Operation UranusOperation Uranus (Russian: Операция «Уран», romanised: Operatsiya “Uran”) was the codename of the Soviet 19–23 November 1942 strategic operation in World War II which led to the encirclement of the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army. The operation formed part of the ongoing Battle of Stalingrad, and was aimed at destroying German forces in and around Stalingrad. Planning for Operation Uranus had commenced in September 1942, and was developed simultaneously with plans to envelop and destroy German Army Group Center and German forces in the Caucasus. The Red Army took advantage of the German army’s poor preparation for winter, and that its forces in the southern Soviet Union were overstretched near Stalingrad, using weaker Romanian troops to guard their flanks; the offensives’ starting points were established along the section of the front directly opposite Romanian forces. These Axis armies lacked heavy equipment to deal with Soviet armor. not react quickly enough nor decisively enough to disengage German armored forces in Stalingrad and reorient them to defeat the impending threat. By late 22 November Soviet forces linked up at the town of Kalach, encircling some 290,000 men east of the Don River. Instead of attempting to break out of the encirclement, German dictator Adolf Hitler decided to keep Axis forces in Stalingrad and resupply them by air. In the meantime, Soviet and German commanders began to plan their next movements. 1 Background On 28 June 1942, the Wehrmacht began its offensive against Soviet forces opposite of Army Group South, codenamed Case Blue.[5] After breaking through Red Army forces by 13 July, German forces encircled and captured the city of Rostov.[6] Following the fall of Rostov, Hitler split German forces operating in the southern extremity of the southern Russian SFSR in an effort to simultaneously capture the city of Stalingrad and the Caucasus oil fields.[7] The responsibility to take Stalingrad was given to the Sixth Army, which immediately turned towards the Volga River and began its advance with heavy air support from the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 4.[8] On 7 August, two German panzer corps were able to flank and encircle a Soviet force of 50,000 personnel and approximately 1,000 tanks, and on 22 August German forces began to cross the Don River to complete the advance towards the Volga.[9] The following day, the Battle of Stalingrad began when vanguards of the Sixth Army penetrated the suburbs of the city.[10] Due to the length of the front created by the German summer offensive, aimed at taking the Caucasus oil fields and the city of Stalingrad, German and other Axis forces were forced to guard sectors beyond the length they were meant to occupy. The situation was exacerbated by the German decision to relocate several mechanized divisions from the Soviet Union to Western Europe. Furthermore, units in the area were depleted after months of fighting, especially those which took part in the fighting in Stalingrad. The Germans could only count on the 48th Panzer Corps, which had the strength of a single panzer division, and the 29th Panzergrenadier Division as reserves to bolster their Romanian allies on the German Sixth Army’s flanks. In comparison, the Red Army deployed over one million personnel for the purpose of beginning the offensive in and around Stalingrad. Soviet troop movements were not without problems, due to the difficulties of concealing their build-up, and to Soviet units commonly arriving late due to logistical issues. Operation Uranus was first postponed from 8 to 17 November, then to 19 November. At 07:20 Moscow time on 19 November, Soviet forces on the northern flank of the Axis forces at Stalingrad began their offensive; forces in the south began on 20 November. Although Romanian units were able to repel the first attacks, by the end of 20 November the Third and Fourth Romanian armies were in headlong retreat, as the Red Army bypassed several German infantry divisions. Ger- German troops advancing in the Soviet Union, June 1942 man mobile reserves were not strong enough to parry the Soviet mechanized spearheads, while the Sixth Army did By November the Sixth Army had occupied most of Stalingrad, pushing the defending Red Army to the banks 1 [29] In regard to mechanization. while German forces were used to spearhead continued operations in Stalingrad and in the Caucasus.5 in) PaK anti-tank guns were also antiquated and they the decision to conquer Stalingrad had stretched Axis were largely short of ammunition. Soviet mechanized forces would penetrate deep into the German rear. their 37-millimeter mi) wide and several hundred kilometers deep. 140 kilometers (87 mi) long.[18] As preparations for the offensive commenced. Uranus and Saturn. which had the strength of a weakened panzer division.[11] By this stage. and a single infantry division as reserves. and Second Hungarian Armies. while another attack would be made closer to the German Sixth Army in an effort to attack German units there directly in the rear. the Third Romanian Army occupied a line of around 400 kilometers (250 mi). the German high commanders— influenced by their belief that the Red Army. command of Soviet efforts to relieve Stalingrad was put under the leadership of General Aleksandr Vasilevsky. commander of the German Sixth was incapable of mounting a simultaneous offensive in Army the south—continued to deny the possibility of an impending Soviet offensive. while also units were extended over very large sections of front. largely preventing the Germans from reinforcing those sectors quickly where Axis units were too overstretched to occupy effectively.[20] While the Red Army prepared. while (1.[26] For the most part the German flanks were held by arriving non-German Axis armies.0 in) PaK guns. Eighth Italian. in early July the Sixth Army millimeter (3.2 of the Volga River.[27] The Stavka developed two major operations to be conducted against Axis forces near Stalingrad. fighting in Stalingrad and in the Caucasus. committing to an offensive which involved a distance for example. Fourth Panzer. including increased Soviet activity opposite the Sixth Army’s flanks.[14] As early as September the Soviet Stavka (high command) began planning a series of counteroffensives to encompass the destruction of German forces in the south. and also planned for Operation Mars designed to engage German Army Group Center in an effort to distract reinforcements and to inflict as much damage as possible. seemed strong on paper:[24] it included the Second and Sixth German.[32] Only after repeated forces even more thinly by drawing away personnel requests did the Germans send the Romanian units 75eastwards.1 Axis forces involved Romanian Armored Division was equipped with around 100 Czech-built Panzer 35(t) tanks. while the Fourth Romanian .[23] Army Group B.5 in) gun[30] ineffective against the armor sprawled out across a front over 480 kilometers (300 of Soviet T-34 tanks.[25] Army Group B had the 48th Panzer Corps. and information gained through the interrogation of Soviet prisoners. General Friedrich Paulus.[33] These was defending a 160-kilometer (99 mi) line.[16] 2 COMPARISON OF FORCES which was split from Army Group South (the forces operating around the Caucasus were named Army Group A).[21] While Adolf Hitler expressed confidence in the ability of non-German Axis units to protect German flanks. Fourth and Third Romanian.[28] in reality these units relied on largely obsolete equipment and horse-drawn artillery.[15] Ultimately.[31] Similarly. the German command was intent upon finalizing its capture of Stalingrad. the First 2. there were indications of an impending Soviet offensive which would target Wehrmacht forces around the city. head of Army General Staff General Franz Halder had been dismissed in September after his efforts to warn about the danger which was developing along the overextended flanks of the Sixth Army and the Fourth Panzer Army. while in many cases the 2 Comparison of forces harsh treatment of enlisted personnel by officers caused poor morale. six per division.[17] Operation Uranus involved the use of large Soviet mechanized and infantry forces to encircle German and other Axis forces directly around Stalingrad. the attack’s starting points were positioned on stretches of front to the rear of the German Sixth Army. and against Army Group Center.[12] However.[22] For example. building up opposite Germany Army Group Center to the north.[24] armed with a 37Case Blue involved German and other Axis forces millimeter (1.[19] The offensive was a double envelopment.[13] In fact. [37] In some cases.ing attack which would occur after 05:00 that morning. the duty officer repelling an enemy counterattack and exploiting a break. while Stavka raised new armies. he suggested postponing the offensive and redesigning it entirely. the German high command attempted to maintain its existing mechanized units. making mobilization more difficult.again postponed for two days when Soviet General manian Army. 420 tanks and 556 artillery pieces across the Volga.reiterated his intention to carry out the operation if or[53] nel. for example.time (05:20 German time) Soviet artillery commaning troop movements around Moscow.[27] The Italians and Hungarians were positioned at the Don west of the Third Romanian Army. overruling Vasilevsky. “due to the irresponsible attitude of commanders”.Operation Uranus. [40] aircraft for the upcoming offensive. Although thick fog tions to maintain the idea of a main offensive against Ger.[51] there was not much information on the state of the German Sixth Army. because housed in Golubinsky.3 Soviet offensive man southern flank was targeted by the Stalingrad Front’s 51st and 57th Armies. while fake bridges were put up against the non-German Axis units protecting the Gerto divert attention from the real bridges being built across man flanks.[39] Preparations for the offensive were. posted with the Romanian IV Army Corps ever.on the Kletskaya sector called Sixth Army headquarters ders to postpone the launch date of the operation. on 8 November. and many died of frostbite.[55] Shortly after 5 a. The 38 engineer battalions allocated to the front were responsible for ferrying ammunition. far from perfect.2 Soviet forces involved not be called off. units at however. to offer false im. who The Red Army allocated an estimated 1.000 dered to do so.000 person. Across the Third Romanian Army. was nized Corps. agreed the offensive would 2. their equipment was no better than that of the First Romanian Armored Division.3 Army protected a line no less than 270 kilometers (170 mi) long.Although Soviet commanders suggested postponing the ets. they were weakened by months of fighting the Red Army. ing able to move into place.[52] The Soviet commanders. had to defend a front around 100 kilometers (62 mi) long. 13. these would punch through the Fourth Ro.[57] At 07:20 Moscow instead of radio.[49] Many Soviet soldiers had not been issued with winter garments.[27] but the German commanders did not hold in high regard the capability of those units to fight.[54] it was finally launched on amassed 11 armies and various independent tank brigades 19 November.m.[35] Furthermore. man forces in the center of the Soviet Union. postponed until 17 November.minute artillery bombardment directed almost entirely pressions to the Germans. to provide a mechanized reserve in case of an Allied landing in France.[38] German formations were also overextended along large stretches of front. Lieutenant Gerand corps. such as that of the 22nd Panzer Division.100. in order to link up with the 5th Tank Army Georgy Zhukov was told the air units allotted to the near the town of Kalach. front operational security.[39] The Soviet Stalingrad Front forces were subject to heavy bombardment. bombardment due to poor visibility due to thick fog. where he was shown a letter written to Stalin by General Volsky.[36] The Sixth Army had also suffered many casualties during the fighting in the city of Stalingrad proper. using couriers for communication headquarters decided to proceed.[48] Volsky believed the offensive as planned was doomed to failure due to the state of the forces earmarked for the operation.000 soldiers. the elite Leibstandarte and the Großdeutschland.[21] their weeks of preparation and ranging allowed them .[41] The Ger. because his call had come in after five and false the front went through a number of war games to practice alarms were common during this time.[56] were masked through a deception campaign by the Sovi. German forces were in no better shape.[50] Although Soviet intelligence made honest efforts to collect as much information as possible on the disposition of the Axis forces arrayed in front of them. offering intelligence on a pendtransportation delays had prevented many units from be. prompting an 80ordered to build defensive fortifications.prevented the Soviet artillery from correcting their aim. personnel and tanks across the Volga River while carrying out minor reconnaissance along sections of the front which were to be the breakthrough points of the impending offensive.[54][58] Some 3. camouflage. and Stalin personally rang Volsky. the XI Army Corps. and. General Arthur Schmidt.of the German Sixth Army’s flank.[46] The Red Army also stepped up attacks the Third Romanian Army and the northern shoulder against Army Group Center and set up dummy forma. were redeployed from Army Group A to the West. 804 tanks. how. led by the 13th and 4th Mecha.[42] In total. such as increas. and active deception. commander of the 4th Mechanized Corps.[43] In the meantime. the Soviets placed the redeployed 5th Tank Army. during the course of the German offensive between May and November 1942.on the other end of the line was not keen on waking through with mechanized forces. the Soviets had operation were not ready.400 artillery pieces and over 1.hard Stöck. Stavka issued or.[34] Generally.500 guns opened up against the Don River. two motorized divisions.[44] These movements the Army Chief of Staff.[45] Troops were ders received the codeword “Siren”. who urged calling off the offensive. including the decrease of radio traffic. as well as the 21st and 65th Armies.[47] On 17 November Vasilevsky was recalled to Moscow. In three weeks the Red Army transported around 111. in order to penetrate and overrun the German flanks. followed by the Eighth Cavalry Corps.1 Against the Third Romanian Army: 19 November The offensive against the Third Romanian Army began at 08:50.[75] As German forces began to react late on 19 November.[67] The 22nd had entered the fighting with fewer than thirty working tanks.[60] Unit locations of Axis and Soviet Armies on Nov 18. originally positioned on the German 376th Infantry Division’s flank. attached to the 48th Panzer Corps. to reorient themselves to bolster the Romanian defenses. 1942.[61] The first two assaults were repulsed by the Romanian defenders. many Soviet tank crews began to suffer from the worsening blizzard. hitherto engaged in Stalingrad.[69] The Soviet 21st Army and 5th Tank Army were able to capture some 27. which affected men and equipment. the 5th Tank Army was able to gain a breakthrough against the Second Romanian Corps.[73][74] The withdrawal of the 1st Romanian Cavalry Division.[63] As Soviet armor navigated through the thick fog by compass. the Luftwaffe provided only negligible opposition.[76] .[67] The Romanian 1st Armored Division. the lack of heavy anti-tank artillery caused the Romanian defense to collapse. Soon after.[54] Soviet heavy artillery aimed at Romanian artillery positions and second-echelon formations also caught the retreating Romanian soldiers. It was not uncommon for tanks to lose traction on the ground. allowed the 65th Army to bypass German defenses. was almost completely destroyed in the fighting that ensued.[72] Soviet cavalry was used to exploit the breakthrough. which formed part of the corps.4 3 SOVIET OFFENSIVE 5th Tank Army. and the shortage of tanks forced commanders to organize tank crews into infantry companies.[70] However.[59] The effect was devastating. led by the 21st and 65th Soviet Armies and the The 48th Panzer Corps had fewer than 100 serviceable modern tanks to combat Soviet armor.[64] After receiving the news of the Soviet attack.[66] Romanian soldier on the front to lay down accurate fire on enemy positions along the front. a breakthrough by the 4th Tank Corps and 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps was established by noon. engaged the Soviet 26th Tank Corps after having lost communications with their German corps commanders.[71] The rout of the Third Romanian Army began by the end of 19 November.[68] and left with a company of tanks. the Third Romanian Army had been outflanked to the West and East. three Romanian infantry divisions began to fall back in disarray. Furthermore. they lacked fuel.[69] As the Soviets continued to advance southwards. However. and blocked gunsights. another attack developed on the Sixth Army’s flank to the south. 3.000 Romanian prisoners—the bulk of three divisions—and then continue their advance southwards.[73] While the Red Air Force strafed retreating Romanian soldiers. and for a crew member to have an arm broken as he was thrown around inside the hull. overrunning Romanian and German artillery positions. as communication lines were breached. Many Romanian personnel who survived the bombardment began to flee to the rear. and were defeated by 20 November.[65] instead the task was given to the seriously understrength and poorly equipped 48th Panzer Corps. sever communications between the Romanians and the Italian 8th Army.[62] and the effects of the heavy artillery bombardment had actually made it more difficult for Soviet armor to navigate through the minefields and terrain. the 22nd Panzer Division. the blizzard also neutralized the German corps’ coordination. Sixth Army headquarters failed to order the 16th and 24th Panzer Divisions. and to block any possible counterattack against the Soviet flank. ammunition dumps destroyed and forward observation points shattered. [77] The 51st Army engaged the Romanian 6th Corps. although the 51st Army opened its artillery barrage on time because front headquarters could not contact the division.3. while the Red Army began to engage flanking portions of the German Fourth Panzer and Sixth Armies. the situation developed in such a way that the Stalingrad Front could throw its armored corps into battle. The Red Army’s 4th ing Romanian units in the north were being destroyed in isolated battles.[84] The 14th Panzer Division's remaining panzer regiment destroyed a flanking regiment of the Soviet 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps. He responded he would do so only if the fog lifted. Continued operations: 20–23 Novem. the rest of the forces prepared for the operation received orders to postpone the attack until 10:00. was reduced to little .[83] By the end of the day the Soviet 1st Tank Corps was chasing the retreating 48th Panzer Corps.[82] General Paulus in the southern Soviet Union 3. but were hindered by shortage of fuel. at 08:00.[78] The German 297th Infantry Division watched as its Romanian support failed to put up resistance against the Red Army.2 Continued operations: 20–23 November 5 Against the German southern flank: 20 November Panzer III in the southern Soviet Union.[86] The German 22nd Panzer Division. By this time remain- While the Stalingrad Front launched its offensive on 20 November. Despite initial victories against Soviet armored forces.[80] Tank Corps advanced beyond the German 11th Corps. taking many prisoners.[83] The German 376th Infantry Division and the Austrian 44th Infantry Division began to redeploy to face the enemy on their flanks.3 The Red Army’s offensive continued on 21 November.[81] However.with forces of the Stalingrad Front achieving penetrations ber of up to 50 kilometers (31 mi). the Romanian collapse forced the division to again redeploy in an attempt to shore up defenses to the south. the 65th Soviet Army continued to apply pressure to the German 11th Corps along the northern shoulder of the Sixth Army’s flank. but its anti-tank artillery suffered heavy casualties when it was overrun by Soviet forces. while the 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps crashed into the German unit’s rear. almost 130 kilometers (81 mi) to the northwest of Stalingrad.[79] The 29th Panzergrenadier Division’s counterattack had cost the Red Army around fifty tanks. As the 57th Army joined the attack at 10:00. and caused Soviet commanders to worry about the safety of their left flank. the 29th Panzergrenadier Division.[85] The Germans responded quickly by redeploying their only reserve in the area. despite attempting a short counterattack. confusion and lack of control caused the Soviet 4th and 13th Mechanized Corps to stumble as they began to exploit the breakthroughs achieved by the opening offensive. the German division’s redeployment meant that by the end of the day only the 6th Romanian Cavalry Regiment was positioned between advancing Soviet forces and the Don River. while the Soviet 26th Tank Corps had captured the town of Perelazovsky. December 1942 In the early morning of 20 November Stavka telephoned Stalingrad Front commander Andrei Yeremenko asking if he would begin his portion of the offensive on schedule.3 3.[79] However. although remnants of the Romanian 5th Corps were able to reorganize and put up a hastily constructed defense in the hope that it would be aided by the German 48th Panzer Corps. Furthermore. continued its advance to the southeast.6 more than a tank company and forced to withdraw to the southwest. weapons and other equipment. this was still insufficient to supply the Sixth Army and elements of the Fourth Panzer Army with the required supplies.[100] The withdrawal to Stalingrad left lines of retreat littered with helmets. and even then did not know in what strength the Red Army was approaching. and surviving elements of two Romanian divisions.[110] In the meantime.[99] The pocket contained four infantry corps. in the midst of chaos.[95] The encirclement of German forces in Stalingrad was completed on 22 November 1942. the Red Army strengthened its outer en- .[108] The personnel trapped in Stalingrad would require at least 680 metric tons (750 short tons) of supplies per day.[85][91] The Sixth Army.[98] 4 AFTERMATH 4 Aftermath Operation Uranus trapped between 250. and many of those who attempted to cross the river on foot on the ice fell through and drowned.[88] That day German General Friedrich Paulus. having destroyed a large portion of the Romanian 1st Armored Division. Hitler ordered German forces in the area to establish an “all-around defensive position” and designated forces between the Don and Volga rivers as “Fortress Stalingrad”. rather than allow the Sixth Army to attempt to break out. and demolished the bridges to seal off the Fourth Panzer and Sixth Armies from the Soviets in Stalingrad. and most of the Fourth Panzer Army’s German units were caught inside the growing Soviet encirclement. towards Stalingrad. It was also tasked with plugging gaps in the line caused by the disintegrating Romanian forces. ammunition and rations. there were no remaining units which could contest the Soviet advance. the Soviet 62nd Army was able to destroy the German 94th Infantry Division on the open ground. attempting to escape Soviet armor and infantry threatening to cut them off from Stalingrad. furthermore. received reports that the Soviets were less than 40 kilometers (25 mi) from his headquarters. avoiding engaging enemy left behind. and further burdened by the advancing Russian winter.[102] Many wounded Axis personnel were trampled. a panzer corps belonging to the Fourth Panzer and Sixth Armies. mostly composed of maintenance and supply personnel. after the Germans had abandoned their winter bunkers. the revived Red Air Force was a threat to German aircraft attempting to fly over the encirclement.[97] Fighting continued on 23 November as the Germans attempted in vain to mount local counterattacks to break the encirclement. Trapped equipment included around 100 tanks. between 23 and 24 November Hitler decided instead to hold the position and attempt to resupply the Sixth Army by air.[107] Although German military commanders were of the opinion that Wehrmacht forces caught in the encirclement should break out. as surviving Axis soldiers hastily made their way eastwards in the cold weather.[109] During the first half of December the Sixth Army received less than 20% of their daily requirements. were not aware of the Soviet offensive until 21 November. and heavy equipment which had been destroyed was left on the side of the road.[90] As German forces in and around Stalingrad were at risk. a task which the depleted Luftwaffe was actually in no condition to carry out. the Soviet 4th Mechanized Corps continued its advance north. Although by December the Luftwaffe had assembled a fleet of around 500 aircraft. survivors of the German division were attached to the 16th and 24th Panzer Divisions.[94] Soviet forces broke into the town by mid-morning and drove the defenders out. commander of the Sixth Army. after a brief halt.[89] In the south.[104] The last stragglers crossed the Don River by 24 November. Only the 16th Panzergrenadier Division began to fight its way out. Lack of coordination between Soviet tanks and infantry as the Red Army’s tank corps attempted to exploit the breakthrough along the Germans’ southern flank allowed much of the Fourth Romanian Army to escape destruction. removing German defenders from several towns in the area. allowing themselves and the 4th Tank Corps to link up with the Red Army’s 4th Mechanized Corps approaching from the south.[96] That day Soviet formations also continued to fight pockets of Romanian resistance. while supply dumps were often looted in search of cans of food.[92] By this time Axis personnel inside the encirclement moved east towards Stalingrad to avoid Soviet tanks. However.[93] The task of taking the bridge at Kalach was given to the Soviet 26th Tank Corps. such as that put up by the Romanian 5th Corps.000 trucks.[105] The Sixth Army.[101] Bridges spanning the Don River were jammed with traffic.[85] On 22 November Soviet forces began to cross the Don River and continued their advance towards the town of Kalach.[87] The Soviet 26th Tank Corps. a Croat infantry regiment and other specialist units. other Axis units.[92] German forces defending Kalach. began to build defensive lines.[106] On 23 November. hampered by the lack of fuel. which used two captured German tanks and a reconnaissance vehicle to approach it and fire on the guards. some German units destroyed or burned everything not necessary for a breakout operation and began to pull back towards the northern end of Stalingrad. 2.000 artillery pieces and mortars and 10. while those that managed to escape the encirclement moved west toward German and other Axis forces.000 and 300.000 Axis soldiers within an area stretching 50 kilometers (31 mi) from east to west and 40 kilometers (25 mi) north to south.[103] Hungry soldiers filled Russian villages scouring for supplies. p. German and Soviet forces were planning their next movements. p. p. 239 [49] Erickson (1975). pp. A Thousand Years of the Hungarian Art of War. p. 88 [4] Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982). pp. [5] McCarthy & Syron (2002). p. These orders became effective on 24 November. 48 [29] McTaggart (2006). 420 [23] Cooper (1978). 129–130 [18] Glantz (1995). 456 [44] Erickson (1975). 17 5 See also [31] Perrett (1998). p. and were to be executed without a major regrouping or movement of reserves. 131 [42] Glantz (1995). 120 [8] McCarthy & Syron (2002). 422 [48] Erickson (1975). 119 [7] Glantz (1995).[115] [14] McCarthy & Syron (2002). p. and the Third and Fourth Romanian Armies. 18 [17] Glantz (1995). pp. 226 [21] McTaggart (2006). 21 [32] Beevor (1998). p. p. p. pp. p. p. aiming to split German units into smaller groups. 293 [35] Glantz (1995).[117] [24] Erickson (1975). 240–241 [34] Manstein (1982). p. 131 [6] Glantz (1995). pp. p.[113] which was aimed at destroying the Italian Eighth Army and cutting off German forces in the Caucasus. Soviet armies would attack German units to the east and the south. 225–226 [20] Beevor (1998). p. 453 [15] Glantz (1999). 233 . p. p. as German general Erich von Manstein was given command of the newly created Army Group Don. 454 [27] McTaggart (2006). pp. 135–136 [9] McCarthy & Syron (2002). p. pp. 457 [10] Cooper (1978). 124 6 Notes [1] Glantz & House (1995). 136 [36] Cooper (1978). pp. 131–132 [43] Erickson (1975).[112] The Soviet high command also began planning for Operation Saturn. p. pp. 144–45. p. 130 [19] Beevor (1998). p. 87 [3] Bergström (2007). pp. p. 17 [16] Glantz (1999). 229 • Romanian Armies in the Battle of Stalingrad • Operation Little Saturn [33] Clark (1975). pp. 453–454 [26] Erickson. 134 [2] Bergström (2007). p. p. p. 226–227 [46] Beevor (1998).9 mi). pp. p. 50–51 [39] McTaggart (2006). pp. 227 [47] Erickson (1975). Toronto: Rakoczi Foundation. although only three-quarters of that distance was actually covered by Soviet troops. 137–138 German forces in the area had been further split up. 134 [41] Glantz (1995).[114] The Soviet Stavka planned Saturn to start on about 10 December. p. 425–426 [38] McTaggart (2006).[111] The outer encirclement ran for an estimated 320 kilometers (200 mi). the distance between the outer and inner encirclements was around 16 kilometers (9. 461–462 [12] Clark (1965). 50 [40] Glantz (1995). p. p. 242 [51] Beevor (1998). p. pp. p.[116] Although the situation looked bleak for the Germans. 456–457 [45] Beevor (1998). 425 [37] Cooper (1978). 49 [28] McTaggart (2006). p.7 circlement with the intention of destroying the encircled German units. p. 48–49 [30] Perrett (1998). p. 232 [13] Clark (1965). 241 [50] Beevor (1998). comprising the German Fourth Panzer and Sixth Armies. pp. p. 418 [25] Erickson. p. 461 [11] Clark (1965). 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