Okuma Parcalari[1]

Mevlüt TikenceGazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 1 READING COMPREHENSION Soruları parçalara gore cevaplayınız In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch. In law she is the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander-in-chief of the armed forces and temporal head of the Church of England. In practice, the Queen's role is purely formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. In all important respects she acts only on the advice of her ministers. However, she still plays an important role symbolically as Head of State and Head of the Commonwealth. 1. The main concern of the passage is ____ . A) how the Queen’s progress could be restrained B) the Queen's firm control of the government through her executive powers C) the powers the Queen has and the role she plays in the rule of the country D) the influence the Queen has over the Church of England E) the need for the abolishment of the monarchy in Britain 2. It is obvious from the passage that the Queen's power ____ . A) extends through all the main institutions of the state B) is strictly confined to the affairs of the Commonwealth C) is controlled by the legislature D) depends fundamentally on the support of the armed forces E) has no legal basis 3. It is stressed in the passage that on all serious issues the Queen ____ . A) relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary B) does not act on her own initiative, but consults the government C) acts in accordance with the principles of the Church of England D) turns to the Commonwealth for advice and support E) keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status Of all the environmental problems facing us today, global warming is likely to have the most devastating effects. In order to combat these, the emission of harmful gases must be reduced; for this purpose, the rainforests, which absorb carbon dioxide in vast quantities must be protected. Global warming will place a premium on energy efficiency, for controlling global warming inescapably means reducing the burning of fossil fuels. The two industries that are most obviously going to be affected are the power suppliers and the vehicle manufacturers, but since energy is consumed by almost everything we manufacture, design or do, the effects will be felt everywhere. 4. It is emphasised in the passage that global warming seems to be ____ . A) easier to control than other environmental problems B) of less of a threat than formerly it used to be C) the most terrible of the problems facing the environment D) one of the causes for the disappearance of the rainforests E) reasonably under control in all parts of the world 5. The author explains that unless the burning of fossil fuels is radically reduced ____ . A) global warming cannot possibly be held in check B) they will soon be used up C) traditional power supplies will not be adequate D) energy efficiency cannot be achieved E) the effects will be far reaching and beyond our control 6. According to the passage, power supply and vehicle manufacturing ____ . A) are two industries that do not affect global warming B) rely heavily on fossil fuels C) are environmentally less harmful than other industries D) have carried the problems of global warming everywhere E) must be strictly controlled to prevent any further pollution The 1970s were a period of marked economic recession in the West. The effects were widespread, even the publishing sector was badly hit. Inflation continued to push up the costs of paper and printing, increasing the price of books generally and reducing the amount of Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 2 money available for the publication of new and experimental work. There was a growing sense, in the world of literature no less than in other spheres of production, that this crisis must involve changes that would be neither simple nor temporary. 7. It is explained in the passage that, as a result of the economic recession experienced in the West in the 1970s, both publishers and writers ____ . A) felt that a long and difficult period lay ahead of them B) made huge profits from the sale of new and experimental works C) were in agreement with the measures being introduced to check inflation D) recognised the need to keep down book prices E) were extremely worried about the rising cost of living 8. The writer points out that, due to growing inflation, publishers ____ . A) took temporary measures to overcome the recession B) ceased to publish literary works C) introduced a number of radical changes D) could no longer afford to bring out new and experimental work E) refused to get involved in the crisis 9. According to the passage, the recession in the1970s in the West ____ . A) did not have a long term effect on the economy B) affected really all sectors, including that of publishing C) had no impact on the inflation rate D) was hardly felt in the world of literature E) caused the sudden decline of various spheres of production Built by the disconsolate Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has survived the rise and fall of many empires and it attracted looters, too; over the years they carried away the silver doors from its gates, the precious stones from its marble wall: and the gold from its graves. But those were small threats compared with the modern danger of pollution. Emissions from the coal-fired steel foundries thermal power stations, cars and an oil refinery in the industrial belt around Agra are corroding and yellowing the Taj Mahal's white marble. 10. According to the passage, the Taj Mahal mausoleum ____ . A) is no longer richly decorated as it once used to be B) is not in need of any extensive restoration C) has, on several occasions, been almost completely destroyed D) was built to be the tomb of the Emperor Shah, Jahan E) was deliberately sited in an industrial area 11. At present, the main threat to the survival of the Taj Mahal is ____ . A) the lack of interest in the building B) small scale robbery C) on-going looting D) industrial pollution E) damaging effects of the climate in Agra 12. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ . A) the restoration work planned for the Taj Mahal B) the steadily worsening condition of the Taj Mahal mausoleum C) measures taken to prevent robbery in the past D) the various kinds of industries in the Taj Mahal area E) historic importance and value of the Taj Mahal mausoleum Usually educational processes involve not only learning, but teaching as well. There is, however, no logical connection in this case. Education can go on without any teaching. W e can say it was a 'real education’ for someone to take a boat out on his own, implying that he learnt something desirable without anybody having been there to teach him the lesson. There are many forms of learning that go on without teaching and ‘educative' learning does not mean that the learning must take place in a teaching situation. It may be argued that most things are learnt more rapidly and more reliably in a classroom situation. But even so, learning is not dependent upon teaching. 13. As is stated in the passage, it is generally assumed that ____ . A) schools are not important at all in the learning process B) teachers do not further the learning process C) education means both learning and teaching D) people learn most effectively by themselves E) a good education makes teaching a priority 14. The writer himself is fully convinced that true education ____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 3 A) is what everybody desires to have B) can only be provided in a classroom C) results from the acquisition of all kinds of knowledge D) is an ideal which cannot be achieved in life E) can be acquired without the help of a teacher 15. The writer seems to admit that a teacher may often make the process of learning ____ . A) more interesting B) quicker and more dependable C) safer and more regular D) a purely formal affair E) too 'educative' to be effective Since health care accounts for nearly one seventh of the American national economy, any attempt to reform it enters a minefield of explosive issues. President Clinton's health-care plan, many experts say, might shake up the health-insurance industry so violently that it could shrink from about 500 to as few as to 10 companies; costing thousands of jobs. Businesses complain that new health-coverage contributions would be disastrous; there is even talk that up to a million jobs will be lost as a consequence. Though the American Medical Association has so far sent signals that it would endorse the plan, the physicians themselves and the taxpayers are extremely worried about it. 16. The writer argues that President Clinton's health-care reform policy ____ . A) is being favourably received by private doctors and taxpayers B) has been completely rejected by the American Medical Association C) is bound to cause a great deal of unrest and discussion D) will boost the insurance sector E) will create many new jobs for the unemployed 17. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ . A) the rising problems of unemployment in the American economy B) the economic problems of the American medical staff C) the financial burden health care has on the American economy D) President Clinton's reasons for a thorough reform in health care E) the likely economic consequences of the new health care plan in the States 18. According to the passage, one of the major problems likely to result from the new health- care plan is that A) a few physicians will find themselves without work B) businesses will be badly affected by the health- care fees demanded of them C) there will be a fierce competition among insurance companies for coverage of the unemployed D) the taxpayers will not be able to receive adequate medical care E) president Clinton's popularity will decline sharply In one century of strenuous research a vast amount of source material about Michalengelo has been collected, reviewed, edited and annotated including letters, poems, contracts, receipts and biographies. Biographical and artistic data have been checked and rechecked, sometimes corroborating and sometimes correcting our previous ideas, and an abundance of new facts has been revealed. Long lost works have been rediscovered and every single known piece has been studied in its formal and functional aspects. The artist’s character, his daily habits, his working methods, his personal attitudes and his artistic and political opinions have been traced as well as the peculiarities of the people with whom he had contact. Thus modern history of art has formed an image of Michalengelo that is much nearer to truth than those presented by his first biographers. 19. We understand from the passage that over the past hundred years _____ A) a vast amount of new facts concerning Michalengelo have come to light. B) the research carried out about Michalengelo has proved inadequate and in places irrelevant. C) scholars have concentrated solely upon Michalengelo’s artistic creativity. D) In spite of much research, little has been learned about Michalengelo. E) though many new biographies have been written about Michalengelo, they are all far short of truth about him. 20. It is obvious from the passage that the source material concerning Michalengelo ____ A) has shed light only on his daily routine life. B) consists only of books written about him by his contemporaries. C) has taken nearly a hundred years to be annotated and published. D) has not received adequate critical attention. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 4 E) not only includes his letters, poems and biographies but also documents relating to his commissions and sales. 21. According to the passage, the new data about Michalengelo ____ A) have led to similar studies about his contemporaries. B) have, in some instances, contradicted the traditional view of him. C) have fully confirmed the views expressed by his early biographers. D) have created a great deal of controversy among historians. E) have yet to be analysed and collected. The fact that the brain is divided into a left and a right half is not a new discovery. Once the skull is removed the division is obvious to the naked eye and it is a common feature of brains throughout the animal kingdom. What is interesting about this division in man is that each half seems to have developed specialised functions, the left side appearing to be better at some tasks and the right side better at others. The most obvious difference in functioning is that the left side of the brain receives sensations from and controls the right side of the body and vice versa. The reasons for this are still unclear. Despite a number of interesting theories there is no obvious advantage in such a crossover. 22. As the writer points out, it has long been known that ____ A) damage to the left half of the brain produces far more serious defects. B) the human brain is unlike that of other animals has a very complicated structure. C) the right side of the brain has the same functions as the left side. D) the left side of the brain works more efficiently than the right. E) in the animal world brains consist of two halves. 23. We can understand from the text that, in man, each half of the brain ____ A) is characterized by a crossover of innumerable nerves. B) functions in full harmony with the other in all activities. C) performs certain specialised tasks. D) controls the corresponding side of the body. E) can be removed without damage being caused to the other. 24. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ A) the recent history of brain studies. B) how the body is controlled by the brain C) the division of the brain into two halves and the way each half functions. D) the reason why there is a crossover of nerves in the brain. E) how the sensations of the body are transmitted to the brain. For years the theory of higher education in the United States operated something like this: men went to university to get rich, and women went to university to marry rich men. During the 60s, as a result of the fact that this theory lost much of its popularity, as the nation began to recognize the folly of relegating women to a secondary role, women soon joined men in what once were male pursuits. This rebellious decade pushed women toward independence, showed them their potential and compelled them to take charge of their lives. Many women took this opportunity. Since then famine autonomy has been the rule not the exception at least among university women. 25. According to the passage, the view had long been held in the States that ____ A) the independence of women would impair the integrity of family life. B) only rich men had the opportunity to have higher education. C) the rights of women were first recognized at the universities. D) a woman’s potential could be brought to the fore only through education. E) universities were the place where women found rich husbands. 26. The writer points out that from the 1960s onwards, women in America ____ A) became more and more dominated by men in their working life. B) began to assert themselves in society both as individuals and professionally. C) became less and less interested in their fight for emancipation. D) began to go to universities in much greater numbers. E) became aware of the fact that the universities were prejudiced against them. 27. According to the passage most American women today ____ A) are obsessed with their inferior status in business life. B) are not content with the change in their lives. C) regard marriage as outdated and potentially harmful Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 5 D) claim and enjoy a position of full independence. E) still prefer to play a secondary role in society The collection of foreign intelligence, which is the pursuit of a special kind of information, is an indispensable service for any government having even the most elementary international associations. Nations must devise a strategy to provide for both their security and well-being. History teaches us that responsibility cannot be met without knowledge of the political, economic and military capabilities and intentions of other nations. Indeed advance knowledge of these matters, or its absence, could well settle the fate of a great nation especially in an era when a single nation or consortium of nations is capable of smashing another society in a single stroke or of controlling it under the threat of poised catastrophe. The well-being of any great nation will depend on decisions taken by others, which must be foreseen, correctly analysed and countered. 28. As is clear from the passage a nation for its own well-being even survival ____ A) needs to know what is going on in other countries and what is being planned. B) must have a good standing army to defend itself. C) should be on good terms with several other countries as a safeguard. D) must be prepared to counteract any internal revolt. E) should not put much faith in foreign intelligence to maintain its security. 29. The writer points out that, in our time, it is ____ A) a major concern in foreign intelligence to study the political and economic developments in neighbour states B) usual for governments to rely more on military strength than on foreign intelligence. C) possible for one nation to be completely wiped out by another or others. D) almost possible to get reliable intelligence about other nations. E) scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from consortium of nations. 30. In the passage foreign intelligence is regarded as ____ A) the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the military potential of another nation. B) essential only for the economic well-being of a country. C) clandestine interference in the affairs of another nation. D) the acquirement of a particular type of information. E) a series of strategies devised to counter any military threat. A subject in which there has been a lot of interest recently is the acquisition of language. ‘Normal’ children - that is, those who have not had a particularly rich early environment - usually begin talking after the first year of their life. By eighteen months they have a vocabulary of about half a dozen words; at two years a vocabulary of more than a hundred words. The traditional view has been that during the first year of life babies are not mature enough to learn languages. Talking, however, is only the outer manifestation of the development of the language. Long before he first utters a meaningful word a baby can be observed responding to the language of the others. 31. As pointed out in the passage the way in which a language is acquired ____ . A) is noticeably affected by the social background of the child. B) follows a very similar pattern in all children. C) has rarely attracted a great deal of attention. D) does not depend at all upon the age of a child. E) is best observed during the first year of life 32. According to the passage one can define ‘talking” as ____ A) the first means for a child to communicate with others. B) the positive proof that a language is being learned. C) the manifestation of a child’s physical development. D) the first step towards acquiring a language. E) a way of building up a vocabulary. 33. The passage makes the point that we now have ____ A) a revised review of language acquisition among normal children. B) a distorted view of how a child begins to communicate. C) returned to the traditional theory concerning language acquisition among children. D) a rather contradictory theory concerning the acquisition of language by two-year-olds. E) the means and techniques to speed up vocabulary acquisition among one-year-olds. Economic dynamics have decisively shifted from the national economy. From now on, any country Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 6 and also any business, especially a large one that wants to prosper will have to accept that it is the world economy that leads and that domestic economic policies will succeed only if they strengthen or at least do not impair the country’s international competitive position. This may be the most important - it surely is the most striking - feature of the changed world economy. 34. The writer explains that one significant development in economy has been ____ A) the stress on the importance of domestic economic policies. B) the growing importance of national economic policies. C) a keener competition between domestic and international companies. D) that national economics are now closely interrelated with the world economy E) the decline of competition in home markets. 35. From the passage it seems that for a country to achieve economic prosperity, it ____ . A) has to encourage and support big corporations B) must protect itself from new dynamics in domestic economy. C) has to think and plan in terms of world economy D) must be ruthless in economic policies E) must create competition within the domestic market. 36. The passage deals with ____ . A) the growing importance of internationalism in the field of economics. B) the dangers of foreign competition in trade. C) the dynamics in the implementation of domestic economic policies. D) the question of how big business can influence the world economy negatively. E) some of the more striking features of the current economic policies. Today, the United States is in the grip of a second Industrial revolution. While the first, stretching from the 1870s to the 1970s, shifted the main sector of the American economy from agriculture to industry, the new revolution is shifting the economy away from traditional "smokestack" manufacturing industries to those based upon information, services and new technologies. It took the country decades to accommodate the cultural and social changes resulting from the first industrial revolution and it would be rashly optimistic to assume that Americans will not face serious stresses in coming to terms with the changes that are transforming the workplace today. 37. It is understood from the passage that the American economy ____ . A) was, at the beginning, largely an agricultural one B) was, from the start, based on heavy industry C) has, over the years, undergone very little radical changes D) has recently entered a period of recession E) has invariably kept a balance between agriculture and industry 38. The writer points out that the change in America from an agricultural to an industrial economy ____ . A) was bitterly opposed by a large segment of society B) was achieved in a very short period of time, actually only about two decades C) made the use of information technologies indispensable D) brought with it many new cultural and social conditions which took years to resolve E) brought little benefit to the country as a whole 39. The author is worried that the Americans A) will find the second industrial revaluation hard to cope with B) are closing down heavy industry far too soon C) don't pay adequate attention to conditions in the workplace D) may turn back to an agricultural economy E) have already lost their control over manufacturing industries A great many books have been written on computers, computer programming languages, particularly Fortran. To produce another book on Fortran, even the newest Fortran IV, probably seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this project. However, several good reasons can be stated for doing just that. Most computer professionals will agree that the field of computer and information science has quickly become a valid discipline for academia and that rapid changes are occurring in computer programming languages. Both of these facts demand that a new direction be taken in presenting the subject. 40. From the passage we understand that the writer is somewhat apprehensive in case ____ . A) computer sales should drop sharply Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 7 B) developments in computer programming will become more and more costly C) his book will be felt, by many people, to be superfluous D) computer programming should be taken over by professionals E) programming languages should become far more complicated 41. According to the passage, publications on computer technology ____ . A) are only concerned with Fortran computer programming B) have already reached a very high number C) are brought out by academia for academia D) invariably cause a great deal of public reaction E) are largely repetitive and very costly 42. The writer of this passage feels that his new book on Fortran is justified because ____ . A) computer science is a new science with little relevant literature B) computer professionals have not as yet recognised the changes taking place in computer science C) it will boost the sale of computers throughout the world D) it introduces a new approach to computer programming languages E) it will change the concept of computer science among academia Until the late l9th century most American museums and art academies considered watercolor an amateur pursuit or a preliminary to serious work in oils. Many American watercolorists saw the medium as a holiday diversion, using portable paint boxes and a free style to make what they called "snapshots" of their travels. In contrast, a few recognised the exceptional capacity of watercolours as a medium to provide clear and luminous colours in works that would evoke the ever changing nature of lakes and rivers they knew so well, and ultimately vie for supremacy with oil paintings in major art collections. 43. We can understand from the passage that, in America, it was a long time before watercolours ____ . A) were taken seriously as an art form, B) fell out of public favour C) lost their appeal and gave way to oils D) were confined to the depiction of lakes and rivers E) became an amateur pursuit among the ordinary people 44. According to the passage, some American artists felt that watercolour ____ . A) and oil painting were equally effective as mediums for the portrayal of human emotions B) had been overworked for centuries C) was only to be practised as a hobby on holidays D) had always been superior to oil painting E) was an ideal means for representing nature in its various shades and colours 45. The passage explains clearly how ____ . A) watercolour has revolutionised landscape painting in America B) watercolour slowly gave way to oils in art collections C) American museums and art galleries have collected their oil paintings and watercolours D) watercolour has come to be recognised in America as a valid art medium E) watercolour differs in style and execution from oil painting "Human rights" is a fairly new name for what were formerly called "the rights of man”. It was Eleanor Roosevelt in 1940s who promoted the use of the expression "human rights" when she discovered, through her work in the United Nations, that the rights of men were not understood in some parts of the world to include the rights of women. The "rights of man” at an earlier date had itself replaced the original term "natural rights", in part, perhaps, because the concept of natural law, with which the concept of natural rights was logically connected, had become a subject of controversy. 46. The passage explains the stages by which____ . A) the United Nations carried out its procedures B) Eleanor Roosevelt developed the idea of human rights C) the term "human rights" came into use D) the various "rights of man" came to be recognised E) human rights are today being violated throughout the world 47. By referring to Eleanor Roosevelt, the author points out that, before the 1940s, the term "the rights of man” ____ . A) had always been used in conjunction with "the rights of women" B) had come under severe criticism Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 8 C) had long been a subject of controversy among politicians D) had already become irrelevant in world politics E) had often been misunderstood by some nations 48. It is pointed out in the passage that the disagreement over the concept of natural law ____ . A) was actually of no significance in many parts of the world B) meant that the term "natural rights" was no longer acceptable C) forced Eleanor Roosevelt to introduce the term "human rights" D) undermined the work of the United Nations E) was closely connected with the growing recognition of the rights of women After 1933 the Western World realised that it was living in another age of absolutism, or rather, in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than the worst of the old absolute kings; such regimes could be seen to be enforcing a "law" that was the command hardly of a "sovereign" but of a cruel and genocidal despot. It was ordinary people who protested: "This cannot be law. Law, if it is to deserve the name of law, must respect at least some basic rights to which every human being is entitled simply because he is human." 49. According to the passage, compared with the absolute kings of the past, modern dictators ____ . A) have been far more cruel and oppressive B) have shown a relatively high respect for the rights of the individual C) have received considerable support from ordinary people D) have shown leniency in the enforcement of law E) have always been anxious to rule by law 50. The writer suggests that a major distinctive feature of "law" is ____ . A) to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in society B) that it disregards the rights of ordinary people C) respect for basic human rights D) to uphold respect for the sovereign E) that it should make a return to absolutism impossible 51. According to the passage, the major protest against the despots of modern times ____ . A) has been largely on account of their genocidal actions B) began to increase after 1933 C) has largely been confined to the Western world D) has been due to a growing fear of totalitarianism E) has come from common people who are concerned about their basic rights The shopping centre emerged in the early 1900s in the suburbs that encircled American cities. Suburbs of that time tended to be chiefly residential and to depend on the traditional city centres for shopping. The first suburban commercial centres had three identifiable features; they consisted of a number of stores built and leased by a single developer; they were usually situated at an important intersection, and they provided plenty of free, offstreet parking. These "shopping villages" resembled small-town shopping districts, both in their architecture which was carefully traditional, and in their layout, which integrated them into the surrounding neighbourhood. The stores faced the street and the parking lots were usually in the rear. 52. Before the introduction of shopping centres those living in the residential suburban areas ____ . A) were anxious to keep commercial activities there to a minimum B) usually preferred to go to nearby small towns in order to do their shopping C) found parking a great problem when they went downtown to shop D) had to go into the centre of the city to do their shopping E) felt that shopping facilities could not be integrated into such neighbourhoods 53. A popular site for the early shopping centres in the United States was ____ . A) the very heart of a big city with roads directly serving all the suburbs B) one near an important road junctions with enough space to provide adequate parking facilities C) the villages bordering on the suburbs of a town, since they too would benefit from the facilities D) a suitable point far away from two or three suburban areas E) one that was in the hands of a single developer and architect 54. The new "shopping villages" were reminiscent of small-town shopping areas ____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 9 A) since many architects felt these could hardly be integrated effectively into suburban conditions B) although the stores faced onto the parking lots, not the streets C) as regards both the architectural style and the arrangement of the buildings D) even though the architecture was very different E) as most developers wanted to bring something new into the commercial activities of the region The Antarctic is the most remote continent in the world and the last to be discovered, but nevertheless constitutes about one tenth of the world’s land surface. So far it has escaped the worst of man’s destructive ingenuity but today it is threatened by man’s insatiable appetite for natural resources, and seems to be in danger of losing its pristine environment which serves as the perfect natural laboratory for scientists to pursue knowledge for its own sake. 55. The human qualities that are dwelt upon in this passage are mainly man’s ____ . A) concern for the environment and his determination to protect it B) devotion to knowledge and scientific experiment C) concern for the underprivileged and his desire to open up new areas of natural resources for them D) respect for man and the whole created world E) greed and the reckless way he spoils the world 56. We can understand from the passage that the Antarctic ____ . A) is at present virtually unspoiled B) is a very small and quite useless continent C) has noting to offer in the way of natural resources D) has suffered greatly from natural sources of destruction E) has a climate so incompatible to man that it is safe from man 57. One can understand from the passage that the writer ____ . A) greatly admires man’s persistent search for fresh natural resources B) looks forward to the time when the world will benefit from the rich natural resources of the Antarctic C) is opposed to all scientific projects concerning the Antarctic D) does not want to see the exploitation of the Antarctic by man E) is rather scornful of those who pursue knowledge for its own sake Inflation is process of steadily rising prices, resulting in a diminishing of the purchasing power of a given nominal sum of money. In other words, you can buy fewer goods for 1 pound in December than you could in January of the same year. One type of inflation is known as demand- pull inflation. This occurs under conditions of full employment, when demand exceeds supply of goods; that is to say, when people want to buy more goods than are available. The process of demand-pull inflation operates as follows. An increased demand for goods leads to an increased demand for labour, resulting in higher wages and salaries. This has the effect of increasing costs of production and thus causes increased prices. However, as wages and salaries are higher, the increased demand for goods continues, and so the cycle goes on. 58. When there is inflation the purchasing power of any given amount of money ____ . A) remains unchanged throughout a calendar year B) starts to increase at a steady rate C) gradually becomes less and less D) has to be readjusted at the end of each fiscal year E) is completely unpredictable from month to month 59. As is pointed out in the passage, the condition of “demand-pull inflation” ____ . A) has a positive effect on production efficiency B) occurs when there are plenty of goods but few buyers C) invariably leads to a state of unemployment D) can only be checked by devaluation E) is to be found when there are plenty of would-be buyers, but not enough goods on sale 60. The writer points out that, with demand-pull inflation there is an unending cycle of ____ . A) full employment and stabilized salaries B) higher wages and more expensive goods C) overproduction and falling prices D) higher wages but falling sales E) increased prices but better quality goods In the business world today, many companies are showing less interest in the theoretical potential of their staff and more in what they are actually doing at the time. As an alternative or supplement to judging academic credentials, many firms have developed “assessment- centres” in which employees handle simulated business problems, in a setting as close to real life as possible, to demonstrate their competence or indicate the need for training. Candidates for Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 10 administrative jobs, for example, might work their way through a sample in-box. Bosses find those promoted because of their assessment- centre scores to be competent and the candidates feel the system is fair. In fact, the systems can be working well and giving satisfaction. 61. According to the passage, the trend in business today ____ . A) is to put less and less emphasis on academic qualifications B) remains roughly what it was at an earlier date C) is to make all employees try their hand at administrative work D) is to promote those who have theoretical knowledge though lacking in technical background E) is to keep moving employees round from one job to another 62. We can understand from the passage that candidates who get poor assessment-centre scores ____ . A) are, in the majority of cases, without much theoretical potential B) invariably lose their jobs C) will never again be considered for promotion D) are turned down as incompetent E) will probably be offered further training programmes 63. It is clear from the passage that the system of promotion on the basis of assessment-centre scores ____ A) is proving unsatisfactory as too much emphasis is placed upon theoretical knowledge B) it is starting to make for bad relations between management and worker C) is proving satisfactory to employer and employee alike D) is to be discontinued as it only tests a candidate’s ability to get through an in-box at speed E) generally applies only to candidates with an exceptionally good academic background In Eminent Victorians Lytton Strachey portrays four dominating personalities of the nineteenth century. He is, noticeably, free of undue reverence for the great; indeed his satirical view of life enables him to discover in them many flaws which were discreetly overlooked by previous historians. Perhaps his portrayal of General Gordon is the most controversial of all. Certainly he was a gifted and gallant soldier, but was he also an unbalanced mystic and a self opinionated eccentric? His portrait of Dr Arnold is also disturbing. Was he a wise and foreseeing educationalist and headmaster or try sternly imposing his will on the students in care? The questions thus raised are intensely provocative and make reading stimulating. 64. From the passage we understand that as a biographer, Lytton Strachey was remarkable in his time for ____ . A) avoiding all subjects of a controversial nature B) writing biographies not of the great but of little known people C) concentrating his attention on the bad, even vicious people of his age D) not giving an idealised picture of the great E) conforming to the established norms and attitudes of his society 65. According to the passage, the biographies of Lytton Strachey are of a kind that ____ . A) unduly emphasise the faults and weaknesses of the person portrayed B) leave the reader stimulated and in doubt as to the essential nature of the person portrayed C) trick the reader into disliking the person portrayed D) give the reader a great deal of unsupported gossip E) the intelligent reader would do well to ignore 66. The main point of the passage is to ____ . A) bring to our notice how unreliable Lytton Strachey is as a biographer B) explain why so many people have been disappointed by Lytton Strachey’s biographies C) defend Strachey’s view of Victorian attitudes D) compare and contrast Strachey’s portrayal of General Gordon with that of Dr Arnold E) give an idea of the content, character and approach of the book Eminent Victorians If the key to good nutrition is consuming a variety of foods, then vegetables can truly stand as the cornerstone of a health diet. Of all foods, they offer the most diversity. There are literally hundreds of varieties available to us, and because of careful plant breeding, today’s vegetable harvest is continually being expanded and improved. In addition, vegetables are replete with nutrients. They supply nearly all of the vitamins and minerals required for good health, many of them – especially starchy vegetables like potatoes and winter squash - contain complex carbohydrates, which furnish us with energy. Most also provide dietary fiber, and a few, such as lima beans and potatoes, can contribute significantly to our protein intake. At Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 11 the same time, vegetables contain no cholesterol, have little or no fat, and are low in calories. In nutritional parlance, vegetables are “nutrient dense” – that is, their store of nutrients is relatively high for the number of calories they supply. 67. It is emphasised in the passage that vegetables ____ . A) provide us with vitamins and minerals but not carbohydrates or proteins B) are a pleasant but unessential part of most people's diet C) are highly nutritious and at the same time low in calories D) have a surprisingly high calorie content E) cannot take the place of meat in our diet 68. The author points out that the kinds of vegetable at our disposal ____ . A) are constantly increasing as new kinds are frequently being bred B) are deceptive as the nutrient content is invariably the same C) are unfortunately inadequate in most parts of the world D) are not sufficient to keep anyone in really good health E) have a dangerously high cholesterol content 69. We can understand from the passage that ____ . A) vegetables must be eaten in conjunction with foods rich in fats and minerals B) only a limited range of vitamins are to be found in vegetables C) potatoes are among the least valuable of the vegetables D) the starchy vegetables are a good source of energy E) only a small fraction of the nutrients we need for health can be derived from vegetables The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis for these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to be culprit and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of the arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoking. 70. It is pointed out in the passage that nicotine _____ . A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart B) is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking C) affects animals more seriously than humans D) has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers E) has an adverse effect only upon the arteries 71. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking _____ . A) have ruled out any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans B) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor C) have so far not raised any controversial opinions D) have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body E) indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors 72. The main concern of the passage is to _____ . A) describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effects of carbon monoxide B) emphasizes the role nicotine and vitamin D play in the heart diseases C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate D) compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and carbon monoxide E) give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases Agriculture remains the most crucial area for development, here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques, and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact. 73. The author is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture _____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 12 A) cannot be achieved through vocational training B) can easily be realized C) have already led to good results D) are absolutely vital for productivity E) have largely been confined to technology 74. We can understand from the passage that the agriculture community _____ . A) tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer B) is eager for more vocational training C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training D) has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques E) is not the one that welcomes change 75. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture _____ . A) will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society B) will provide farmers with a wide range of opportunities C) will be futile unless it’s backed up with various incentives D) is regarded as a priority for social development E) has often been underestimated by various authorities Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is one of the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionising such traditional subjects as growth economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics. 76. The author points out that the term ‘the economics of education’ _____ . A) has only come into use in very recent years B) has for decades been under discussion among economists C) is of little significance in orthodox economics D) has only been accepted in educational circles E) is gradually disappearing from economic writings 77. According to the passage, the economics of education _____ . A) is not connected in anyway with investment in man B) relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity C) has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics D) has today come into the forefront of economic thinking E) is one of the earliest branches of general economics 78. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics _____ . A) have grown steadily in importance B) have been substantially modified through the introduction of the economics of human resources C) have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economics of human resources D) gave great importance to the idea of human investment E) constituted the essence of the economics of human resources Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength. They clutch their prey to them, holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb, but do not approach the leopard’s ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, they seem unable to spot prey until it moves. 79. It is clear from the passage that tigers _____. A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey B) are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals C) are sensitive to significant variations in temperature D) closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength E) rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey 80. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain _____ . A) is usually the favoured habitats of the tiger B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 13 C) provides camouflage for leopards D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey 81. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought _____ . A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it B) hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger C) the leopard’s hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals E) the tiger’s senses are not particularly well developed Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person’s head, researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They, therefore, continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence. 82. As we learn from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment _____ . A) is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless B) was finally received in the 1800s C) has only recently become a subject for serious research D) does not seem to have ceased yet E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it is today 83. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person’s mental capacity _____. A) could never be changed B) depended upon the head size C) was purely heredity D) was completely shaped by the environment E) was fundamental to his character 84. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence _____ . A) can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated B) has finally been achieved by modern scientists C) is sure to be realized within the next few years D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future E) will emerge through theoretical rather than experimental studies The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for his mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories within the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of the 20th century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives readers the ‘feel’ of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His latest novel ‘World’s Fair’ shows how the events of the turbulent 1930s helped mold the sensibilities of his young protagonist. 85. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow’s novel ‘World’s Fair’ _____ . A) describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist B) is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s C) demonstrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society D) fails to give his readers a ‘feel’ of the 1930s in America E) gives the account of how the thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived 86. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history _____ . A) has not always been Doctorow’s primary concern B) is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novels C) is a striking feature of Doctorow’s writing D) is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself E) is never to be found in the traditional novel 87. We see in the passage that Doctorow’s purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary _____ . A) is to build up a convicting picture of a period B) did not achieve the result he aimed for in ‘World’s Fair’ C) has been frequently criticized by his readers D) has not been properly appreciated except in the case of ‘World’s Fair’ E) has been shared by other 20th century American novelists Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 14 In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the following recommendations. The Developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their manufactures and semi manufactures by the elimination of quotas and tariffs. International commodity agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilise commodity prices. Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The Conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 per cent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries. 88. As can be understood from the passage, the 1964 United nations Conference on Trade and Development was remarkable because ____ A) the developing countries now had the chance, for the first time, to have free access to the markets of the developed countries. B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilisation of world commodity prices. C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed countries. D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreements. E) the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on trading matters. 89. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ____ A) each country was to benefit from compensation schemes. B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore. C) developed countries should not benefit from compensation schemes. D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect as soon as possible. E) the poorer countries should be compensated for their general trade deficits. 90. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ____ A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming from underdeveloped member countries. B) considerably raised the world trade tariffs on a variety of commodities. C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdeveloped. D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the world’s trade barriers. E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods of the underdeveloped countries. In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere, around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in the north. Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the icepack. A portion of the ice-covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfield in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast- line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered. 91. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ____ A) seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplorable. B) could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere. C) had a regular and unchanging coastline. D) must have been balanced by a similar extent of land mass around the South Pole. E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the ice- pack began to melt. 92. It is pointed out in the passage that it was only with Captain Cook’s voyage in the 18th century that ____ A) the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched B) a partially accurate assessment of the size of the Antarctic could be made. C) people began to realise just how small the land mass here was. D) multi-national projects for the exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect. E) the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 15 93. It is clear from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic, ____ A) Edward Bransfield joined the international project to study the ice-pack of the continent. B) many explorers were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there. C) explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of the continent. D) Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area. E) the first major, large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in 1841. Oceanography is the scientific study of the world’s oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earth’s surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for the first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography has developed into a highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. These are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of the marine organisms and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanography and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evaluation of the ocean basins. Oceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans. 94. In the passage the writer does not dwell on ____ A) the purpose and research concerns of biological oceanography. B) the history of oceanography studies, and the range of these studies C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to the improvement of shipping. D) the uses for us of the information provided by oceanographic studies about the oceans. E) what geological oceanography and chemical oceanography deal with. 95. It is clear from the passage that, due to the complexity and variety of its research activities, oceanography ____ A) cooperates with some of the other sciences B) focuses only on the discovery of the new energy resources in the oceans C) benefits extensively from the findings of biology. D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the ocean environment. E) has developed into a separate and independent discipline with no relationship with other sciences. 96. We understood from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ____ A) many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate. B) the oceans have been extensively exploited for food and mineral deposits. C) British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basis. D) scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment. E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science. In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies that is, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement were that militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed; that industrial power should be so reduced that Germany would never again be in a position to wage aggressive war; that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories; that Germany should be treated as an economic whole, and that local self-government should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security. 97. As we learn from the passage, the Postdam Agreement ____ A) was originally proposed by the United States. B) was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with the Soviet Union. C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies, with the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in Europe. D) improved the relations between the Soviet Unions and the West. E) was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany. 98. According to the passage, one of the major provisions made in the Postdam Agreement was that ____ A) the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 16 B) the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision. C) the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued. D) Germany’s industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level. E) local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare. 99. It is pointed out in the passage that the Postdam Agreement envisaged ____ A) a European political institution to safeguard peace. B) a step-by-step reduction of Germany’s economic efficiency. C) the restoration of democracy throughout Europe. D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help the recovery of industry there. E) the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany. The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country to country and with the type of government; the more civilised and democratic the state is, the less police intervention there is. England, compared with other countries, was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established county and borough forces maintained by local police authorities throughout England and Wales. 100. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ____ A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society. B) to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour. C) the enlargement of their own powers as far as is compatible with democracy. D) to uphold the universal principles of democracy. E) to intervene, when necessary, in matters of legislation. 101. We understand from the passage that the powers of the police ____ A) are much stronger in country areas than in cities. B) cannot be limited in democratic countries. C) have been strongly criticised in England. D) were first defined by the British government in 1829. E) are closely related to the political regime of a country. 102. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force, ____ A) various countries had already established one of their own. B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities. C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order. D) the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible. E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as “the International Bank” or as “the World Bank” is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries; and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest on the loan, and repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank’s requirements for interest and repayment. 103. It is pointed out in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ____ A) provide the nations with a constant source of income for its various projects. B) bring all developing countries up to the same level of economic prosperity. C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular, with the necessary financial support for the realisation of their major development projects. D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic position. E) make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries. 104. We can understand from the passage that the World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ____ A) it is absolutely certain that the money lent will be returned in full and with interest. B) it has been unanimously approved by the United Nations. C) these countries are in a position to finance a good part of these projects. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 17 D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for the industrialisation of these countries. E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable interest rate on the money lent. 105. The passage gives a general account of ____ A) why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies in favour of developing countries. B) how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations. C) the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries. D) how the financial policies of the World Bank are controlled by the United Nations. E) the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries. Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper in substance, an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced, such as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timber- growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland. 106. We can understand from the passage that, throughout history, paper ____ . A) has played a vital role in the advancement of learning B) has been a major export item for Asian countries, and for China in particular C) has been produced from a wide range of materials D) has been valued as a means of communication more in the West than in the East E) has largely been used for documentation rather than for learning 107. It is obvious from the passage that today the wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ____ . A) is largely provided by the countries which produce a great deal of timber B) is produced from a variety of substances other than timber C) can only be produced economically with the aid of sophisticated technology D) is normally made from raw materials locally available E) can most readily be prepared from timber with a high fibrous content 108. The main concern of the passage is to --- ____ . A) explain why there has been so little change in the development of papermaking B) describe how the West learned the techniques of papermaking C) account for the economic implications of the paper industry D) give a historical account of papermaking with emphasis on the main raw materials used E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking The great expansion in energy demand over recent years has been met to a large extent by petroleum oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts of the world are still not fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise in the price of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab- Israeli war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis which affected the economies of consumer countries. One result of this crisis has been that Britain has increased its North Sea oil production and become the fifth largest oil producing country in the world. 109. It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet its increasing energy needs, the world ____ . A) will have to develop new sources of energy in addition to petroleum oil B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisis C) has, in recent years, relied heavily on petroleum oil D) has had to rely more and more on British oil E) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of energy sources 110. One can understand from the passage that further oil explorations ____ . A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil prices B) are unlikely to produce any positive results C) should be carried out both in the Middle East and in the North Sea D) may cause new tensions in the Middle East Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 18 E) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of petroleum as yet untapped 111. According to the passage, one result of the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been that ____ . A) the world has learned to reduce its energy consumption B) Britain has become one of the leading oil producers C) many new oil fields throughout the world have been prospected and brought into production D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of petroleum oil in the world E) consumer countries have had to redefine their economic priorities In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with Panama, which gave the United States rights in perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land extending across the narrowest part of Panama for the purpose of building and running a canal. The canal built, now known as the Panama Canal, connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and is just over 80 km long. Its depth varies from 12 to 26 meters. It is constructed above sea-level, with locks and has been available for commercial shipping since 3 August 1914. An agreement was reached in 1978 for the waterway to be turned over Panama by the end of the century. 112. According to the passage, with the 1978 agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was agreed that ____ . A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly supervised by Panama and the United States B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the United States for ever C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of the century D) the costs would be shared equally between Panama and the United States E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping from all countries 113. We understand from the passage that the locks in the Panama Canal are essential ____ . A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long stretch of waterway B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise shipping in the canal C) lest enemy ships attempt to enter the Canal D) even though the United States would have preferred not to build them E) because there is a difference between the level of the Canal and that of the sea 114. As it is pointed out in the passage, the Panama Canal ____ . A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and the United States B) has continuously caused friction between the United States and Panama C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since it was first opened D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at their closest point E) has become the world’s busiest waterway for commercial shipping When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However, experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning good systems of communication and transport and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate postdisaster period. Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication facilities, and transportation exist. 115. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part of the relief work following a disaster, ____ . A) the most difficult to organise is the fair distribution of supplies B) mass immunisation is not usually to be recommended C) communication facilities are among the most urgent measures to be taken D) it is important to plan comprehensively the evacuation of the badly wounded E) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of the displaced population 116. We can understand from the passage that, in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ____ . A) it is not often possible to have access to adequate communication facilities B) the transport of relief workers to the area should be carefully planned C) untold benefits are to be derived from mass immunisation D) the distribution of food and medicine is the main activity of the relief phase Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 19 E) conditions are not favourable for the implementation of an efficient immunisation programme 117. We can understand from the passage that, if transport and communication facilities are inadequate, ____ . A) then relief efforts will be adversely affected B) the population at risk has to be removed to a safer place C) the problems facing relief workers will not be so obvious D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available Universities are institutions of higher education whose principal objects are the increase of knowledge over a wide field through original thought and research and its extensions by the teaching of students. Such societies existed in the ancient world, notably in Greece and India, but the origin of the University as we know it today lies in medieval Europe, the word “universitas” being a contraction of the Latin term for corporations of teachers and students organised for the promotion of higher learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised under this description were at Bologna and Paris in the first half of the 12th century. Oxford was founded by an early migration of scholars from Paris, and Cambridge began with a further migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over Europe from the 14th century onwards. 118. The main concern of the passage is ____ . A) the comparison of different types of university B) the development of the European universities from the Middle Ages to the present C) to describe the aims and the early history of universities D) to explain how and why the medieval university came into being E) to emphasise the need for research in universities 119. According to the passage, one of the primary goals of a university is to ____ . A) encourage the establishment of higher education institutions B) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching and research in a wide variety of fields C) provide students with professional training D) supervise the research undertaken by other institutions in society E) make arrangements for the exchange of students and scholars in the world 120. The writer points out that, although the origins of universities can be traced to antiquity, the history of the modern university ____ . A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and Cambridge universities B) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the word “universitas” C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe D) really dates from the Middle Ages E) largely depends on the studies carried out at Bologna and Paris Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts, that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature, which seeks to give expression to the artist’s feelings about his subject rather than to be concerned with form and reality. The romantic view is that art is nature seen through a temperament; the realist view, on the other hand, is that art is a slice of life. In painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist par excellence with his uncontrolled expression of the passions and love of the exotic. In literature the Romantic movement reached its finest form in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament in the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found at all times and places, although whether or not it becomes predominant depends on contemporary taste. 121. The writer explains that the most distinctive characteristic of Romanticism is ____ . A) an accurate description of the natural world B) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual life C) the expression of individual’s emotions D) the importance it attaches to form rather than to content E) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic 122. It is suggested in the passage that as an approach to life, the Romantic view ____ . A) is constantly recurrent in the human temperament B) has often been subordinate to Classicism C) is out of favour in the contemporary world D) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of art E) came into being as a reaction against Realism Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 20 123. The passage quite simply describes ____ . A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon Romanticism in literature B) the romantic quality of Delacroix’s painting and its counterpart in literature C) the similarities and differences between Romanticism and other literary movements D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic temperament in the contemporary world E) what Romanticism is and who its major exponents have been Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school. 124. The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ____ A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them. B) they cease to mix socially with the poor. C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and ways. D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again. E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry. 125. According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ____ A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education. B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor. C) all children, regardless of their social class, should receive the same formal education. D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities. E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone. 126. The main argument of the passage is that ____ A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same school. B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic mental skills at school, since they learn them at home. C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty. D) Since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential. E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life. Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin Trevelyan, who is the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He avoids the flourish which characterizes modern politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional, at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an audience. His face is inexpressive, solid almost. He evades making promises and is completely lacking in vision. He is a politician whose talent has never been to inspire the mob. 127. We can understand from the passage that Robin Trevelyan ____ A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public eye. B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway public feeling. C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical politician of our time. D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister. E) is one of those rare politicians who really understands the psychology of the people. 128. With regard to the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage that one of his shortcomings as a politician is ____ A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party. B) his inability to follow someone else’s lead. C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a vision. D) his tendency to scorn public opinion. E) his fondness for modern political manners. 129. In this passage, the writer has set out to ____ A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present Prime Minister. B) criticise modern British politics in the person of the Prime Minister. C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time. D) account for the failure of the Prime Minister’s previous adviser Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 21 E) present a concise study of the political personality of the Prime Minister’s new adviser. Work is central in British culture. When someone asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean ‘What work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a paid job?’. Yet many people without a paid job work at other kinds of productive activities. Women, notably, perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term ‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work, some of which can take more time and energy than we put into our paid employment from the voluntary working in the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued as this; some people value leisure more, and work only as much as they need in order to provide basic necessities. 130. The writer suggests that people tend to regard the word ‘work’ as ____ A) referring only to paid employment. B) being limited only to voluntary work. C) relating only to physical effort. D) interchangeable with “leisure”. E) an activity with an end-product. 131. The writer points out that, unlike the case in Britain, in some cultures ____ A) work in any form is highly respected. B) unpaid activities such as housework make up virtually the whole of a woman’s day. C) voluntary work is held in high respect. D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary importance. E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their basic necessities. 132. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ____ A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones. B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones. C) are always assigned to women rather than to men. D) are not readily available in Britain. E) are rarely taken on by people who go out to work. Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their wide spread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is not , however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what is deviant drinking behaviour. 133. It is pointed out in the passage that psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because _____ A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with them. B) people with problems find them helpful C) their effects have been proved to be harmless D) they are much cheaper than many other drugs and legally obtainable E) society at large regards them as harmful 134. According to the author, the consumption of alcohol in the world ____ A) is particularly widespread among members of sub- cultures B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour E) made the practices and behaviour of sub-cultures in society more uniform 135. The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups _____ A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs C) as regards why businessman drink so much D) as to why Italians and Jews have different drinking habits E) as to how much alcohol can be properly consumed In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about improving women’s position, ending male privilege and doing away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal opportunities legislation was enacted in many countries, and the voice of the women’s movement was heard criticising discrimination Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 22 between the sexes in every sphere of working life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of job segregation and inequality. The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality with men while others pursue the revaluation of women’s skills and ‘womanly’ virtues. 136. It is pointed out in the passage that many people in the early 1970s ____ . A) realised that a majority of women were not genuinely interested in job segregation B) were doubtful as to whether legislation could improve the position of women in society C) actively took part in women’s demonstrations against male aggression and dominance in the workplace D) confidently expected the elimination of the inequality existing between the sexes E) were scarcely aware of there being any discrimination between the sexes 137. According to the author, legislation against gender discrimination ____ A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the improvement of women’s position in society B) has been grossly neglected especially in less prosperous countries C) has, in many countries, already made the position of women fully equal to that of men D) has brought about balance in society that satisfies the women’s movement everywhere E) has been fully successful in eradicating job segregation in industrial countries 138. According to the passage, there are people in the feminist movement who ____ . A) argue that women don’t deserve equal opportunities with men in working life B) believe that women’s qualities have been undervalued and should be reassessed C) are convinced that women would have a stronger position if they kept their femininity D) believe that the movement is far from achieving any of its original objectives E) are concerned that the legislation against sex discrimination in working life may be revoked in the near future All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is infinite variety in the nature and circumstances of these two events themselves and in what happens to our bodies and our minds in between. Some individuals, for example, are born without difficulty and grow uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence, suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They age gradually until, in extreme old age, they die peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an idealised picture of how we would like things to be, rather than the reality that most people experience. Death comes to many of us, not when we are old, but during or before birth, in infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle age. 139. One point made by the author in this passage is that we, as human beings, ____ . A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are inevitable B) have all similar opportunities but use them differently C) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy adolescence D) ought to take certain measures to avoid infections diseases in childhood E) have widely differing experiences of birth, life and death 140. The writer points out that, though most people expect life to be free of care and death easy, ____ . A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence or in adulthood B) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised condition C) this is, in fact, very rarely the case D) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it than this E) this is seldom the case except in old age 141. In this passage the writer points out the disparity between ____ . A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and the tragic experience of a small minority B) what everyone expects of life and what he actually achieves in life C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later tragic ones D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the actual life experience of the majority E) the happier middle years of a person’s life and the more trying later years The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world's running water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 23 take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40 metres in less than a kilometre Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters. 142. We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ____ . A) it is not the longest B) it is in no parts particularly wide C) there is very little topographical variety in its course D) it is seldom used for the transportation of goods E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime, hence slow-moving 143. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ____ . A) shelter many species of exotic fish B) are in parts muddy and not fresh C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha E) flow calmly throughout its course 144. The passage largely deals with ____ . A) the differences and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many tributaries E) The size of the Amazon and its topographical end aquatic features The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to have been self-taught. As a young man his main idea was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said, the wrong place to be born in for anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and then of being a painter. But he decided that he did not play very well, and presently gave up painting. In New York in the 1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a store that decided he had flair and put him in its display department, and that was the start of his career. He worked for a number of shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation for innovative ideas. 145. One understands from the passage that it took Gene Moore very many years to ____ . A) find out what he was really good at B) return to his native town of Birmingham, Alabama C) realise that he hated living in an industrial city D) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artist E) get a department store of his own in New York 146. It is suggested in the passage that Gene Moore spent his early years ____ . A) preparing for the career of his choice which was window-dressing B) in New York where he made his dreams come true C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his creative development D) in Alabama where he got his professional training E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama 147. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore become a window-dresser ____ . A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's fashion circles B) more by accident than by design C) only after he had established himself as a musician and a painter D) almost as soon as he arrived in New York E) even though he lacked any form of creative talent as his employers knew well Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries today. But environmental scientists can still be surprised by the distances that large quantities of industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried by winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the University of Washington in Seattle have been involved in a case study of such pollutants which reached the West Coast of America all the way from Asia. They are keen to understand how such an event could take place and to what extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon- monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it seems increasingly likely that the West Coast of America is particularly exposed to pollution from Asia. 148. It is suggested in the passage that industrial pollution in our world today ____ . A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific Ocean B) is gradually being brought under full control C) has been the main concern of scientists from the University of Washington D) can be predicted and the necessary measures taken E) can travel amazing distances Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 24 149. It is pointed out In the passage that one of the issues the chemists from the University of Washington are seriously concerned with ____ . A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save it from industrial pollutants B) is whether it may be possible to foretell the movements of pollutants from Asia C) is whether it might be possible to change the course of industrial pollutants along the West Coast D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide levels around Hawaii E) should be the prevention of the emission of pollutants along the West Coast of America 150. One can conclude from the passage that Asian industry appears to ____ . A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and relocation B) be doing all it can to prevent environmental pollution C) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any other industrial pollutant D) pose a serious environmental threat to the West Coast of America E) be a major competitor for the American industrial enterprises along the West Coast Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in fact assembled for many different reasons. Some resemble star charts, trying to define the scope of the new and show us what direction poetry is heading. Others turn their gaze on the past, seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify influential currents of thinking and feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present enduring images of the beautiful for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers. 151.From the passage we understand that the writer ____ . A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to be the cultivation of a sense of beauty B) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry anthologies C) is rather critical of the way that most poetry anthologies are compiled D) is himself compiling an anthology of modem poetry E) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to the poetry of the past 152. According to the passage, a major concern of some poetry anthologies is to ____ . A) introduce readers to the works of poets who have generally been overlooked B) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our everyday life C) help people to understand and appreciate the art of the past D) offer guidance to aspiring young poets E) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary movements of the past 153. The writer compares some anthologies of modern poetry to "star charts' because ____ . A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in poetry B) he is himself a representative of this type of poetry C) his own predictions have rarely been accurate D) he doesn’t believe the future can be interpreted by reference to the past E) they provide a comprehensive perspective of various poetical movements Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple: take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health has recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that we need on a daily basis. The daily amount required of these vitamins and minerals is termed the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet this requirement and more. As a new vitamin complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins and minerals, plus a total of no less than 31 other micro-nutrients, including the complete antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no more complete a multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So, because you don’t always eat as you should, it makes sense to take XXX. 154. One essential point made in the passage is that ____ . A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in conjunction with other micro-nutrients B) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals is actually not adequate C) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals should not be exceeded by a supplementary intake of other nutrients D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and minerals Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 25 E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for good health 155. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ____ . A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate supply of vitamins and other micro-nutrients daily B) has been strongly recommended by the Department of Health C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex currently on sale D) is particularly effective if it is taken after meals E) is an aid to better eating habits 156. It is clear from the passage that, in taking vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one faces is to ____ . A) decide the quantity required in any given situation B) keep the correct balance between the two C) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant group D) determine the kind and the amount to be taken daily E) follow a strict diet that includes them all In Japan, there is a government investment and loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal government spending, zaito relies not on tax revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn from the publicly-owned postal-savings system, which by law must place all deposits with zaito, and from the postal life-insurance schemes and various pension funds. The finance ministry, which has run zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money out. During the second World War, zaito financed Japan’s military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost funds into such strategic industries as steel and car-making. More recently, it has turned to “social” investments, such as infrastructure projects and housing. 157. According to the writer, the most distinctive feature of zaito is that ____ . A) it has continued to be in use for longer than was originally envisaged B) its revenues are invariably directed towards military rearmament C) it provides the government with a revenue raised not through taxation but by way of personnel savings D) it does not come under the mandate of the ministry of finance E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among Japanese savers 158. It is pointed out in the passage that the resources of zaito were once used to ____ . A) strengthen the financial position of pension funds in the country B) provide houses for the care of the elderly in Japan C) improve the efficiency and performance of the Japanese postal-services D) revive Japan's industrial potential E) provide a supplementary source of income for the needs of the ministry of finance 159. One can easily conclude from the passage that the implementation of zaito has ____ . A) changed over the years in accordance with the pressing needs of the country B) always been strictly confined to housing projects C) greatly increased the operational capacity of the Japanese army today D) always had in adverse impact upon the saving habits of the Japanese people E) given a boost to the governments insurance and pension policies Edison, one of the pioneers of modern technology, lacked formal education. His understanding of literature, art, history and philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had invented the phonograph and founded a recording company, his musical taste was abominable. He is, therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by academic scientists, who often forget that his ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts contributed significantly to the development of modern technology. 160. We can understand from the passage that some scientists in the universities ____ . A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look down on him B) argue that modern technology owes everything to Edison C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and upgraded his inventions D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison did E) have no greater an appreciation of literature than did Edison Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 26 161. It is stressed in the passage that. with his creative talent, Edison ____ . A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the universities B) achieved great success in many disciplines C) was able to contribute enormously to the progress of modern technology D) exercised a lasting influence in the music world E) was able to put his formal education to pragmatic uses 162. This passage, while admitting some deficiencies in Edison, ____ . A) seeks to establish his moral integrity B) in fact stresses his achievements in the humanities C) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilities D) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by non-scientists E) actually focuses on the value of his work in technology Under increasing social pressure in the late nineteenth century, some universities opened their doors to a small number of women. More significant, however, was the founding of many women's colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges strove over the years to maintain a curriculum equivalent to that of the largely male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the women's college movement saw themselves as social reformers. Although women entered universities in large numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, their participation was limited by their professional objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home economics and the like were "women's fields". 163. It is clear from the passage that higher education for women ____ . A) received very little public attention prior to the twentieth century B) had always been a primary concern for governments throughout the nineteenth century. C) became feasible only after the establishment of women's colleges D) only became available in the closing years of the last century E) was soon on a level with that for men 164. To start with, as the writer suggests women's access to higher education ____ . A) was confined to certain professions B) was greatly eased when radical social reforms were introduced in the nineteenth century. C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth century D) began to decline in the early decades of this century E) has still not reached the anticipated goal 165. It is explained in the passage that the early colleges founded for women ____ . A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines B) were largely governed by male administrators C) made a great effort to keep their educational standards on a level with those of men's universities D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects of the community E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically of great importance. The ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement of air masses. 166. According to the passage, the earth ____ . A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it. B) Is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere 167. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 27 A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the sun E) contribute of the elimination of toxic gases in the atmosphere 168. We understand from the passage that the troposphere is of vital importance as regards the weather, ____ . A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here B) as it accommodates the ozone layer C) even though the atmospheric variability is not predictable D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth E) because all the meteorological phenomena take place in this region Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost anyone’s list he is counted among the leading serious American novelists today. Although he is not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely, and three have been made into movies. Readers, some critics excepted, have come to relish the blending of the fact and fiction that marks his odd scrutiny of the American past. In his recently published book, World’s Fair, he turns his historically inventive method on himself drawing heavily on material taken from his 1930s boyhood. 169. We understand from the passage that, in his works, Doctorow ____ . A) uses both true and imaginary material in order to depict the past of his country B) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic aspects of his own life C) concentrates on grotesque situations largely pertaining to American history D) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood in the 1930s E) draws on the American past so as to instruct the present 170. It is pointed out in the passage that Doctorow’s works ____ . A) turn historical facts and events into comic fiction B) have nearly all been made into films C) are rarely representative of the American way of life D) have received relatively little criticism in literary journals E) have a wide appeal for American readers 171. According to the passage, Doctorow’s latest work ____ . A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his works B) is already attracting the attention of the film makers C) is a historical account of American life in the 1930s D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method used in his earlier works E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the years of his childhood William Saroyan’s parents and relatives were Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school at fifteen and went to work, doing odd jobs. During this time he read widely and began writing in his distinctive natural style. By the late 1930s his many short stories, novels and plays had established him as a writer. Many of his stories have grown out of his experiences in the Armenian community around Fresno. 172. It is pointed out in the passage that Saroyan ____ . A) was already an established writer when he emigrated to America B) based most of his stories on the life of the Armenian community that he knew so well C) expected that one day he would be recognised as a great writer D) began his career by writing short stories but later he became primarily a playwright E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types but also other ethnicities 173. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan began his writing career ____ . A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community to be better understood B) before he reached the age of fifteen C) after he arrived in America D) as a self-taught man E) with the encouragement and support of his parents 174. According to the passage, what made Saroyan’s writing so special was ____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 28 A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other literatures B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian immigrants C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the Armenian community in literature D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in California E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote them For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown to be the highest mountain in the world, political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and in Tibet to the North, prevented mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission and the first expedition organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by international joint committee, was sent out. This was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern flank, it found a practicable route up to the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had climbed on the northern face. Some were hampered by bad weather, others by problems previously little known, such as the effect of high altitudes on the human body and spirit. Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished, though the summit was never reached. 175. It is pointed out in the passage that during the 1920s and 1930s ____ . A) the governments in the Everest area were invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climbing expeditions B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest and learn more about it C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts to climb D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was indeed the world’s highest peak E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered almost no problems 176. We learn from the passage that the first Everest expedition ____ . A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan government B) established that high altitudes have a negative impact on the human body C) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a feasible route to the peak D) was greatly hampered by the adverse political conditions prevailing in Nepal and Tibet E) undertaken by an international team failed to achieve its objectives 177. According to the passage, several expeditions had, by the end of the 1930s, attempted to climb Mt. Everest but ____ . A) none of them succeeded in reaching the top B) none of them achieved any measure of success at all C) no suitable routes to the top could be found D) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no progress could be made at all E) only one or two of them were in any way successful Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, above 40°0 for instance, lead to wilting, and even death in plant, because of structural damage to essential proteins. The problem is that plants react by closing their pores when, due to a serious heat-wave, they are subjected to water stress, so shutting down on transpiration and conserving water. Just as the body would overheat dangerously if it shut its pores to prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the shutting of the pores will cause permanent damage, if not death. Temperatures above -5°0 can damage most plants if lasting for half an hour or more. High soil temperatures will also damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake. 178. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave can cause serious damage to plant life ____ . A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmed B) even when the temperature remains below 40°C C) unless the soil temperature remains stable D) through harming the plant's essential proteins E) especially if the soil is fertile 179. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of a plant in a heat-wave is due to ____ . A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within half an hour B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its temperature down C) overheating in the plant following the closing of the little holes in its surface D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected easily E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 29 180. It is understood from the passage that, in extremely high temperatures, the roots of a plant ____ . A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrients B) dry out well before the leaves begin to wilt C) store an adequate amount of nutrients to prolong plant life D) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect the plant E) maintain their vitality so that they can function normally A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, in particular those of Western Europe, is that buildings and streets devastated during the war are, once peace is reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the same manner as they existed before. Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the environment with total fidelity. This reflects the extent to which ordinary people value the traditions and culture of the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo presents an extreme example: it is quite common these days for the appearance of a street or quarter to change almost beyond recognition every year. In provincial cities as well, one often finds that an absence of several years has rendered a city almost unrecognisable. 181. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western Europe, in the post-war period ____ . A) people relished the chance to break with tradition and create a new style of city B) new style of architecture were favoured in the bigger cities C) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the pre-war style D) environmental concerns were usually disregarded in the reconstruction of cities E) many countries were still doubtful about the permanence of the peace 182. According to the passage, unlike the Europeans, the Japanese ____ . A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions and culture B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their cultural traditions C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into city planning D) paid considerable attention to environmental matters in rebuilding their cities E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past 183. With reference to Japanese, the writer points out that ____ . A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive changes in appearance B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional designs in architecture C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards city planning D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a similar design E) there is a strong European influence in city planning Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future, as consumers in a global “free” market. This makes a return to any sort of rural existence almost an impossibility for those tutored by the Western education system in the 21st century. The fact is that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural diversity, schools, colleges and universities today prepare their graduates poorly for anything other than a uniform urban existence. We educate the young from country to city alike, to be urban with urban appetites, skills, minds, dependencies and expectations. And as globalised, future will overwhelmingly mean an urban future, our graduates of tomorrow will be trained, above all, to keep the wheels of the global economy running, with all the implications that has for nature and society. 184In this passage one feels that the author ____ . A) greatly values the educational system current in the West today B) is not happy with the kind of education the young in the West are receiving today C) admires the enormous contribution modern education is making to the global economy D) looks forward to the time when the world's population will all be urban E) emphasises the high quality of modern education presently being offered to the young 185. The author argues that the young are everywhere being educated to ____ . A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free" market B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban ways of life C) appreciate the joys of rural life D) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of life Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 30 E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the 21st century 186. In the passage the author seems to ____ . A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural values B) be confident of the future of the global economy C) favour free market policies throughout the world D) expect that the young will create a better world in the 21st century E) discount the idea that there is any cultural diversity in modern life People in other European countries have been wondering for some time why and how Norway has stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland, Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any public debate, just a few months after their governments had proposed the joining. By then, the Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 years, ever since their government had started the drive towards unionisation. One reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is that in both 1952 and 1967, when the Norwegian government sent off applications for joining the EEC, President De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He feared that the inclusion of Norway, as of England, would complicate and slow down EEC integration. 187. We learn from the passage that the government of Norway ____ . A) deliberated for over three decades whether or not to become a member of the European Union B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many issues concerning the future of Europe C) has generally collaborated with England on matters concerning the European Union D) never showed any desire to join what was known in the 1980s as the EEC E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and Sweden decided to join the European Union 188. It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle ____ . A) personally urged Norway, but not England to join the EEC B) was the statesman largely responsible for the establishment of the EEC C) was anxious to keep both England and Norway out of the EEC D) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the Norwegian government to join the EEC E) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the countries of Continental Europe 189. According to the passage, Austria, Finland and Sweden ____ . A) had, in the 1960s, been designated by De Gaulle as future EEC members B) entered the European Union with very little opposition from their own people C) worked together to persuade Norway to join them in applying for European Union membership D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 1960s but they were only admitted in the 1990s E) were among the few European Union countries to favour England's membership In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters at rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine. 190. This passage mainly deals with ____ . A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life in Scandinavia B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle C) the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream 191. As we understood from the passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ____ . A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 31 B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in winter D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle 192. It is clear from the passage that ____ . A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive Within a short time after the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in how to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs. By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned into medicines. 193. We learn from the passage that, before World War II, Britain ____ . A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to them D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals E) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes 194. It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ____ . A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East B) gave priority to the import of medicines C) encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs E) took serious measures to ensure that the country should not be short of medicines 195. It is clear from the passage that, of the special arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ____ . A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan B) the setting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere D) the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the country E) the training of local people in the production of herb-based medicines Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to take responsibility for what they have done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy options for some people. They are all ways that offenders can avoid taking responsibility, because in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called "universities for criminals". Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they come out with a degree in burglary or worse. I am not saying that the answer is to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the vast majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to rectify Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 32 196. In the opinion of the author, prisons ____ . A) teach people to become better citizens B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever C) should be remodelled on the lines of universities and polytechnics D) should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to society E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in society 197. According to the writer, such a traditional punishment as fining ____ . A) helps to keep the crime-rate down B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact that they have hurt society C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment D) is highly effective if the offenders are young E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment to the passage, restorative justice ____ . A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no victim D) is too idealised and has little chance of working successfully E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting of the first vintage of the millennium. But long before the finished product reaches the shelves - before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some cases - samples will be offered to exporters and distributors. A select group of wine critics will also be given a taste. Most will record their impressions in the extravagant prose that wine journalists unfortunately love to use. Others will go one step further and assign numerical grades. These days a high score is more effective than mere praise. it can make a comparatively unknown wine into a highly desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy. 199.According to the passage, before the new season's wines even reach the shops, wine critics will have ____ . A) tasted samples and described or graded them B) suggested suitable prices for each type C) bought up large quantities of what they think will sell well D) advised producers on the fermenting process for the next year's vintage E) compared their impressions with those of other wine critics 200. In the opinion of the writer, most of the wine journalists ____ . A) dislike the practice of awarding wines numerical grades B) generally use too many exotic words and literary expressions C) have very little influence on the public's choice of wine D) are less influential than distributors in the business of buying and selling of wines E) should be consulted at all stages of the wine- making process 201. It is pointed out in the passage that the practice of awarding numerical grades to wines ____ . A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the practice of describing wines B) is not at all popular among exporters and distributors C) has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales D) means that little known wines never get a chance to be known E) is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal description One never finishes learning about art. There are always new things to discover. Great works of art seem to look different each time one stands before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an exciting world of its own with its own strange laws and its own adventures. Nobody should think he knows all about it, for nobody does. Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just this: that to enjoy these works we must have a fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to every hidden harmony: a mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the terminology and ready-made phrases of art appreciation. it is infinitely better not to know anything about art than to have the kind of half- knowledge which makes for snobbishness. The danger is very real. 202. According to the passage, great works of art are, in a way, like real people ____ . Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 33 A) and we can expect to like them for some reasons, dislike them for others B) because there is a lot to learn about them before we finally know them C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to discuss them effectively D) because they can surprise us and give us something new each time we face them E) though, naturally, they are incapable of change 203. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of art, we must ____ . A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and ignore those that don't B) learn everything there is to learn about art C) keep finding new works of art to look at and compare them with our old favourites D) look at them again and again until we have seen and understood everything about them E) come to them without preconceived ideas and with a readiness to respond to whatever they have to offer 204. In the opinion of the writer ____ . A) the world of art is more exciting than the real world B) the clichés of art appreciation are extremely dangerous and likely to stand in the way of genuine appreciation C) it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art D) everyone can and should acquire some kind of half-knowledge of art E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work of art until we have exhausted all it has to say to us In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops. Who still has time to read books, what with surfing the Internet, viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting in ever-longer hours at work? And presumably those few people who do still read books will be buying them on the Internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of a successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What about the practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old Simpson's of Piccadilly in London. With 265,000 titles and 1.5 million books, the new branch of Waterstone's stretches over seven floors. A department store, which once sold everything from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted entirely to one product - books. The new Waterstone's is almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five- storey bookshop, with a well-established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street. 205. The passage suggests that, in this world of technological advance one might, in theory, expect that ____ . A) Internet, among other things, would make book shops obsolete B) Internet would prove a serious rival to television C) smaller bookshops would be brought up by larger ones D) Internet book retailers like Amazon would find few customers E) new digital television channels have little chance of success 206. In the passage, we are given a great deal of information about the new Waterstone's bookshop, ____ . A) together with the number and quality of the staff employed there B) including the exact postal address C) and the incredible variety of second hand books to be found there is given special emphasis D) but it is the original use of floor space that receives special attention E) including the fact that the premises once belonged to a department store that sold literally every type of goods 207. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer makes the point that the new Waterstone's bookshop ____ . A) is designed and run like a department store B) has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot of their trade C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford Street D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well--established bookstores E) is not likely to attract many customers The seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be methodically separated from values so as to make it truly 'neutral', or objective. In reality, he did nothing of the sort. His 'scientific knowledge', instead of being value-free, set out explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. 'Truth and utility are perfectly identical,' he wrote in his “Novum Organum”, and 'that which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory'. In effect, he merely replaced the old 'subjective' values of Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 34 'good' and 'evil' with the values of 'useful' and 'useless', or more precisely 'of contributing or not contributing to man's domination over or transformation of the natural world'. There were to be no limits to this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was to 'achieve all things achievable'. At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern science has followed Bacon's lead exactly, but does not admit it. 208. According to the author, the broad goals of modern scientists are identical with those of Bacon, ____ . A) except that they regard nothing as 'useless' B) only they avoid saying so C) although Bacon never actually discussed goals D) and even more ambitious E) but they consider him too subjective in his outlook 209. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon was determined to make science objective and value-free, ____ . A) he know he was setting himself an impossible task B) this was impossible as truth and utility are inseparable C) he did not want man to have dominion over nature D) he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts of right and wrong E) he actually simply substituted one set of values for another 210. We understand from the passage that Bacon regarded science as a means to ____ . A) establish what was useful and what true B) overcome such subjective values as 'good' and 'evil' C) protect the natural world and so preserve it D) give man power over nature so he could benefit from it E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt If a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles when it could instead be produced next door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of farmers. This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers' markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not impelled to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend towards ever larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a proportionally higher amount of human labour than mechanised inputs, a return to smal 211. It is pointed out in the passage that it would be to the advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at large if ____ . A) people were to eat locally produced food more often B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of corporate middlemen C) the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers' markets were forbidden E) the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level 212. According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised ____ . A) as this is the only sure way to make money out of farming B) as this is what the rural community wants C) since no one is willing to work on the land D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a very few products for global markets 213. The author is opposed to the trend towards larger and mere highly mechanised farms ____ . A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices B) since the quality of food they produce is poor C) because it has resulted in a great many farm labourers losing their jobs D) though he admits the quality of food they produce is high E) though this is what the owners of small farms want In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is often possible, by means of carefully sited boreholes, to gain an idea as to the nature of the ground and water conditions. Under high mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be placed upon geological interpretations. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 35 As strata can vary so much, surprises are often met with and techniques sometimes have to change in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mls 628 yd long, completed in 1886) great quantities of water were unexpectedly encountered and are still being pumped out. 214. The writer explains that when a tunnel does not go deep underground, ____ . A) one can learn about the type of ground it is to pass through by means of strategically placed boreholes B) the type of strata it is to pass through is unimportant C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areas D) the geological nature of the terrain does not, in general, have to be taken into consideration E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very little 215. We understand from the passage that before any tunnel is opened ____ . A) an exact understanding of the nature of the rock strata around it must be gained B) samples of the ground through which It is to pass must always be taken C) it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the ground that is being tunnelled D) the area surrounding it should be drained of any underground water E) the suitability of the site has to be test-blasted 216. It is pointed out in the passage that the geological interpretations made of the strata through which a tunnel is to go ____ . A) are based on samples of the ground taken from boreholes B) cannot detect underground waterways C) are particularly relevant in urban areas D) are not always reliable E) are especially useful if underground water is suspected As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a contemporary historian commented, "knew little of the mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding century persecuted and banished their ancestors to the woods of America". With each generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore, large groups of colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no affection. 217. The writer makes the point that it is very hard to ____ . A) assess the separate causes of the American Revolution because they are so complex B) justify the American Revolution historically C) relate the American Revolution to the economic circumstances of the time D) account for the political causes of the American Revolution E) explain the social implications of the American Revolution on Britain 218. According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, ____ . A) generations of the colonists in America had dreamed of gaining their independence B) the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones C) many of the British colonists were still trying to maintain their ties with the mother country D) the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Britain E) the number of the Irish in America had more than doubled 219. The writer points out that, among the non- British colonists in America, it was the Irish who ____ . A) had suffered most at the hands of the British B) were the least friendly towards Britain C) united with the German colonists to oppose Britain D) were among the first ones to settle there E) felt they had been unjustly banished to these parts Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task of the scientific translator, no less than the literary translator, has been to create new texts, to multiply sources into new languages, and thereby to produce new "originals". Over time, translation itself has built a great scientific library, ever more enriched, and accessible. Although we may think of scientific translation as literal, mechanical work, this has never been the case. The reasons for this are complex, but have much to do with the lack of exact one-to- one correspondence among languages. Translating science always involves Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 36 interpretation, the remaking of an original. If it did not, machine translation would have long ago rendered the scientific translator extinct. 220. According to the passage scientific translation, just like literary translation, ____ . A) requires a kind of rewriting of the original text B) should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret the original text C) is becoming increasingly mechanised and making translators themselves redundant D) has actually played a very small part in the spread of knowledge E) is presently being carried out into fewer and fewer languages 221. The writer stresses that the job of a scientific translator ____ . A) requires more technical knowledge than linguistic B) is far easier than that of the translation of literary texts C) has been made much easier with the introduction of machine translation D) is actually far more creative than has generally been assumed E) goes back farther in history than does that of the literary translator 222. As the writer suggests, an important obstacle that a scientific translator faces, is that ____ . A) new scientific texts are growing more and more complex in content B) very few people are interested in the translations of scientific works C) the machine translation of scientific texts has reached a high level of efficiency D) the work is so mechanical and tedious that it offers almost no satisfaction E) the exact translation of one language into another can almost never be achieved The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century England survived into the early 20th century, until home life was seriously dislocated in 1914 by World War I, which was a war on the largest scale the world had ever known. But since the last decade of the 19th century new developments and inventions had been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing number of people. Town and country were knit more closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as these helped to break down social formalities and to place women again on a more equal footing with men. 223. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a result of a variety of changes in the way of life in England at the turn of century, ____. A) travel by rail became the most popular form of transport B) living conditions in the country couldn't keep up with those in the towns C) the position of women in society improved significantly D) country people were for the first time able to benefit from postal services E) the urban people had the unique opportunity of exploring to countryside on their bicycles 224. According to the author, one of the damaging effects in England of World War I, was that ____. A) more and more people began to leave urban areas and move to the countryside B) the manufacturing industry experienced a severe recession C) technological progress was adversely affected D) the traditionally close family life was badly disrupted E) everybody began to take an interest in political and economic affairs 225. The author points out that World War I ____. A) helped to bring town life and country life closer together B) showed people how important family life was C) was a greater magnitude than any previous war had been D) was an important factor in the break down of social formalities E) had been expected as far back as the last decade of the 19th century Most people take it for granted prices will always rise and understandably so. A 60-year-old American has seen them go up by more than 1.000 % in his life time. Yet prolonged inflation is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60 years ago prices in general were as likely to fall as to rise. On the eve of the First World War, for example, prices in Britain, over all, were almost exactly the same as they had Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 37 been at the time of London in 1666. Now the world may be reverting to that earlier normality. The prices of many things have fallen over the past 12 months or so. Not only computers and video players, but a wide range of goods- from cars and clothes to coffee and petrol - are in many countries, cheaper than they were a year ago. 226. It is emphasized in the passage that, up to the last half century or so, _____ . A) a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence B) prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation C) Britain was one of the few countries to suffer from inflation D) people were more disturbed by a fall in prices than by a rise in prices E) it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise or to fall 227. We understand from the passage that the experience of average Americans over the last 60 years or so, ____ . A) has made them one of the most economy- conscious nations in the world B) has taught them to expect continual price increases C) has impressed on them the need to produce more and more goods D) has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure E) has made them fear deflation more than inflation 228. The writer of this passage suggests that, economic trends, worldwide, _____ . A) can rarely be accurately predicted B) have been characterised by ever-increasing inflation C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a few countries D) have been affected by the danger of deflation E) seem to be changing as the prices of many goods are falling Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and flies. When boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilised by chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canal may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin. 229. In this passage the writer points out that boiling ____. A) is the only safe method of producing drinking water B) is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water C) is a reliable method of making impure water safe to drink D) will purify water but must not continue for more than 30 minutes E) is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries 230. We learn from the passage that, when sterilisation of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ____. A) It is important to make sure that the water is not infected B) it must be preceded by filtration C) great care must be taken that no dust be allowed to get into the water D) the best containers for the job are earthenware one E) the process should be followed by the boiling of the water 231. We understand from the passage that, in certain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia ____ . A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water B) river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it C) people are cautioned not to use canal water because it is always infected D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise infected water E) skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook, or even just a line and a hook, the special feature of the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by a suitable bait. The requisites for a successful Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 38 angler are knowledge of the haunts and habits of fish, skill in the use of tackle and a patience much in excess of that required for most out-of- door sports. Skill in the use of rod and line depends more upon actual experience by the waterside than on acquisition of theories published in books and magazines. 232. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for an angler to succeed, ____ . A) it is essential for him to know a lot about the ways of fish, and have great patience B) he must have read a great deal of theoretical material about fish C) it is of vital importance that he has all the right equipment D) he must have a wide variety of bait for each species of fish E) he needs to train in the various methods of angling 233. It is emphasized in the passage that angling ____ A) is a very intricate art that has to be learned from books B) is a sport similar to many other outdoor sports C) is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and limited type of tackle is used D) requires not so much actual experience as theoretical knowledge E) depends more on the tackle and bait than on the angler's skilful use of them 234. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ A) the different methods of attracting fish to the bait B) the art of angling and the requirements of success in angling C) the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets out of this activity D) the theoretical aspects of the art of angling E) the importance and variety of the tackle used in angling The parachute was used for certain kinds of military operation in World War I, but it was not until about 1925 that a conception of airborne forces, that is to say, large numbers of troops moved about by aircraft and deposited at or near the field of battle, by glider, parachute or aeroplane, came into being. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a large scale, and in army manoeuvres in 1930 she conducted practical trials. The Italians were also early in the field with the idea of parachute troops. The French had created an airborne battalion, but it was disbanded before the war, Great Britain had done almost nothing to develop airborne forces up to the outbreak of war in 1939. 235. The author points out that the idea of airborne forces ____ A) first emerged in the mid 1920s B) was a closely guarded secret for many years C) was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be dangerous D) was first developed by the Italians during World War I E) was immediately recognized as of vital importance during World War I 236. We understand from the passage that Britain ____ A) vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne forces B) was extremely slow to recognize the importance of airborne forces in time of war C) and France cooperated in manoeuvres of their airborne forces D) was very concerned when Russia began military manoeuvres with airborne forces E) 'Has one of the first to build aircraft for airborne forces 237. It is clear from the passage that one of the benefits of airborne forces is that ____ A) it gives army and airforce the opportunity to compete with each other B) they can be trained in a very short period of time C) their main equipment is the parachute which is cheap and easy to supply D) troops can be transported rapidly by air to a position close to the scene of battle E) they can easily be mobilized and just as easily be disbanded Letters are often autobiographical records of great importance and some collections of correspondence are practically autobiographies. The preservation and publication of the letters of famous persons is a practice that goes back to antiquity .Thirteen letters ascribed to Plato are still in existence at least some of these are considered by modern scholars to be genuine. Genuine letters of Epicurus and Socrates have Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 39 also been preserved. Cicero's letters to his friend Atticus, to his daughter and to other, correspondents are among the most intimate and interesting autobiographical documents of antiquity. 238. According to the passage, it is believed that Plato _____ A) preferred letter writing to other forms of autobiographical writing B) was the first of the ancients to write autobiographical letters C) wrote only thirteen letters which contain a great many details about his private life D) started the tradition of letter writing and this was taken up by Epicurus and others E) may have left behind over a dozen letters 239. The writer points out that letter writing ____ A) requires both a great deal of insight and precision of expression to be effective B) was considered by Cicero to be a form of art which should be cultivated C) is a practice that only celebrated people are interested in D) has been traced back to ancient times and frequently reflects the personality of the letter writer E) has furnished scholars with more factual and historical material than official documents have done 240. As the author suggests, Cicero ____ A) expected that his letters would be preserved as records of his age B) was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote most of his letters to her C) wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as personal as those to his daughter D) followed the lead of Plato in the art of letter writing E) reflected his own self and life in his letters with remarkable sincerity Literature in Australia is a branch of English literature in general, as one might expect from the fact that the population is very largely of British stock and that in education Australia followed English and Scottish traditions as it did in its other institutions. Unlike Canada or South Africa, Australia never had two cultures and two literary traditions, and its isolation during the 19th century meant that its cultural links were almost entirely with Britain. Australians read English books and English magazines for the most part, and 19th-century Australian writers hoped or expected to have their books published in England and wrote mainly with an eye to English readers. 241. In the passage it is stressed that Australians ____ A) avoided the example of Canada and South Africa in establishing their own cultural identity B) were trying to create their own genuine literature as early as the 19 In century C) were for a long time culturally and educationally closely affiliated with Britain D) were extremely prejudiced against books and magazines published in 19th-century Britain E) in the 19th century felt so isolated that they turned to Britain for support 242. We understand from the passage that the people of Australia _____ A) have closer ties with Scotland than with England B) are, to a great extent, of British origin C) are similar to the people of Canada and South Africa in their literary cultural traditions D) set up educational institutions unlike those in England E) Like the people of South Africa have never had any interest in the indigenous population of their country 243. It is pointed out in the passage that England and Scotland provided models, for ____ A) the establishment of cultural institutions in Australia as well as in Canada B) Canada and South Africa as they developed their cultural and literary traditions C) Australian institutions only during the early 19th century D) Australia not only in education but also in other respects E) cultural activities in Australia, but gave no support to Australian writers An insecticide is a substance employed to destroy insects. It is significant that the word dates from the mid-19th century; only since then has any real progress been made in preventing the attacks and subsequent damage of insects, formerly regarded as unavoidable. Most of the earlier methods were based on the recommendations of such writers as the Roman author Pliny or upon folklore. A few were soundly based on observation and experience, Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 40 but most were fanciful stories of doubtful logic. The evolution of modern insecticides owes much to gradually improving methods of testing. In early times natural plant products and minerals were used; later a great variety of industrial by- products and synthetic substances became available. 244. We understand from the passage that, up to the 19 century, ____ A) most of the insecticides were industrial by- products B) insecticides had been used in accordance with the advice of Pliny C) methods used to combat insects had little scientific basis D) the harmful effects of insects were not widespread enough to require the use of insecticides E) Pliny was the only author to dwell on the subject of insect control 245. The writer points out that In recent times synthetic substances ____ A) are no longer used in the making of insecticides B) rather than natural ones have been used in the production of insecticides C) are small in number and not easily available D) are proving more efficient than industrial by- products in insect control E) have fallen out of favour for various reasons 246. We understand from the passage that progress in methods of testing ____ A) has revealed the value of natural products in the production of insecticides B) dates back 10 the Roman author, Pliny C) has led to an increase in the manufacturing of synthetic materials D) has developed alongside improved methods of extraction E) has facilitated improvements in the development of insecticides in our time Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been marked by a major exhibition in the city's old Stock Exchange building. The exhibit, "Cultures of Creativity", explores the life and work of Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of Stockholm's most illustrious citizens. The prize he established, first awarded in 1901, has subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists, writers and peacemakers for their contributions to humanity. The exhibit also examines the qualities needed to foster creativity and courage, and it explains how nominees and winners are selected. 247. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nobel Prize ____ A) has contributed enormously to the international fame of Stockholm B) is generally awarded to scientists rather than to writers and peacemakers C) is awarded to celebrate the invention of dynamite D) has been awarded to very many people over the last hundred years E) is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred Nobel 248. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ____ A) will always be remembered for his contribution to the prosperity of humanity B) had been involved in various creative projects before he invented dynamite C) was a much admired and respected member of the Stockholm community D) was known for his scientific creativity and political courage E) gathered around him many scientists who were working on explosives 249. We understand from the passage that one of the major aims of the exhibit "Cultures of Creativity" is to ____ A) demonstrate the procedures whereby candidates for the Nobel Prize and its winners are chosen B) publicize and honour the achievements of the Nobel Prize winners C) celebrate a hundred years of scientific advance D) inform people of the main qualifications required for application for Nobel Prize candidacy E) demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian progress can be achieved simultaneously Does advertising encourage waste by persuading consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of clothing, food and shelter, and that one of the distinguishing marks of any civilized community is that it lives well above the minimum subsistence level. Most advertising is designed to influence the consumer's spending power. In western countries, advertising has played a great part in bringing laboursaving equipment, and so a degree of leisure, and even luxury, to millions. Advertising that encourages the public to want more is also claimed to act as an incentive making people want to earn more in order to buy the goods advertised, and therefore making them work harder. For this reason advertising has been Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 41 defended as having an essential part to play in the move towards higher standards of living. The defenders of advertising also point out that it is not solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend. Banks, insurance companies and building societies are amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage saving. 250. The basic aim of this passage is to -----. A) emphasize the vital importance of advertising for banks and insurance companies B) initiate a controversy as regards the advantages and disadvantages of advertising C) enlighten the public as to the misleading aspects of advertising D) draw attention to the large amounts of money wasted as a result of advertisements E) present a positive attitude towards advertising and its benefits 251. According to the passage, one of the ultimate benefits of advertising is to -----. A) make working life more competitive and sociable B) encourage people to attain a higher and better standard of living C) help banks and insurance companies to extend their activities to all sections of society D) make the public better informed about how to manage their savings E) advise working people on how to avoid excessive spending on luxury goods 252. One of the points made in the passage is that -----. A) advertising does not always aim at making people spend B) advertising is most effectively practised in western countries C) luxury goods are more extensively advertised than other goods D) the consumer can easily be deceived by the clever advertising of very ordinary goods E) those who attack advertising are the very people most affected by advertising Though Italy's national boundaries have altered relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national identity is qualified by sharp internal differentiation. Economic and occupational structures, standards of living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even language vary substantially between parts of the country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a comprehensive system of regional government with financial and legislative authority. However, the division of powers between central and regional governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter depend on substantial resources from the former. In the absence of clear and effective rules, relations between the regions and the central government are determined by a process of political bargaining. In this process, political alliances and personal linkages play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian system may be defined as a kind of federalism. 253. It is clear from the passage that in Italy, during the past 25 years or so, regional government -----. A) has slowly become more powerful while central government has grown less B) has enjoyed considerable power though this is not very specific in nature C) has frequently been on bad terms with central government D) has become financially independent of central government E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the central government to bring uniformity to the country 254. The passage puts considerable emphasis on the fact that -----. A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually every respect, among the regions of Italy B) the vast regional differences in Italy threaten the political unity of the country C) the traditional cultural, economic and linguistic differences in Italy have now almost disappeared D) federalism is a system of government that is unsuitable to Italy E) the central government exercises excessive authority on the affairs of local administrations 255. It is clear from the passage that local administrations in Italy today -. A) are hardly at all concerned about the preservation of national unity B) are trying hard to get rid of the local differences of the country C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the central government for financial and other support D) are far stronger and better organized that they were in the 1860s E) change whenever there is a change in the central government Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English poet and critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century England, a period during which Italy and France produced large numbers Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 42 of critical treatises, heavily influenced by Aristotle's Poetics. By contrast, Sidney's text is highly eclectic, drawing together aesthetic principles from several traditions and emphasizing especially those principles that are of primary importance to the Elizabethans: ideal imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an imitation of nature, but links that imitation to his view of the poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real nature we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature. Sidney also makes large claims for the didactic role of poetry, following Horace's idea that poetry teaches by delighting. 256. According to the passage, Sidney believed that -----. A) poetry's chief function was to give pleasure rather than to convey a moral message B) Horace was the most didactic of the classical poets C) Aristotle's Poetics had been unfairly neglected up to the Renaissance D) poetry combines moral instruction with pleasure E) literary criticism in 16th-century England was far more advanced than it was in Italy and France 257. It is pointed out in the passage that Sidney's Defence of Poesy -----. A) is still the most highly-regarded work of criticism in English literature B) is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotle's Poetics C) enjoyed much popularity in 16th-century Italy and France D) was entirely original since it drew on no other critical source or literary tradition E) is the single important work of English criticism in its time 258. As we understand from the passage, in Sidney's view, the poet -----. A) should make Horace his guide and instructor B) must make pleasure the sole purpose of his poetry C) should be fully familiar with the principles of Aristotle's Poetics D) presents not an actual but a perfected view of nature E) must first be instructed in aesthetic principles Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th century. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. Ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height. 259. It is clear from the passage that the Great Pyramids -----. A) are at least as spacious as the average modern skyscraper B) inspired the building of the great Gothic cathedrals C) were as tall as they were wide D) were designed on similar principles to the modern skyscraper E) had no rival, as regards height, for four thousand years 260. We understand from the passage that the construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible -----. A) after such new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use B) once the technique of broad foundations had been perfected C) after people had realized how much space could be gained by them D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors E) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded 261. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers of above 70 or 80 floors are generally uneconomic -----. A) as the price of installing fast elevators is excessive B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too large a proportion of the volume of the building C) since the majority of people feel insecure above that height D) though in appearance they are most attractive E) even though the lower floors no longer need to be built on broad bases Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 43 than 15 to 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any further and new growth becomes established, erosion may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the cutover land is continually removed by man or livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental problems can be severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 villages were wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate for such losses. 262. It is pointed out in the passage that deforestation -----. A) and erosion are only very loosely connected B) is a matter that man can do nothing about C) is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope D) will stop once man has realized how serious its effects can be E) has been practised more in Pakistan than elsewhere 263. We understand from the passage that once a forest has been removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff -----. A) may be in itself enough to prevent the establishment of new growth there B) will increase irrespective of the amount of rainfall C) will steadily increase even after new vegetation starts to establish D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the slope E) will increase and this is likely to cause flooding 264. According to the passage, flooding-----. A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year B) results in silt deposits which compensate for earth losses elsewhere C) is only a temporary disaster D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that can be farmed E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been largely overlooked Trade unions, that is, workers' unions, are usually concerned to some extent with mutual benefit activities as well as with collective bargaining and the endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions. The mutual benefit activities have been greatest among the skilled manual workers, whose craft unions have in most cases maintained high rates of contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and often superannuation benefits. The less-skilled workers have not been able to afford the high contributions necessary for such benefits - particularly superannuation - and have usually provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit and of course dispute benefit), though some have provided optional benefits in return for higher contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits, most trade unions provide free legal assistance to their members in cases arising out of their employment, and fight important cases affecting their several trades in the courts of law. 265. We clearly understand from the passage that one of the main aims of trade unions - ----. A) has always been to oppose management B) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual workers enjoy the same benefits C) is to keep rates of pay and working conditions equitable D) is no longer to fight for full employment E) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum 266. We understand from the passage that skilled / manual workers enjoy more benefits than unskilled ones -----. A) though their contribution rates are about the same B) because they can afford higher contributions C) since there are so many more of them D) but they have not won as many law suits E) which gives rise to the bad relations that exist between the two groups In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 44 seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name "science". 267. According to the passage, the major difference between the "gentleman scientists" and present-day ones -----. A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are 268. The writer points out that in the 1960s ---- -. A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war 269. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research -----. A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry B) finds its best milieu within the universities C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers E) is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application 270. The writer of the passage regards the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century as privileged because -----. A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures D) scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts 271. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-14) in effect means -----. A) deserving of a good public B) setting good standards for society C) ensuring a better future for society D) beneficial to society E) recognized by the general public as being good Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth's natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. 272. One important point made in this passage is that -----. A) desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 45 B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms involves various health hazards C) more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies D) meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine E) every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth's natural resources 273. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage -----. A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock C) is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine D) is that livestock need water as much as plants do E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops 274. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that -----. A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production D) the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops 275. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods -----. A) but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods B) though the end product is extremely healthy C) and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone E) because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions 276. By the "pasturage argument" (line 9) is meant the argument that -----. A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be cultivated and used to grow grain B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely C) cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He remains a great general but he is also shown to have had feet of clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer dwells on Wellington's vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the credit for his victories. This is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without diminishing his achievements and ends by reminding us that it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that there should be "a European code of laws, a European judiciary ... one people in Europe". The ogre's dream is coming true. 277. From this passage, we get the impression that the book being reviewed -----. A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great general C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to Wellington D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture of Wellington 278. In the book under review, Wellington is criticized for -----. A) not recognizing the role played by others in his victories B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo C) trying to buy people's affection and support D) underestimating Napoleon's strength E) failing to consult his subordinates 279. It is clear from the passage that the book under review differs from traditional biographies of Wellington -----. Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 46 A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more than his share of praise B) as it questions his skills as a leader C) because it shows up his human weaknesses D) in attitude, but not in content E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his virtues 280. We understand from the passage that in the book under review, Napoleon -. A) is simply presented as the big enemy B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united Europe C) is shown to have had greater military skills than Wellington D) and Wellington each admired the military skills of the other E) knew from the beginning that he would never conquer Britain 281. In line 5, "feet of clay" stands for -----. A) disgraceful impulses B) unmilitary feelings C) desires that have to be suppressed D) basic human weakness or faults E) an overwhelming desire to deceive Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American life that it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast-food was born in America and it has now swollen into a $106-billion industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity than any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from its presence and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fast- food is now found in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are 23,000 restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2,000 are being opened every year. Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat meals away from home on any given day and they spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal computers, or even on new cars. 282. This passage on American's fast-food industry -----. A) shows convincingly that it is falling into disfavour B) is clearly written by someone who loves good food C) concentrates on negative aspects D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast E) reveals the support it received from government propaganda 283. The word "swollen" in line 3 -----. A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry has grown B) suggests that the growth is excessive and unhealthy C) has very positive connotations D) draws attention to the inevitability of the growth of the industry E) implies that the industry will continue to grow on steadily 284. One point that receives a lot of attention in the passage is -----. A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular outside the US than it is inside B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs C) the consideration the fast-food companies show to their employees D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food industry E) the idea that in such places as gas stations and trains fast-food is actually the only practical kind of food 285. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the fact that -----. A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay even their part-time workers adequate salaries B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now come to a halt C) there are still more traditional restaurants than fast-food ones D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high standards with which it started Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 47 E) local and traditional styles of food are being pushed off the market 286. The assertion at the end of the passage that Americans spend more money on fast- food than they do on higher education ----- . A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent on fast-food by Americans B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good food C) means that 57 percent of the American population has very little money left over when it has paid for its food D) is an indication that higher education in the US is not expensive E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross exaggeration Even though there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still abound and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases strike with increasing frequency, in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and undergo expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States. 287. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that -----. A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly C) there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances E) in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems 288. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ----. A) and most of the cures have serious side- effects B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the present seem insurmountable C) since research so far carried out in these fields has been quite inadequate D) even though a great deal of money is being spent on research into them E) but very little is being done by the authorities to combat them Mevlüt Tikence Gazi Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi/Maltepe/Ankara http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/mtikenci SAYFA: 48 289. The writer of this passage draws our attention to -----. A) the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases B) the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated D) the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis E) the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US 290. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----. A) which is not confined to the patient alone B) which is largely associated with pain C) especially in the case of chronic illness D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been made E) especially when the symptoms are severe 291. In line 15 of the passage the term "significant majority" refers to -----. A) an articulate majority B) a statistically small majority C) a large and important majority D) a rapidly increasing majority E) an unexpected but continuing majority 292. As it is pointed out in the passage, most trade union members are entitled to -----. A) free legal assistance in law cases in any way pertaining to their work B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of their contribution rates C) take part in collective bargaining activities D) dispute benefit but not funeral benefit E) invest in state insurance schemes and usually do so