Operation Condor1 Operation Condor Green: main active members (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay). Light green: sporadic members (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela). Blue: collaborator (USA). Operation Condor Background histories € € € € € € € Argentina Bolivia Brazil (1960s) Chile (1973 coup d'•tat) Paraguay Peru Uruguay Events € € € € € € € € € € € € Dirty War National Reorganization Process Operation Colombo Operation Charly Operation Gladio Night of the Pencils Operation Independence Ezeiza massacre Margarita Bel•n massacre Death flights Desaparecidos (the "disappeared") 1973 Chilean coup d'•tat Government leaders Operation Condor 2 € € € € € € € € Jorge Anaya Hugo Banzer Basilio Lami Dozo Jo‚o Figueiredo Leopoldo Galtieri Augusto Pinochet Alfredo Stroessner Jorge Rafael Videla Targeted militias € € € € Montoneros Tupamaros People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) Principal operatives € € € € € € € € € € Alfredo Astiz Orlando Bosch Hugo Campos Hermida Manuel Contreras Stefano Delle Chiaie Jos• Lƒpez Rega Virgilio Paz Romero Luis Posada Carriles Paul Sch„fer Michael Townley Organizations responsible € € € € € € € € € Direcciƒn de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) Caravan of Death Batallƒn de Inteligencia 601 Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU) National Intelligence Service of Brazil (SNI) School of the Americas (SOA) Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (SISMI) Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A") Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Places € € € € Esmeralda Estadio Nacional de Chile Villa Grimaldi Colonia Dignidad Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics (ESMA) Laws € € Full stop Due Obedience Archives and reports . supported the local juntas in their anti-communism battle. The United States provided technical support and supplied military aid to the participants until at least 1978.S. U. The program was developed following a series of government coup d'etats by military groups. A declassified CIA document dated 23 June 1976. security officials from Argentina.000 deaths can be attributed to Condor. also known as Plan C€ndor. the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor is highly disputed. These efforts. Portuguese: Opera•‚o Condor) was a campaign of political repression and terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents. Bolivia and Brazil. had the tacit approval of the United States. which took place in the context of the Cold War between Western societies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc.Operation Condor 3 € € € € Archives of Terror Rettig Report Valech Report National Security Archive Reactions € € € € € € € National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) Trial of the Juntas Augusto Pinochet's arrest and trial Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo e [1] v t Operation Condor (Spanish: Operaci€n C€ndor. Condor's key members were the governments in Argentina. Paraguay. officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. Paraguay and Bolivia met in Buenos Aires to prepare coordinated actions against subversive targets. the strategy of tension used in Italy in the 1970s. explains that "in early 1974. In 1968. the establishment of common operating procedures. we are. € The Brazilian military overthrew the president Jo‚o Goulart in 1964. and again after Republican Ronald Reagan became President in 1981. .[2] Antecedents Operation Condor. and the conduct of joint and combined training exercises. Porter stated that "in order to facilitate the coordinated employment of internal security forces within and among Latin American countries. The program was intended to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas. primarily in the 1970s: € General Alfredo Stroessner took control of Paraguay in 1954. in the 1960s and early 1970s plans were developed among international security officials at the US Army School of the Americas and the Conference of American Armies to deal with perceived threats in South America from political dissidents.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources and possibly more. According to American historian Patrice McSherry. based on formerly secret CIA documents from 1976. € General Hugo Banzer took power in Bolivia in 1971 through a series of coups."[citation needed] Condor was part of this effort.. and to suppress active or potential opposition movements against the participating governments. such as Operation Charly."[citation needed] Condor was an operation similar to Operation Gladio. Uruguay. Chile.endeavoring to foster inter-service and regional cooperation by assisting in the organization of integrated command and control centers. General Robert W. Ecuador and Peru joined later in more peripheral roles.. of which Licio Gelli was a member. Some estimates are that at least 60. Chile. Uruguay. Due to its clandestine nature. based on newly declassified CIA documents dated June 1976. Bolivia.[6]Template:Link Missing Based on the governments' perception of threats. can be attributed to the CIA.[citation needed] . which resulted in approximately 30. including their families and others. to implement cooperation guidelines. the corpses of Bolivian refugees were found in garbage dumps in Buenos Aires. as reported by the Valech Commission. and Uruguay met with Manuel Contreras.). deputy chief of the Argentine Federal Police and co-founder of the Triple A death squad. Patrice McSherry also confirmed the abduction and torture during this period of Chilean and Uruguayan refugees who were living in Buenos Aires. numerous corpses washed up on beaches south of Buenos Aires. Uruguay and Bolivia met with Alberto Villar. etc. representatives of the police forces of Chile. concerning the watching (and subsequent disappearance or assassination) of political refugees in these countries. Paraguay.[citation needed] From 1976 onwards. relatives of activists." During the Conference of American Armies held in Caracas on 3 September 1973. for example. in Santiago de Chile. € A military junta headed by General Jorge Rafael Videla seized power in Argentina on 24 March 1976. chief of DINA (the Chilean secret police). overthrowing democratically elected president Salvador Allende."[4] In March 1974. According to American author. head of the Brazilian army. the organization of the first meetings between Argentinian and Uruguayan security officials.[3] 4 History Cooperation among various security services had existed prior to the creation of Operation Condor. On 25 November 1975. officially the targets were armed groups (such as the MIR. social activists such as founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. Their goal was to destroy the "subversive" threat represented by the presence of thousands of political exiles in Argentina. General Rivero. Government forces took victims by plane or helicopter out to sea. kidnapped. dropping them to their deaths and planned disappearances. The infamous "death flights. nuns.000 victims according to most estimates. Uruguayan and Brazilian death squads meetings. Chile. the Chilean DINA and its Argentine counterpart. developed the concept of Operation Condor. Death Squads.[5] According to French journalist Marie-Monique Robin. J. author of Escadrons de la mort. Brazilian General Breno Borges Fortes. officially creating the Plan Condor.Operation Condor € Forces loyal to General Augusto Pinochet bombed the presidential palace in Chile (La Moneda) on 11 September 1973. Langguth. leaders of the military intelligence services of Argentina. the children were given in illegal adoptions to military families and associates of the regime. In August 1974. tortured and killed many trade-unionists. journalist and educator A." theorized in Argentina by Luis Mar…a Mend…a†€ and previously used during the Algerian War (1954•1962) by French forces†€ were widely used. the Tupamaros. In late 1977. In 2007. but the governments broadened their attacks against all kinds of political opponents. university professors. The French School). as well as its participation as intermediary in the Argentinian. were the operation's front-line troops. proposed to "extend the exchange of information" between various services in order to "struggle against subversion. producing evidence of some of the government's victims. due to unusual storms. SIDE. There were also hundreds of cases of babies and children being taken from mothers in prison who had been kidnapped and later disappeared. intelligence officer of the Argentine Armed Forces and former student of the French.[citation needed] The Argentine "Dirty War". the Montoneros or the ERP. l'ƒcole fran•aise (2004. with the aim of "eliminating Marxist subversion. etc. together with Costa Rica. as well as the ex-president of Bolivia. The "terror archives" also revealed a degree of cooperation by Colombia and Venezuela.[citation needed] Brazil signed the agreement later (June 1976). .000 documents. For instance. They were seeking to learn the location and fates of their children. Luis Posada Carriles was probably at the meeting that ordered Orlando Letelier's car bombing).000 in Argentina. cooperated by providing intelligence information in response to requests from the security services of the Southern Cone nations. They found what became known as the "terror archives" (Portuguese: Arquivos do Terror). with the help of the Italian Gladio operative Stefano Delle Chiaie and Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie (see also Graffiti in Buenos Aires. In April 1977. and 30. The SIDE also assisted Bolivian general Luis Garcia Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup in Bolivia. tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina. (For instance. weighing 4 tons and comprising 593. Other Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo continue the struggle for justice to this day (2013).000 "disappeared". a victims of the Dirty War group of mothers whose children had been disappeared.[10] According to these archives. Canada.[7] On 22 December 1992. The archive has a total of 60. Spain and Sweden received many people fleeing as refugees from the terror regimes.000 in Paraguay. Brazil. Analyzing the political repression in the region during that decade. in Buenos Aires. the UK. Juan Jos• Torres. A Colombian paramilitary organization known as Alianza Americana Anticomunista may have cooperated with Operation Condor. 30. demanding justice for Operation Charly). While Peru had no representatives at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile. torture and "disappearance" of a group of Montoneros living in exile in Lima.[9] Some of these countries have relied on evidence in the archives to prosecute former military officers. Their remains were later identified as among those bodies washed up on beaches in December 1977 south of Buenos Aires. as late as June 1980. Peru was known to have collaborated with Argentine agents of 601 Intelligence Battalion in the kidnapping.[8] Southern Cone Operation Condor resulted in up to 50. 297 in Uruguay. The disappearance in December 1977 of two French nuns and several founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo gained international attention. a Paraguayan judge. the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo. Chile. 3. The Argentine SIDE cooperated with the Chilean DINA in numerous cases of desaparecidos. there is evidence of its involvement. Mexico. other countries. torture victim Martin Almada and Jos• Fern‡ndez.000 arrested and imprisoned. and 400. visited a police station in the Lambar• suburb of Asunciƒn to look for files on a former political prisoner. 366 in Brazil. victms of death flights. France. Paraguay and Uruguay. documenting the fates of thousands of Latin Americans political prisoners. such as Peru. but refused to engage in actions outside Latin America. Operation Condor officially ended when Argentina ousted the military dictatorship in 1983 (following its defeat in the Falklands War) and restored democracy.196 in Chile. Notable cases and prosecutions Argentina The Argentine Dirty War was carried out from 1976 to 1983.Operation Condor 5 Revelations about Condor The dictatorships and their intelligence services were responsible for tens of thousands of killed and missing people in the period between 1975 and 1985. during the military juntas and around Operation Condor. started demonstrating each Thursday in front of the Casa Rosada on the plaza. Brazilian journalist Nilson Mariano estimates the number of killed and missing people as 2. former Uruguayan MPs Zelmar Michelini and H•ctor Guti•rrez Ruiz. They assassinated Chilean General Carlos Prats. Bolivia. who were secretly kidnapped.000 killed.000 microfilmed pages. DINA civil agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel. The Argentine Supreme Court under separate review declared them unconstitutional in June 2005.S. That year Italian attorney general Giancarlo Capaldo. US President Bill Clinton ordered the declassification of thousands of State Department documents related to US-Argentine activities. This enabled the government to renew prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War. Rub•n Graffigna. President Carlos Menem pardoned the leaders of the junta who were serving sentences in what he said was an attempt in reconciliation and healing. Roberto Eduardo Viola. . Prosecutors are basing their case in part on U. likely due to actions by Argentine. Emilio Eduardo Massera. charged with conspiracy to "kidnap. including Jorge Rafael Videla. Most of the top officers who were tried were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Paraguayan and Chilean militaries [military officers] will be submitted to a trial. twenty-five former high-ranking military officers from Argentina and Uruguay went on trial in Buenos Aires. These revealed US complicity in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. Armando Lambruschini. accused 11 Brazilians of involvement. a retired colonel from the Chilean army. Following continuous protests by the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and other human rights groups. Under pressure from the military following these trials. based at George Washington University in Washington. Jorge Anaya and Basilio Lami Dozo. be extradited. led by writer Ernesto Sabato. documents declassified in the 1990s and later. the Italian government "could not confirm nor deny that Argentine."[14] As of December 2009. after the restoration of democracy. who was prosecuted in Argentina for crimes against humanity in 2004. Brazilian. In 1989•1990. as they were accused of also being involved in the murder. the government set up the National Commission for Forced Disappearances (CONADEP). It took testimony from hundreds of witnesses about victims of the regime and known abuses.[13] 6 Brazil President Fernando Henrique Cardoso ordered the release of some military files concerning Operation Condor in 2000. Two years later. DC. going back to 1954.Operation Condor In 1983 in Argentina. Leopoldo Galtieri. Raˆl Agosti. He and fellow extremist Vincenzo Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before federal judge Mar…a Servini de Cubr…a that DINA agents Clavel and Michael Townley were directly involved in this assassination. the National Security Archive. documenting hundreds of secret prisons and detention centers. disappear.[11] In 2003. and obtained by the non-governmental organization. torture and kill" 171 political opponents during the 1970s and 1980s. It has been claimed that suspected Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie was involved in the murder as well.[12] On 5 March 2013. from the period of El Proceso. Raˆl Alfons…n's government passed two amnesty laws protecting military officers involved in human rights abuses: the 1986 Ley de Punto Final (law of closure) and the 1987 Ley de Obediencia Debida (law of due obedience). Paraguayan and Brazilian military. and identifying leaders of torture and death squads. nobody in Brazil has been convicted of human rights violations for actions committed under the 21 years of military dictatorship. ending prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War. in 2003 the Argentine Congress repealed the amnesty laws. who was investigating the "disappearances" of Italian nationals in Latin America. due to attacks on American nationals in Argentina and revelations about CIA funding of their military after a 1990 explicit Congressional prohibition. Among the defendants are former Argentine presidents Jorge Videla and Reynaldo Bignone. Judge Servini de Cubr…a requested that Mariana Callejas (Michael Townley's wife) and Cristoph Willikie. In the late 1990s. According to the official statement. Chilean. was sentenced to life imprisonment for his part in the murder of General Prats. the Juicio a las Juntas (Trial of the Juntas) largely succeeded in proving the crimes of the top officers of the various juntas that had formed the self-styled National Reorganization Process. Chilean appeals court judge Nibaldo Segura refused extradition in July 2005 on the grounds that they had already been prosecuted in Chile. When democracy was restored in Uruguay in 1984.[19] Captain Glauco Yanonne." To check on the information.[21] Hugo Cores. When Seelig was prosecuted in Brazil.[20] Although Universindo and Lilian identified the Uruguayan military men who had arrested and tortured them. The exposure of the operation is believed to have prevented the murder of the couple and their two young children. as the news of the political kidnapping of Uruguayan nationals in Brazil made headlines in the Brazilian press. Cunha and Scalco were awarded the 1979 Esso Prize. was the one who had called Cunha in warning. passed in 1986. In 1993 he said to the Brazilian press in 1993: . Camilo and Francesca. and detained for the next five years. the head of the DOPS at the time of the kidnapping. capital of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. for their investigative journalism of the case. The illegal operation failed because two Brazilian journalists. Governor Pedro Simon arranged for the state of Rio Grande do Sul to officially recognize the kidnapping of the Uruguayans and gave them financial compensation. officials arranged for the Celiberti's children to be taken to their maternal grandparents in Montevideo. The reporters and the Uruguayans had identified them as taking part in the kidnapping. The military governments of both Brazil and Uruguay were embarrassed. an official police branch in charge of the political repression during the military regime) for having arrested the journalists in Lilian's apartment in Porto Alegre. and they were arrested in turn. the journalists were at first taken to be other political opposition members by the armed men who had arrested Celiberti. The Law of Impunity. the journalists had exposed the secret operation by their presence. in an event later known as "o Sequestro dos Uruguaios". high officers of the Uruguayan army secretly crossed the border and entered Porto Alegre. provided amnesty to Uruguayan citizens who had committed acts of political repression and human rights abuses under the dictatorship. Porto Alegre. reporter Luiz Cl‡udio Cunha and photographer Joao Baptista Scalco from Veja magazine. was personally responsible for torturing Universindo Rodriquez in the DOPS headquarters in Porto Alegre. not one was prosecuted in Montevideo.Operation Condor Kidnapping of Uruguayans The Condor Operation expanded its clandestine repression from Uruguay to Brazil in November 1978. the couple was released. Brazilian courts convicted two inspectors of DOPS (Department of Political and Social Order.[18] Police officer Pedro Seelig. 2010. There they kidnapped Universindo Rodriguez and Lilian Celiberti." With the consent of the Brazilian military regime. The Brazilian policeman was acquitted for lack of evidence. Lilian and Universindo's later testimony revealed that four officers of the secret Uruguayan Counter-information Division †• two majors and two captains †• took part in the operation with the consent of Brazilian authorities.[17] In 1980. When their identities were made clear. a former Uruguayan political prisoner. had been warned by an anonymous phone call that the Uruguayan couple had been "disappeared. was identified by the Uruguayan couple as the man in charge of the operation in Porto Alegre. They were Jo‚o Augusto da Rosa and Orandir Portassi Lucas.[16] 7 Lilian Celiberti during a speech in the World Social Forum. an activist Uruguayan couple of the political opposition. along with her two children. After Rodriguez and Celiberti were imprisoned and tortured in Brazil. or "the Kidnapping of the Uruguayans.[15] When they arrived. Universindo and L…lian were still in prison in Uruguay and were prevented from testifying. A few days later. they were taken to military prisons in Uruguay. The democratic government of President Luis Alberto Lacalle in Uruguay was inspired to do the same a year later. five and three years old. Universindo Rodriguez and the children had already been clandestinely taken to Uruguay. the most important prize of the Brazilian press. In 1991. the two journalists went to the given address: an apartment in Porto Alegre. It was suspended. They confirmed all the published details of their kidnapping. This event confirmed the direct involvement of the Brazilian government in the Condor Operation. It became an international scandal. her children. He said that Pinochet met Italian neofascist terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie during Franco's funeral in Madrid in 1975 and arranged to have Altamirano murdered."[27] In March 2009. Chilean judge Juan Guzm‡n Tapia eventually established a precedent concerning the crime of "permanent kidnapping": since the bodies of victims kidnapped and presumably murdered could not be found. and suggest that he could have been deliberately attacked. additional information concerning Condor was revealed. a special commission of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul. and Universindo".[31] But the plan failed. the Human Rights Commission of the Chamber of Deputies decided to investigate Jango's death. The agent acted as a close friend to Jango. who revealed documents from the Uruguayan government that documented her complaints that her family was being monitored. Jo‚o "Jango" Goulart was the first Brazilian president to die in exile. with knowledge of the Geisel government. confirming Brizola's allegations. One of the lawyers seeking his extradition said there had been an attempt to assassinate Carlos Altamirano. the true cause of his death remains unknown.[29] Later. Paulo printed a story with a statement from Mario Neira Barreiro. CartaCapital published an interview with Jango's widow. concluded that "the evidence that Jango was willfully assassinated. his business. leader of the Chilean Socialist Party.[23][24] On 27 January 2008. Barreiro also said that the order to assassinate Goulart came from S•rgio Paranhos Fleury. and his political activities. The Goulart family has not yet identified who could be the "B Agent. head of the Departamento de Ordem Pol…tica e Social (Department of Political and Social Order) and the licence to kill came from president Ernesto Geisel. a year after the coup in Brazil. the newspaper Folha de S. the magazine CartaCapital published previously unreleased documents of the National Intelligence Service created by an undercover agent who was present at Jango's properties in Uruguay.[28] As a result of the story."[30] 8 Chile When Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London in 1998 in response to Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzƒn's request for his extradition to Spain. Argentina. around 180 people. The Movement for Justice and Human Rights and the President Jo‚o Goulart Institute have requested a document referring to the Uruguayan Interior Ministry saying that "serious and responsible Brazilian sources" talked about an "alleged plot against the former Brazilian president. Goulart's home state. are missing to this day. He asked for investigations to be opened into their deaths.[22] Assassination of Jo€o Goulart After being overthrown. is strong. The only ones who managed to survive are Lilian. Since his body was never submitted to an autopsy. This revelation reinforces the theory that the former president was poisoned." as he is referred in the documents. and described in detail an argument during the former president's 56th birthday party with his son because of a fight between two employees. • say that he could have been the victim of an attack. on 6 December 1976. he deemed that the kidnapping was thought to continue. a former intelligence service member under Uruguay's dictatorship. These files were from 1965. former governor of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul Leonel Brizola alleged that ex-presidents Jo‚o Goulart and Juscelino Kubitschek (who died in a car accident) were assassinated as part of Operation Condor. . rather than to have occurred so long ago that the perpetrators were protected by an amnesty decreed in 1978 or by the Chilean statute of limitations.Operation Condor "All the Uruguayans kidnapped abroad.[25][26] In July 2008. The Uruguayan government was monitoring Jango's travel. On 26 April 2000. Maria Teresa Fontela Goulart. Barreiro said that Goulart was poisoned. He died of an alleged heart attack in his sleep in Mercedes. 9 . ex-chief of operations and retired general Raˆl Itturiaga Neuman. In 1978. is still waiting for Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza to be extradited. after consultations with the terrorist organization CORU's leadership. however.S. he was released twelve months later due to pressure from Venezuela and the United States. the son of Orlando Letelier. Orlando Letelier Another target was Orlando Letelier. The Chilean DINA has been held responsible. However.C. the car they were driving suddenly exploded. He was one of the first members of Allende's former government to be arrested by the Pinochet regime. which he described as "an intelligence-sharing network used by six South American dictators of that era to eliminate dissidents. Chile agreed to transfer Townley to the U. Michael Townley. he divulged nothing to Harry Kissinger and the CIA. Bernardo Leighton Bernardo Leighton and his wife were severely injured by gunshots on 5 October 1976. Letelier was appointed the ambassador from Chile to the United States while Salvador Allende was in power. DINA agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel has been convicted in Argentina for the murder."[32] Michael Townley has accused Pinochet of being responsible for Letelier's death. 1976 as Letelier and Moffitt traveled to work with Moffitt's husband Michael. Ronni Moffitt was Letelier's assistant at the Institute. in Buenos Aires. were convicted of the murders.S. In December 2004 Francisco Letelier. Townley confessed that he had hired five anti-Castro Cuban exiles to booby-trap Letelier's car. Although it was not initially clear who had been responsible for the bombing. wrote in an OpEd column in the Los Angeles Times that his father's assassination was part of Operation Condor. were charged in Chile with this assassination. upon which he moved to Washington D. which decided on Letelier's death and also the Cubana Flight 455 bombing. while in exile in Rome. including Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch. The leaders of DINA. Letelier and Moffitt both later died at the hospital. The United States government suspected Colonel Contreras as having a part in the assassination of Letelier and Moffitt. where they lived in exile. Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Michael Townley and Virgilio Paz Romero in Madrid in 1975 to plan the murder of Bernardo Leighton with the help of Franco's secret police. According to the Miami Herald. Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting. and ex-brigadiers Pedro Espinoza Bravo and Jos• Zara. On September 21. Virgilio Paz Romero. and Brigadier Pedro Espinoza Bravo (also formerly of DINA). a former minister of the Chilean Allende government. For this reason he became the voice of Chile's resistance movement. including chief Manuel Contreras. Alvin Ross D…az. and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll. She was 26 and recently married when she died. He then spend his time lobbying to Congress and other European governments against Pinochet's regime. General Manuel Contreras (former head of the DINA). those elected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans Jos• Dionisio Su‡rez. who led the prosecution of former DINA head Manuel Contreras. The U. Townley was freed and taken into the US witness protection program. It is also known that the Chilean government had revoked Letelier's citizenship in only several days before the explosion that killed him. his brother Roger Itturiaga. Judge Alejandro Sol…s terminated the prosecution of Pinochet in January 2005 after the Chilean Supreme court rejected his demand to revoke Pinochet's immunity from prosecution (as chief of state). Letelier had showed up on DINA's radar since his move to the United States. According to declassified documents in the National Security Archive and Italian attorney general Giovanni Salvi. in order to reduce the tension about Letelier's murder. while Ronni's husband Michael survived the blast. In Chile. on charges of murder. He then got a job as the Director of Planning and Development at the Institute for Policy Studies. He was ordered to leave Chile.Operation Condor General Carlos Prats General Carlos Prats and his wife were killed by a car bomb on 30 September 1974. According to Jean-Guy Allard. in regards to the murder of MIR operatives in Argentina. near Montevideo (Uruguay).Operation Condor 10 Operaci•n Silencio Operaciƒn Silencio (Operation Silence) was a Chilean operation to impede investigations by Chilean judges by removing witnesses from the country. military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to 'put a contract out for you'. the CIA station chief in Montevideo had received information about it. and the detention and torture center Colonia Dignidad. His body had been so mutilated to make identification by appearance impossible. Colonel Fons and Major Gavazzo were assigned to prominent diplomatic posts in Washington." Koch only learned about the connections between the threats and the post appointments in 2001. It started about a year before the "terror archives" were found in Paraguay. informed him in October 1976 that "his sponsorship of legislation to cut off U. where Townley worked with the chemical assassin Eugenio Berr…os. In 2013.C. The State Department forced the Uruguayan government to withdraw their appointments.[33] In September 1991. DINA. According to the Rettig Report. then CIA director. Interviewed in the early 21st century by Dinges. . Uruguayan.S. left the country. Paraguayan and Brazilian passports. Koch wrote to the Justice Department asking for FBI protection. In late July 1976. who now lives in the U. linked to the murder of MIR leader Jecar Neghme in 1989. with the public explanation that "Fons and Gavazzo could be the objects of unpleasant publicity."[35] In mid-October 1976. In October 1991. He revealed that Uruguayan military officials threatened to assassinate U. under the witness protection program.[34] U. Michael Townley. who killed trade-unionist Tucapel Jim•nez. and Major Jos• Nino Gavazzo. a Brazilian-Uruguayan-Argentinian collaborative documentary. 25 July 1975. Main header reads "Exterminated like mice". The Uruguayan officers included Colonel Jos• Fons. Cover of La Segunda. but none was provided. Based on learning that the men were drinking at the time. Bush. he recommended that the Agency take no action.S. Jecar Neghme's death had been carried out by Chilean intelligence agents. Berr…os was found dead in El Pinar. The toxin that allegedly killed Christian-Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva may have been made in this new lab in Colonia Dignidad. Brazil's deposed president.W.) In late 1976. Eugenio Berr…os. who was at the November 1975 secret meeting in Santiago. who was arrested in March 2005 in Buenos Aires and convicted on charges of child rape. acknowledged links between Chile. Dossi„ Jango. In January 2005. In April 1991 Arturo Sanhueza Ross. was escorted from Chile to Uruguay by Operation Condor agents in order to avoid testifying in the Letelier case. a chemist who had worked with DINA agent Michael Townley. in 1995. This last laboratory would have replaced the old DINA laboratory on Via Naranja de lo Curro street. left by plane. Koch said that George H. He used Argentinian. Congressman Edward Koch In February 2004.S. Congressman Edward Koch (later Mayor of New York City) in mid-1976. Chile. implicated the same lab in the alleged poisoning of Jo‚o Goulart. who headed a team of intelligence officers working in Argentina in 1976 and was responsible for more than 100 Uruguayans' deaths. D. reporter John Dinges published The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. Townley informed Interpol about Colonia Dignidad and the Army's Bacteriological Warfare Laboratory.S. Carlos Herrera Jim•nez. raising concerns that Operation Condor was not dead. The center was established in 1961 by Paul Sch„fer. (This was more than two months after the meeting and after Orlando Letelier's murder in Washington. according to the judge investigating the case. Los Caminos Del Guerrero (The Roads of the Warrior). The Cuban nationals had been responsible for protection of Cuban ambassador to Argentina. Emilio Aragon•s. at the corner of calle Arribe‰os and Virrey del Pino.) According to Dinges. D. Cases of repression in the country against German. documentation shows that the United States provided key organizational. Otto Paladino. later convicted for the assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington. The DINA contacted Croatian terrorists (i. boasted in his autobiography. Spanish. one of the 300 clandestine prisons of the dictatorship. (These were the car models used by the security forces during the dictatorship. who blocked the street with their Ford Falcons.[37] Automotores Orletti was the main base of foreign intelligence services involved in Operation Condor. These centers were managed by the Grupo de Tareas 18. resulting from trials of top officials in Argentina. many went underground or into exile again in other countries. Jos• Luis Bertazzo. even as his involvement in the Letelier-Moffit assassination was being revealed. Uruguayan. financial and technical assistance to the operation.e. and its chief Manuel Contreras. Italian neofascists and the Shah's SAVAK to locate and assassinate dissidents in exile. They had travelled from Chile to Argentina on 11 August 1976 and "cooperated in the torture and assassination of the two Cuban diplomats. and Jewish people were also reported. before being transported to a Montevideo prison. by 40 armed SIDE agents. who reported directly to General Commandant of the SIDE. with the help of former CIA agent Michael Townley. The 19-year-old daughter-in-law of poet Juan Gelman was tortured here along with her husband. tortured by Gordon's group. According to Dinges' book Los a…os del C€ndor (The Years of the Condor). They were interrogated by a man who had travelled from Miami to interrogate them. Cuban diplomats were assassinated in Buenos Aires in the Automotores Orletti torture center. Chilean leader of the MIR.Operation Condor 11 Other cases Edgardo Enr…quez. Contreras was retained as a paid CIA contact until 1977. a survivor of kidnapping and torture who was detained there for two months.. as did MIR leader. Jorge Fuentes. DINA. the former head of the DINA confirmed to Argentine federal judge Mar…a Servini de Cubr…a in Santiago de Chile that Michael Townley and Cuban Guillermo Novo Sampoll were present in the Orletti center. Alexei Jaccard and Ricardo Ram…rez were "disappeared.S." and a support network to the Communist party was dismantled in Argentina in 1977. Ustashe •migr•s and descendants). CIA documents show that the agency had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police. headed by former police officer and intelligence agent An…bal Gordon. 22-year-old Jesˆs Cejas Arias and 26-year-old Crescencio Gala‰ega. The assassinations of former Bolivian president Juan Jos• Torres and former Uruguayan deputies H•ctor Guti•rrez and Zelmar Michelini in Buenos Aires in 1976 were also part of Condor. Peruvian.[36] According to reports in 2006. He quotes a cable sent from Buenos Aires by FBI agent Robert Scherrer on 22 September 1976. in which he mentioned that Michael Townley. Chilean General Carlos Prats had been assassinated by DINA in Buenos Aires in 1974. an anti-Castro Cuban terrorist. involvement Although the United States was not a member of the Condor consortium. They were kidnapped on 9 August 1976.C." Luis Posada Carriles. earlier convicted of armed robbery. "disappeared" in Argentina. U. The US government sponsored and collaborated with DINA and with the other intelligence organizations forming the nucleus of Condor. Operation Condor was at its peak in 1976 when Chilean exiles in Argentina were threatened. the FBI and the CIA were informed of their arrest. . On 22 December 1999. Chilean MIR prisoners in the Orletti center told Jos• Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats. identified Chilean. of the murder of the two young men. There she delivered a baby which was immediately stolen by Uruguayan military officers and placed for illegal adoption with friends of the regime. Paraguayan and Bolivian nationals held as prisoners and who were interrogated by agents from their own countries. had taken part in the interrogations of the two Cubans. 'Internationally." J.S. ." Shlaudeman's deputy Hewson Ryan later acknowledged in an oral history interview that the State Department was "remiss" in its handling of the case. Whether if we had gone in. In 1975 the FBI searched for in the US for individuals wanted by DINA. our basic attitude is that we would like you to succeed.. created a special Condor team "structured much like a U.S. by order of President Bill Clinton.S. it noted. The same report described Condor's "joint counterinsurgency operations" that aimed to "eliminate Marxist terrorist activities". the better. I don't know". We read about human rights problems but not the context. and FBI. I have an old-fashioned view that friends ought to be supported.'""5 August 1976 briefing of Henry Kissinger by Harry Shlaudeman. Secretary of State. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which cover[ed] all of Latin . Those steps were initiated but never implemented. in a 14-page report from [Harry] Shlaudeman [Assistant Secretary of State].S. the demarche was never delivered. the State Department released thousands of declassified documents[40] revealing for the first time that the CIA and the State and Defense Departments were intimately aware of Condor. "But we didn't. recommended action. State" [42]. What is not understood in the United States is that you have a civil war. National Security Archive Ultimately. Over the course of three weeks. instructions from a secretary of state cannot be ignored unless there is a countermanding order received via a secret (CIA) backchannel."[41] A summary of material declassified in 2004 states that "The declassified record shows that Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was briefed on Condor and its 'murder operations' on August 5. We won't cause you unnecessary difficulties."[43] A 1978 cable from the US ambassador to Paraguay. chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces. He instructed them to express 'our deep concern' about 'rumors' of 'plans for the assassination of subversives.S. "We knew fairly early on that the governments of the Southern Cone countries were planning.' Shlaudeman cautioned. William Luers and Hewson Ryan. ambassadors in the Southern Cone countries to meet with the respective heads of state about Condor. The quicker you succeed the better‚ The human rights problem is a growing one. One DOD intelligence report dated 1 October 1976. If you can finish before Congress gets back. White reported a conversation with General Alejandro Fretes Davalos. they drafted a cautiously worded demarche. we might have prevented this. Kornbluh and Dinges suggest that the decision not to send Kissinger's order was due Assistant Secretary Harry Shlaudeman's sending a cable to his deputy in D. noted that Latin American military officers bragged about it to their U. he stated in reference to the Letelier-Moffitt bombing. Robert White. 'We are especially identified with Chile. Special Forces Team. noting that there have been no reports in some weeks indicating an intention to activate the Condor scheme. The document was released in November 2000 by the Clinton administration under the Chile Declassification Project. was published on 6 March 2001 by The New York Times.Operation Condor The Paraguayan Archives include official requests to track suspects to and from the U. the Latin generals look like our guys." Henry Kissinger. approved by Kissinger. 5 October 1976 record of conversation [39] 12 In June 1999. Patrice McSherry adds. The CIA provided lists of suspects and other intelligence information to the military states. Embassy. some assassinations abroad in the summer of 1976. Your Ambassador can apprise you. who informed him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U. politicians and prominent figures both within the national borders of certain Southern Cone countries and abroad. U.. Whatever freedoms you could restore would help." Kornbluh and Dinges conclude that "The paper trail is clear: the State Department and the CIA had enough intelligence to take concrete steps to thwart Condor assassination planning. to the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance. in which he instructed the U. "According to [U. 1976. counterparts. Argentina.' Shlaudeman and his two deputies.S.[38] On 5 October 1976 Henry Kissinger met with Argentina's Foreign Minister and said: "Look. the CIA.S. Ambassador to Paraguay Robert] White. or at least talking about. We want a stable situation. It cannot do us any good."[citation needed] A CIA document described Condor as "a counter-terrorism organization" and noted that the Condor countries had a specialized telecommunications system called "CONDORTEL.C which states "you can simply instruct the Ambassadors to take no further action. French judge Roger Le Loire requested that a summons be served on Henry Kissinger while he was staying at the HŠtel Ritz in Paris. of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American assistant Ronni Moffitt was being investigated.S. Secretary of State in the Nixon and Ford administrations.[45] On 31 May 2001." J. tortured and disappeared by the dictatorial regime in 1976. was closely involved diplomatically with the Southern Cone governments at the time and well aware of the Condor plan. (His execution by the Chilean military after the coup was dramatized in the 1982 Costa-Gavras film.S. Schneider's two sons filed for civil damages against Kissinger and then-CIA director Richard Helms for $3†million. murdered former Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. White cabled Vance that "it would seem advisable to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest. Patrice McSherry describes such cables as "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.[44] 13 Henry Kissinger Henry Kissinger.S. a political activist who was kidnapped. the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Kissinger left Paris that evening.Operation Condor America".[48][49][50] On 16 February 2007. As part of the suit. D.[52] It was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Army. the Chilean high court granted investigating judge Juan Guzm‡n the right to question Kissinger about the 1973 killing of American journalist Charles Horman. set up in Argentina by Juan Perƒn and Isabel Mart…nez de Perƒn's "personal secretary" Jos• Lƒpez Rega. According to the French newspaper L'Humanitƒ.A.S. and Rodolfo Almirƒn (arrested in Spain in 2006). federal court by the family of Gen. State Department. On 10 September 2001. asserting that Kissinger ordered Schneider's murder because he refused to endorse plans for a military coup. involvement in Operation Condor and for possible US knowledge concerning the "disappearances" of five French nationals in Chile during military rule. an Argentine military source told a U. the first cooperation agreements were signed between the CIA and anti-Castro groups.) The judge's questions were relayed to Kissinger via diplomatic routes but were not answered.[53] She showed how Val•ry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile. Embassy contact that the CIA was privy to Condor and had played a key role in setting up computerized links among the intelligence and operations units of the six Condor states. Argentine Judge Rodolfo Canicoba sent a letter rogatory to the US State Department. and Loire's inquiries were directed to the U. requesting a deposition by Kissinger to aid the judge's investigation of Operation Condor. Schneider was killed by coup-plotters loyal to General Roberto Viaux in a botched kidnapping attempt. and the right-wing death squad Triple A.. Ren• Schneider.[54] . White feared that the US connection to Condor might be publicly revealed at a time when the assassination in the U." In addition.S.[51] The "French connection" French journalist Marie-Monique Robin found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay. a civil suit was filed in a Washington. a request for the extradition of Kissinger was filed at the Supreme Court of Uruguay on behalf of Bernardo Arnone.[47] In August 2001. It continued until Fran‹ois Mitterrand was elected President of France in 1981. the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires set up a "permanent French military mission" of officers to Argentina who had fought in the Algerian War.C. in accordance with the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT). Missing.[46] In July 2001. Le Loire wanted to question the statesman as a witness regarding alleged U. Davalos reportedly said that the installation was "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor. La Citƒ published a review. police forces were put under the authority of the French Army. which influenced military officers during the Algerian War." The "annihilation decrees" signed by Isabel Perƒn were inspired by earlier French documents. had participated in the abduction of 14 . said Robin to P†gina/12. went to Paris to attend two-year courses at the Ecole de Guerre military school. In Buenos Aires.[55] Deputy Roland Blum. Robin says that this Catholic fundamentalist current in the Argentine Army contributed to the importance and duration of Franco-Argentine cooperation. a former secretary of Charles Maurras (founder of the royalist Action Fran•aise movement). was presented to her by Dominique Lagneau. He had been the spiritual guide of the Organisation de l'arm•e secr•te (OAS). Cit• catholique in Argentina". named President of the Argentinian junta in July 1982.Operation Condor In 1957 Argentine officers. Georges Grasset maintained links with Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. former Under Secretary of Religion under Carlos Menem (President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999). Reynaldo Bignone.[56] When French Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004. The only newspaper to report this was Le Monde. French Green Party deputies NoŒl Mam•re. Pius X in 1970.". and collaborated with the dictatorships. and described as "Mr. two years before the Cuban Revolution. A French priest there said to Marie-Monique Robin: "to save the soul of a Communist priest. and in particular of the paratroopers. he claimed that there had been no cooperation between France and the military regimes. then President of the Republic. The Society of Pius-X has four monasteries in Argentina. The government's report in December 2003 was described by Robin as being in the utmost bad faith. testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges that a French intelligence "agent". Argentine Admiral Luis Mar…a Mend…a. said. The key figure of the Citƒ catholique was priest Georges Grasset. and before the rise of anti-government guerrilla movements in Argentina. at the same time received political refugees with open arms. who had theorized the practice of "death flights". It greatly expanded during the government of General Juan Carlos Ongan…a. It claimed that no agreement had ever been signed on this issue between France and Argentina. During the Battle of Algiers. in particular through the Roman Catholic fundamentalist organization Citƒ catholique created by Jean Ousset. Le Verbe. Bertrand de Perseval. The methods employed during the 1957 Battle of Algiers were systematized and exported to the War School in Buenos Aires. refused to allow Marie-Monique Robin to testify. as part of a program of intimidation. "the arrival of the French in Argentina led to a massive extension of intelligence services and of the use of torture as the primary weapon of anti-subversive war in the concept of modern warfare. "In practice". "Of course. Robin said that she was shocked to learn that the French intelligence agency Direction de surveillance du territoire (DST) communicated to the DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno). a pro-French Algeria terrorist movement founded in Franquist Spain." Luis Roldan. Roger Trinquier's famous book on counter-insurgency had a very strong influence in South America. the Citƒ catholique established groups in Argentina and set up cells in the Army. I was very shocked by the duplicity of the French diplomatic position which.[57] Reporter Marie-Monique Robin said to L'Humanitƒ newspaper: "The French have systematized a military technique in the urban environment which would be copied and passed to Latin American dictatorships. He was excommunicated in 1988. one must kill him. in particular in 1969. Bruno Genta and Juan Carlos Goyeneche represent this ideology. all of whom were killed. presided by Edouard Balladur." On 10 September 2003. among them Alcides Lopez Aufranc." Marie-Monique Robin also showed ties between the French far right and Argentina since the 1930s. the priest in charge of the monastery. in charge of the Commission. notably by justifying their use of torture. At the end of the 1950s. "The March 1976 order of battle is a copy of the Algerian battle. the largest in La Reja. and Giscard d'Estaing. founder of the Society of St. who became Videla's personal confessor. this puts the French government in the dock. They systematically used torture during interrogations and also began to "disappear" suspects. Martine Billard and Yves Cochet petitioned for a Parliamentary Commission to be established to examine the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly. According to ESMA survivor Graciela Daleo. According to French newspaper L'Humanitƒ. On 3 August 2007. which. investigated human rights abuses during the "Dirty War". sentenced in absentia in France for the kidnappings of the two French nuns Alice Domon and L•onie Duquet and murder of Duquet (whose remains were identififed in 2005) can be prosecuted in Argentina now.[60] 15 Legal actions Chilean judge Juan Guzman. wave the flag of 'national reconciliation'. never paid for their crimes and died without ever answering charges about the 'disappeared' • who continue to haunt the memory of people who had been crushed by fascist brutality. a 21-year-old opponent of Pinochet. who had arraigned Pinochet at his return to Chile after his arrest in London. Alfredo Stroessner and Augusto Pinochet. who lives today in Thailand." . Referring to Marie Monique Robin's film documentary titled The Death Squads € the French School (Les escadrons de la mort € l'ƒcole fran•aise). L•onie Duquet and Alice Domon. and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled they were unconstitutional. Luis Mar…a Mend…a asked of the Argentine Court that former French president Val•ry Giscard d'Estaing. In Argentina. He has admitted being a former member of the OAS. on the contrary. including former head of the DINA Manuel Contreras. and having escaped for Argentina after the March 1962 Evian Accords that ended the Algerian War (1954•62). General Raˆl Iturriaga.Operation Condor two French nuns. former French ambassador to Buenos Aires Fran‹ois de la Gorce. after being sentenced for the kidnapping of Luis Dagoberto San Martin. Former Uruguayan president Juan Mar…a Bordaberry. and all officials in place in the French embassy in Buenos Aires between 1976 and 1983 be called before the court. former French premier Pierre Messmer.[61] He had previously been a fugitive from a five-year jail term. "in most of those countries legal action against the authors of crimes of 'lese-humanity' from the 1970s to 1990 owes more to flaws in the amnesty laws than to a real will of the governments in power. However. this tactic tries to claim that the crimes were legitimised by Isabel Perƒn's "anti-subversion decrees. also referred to the "French connection" at his trial.[59] Alfredo Astiz. the CONADEP human rights commission of 1983. former head of DINA. denied any links with the abduction." Iturriaga was also wanted in Argentina for the assassination of General Prats. led by writer Ernesto Sabato." he has also accused former head of state Isabel Perƒn and former ministers Carlos Ruckauf and Antonio Cafiero.[58] Besides this "French connection. started prosecution of some 30 torturers." She notes that torture is forbidden by the Argentine Constitution. It is sad to say that two of the pillars of the Condor Operation. the amnesty laws (Ley de Obediencia Debida and Ley de Punto Final) of 1985•1086 ended the trials. Chilean Enrique Arancibia Clavel was convicted and sentenced in Argentina for the assassination of Carlos Prats and of his wife. Perseval. for the disappearance of 20 Chilean victims of the Condor plan. were arrested in 2006. from which he "disappeared. was captured in the Chilean town of Vi‰a del Mar on the Pacific coast. his minister of Foreign Affairs and six military officers. Criminals such as Alfredo Astiz. who had signed the "anti-subversion decrees" before Videla's 1976 coup d'•tat. Mart…n had been captured in 1974 and taken to a DINA detention center. The Congress repealed the laws in 2003. who were later murdered. The 1985 Trial of the Juntas convicted top officers who ran the military governments for acts of state terrorism. responsible for the disappearance in Argentina in 1976 of opponents to the Uruguayan regime. a marine known as the "Blond Angel of Death" because of his torture. El Mostrador. 18 Jul 1979. 117•248. interview with Marie-Monique Robin. 30 August 2003 [7] MARIANO.) 10 reportagens que abalaram a ditadura.Operation Condor 16 Fictional references € Don Winslow's 2005 books The Power of the Dog is based on the actions and some of the consequences of Operation Condor. folha. Seq‡estro no Cone Sul. Luiz Cl‡udio. Paraguai: Expolibro. pp.J. . Nov. Carta Maior. Luiz Cl‡udio. pp. Notes [1] http:/ / en. Cooperativa. Alfredo et al. The Ministry of Special Cases (2007). S‚o Paulo: Record. humanite. Gilberto. Its main characters are Kaddish and Lillian. premioesso. Luiz Cl‡udio. cfm?materia_id=15129 [26] http:/ / www1. is set in Buenos Aires in the early 1970s. clarin. 15 Feb 1979. com/ suplementos/ especiales/ 2006/ 03/ 24/ l-01164353. com. 2005. Porto Alegre: Mercado Aberto. 219•222 [20] CUNHA. 229•263. bbc. Hidden Terrors. uol. the Exiled Country [11] (http:/ / www. radiobras. p. " Jango assassinado? (http:/ / www. 52. 1979. Glauco Yanonne. cooperativa. unesco. br/ templates/ materiaMostrar. htm). "Por que sou testemunha de acusa‹‚o deste seqŽestro". br/ folha/ brasil/ ult96u367282. UNESCO website [10] Mart…n Almada. cooperativa. mx/ 2000/ 05/ 22/ mun6. [8] Paraguay: "Terror Archives" (http:/ / www. com/ diario/ 2000/ 05/ 06/ i-03702. com. op. In: Fernando Molica (ed. 22 Nov 1993. wikipedia. pp. "Torturador ganhou um Nobel". Languth. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/ NSAEBB416/ [14] Radiobras. 416. shtml [27] "H‡ fortes ind…cios de que Jango foi assassinado com conhecimento de Geisel" (http:/ / www. 24 March 2006 [3] A. 30 March 2005 [13] National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. cit. 127•131 e 164•168 [17] FERRI. [21] PR•MIO ESSO DE JORNALISMO. php?title=Template:Operation_Condor& action=edit [2] "Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura" (The secrets of the continental dirty war of the dictators) (http:/ / www. Alfredo et al. br/ app/ materia. org. html). 29 Nov 1978. Uma dƒcada de terrorismo internacional no Cone Sul. Zero Hora. Nilson. jsp?a=2& a2=8& i=3605)". 10 December 2006 [23] "Brasil examina su pasado represivo en la Operaciƒn Cƒndor" (http:/ / www1. 17 July 2008. Luiz Cl‡udio. DINGES. br/ site/ premio_principal/ index. htm) [15] CUNHA. Video produced and presented by RBS TV. 2003. br/ 2001-05. clarin. Zero Hora. asp?id_noticia=3317). UNESCO website [9] (10) BOCCIA PAZ. elmostrador. cartamaior. [28] NASCIMENTO. 18 March 2009. fr/ 2001/ 05/ ABRAMOVICI/ 15179) and in Portuguese (http:/ / diplo. pp. Luiz Cl‡udio. Os anos do Condor.. 8 March 2013. org/ w/ index.Brazilian state website (http:/ / www. Zero Hora. 2005. Caderno Especial. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ americas/ 3720724. Clarin. 234. cfm?materia_id=15129). A farsa desvendada" (The kidnapping of Lilian and Universindo • 15 years later. fr/ journal/ 2003-08-30/ 2003-08-30-377887). RBS Documento. htm). Paraguay: The Forgotten Prison. CartaCapital. jornada. Jornada. presse. 11 May 2000 [24] "Operaciƒn Cƒndor: presiƒn de Brizola sobre la Argentina" (http:/ / www. the father of the superheroine Fire was a key figure in Operation Condor. "O seqŽestro de Lilian e Universindo • 15 anos depois. Assun‹‚o. br/ anteriores/ 2000/ sinopses_2610. and 11 Jun 1980 [16] CUNHA. € Nathan Englander's novel. 17 Jan 1979. November 1993 [19] BOCCIA PAZ.. 6.a137)) [5] Condor legacy haunts South America (http:/ / news. cartamaior. Caderno Especial. com. The scam unraveled)". Porto Alegre. Pantheon Books. html?page=http:/ / www. co. 24 Oct 1979. Also see the following issues of VEJA magazine: 20 October 1978. html). / webworld/ paraguay/ documentos. aspx?year=1979 [22] CUNHA. 8 June 2005 [6] "L'exportation de la torture" (The exporting of torture) (http:/ / www. uol. 22 May 2000 [12] (http:/ / www. S‚o Paulo: Companhia das Letras. El Clarˆn. p. John. 1981. com. As Garras do Condor. see http:/ / www. 2002. p. unam. see http:/ / www. cartacapital. gov. stm). BBC. unesco. a Jewish couple whose son Pato is "disappeared" shortly after the Videla junta takes power. 347•353. 22 Nov 1993. 8. Omar. No. O caso Lˆlian e Universino. Los documentos ocultos del Operativo Condor. € Memorias de un desaparecido / Memoirs of a Disappeared [62] (1996) € In DC Comics. 1993. monde-diplomatique. En los s€tanos de los generales. cl/ modulos/ noticias/ constructor/ noticia_impresion. cl/ p4_noticias/ antialone. "Sucesso de investiga‹‚o". com. For further information on the 'Arquivos do Terror'. S‚o Paulo: Vozes. org. See http:/ / www. gwu. "Morre o homem que salvou L…lian Celiberti". html). com. in L'Humanitƒ. / webworld/ paraguay/ documentos. 6 May 2000 [25] http:/ / www. cl/ p4_noticias/ site/ artic/ 20050330/ pags/ 20050330114755. Playboy. Also see O Seq‡estro dos Uruguaios € 15 anos depois (The Kidnapping of the Uruguayans • 15 Years Later). New York. br/ templates/ materiaMostrar. 27 Dec 1978. html. [18] CUNHA. 1978 [4] ( free access in French (http:/ / www. pp. [31] "Las Relaciones Secretas entre Pinochet. 11 September 2001 [49] "Kissinger sued over Chile death" (http:/ / www. Memoria Viva. elcorreo. ar/ diario/ elpais/ 1-79537-2007-01-25. J. BBC News. "In the Paraguayan Archives. uk/ pinochet/ Story/ 0. tendant ‘ la cr•ation d'une commission d'enqu•te sur le rŠle de la France dans le soutien aux r•gimes militaires d'Am•rique latine entre 1973 et 1984. resp. <http://www.3604. L'Humanitƒ . cgi?offre=ARCHIVES& type_item=ART_ARCH_30J& objet_id=820135). 28 June 2005 [51] Piden extraditar a Kissinger por Operaci€n Condor. fr/ cgi-bin/ ACHATS/ acheter. [41] DOD Intelligence Information Report. co. transl. "Dossi• Jango". html). com. co. org/ sorin/ doc/ p2. Le Monde. collectifs. html)] • Conspiracion para matar"]. French National Assembly [57] Argentine : M.assistirnovelaonline. html). mars 52-ao•t 63 –. eu. gwu. Le Figaro. PAR M. P†gina/12. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents [36] Los cr…menes de la Operaciƒn Cƒndor (http:/ / docs. pagina12. lemonde. 29 May 2001 ( mirrored here (http:/ / lists. 5 February 2003 [58] Disparitions : un ancien agent fran‹ais mis en cause (http:/ / www. html)) [47] "Kissinger may face extradition to Chile" (http:/ / www. htm) of Marie-Monique Robin's Escadrons de la mort. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/ NSAEBB125/ index. "Jango monitorado" (http:/ / www. story?coll=la-home-world). org/ fr/ article/ div/ livres/ escadrons_mort_conclusion. bbc.br/2013/07/dossie-jango-dublado-online. " Corr•a ‘ luz do dia • A revista serve de base para outras decis’es (http:/ / www. gwu. fr/ cgi-bin/ ACHATS/ acheter. Juventud Rebelde. 13 October 2004 [54] Conclusion (http:/ / www. uk/ international/ story/ 0.11993. at foia. algeria-watch. jornada. Franco y la [[Propaganda Due|P2 (http:/ / www. br/ app/ materia.org) / [38] Weiner (1999). 16 February 2007 Piden. 3 August 2007 17 . [37] "Automotores Orletti el taller asesino del Cƒndor" (http:/ / www. I found correspondence documenting similar coordination in other cases. cgi?offre=ARCHIVES& type_item=ART_ARCH_30J& objet_id=838522). assemblee-nationale. com. derechos. net/ article. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient •tre entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-am•ricaines" (http:/ / www. com/ article478. jsp?a=2& a2=8& i=4302). Le Monde.eu. [53] Argentine • "Escadrons de la mort : l'•cole fran‹aise" (http:/ / risal. number 6 804 0334 76.gov [44] Landau (1988: 119). [42] http:/ / www. 2 December 2006. 13 February 1999. jsp?a=2& a2=8& i=3772). lemonde. Cotes : 18. "Operation Condor and my father's death". Leandro. an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents" (http:/ / www. The Guardian. cl/ especiales/ 2001/ condor/ datos/ dato02.00.6. pagina12. Los Angeles Times. memoriaviva. 25 September 2003 [56] RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES —TRANG˜RES SUR LA PROPOSITION DE R—SOLUTION (n” 1060). 3 January 2006 (mirrored on El Correo. 2001. CartaCapital. in: La Jornada. com. php3?id_article=1153). [34] Paulo Henrique Fontenelle. par les fantŠmes du plan Condor" (http:/ / www. P†gina/12. co. 18 June 2009. La Tercera. ar/ diario/ elpais/ 1-79898-2007-02-02. National Security Archive. Department of Justice. George Washington University. cgi?offre=ARCHIVES& type_item=ART_ARCH_30J& objet_id=707548).state.00. pagina12. tercera.S. it/ latina/ msg01151. Equipo Nizkor. 2013. humaniteinenglish.gov. guardian. htm [43] CIA document dated 14 February 1978.html> [35] John Dinges." CartaCapital. Jornada [52] “ S•rie B. Patrick McSherry notes. Los Angeles Times. The Guardian. fr/ cgi-bin/ ACHATS/ acheter.com. com. 12 June 2002 [48] "Kissinger accused over Chile plot" (http:/ / news. guardian. com/ news/ nationworld/ world/ la-fg-chile3aug03. Gilberto. php3?id_article=6378). br/ app/ materia. usdoj. asp).0. Le Monde. fr/ 12/ rapports/ r1295. McDonneln Pinochet-era general is caught (http:/ / www. htm). html). com/ Ejecutados/ Ejecutados N/ nehgme_cristi_jecar_antonio. interview with Marie-Monique Robin published by RISAL. ROLAND BLUM (http:/ / www. org/ esp/ article. 1 January 2007 [46] "Henry Kissinger rattrap• au Ritz. 17 December 2004 [33] Neghme Cristi Jecar Antonio (http:/ / www. ar/ diario/ espectaculos/ 6-42243-2004-10-13. 2 February 2007 [60] Astiz llevƒ sus chicanas a los tribunales (http:/ / www. htm). lefigaro. html)). Kissinger (http:/ / www.state. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ americas/ 1536547. unam.1. 12 September 2001 [50] Schneider v. l'ƒcole fran•aise [55] "MM. P†gina/12. 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FIG000000202_disparitions_un_ancien_agent_francais_mis_en_cause. "Aptura y extradicion de kissinger por operacion condor (http:/ / www. Retrieved 6 August 2010. cartacapital. scielo.C. 2006. no. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Sociales. He has worked as a correspondent for the Washington Post in South America and is the former director of NPR. Ministerio del Interior • Comisiƒn Nacional sobre Prisiƒn Pol…tica y Tortura. vol. Santiago de Chile. Sudamericana. "Derechos Humanos y Desaparecidos en Dictaduras Militares" (Human Rights and the Disappeared of the Military Dictatorships) (http://www. € Paredes. 2005) € Nilson.phtml?title=Plan_Condor) on Disinfopedia € Nacimiento del Operativo Cƒndor (http://www. Publicaciƒn del IX Congreso Universitario de Derecho Penal. Buenos Aires: Lhol•-Lumen.cl/scielo.derechos. Patrice McSherry (Rowman & Littlefield.amnistiainternacional.Operation Condor [62] http:/ / www. 19. The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability (New Press). € Marie-Monique Robin. External links € Operation Condor (http://www. p. in Spanish. worldcat. Cezar Mariano. .org/koaga/vii/ contreras. Universidad de Salamanca.org/wiki. Edit. J. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (The New Press. € J. com/cgi-bin/article.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-23762004000100007&lng=es&nrm=iso). 2002). org/ title/ hacia-que-patrias-del-silencio-memorias-de-un-desaparecido/ oclc/ 252890233?referer=& ht=edition 18 References € Stella Calloni.DTL) € Ed Koch Threatened with Assassination in 1976 (http://www.org/revista/rev73/articulo12.html). y Villegas D…az. Los a…os del lobo (The Years of the Wolf) and Operaci€n C€ndor: Pacto Criminal (Operation Condor: Criminal Pact).johndinges. 2004) € Peter Kornbluh.com/) (Complete list of victims.disinfopedia. 2005) ISBN 978-0-7425-3687-6 (Book publisher's webpage) (https://rowman.derechos. torture centers and criminals • in Spanish) € Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Madrid. La Operaci€n C€ndor y la guerra frˆa (Operation Condor and the Cold War) (http:// www. Universum [online]. the French School").html). Escadrons de la mort. KO'AGA RO‰E'ETA. € John Dinges. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.†122•137.org/nizkor/doc/condor/) on Nizkor's website € Memoriaviva (http://www. author of several books about Operation Condor. Book and documentary film (French. ISSN 0718-2376. Alejandro. 2004. l'ƒcole fran•aise ("Death Squads. transl. by J. article in Spanish by Dr Mart…n Almada on how the enquiry of his case led to the discover of the Lambar• files.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB112/) € Plan Condor (http://www. 2005. Myrna. € Guti•rrez Contreras.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/14/RVGVQ5DN7N1.gwu.vii (1999) • Previamente publicado en Derecho penal: Implicaciones Internacionales. Operaci€n C€ndor.memoriaviva. € Operation Condor • John Dinges (http://www. Patrice McSherry. Terrorismo de Estado en el cono Sur (Operation Condor in the Southern Cone).com/ISBN/ 9780742536876) € The Condor Years • How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (http://www. Marzo de 1999 € Informe de la Comisi€n Nacional sobre prisi€n polˆtica y tortura. Colex.com) John Dinges is a reporter. se. 1998.sfgate. 1. AV3000. JidGom. Darrenhusted.php?title=File:Lilian_Celiberti_2010. OmgItsTheSmartGuy. StephanDoerner. Ribnhadovasto. Gurch. Geezuss. G026r. Notmyrealname. 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