TOEFL TEKNIKMEETING 3: noun and adjective clause NOUNS and noncount nouns. which cannot be counted and which usually do not take an s. .NOUNS • Grammar : Singular and plural Nouns Nouns can be classified into two groups: count nouns. which can be counted and which take and s. Count noun Singular A cell One cell Non Count Noun Information Some information A lot of information Much information Plural Cells Two cells Some cells A lot of cells Many cells . • Usually take a final s/es in the plural Noncount nouns • Do not take a/an in the singular • Do not generally have a plural form .Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns Count nouns • Take a/an or one in the singular. IRREGULAR COUNT NOUNS Some count nouns are irregular and do not take an s in the plural. Here are some common irregular count nouns: Man-men Woman-women Child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth fish-fish . • Nouns such as blood. and excitement cannot be counted.NONCOUNT NOUNS • Noncount nouns cannot be counted because they come in a mass or in an uncountable form. The following is a short list of some noncount nouns: . music. bread. pollution. oil. equipment Groups: jewelry.EXAMPLES: Food: rice. psychology Abstract things: education. traffic. fruit. Japanese. cash Languages: English. wool Gases: oxygen. music. water. silver. butter. beauty. paper. mail. hope. mathematics. time . steam General: furniture. tea. luggage. coffee. cheese Fluids: blood. Chinese. Spanish Academic subjects: chemistry. intelligence. iron. glass. sleep. clothing. milk. money. gasoline Raw materials: wood. Health. sugar. nitrogen. air. knowledge. machinery. • Some quantifiers are used only with plural count nouns. Another each every Each gland has a different purpose Every muscle has its own group of nerves.Quantifiers A quantifier is word that indicates an amount of quantity. . We have fewer cells as we get older. Both many a few several fewer They are controlled by several nerves. • Some quantifiers are used only with singular count nouns. all plenty of any a lot of enough most lots of some more Brain cells use up a lot of energy Most animals rely on instinct . you could become unconscious. a little much less amount The amount of oxygen available to the brain is important.Quantifiers • Some quantifiers are used only with non-count nouns. If your brain gets less oxygen than in needs. • Some quantifiers are used with both count nouns and non-count nouns. Psychology. EXERCISE 3 Correct the errors in noun forms in the following sentences 1. meaning the study of the mind and how it works. . salt. 2. Hormones help adjust the mixture of sugar. 3. comes from a Greek word meaning lifes or soul. Brain cells use up a lot of energy. and waters in your body. Intelligence is the ability to use thought and knowledges to understand things and solve problems. 4. so they need a constant supply of oxygens. COMPOUND NOUNS Compound nouns are two nouns that are used together to make one word or idea. • Brain cell • Brain wave • Computer scientists . The first noun acts as an adjective to the second noun and usually does not take s. The second noun can be plural and take an s. COMPOUND NOUNS Compound nouns may also be used with number expressions.(noun used as a noun) .000-page book from memory.(noun used as a noun) He recited a 16. where the compound noun used as an adjective may be in the plural form! The brain uses as much power as a ten-watt lightbulb. (noun used as an adjective) The brain uses as much power as a lightbulb of ten watts. (noun used as an adjective) He recited a book of 16.000 pages from memory. STRATEGY Beware of compound nouns with numbers. make sure that they are not in the plural form when they follow numbers . • The brain receives 100 million messages a second. such as hundred. million and trillion are plural when there are no numbers before them.NUMBERS Numbers such as hundred. thousand. thousand. or million. When you see nouns involving numbers. •STRATEGY The brain stores trillions of messages. 2. People’s brains weigh more now than they did 100 years ago. A three-years-old child’s brain is two-thirds the size it will finally be.EXERCISE 4 • Correct the errors in the following sentences. 4. There are three to four millions pain receptors in the skin. 1. The brain uses 25 percents of the blood’s oxygen. . Nerves impulses can travel at speeds of up to 488 feet per second. 3. 5. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE . whose. .ADJECTIVE CLAUSE • An adjective clause modifies a noun. whom. which. Adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun such as who. that. or a relative adverb such as when or where. He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon in advance. (subject) The drumbeats which we heard sent a message. (object) The smoke that you see is from the hills. (subject) . (object). The Apache is a tribe that I will research.CLAUSE USE EXAMPLE MARKER Who People (subject) Whom People (object People/things (possessive) Whose Which Things (subject/objec t) That People/things (subject/objec t) The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used smoke signals The woman whom we met was called Lightning Cloud. That is a tribe which interests me. STRATEGY Check for the correct clause marker and a subject and verb in an adjective clause. . The man who played the drum was from West Africa. • The man whom I saw was a Native American. it can be omitted. (subject) If the relative pronoun is the object of the adjective clause.Omission of the Relative Pronoun When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause. (object) The man I saw was a Native American. it cannot be omitted. • The drumbeat that I heard was a signal. . (object) The drumbeat I heard was a signal. • Sequoyah. was acclaimed a genius by his people.) • Sequoyah devised an alphabet whereby all the different tribes could read a common language. where.) . (whose cannot be omitted) • That was the area where the tribe lived.Omission of the Relative Pronoun The relative pronouns whose. whose alphabet for the Indian people consisted of 85 characters. and whereby cannot be omitted. (whereby cannot be omitted. (where cannot be omitted. that.STRATEGY Remember that sometimes the relative pronoun may be omitted from an adjective clause. and whom can be omitted when they are the object of the adjective clause. . The relative pronouns which. who. Prepositions that Come before Adjective Clauses. • Informal: That was the man whom I was referring to. but in formal written English it goes at the beginning of the clause. • Formal: That was the man to whom I was referring. • There are a number of ways by which a message can be sent. . Sometime an adjective clause is used with a preposition. In spoken English the preposition usually goes at the end of the clause.