 6 7 18 6 5 10 1 9 5 10 20 Mango 7 9 15 10 3 - Pesticide Carbaryl Monocrotophos Phosolone Diemthiote Cypermethrin Quinalphos Fenvelarate Delta Methrin Dithane M-45 Ridomyl Carbandazim Thiophanate Methyl Dichlorovas Acephate Chlorophiriphos 365 . Dipping in water for 10 minutes 1. Cook for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution 2.4% 12. Dipping in water for 10 minutes Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Removing upper three leaves from the head Removing upper three leaves from the head washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution washing with water after keeping for 10 minutes in the 2% salt solution Reduction of pesticide residues (%) 75% 27.4% 69% 60% 60% 29% 100% 100% 59. Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution Cooking for 15 minutes after washing with 2% salt solution 1.6% 58. Washing with water 1.7% 26.3% 72.9% 27. Washing with 2% salt solution 3.4% 32.6% 16.2% Fenvelarate Tomato Monocrotophos Phosolone Quinalphos Cypermethrin Triazophos Acephate Chillies Carbaryl Monocrotophos Phosolone Quinolphas Quinolphas Cabbage Chloropyriphas Monocrotophas Acephate Dichlorovas Grape Chloropyriphas Quinolphas Teepalmethrin 366 . Washing with 2% salt solution 2.6% 23.8% 46.2% 32% 63% 30% 60% 28.5% 51. Dipping in water for 10 mintues 1.3% 67.Methods to reduce the Pesticide residues Crop Pesticide Carbaryl Method 1. Washing with 2% salt solution 3.8% 75.3% 58. Washing with 2% Tamarind solution 2. Washing with 2% salt solution 2. Washing with 2% salt solution 2. Washing with water 1. 5% L** Methomyl 24% Formulation Phosphamidon 85% SL** (Banned in A.) Ethion 50 EC (Banned in A. 2001. ** Banned w.e.f.LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES Aldrin Benzene hexachloride (BHC) Calcium cyanide Chlordane Copper acetoarsenite Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Endrin Ethyl mercury chloride Ethyl parathion Heptachlor Menazon Nicotine sulphate* Nitrofen Paraquate dimethyl sulphate Pentachloro nitrobenzene (PCNB) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Phenyl mercury acetate (PMA)* Sodium methane arsonate (MSMA) Tetradifon Toxaphene Methomyl 12.P. SPS Publications 367 .) * Manufactured in India for export only.P. 25 March 2002. Source: Pesticides Handbook. 00 8. 368 .70 1. 0 Quantity of insecticides to be added in gram or in ml per litre of water GUIDELINES TO THE FARMERS FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES 1.075 0.20 1.5 5.3 3 5. except in case of carbaryl.0 0 28.57 0.0 10.67 0.67 0.27 0.00 20.0 0 20.20 2.0 0 6. 0 17.40 0.10 0.50 1.67 13.5 3.00 10.0 2.67 5.5 1.00 2. A safe period of 10 to 15 days between spraying and harvesting is to be maintained whenever spraying is done during bearing.8 0.00 1. Under surface of the leaves must be covered with the insecticides.0 2. 0 50. 0 25.Ready Reckoner for dissolving insecticides at desired strength Desired Strength of Solution in % 0.4 0. 3. 4.33 1. 5.50 2.0 33.2 0. Farmer must use a plastic measuring jar for diluting appropriate quantities of insecticides in water to get the required strength/concentration.5 2 10.00 0.71 4.50 3.29 0. Thorough coverage of the plants is essential.13 0.0 3.1 0.3 3 15. Quantity of spray fluid for vegetables should not be less than 200 l/acre of 500 l/ha and for orchards 400 l/acre of 1000 l/ha. 0 40.33 0.20 0.5 1.75 4.00 0.0 Percentage of Active Ingredient of Insecticides in Commercial Products 25 30 35 50 75 100 0.86 2.33 2.0 6.0 1.00 20 0.010 0. 2.67 2.050 0.50 1.020 0. malathion and DDVP. Table – 1 Compatability chart of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides P E S T I C I D E S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C C C C C C C C N N C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 8 C C C C C C C C N C N Note: 369 . Urea 6. Ferrous Sulphate 3.C = Can be mixed. Zinc Sulphate 7. Fenthion 16. Methyl Parathion 24.Palanisamy. Chandra Mohan. Disulphoton 12. Triazophos ACROSS (CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS) 1. N. Terbufos 32. Quinolphos 31. Fenamiphos 27. Phosphomidon 29. N = Can not be mixed. Chloropyriphos 8. Muriate of Potash Source: 4. Carbosulfan 6. Acephate 2. Profenophos 30. Aldicarb 3. Dichlorovas 10. Superphosphate 5. Fenitrothion 14. Phenthoate 26. S. Telodrin 33. Diammoniumphosphate A guide on crop pests – A.1 Particulars DOWN (PESTICIDES) 1. Methyl-O-dematon 23. Table No. Malathion 20. Gunathilagaraj (1997) 370 . Chlorfenvinphos 7. Isofenphos 18. Phorate 28. Borax 2. Lindane 19. Diazinon 9. K. Mefosulfone 21. Triple Superphosphate 8. Hexachlorohexane 17. Regupathy. Methamidophos 22. Monocrotophos 25. Fensulfothion 15. Carbofuran 5. Endosulfan 13. Dimethoate 11. Carbaryl 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1 2 3 4 5 C N N C C C N N N C C N N N N N N N N C N N N N N N N C C C C C C C C C C C C N N C N N N C C C C N C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C N C C C C N C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C N C C C C N C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C N C C C C 6 7 C C C C C C N C C C C N C C C C 8 9 C 1 0 1 1 1 2 C 1 3 C C C C C C 1 4 C 1 5 C 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 BIOPESTICIDES 2 0 2 1 C 2 2 C 2 3 2 4 2 5 26 BIOPESTICIDES 371 . Fungicides and Biopesticides FUNGICIDES PESTICIDES No.Table -2 Compatability chart of Pesticides. Acephate 5. Fenvalerate 22. Dimethoate 8. Tricoderma spp.P. Table No. Tridemorph 17. Phosalone 17. Carbosulfan 372 .2 Particulars DOWN (PESTICIDES) 1. Carbofuran 25. Mancozeb 10. Fenetrothion 9. Deltamethrin 21. Thiophanate Methyl 12. Phenthoate 15. Cypermethrin 20.P. Bordeux mixture 3. Bascillus turinginsis 28. Beveria besciana 31. Edifenophos BIO PESTICIDES 8. Captan 16. Ziram 13. Pseudomonas florescence 27. Heliothis armigera N. Spodoptera litura N. Thiram 15. Carboxin 7.V. Benomyl 2. Dichlorovas 7. 30. Endosulfan 3.V. Fenthion BIO PESTICIDES 26. N = Can not be mixed. Profenophos 18.Note: C = Can be mixed. Lindane 4. Methamedophos 12. Verticillion lacani 10. 32. Methyl-o-Dematon 13. Monocrotophos 14. Copper Oxychloride 6. Dinocap 9. Fenpropathrin 23. Wettable Sulpher 11. Carbaryl 24. Phosphamidon 16. ACROSS (FUNGICIDES) 1. Dicofol 2. Chloropyriphos 6. Captafol 5. Malathion 11. Carbandazim 4. Copper Sulphate 18. Metalaxyl 29. Quinolphos 19. Zineb 14. Oxycarboxin 19. 9144 m.3048 m.V. Tricoderma spp.6 pounds 0. 26.54 cm.4047 ha.412 ml. 4840 sprare yards or 43560 sprare feet 0.P.48 cm. Verticillion lacani MEASUREMENTS Mile Meter Yard Feet Inch Acre Acre Hectare (ha) Mile Metric ton (MT) Pound (Lb. 0.2046 pounds 100 kgs 4. 2.V.8 kgs Half a ton 1.2200 gallon or 1000 ml 28. Heliothis armigera N.) Teaspoon Candy Lbs.) Kilogram (kg. 5 ml. 2. Pseudomonas florescence 21.6 g.44 cm. or 25.) Quintol (Q) Gallon (G) Liter Ounce (oz. per acre Bale Putti (paddy) Bag 1760 yards or 1609. 2. Spodoptera litura N. Beveria besciana 25. or 30. Bascillus turinginsis 22. 23.34 m. 500 pounds or 226. or 91.609 km 1000 kgs or 2204.37 inches 0.0936 yards or 39. 24.20.4536 kilos or 453.471 acres 1. 0.12 kgs of heactare 170 kgs 560-600 kgs (8 bags) 70-75 kgs One Cart load (FYM) - 373 .P.5361 l. or 5280 feet 1.4 mm. 374 .
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