Norn Language

Velkomen!Welcome to the home of Norn, the mysterious 6th Scandinavian language that was spoken in Shetland, Orkney and part of Scotland until the 18-19th centuries, when it was replaced with Scots English. Like its close cousins, Faroese and Icelandic, Norn descended from Old Norse, the language of Scandinavian settlers who colonised various sparse populated or uninhabited territories in North Atlantic. The colonisers, or vikings, which is what they are usually called nowadays, came mostly from West Norway and it seems logical that they first called at Shetland and Orkney, the closest lands to Norway. The first Scandinavian settlements appeared on these archipelagoes around 800 A.D., which can be considered to be the startpoint of Norn. Little is known about the development of Norn before its fragments started being recorded in the 1718th century and nobody knows for sure when Norn developed into a language different from Old Norse. The latter is the language of the oldest Scandinavian records found in Shetland and Orkney - runic inscriptions from the 10-12th centuries. Primarily ruled by native Norse earls, Orkney and Shetland accepted the authority of the King of Norway in 1231 and the written language used at those times in official correspondance was still Old Norse, which showed very few local features, if any. This is not surprising, bearing in mind that local scribes used to go to Norway seeking training in the language. In 1380 Shetland and Orkney followed Norway into an alliance with Denmark when the Norwegian and Danish crowns united (Kalmar Union) and Danish started replacing Old Norse as the language of clerical records. Danish was used well into the 16th century and even longer - the last document written in Danish dates back to 1607 (Shetland). However, whatever written language was used, it is obvious that the spoken language of the original Norse population of the islands - namely Norn - never made it onto paper. Surviving old documents in Old Norse or Danish are not illustrative about Norn, and, as the scarce existing records show, it was quite different from both. In the 14th century, the islands started experiencing a growing influence from Scotland and a few centuries later Scots English (or Scots, regarded by some as a separate language) started to compete with the local Scandinavian tongue. Orkney faced this influence to a greater extent, while Shetland, thanks to its relative remoteness, was more conservative and about one hundred years behind in accepting the changes that had already occured in its southern neighbour. The first step of "Scottisation" of the islands was eventually made clear in the 13th century when the line of Norse earls in Orkney ceased and was replaced first by Scottish earls of Angus and then Strathearn lines, apparently Gaelic speaking. Later on they were succeeded by the Sinclair earls, who spoke Scots (but still acted on behalf of the Norwegian king). The Sinclairs had a less formal influence in Shetland as well and in the 16th century, Scottish earls finally came to power in Shetland. The oldest preserved documents in Scots are from 1433 (Orkney) and 1525 (Shetland). The Danish king pawned Orkney (1468) and Shetland (1469) to Scotland, to which they have belonged since, being presently a part of United Kingdom. Scots thus became the official language of the islands, despite the dominance of Norn as the spoken language. This dominance was though quickly threatened by a flood of immigrants from Scotland who had started moving to Orkney around 1400 and later reached Shetland, although to a lesser extent. Scots was slowly but surely displacing the Scandinavian language in the official domain and business, leaving to Norn the lower social niche - the language of poor fishermen and crofters. The fate of Norn was finally decided in 1560, when the Reformation reached Scotland and the islands saw new Scots schools and Scots speaking clergymen. After that, the demise of Norn was just a matter of time: Scholars call the old Norse language of Shetland 'Norn'. In Foula it was known as 'Da Dansk'. Tradition has it that the language died out in two generations. Grandparents refused to teach 'Dat auld dirt' to their grandchildren. A major trigger for this attitude was probably the teaching of the English Bible in a school established in the island in 1740 by the Scottish Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge.' (Quote taken from the Foula Heritage website). But Norn did not give in easily as it is usually believed. Despite the fact that the islands' old Norse legislation was replaced with that of Scotland around 1600, Orcadians and Shetlanders maintained strong economic and family ties with Norway up till the 1718th centuries. Hugh Marwick mentions that in 1613-1650 no less than 78 Orcadians moved to Bergen, Norway, hinting that the number of immigrants from Shetland was even higher. One of the first burgomasters of Bergen was the Orkney-born 'Little John'. Jakob Jakobsen recalls the name "Hjeltefjorden" ('the Shetland fjord') given to the northern entrance of the harbour of Bergen which was a casual mooring place for boats regularly coming from Shetland. However, the ties with Norway were constantly slackening until, ultimately, this link to one of the most relevant areas for usage of Norn became a matter of the past. According to historical sources, most of Norn speakers of the 17-18th centuries, if not all, were bilingual. Orkney Norn, being in common usage in the 16th century, most likely declined in the 1600's and after 1700 only a very few people retained an ability to speak it. By 1773 Orkney Norn was believed to be practically extinct, although some of the local inhabitants were said to preserve a very limited memory of Norn (apparently just some odd words and phrases) around 1800. See the following testimonies by contemporaries: 1569, Dalrympe translation of Leslye's "History": 'of the Iles of Orchnay, sum ar Inglese, sum of the language of Norway'. 1582, George Buchanan, "History of Scotland": 'the old Gothic tongue (vetus gothica longua) was still used in Orkney' 1605, Sir Thomas Craig : 'in Orkney and Shetland, where in the previous century only Norse was spoken, English was the language used in churches and was well enough understood'. 1670, Mathew Mackaill (MacKaile), "A Short Relation of the Most Considerable Things in Orkney": 'It is very probably that the inhabitants of the Orcades of old did only speak Noords or rude Danish; but there are only three or four parishes (especially upon the Mainland or Pomona) wherein that language is spoken, and that chiefly when they are at their own houses, but all speak the Scots language, as the rest of the commons do'. 1700, Wallace: 'all speak English, after Scots way... some of the common People amongst themselves speak a language they call Norns; which they have derived to them, either from the Pights, or some others, who first planted this Country; for by the following Lord's Prayer in that Language, it has but little of the Danish or Norwegian language, to which I thought it should have had more affinity, considering how long time they were possessors of this Country'. 1701, Revd John Brand, "Description of Orkney, Zetland, etc.": 'They generally speak English, neither do I think they have so much of the Northern Accent, as in many places of the North of Scotland, yet several of the Isles have some Words and Phrases peculiar to themselves. There are also some who speak Norse especially in the Mainland, as in the parish of Hara there are a few yet living, who can speak no other thing, this Language not being quite extinct among them, since the Norwegians whose Language it is, had this Country in possession. And tho Caithness be near to Orkney, yet none in Orkney can speak Irish, tho the greatest part in Caithness can; Nor any in Caithness speak Norse tho some in Orkney yet can do it'. 1703, Martin, "Brief Description of the Isles of Orkney and Shetland": They generally speak the English tongue, and many among them retain the ancient Danish language, especially in the more Northern isles.. 1750, Murdoch Mackenzie: 'The Language is English in the Scotch Dialect, with more of the Norwegian than any other Accent; these Islands having formerly been a Province of Norway, of which they still retain some of the Customs, and a little of the Language, which they call Noren, much the same with what is presently spoken in Iceland and the Faro Islands. Thirty or Forty years ago this (Norn) was the language of two parishes in Pomona Island; since which, by the Means of Charity-Schools, it is so much wore out, as to be understood by none by old People; and in thirty years more, it is probably, will not be understood there at all'. 1750, James Mackenzie, speaking of both Orkney and Shetland: 'The customs of the inhabitants, like the rest, were all Norwegian; their language the Norse, or that dialect of Gothic which is spoken in Norway, and disused only within this present age, by means of those English schools erected by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Nor to this very time it is quite disused, being still retained by old people, and in vulgar use amongst them at this day.' 1757, witnesses at the Court of Session: 'Thomas Balfour, merchant in Kirkwall, aged 33, depones that about 20 years ago, when the Deponent came first to the school of Kirkwall, he heard severals of the Country people from the Mainland speak Norn, or Norse, among themselves; but that English ewas the common Language. ... John Erskine, tacksman of Nether Scapa, aged 38, depones that he does not remember whether or not he heard the Norse language, or the language in Norway, commonly called Norn in Orkney, frequently spoke when the Deponent was a boy at school, but remembers the Language to have been spoke by some Country People, spontaneously, in the Deponent's company, and they had a pretty long Conversation in the Language; and that this happened within these two years. ... James Smith, writer in Stennes, aged 42, depones that he remembers the Norn or Norse Language to have been vulgarly spoke by a good many People in the Mainland of Orkney; and that he knows some People, particularly three or four in the parishes of Harray and Firth, who speak that Language pretty fluently, as far as he can judge, at this day. ... William Sinclair, tacksman of Rapness in Westray, aged 53, depones ... that when the Deponent was a Boy at the School of Kirkwall, he frequently heard the Country People speaking the Norn, at least, a Language resembling the Norse, or Language in Norway.' 1773, Revd George Low: 'The Language of these Islands was a dialect of the Norwegian, the same as is used in Iceland to this day. It was called here Norn (contracted I suppose for Norwegian) but is now so much worn out, that I believe there is scarce a single man in the country who can express himself on the most ordinary occasion in the language. Even the Songs... are now (except a few of the most trifling) altogether lost, tho this little more than half a century ago was the prevailing tongue of two parishes in the Mainland. They now altogether speak english, but with a great deal of the Norwegian accent, and even with some words of that language intermixed... and to this day there are many sounds in the English language which the Orkney people cannot master, but pronounce according to their old Norn dialect'. 1805, Revd George Barry, "History of Orkney": 'So late as 1756 or 1757, as a respectable native of this country was travelling from Kirkwall to Birsa, he heard two old men for an hour or more converse together in an unknown language; which, on enquiry, he found was the Norse language. ... For many years past it has been almost entirely forgotten, except in one parish in the heart of the Mainland (of Orkney), where the people are said, till of late, to have retained some acquaintance with it. ... Here it now exists only in a few vulgar and obsolete words, and in the names of men and places.' 1814, Sir Walter Scott, visited Orkney in 1814 (from a note to "The Pirate"): 'Mr. Baikie of Tankerness, a most respectable inhabitant of Kirkwall, and an Orkney proprietor, assured me of the following curious fact:- A clergyman, who was not long deceased, remembered well when some remnants of the Norse were still spoken in the island called North Ronaldsha. When Gray's Ode, enditled the "Fatal Sisters", was first published, or at least first reached that remote island, the reverend gentleman had the well-judged curiosity to read it to some of the old persons of the isle, as a poem which regarded the history of their own country. They listened with a great attention to the preliminary stanzas... But when they heard a verse or two more, they interrupted the reader, telling they knew the song well in the Norse language, and had often sung it to him when he asked them for an old song. They called it the Magicians, or the Enchantresses. It would have been singular news to the elegant translator, when executing his version from the text of Bartholine, to have learned that the Norse original was still preserved by tradition in a remote corner of the British dominions.' (The Norse song mentioned by Scott is known as Darraðaljóð and featured in the Saga of Njáll.) Although Norn survived for a little longer on the Shetland Isles, it precisely mirrored the fate of Orkney Norn. Shetland Norn is said to still have been in common use around 1700, yet being widely replaced with Scots. Shetland Norn did most likely not survive into the 19th century except on the remotest islands, Foula in the west and Unst, Yell and Fetlar in the north, albeit spoken by limited number of people and already much worn out. In the 1890's the eldest inhabitants of the islands still could remember some phrases in Norn: 1605, Sir Thomas Craig: 'In Orkney and Shetland, where in the previous century only Norse spoken, English was the language used in churches and was well enough understood.' 1701, "Revd John Brand, Description of Orkney, Zetland, etc.": 'English is the common language among the inhabitants of Zetland, yet many of the People speak Norse, or corrupt Danish, especially such as live in the more Northern Isles; yea, so common is it in some places, that it is the first language that the children speak. The Norse hath continued ever since the Norwegians had these islands in possession, and in Orkney it is not quite extinct, though there be by far more of it in Zetland, which many do commonly use.' 1703, Martin, "Brief Description of the Isles of Orkney and Shetland": 'They generally speak the English tongue, and many among them "A view of the ancient and resent state of the Zetland Islands": 'The old Norse has long been wearing out. and disused only within this present age..> even rather late in the 18th century. and seldom speak other among themselves. they have introduced into it a great many words from the Norwegian.> The Shetland Norn was still a living language in the middle of the 18th century <.' 1774. and in vulgar use amongst them at this day.. Revd George Low. Robert Dunn.. The last man in Unst who is said . according to the "Fasti Ecclesiæ Scotticanæ". being still retained by old people. 1809... speaking of both Orkney and Shetland: 'their language the Norse. because his congregation did not undersand any other language than Norse. and which was called Norn or Norse. which they call Norn. minister of Unst (the most northerly of the Islands).. in Foula.. Norn songs and ballads survived in the mouths of the common people. about Foula: 'The Norse Language is much worn out here.' 1894.. 1750. and the change appears to have begun in the southern extremity and to have been gradually extended to the northern parts of the country. surnamed "Norsk". for.' 1711. Nor to this very time it is quite disused. and not more than thirty years ago several individuals there could speak it fluently. Arthur Edmonston (an author from Shetland).. but at present there is scarcely a single person who can repeat even a few words of it.> As late as 1894. Sir Robert Sibbald: (remark about the parishioners of Cunningsburgh.' 1837. as I myself had the opportunity of hearing. "Ornithologist's Guide": 'The English language is commonly spoken.. especially Foula and the North Isles. It was preserved too.. made a voyage to Norway to learn the language spoken there. it was the language of the last age.retain the ancient Danish language. Yet all of them speak the Scots tongue more promptly and more readily than generally they do in Scotland'. now much worn out. but will be entirely lost by the next. yet there are some who know a few words of it. there were people in Foula who could repeat sentences in Norn. The best phrases are all gone. <. Jakob Jakobsen: 'Even in 1600 the knowledge of English seems to have been very meagre in Shetland. <. Danish and Dutch languages. and this medley uttered by a native is exceednigly unpleasant to the ear and very difficult to understand. <.> In several parts of Shetland. by means of those English schools erected by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.. on south Mainland of Shetland) 'All the inhabitants of the parish can speak the Gothick or Norwegian language. the present generation of old people remember their grandparents speaking a language they could hardly understand. or that dialect of Gothic which is spoken in Norway. Magnus. James Mackenzie.. and nothing remains but a few names of things and two or three remnants of songs which one old man can repeat and that but indistinctly'. for a considerable length of time. especially in the more Northern isles. The island of Unst was its last abode. Walter Sutherland from Skaw. prepositions and particles). might well imagine he was at home in Norway. 105) In Norwegian. when I realised from their appearance that they were in fact Norwegians! (By "Rasmie") I was in a fishing shop in Bergen with two fellow Shetlanders and while we were discussing what would be the best gear to catch olicks. In 1958 George (Dodie) Isbister in Foula was heard to utter a verse from The Eagle's Song (according to The Foula Heritage website). may become mutually unintelligible so far as vocabulary is concerned. several grammatical traits and even intonation. (By "Heimdal") ." (2005) by Gregor Lamb. on the other hand. listening to Orcadians talking among themselves at such a distance that only their tones were audible. p. (Cited from "The Viking Legacy" (1971) by John Geipel. There are witnesses that the memory of Norn was still not extinct as late as the middle 20th century. the young lady assistant came over and asked where we were from. ("Whit Like the Day? Understanding Orkney dialect. a Norwegian in Orkney. the sentence 'I hope we can eat at eight o clock' is Jeg håper vi kann spise klokken åtte and it would be sounded with a similar lilt. p. In Foula. its remnants still live in the linguistic memory of Shetlanders and Orcadians. died about 1850.to have been able to speak Norn. and yet retain 'the tune they speak to' practically unchanged through centuries. I turned to address what I thought were Shetlanders. which is said to be very reminiscient of Norwegian. and there is not the slightest possibility of confusing it with that of our nearest neighbour . Such has been the case in regard to Orkney and its motherland Norway. when I heard very familiar voices coming up behind me. This is certainly the very latest one has heard of Norn. saying we were not speaking Norwegian but we sounded just like Norwegians. 96) Compare it to what today's Shetlanders say about their experience of communicating with Norwegians: I was in a queue to a theme park in Denmark. It is one of the most remarkable things about speech that people of the same stock. going up and down just as in the Orkney dialect. men who were living very much later than the middle of the present century are said to have been able to speak Norn'. Hugh Marwick and Gregor Lamb comment on the Orcadian accent with the following words: The Orkney cadence is quite different from that of any part of the mainland of Scotland. where I found the accent difficult. living out of touch with each other. Their native Scots dialect has inherited a good deal of Scandinavian words (including pronouns. But even after the complete demise of Norn. Some of today's old Foula residents remember an old woman from their childhood days who used to teach children various Norn expressions and we can roughly date that to the first half of the 20th century.Caithness. But on the other hand. Edmonston published "An Etymological Glossary of the Shetland and Orkney Dialect". including Michael Barnes. About the same time the Orcadian scholar Hugh Marwick published "Orkney Norn" (1929) which comprised a vocabulary of over 3000 words of Scandinavian origin picked up from Orkney Scots. In the late 19th century the Faroese linguist Jakob Jakobsen gathered in Shetland by far the most extensive collection of Norn material. Norn did not attract the attention of scholars until it was practically out of use. The latter point is regarded by many as more .Unfortunately. pointing at the lack of typological parallels for such a "creolisation" and put forward the idea of Norn having been given up in favour of Scots due to the low social prestige of the former. with Scots words and grammar gradually penetrating Norn and turning it into what we would call 'Norn-Scots creole' which later became a highly Scandinavised variant of Scots that is spoken in Shetland and Orkney nowadays (Insular Scots). Several scholars of Norn (Jakob Jakobsen. completed posthumously). George Low. Others. lack of missionaries who described languages existing outside of the Christian world. which were published in his classic "Etymologisk Ordbog over det norrøne Sprog på Shetland" (in Danish. lullabies. This can be explained by remoteness of Orkney and Shetland from Europe's scientific centres. recorded in Foula the Shetlandic version of the Lord's Prayer. In the 1770's the Scottish clergyman. Most of the surviving specimens of Norn speech show signs of corruptedness and feature various elements coming from Scots. the "Ballad of Hildina" and a short list of words. and the immaturity of the linguistic science which was only making the first steps when Norn was already at its last gasp. but were hardly interested in visiting long baptised areas. Hugh Marwick) have asserted that the demise of Norn was a gradual process. The scientific study of Norn began in 1866 when T. Shortly later it was translated into English as "An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland" (1928-1932). refute this hypothesis. 1908-1921. including texts (short poems. riddles and fragments of live conversation) and vocabulary (about 10 000 words of Scandinavian origin surviving in the local dialect of Scots). The first written specimen of Norn came to the light of day in the early 18th century when the Lord's Prayer in Orkney Norn (recorded in the 1690's) was published by Wallace (1700). Suðuroy.3. incl. laek etc. The word 'Norn' originates from the Old Norse word norrønn 'northern.convincing. 1929. where he calls the Sanday author Walter Traill Dennison a "writer of modern Orkney Norn"). More than that. Faroese 5. East Scandinavian features in Norn 3.2. so the truth. So be careful: if you see a text in "Norn" and it has spellings like tae.2. guid. admitted the term Norn in this incorrect sense (see f.1. North Shetland Norn vs. Orkney Norn 3. This usage is certainly wrong. there were serious differences.1. Relations to neighbouring languages 4. General account on Norn 1. at least of phonetic nature. West Scandinavian features in Shetland Norn 3. although some respectable authors. Shetland (mainland) Norn 2. the name Norn is rather collective and applies to a group of dialects rather than to any kind of . which prior to its decline was gradually losing Goidhelic pecularities becoming more and more corrupted . This view is misleading too. Introduction 1. Summary 1. (We know practically nothing about dialects of Orkney Norn. be sure it is Scots. To sum it up. there is a good deal of texts quoted by Jakobsen where you cannot say for sure whether it is Norn or Scots (the alleged Norn-Scots creole?).3. if they ever existed). in Shetland between the Foula and Westside/Sandness dialect on the one hand (further: Foula/Westside Norn) and the rest of the islands on the other hand. 1. may hide somewhere inbetween. West Scandinavian features in Foula/Westside Norn 4.. Another stereotype tied with the name of Norn is that it is often understood to be similar both for Orkney and Shetland.a typological parallel Barnes overlooked. differences at some point larger than between (the rest of) Shetland and Orkney.ex.1. Norn in Scandinavian classification 3. Nordic' and is normally used for the Scandinavian language that existed in Orkney and Shetland until the 17-19th centuries.2. Faroese 4. XXVIII. Foula/Westside Norn 2. Overview 2.1. Foula/Westside Norn vs. p. Foula/Westside Norn vs. South Shetland Norn 4. Marwick's "Orkney Norn". Let us also mention the language of Manx. probably about as noticeable as the differences between Shetland Norn and Faroese when the former was still in full use. Hugh Marwick.2.4..3. Occasionally the term 'Norn' is applied to the English [Scots] dialects that are spoken on the archipelagoes nowadays. Introduction 2. Orkney Norn vs. as often. Nevertheless. because there were clear distinctions between the Orkney and Shetland versions of Norn. Faroes 4. wrang. This evidence makes the theory of Jakobsen and Marwick no less worthy of consideration than that of Barnes. sæti > sodi 2. gred . 2.(Foula) 2.afráða > afro. lær > (*lár) > lor. käitaklur.k: swi'rt. er ('is') > yaar (Foula). see 2. rur . nevatjog. breaking: baugr > bjog. høg. gœðing > gødin. haugr > hjog. palatalisation ll.> oļļa. tt > itt. ba'lker. (kett)hu'ntlin.1. replaced with palatalisation.1.1.hann > häņņ.1.8.falla > faļļj. brenna > breņņǝk.1. in the case of tt. but banna > bann.t.a common language. *flyðra > fluder. 2. meļļan.5. hleypingr > løbin.rn > ņņ. "reverse" umlaut: brydda > brodd. snykr > snjuger . but unlike Faroese where it is often pronounced as [gr]. brot > brod 2. pp. nn. lœkr > log. 0 (zero). but hrúðr > rudǝr. djúpr > džub.1. in Shetland Norn it appears as [dr]: flaðra > fladrǝk.k > b.gott > goţţ. we will mostly concentrate on phonetic features. rather irregular: . occasional preaspiration of tt. lúðr > ludǝr-.t. occasionally in the initial (prevocalic) position: nykr > njogel.ņ. occasionally in the initial (prevocalic) position: fleygja > fļog.1. kk: ba'kk. snælda > (*snálda) > snolda. For a more detailed account see respective sections on Orkney and Shetland Norn. unvoicing of sonorants (r. in the case of t often replaced or followed with palatalisation: klo'ņt/kloi'nt.1.ļ. we reserve the right to use the term Norn as referring to one language when dialectal differences within Norn are to us of no importance. *læringr > (*láringr) > lorin. fela > fjal. one of the very few exception: ausa > ous 2. the old cluster ðr is preserved. birtingr > bjartin.1. þ > t: .hlíð > li.9.1. 2.n. ţţ.1. greiði > gre. . 2.Like in Faroese.ng) before p. spaði > spadi. goitt.8. klai'p (often absent or.m. ek > yach. moeða > mø .d.6.boða > bod.4.l. greiði > gre(d). millum > melan. monophtongisation: keipr > keb.rl > ļļ. Overview of Shetland and Orkney Norn Further we are going to broadly examine main distinctive features of Norn and its dialects. g. ho'ņtel. voicing of stops p. andi > äņdi. kattaklór > käţţiklur. afrod. lýðr > lø.7. However. fäļļ. ð > d. occasional devoicing of voiced stops: bindari > bjintǝr 2. Shetland (mainland) Norn The main features of Shetland Norn are the following (Norn < Old Norse or Old Norse > Norn unless specified): 2.g: keikr > kεgǝr. ullar. hnefatak > (*njavatak) > njafatag.1.2.3.) 2. barn > bjadn. Bearing in mind our knowledge of grammar is limited.ljog . where doch 'you' < þig. mið > mið. tár > twor. skrið > skrid. few feminine forms feature the accusative ending: ilsko < ON Acc.2. gjølg > džö'lki . while tj. The Accusative form is often present in plural. neuter). grœnska. kv > hw. 2 numbers (singular. lœknirnir grœnu. In the weak declension both forms are possible. same as gj. Acc. However. Most of the weak feminine nouns retained the old Nominative ending -a (in whatever sound form) or dropped it at all. kví > hwi. As a result. several toponymes: ON Nom. viku. The Accusative is more frequent in the strong masculine declension. aða > jog. þj tend to become š: .10. but vitja > vitš . Acc.1. Instead of the palatal utterance of ll. fá > fwo 2. vukku 'week' < ON Acc. øg .kjálki > kjo'lk. ilsku. compare also Norw. lœkina grœnu > Norn L(j)øgena grøna. female. where it represents the bare stem: ON Nom. Hvort vilt þú feigan vera. this old system was already in decay. Nom. However. Acc. skrig. nn. hestr. vika 'week'. hvammr > swam 2. þú. viku. plural). hv.1. ð does change to g in Norn in a number of words: kafaburðr > kavaborg.1.þari > tari. bolla. Nor. ON á > wo: á > wo. which rarely changes to dž. ilska.2. hest > Norn hest. (See the Sketch of Shetland Norn grammar for the more detailed picture). Nom. dial. cf. as the language of the Hildina ballad shows: Quirto vult doch fiegan vara < ON. The pronoun system was not left untouched by the merger of Nominative and Accusative either. seiðr > seð.þjukkr > šjukk. leiðvísari > legvisǝr. Dative. Genitive). kj.kwi. dn is present in many cases (where Shetland Norn has ņņ/rn and ļļ/rl): fall > fadl. þilja > tili. cases started getting mixed. This process likely owed to the influence of Scots which does not distinguish between both cases. Foula/Westside Norn The Foula/Westside Norn inherited many of the above-mentioned features of Shetland Norn.gjá > gjo. in North islands (Yell) occasionally to sw: hvalr > hwal. kóð > køð. skj are normally preserved.seþ 2. The case system was becoming more and more corrupted. horn > hoden .1. vuku. as far as it can be established from the registered texts. grœnsku. either the Nominative or Accusative form was chosen.Nevertheless. but had the following unique features: 2. skjól >sķul . gjelg.> bodli-. the change ll.kodden. strong and weak declensions of verbs etc. which especially concerns the merging of Nominative and Accusative forms of nouns and pronouns. nn > dl.tjǫrn > šonn.køþ. 2. shows most of the features of Old Norse: 3 genders (male. grinsko < ON grœnsku. The grammar of Shetland Norn. þurkasótt > torkǝsot .12.11.2. Accusative. tjaldr > šaldǝr..Only in South Shetland (Dunrossness) ð occasionally stayed preserved as [ð] or [þ]: eið > eð. kunnr > kodn. 4 cases (Nominative.šok(k)a 2.2. 3. fonyaless < *fǫngulauss. lorin 'cormorant'. Unlike in Shetland. the voicing of intervocal stops is more consistent: stikill > stiggle. Ork.2. The initial h. kví > kwi. Acc.5. Likewise. groyn < grenja.2. According to H. 2.3. Cait.> hellyiefer.Marwick. However. kringlu > Norn kringlo.2.3.3. skrift 'lean. Lexical distinctions from Shetland Norn: Ork.3.2. hvern > whaar (Hildina) 2. of obscure origin. vinya < vinna. hǿsta > osta 2. 3.3. lerblade 'cormorant' .4. hvar > quar (Hildina). the long -tt. 2. hroði > ruithe. nn is never palatilised: helli.2. nitter. soind 'to show'.Shet. gneisti > n[ai]st. raki > rag. albeit in a changed sound quality: geiri > g[ai]ro. which can be explained by the fact that Orkney stood in the frontline of "Scottisation" and lost archaic Scandinavian features quicker than Shetland Norn by the time the remains of both were recorded. but hvítr > whit-.3. nyatter.kv > kw (hw): hvalr > kwal. 2. hverjum > kvara. kúpa or koppr > kubby 2. XXVI). Place of Norn in the classification of Scandinavian languages . ON kringla. munyo < magn. byttu > Norn butto.3.5. Ork. some of the old diphtongs are preserved. the Orkney version of the prayer says fro alt ilt. The grammar is more simplified. palatalisation affects only ll. henni > ende. Dative has merged with Nominative/Accusative: while the Lord's Prayer from Foula has Dative in fro adlu idlu < frá ǫllu illu 'from all (the) bad'. hard-grown' .2. fissure'. gleyma > misgl[ai]med. rulla > rullyo. Monophtongisation is not complete. naut > nout 2. 2. Some pronunciation differences: bjadni < barn(it). Cf. also Ork. 2.1. ð stays in several words: niðra > nither. grunyie < grunnr.4.3. A specific feature of Orkney Norn is a big number of originally feminine weak words that have preserved the accusative form: ON bytta. hv. Orkney Norn Data on Orkney Norn is much more scarce in comparison with Jakobsen's material from Shetland. soind 'to die slowly' Shet. in Marwick's "Orkney Norn" we have found a number of forms that witness about palatalisation of nn and even ng: for eenyie < hver er inni 'who is within?' (p. bregða > braithin.6. cf. skrift 'crack. where the last two words correspond to ON Nom/Acc.is often omitted: hennar > ednar.6. Acc. Shetland mainland boņņ. allt illt. burtu > bordo. 2.is never palatalised and does not palatalise the preceding vowel.Shet. incomplete in Orkney. palatalisation of ll (incl.1. Shetland and Orkney were populated mostly from several areas in West Norway.3) 3. an undoubted West Scandinavian language (see below).ya (Foula) (although it could well have been a later development. nt.3.2.. Moreover. kemp/kepp < ON keppa < PN *kampijan. Faroes and West Norway and developped primarily in Trøndelag dialects of Mid-North Norway (see 2. the dialect of which was rather specific and the closest to Faroese.1.9.1.sløkkja < PN *slankwijan. all included into the West Scandinavian area).1 and 2. nk is incomplete: bank/bakk < ON bakki < PN *bankan. but munn.2. although he mostly quotes material from Foula..1. breaking. They based this view upon numerous lexical parallels between the dialects of the mentioned Norwegian regions and Norn.1.1-5) might have developed independently of the East Scandinavian influence and be a pure coincidence. Orkney) as well as nn and tt (Shetland only). as nowhere else in Scandinavia) and occurs even to short a (see 2. many of these features (especially 3. the overall amount of Norn data does not look to us so unambiguously West Scandinavian and a good deal of East Scandinavian features can also be discovered (most of them we loosely pick up from Elias Wessen's "De nordiska språken"): 3.1.1. ó > ú 3. Michael Barnes supports the West Scandinavian status of Norn by bringing forward a number of phonetic features of the latter.monn < ON munnr < PN *munþaz 3.6.8.3. But as we believe.1. let alone from Sweden.) 3. XXXIV) Of course. Rogaland. we are not aware of specifically large migration from Denmark to the islands. cf.1.1. Traditionally Norn is classified as a West Scandinavian language. ég [jeγ]) 3. namely Ryfylke and Jæderen (Stavanger.3. .". monophtongisation.4.1.3.1. see his "Etymological Dictionary.1) 3. practically total in Shetland (see 2. nþ. tann/tant < tǫnn < *tanþu. So most of the above mentioned East Scandinavian features should be rather .8 and 2. the assimilation of the Proto Norse (PN) clusters mp. but slokk < ON sløkkva. almost complete lack of u-umlaut 3. Sophus Bugge and Jakob Jakobsen brought forward historical evidence in support of that: as they asserted. unknown in Iceland.1. Icel.4. which is very widespread (probably as much.1. vague traces of the ending of reflexive verbs -s: pinnis (see also 3.2) 3. a good deal of words having cognates in Swedish dialects (which did not stay unnoticed by Jakobsen. breaking in the personal pronoun 1 pers. sg.1.5. Marius Hægstad.7. . the Norn dialects were not isolated from linguistic trends going on in the other Scandinavian languages and dialects..m. tega < tekr. Foula/Westside) we mention: 3.2. ru . Relations to neighbouring Scandinavian languages As shown above.). in present indicative: sevǝ < sefr (J. stiendi < stendr. No palatalization of nn. 3. genger < gengr (Hildinakvadet) Material from the other parts of Shetland is too scarce on this subject 3. 3. is a question where linguistic theory is often helpless and in this respect Norn is probably no exception. Orkney <-> the southernmost part of Shetland (Dunrossness): 4.1. Among West Scandinavian features common for Shetland Norn (incl. ll. hv > kw (see 2.1 sporadic preservation of ð (see 2.1.1. Whether certain change comes from inside or outside. like the rest of Shetland.3. Conn. CX). the ending of reflexive verbs is -st: sadnast < sannast We should also mention here another form where an older reflexive ending -sk ( > -st) can be reconstructed in the following example: helsk < helsask.8.3. (Du.1.1. Foula/Westside Norn shows an additional number of traits proper to West Scandinavian dialects: 3. 4. (Birsa) tekkal.3.2. Dutch and Danish may have put on it.1.". see 2.n.2.1.3. preaspiration (sporadically occurs in Swedish dialects. and 2.5. 3. tahellek < *þak-hella - . rn. At the same time. In this connection it is especially interesting to have a look at the geography of features that were common within Norn dialects and with their closest outside cognates.) tahella.3.explained as the sum of the internal development of Norn dialects and the external influence that Scots. ll > dl.) 4. keimir < kemr.3.ng) before p. such as monophtongisation and breaking. nn > dn (see 2.4.). On the other hand. rug < hrúga.6) 3.5.l. Du.nj. 4.9.Jakobsen "Etymological dictionary.4.1. Ork.2 several lexical parallels: Ork. has some of the features listed in 3. Low German.. cannot be explained as easily and requires a special investigation.2.k (see 2. tt.lj.1. 3. du geve < þú gefr.3.2. point 3. Although this could have been the result of independent development.t.2. traces of i-uml. This form is registered in Nesting (middle Shetland Mainland) which is geographically adjacent to Westside.Shet. rl. influences from outside were quite possible as well.3. unvoicing of sonorants (r.7) 3. the Foula/Westside dialect.2.1.. namely Faroese. Shet.2. South. 300 km. so any further discussions on this subject would be a waste of time.2) 4. útýðligr > utoitlig. Foula dagloght (Lord Prayer) . ufsahella < ufsahella 'one of the flat stones laid to form the eaves of a house (to prevent rain from penetrating)' 4. between Orkney and Shetland and ca. Foula.4. at some stage.3. According to another possible explanation. daglωt]. búgva. 4. Shetland: the long ā develops into [åa]: åali 'lamb' . Far. [mjer]. Nevertheless. ll.2.2.2. Fær.3.ex.2. nn > dl.2.2. ý > oi (Far.3. [ωi].Suð. they constituted together with Faroese a common L-complex (a chain of dialects.3.1.3. Foula yagh 'I' . Shetland <-> Faroese: 4. southernmost Faroese dialect: 4. the author does not fail to point out the main drawback of this hypothesis: "It is of course highly improbable that the arrival of the odd Faroeman would be sufficient to cause Faroese features to .Suð.Nor. Foula. Far.4. traces of "skerping" (a Faroese term designating consonantal inserts -gv. [je].Far. Sjógvur 4. Fær. dagligt [daglit] 4.after several old long vowels): ON búa > Norn buga. The above examples are certainly fairly scarce. which have [bātǝR]). despite the large geographical distance in between (approx. Foula mier 'me (dat)' . ótýðiligur [öu-tωji-lijωr] (a similar change ý > ui has also occurred in several West Norwegian dialects. But could there really be so tight a linguistic interaction across the sea that would allow us to explain the similarities in question? The seriousness of this question is illustrated by Michael Barnes who discusses case 4. Fær. Unst) <-> Faroese (except Northern Isles): 4. sju-). and an exacting reader would suggest that these are sporadic and occasional similarities. hýsa [hωisa]. [ɔa] < á: bátur [bɔa:tωR] (except the northern Faroese dialects. where the neighbouring links are linguistically closer to each other than those further away).1. ON sjór > Norn sheug (rest of Shet. Far. Shet.2.3. dn (see 2.Suð. eg [e] 4. Far. 100 km. This would mean that there were regular contacts between Orkney and Shetland as well as between Shetland and the Faroes that kept their neighbouring dialects linguistically close to each other. as an example of a possible influence from Faroese. where [ω] designates a sound between [o] and [u]): hýsa > hoissan. that of Setesdalen) 4. mær [mear] 4.1.2.3.and -ggj.5. probably in the 14-15th centuries when the Norn dialects were still not worn out. North Shetland Norn (Yell. Barnes mentions historical evidence about real contacts between Shetlanders and Faroese fishermen who used to cast ashore in Foula and Westside. [daglot. f. Shetland <-> Suðuroy. between Shetland and the Faroes). it is highly unlikely that dn could have later developed into nnj in the rest of Shetland. but found it a different distribution. its later (=independent) development is typologically not excluded. although we do not know in which century this change occured there apart from the fact that the distribution rules are slightly different in Faroese. These "pre-conditions" can be interpreted as some kind of a seed that grew up 5-7 centuries later generating the change nn > dn. It proves to us that this phenomenon was not a result of direct linguistic contacts but rather an independent process in which "pre-conditions" were similar both in Iceland and in West Norway (and in Faroes as well. We have not found examples of this change after the old long vowels. A development similar to Foula/Westside Norn can be found in several West Norwegian dialects. The only exception where the change occurs after an originally short vowel is the obscure word tinna [tidna] 'tin'. XXXI). see 2. "Um íslenskar orðmyndir á 14.2. (Of course. What kind of a seed it could be is to us totally incomprehensible. On the one hand. f. in West Hordaland. Þórólfsson.ó. see above).). like in the far away dialects of Trondelag (Norway). possibly in Orkney as well).3. ednar < hennar etc. 18) We would like to point out another drawback of this hypothesis: the rules for nn > dn (4. edne < enni. we certainly have no evidences which might allow us to date the change nn > dn. Although West Hordaland belongs to the area from where the immigration to Shetland is believed to have started. is an even bigger mystery. the fact that Foula is the farthest Shetland point from Norway makes us think this is not a result of direct influence either. Why nn changed to nnj in the rest of Shetland mainland (and. 1998. oynni [o(i)dni]) and new ones developed from older long vowels (one of the few examples is kvínni [kvω(i)dni]. öld" (1925). we should not forget that this process must have been overshadowed by monophtongisation. where dn occurs only after the old short vowels (in the rest of Hordaland dialects it is registered after the old long vowels: á. p. og 15. plus diphtongs). On the other hand. . when the country had already been linguistically isolated from West Norway for centuries.í etc. so it is highly unlikely that West Shetlanders could have borrowed this feature from the "odd Faroeman". although it can be explained by analogy). This point has several weaknesses. For instance.) in Faroese and "Foulese" differ. however. At the same time the distribution of nn >dn in Icelandic is similar to that of many Hordaland dialects.ex. fidna < finna.1.spread among the speakers even of a small island community using a closely related language" (Michael Barnes "The Norn Language of Orkney and Shetland". although this does not mean such instances did not existed. In Faroese the change nn > dn occurs only after the old long i-diphtongs (seinni [sa(i)dni]. On the other hand.1. on Foula and Westside nn regularly becomes dn after short vowels: kodn < kunn-. in Iceland this process is believed to have happened in the 15-16th century (Björn K. occurring after all old long vowels (except when nn belongs to the suffigated article). One could suppose that this feature could have already developed in the language of the first Norse settlers in Shetland back in the 8th century and for some odd reasons spread out only in the West of the archipelago. 1-3. but also Norwegian. but to what extent this influence could have provoked separate changes is subject to further investigation. although it does not necessarily mean they occured due to the direct influence from East Scandinavian languages.) strong conjugation subjinctive transcription umlaut ¯ (upper hyphen) voice vowels: back . but rather to a group of dialects. Shetland and Foula/Westside Shetland (we base this division mostly on their phonetic features). Suðuroy) is registered. Low German. which are used on our website but might be incomprehensible to an ordinary reader or concern phenomena lacking in their mother tongue. A several number of common phonetic features between Orkney and South Shetland. and at this stage we can just say that these features are still awaiting their linguistic interpretation. Danish.) strong declension (adj. of course unless it will be proved that they are purely accidental. as it was rather a move towards the simplification of the language. they in different degree developed several features that can be considered as East Scandinavian. as well as linguistical and grammatical terms. 5. We should not disregard here the external influence from several West Germanic and Scandinavian languages spoken on the shores of the North Sea (mainly Scots. adverb. substantive. such as vowel. It can be argued whether these similarities are accidental or bear witness to linguistic contacts and a co-influence. Feel free to suggest terms that are used on this website and you cannot find here and we will add them to this overview. which. consonant. Being of West Scandinavian origin. number. adjective. Accusative active voice ' (apostrophe) article articulation aspiration * (asterisk) bisyllabic breaking case : (colon) diphtong feminine gender Genitive imperative indicative ' ' (inverted commas) masculine middle voice monophtong monosyllabic [] (square brackets) strong declension (subst. although native speakers of other languages might consider it useful too. tense etc. were three: Orkney. Summary The term Norn refers not to a monolyte language.To sum up. Linguistic terminology easily explained On this page we offer the interpretation of various phonetic symbols. Shetland (esp.. common traits in related languages or dialects can witness either co-influence or parallel development from the same source. This kind of problem arises when dealing with similarities like those mentioned in 4. bear in mind that we do not cover the simplest notions that everyone would have learnt at school. as we estimate. try Wikipedia as a starting point. If you feel uncomfortable with these. Dutch) that could also have had some impact. Our overview is especially aimed towards English speakers. Foula) and the Faroes (esp. However. 'm. We need the asterisk to prevent any confusion between the real and our "guessed" forms.'ļ) marks the voicelessness of the respective consonant. ' (apostrophe) . ' ' (inverted commas) . 2. 1. F.2. 1. But do not regard such words as arbitrary or fabricated. also œ.1. Sometimes we discover such reconstructions as real borrowings in third languages. [ ] (square brackets) . as in most cases they can designate something which is highly likely to have existed and is reconstructed on the basis of a scientific method. Long vowels in Old Norse are normally marked with an acute: á.í.1. * (asterisk) .acoustical and physiological aspects of sounds and their pronunciation.ex. Transcription is especially needed for languages .ú. Faroese nógv 'much' is pronounced as [negv] and hví 'why' as [kwωj] or [kwuj]. Common terms 2.3.'ŋ. 2.é.is placed in front of a form that has not been registered: *sáti.ó. which only confirms that this was not just a mater of superficial guesswork. which anticipated the prediction of previously unknown elements that were indeed discovered afterwards . *kurna.are used to mark the meaning of a word: ON drengr 'boy'.transformation of the orthographical notation into phonetic symbols. Remember the periodic law of chemical elements.consonants: affricate palatal sonorant spirant stop voiced voiceless consonant letters contraction Dative devoicing mood neuter Nominative passive voice phonetics phonetic signs phonology polysyllabic postvocalic preaspiration preterite-present verbs prevocalic central front high labialised low mid vowel letters weak declension (subst.) weak conjugation 1. Phonology .sounds in a more abstract aspect (otherwise called phonemes).1.such a form is hypothetical. ¯ (upper hyphen) or : (colon) .4.1.when used before a sonorant ('l.ý. a: . The symbol "¯" is only used for vowels. 2. Transcription .3. 1.are used for phonetical transcription to distinguish it from the orthographical notation.1.'ņ.it is practically the same method as the one which is used in linguistic reconstruction. Phonological terms 2.) weak declension (adj.5. regarded as parts of a system they constitute through various relations and ties between each other.indicate the length of a sound: ā.2. Symbols 1. 1. Phonetics . So where did we take it from? It is our own construction .1.'n. The sound value of Old Norse letters is the following: 2. like ow in English brown ei . This letter comes from the Runic alphabet. . The golden rule of transcription is one letter for one sound and vice versa.ó. 2.like i or ee in English bit. soon developed into either [ei] or [öy] 2. It is also present in Faroese where it indicates other sounds and has only an etymological value: maður [mεavωr]. like German ä or a in English bad au .y.u. (This Greek letter is used by Michael Barnes in his article "A Note on Faroese /θ/ > /h/" on the change þ > h we are referring to on the page about the language of the Ballad of Hildina.ý. roof of mouth etc) for the making of sounds.like a in Allah akbar o . jaws.like th in English the.like oo in English spoon i .l where it is spelled as [v]: lifa [liva].é . á. those. following the Nordic tradition. niðan [nijan].long ø æ .ú.long. Orthography issues Old Norse orthography (or its normalised and unified version we are using). so we never transcribe Old Norse. was pretty straightforward and each letter had a very definite sound value.like e in English bed y . Vowels: a .a+u.1.2.e œ . consonants do not differ significantly from their English counterparts.where the orthography differs greatly from the actual pronunciation (English is one of them). kalfr [kalvr]. which sounded the same.o. The usage of the following letters must be specified: j .4.2.2.in most cases read as [f].) f . tongue. probably it was something between [a] and [o] or [ö] and [o].2. We are using it in our transcription.the interaction of speech organs (lips.like th in English thorn (the actual name of this letter!) or thatch. 2. Consonants: Except in a few instances.like y in English yes ð .like o in English song u . steel e . þ .i.long a. This vowel originates from the Old English alphabet.e+y.e+i. Articulation .2. although today it is used with its original meaning only in Icelandic. item 3.like German ö or French eu ǫ .í.how exactly it was spelled we do not know.4. In Icelandic and Faroese this sound has merged with ø or o. although in many books you will find another phonetic sign for this sound: the Greek letter θ. like a in English mate ey . except the positions between vowels and/or r.2.1.like German ü or French u ø . ey.1.ş.oa etc.a vowel that does not change quality during its pronunciation Diphtong .ȯ .o. Vowels Front vowels .þ.like sur in English measure tʃ .g being pronounced before j.ø.d. .like u in English hut ω.i.)a.au.y .I . The sound ņ is like Spanish ñ.g.ž.r.like ch in English chain dž .u.n.ņ.3.'n.t. Phonetical and phonological terms: 2. Notice that the transcription rules in other Scandinavian languages.Practically the same system is used for our transcription.an indefinite sound. ķu etc.u High vowels .g Spirants .ω.different degrees of sounds between o and a ʌ . may considerably differ.ķ . even including Icelandic which looks in writing very much like Old Norse.ŋ. Additional transcription: phonetic signs.æ. also 'l.(æ.j Voiceless consonants .pronounced as if whispering Palatal consonants .y.b.'ņ.2.ļ Voiced consonants .vowels which are formed with an extra-lip rounding during the articulation Monophtong .formed with additional articulation by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate (as if j followed).o.2.ĝ.ei.s.3.s. adhering to the "golden rule".â.l.like ng in English song ş or ʃ .m. except for the fact that we never use f for [v].e.ð Affricates (stop+spirant): tş.o Low vowels .y.þ.u Mid vowels .k.e. ļ .i.'ļ.3.'r. but occurring in front of other vowels ( ĝa .n.a.a vowel that changes quality during its pronunciation and can be represented as a sum of two vowels 2.ļ.ð.i.ĝ.ķ.e.p.ņ.p.α .ž.3.α Labialised vowel .e.) .k.ə.ä .ø/œ Central vowels .l. like a in English ago or -er in brother ŋ .o.d.different degrees of sounds between e and i ə .t. ĝ and ķ resemble k.m.ə Back vowels .ş.dž Sonorants .like sh in English show ž .b.different degrees of sounds between e and a ɔ.different degrees of sounds between u and o ė.æ.r. Consonants Stops . 2. occurring only in phonetic ε.like Spanish ll.u .'ŋ .i.like j in English joke 2.'m.a. k: ph Preaspiration .4.'n Aspiration . A regular change of a vowel caused by another one. or perhaps it did but then was restored to the original sound value due to analogy from other words: Scand.m.k: ht 2. mutation caused by i. l.consisting of one syllable Bisyllabic . ON rauðu > Norn ru (after the fall of ð) Monosyllabic .this term means that in the given word there should have been umlaut but it did not occur. which combined the qualities of a.k.Devoicing .loss of sonority: b.t. *sātija 'seat' > ON sæti > Norn sodi (that would correspond to ON *sáti. the mentioned "hybrid" vowels appeared. There were 3 kinds of umlauts in the language: a-umlaut. Sound alternations 2.n > 'l.u and i. Some of our readers might already know the German "Umlaut" letters ä. which were influenced by i in the succeeding syllable (which later might have been dropped).3.occuring before a vowel Postvocalic .3. 2.consisting of several syllables . That is why this kind of mutation is often called i-umlaut. Some other terms Prevocalic .g > p. mostly a-umlaut of u) u > y: *hulijan > hylja á > æ: *lātiR > lætr ó > œ: *dōmijan > dœma ú > ý: *lūtiR > lýtr au > ey: *hlaupiR > hleypr "Reverse umlaut" . This process was much more extensive in Old Norse.3.t.occuring after a vowel Contraction . The sounds they mark originate from a. As a result.a short h before p.3. *gebu > gjǫf a > ja (known only in Norn): ON barnit > bjadni 2.o and u respectively.1.e.contraction of two syllables having no dividing consonant Inbetween: ON gráum > grám. while ON sæti would have resulted in Norn *sedi). ö and ü.'m.a short h after p.3.2.3.3. which had still occurred in Common Scandinavian: a-umlaut: u > o: *kurna > korn u-umlaut: a > ǫ: *barnu > bǫrn i-umlaut: a > e: *gastiR > gestr (the short o did not exist in Common Scandinavian and was a product of later processes.jǫ: *fella > fjall. Umlaut (mutation).o. Breaking (caused by the succeeding a or u): e > ja.t. u-umlaut and i-umlaut. i.d.consisting of two syllables Polysyllabic . Let us get back to the sentence Drengrinn sá hundinn 'The boy saw the dog'.grammatical category indicating the role of a noun or pronoun in a phrase (subject. Common case is the default one. Case . as well as Icelandic and German have a four-case system.1. In Old Norse it is. Drengrinn 'boy' is Nominative.) it would still mean 'The boy saw the dog'. Accusative . a better translation of the phrase Hundinn sá drengrinn is 'It was the dog that the boy saw'. Genitive indicates ownership and has the ending 's: my father's hat. its . the cases which do the job. Accusative and Dative (Faroese has a three-case system. Drengrinn gaf manninum sverð 'The boy gave the man a sword'. Let us consider a more sophisticated example by bringing Dative into the example. the subject in Nominative takes the first place like in English. indirect object etc) or having a specific meaning (functioning thus like prepositions). Norwegian and Dutch. manninum 'to the man' is Dative and sverð 'a sword' is Accusative. this example confirms that the cases provide much more flexibility in the terms of word order. Accusative or Dative.means 'to whom?' (indirect object).1. Manninum gaf drengrinn sverð (213) and Sverð gaf drengrinn manninum (312) = 'The boy gave the man a sword' (the difference between all these variants is only in emphasis). In addition to that there are two other cases. The prepositions in such languages require (or. where the Common case is named Nominative and is the case of the subject. English has two cases. Nouns 3. as it is also said. although in English a similar operation would give quite a different sense: 'The dog saw the boy'. and this will involve the additional preposition to: 'The boy gave the man a sword' = 'The boy gave a sword to the man'.) sá drengrinn (Nom. and the word order is secondary to them. Drengrinn 'the boy' is Nominative and hundinn 'the dog' is Accusative. Consequently.1. But you can move the object to the first place to emphasize its role without destroying the general sense. Old Norse. to the contrary. In English it is mostly the word order which tells us who saw and who was seen. Normally.means 'whom?' (direct object). In English we have only one choice for the alternation of the word order. The sentence 'The boy saw the dog' would sound in Old Norse as Drengrinn sá hundinn. Drengrinn (1) gaf manninum (2) sverð (3) describes the same situation as Drengrinn gaf sverð manninum (132). This includes the two cases featuring in English. Now if we try to reverse the word order: Hundinn (Acc. Grammatical terms 3.3. Common and Genitive. The same assortment of cases is present in Danish. As in the former case. object. The existance of cases gives us the scope to change the word order without destroying the general meaning of the sentence. which is practically lost). including all the cases as in Old Norse minus Genitive. govern) Genitive. Dative . Swedish. (masc. more commonly. Dutch and Frisian masculine and feminine have merged into the so-called "common" gender. as opposed to neuter. fem.a grammatical category which associates words with sex (masculine.4. or soul. Weak declension (substantives) . this is a simplification. gender should rather be regarded as a purely grammatical ("meaningless". gluggi 'window'.1.sg.). than the strict word order rule does. mostly from strong to weak) Ironically. Gender . In Old Norse the article stands either before the substantive word (usually when there is a modifiying adjective) or. afterwards. Types of declension 3. 'child' in many old Indo-European languages is neuter. grandad are masculine. Apart from Old Norse and Icelandic. this situation changed to the opposite.e.4. three genders have existed in Norn. neut. 3.2. all gender distinctions are lost (except relics in personal pronouns: masc.). journey'. (masc. In English there are two sorts of article: definite (the) and indefinite (a). Norwegian. Faroese and German. 3. feminine) or marks their animacy (masculine. Swedish. in Icelandic you can have words of all three genders for a woman: fem. drengr 'boy'. neut. fem. 3. kvenndi 'woman (vulgar)'.1.3. nowadays.1. joining as another ending: inn hundr 'the dog' = hundrinn (Nom. he.1. In fact. sister.). .). But after numerous reduction processes that occured in Common Scandinavian 1000-1500 years ago.used with substanives that have a vocalic ending in Nom.used with substanives that normally have a consonant ending in Nom. daughter. For example. ferð 'trip. neut. In Old Norse there is only the definite article which corresponds to English the (the counterpart of the English indefinite article is just zero). son. while neuter includes mostly inanimate objects.1. inum hundi = hundinum (Dat. No wonder that multicase systems are very widespread in languages of the world. keeping the number of words needed to a minimum. auga 'eye') (Sporadically substantives could change their type. granny are feminine.2. masc. mother. is still undevelopped according to old beliefs).ex.interchangeability and emphasizing. fem. feminine) or inanimacy (neuter). as there are masculine and feminine words for inanimate objects and there can be exceptional cases when animated nouns have neuter (f. In English and Afrikaans. ins hunds = hundsins (Gen. In Danish. she. Article . brother. kvenmaður 'woman (more official)'. as something whose anima.1. it). inn hund = hundinn (Acc. amma 'granny'. in Proto-German the strong declension contained stems ending in a vowel and the weak one in a consonant. kona 'woman (neutral)'. In languages with such a system father.sg. "technical") category. Of course. neut.a function word that marks definiteness. barn 'child') 3.4. i. Strong declension (substantives) . Passive voice . Voice . Mood .3. Weak declension (adjectives) .).3. Strong conjugation .2. Dan. give . ek kom 'I came' 3. In Scandinavian languages there are three main vocies: 3.).2. 3.3.). Conjugation types 3. bind . i. Danish. conditionality.verbs which form their past forms through alternating the root vowel: Eng. ON gefa gaf (sg.2. binda .1. i.3.verbs which form their past forms through adding the so called 'dental suffix' -d-. modified by the adjective.2. hesten blev dræbt af manden.1. 3. expresses an action directed at the subject or that has a reciprocal meaning. minn svarti hestr 'my black horse'. command. Weak conjugation .bound. sof ekki! 'do not sleep!' 3.2.'to "frighten oneself"'. 3. The verb is normally expressed by its passive participle preceded by the verb 'to be' (English.2. 'to be verified'.2.2.same endings as in the weak declension of substantives.3.expresses possibility.gave. exhortation or prohibition: ON kom! 'come!'.the subject is the agent or actor of the verb: ON Maðrinn drap hestinn 'The man killed the horse'.gáfu (pl.1.2. . combines endings from the substantive strong declension and the pronominal declension (svartr hestr 'a black horse'.a grammatical category which expresses modality.expresses an order.2. its possibility and necessity.e. Indicative . Icelandic) or 'to become' (German. wish: ON ek kœmi 'I would come' 3.the subject is the patient.4.1.relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject.) . Strong declension (adjectives) .bundu (pl. is used if the substantive. subjective interpretation of the action. Faroese): ON Hestrinn var drepinn af manninum 'The horse was killed by the man'. object etc.1.1.batt (sg.) . Imperative . 3.2. þeir glǫðu drengir 'those glad boys') 3. blev 'became'.or -(a)ð-: Eng. Norn sadnast 'to "verify oneself"'.4. which originated from sik 'oneself': ON drepast 'to get killed'.1."default" declension. 'to be frightened'. Three main moods should be kept in mind: 3.2. Subjunctive . roast .called.4. target or undergoer of the action. Active voice .3.2. glaðir drengir 'glad boys') 3.2.is in the middle of the active and passive mode. request.2. In Old Norse was formed with the suffix -st. -t.3.1. Verbs 3.2.used for factual statement or positive belief: ON ek kem 'I (will) come'. has the definite article or if there is a possessive or definite pronoun (svarti hestrinn 'the black horse'.e. call .1. Middle voice . å. hāf < haf. o . Preterite-present verbs .kǫlluðu (pl.). hō < háfr. ērskäi < *arðskíð. Most of these verbs have modal meanings (can. fäļ < fall. twor < tár.Dialects .Phonetics . Articles "Hildinakvadet.ūmȯiț < úmáttr .3.baldin < baldinn. εrg < arga. ārm < armr. -tåt < þáttr. shall. häņ < hann. med utgreidung um det norske maal paa Shetland i eldre tid" by Marius Hægstad (coming soon) Examples of phonetic corruption in Norn (coming soon) Similarities between Norn and Faroese (coming soon) Ek-words in Shetland Norn (birtek. äņəhva'rt < annathvárt. to spō < spá. with the dental suffix). de fōgri < hinn fagri.told.äi (before palat. rāb/rab < hrap-/rabb? bäļ < ball. to sō < sá.dūma < dámr.garbək < *garðbalkr.should.äŋt < -and.past).skuldu (pl. ogə. Icelandic and Faroese (coming soon) Shetland Norn: . to bē < baða bōl. æ (rare) Shetland Norn Examples (Norn < Old Norse) fār < far. 3. telja .) . lōdigrōd < *látugrátr wo < á. Hildina) ū.). past) . to lōd < láta.pres) . must etc.) gɔiț. ON kalla .pres. Vōrd < varða.) .) ɔ. ūmɔiț.tell .e.o(i) (before palat. vedek etc.varði erg.) (coming soon) Infinitives used as imperative in Norn.Hildina .ȯ wō (Foula.Grammar .gærbək.) . vō < vágr. ɔkrə < akr.a small group of verbs which form their present like past time of strong verbs and form their past like past time of the weak verbs (i. vɔkər < vakr. Old Norse a a. ā ä. ō ē.): Eng. ON skal (sg.gȯiț < gátt. bäļdin. gōrd < garðr. fwo < fá smut < smátt á ō. geddek.kallaði (sg. shall . käņ < kanna mogi < magi.u ɔ(i). will. gērbək.gȯdək < gáta. dōma.bɔul < bál.tǫldu (pl.skulu (pl. änd.3.taldi (sg. gōdək.skuldi (sg.Texts Phonetics of Shetland Norn Based on "An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland" by Jakob Jakobsen. jo u (occas.) i/äi occas. rȯ'ļk < Nor. bä'ņtər. räņd < renna. rī < hríð. stä'ļk < stilkr.tʌ'fər < þilfar grīmi < gríma.) ø (esp. jε ə.færdək < ferð. līvən < lifandi bi'rtək. häņd < hinna. şopä'ļti < sjópiltr. rø:s < hrósa. lēm. rɔvək < rófa. flȯga < fluga. hēgri < hegri.ɔu tədbɔu(s) < *tíðbrá.be'rtək. mø: < moð. stȯ'ļka < stulka.hεļək < hella.) u u o. ɔ(i) (before palat.fjok < fok. ȯrdəl < hurðar e e. ī e.fērdimεt < *ferðarmatr. past of hveppa şēla < *hjela < héla. before ð) ó ū ø: (occas. in Eng. stūr < stórr krø: < kró.< ormr.bɔul < bál.ō. to slεp. rosk < rusk. alternate o o.) ȯ(i). stȯņd < Nor. bōl. lemm < hlemmr at:avε'ļta <*aptrvelta. rεta-dyke < réttarwələ'nt. mȯņd < ȯ(i). dwäļ < dvelja. blostər < blástr bεk < bekkr. bulin < bulungr.kwopət < hveppti. simən < sími tədbɔu(s). kȯņmæ'rki < *kornmaðkr.bə'rtək < birta. ɔ(i) (before palat. risəl < hrísla. dəmska < *dimska. gȯit < gott. holleg. .orm.kwäi < kví brɔd < brot..standa. hwīld < hvíld. urm-.Sw.) mund.bji'ntər < *bindari. bø:r < borð. klūr < klóra.kwī/hwäi. pilka. ɔ(i) (before palat. ȯ (after w) i i. to tjōg < toga krupin < kroppinn.i e ä.ɔ.pä'ļk < Nor. sȯņd < sund.slæp < sleppa ēvalous < efalauss.ə ä.ȯ ȯļa. jεlins < élingar. blɔustər.tedbɔu(s) < *tíðbrá läțla. hȯļi < Nor.mȯv < move gūən < góðan/góðing. şūr < sjóvar. driv < drif.ȯ.) ō (except.steļərs. bø: < boð. ε. mø/mū < *móða groma < *gróma?. rækstər < rekstr.) ʌ í ī. bærg < berg. tiļi. words: to møv.sʌlək < silungr. skäļ < skell. pei'ļk. mūd < mót.fog. sp(j)ēviti < spévætti.bolungr.läitla < lítla läitla/litla < litla. lēga < lega færdimεt. nisək < hnísa.teļi < þilja sələk.ε (before palat. wȯlə'nt < vélindi bidi < biti. hwopət.) o.) ȯ(i).ε. mæ'rki < merki.stäļərs < stillis.< ullar-. bulk. lī < hlíð. tovi < þófi bu'lk < Nor. rulk. ȯņdali < undarligr.ε (before palat.ȯ (before w) é jē (ē). skȯit.æ. skogin < skóinn. ībit < *íbit. lεm. occas. brεna < brenna. kɔli < kola.hollig. slū < slóð. nog(in) < hnokkr.ē ä.skɔit < *skott < skoða. BUT stiļərs.fjog. həmna < himna. kə'r˙kasuk˙ni < kirkjusókn ä'ļskət < illskóttr. väņdi < vent hwȯli < hvelja.ε (before palat. tə'lfər. fɔg. rus < rus borəl < burl. hwī. hūb < hóp. spjēlman < *spélmaðr. hεļər < hellir. færd.stonda. ?) æ ē. skrēlin < skrælingr. bøsni < býsn brī < brýna. ɔ(i) (before palat. kupi. ēd < eið. jεdər.e ε. hȯm(b)li. berək < byrjan. hjog < hǫggva. res < ræsa.ǣ. hø: < hý.ɔņd < ǫnd ei ē. de ķør(ə)n < kýrnar. rIga.vjēdək < veit(a).ε jē.) myglaðr.< hryggjar.jε (occas.) trȯļ < trǫll.ō.i ū (after palat. jokəl < jǫkull.u (after palat.ú u. pøti.şȯn < tjǫrn. dȯs < dys.) ņogəl.) gȯļdət < *g(a)úldinn bIgin (bøgin) < bygging.fjǫru. skrū < skrúfa.todələk. stīvin/stivən < *stýfingr ļū < hlýr läir/lø:r < lýrr.ø (occas.njogəl < nykr.) ai (Scots infl. mə'rk < myrkr don. lεra < leira.ø: ī.ē ȯ(i).< hǫmlu-.bȯr < byrr.dȯn < dynr. stɔŋ < stǫng şøn. tøþələp. flø:d < flýta.ærək < æringr twä(i)țəld < *þvætlaðr grȯla < græla bø:li < bœli. sņukər.twidəl < *þvætl. ēs < eisa. vēn < vænn.mäl < múli ȯ(i). fjēl < fjǫl blēg < bleikr. BUT Løgəna < Lœkina [Lœkirnir] fjȯra. ūtȯțləχt.) au jō.*þvætla εrək. swēl < svæla. rεdşkab < reiðskapr vjēdək.pəti < *pytti. ɔ(i) (before palat. e.sķø:l < skýla kēr(ə) < kærr.ø:. mørna < mýrina.mol. mȯļgət < ȯ(i). birək. tūn < tún. tød < þytr y i (e) ə ø.hȯņən < *hyrningr. ȯņd.h´'nt < heimta. ø:ņd.ɔ. ɔ(i) (before palat. rεŋ < rǫng.ø e (occas. skrīvlin/skrø:vlin < skrýflingr. lølək < hlœgligr beniman < *bœniman ļōg < lœkr.ūtȯitləχt < úþýðiligt. sȯtşkins < systkin. dȯņa < dynar. ɔ(i) (before palat. bødi < *bœti. jōga < auga ý ø. hε'nt.æ ä (before palat.øiņd < hyrni o.*byrjing. sȯțşkins < systkin.ə ø:.ø ō (after palat. gjōl < gaula. bäi'ļki < *bylki.ȯ hȯņin.jɔ . tīli < þýðligr.ū o. mul.) œ ø:. skäil.tudələk < *tǫðulaupr ļōg < lǫgr dεk < dǫkk. -mø: < mœða.) ȯ (except.kobi < kúpa.dwətəl. gø:r < gýgr. kupa < kúpa grøt < Icel. nidərd.snokər < snykr drø:lin < drýll. skø:l.) bū < bú.ȯ.fjɔra < fjara.) ō (after palat. kø:d < kœða.o(u). *fø:r < fœra. nī (nø:) < nyt? bər.) ȯ(i). dwetəl. tūg < þúfa.ε:.) grȯņşka < grœnska ǫ ȯ. jɔkəl < ǫxl.etər < eitr bjōg < baugr.nedərd < nytróttr. grē(d) < greiði.fjora. rūg < hrúga.kopi. grútr. fərə < fyrir. BUT bei'ļk. hogi < hǫgg. rø'ļki < *rylki.) ε(e). snī. ōrna.ø:r < eyrr fļōg < fleygja drø:g < drjúgr.røni < hraun lup. frōd < froða.hä'ņta(r)less < handa(r)lauss. hlýr. gōrd < garðr. tōm < taumr. gødin < *gœðing. tşa'lk. lȯdər < lǫðr.).gambla < gamli. kāvabȯrg < *kafaburðr ð (dropped) d ðr > dr rð > rd gð > g(d).*himblins < hǫmluband. rī < hríð. stərən < stirðna. stȯdək < staði. hȯm(b)libands. førə < fjórir.jú ø:.pjak < Nor.jó. da'lk < Nor.-ə < maðr(inn). lī < hlíð. ljo (in Foula.rø:d < rauðr flādrək. ļūm(i) < ljómi. bȯ'ņşvam:.rød < rauðr. rød < hrjóta ļū < hljóð. džūb (tşūb) < djarfr.afrōd < afráða. lagət (-əd) < lagðr aitrahōla < aðrahvára.gopm < gaupn brø:d < braut. ld > ļ bji'ntər < bindari. eyrna. pjakke. häņaless. flȯdərək < *flaðra.) já. rø. rø:dastab < *reyðarstabbi. lø:.ō.vȯ'ņşvam: < *barnsvamm gambli.< eyra (< *auRa). *rø:.hȯrdin < urð. partially) b b (usually) p v ml > mbl berdus. perdus < *bergdus. lø: < hlýða.lop < hlaup. lø:(d) < hljóð. hȯrdək.o.vəl < Nor. BUT galafər < -ferð (unstressed).ø ū (after palat.see þk . mȯdəra. bull. miļənasto'mp < *myldingarstump gūə(n) < góða(n). skum(bə)l < skuml d d (usually) t dj > dž (Whalsay: tž) nd > ņ.klostər. kø:d < kœða. väitikēb < vaðkeipr rȯdž < ryðja. *ljūs < ljós ey ø: ē (rarely) ō (after palat. onplost. skōrd < skarð. grē. vâr < verði afbreg(d). spadi < spaði. džur < djór. ø:r < eyrir. occ. ū:tȯț:ləχt < úþýðiligt. BUT widi.ȯ. gjɔpm. lūdərhorn < lúðr-. rudər. Far. færd < ferð. *grøtşta < grautstaðr.rūr < hrúðr bIrdək < byrðr. stø: < streyja. ļū < ljótr. bȯrd < burðr.grēd < greiði.*stœða.widdi < viðja fɔg:bȯr:gər < fokburðr.kløstər.virda.ōbreg.virdək < birta. *trō < þráðr bōd < boða. bjak.snē < sneiða. nut. dálka hȯņən < hundinn. lø:bin < *hleypingr. rø:n. hərd < hirða. d. dalka. bi'rtək.utbrag(:) < afbrigði.ɔ (rare without j) ø. klustər. blȯ'nt < blundr dža'rf (tşa'rf) < djarfr. skø:vi < skauf. klø: < kljá.o'mplost < andblástr bəl. (ə)t t ðj > dž g ðk .ø: u *jōra.lø:d < hljóð. afrō.klȯstər < klaustr.nøt < naut ɔu (Scottish influence?) ɔus < ausa klø:vin < *kleyfingr. sø:da < seyða ēr. hardi < harði. fog. klāg < klaka. şøk < sjúkr. gepill.ĝebi < Icel. râg.kw.w hálsbein. ķø'rk < kyrkja. yom < heim inserted before a häņ:vâg < *andvaka.gjølg.kāva < kafi. skāv < skafa.kn. sw (rarely) hwāl.horəm < hárhamr. vasgə'rt < fastgarðr. incl. gjelg. ūrām.gjølg gebi. ļōg < lœkr.džölgər < gjalfr. gjō < gjá mȯļgət < myglaðr g h retained initially (h)a'l:tagɔŋ:gi < *haltaganga. hr. skjå.ofsahεļək < *upsarhella of words lī < hlíð.stjūgi < stúka.hjogəl < hégeitill. Nor. when final or between vowels.occas. ha'ŋklin.-tjɔg < -tak. nev < hnefi. BUT ja'rta < hjarta kikən < *kykandi.rēg < reka. hildin < eldinn. hn > hn. puki.fjúk-.. sķεga < skeki. ĝil < gil.negi < *hneggingr.ng g > ĝ (palatalisation before front vowels: i.vatək < (dafek) < ?Gael.e. jɔ'nsi.knæð < hneppa.hȯrdin < vowel in the beginning urð(in). arvi < arfi.sø:gi < sýki. rēk < reka.jōrin < *háringr. klȯfən.kneppa. stū < stýfa bogi < bogi. smoga < smuga.kipək < kippi.sķūl k mostly retained g (freq. ogg < hugga. rok < rok. knȯdži < knoggi džȯlgər. esp.ɔkrə. dubhach hō < háfr. truggel < trygill vō < vágr mæ'rki.sn snjūg(i) < knjúkr.kēb < keipr.ggi > dži gj < dž (gj) gl > lg dža'rf < djarfr.kεgər < keikr. gεld.). e(i)dnar < hennar.ø) gi. ķεgər. gjōla < Nor.klȯvən < klofann. skjō < Nor.ĝεld < gelda.fɔg. hȯrdək. ķø:r(ə)n < kýrnar. kragək < kraki.stiggi < stigi. hl > l knεp.ķōb < kaup.f f. riv < rifa. snȯt(i). in lg. mogi < magi. Nor.snət(i) < hnǫttr. brogi < Nor. gōgi(s). jigəl(ti). BUT kjōb.kōgi(s) < kaga. skrū < skrúfa.ĝø:r < gýgr bεldžiən < belgin. ōg < aka. kāfa.gȯrhərd < *garðhirða.hwȯ'lsbane < before a vowel. ĝera < gera.ķ .ogə(r) < akr. occasionally in initial position) palatalised before a front vowel kj > kj. dȯfən. occas.skøl < skýla. krūg < krókr.høvi < háfr.krȯg < *kruk ķēb. sķøl. wȯ'lsbane. dropped occasionally ūriən.bloga < *blaðka.knǫttr hv > hw. BUT kə'r:kasuk:ni < kirkjusókn kjɔ'lk < kjálki. yilsa < heilsa. slāg < slag.haŋglin < *hanglingr. gø:r. lik < lík. -tag. swam(m) < hvammr hj > ş şarəl < hjarl. n. røni < hraun. knɔkins. fȯdək. sķōl. trogəl.kjøra.hnjúkr.hjigəl. kjore. kāfə.kwāl < hvalr.kjørək < Nor.kramək < hrammr. şēla < *hjēla < héla. grȯg. fjȯk. rf > rf v (as in ON -fbetween vowels and sonorants) v (occasionally in the beginning of a word) dropped after ō.wōrin.džölgər < gjalfr. hɔvi. ska'rf < skarfr. between vowels and in the end dropped k/tž (occas. flȯg < fluga. hjɔnsi < hœns.sœfa. brokkut. fļoknər < *flognir. blɔka.dōvən < dofinn. *skjɔldra < *skjaldra. rām. rūg < hrúga. stjāgi < stjaki. tø:v < tœfa fasgə'rt.mergi < mergr.kjore.snigom. hofsahεļək.džȯlgər. snigin. krȯv < krof. ȯrdəltree < *hurðartré. drâg < drag.ū commonly preserved.snap < hnappr.fjȯg < fok.puka < púki. ņâfatag. şålmət < hjálmóttr. sōv < sofa. kāvi. njogəl < nykr. stuki. vakur bâgi < bak. gjelg.kr snig < hneggja. hr > r.nevatjɔg < *hnefatak gåva < gáfa. Foula ballad: elde < heldr. drōg < draga. kjōlək. vɔkər < Far. j. stigi. sø:ga. tžö'lk. kȯrhərd. ķipək. blāg < blaka. rāb < hrap. ho'ms < Nor. pilk. skum(bə)l < skuml n generally retained fn > mn. hȯļi < No.bräņər < brennir. spjēskāb < *spéskapr.hlýr.njogəl < nykr hȯņən < hundinn. rab.bɔņ < barn.rl > ļ. rȯļk < Nor. breņər.< hafn-. ro'ms < raumska skul(ə)m. njafin. drȯņd. bagi. occasionally initially).swāl < Nor.nād < Sw. naffa.ø:b < œpa. ūb. (palatalization) nd > ņ nn > ņd p retained džūb < djúp. skεptin. käņ < kanna.snabək.kεlva < kefli. hōkil(l)in < hákerling.hollig.hä'ņta(r)less < handa(r)lauss räņd < renna. ȯņdali < undarligr. ll.blohȯņin < *biloðhyrningr. skäļ < skellr. häņ < hann. swār.Tȯptəns (Təptəns). snæbək.rn > ņ. fjoms. bloga (bloγa).hɔņ < horn.mȯņ < munnr.snæp(i) < *hneppi.Sc. brna.skæbək < skeppa. strȯba < stopi. glø:b < *gleypr. rulk. kibək < kippa ap(ta) < aptann [-ft-]. L.dial. span < spann.brεņər. (palatalization) ld > ļ kεvəl. kåļ < karl. sȯb < saup. päi'ļk < No. säņd < sanna. BUT lândsķεp < landskapr skεbək. naff.snεp(i). nn. nægistik (næγi-) < *hnakkastykki. glâb < glap. ļūm(i) < ljómi miļənasto'mp < *myldingarstump m usually retained ms > ŋ(k)s lm > ml fj'ɔŋs.baldin < baldinn. skalvə < skafl mȯļgət < myglaðr skul(ə)m.skεbdək < *skeptingr.(baγa-).Sc.njafək < Sw.ø:b < óp. nɔralεg < *nálarleggr. flab < flapr. hεļək < hella. ļōg < lǫgr.kȯbi < kúpa.kεlvək. ņogəl. hum. ro'ŋ(k)s. lø:bin < *hleypingr. sval pei'ļk. mana < manna.fjo'ŋsət < Nor. grȯņşka < grœnska. trȯļ < trǫll. blohȯņdin. knat?.drȯin < drynja n > ņ (before a consonant. rεdşkab < reiðskapr. bloka < *blakka < *blaðka l mostly retained vl > lv gl > lg lm > ml l>r l > ļ (before a consonant. ūb.gnaddra. holleg. Ham < Hǫfn. andər.lœkr.stəmna < stofn. ho'ŋ(k)s. skum(bə)l < skuml fjȯrd < fjøldi. hamn. njatəri < *gnatra. ļū < hljóð.hȯņ. stå'ļk < stilkr. BUT bäļdin.nyaff. häņaless. väņt(i) < vent (þú). stamərən < *stafn-rǫng äņəhva'rt < annathvárt. mȯn.etərskop < eitrskapr. fļōg < fleygja.aņdər < anddyri njād. hūb < hóp. etərskab. mȯņd < mund. m (finally) stȯmna.brεņa < benna. L. glȯb < glop. bȯņ. or between vowels) pp > b (occasionally) ft > pt (bd) r retained .həni. kupi. humsken. Tȯpti-. melən (meļən) < millum.< bakka-. hεļər < hellir.< skjól kk > g(γ) (occasionally) baga. occasionally initially). kjōb < kaup. ļū < ljótr. fäļ < fall. Taft < tópt b (usually when final. bäļ < ball. BUT hȯni. wələ'nt. utjona. twä(i)țəld < *þvætlaðr dōm < þám. sōd < sát.rn > nn (occas.tȯdək < tuttr slȯrd.kjore. skalvə < skafl Dialects of Shetland Norn This overview is based on distinctions registered in Shetland Scots as of the end of the 19th century by Jakob Jakobsen and presented in his "Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland". or between vowels. Foula ballad: chaldona < tjaldinu.ȯďbə'rt. väțibând.trȯļ:şlâ:gət < trǫllsleginn. cf. -brɔd < -brot. widi < viðja. tamp d (usually when final.ūtȯitləχt < úþýðiligt.misfø:ld.vatək < fata. LIX.sœta. klut < klútr.ut < naut. wæ'lşi < vǫlsi kεvəl. nød.kjø:lək. tş (when final) tt > d (occasionally) tr > rd þ t d þj > ş þk > rk (occas. jεdər.būrək < *buringr.) tr > rd r>l banno-corn < barn mallo < marlaukr slȯrd. drȯļ:şlâ:gət. do < þá şok(k)a < þjukkr kȯņmæ'rki < *kornmaðkr [-þk-]. wadməl < vaðmál. p.kjøra.ď (palatalisation) äțifər.) v v (in most cases) w (initially) vl > lv Watli < Vatnshlíð.tʌ'lfər < þilfar. tȯd. lag:stø:(t:) < *lagsteyta. ūtȯțləχt.läitla < lítla. togə.mōd < mót. kȯrl. sōdi. with some additions.grø:tək < grýta.< þoku-.kεlvək. trō < þráð.kjōlək. the Foula ballad: dar < þar.teļi < þilja. fȯdək.not./L. slȯd < slot. gjōla. -hɔiț < -háttr.) rn > rl (occas.*sáti.slȯdər < slytra tari < þari. läțla. dwetəl. şȯn < tjǫrn.wȯlə'nt < vélindi. njogəl. ļūd < ljótr. grūd. flāda < flata.slȯdər < slytra aitrahōla < aðrahvára. jakəl < jaxl.dwətəl < *þvætla < þvætta. mjat < mat.etər < eitr. vitş < vitja minȯd < miðnátt. gɔiț. Most of the features mentioned below are . *ȯrdətū.dū < þú. buliŋ. skītək < *skítingr bidi < biti. v. tə'lfər.kεlva < kefli.søt(a) < sœtr. mādər < matr. Nor. trūən < þró(in).*ōrdədȯit < *árdagsdot(t). (u)tīli < (ú)þýðligr. du. mark < maðkr tj > ş.äďbə'rt < atferð.korr < kyrr.misfø:rd < misfór(sk). jɔkəl < ǫxl t usually retained frεt < freta. äitifər. søda. tiļi.kjø:rək < Nor. dwa'rs < þvers. rø:d < hrjóta. to'rkəsȯt < *þukasótt.atwərs.gȯiț < gátt.sɔdi < sæti. mūd. twä(i)țəld < *þvætlaðr. ȯrdəl. dɔd < þot. occasionally in initial position) dropped (occasionally (spirvi)gru < -grjót. hwī < hvítt when final) ț.< huðar-? s retained dropped between k and l bjɔkəl < bœxl.väitaband < *vattaband şaldər < tjaldr.Germ. uşūna < Nor.v(j)ēdək < veita. gad < gat. da'mp < Dan.I.grøt < grjót. grødək.ņogəl < nyk. hatər < hatra. 4.2. quite. but hvítr > whit-. ā > â.7. hvammr > hwam. although influences from Scots may also be seen in between. bolla. tryni (trøni) < ON trýni. hverjum > kvara. quite. in North islands (Yell) occasionally to sw: hvalr > hwal. kví > hwi. horn > hoden.> oļļa. kóð > køð. hvammr > swam 2. the long -tt.A. drulie. 1. especially Conningsburgh and Quarf) hv. 1.nn has found its way to this dialect too.5. nn. North Islands.boliŋ = bulin. palatalisation (rather irregular) ll. ţţ: falla > faļļj. 2. Eng. ON hv. The initial h. kv > hw. In de Herra in Yell sporadically ð > þ: kø:þ = kø:d < kóð. Foula 2. especially Unst and Yell 1.æ are occasionally pronounced more open than usual. Some pronunciation differences: bjadni < barn(it). goţţ.3. (Additions to this list are more than welcome. In Dunrossness (South Shetland) the original ð is occasionally preserved as [ð] or [þ]: eið > eð. tând = tānd. ullar.A. cf. cf. gott &ht. 2. South Shetland 1.white > quite.3.3. meļļan.rl > ļļ.) 1.6.A. dn is present in many cases (where Mainland Norn has ņņ/rn and ļļ/rl): fall > fadl.is never palatalised and does not add -i.Sc. de Herra in Yell (as well in several other places all over Shetland): -ingr. hǿsta > osta 2. a somewhat diphtongized sound approaching the Faroese á [ɔa]: âli 'lamb' = āli. fá > fwo 2. ε. fäļļ. tt > itt.white > White 1.køþ.A. It has to be added that the palatal pronunciation of ll.to the preceding vowel either: gott > gott. !!! 2.A. tár > twor. but banna > bann 1. lœkr > log. buliŋ. henni > ende.is often omitted: hennar > ednar.undoubtedly of Norn origin. North Islands.ljog . 2. Westside (neighbourhood of Sandness). Instead of the palatal utterance of ll.kv. ON á > wo: á > wo. hvar > quar (Hildina).kwi.seþ 1. kví > kwi. Eng.-ungr > -iŋ: buliŋ = būrək < *buringr. [y] is often present where Mainland has [ø]: bryni (brøni) < ON *brýn-. ryni (røni) < ON hraun. kunnr > kodn. hv.1.wh.> w: hvalr > hwāl. occasionally in the initial (prevocalic) position: fleygja > fļog. Eng. drøliŋ = drø:lin < ON drafli + L. tøþələp = tudelep < *tǫðulaupr 1. Likewise.rn > ņņ.> bodli-.2. goitt.nn.1.kodden. Shetland mainland boņņ.8.4. hvern > whaar (Hildina) 2. kvisa > hwis. mið > mið.hann > häņņ. hvalr > kwal. (also in part of South Shetland. brenna > breņņǝk.2. Eng.> kw: kwolvin < kálf(r)inn. . brând = brand.1. nn > dl. Eastside. millum > melan. andi > äņdi. seiðr > seð. qu-. qu-. the change ll.wh.kv. Sketch of the grammar of Shetland Norn based on the material from Jakobsen's "Etymological dictionary of Shetland Norn" (See a separate overview forthe language of the Hildina poem) This overview is mostly based on forms picked up from Jakob Jakobsen's etymological dictionary. it should be kept in mind that most of those forms represent not directly Norn but rather its remnants in Shetland Scots and may well originate from different dialects and epochs. Of course. Nevertheless. we think that this material to a certain degree allows its systematisation and a contour description of . Indefinite declension A.1.1. Strong adjectives B. Strong declension A. Adjectives B. Comparative degree B.1. Personal pronouns C.1.1.5.1. Possessive pronouns C.2.1. Definite declension A.1. Demonstrative pronouns C.1. Nominative/accusative The standard Old Norse (ON) masculine ending -r is dropped in most cases (merging thus with accusative). Indefinite declension A. Weak declension A.1. Indicative E.2.3. Strong declension A. Present E.1.the grammar of Shetland Norn (or.1.1. Ordinal numerals E.3.1. Imperative E. See also the chapter on Old Norse for a grammar reference. SUBSTANTIVES A.1. Cardinal numerals D.2.1.1. Middle voice A.1.2.3. Invinitive E. except a few words where it still shows up as -er: (Norn < Old Norse unless specified) . Singular A. Comparative and superlative degree B. Substantives A. Numerals D. Plural B. Singular A.2. Plural A. its morphology) can be rendered. Past E.7. Verbs E.1.1. Indefinite and interrogative pronouns D. Superlative degree C.2.1.3.1.2. Weak declension B.1. Subjunctive E.3.2.1.4. Pronouns C.4.1. Short view A. Present (active) participle E.2. at least.2. Past (passive) participle E. Singular A.1.1.2.1.6.2. ON sæti Gen. In Norn it's normally preserved as -a/e (occasionally a > i). An influence from Scots is also possible. This ending is widely presented in Norn: Hornshul < Hornshóll s(j)usamillabakka (*sjósámillibakka) < á milli sjós ok bakka Maedadalls Woe < Matdalsá Vigadalswo < Víkardalsá Polsgjo < Pollsgjá marta di gons teke di veps < margt til garns. which had the genitive ending -is.g.was used in the strong feminine and the strong i/u-masculine declensions.1. The other examples . de Fjardepall < fjarðarpallr.can contain a contamination of various genitive endings. -sa. A.1. finder < fundr hwisterester (*hwister-hester) < hestr kidnpuster < kinnpústr Most of the feminine and neuter strong substantives in ON had no ending in nominative and the same applies to Shetland Norn (further referred to as Norn). Bahufseskodda . there is no doubt that it had to stay in Norn under any circumstances. b) Another regular genitive ending .2 Genitive a) -s was a common genitive singular ending in masculine and neuter declension in ON. -ses: Rønisfell < Hraunsfell. de Jørnategs < Jǫrundar teigar de Sjurategs < Sigurðar teigar *Sunlasetter < Sǫlmundarsetr Tronaseter (Tronister) < Þrándarsetr. In separate cases -s shows up as -is. -r: Masc. sætis. -er. tekit til vepts Vatshwi < Vatnskví De Felsend < fells endi merkis-time < merkis-tíð As -s is the only genitive ending in English.1. e. ryggagitel < ryggjargeitill Skeldebrøs < Skjaldarbrjóst . Rønis vo < hrauns-vágr Markamudiswo < markamótsá elis < éls Vatsaros < Vatnsrás Banufseskodda < Boðahnúfskoddi The ending -is could have developed owing to the influence from words ending in -i.ar/r .erdros < arðr-áss modera handalos < maðr(inn) handalauss fogborder < fjúkburðr funder.Vatsaros. 1. wol) < hlíðarhóll noralegg < nálar-leggr Maligjo < malargjá Navigjo < nafargjá The above examples show that -r is normally preserved in monosyllabic words (wor < ár. Accusative Corresponding to most Norwegian. lida. Feminine nouns had no ending in dative except the word hǫnd . In most of the feminine and all the neuter words nominative and accusative were morphologically identical. utia < útíð(ar?) Vigagjo < víkargjá lir. Lirhul (-hol. It is especially evident in the strong masculine declension where nominative has lost its masculine ending -r which made it look the same as the accusative form.sg.1. Dative In Old Norse strong masculine and neuter nouns had the ending -i.of vǫllr Stakken groiti < stakkrinn í grjóti Vo < í vági andi < í hendi A. (W)Orli < árhlið. Orruk < árvík olla < ullarGrindavelta < grindarHamnavoe < hafnarvágr Møradelds < mýrardeildir. . Gøstens < gýgjarsteinn. (W)Orwick. de Gørhul < gýgjarhóll (W)Ordal < árdalr.stays (as -d-) or disappears at all. A. which gives either a mono. Engamor. of lag Velli < á velli. It seems to be well-preserved in Norn. Lifell. de Lirend(s) < hlíðarendi.3. Orgil < árgil. Worgert < árgarðr. D. accusative in Norn strongly inclined to merging with nominative. but tends to drop in bisyllabic ones. Mørategs < mýrarteigar de Stranategs < strandarteigar skotnarur < *skotanar-róðr ufsahella < upsarhella Tuptategs < tuptar-. de Bellagø < ballargýgr hatterskum < *hattarskúm Fem.áróss.or bisyllabic word respectively.Skellavelti < Skjaldarvelta? Ballafell < ballarfell (?).D.sg. as well as West Germanic languages (German). D. de Lidadal < hlíðardalr. Engatus. Engamosdelds. hendi: lagi (to be in a lagi [lag] 'to be excited') < lagi. Woros .4.sg.1.1. The choice obviously depends upon whether -ð.1. de Orems < árheimar. lir < hlíðar. The reflexes of Old Norse hlíð show both types of this development: hlíðar > lir. gør < gýgjar). lida < hlíðar. Engermorvatn < engjarde Gørasten.1. Danish and Swedish dialects. bilki.r.er Neu i s G s/is/a.1.5.1. In neuter the Old Norse ending -a is mostly preserved or dropped occasionally. other forms with the ending -a swapped it for -i by analogy.A. to be i' skugga < at vera í skugga) b) Feminine floga < fluga flukra. stubbr vs.er A.. rokk < Nor. Ralla rømi. remi < rjómi slagi.1. nominative) and -a (originally. Ruka Fem. bulk m.2.1. slagi skugga. bor < bora . Flykra solta < solta Smorkelda < smœr-/smjǫrkelda c) Neuter jarta < hjarta joga < auga jora < eyra nir < nyra Many weak nouns have lost their ending. hoga < hagi ralli < Nor. Nominative One of the most prominent pecularities of this group of nouns is fluctuations between the masculine endings -i (oiginally. slaga < slaga.1. stump < stubbr/stubbi rukka. Their confusion can witness the blending of the nominative and accusative cases in Norn as we have already discussed above. stub. < ON *bular hog.. Nor. stubb nm. Weak declension A. although in a number of forms it is still preserved (partially it owes to the occasional blending of the strong and weak declension still in Old Norse.1. skugg < skuggi (cf. bulki m. bylki n.1. a) Masculine bilk. Swed.2. Summary Masc N A D (er) i Fem a. As a result. bulk < Icel. The omitting of the ending is especially noticeable in female.flokra < Far.1. hogi. cf. accusative. Masc. ON. stubbi). dative and genitive). ilsku.2. we have collected the examples of genitive into a separate group. In feminine the ending -u is often replaced with -a (the same change -u > -a is frequent in the plural of weak adjectives. Magni Tirvister (*Turvasetter) < Torfasetr. *o (u) o (u) o (u) Neu a. *fang-snarva (Alternatively the final -o can be explained as a result of the influence from -v-. Mangaseter < Magnasetr. horro < Nor. Kellabrun < keldu-brunnr.1.2. hurru.1. Høtu < heyþúfa.1. Plural A. fulga grinsko. hurra ilsko. -r. grœnska hurro.< pǫnnubrot. cf. Korkaseter < kirkjusetr.1. Genitive In Old Norse there was the same form for accusative. de Kjorkalis < kirkjuhlíðir. panna gjonge-sop.3. because most of them are parts of compound words. K(j)orkhul < kirkjuhóll. dative and genitive of singular in the weak declension of nouns.3. Muklatu < mikla þúfa A.2. kirkja pannabrod/panni.1.): Masc. dative folgju. -ur. In neuter there was a zero ending in the strong declension and the ending -u in the weak one. gǫngu-fiskr. dorg > * dorw > Norn dorro. Litlatu < litla þúfa.dagdvelj < dagdvelja di < þýða Greentua/Grøntu < grøn þúfa. Tuan stura < þúfan stóra. However. alongside grønska < grœnsku.2.1. see B. sorrow) A. alongside ilska < ilsku. Summary Masc N A D G i (a) a a a Fem a (o) a. ganga A. Nominative Old Norse had various plural nominative endings in masculine and feminine: -ar. All this is narrowed .*a (-) *a (-) *a (-) A. fulgju < fulgu. s(j)usamillabakka (*sjósámillibakka) < milli sjós ok bakka Fem. ilska fongsnoro < *fang-snarvu. Accusative. Kjorkigert < kirkjugarðr.2. de Kjorkidelds < kirkjudeildir.1. Torfi. like sorg > Eng.1. gjonga-fish/gjonge-fish < gǫngu-sopi. kelda Kjorkabi < kirkjubœr.2. -ir.4.2.1. Nom. sg. Milla vatna < milli vatna. The weak neuter declension has apparently borrowed the ending -er. kví . Nom. Kú jogers (*joger) < augu. vist ilsker < ilskur. klø < kljár. *Twegemann(a)o and *Vjedemann(a)o. sg. de Twegemanso < tveggja-manna-sátr. which in Norn turned into -en (cf. Milla hella < milli hella. pl.1. Kollevo < Kollavágr. de Vjedemansso < veiðimanns/asátr.1. eyra A. Drenar de Kletters < klettar.2.2. It is quite well preserved in Norn. eygu. s(j)usamillabakka < milli sjós ok bakka. eng vister < vistir. Nom. kyr) < kýr. -daga-. see below jogers.down to 3 endings in Norn: -ar. (-r is pleonastic) The genitive ending -na. sg. Logically it should have been *Emannsod. sg. Milla stena < milli steina. Kollefell < Kollafell. eygur A. Dative The ON ending is always -um. skottamilliskrua < skotta milli skrúfa. and pl. sg. f. ilska klør. dagr Hulmawater < hólmavatn. -er and the neuter zero ending. but the outcome is opposite due to corruption. klettr de Engers < engjar. Milla stakki (*Milla stakka) < milli stakka. sg. According to the rule of vocalic contraction. proper to female and neuter of the weak declension shows up in few cases: ornaskap < eyrna-. Kollerøn < Kollahraun. In the last case we face the mixing of the endings for genitive sg.2. auga. Hulmasjønn < hólmatjǫrn Kollafirt < Kollafjǫrðr.3. Mella fjela < millum fella (fjalla). milla gorda < millum garða.sg. as -e: dea-dumbvidlavoga < dymbildagavika. Milja sanda < milli sanda Gott a taka gamla manna ro < gott at taka gamalla manna ráð de Emannasod < *eins-manna-sátr < eins-manns-sátr. drengar < drengar (also drengir). cf. millen fjella. Klé ger (*kør. Genitive The main genitive plural ending in ON was -a. the Faroese ending -um [ωn]): Hwien < *í kvíum. Far.sg. the genitive plural ending -a is usually dropped when the root ends in a vowel: Sørett < sauðarétt Millenor < millum á(a). kollr husamilla(n) < millum húsa. occasionally appearing in a slightly different phonetic form.ex. cf. see A. e. hestrinn guli (Nom) slagi.2. Nom. er. globeren < gláparin de Fors(in) < forsinn Hessen gula < hestinn gula (Acc). blórar dimmodali < dimmu dali. kollrinn) or within the same word (eld(r)inn).1. slagi Boens < boðinn (boði) lavin < hleifinn (Acc). dali.g. er a. dalir.1. de Hogen < haginn de Kollen [Kullen] < kollinn. Acc.1) A. hestar.1. *dimmudali. -. Stakken sjukka < stakkinn þjukka. er s.2. but failed the final -r: Nom. i en a Fem ar.Toften < í Toftum. Summary Masc N A D G ar.2. er. nes hwiden s(w)iglen < (með) hvítum seglum Hulen < Hólum.2.pl. w.1.1. either separately (Acc. þúfa (or þúfan. tóft De Nes(j)en < í Nesjum.2. Nom. Nominative-accusative. hleifrinn (Nom) Stakken groiti < stakk(r)inn í grjóti.pl. r ar. Accusative In neuter and feminine accusative plural had the same ending as nominative. slaga < ON slaga. kollinn.2.pl. er en s.2. -dalir A. Remains of this system are still to be found in Norn: blura < blóra. Definite declension (with the suffigated article) A.5. w. Nom. especially when a noun is followed by a (weak) adjective in accusative.4. We quote both accusative and nominative forms of the Old Norse archetypes. a. na A.1. w. nominative pollrinn djúpi. Nom.pl hesta. In masculine it was equal to the nominative ending. Singular A. hóll (or Hól(l)inn. jadren (jader) < jaðarinn . Nom. r en a Neu s. see A. -.1) Tuen < í þúfum. Kollrinn de jaderin. stakkrinn þjukki hogin/hogen. a) Masculine The mixing of nominative and accusative is evident where definite nouns are concerned.1. pollin djuba which repeats the old accusative form pollinn djúpa. >"). hóllinn hvíti. hóllinn brenndi. hóllinn (otherwise treated as Dat.2.1. mýrin grœna. Nom. p. "Gryle verse" ("All the old grammatical endings in this verse have been levelled to -a. pollrinn djúpi ratsin < rassinn simmen < síminn Stenavellen. Nevertheless. Nom. ON bókin > Nynorsk boka. Nom. see A. gjáin stóra. Nom. sagde kolle gambli [kolla gambla] < sagði karlinn gamli spungna ligger i gliggan < spónninn liggr í *glygganum modera handalos < maðr(inn) handalauss b) Feminine In feminine the blending of nominative and accusative is especially obvious.) and -ina/-na (Acc. dagrinn ungadrengen < unga drenginn. see f.Jakobsen. cf. hóllinn stóri Tuen < þúfan (otherwise í þúfum. J. Nom. The conditions of this change are unclear. Nom.ex. Nom. "Etymological Dictionary..). Blomørna < blámýrrin/-ina Gjona stura < Acc. høgi). Hulen [hollen] kwida < hólinn hvíta. Nom. see A.. Probably this is an example of the ending -a spreading out as a universal ending of Norn. áin svarta Kusena stura < kǫsina stóru. Edm.2. gjána stóru. Gjona wi' < gjána við Ørna wi < eyrina við Wona svarta < ána svǫrtu. in Norn they appear as -en/in and -ena respectively. plur.dene komene ljus [lusa] < daginn [dǫgun?] er kominn í ljós. hóllin skarpi. Vallernes Hulen. kǫsin stóra dongjin < dyngjan skivin < skífan de Sletten < sléttan jilder hjolskin! < illa heilsa(n) Grunkens < grunnkan pirrena < pirruna (alternative interpretation: pirr-hœna) . Most examples show strong declension which Old Norse endings were -in (Nom. Hul(en) skarpa < hólinn skarpa.). mørena grøna < mýrina grœnu. Nom. Hulin < hólinn. except in bjadnis <. Hulen rundi < hólinn rundi. Nom. Hulen hjoga < hólinn háa. in Norn such cases are registered mostly in masculine. "Fragments of Norn". The weak endings in Old Norse were an and -una.3) In several cases the old masculine ending -inn shows up in the shape of -a or -e.pl. mýrin hvíta.).2..1. Nom.3. see A. mørna kwida < mýrina hvítu. Hulna hwessa < hólinn hvassa. Hulen (Ulna) stura [sturi] < hólinn stóra.1. monen < máninn hildin < eld(r)inn kjosen < kossinn halsin < hálsinn Pollin djuba < pollinn djúpa. In Norn they show up as en/in and -ena/-na respectively. XCIII. hóllinn hvassi (or Nom. ungi drengrinn Klettin rø < klett(r)inn rauði monin. Hulen brenda < hólinn brennda..". although it echoes a similar development of the feminine article in Norwegian dialects. Nom. hólarnir hvǫssu. hóllinn hái (Far.2. de Mørnabrods < mýrarinnar-brotar? (or Celt. seppalama (*-lami) < søta lambit sjønibøsni < sjónar-bysnit A. glygganum ølt i riggen < ilt í hrygginum Kletten rø < (á) klettinum [klettinn] rauða b) Feminine The Old Norse strong ending -inni appears as -in in the only example we have found (see also an anological conclusion for the language of Hildinakvadet).or -u.2.2. In Norn the final -r is dropped.2. Preserved in Norn.is shortened and the initial vocal -i. In a few Norn words the final -t is still on. but most often it is dropped.1. brod?. rarely -e.) A. also treated as mýranna-brotar.2. The vowel is presented as -i.2. Langa-/Longarøni < langa hraunit. the double -nn. No traces of the weak ending -unni have been discovered.Smina wi < smiðjuna við Rivena høgena wi < rifuna hauginn við c) Neuter The Old Norse ending for nominative and accusative was -it. de Fellarønis < fellhraunit. so the outcome is -na: Wonaswartadal < árinnar-svǫrtudalr Murnategs < mýrarinnar-teigar. gleggan < glygginum.e. see A.1. de Berrarønis < berghraunit. tungeflet/-it < tungufallit darget (also darg) < darget valne vatne < fallinn í vatnit firsta fari! < fyrsta farit sommere litla < summarit lítla Røni fogra < hraunit fagra. gleggin. Hjogarønis < haugahraunit.2. Holsinswart < halsins varða [-i] b) feminine In Old Norse The feminine ending was -innar (strong) and -unnar (weak). see A.3.reduced. Dative a) The masculine ending in Old Norse was -inum (strong) or -anum (weak). Norn has most often the ending -en or (respectively?) -an. i.) Nipnafell < gnípunnar-fell (also treated as gnípna-fell. Krogarøni < krák(u)hraunit.2. neuter The masculine (and neuter) ending in Old Norse was -ins. Genitive a) Masculine. . the same as in accusative (see though the account on the language of Hildinakvadet where there still is a different ending).2.2. hraun Ennins < ennin. Nominative a) masculine.1.follows straight after the root vowel.sg. this did not happen to Norn: sotskin < systkin.2. In Norn all these variants have merged into -erne (-ene) which must be a combination of nominative and accusative forms and is very typical for many continental Scandinavian dialects. enni viln (vils) < vilin Nom.def. A. weak (strong covered above) -ann Norn -an agglovan < *agga-klofann.) oba donna [dønna. pl. visterno < vistirnar Kletterne < klettarnir Vallernes < vellirnir Hulna hwessa < hólarnir hvǫssu (or hólinn hvassa. Plural. søskende .).2. Far. see A. A slightly different development is shown by donna < dyrnar. of klofi Tongan swarta < tangann svarta. feminine In Old Norse both genders had the endings -ar/-ir/-ur + -nir (masc. of leiti de Rønins < hraunin. unlike the ending -in as in Old Norse: Gilena grona (< *gilini) < gilin grœnu.2.Møren < á/í mýrinni No examples of dative definite in neuter (Old Norse -inu) are found either. systkini. masc.pl. where -rn.)/-nar (fem.1. tanginn svarti Rivena-høgena-wi < rifan/rifuna-hauginn-við . However. but its final part (-in) does remind it. A. A.1.a separate form which shows an influence from the feminine ending -ena.1. of vil de Gilins < gilin grœnu There are few examples of the ending being -ena (-*eni.2. Dan. -*ini) which is the same ending as exists in Faroese and Danish. dønni]! < opna dyrnar! boochsina < buksurnar (?) b) neuter de Lediens (ledi) < leitin Nom. Accusative sg. but Far.2. so that in Faroese and Danish it acquired the final vowel -e/i by analogy from the article.4. visterne. *gilini grønu clovena < Nor. klov + in The following word has formally no neuter plural article.2. A. teigarnir grinnu Blettena/blekna grøna < blettina grœnu. jungna] < milli gjánna Hwinarigger < kvíanna-ryggr Hulnarift < hólanna-ript Rivnateng < rifna-tangi de Mørnabrods < mýranna-brotar (or mýrarinnar-brotar? see A. Midla jouna [jongna. w.2. i(t). sw. ? ? s. en. Feminine and neuter names had identical forms for nominative and accusative plural. en/in. ins?. w. A. w. w.2.3.) Tegenavall (Tegnivaldjes) < teiganna-völlr Husenvord (Husavord) < húsanna-varða A. ? s. w.4.2. ins. ena/na s.2. w. lœknirnir grœnu Hulna hwessa < hólana hvǫssu. en. ? Fem sw. L(j)øgena grøna < lœkina grœnu.2. . w. The following forms only have been .2.2.1.1.2.2. en/in sw. Singular (s. Accusative masculine in Old Norse had the ending -ana or -ina. an s.2. -weak. . na. en/in. In Norn these endings are merged into -ena or -na. no definite dative plural forms have been discovered.A. Nom. rarely -ena. blettirnir grœnu Stakkena grona < stakkana grœnu. ? s. hólarnir hvǫssu Tegena gronna [gronja] < teigana grinnu [grœnu?].strong. ? Plural Masc N A D G erne (e)na ? (e)na Fem erne. In Norn it is normally preserved as -na.2. an s. i(t). na ? (e)na Neu in(i?) in(i?) ? (e)na B. stakkarnir grœnu Summary.) Nipnafell < gnípna-fell (or gnípunnar-fell? see A. na? Neu s. Dative Unfortunately. w.both strong and weak) Masc N A D G sw.1. w. na erne. ADJECTIVES B. Genitive plural has a common ending for all 3 genders: -anna [-nanna]. Strong adjectives The repertoire of various grammatical forms presented by strong adjectives is quite scarce. a s. It is well preserved in Norn. obra utoitleg(t) < óþýðligt.registered: Nom. Singular accusative masc. unga drenga and Nom. Neuter ending in old Norse was -t.sg. ungir drengar (?) Otherwise it might be influenced by an alternative form .2.sg. Smár uvart < óvart. Plural nominative: ungadrengar < contamination of Acc. óþýðiligr Sometimes the neuter form includes additional inserts: mjoget < mjótt. góða tíð B.masc (?).pl. Most likely it originates from the Accusative form (góða) or.pl. In Old Norse the ending is -an.pl. alternatively. adjectives in Old Norse had the masculine nominative singular ending -r but only few instances of this ending are found in the remnants of Norn: naber [nabel] < knappr uvolter [uvolt.4. B. Nom..1.3. and Dat. modera handalos < maðr(inn) handalauss Mukkel/Mikkel Rø < mikil Rauðey. Like with the dative plural of nouns. Like with masculine names. uvilt] < óðvilltr (?) The rest of adjective forms have this ending dropped and thus coincide with the old feminine form.5. Dat.sg. Singular dative.1. Grøntu < grœn tó/þúfa In feminine the ending -a [-e] is sometimes present. Singular nominative. Neu. svǫrtum þræði B. the weak Nominative form (also góða). *mjó-ótt In a separate case the final -(t)t is eliminated altogether: hwī ligǝrǝ hwī < hvítt liggr í hvítu B. Acc. smutt < smátt. hwiden s(w)iglen swerten tro < (með) hvítum seglum.1.masc/fem/neu. in Norn it is preseved as -en in those few examples where it still can be traced: goden dag! < góðan dag! B. the old ending -um shows up as -en.1.masc. Gen.1. Rø stur < Rauðey stór Grøni < grœn ey. Acc. Sanday Stour [stura] < Sandey stór(a) De vare [vera] gue ti < þat var góð tíð (Nom).masc.1. ). Rongakom < ranga kamb.ungadrengen < unga drenginn or. klókr Some of these adjectives appear as substantivated nouns: halti < halti. B.2. it becomes difficult to distinguish between the old strong Accusative singular form and the weak nominative singular one. Weak adjective with an indefinitive substantive (widespread among toponymes). mikli kambr.2. harðr rødi < rauði. Plural dative. Litla Kom < litla kamb. The only surviving Genitive plural form is gamla < gamalla (assimilation of the standard Gen. Nor.2. Grønitong/Gronateng < grœna tanga. which changes to -la after -l-): Gott a taka gamla manna ro < gott at taka gamalla manna ráð B. hvíti stakkr Brattikom < bratti kambr. hókóttr kruketi < krókótti.pl.2. Hwitiberg < hvíta berg. smeyginn B. Gronastakk/Gronistakk < grœna stakk. tanga langa .7. Longatonga < tangi(nn) langi. which had the same ending -a in Old Norse (see B.1. halar hardi < harði. In a number of cases adjectives are preserved in their old weak form. Same as B.1. Hwidanes. litli kambr de Longemi < lǫngumið Ruøy stoura < Rauðey stóra Øje gamla < iða gamla de Gamlabuls/Gamlibøls < gǫmlu ból.dumm bolleti < bǫllótti. grœni tangi Kwidamørr < hvíta mýrr.6. ending -ra. hwiden s(w)iglen swerten tro < (með) hvítum seglum. more likely. In the case of feminine nouns. Mukla Kom < mikla kamb. myrkr keremi < kæri minn. Hwita-/Kwitastakk < hvíta stakk.4. rauðr smjongni < (hinn) smeygni. Kerr kluki < klóki.1. grœni stakkr. grœni blettr. longafloga < langa fluga de Longegø < langa gýgr Grønablett < grœna blett. Gamla hellek < gamla hella Hjoganip < høga gnípa (?) Tjongi longi.dummur/dumbur.1. krókóttr mirki < myrki.1. be a reflex of a weak form: ungu drengar (see B. All occurences of this type show the masculine ending -i: dummi < Fær. rangi kambr. bǫllóttr huketi < hókótti.1.2). Weak declension B. Kwidanes < hvíta nes. dummi. svǫrtum þræði B. Better .). ungi drengrinn Gjona stura < gjáin stóra.1. hóllinn hvíti. gilini grønu Hellena kwida < helluna hvítu. Weak adjective with a definitive substantive. Mørena grøna < mýrina grœnu. fitin grœna.2. Nom.sota [soti] lamb! < sœta lamb! In the original weak forms consonantal inserts occasionally occur: groga < gráa. Nom.aptari better < betr. rundi).stakkarnir grœnu. garðstaðrinn stóri. Hessen gula < hestinn gula. the plural and feminine indirect ending -u is replaced with -a in most examples except dimmodali < dimmu dali (see a similar development in genitive feminine of substantives. Ljøgena grøna < lœkina grœnu. A. hestrinn guli Hulin rundi < hóllinn rundi sommere litla < summarið litla.Sc. cf.3. dalrinn grœni.4. hellan grá(a) B. L(j)øgena grøna < lœkina groenu. Acc. The older endings -ri and -ra are preserved. Øtra/Hemra Nip < ytri/*heimari gnípa Sudra Kidn < syðri kinn ettri < eptri. Far. sagde kolle gambli [kolla gambla] < sagði karlinn gamli Stakken sjukka < stakkinn þjukka. Tona grona < tóna grœnu. Comparative degree. Anglo-Saxon græg B. mýrrin hvíta Gorsten stura < garðstaðinn stóra. grár. gjána stóru Blettena/blekna grøna < blettina grœnu. Vadlin/Vallin stura < vaðilinn stóra./Eng.1. Gilena grona < gilin grœnu. apart from the ending -er which must have been borrowed from Scots.2. tóin grœna. vaðillinn stóri. Because of vocalic contraction in Norn a number of adjectives ending in a vowel (or the original -ð-) does not allow us to detect exactly whether it is an old strong or weak form: Klettin rø < klettinn rauða. Hulen kwida < hólinn hvíta.2. Hulen stura < hóllinn stóri. lœknirnir grœnu dimmodali < dimmu dali(na) B.2. Mørna kwida < mýrina hvítu. (undir) klettinum rauða Rø hedler < rauðr [rauði?] hellir (Fo) Hellena gro < helluna grá(u). despite the Old Norse form betr which also should have given the ending -er. The masculine Nominative ending -i is rather rare (gambli. hellan hvíta. Most of the forms show the ending -a. lœkirnir grœnu. Comparative and superlative degree B. mýrin grœna. stakkrinn þjukkr seppalama < sœta lambit (?) sjolin sjota < sálin sœta ungadrengen < unga drenginn. klettrinn rauði. L. Nom. Fidna grøna < fitina grœnu.1. Dalin grøna < dalinn grœna.3. Stakkena grona < stakkana grœnu.3. jada < þetta. Fær.2. sg. Gen..: Nom.hemer . Acc.. þessi. Personal pronouns 1. di < þit/þér?.: Nom. Acc.Øver/Neder Sund < øfra/neðra sund de øter/inner Kinnens < ytri/innri kinn de hemer/framer Sedek < *heimara/fremra sæti or *heimari/fremri seta Adverbial paradigm: hema . din < þín.: dit. ON halt þú > haltu: Shetland Scots looks-to! < look + tu (< þú) Shetland Scots haltu dog at djer < haltu (þik) at þér (double recirpocal form) 3. det C. dig. djer.: Nom.3.1.2. Indefinite and interrogative pronouns marg. dor < Fær. Dat. Gen. tygur. cf. margt . sg. see comments by J.".4. du. Like in Old Norse.Jakobsen on this form in his "Etymological Dictionary. CXVI.*heimast B. mart(a) < margr. p. the nominative form can be used in the imperative form of a verb. hetta C. C.: Nom. sg. mog < mig: ek ska(l) skjera < ek skal skera æve rigrive mog < (ek) efa(sk) (at þú) hrygghrífir mik 2.: mi. haņņa hanna daga < hann dagar 2. neu.dok < þig.3. Demonstrative pronouns Shetland Norn der < þat er it(t)a.hemest < *heima . sg. masc. neu. sg.pl.*heimari . Possessive pronouns 1. PRONOUNS C. hann. ek < ek. Superlative degree Hostanup < hæsti gnúpr i mirkastim hura < i myrkastum 'hour' ('in the darkest hour'). dor(a) < Goden dag til dor(a)! < góðan dag til yðvar Shetland Scots kwar'r dor gaun? where are you going? C.mit lammit < lamb mitt keremi < kæri minn 2. sal du < skalt þú 1. Far. skall. skal skal.1.1. most probably when the next word begins in a consonant.1.sg -e. Indicative E.3.kwar.sg. æve rigrive mog < (ek) efa(sk) 3. Present. annað! ('1st'. sg. The system of endings in the present seem to be the same as in Faroese: 1. cf. Cardinal numerals de Emannasod < *eins-manns-sátr. fjumtan < fimmtán '15' seks < sex.sg is dropped. NUMERALS D. wakna < vakna gonga.-ar. sekserin.sg -er.føre < fjórir. fýra '4' trettin < þrettan '13' fjomtena. Ordinal numerals firsta fari! second anari! < fyrsta farið.pl. de Twegemanso < *tveggjamanna-sátr fire.seksærin < sexæringr tretti < þrjátíu '30' D.3 sg. skar < skal Shetland Scots who æs it? < hver á þat? 2. In many instances the final -r in 2. '2nd') trid < þriði '3d' (tiind < tíund 'tithe' in bot(is)tiind) trettind < þrettándi '13th' E. skola < skulum (at þú) hrygghrífir mik . -a. ligga. liger < liggr siter < sitr seve < sefr. sing. 2.søfr leka < leikr hanna daga < hann dagar kaller < kallar 3. gongera < ganga honge < hanga Preterito-present verbs: 1. VERBS E. gonge. 1 sg.neut.3.1. pl. kwart < hvert (uppo kwart ura < uppá hvert eyra) or kwat < hvat: kwat a ita? kwat e jada? < hvat er þetta? D.2.pl. segja sokketu < sóktu/sóttu.. the endings are practically the same as those of Faroese: -e in sg.sg. Weak verbs. sagde kolle/a gambli/a < sagði karlinn gamli. Norn shows a tendency to add a vowel if the imperative did originally not have it. Once again. lop < hljóp.E. kome < kom. róa E. tví vorði [vorti] tær . grot < grét. hlaupa gat. Strong verbs gret.2. get < gat. heyrðu Shetland Scots looks-to! < look + tu (< þú) Shetland Scots (or Norn?) haltu dog at djer < haltu (þik) at þér (double recirpocal form) E. skríða kom < kom E.1. gráta wann. In some cases the respective infinitive form is also mentioned after the past form. Subjunctive twit se dee! < tvít sé þér! welawirdi < vel verði þér.2. ria < ríð.2. Either it is the result of a levelling influence from weak verbs or it is just the infinitive used in the imperative meaning. strø < streyði(?). geta dret. vinna strød/strøded. sækja vogede < vǫktu rude < *róðu/reru. -u [-e] in pl.2. Past. streyja lep/loped. trivi < þríf í! Halt < halt tak < tak kome < kom gera so! < gera svá! klapa < klappa ria < ríð ræn(na) < renn A number of forms have preserved the old Old Norse imperative particle -tu which originates from the personal pronoun 2. væl verði tær! twiti var dee! < tvítt veri þér! twiti varg dee! < tvít verði þér! (?). Fær.3.1. Fær.1. dräit < dreit. cf. Imperative Preserving the old imperative. þú: høredu < heyr þú.2.1. winn < vann. strjúka skrē < skreið. E. dríta strok < strauk. Present (active) participle The original ending is preserved only in a few forms. Past (passive) participle In some cases the respective infinitive form is also mentioned after the participle. tiga E. sǫkkva dritten.pl. the Scandinavian infinitive ending -a is still preserved in a few obscure forms apart from a number of forms from the Norn texts. of gemsandi gløen < glóandi E. ek ska(l) skjera < ek skal skera skottamilliskrua < skotta milli skrúfa tia. .4.I ver vi dee! < ek veri með þér! probably mixed with Eng.tiæ < þegja.6. lopa < hlaupinn.1. I wish I were here (?) E.5. hlaupa upplopen < upphlaupinn wantriven < *vanþrifinn or rather L. Far. dräit < dritinn. Infinitives of the verbs listed in Jakobsen's dictionary normally have a zero ending according to the rules of English/Scots. dríta teke < Tekit halden < haldinn voksen < Bassin smjongni < hinn smeygni fonn < fundinn. In the most of cases the Scots ending -in/en is used instead.6.6. gráta sukken.2. E. Weak verbs Hulen brenda < hóllinn brenndi lengdi < lengðir teldar < taldar Fem. driljandi < drillandi gemsina < gemsanda. sukk < sokkinn.Sc. However.pl. vanvurden < vanvorðinn runnin < runninn E. grot < grátinn. Gen. but: hjogfinni < haugfundit? nomin < numinn boren < barinn lopen [lupen]. wanthrivin? dene komene ljus [lusa] < dagar [dǫgun?] kominn í ljós valne vatne (FO fadlin) < fallinn í vatnið vanvordin. Infinitive. Strong verbs groten. The book saw the light of day only a century later. serving at that time in Orkney. the longest text in Norn that has survived until our days. the song had already been in print. Conjunctions H. attempting to bring the language of the ballad closer to its original (both versions are available at our website). Grammar 5. Import of the ballad 3. an old farmer from Guttorm in Foula. 6te band 1ste hefte" (1838. Phonology 4. London) and in "Samlinger til det norske Folks Sprog og Historie. Before that. Verbs F. published the ballad in his "Hildinakvadet med utgreiding um det norske maal paa Shetland i eldre tid".7. manuscript to which he completed in 1777. Hægstad presented his own corrected version of George Low's text. History 2. hrynja uppadoga < uppidagaðr vandet < bañador supet < sópað hoitted. Barry (1805. Prepositions G. The import of the ballad. Adverbs D. well-known for his researches on Scandinavian dialectology. . featuring in "History of Orkney Islands" by Dr. who. Middle voice helsk < helsask (?) pinnis < pínask (?) The language of The Ballad of Hildina Detailed view 1.run. Particles 1. -et < háttaðr E. when it was published in Kirkwall. in 1879. In 1900 the Norwegian scholar Marius Hægstad. Adjectives C. Substantives B. rin < hruninn. Low included the poem under the title "The Earl of Orkney and the King of Norway's Daughter: a Ballad" into his book "A Tour through the Islands of Orkney and Schetland". This volume featured a profound analysis of the song and its language. made a voyage to Shetland. was recorded in 1774 in Foula by a young Scottish clergyman George Low. 2. The ballad was narrated to Low by William Henry. Christiania). List of grammatical forms A. History The Ballad of Hildina. Pronouns E. and the matter came to blows. the first seems to have been valued here chiefly for its subject. for as soon as the Earl's back was turned a courtier. in Foula) has the most knowledge of any I found. to revenge on the Earl the rape of his daughter. now only sung to the dance. Let it be remarked that the following ballad may be either written in two long line or four short line stanzas. However. which. in some of his rambles on the coast of Norway. This man (William Henry. he spoke of three kinds of poetry used in Norn. for it seems Hiluge had formerly hoped to succeed with the daughter himself. he followed the fugitives to Orkney. now commonly sung to dancers. the Ballad (or Romance. this kind of poetry being more greedily swallowed and retentively preserved by memory than any others. Here it is worthy to be observed that most of the fragments they have are old historical Ballads and Romances. His project took. nor could he assist me in this particular. and was commonly repeated in winter by the fireside. I wrote it as an old man pronounced it. and repeated or sung by the old men. and by his appearance and promise brought the King so over as to be satisfied with the match. who cut off his head and threw it at his lady. on account of the hasty marriage of the Earl with the King's daughter in her father's absence. and the third at both. saw and fell in love with the King's daughter of the country. who was engaged in war with some of his distant neighbours. and most fitted to the genius of the Northerns. Upon the Earl's death. the Vysie or Vyse. the alleged Orcadian original of the song is not preserved . On his return. as its contents clearly witnesses. and advised her now husband to go and attempt to pacify the King. This.The Ballad of Hildina has its roots in Scandinavian and Germanic folklore and is believed to have been composed in Orkney. and in a little time Hiluge makes his demand to have her in marriage of . the Earl is killed by Hiluge. As their passion happened to be reciprocal. first spied him. however. called Hiluge. In this Ballad I cannot answer for the orthography. A literal translation of the above I could not procure. He did so. Hildina is forced to follow her father to Norway."An Earl of Orkney. and the simple Song. he carried her off in her father's absence. The subject is a strife between a King of Norway and an Earl of Orkney. a farmer in Guttorm. By the account he gave of the matter.its only available version comes from Shetland. but the disorder of some of the stanzas will show that it is not wholly so. that he should add cruelty to revenge. was of no long standing. On his arrival there. I suppose). The import of the ballad is summarised by George Low himself who commented in detail on this matter (without doubt. the second seems to have been used in publick meetings. she says. vexed her even more than his death. retelling the narrator's explanations): The following song is the most entire I could find. Hildina (which was her name). but the substance is this:. accompanied by his army. took great pains to change the King's mind. A battle ensued and they fought all day and many died. he consents. his daughter Hildr was kidnapped by a prince named Heðinn. mainly from the plot of the Elder Edda song "Guðrúnarkviða II": a woman (Guðrún) is being urged to marry a man (Atli) who has killed her lover (Sigurðr). and this went on until Ragnarök. When Högni came back. who piteously cries for mercy." The start of the ballad and its main characters are believed to be related to the story of Héðinn and Høgni from "The Battle of Heodenings". 3.org/wiki/Hjaðningavíg) As the narration develops. and he is left to perish in the flames. However. the similarity to the mentioned legend dissolves giving way to other influences. Phonology. It is also held to appear on the image stone at Stora Hammar on Gotland. but Hildr stayed on the battle-field. Hildr welcomed her father and offered him peace and a necklace on behalf of Heðinn. Like the names Heðinn (O. which gave wounds that never healed and like Tyrfing always killed a man once it had been unsheathed. This is easily permitted. Skíðaríma and in Skáldskaparmál from Snorri's Edda (Prose Edda). he immediately started to search for her. with great reluctance. agrees upon condition that she is allowed to fill the wine at her wedding. Högni had already unsheathed his sword Dáinsleif. the legend is believed to have continental Germanic origins. and takes every method to persuade Hildina.her father. Ragnarsdrápa. the Earl of Orkney and Hallr Þórarinsson in the Orkneyinga Saga). who. Högni finally found her and the island where Heðinn waited with his army. it is alluded to in the Old English poems Deor and Widsið. alternatively "Saga of Hild": Hjaðningavíg (the "battle of the Heodenings"). Hagena). and after ordering her father to be removed.wikipedia. and Hildina infuses a drug which soon throws the company into a dead sleep.E. Heorrenda). .E. Moreover. attributed to Rögnvaldr Kali Kolsson. Heoden) and Högni (O. In the Skáldskaparmál and in Ragnarsdrápa. In the older poem Ragnarsdrápa. This island is explained as the island of Hoy in the Orkneys by Snorri Sturluson in Skáldskaparmál. (http://en. The flame soon rouses Hiluge. the son of Hjarrandi (O. the legend of Heðinn and Högni or the Saga of Hild is a Scandinavian legend from Norse mythology about a never-ending battle which is documented in Sörla þáttr. and in the Old Norse Háttalykill inn forni (an Old Norse poem. set the house on fire.E. Gesta Danorum. She resurrected them with incantations and the fallen soldiers started to fight anew. Atli then starts suffering terrifying dreams about Guðrún killing himself. but the taunts he had bestowed at the death of the Earl of Orkney are now bitterly returned. In the evening Heðinn and Högni returned to their camps. it is related that once when Högni was away. < kinn liva. However. which. Dutch and possibly French writing rules. Apart from Low's ignorance of Norn. the inconsistency of the ballad's orthography could well be due to the utterance of its narrator William Henry. also vrildan < verǫldin) mien < menn. although in the majority of cases the commonNorn monophtongisation rule is obeyed. These examples make us suppose that ei designated a monophtong. Whether these are arbitrary orthographical mistakes by Low. mein(i). there are cases where such digraphs (combinations of two letters) are used for one original sound. misspellings by Henry or are we dealing with the actual decreptitude of Norn. see below 3. At least some of such "inconsistencies" are obviously not arbitrary and could be only done by one knowing Norn (f. The randomness of the orthography can be best shown with the following examples: keimir.2. but angan < engan [j]: jok < eyk. however. was fairly random. as we point out in General 4. which.5. kimer < kemr kemi. mjǫðinn. Orthography issues. quar < ON hvar 'where'. Either it was a slip of pen or we should take it for granted and try to explain it by the following series of changes: ON ó > [ø] > [e] (delabialisation) > [ei]. friendè < frændi dor. as in a number of cases they noticeably differ from their Old Norse archetypes. i muthi < í móti etc. (Using an analogical approach we can . sometimes in a rather weird way. fare < ferir inga < enga. either coinciding with [e] or having a sligthly different quality. but gerde < gerði kin. whar vs. heve < hæfi. as in reithin < rótum. Nevertheless. It is highly unlikely that the short vowel could have developped into a diphtong (let alone acquired length) in a closed syllable before dn. is still subject to discussion. The old long vowels are normally not diphtongised either: ro < ráð. looking like a mix of Scots. For example. ru < rauðu. firin. appeared in Norn after short vowels. in "Hildina" we occasionally encounter graphical diphtongs.2. where it is highly probable that it stands for a monophtong: eidnar < hennar. firre. there is one other occurrence of this digraph. but yath a port < gataport yera < gerir. kedn.lava < lifa (cf. hemi < heima. gem < þeim from the Lord's Prayer) for. ger < þér (ger possibly due to the influence from the preceding consonant: yach ger < ek þér.1.ex. lever < hleypir. Let us consider as an example ei. cumi < komi frinde.). What sound did it stand for? Here it should be said that the direct development of ON ó into [ei] is typologically hardly probable. cf.3. cf. kidn. The study of the phonetic system of the Ballad of Hildina (further referred to as "Hildina") is hampered by its orthography. The sound quality of various letters or their combinations is not clear. Shet la'verni < ON líferni with the shift of the stress on the 2nd syllable. as Low points out himself. No other examples of occurrences of the sound [ð] in Foula are known. is still unclear.). slouge < slóða stood for the monophtong [u]). Let us consider the letter y. the parallel form feyrin sien < fǫðr sinn. Whether t could analogically turn into [ð] or h in -th. reithin < rótum. this will be one of the fewest examples of the occurrence of [ð] in Shetland Norn (see General 2. the spirantisation of the old t into ð in these particular instances is not very probable. cf.2. Things seem to be much simpler where consonants are concerned. muthi < móti. fuo < fá. and follows either the English/French (y) or Dutch/German/Scandinavian (j) tradition. The phonetics of the ballad is well in line with what we know about Norn and its Foula/Westside dialect (see General and Phonetics of . lathi < lézt. fwelsko < fǫlska. As we pointed out above. the language of "Hildina" was not quite free of diphtongs. Its usage in "Hildina" is very reminiscent of English orthography. Foula bjadni < barn(it). In most cases it should obviously read [j]: yath a port. like in English. 3. The uniqueness of the language of "Hildina" shows in the fact that in addition to the regular j-breaking we also encounter w-breaking (of labialised back vowels). a contemporary performance of "Hildina" by a Swedish folk singer). so originally it consisted of two syllables. mjǫðinn. However. Yet another example of a digraph being used for monophtong is eo which most probably designated [ø]: meo < móðr.1. strange to the rest of Norn.after the intermediate consonant ð fell out.9. In this case the diphtong [ai/ei] comes from -aði. the usage of such letters reveals no surprises except in a few cases. there are also occurrences of rising ones ie. cf.2. lothir < lætr. -buthe < -bœtr. In one case it could be presumably treated as [ð]: vath (also vad) < við. Instead of this we can treat these spellings as instances of breaking. wath < (þó) at. The diphtongised spelling must descend directly from the Old Norse archetype faðir. If this is true. Another interesting example is the usage of th.1. On the other hand. Nevertheless. Low is not quite consistent in the usage of a sign for [j]. in the word fy 'father' (do NOT spell it as [fü]. like ei). grothè < gráti. the language of "Hildina" shows a close example of spirantisation. cases where this did not happen -fetign < -fætingr. although their phonological prehistory differed from the cases described above. On the one hand. gede < getit. Sound system. where p. Hardly do these occurrences stand for monophtongs. which was very widespread in Norn (cf. While in the previous paragraphs we were discussing descending diphtongs (where the stress falls onto the former part.).uo. as there is yet another group of diphtongs in "Hildina". for instance.ue (stress on the latter part): mien < menn. tworene < tárin(i).b have transformed into [v. The other cases are more complicated: yath a port < gataport. villya. wo < á. in one type of example it is more likely to be spelled as [ai] or [ei]. uadn < barn.w]: lever < hleypir. see also General 2. like a Scandinavian would tend to do. And that is still not the end of the story.was silent and meaningless. thì < -tu. cf. bleo < blœða (compare the development of ON ó and œ in Phonetics of Shetland Norn).suppose that ou in the spellings gouga < góða. n: Iarlin < jarlinn. Drotnign < drottningrinn.we. p.) 3. hadlin < hǫllinni. yaar < er 6.ie.Shetland Norn). o landi < af/ór landi (see also Hægstad "Hildinakvadet". rìdna < rennr. spirde < spurði. borè < borit. e > e. tega < tekr. velburne < velborna (compare the mixing of -a and -i in Shetland Norn: Shetland Grammar. yera < gerir. commin < kominn. estin < hestinn. ere < herra.1. heindè < hengdr. Konign. kedn. Koningn < konungrinn.inga? < engan e > ya (breaking. stiender < stendr. moga < megi.1.lingè < lengi. but linge < lengi. bugin < búkinn. mild < mold.) -jar > -er (in endings): skeger < skeggjar. but velburne < velborna. tinka < þenkja.o: bera < bera. frinde < frændi.engin. glasburyon < glasborginni. sonè < sona (but sonnales < sonalauss).eidnar < hennar. ǫ > o.e: kin.a.2. feurfetign < fjórfœtinginn (see also Hægstad "Hildinakvadet". i > e. gev(e) < gefr. eulinngin < ǫðlingrinn. billon < biðlund. mien < mjǫðinn. dern < durum -u > -a. 3. garedin < gerðinni.a. Below you find an overview of main sound changes from Old Norse to Hildina's Norn (notice that we use there Low's orthographical notation. tinka < þenkja.i: Orknian < Orkneyjum.2. although changes in the opposite directions occur spontaneously too: 1. -e: gouga < góða. linge. except cases mentioned below in item 1.1. 56-57) -in(n) > in. not phonetic transcription).2. huge < hǫfði.i: londen < lǫndum.ei. The vowel a stays mostly unchanged.yagh < ek. angan. gak < gekk.2.1. i > i.1. vaar < verð.u. only in a few unstressed words): yach. eulinngin < ǫlingrinn.e: burt < burt. fwelsko < fǫlska. Konign < konungrinn. forlskona < fárskǫnnu. kera < kæra. sover < syfjar 2. onde < under. godle < gulli. skeger < skeggjar. Drotnign < drottningrinn. earna < gjarna. skinka < skenkja. chaldona < tjaldinu. borè < borit. Vowels 3. High vowels i.2. cf. skinka < skenkja. edne(r). ita < þetta. 56-57) 5. min < mun. mege < mikit. lega < leggja. A. genger < gengr. friendè < frændi.e. and < hǫnd. whirdì. Drotnign < drottningrinn.< kinn. vara < vera. gerde < gerði. and B.1.quirto < hvort 4. vrildan < verǫldin . gre <. duka < drykkju (this is probably an analogical change. keimir > kemr. gre < grið -i > -è. u > u.1.eu. hon < hon.u tend to descend: u > o. o > o.u. vadlin < vǫllinn. Short vowels. pluge < plógi. p. -a > -a. fadlin < fallinn. skam < skǫmm. herre < herra.1.i. wordig < verðigr.i. more seldom i: grothè < gráti.o. sanne < sǫnnu. Konign < konungrinn. whaar < hvern. forlskonna < fárskǫnnu. kidn. the mixing of -a and -u in Shetland Norn: Shetland Grammar A.3.2.e: fasta < fǫstu. sonnaless < sonalauss. feyrin < fǫðrinn.øskir/*øskar 'wiches' (obviously influenced by English ask. y > i(e). duka < drykkju. smo < smár.2. gloug < glóð but daute < dóttr (dœtr?).2. londen < lǫndum. í > i(e.sg.i: dor. i-mutated in Old Norse.a. grothè < gráti. fiegan < feigan 2. minde. meun < meyna.2. kimer < kemr (koma). dern < *diren < dyru(nu)m. ufrien < ófrænda.2.frúna. osta < *hásta < hæsta. p. myndi. sot < sátt.eu: yoch < eyk. daute < Gen. buga < býrð (búa). otsta < yzta. mere. liene < leiðinni. yilsa < heilsa.). . spirde < spurði). There are clear traces of i-umlaut in singular present indicative of strong verbs: tega < tekr. fail i-umlaut in Norn (whaar < hvern (< *hwaRan).u < í. of nátt. Long vowels: 1. ú > u. au > e: bridlevsin < brúðhlaupsins 3.) 3. mandum < manndóm. whirdi.i: mugè múga. also vera > vara. The vitality of i-umlaut is confirmed by some interesting analogy cases: du geve.1. fuo. feurfetign < fjórfœtingr 3. sover < syfjar). mier. vadlin < vǫllinn. bridlevsin < brúðhlaupsins. meo < móðr jó > ui. san &sínum 6. ó > u. yo < ljá. ot < út.i. hadlin < hǫllinni. friendè < frændi. the meaning of which it has in stanza 26) 8. ei > e (ie).quirto < hvort. askier.e. sìna < sína. æ > e. otherwise it is inactive: lothir < lætr (láta). ø > u(a): dukrar < døkkvar.au. Examples of the surviving ǫ are o in voller < vǫll(r). œ > o: gro < grœða. kemi. fruna. The change gefa > gava is obviously caused by analogy from verbs like tekr/taka (cf.ie: gever < gæfir.o.sg. keresta < kærasta. frinda < frænda but rost < hræðast. stiendi. wa and < á hǫnd. sover < syfjar. u-umlaut is often lacking: scam < skǫmm.u): whitrané < hvítrandi. mìre < meiri. 3.1.askar < øski. keimir. minu < mínum. I-umlaut is more widespread.1. ey > yo.4.fwo < fá 2. kloyna < klæðin(i) 7. hien < héðan 5. it gefa.nótt 'night'?).mien < *myn < mun. á > o. i.wo: mo < má.4. min < mun. o: yom < heim.mindè < mundi. 40).2.(except before -r-) and -o-. As pointed out by Jakob Jakobsen and Hugh Marwick. genger < gengr (ganga). tuchta < þótti. otsta < yzta.ou: fur < fór. dóttr (or dœtr by anology from nætr Gen.o: min. di gava < þú gefr. *utsta (lack of umlaut? . Diphtongs: 1.stien < stendr (standa).fruan. hemi < heima. while several unumlauted words appear mutated (mild < *myld < mold (*muld). Regular vowel alternations (umlauts or mutations). é > e(o). It is striking that i-umlaut affects only verbs with -a.3. slo < slær(ð) (slá). tretti < þrjátíu.1. lever < hleypir 3. forlskona < fárskǫnnu.see also 3.eu [ø?]: guida < gjóta. and possibly eu [ø] in eulinngin < ǫðlingrinn (Hægstad "Hildinakvadet". gekk > gak. Like elsewhere in Norn. dahuge < dauðahøggit.7. Maunis < Magnús 4.fraun < frúin. mir < mér.ger < þér. vath fasta bande < með fǫstu bandi. some words.ie. although most of the examples from his dictionary do confirm it: kwara < hverjum. billon < biðlund. lian < leiðina. go < guð. huge < hǫfði.tt (< *ht) > cht: tuchta < þótti. ana < honum.2. which was the longest to keep its archaic traits due to its peripherical . honon.dn < ll. rl > rl: spidla < spillir. onde < undir. d (after r.kedn.quirto < hvort The development of ON hv. eso < þesi. gloug < glóð. londen < lǫndum. fy < fǫr.3. g(j).kinn < kinn. reithin < rótum. 8. "A Note on Faroese /θ/ > /h/". doch. swo < sjá 7. meo < móðr. h > h.quar < hvar. yera < gerir. Kwida < hvíta. hvart < hvert. ednar. yayer < þegar. docht < þótt. The presence of both [kw] and [hw] can eventually mean that the replacement of the original [hw] with [kw] within the Foula/Westside dialectal area still was not finished in the 18th century.in < hann. ru < rauðu. but gerde < gerði. godle < gulli.þinn.edner < hennar. whirdì. bian < biðr hann. ll > dl. uadn < barn nd > nd. whitranè < hvítrandi 9. j (before front vowels. gro < grøða.day < þit.-in. iarlin < jarlinn 10. hv. buga < *búgr < býr(ð). Orknian < Orkneyjum. The language of Foula belonged to the Westside dialect (the main underlying feature being the presence of dl.y. sluge < slóða. earna < gjarna. hósdagur < þórsdagur. Far. -um > -on.w (occasionally): uadn < barn. minu < mínum. din < þín. Jacobsen. s.nn).-an.b > v. lever < hleypir.lj > j/y: buryon < borginni. wath < þó at (the "zero" cases seem to be analogical to the omission of h-. Búgva 6. osta < *hásta < hasta 3.s: shall < sjalfr. feyr < faðir. rn > dn: eidni < henni. Consonants.Barnes "Faroese language Studies"(2001)) 5. Scripta Islandica. spirde < spurði. like in Faroese): ro < ráð(a. which we can interpret as [hw] (or [w]?).ans < hans. and < hǫnd. hon. mien < mjǫðin. vannaro < vandaráði.rinnr. that þ could well have preliminarily turned into.i). kwekk < *hvekkr. cf. landi < landi. Far.Barnes. friendè < frændi. an < þann. kt. chelsino < sjálfs síns. otsta < yzta. tachtè < þakt 4. quar < ON hvar 'where' (along with whaar). like in Faroese). ita < þetta.en. an < hon. tachtè < þakt. kadn < kann. 1985. -fn > -mn: namn < nafn 11. du < þú. cf. widn < vinn.d. There are also instances which clearly illustrate [kw]: quirto < hvort 'whether' (along with whirdi).dogh < þig. whar.an. di. stug < stóð. tretti < þrjátíu. listing phonetical differences between dialects in Shetland. in "Hildina". bridlevsin < brúðhlaupsins 2. yo < ljá 10. ð > 0(zero). does not mention Foula among places with the kw-pronunciation. elde < heldr. also M. as just shown above. there are cases. estin < hestinn. where ON hv is represented with wh. billon < biðlund. fadlin < fallinn.0 (zero): han. nn > dn(nn). Old Norse consonants stay mostly unchanged except the following cases: 1.is worth commenting upon in greater detail. p. kidn. wordig < verðigr ð > g: gouga < góða. However. ridna < rennr. also in M. stumer < stjúpmóðir. avon < afandi.-en. hans.ch.> wh. gre < grið. sian < síðan.-n.nn: band < band. sj > sh. tuchta < þótti. on. Everywhere in Westside ON hv gave [kw]. stiendi < stendr. yath-a-port (< *gjataport) < gataport.-u: honon < honum.qu: whitranè < hvítrandi. kloyna < klæðin(i). kast(a) ans < kastaði hans.2. da < þat. hetta < þetta. ere < herra. whaar < hvern. þ > t. dern < dur(un)um.0(zero): tinka < þenkja. vadne < barni. dahuge < dauðahøggit. at least in Foula. kwasi < *hvasa. ) instead of du (Nom. final vowels get occasionally omitted before a word beginning at a vowel: meyn our < meyna ór. þeim. Acc. loypa velbornar menn/velbornum monnum).) 'you' < þú. mann. dem 'them' < Acc. pp. (For more detailed coverage of sound changes in "Hildina"'s phonetics. As an example of grammatical (non-arbitrary) mistakes we can mention the mixing of cases: a) Nominative-Accusative. o Orkneyjar < af Orkneyjum. The grammar of the language of "Hildina" still preserves the main framework of the Old Norse grammar and repeats the traits of the Shetland Norn grammar. also the usage of doch < þig (Acc.as Michael Barnes mentions. þá. . 33-75. leiðin. could also be accelerated by an eventual immigration to the island from Westside . 18"). Original dative verbs acquire accusative government: lever velburne mien < hleypir velbornum mǫnnum.3.fruna < Nom. which. Orkneyjar.frauna. Analogically. Orknejar. that Jakobsen faced at end of the 19th century. volda mein.) 3. meyna.status. meyin. onde kinn < undir kinn. On the other hand. Cf. gevè Drotnign < gefr drottningrinn. koningn < konungrinn. to Orkneyar < til Orkneyja. i lian < Nom. refer to "Hildinakvadet" by Marius Hægstad. which could mean that he already did not have a perfect command of Norn and possibly had a mechanical memory of the ballad. Acc.). Acc. þín. Acc. Orkneyar ro < ráða Orkneyjum.2. p. Acc. which probably makes Norn the only Scandinavian language which preserves the four-case system after the fall of the masculine ending (like in German): eulinngin < ǫðlingrinn. The only exception is vodler < vǫll. mein (this process has also advanced in Faroese: spilla mann. For example. velborna menn. konign. fyrin din < fyrir þig (Acc. frúna. vilda mien < valda meini. spìdla mann < spillir manni. meun < Nom. Gen. -r is often omitted if the next word begins at a consonant: tega di < tekr þú. where we can clearly watch in action word juncture phenomena. Acc. has the accusative meaning. keimir eullingin < kemr ǫðlingrinn. "Hildina" is one of those Norn specimens. The disappearance of the older [hw] in favour of [kw]. í leiðina. Acc. as exposed in our overview (to which we refer as the background for all said below). As elsewhere in Shetland the old Nominative masculine ending is lost. ironically. Dat. Foula was re-populated from other parts of Shetland after plague took away a large part of its original inhabitants in the 18th century ("The Norn Language of Orkney and Shetland. c) Accusative-Genitive. but kimer in < kemr enn. b) Accusative-Dative. Examples from feminine: fruen. the grammar rules are not always followed by the narrator. frúin. Word juncture. Acc. Grammar. 4. 1. A. Shetland Grammar. tit lova (see also Shetland Grammar E.fem.sg. regular Acc. tachtè < þakt. List of grammatical forms In this overview we mention all forms registered in the text. forms descend from plural and if this assumption is true. lir. Far. This confirms our observaton that the ending in discussion reduced its final vowel except in one-syllable vocalic stems (cf. þit gerit. The past participles of weak verbs and supines (past partiples used in perfect forms) are encountered only in the weak form. colloquial aðrari [εarari]). which are incompatible with the article in Scandinavian languages: sina kloyna < sín klæði(ni). tit gera. þit lofit.2. di lava < þú lofar. as an exception. bian < biðr hann.1. it probably means that the plural present. For English translations see the vocabulary at the Hildinakvadet website. cases like lida vs.fem ON aðra.The ending of Dat.). 5. even where the strong form would be expected: heindè < hengdr.). is the use of the article after demonstrative pronouns: eso vrildan < þessi verǫld(in). . In the definite declension it is striking that a number of nouns have the article even being defined with possessive pronouns. Faroese (hetta barnið < þetta barn(it). although the mixing of endings due to the corruption of the language is very clear: askier < œski.1.sg. also occurs in Icelandic (þessa dagana. the double use of the definite article and a demonstrative pronoun is not unknown in Norwegian (det huset < þat hús(it).1. teir dreingirnir < þeir drengir(nir)) and. A. Masculine A.1.1. ans bugin < hans búk(inn). min heran < minn herra(nn). had the same ending -a for all persons: di yera < þú gerir. SUBSTANTIVES A. A close example.Strong erego < herra guð meo < móðr sìlkìsark ans smo < silkiserkr hans smár . They are classified by parts of speech. either standing independently or in a longer phrase (then underlined). denne boken < þessi bók(in)). Far. Nom.1. is either -in (hadlin < hǫllini. garedin < gerðinni) or -ene (liene < leiðinni). Vigfússon/Cleasby's Icelandic-English dictionary and Marius Hægstad's "Hildinakvadet" (in Norwegian). annari. Far. The respective ending in the adjective declension (which the article generally follows) has experienced a similar reduction: arar (< *aðrari) < annarri (cf.sg.1. which is a bit more common. þetta skiptið). Undefinite. Unlike Danish and Swedish. We suspect that some of present 2 sg. Verbal endings do not differ much from their Old Norse prototypes. like in Faroese. Nom.Sorong kednpust < kinnpúst jok < eyk in u vodler din < inn í vǫll þinn.pl Strong sonè < sona sonnaless < sonalauss A.1.Konign < konungr -Weak erego < herra guð frinde hans < frændi hans friendè min < frændi minn Acc. . maðr fy din < fǫðr þinn fy min < fǫðr minn fysin < fǫðr sinn i otsta yath a port < í yzta gataport -Weak angan ufrien < engan ófrænda mugè < múga sluge < slóða frinda sin < frænda sinn an gouga herè min < þann góða herra minn herre din < herra þinn fwelsko < fǫlska Dat.2.sg. -Strong burt asta < burt af stað fy minu < fǫðr mínum i pluge < í plógi ov mandum dora < af manndóm ykkar vath stien < með Stein -Weak wo sino chelsino villya < á sínum sjálfs síns vilja Nom.pl. vǫllr man < mann 'man'.Weak gever skeger < gæfir skeggjar Acc.Strong sìna mien < sína menn velburne mien < velborna menn Gen. Nom. Definite . . .sg.pl. 2.sg. . -Strong stu-mer < stjúpmóðir Acc. .Strong wo edner whitranè kidn < á hennar hvítari kinn vath mild < með mold .1.sg. -Strong Iarlin < jarlinn eulinngin < ðlingrinn Drotnign < drottningrinn Konign.sg. onde kidn < undir kinn wo and < á hǫnd to strand < til strandar scam < skǫmm billon < biðlund sot < sátt -Weak inga forlskona < enga fárskǫnnu Dat. -Strong Koningnsens < konungsins A.Strong onde kin. Koningn < konungrinn Acc. -Weak a bardagana < á bardaganum i bardagana < í bardaganum Gen. Undefinite Nom. .2.sg.Strong feurfetign < fer-fœtinginn i vadlin < í vǫllinn feyrin sien < fǫðrinn sinn wo Iarlin < á jarlinn fare kera fyrin minn < fyrir kæra fǫðrinn minn mien < mjǫðinn bugin < búkinn estin < hestinn -Weak min heran < minn herrann Dat. Feminine A.sg.sg.sg.Nom. 2.pl. fruna. Orknear < Orkneyjar i lutustor < í lopthúsdyr Acc.2. frauna.pl. -Strong i daute-buthe < í dóttr-bœtr (dœtr-bœtr?) Nom. Neuter A.sg. Definite Nom. -Strong eso vrildan < þessi verǫldin fruen.pl.pl.3. o Orkneyjar < af Orkneyjum reithin < rótum i Orknian. -Strong or glasburyon < ór glasborginni fro liene < frá leiðinni u garedin arar < á gerðinni annarri ur hadlin < ór hǫllinni Gen. to Orkneyar < til Orkneyja A.3.sg.sg.sg.-Weak u duka < í drykkju Gen. Undefinite . ro Orkneyar < ráða!!! Orkneyjum i daute-buthe < í dóttr-bœtr tretti merkè < þrjátíu merkr Dat.1. -Strong meun < meyna i lian < í leiðina fruan < frúna Dat. fraun < frúin Acc. -Strong to strandane < til strandarinnar A. i Orknean < i Orkneyjum u dern san < ór durum sínum (Hægstad: durunum) Gen.sg. 2.sg. -Strong wo osta tre < á hæsta tré band < band gild < gjald ans huge < hans hǫfuð (Dat.sg. Definite Acc.Strong alty uadn < allt til barns Nom.pl.3. -Strong vannaro < vandaráði o landi < ór Landi vath ru godle < við rauðu gulli vath godle o fasta bande < með gulli og fǫstu bandi u grothè < ór gráti vadne < barni Gen.pl. hǫfði?) i fong < í fang live < leyvi vin < vín gloug < gol gre < grið u gouga gre < það góða grið i mit fung < í mitt fang mien < mein (Dat.Nom. (ro < ráð) -Weak uo < augu (auga?) Dat.sg. -Strong (wo osta tre < á hæsta trét) dahuge < dauðahǫggit live < lífit . . meini?) Dat.Strong ro < ráð ans namn < hans nafn -Weak uo < auga (augu?) Acc.sg.sg. i londen < í lǫndum Gen. to landa < til landa A. .pl. pl. ADJECTIVES B.sg.sg.sg.1. fir sane < fyrir sǫnnu vath ru godle < með rauðu gulli vadh fasta bande < með fǫstu bandi B.pl.1.1. gever skegger < gæfir skeggjar Acc.Strong sina kloyna < sín klæðin B.sg. wo edner whitranè kidn < á hennar hvítari kinn [hvít(a)ri] B. blit < blítt mege < mikit lide < lítit Dat. sonnaless < sonalauss wordig < verðigr bal < baldr Acc. Masculine Nom. Strong wo chaldona < á tjaldinu Gen. Neuter Nom.2. Feminine Dat. -Strong tworene < tárin Acc.1. velburne mien < velborna menn B.sg. fiegan < feigan Nom.3. .sg. Strong declension B.pl.2. -Strong til bridlevsin < til brúðhlaupsins Nom.sg.pl.Dat.1. Weak declension . 1. ADVERBS burt < Burt yom < heim hemi < heima darfro < þar frá u<æ sian. Comparative degree mere.2.4. kere friende min < kæri frændi minn ere min heve < herra min hæfi sante < sankti Acc.sg.B. da < þá in < inn D. Superlative Degree wo osta tre < á hœsta tré i otsta yath a port < í yzta gataport C. mirè < Meira in < enn ot < at fest < Fast do.2. se < svá linge < lezgi nu < nú allde < aldrig fram < Fram idne i fro < inni í frá ov < af mire. PRONOUNS D.sg. ear < gjarna i muthi < í móti so.sg. Masculine Nom. Neuter Nom. sien < síðan nir < niðr avon < afandi earna.2.1. u gouga gre < þat góða grið B.3. mìre < meiri B. an gouga herè min < þann góða herra minn fare kera fyrin min < fyrir kæra fǫðrinn minn B. Personal pronouns Nominative . sin < sinn sina < sín sìna mien < sína menn Dative minu < mínum (masc.in < hann hon.day < þú (þit) han.3. an < hon Accusative moch < mig doch. on. Reflexive pronouns Nominative shall < sjalf(r) Genitive chelsino < sjálfs síns D.en.dogh < þú (þig) di. edner < hennar ans < hans dora < ykkar (yðvar) D.yach. Posessive pronouns Nominative min < minn din < þinn Accusative mit < mitt din < þinn sien.2.) Genitive chelsino < sjálfs síns . ger < þér honon. dogh < þú (þig) fyrin din < fyrir þig (þín) Dative mier. mir < mér dor.a.yagh < ek du < þú -thì < -tu doch.sg) sino < sínu (neu.sg. ana < bonum hedne < henni dim < þeim Genitive to din < til þín ednar.an. sg.sg.sg.1. Strong verbs E. cf. stiendi < stendr keimir < kemr stien < stendr . VERBS E. Indefinite pronouns Accusative whaar < hvern Dative arar < *aðari.7. tega < tekr vaar < verðr taga < tekr slo < slær(ð) du buga < þú býrð. widn < vinn 2.1.6. Indicative E. annarri (fem. búgva < búa du geve.sg. Interrogative pronouns whar.) inga < enga (fem.1. engin[engine] < engan (masc.sg) D. Far.4. di gava < þú gefr (di gava is probably an original plural form) 3.1. Demonstrative pronouns Nominative da < þat eso < þessi ita < þetta Accusative san < sådan (?) an < þann Genitive dese < þess dar(fro) < þar(frá) hien < héðan D. qvar < hvar E.sg) D. Negative pronouns Accusative angan.D.1.5.1. Present 1. klapa < klappar swara < svarar kadnar < kallar/Cañar .1.sg.1.sg.pl.1. yach askier < ek œski (partially influenced by Eng. di yera < þú gerir spidla < spillir di lava < þú lofar heve < hefir 3.sg. lathì < lézt þú 3.sg.an yaar < hann er ridna < rennr bian < biðr hann gevè < gefr kimer < kemr u < er stiender < stendr tegar < tekr genger < gengr gev < gefr liger < liggr lothir < lætr lever < hleypr vexe < vex (óx?) 2. vaar < var gak < Hjek com < kom stug < stóð swo < sá fac < fekk vaks < óx (Far. vaks) bar < bar sat < sat var < var 3.sg. cf. vara. Past 1. ask) 2. furu < fóru E. fur < fór 2.1.2. Present 1. di gava < þit gefit (?).2.pl.2.sg. Weak verbs E. tit geva E.1. Far. ) < þér þótti (impers. mo < má E.sg.lever < hleypir dukrar < døkkvar askar < œskir sover < syfjar heve < herir 2.2.pl.sg. Preterite-present verbs E. skildè < skyldi mindè.) E.1.3. Subjunctive 3. skall < skal mo < má 2.sg. Present 1. visti) E. vild-a < vilda ek 3. Past 1. spirde < spurði cast ans < kastaði hans gerde < gerði laghdè < lagði du tuchta (pers.3.sg. minde < myndi visti < vissi (Far.sg. min < mun kan < kann scal < skal mien < mun kadn < kann 3.2. vult < vilt di skall (plur?) < þú skalt ear di < *eigar þú (átt þú) du ska < þú skalt skall dogh < skalt þú 3.1.1. dogh casta < þú kastaðir 3.pl. .2.2.1.3. di yera < þér gerit (?) di lava < þér lofit (?) E.sg.sg.sg. Past 2.1. masc) fadlin < Tallinn borè < borit var commin < var kominn on heve tachtè < hon hefir þakt E.6. Past/perfect (passive) participle gede < petit heindè < hengdr han u cummin < hann er kominn velburne < velborna (Acc. Imperative far di < far þú geve.3.7. Middle voice . Infinitive fwo < fá taga < taka vara < vera vilda < valda ro < ráða ria < ríða yilsa < heilsa gave < gefa yo < ljá liva < lifa fare < fara lega < leggja gonga < ganga lava < lifa gro < grœða bera < bera verka < verka dogha < dáa skinka < skenkja guida < gjóta swo < sjá bleo < blœða E. Present (active) participle avon < afandi E.4.pl.5.kemi < komi cumi < komi (pres)/kœmi (past)? comme < komi moga < megi gev < gefi E.gev < gef tinka < þenkja E. our. ur < ór til. u puri. Lia wus ik? o vera tempa. Forgive sindorwara / sin vi forgiva gem ao sinda gainst wus. með ot < at G. PARTICLES ho. a. / Halaght vara nam dit.) etsa < einnug Shetland's Lord's Prayer Recorded in the 1770's by George Low. PREPOSITIONS o.< en or < eðr (Eng. 1879. First published in his "A Tour through the Islands of Orkney and Schetland. CONJUNCTIONS u < og un. / La vill din vera guerde i vrildin sindaeri chimeri. / Gav vus dagh u dagloght brau. a < á onde < under vath. u glori. firin. san < sem elde < heldr so < svá wath < at ty < til till do < til þá min < meðan wath < þó at docht < þótt u < eð quar sin < hvar sem H. Kirkwall: William Peace. Amen . vad < við. / but delivra wus fro adlu idlu. firre. ov < af for. i. or?) whirdì. fare < ferir or. to < til fro < frá e. La Konungdum din cumma.quirto < hvort yamna < jafnan whar < hvar sin. ou. u < at (inf. u. u. u. Fy vor or er i Chimeri.rost < hræðast sadnast < sannast F.". For do i ir Kongungdum. ei < í wo. med utgreidung um det norske maal paa Shetland i eldre tid" (1900).” Translation into English It was the Earl from Orkney. № 1 2 Or vanna ro eidnar fuo Tega du meun our glas buryon Kere friendè min yamna men Eso vrildan stiendi gede min vara to din. hemi stu-mer stien. whirdì an skildè meun or vannaro eidnar fuo – Or glasburyon burtaga. Ever while the world shall last Thy glory still shall shine. Verse(s) missing? The story ‘moves’ from the Earl of Orkney. Whether he should the maiden Free from her misery. Translation into Old Norse Þat var jarlinn af [ór] Orkneyjum fyrir frænda sínum spurði ráð(a) hvort hann skyldi meyna ór vandaráði hennar fá ór glasborginni burt taka? “Tekr þú meyna ór glasborginni kæri frændi minn jafnan meðan þessi verǫldin stendr getit mun vera til þín. Both Low's and Hægstad's versions of the ballad are included below. Marius Hægstad’s correction Da vara Iarlin o Orkneyar for frinda sĭn spirde ro. kere friendè min.The Ballad of Hildina (Foula) The ballad was recorded by the Scottish clergyman George Low on his voyage to Foula in the early 1770s. so his "by-ear" transcript of the song is hardly phonetically precise. And only her stepmother there found he. "If thou free the maid from her gleaming hall. gede min vara to din." Home came the king. The outcome was published in Hægstad's brochure "Hildinakvadet. burt asta vaar hon fruen Hildina. And counsel of his kin sought he. The English translation is borrowed from the Foula Heritage website (stanzas 1-12) and from the Hildinakvadet website (stanzas from 13 onwards and the notes). yamna meun eso vrildan stiendi. George Low’s version Da vara Jarlin d'Orkneyar For frinda sǐn spur de ro Whirdi an skildè meun Our glas buryon burtaga. See also the vocabulary to the song at the latter resource and a separate chapter on the language of the Ballad of Hildina. The Old Norse translation follows Hægstad's version and is mostly based on the vocabulary given in his paper with a few corrections and additions of ours. to the King of Norway 3 Heim kemr ǫðlingrinn frá leiðinni burt af stað var hon frúin Hildina heima stjúpmóðir stendr. O kinsman dear of mine. Low had no knowledge of Norn whatsoever. This prompted the Norwegian linguist Marius Hægstad to elaborate on Low's text attempting to reconstruct its Norn original. Home from the ship's levy The lady Hildina she was gone. 4 Whar an yaar “Whar an yaar e “Hvar hann er í "Be he in whatever .” Yom keimir eullingin fro liene. We also offer our translation of the song into Old Norse (translation of the stanzas 1-4 has in fact been copied with some minor changes from William Burley Lockwood's book "Languages of the British Isles past and present" (1975)). “Tega du meun our glasburyon. Yom keimir cullingin Fro liene burt Asta Vaar hon fruen Hildina Hemi stu mer stien. í leiðina far þú enn”. “Heldr vilda ek feigan vera fǫðr minn ok allt sem hans nafn er á. And all his company. an earni cumi i dora band. an scal vara heindè wo osta tre. And gladly will he clasp thy hand.— "O which of us two wouldst thou have lie dead. 7 In kimerin Jarlin U klapasse Hildina On de kidn quirto Vult doch. Nú þú skalt taka þér eyk [hest] á hǫnd ok ríða þér niðr til strandarinnar og heilsa fǫðr mínum afandi blítt. And a box on her ear gave he. This will I prove true.— And all adown her lily white cheeks The tears did flow truly. “Kemi to Orkneyar Iarlin. And in Orkney ever he will remain— Haste after him with speed.elonden Ita kan sadnast wo An scal vara kundè Wo osta tre sin reithin ridna dar fro londen ita kan sadnast wo. land. Inn kemr enn jarlinn Ok klappar svá Hildinu undir kinn. An gevè Drotnign kednpuster onde kin. hann gjarna kœmi [komi?] í ykkar band. And do thou greet my sire full blithely. “Hvort vilt þú feigan vera mig eðr fǫðr þinn?” The Earl he stood before Hildina. “Quirto vult doch fiegan vara moch or fy din?” “Elde vild-a fiegan vara fy min u alt sin ans namn u wo. sin reithin rìdna darfro”. fiegan vara moch or fly din. lǫndum þetta kann sannast á hann skal vera hengdr á hœsta tré(t) sem rótum rennr þar frá." The King he stood before his lady." "If the Earl but come to Orkney. If so my own true lord and I May long rule in Orkney. 8 Elde vilda fiegan vara Fy min u alt sin Ans namnu wo So minyach u ere min heve Orkneyar kingè ro. fyrir sǫnnu fóru tárin(i) á hennar hvítrandi [hvít(a)ri] kinn. 10 Nu Swaran Konign No swara an Nú svarar hann The King he now . í Orkneyjum æ biðr hann síðan. i Orknian u bian sian. He shall be hanged from the highest tree That ever upward grew." Verse(s) missing The story ‘jumps’ into the conversation between the Earl and the King. Saint Magnus will be his aid. i lian far di an”. "Now do thou take in hand thy steed. 9 Nu di skall taga dor yochwo And u ria dor to strandane nir U yilsa fy minu avon Blit an ear ne cumi i dora band. sante Maunis vilda mien. Hann gefr drottningrinn kinnpúst undir kinn. Verse(s) missing? The story ‘jumps’ from Norway to Orkney 5 Kemi to Orkneyar Jarlin Vilda mien sante Maunis I Orknian u bian sian I lian far diar. Svá mun ek ok herra minn hæfi Orkneyjum lengi ráða. And ride thou down to the strand. And a pat on her cheek gave he. 6 An gevè Drotnign kedn puster On de kin firsane furu Tworare wo eder Whitranè kidn. Thy father dear of me? "I would rather see my father doomed. so min yach u ere min heve Orkneyar lingè ro. Nu di skall taga dor yoch wo and u ria dor nir to strandane u yilsa fy minu avon blit. fir sane furu tworone wo edner whitranè kidn. In kimer in Iarlin u klapa se Hildina onde kidn.” “Komi til Orkneyja jarlinn sankti Magnús valda mun. U linge wo an wo 15 Dese mo eke Orknear Estin whaar u feur-fetign a gonga kadn i sluge.svá mikit gekk honum í móti -: “Hvar gjarna eigar [átt] þú at gefa mér í dóttr-bœtr?” “Þrjátíu merkr við [með] rauðu gulli. Nu stienderin Jarlin.---) so need I not fear any enemy who might come to this land. (---Now ‘Hiluge’ (the Earls rival) joines the conversation. This to thee will I give. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------“so minde yach angan ufrien rost. Nu swara Hiluge . And never shalt thou lack a son As long as I may live. konungr .So mege gak honon i muthi Whath ear di ho gane mier I daute buthe. Nú stendr hann jarlinn ok lengi á hann sá: “Þess má ekki . that I shall bring forth: Every horse and ‘four-footed’ that can follow a path.so mege gak honon i muthi -: “Whar ear di ho gave mier i daute-buthe?” “Tretti merkè vath ru godle. Thy boon is granted thee. hestinn hvern ok fjórfœtinginn sem ganga kann í plógi. estin whaar u feur-fetign sin gonga kadn i pluge. Verse(s)/line(s) missing Now ‘Hiluge’ (the Earls rival) joines the conversation." Now long stood the King. Nu linge stug an Konign. so linge sin yach liva mo”. da skall yach ger yo u allde vara sonnaless. And long on the Earl gazed he:— "O thou art worth a host of sons. Nu linge stug an konign U linge wo a swo Wordig vaar dogh mugè sonè 12 Yacha skier fare moga so minde yach angan u frien Rost wath comman mier to landa. thou shouldst inflict injury on him’ Now thee canst accept a fitting dowry for Hildina. 12b Nu swara Hiluge Hera geve honon scam Taga di gild firre 13 Hildina Sin yach skall liga dor fram. u linge wo an swo: “Wordig vaar dogh mugè sonè. Konign . every horse and ‘four-footed’ that can pull a plough’. Now the Earl he stood for a long time." "Thirty marks of the red gold." Trettì merkè vath ru godle Da skall yach ger yo U all de vara sonna 11 less So linge sin yach liva mo.hera geve honon scam -: “Taga di gild firre Hildina sin yach skall lega dor fram: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------“so myndi ek engan ófrænda hræðast at kom hann mér til landa. Estin whaar u feur fetign Agonga kadn i sluge 14 Feur fetign sin gonga Kadn i pluge. Þá skal ek þér ljá ok aldrig vera sonalauss svá lengi sem ek lifa má. wath com an mier to landa”. made answer— So sore displeased was he— "In payment for my daughter What will thou give to me. and gazed at him. Nu stiender in Iarlin u linge wo an swo: Hestinn hvern ok fjórfœtinginn eð ganga kann í slóða. Ni svarar Hiluge . yach askier fare moga so. Nú lengi stóð konungrinn ok lengi á hann sá: “Verðigr verð þú múga sona ek œski fara megi svá.herra gef honum skǫmm -: “Tekr þú gjald fyrir Hildina sem ek skal leggja þér fram: Now Hiluge answers ‘Sir. Now the Lady Hildina answers from inside the house. “Dese mo eki Orknear. Orkneyjar. og allt ek hann Hilhugin á gerðinni annarri vinn. di spidla ikì mire man”. Nu fruna Hildina On genger i vadlin fram 20 Fy di yera da ov man dum Dora di spidlaikì mire man.þar myndi hann Now the Earl steps forward onto the duelling ground and adresses his men: ‘brave islanders of Orkney ---------------------------------------------He has come onto the duelling ground. Sot Koningn fyrin din Koningn fyrin U alt yach an din. Nú fekk hann jarlinn dauðahøggit . Orkneyan ---------------------------------------------Han u cummin In u vod lerdin 19 Fronde fans lever Vel burne mun. she steps forward onto the duelling ground. ‘Someone will die if you fight.herra guð gefr honum skǫmm -: “Þegar hann jarlinn frændi þinn hann er fallinn enn. so linge san yach lava mo”. his friend follows the men of royal lineage’. so lengi sem ek lifa má”. that will happen for sure’. Þar komi af sem má!” ‘Now he’s not willing to make a deal with me. “Han u cummin in u vodler din. Nu fac an Jarlin 22 dahuge Dar min de an . The Earl addressing Lady Hildina “Nu eke tegar Nu eke tegaran san an san sot. gæfir skeggjar í Orkneyjum ---------------------------------------------“Hann er kominn inn á vǫll þinn frændi hans hleypir velborna menn [velbornum mǫnnum] Nú frúin Hildina Hon gengr í vǫllinn fram: “Faðir þú gerir þá af manndóm ykkar. Nu swarar an frauna Hildina u dern san idne i fro: “Di slo dor a bardagana. Nú svarar hann Hiluge . ‘This can Orkney not be equal to as long as I may live’.erego gev ana scam -: “Yayer an Iarlin frinde din an u fadlin in”. and instead I think that Hilhugin by another decision will win. the King your father.dar minde an Nú jarlinn hann gengr í vǫllinn fram ok kallar sína menn. 16 Hilhugin u alt yach an Widn ugare din Hilhugin arar. u garedin arar widn.” Nu fruna Hildina on genger i vadlin fram: “Fy di yera da ov mandum dora. Nu sware an Hiluge Crego gevan a scam 21 Gayer an Jarlin frinde Din an u fadlin in. Now the Earl received a deadly cut. Dar comme ov sin mo!” “Nú ekki tekr hann sanna [sådan?] sátt konungrinn fyrir þín [þig]. frinde hans lever velburne mien. Nu sware an Hiluge . But Hiluge he answers: ‘May God inflict injury on him’ ‘then the Earl your friend will surely be dead.” Nu swarar an frauna Hildina U dem san idne i fro 17 Di slo dor a bardagana Dar comme ov sin mo. Geven skeger i gever skeger i Orkneyan. Nu fac an Iarlin dahuge . Verse(s) missing? The scene switches to the ‘duelling ground’ Nu Iarlin an genger i vadlin Nu Jarlin an genger fram I vadlin fram u kadnar sìna 18 U kadnar sina mien mien. ‘father thou overdost thy manhood don’t let a brave man die’. Nú svarar hon frúin Hildina ór dur(un)um sínum inni í frá: “Þú slær þér á bardaganum [ana?].So linge san yach lava mo. Now the lady Hildina. þú spillir ekki meira mann[i]. Duska skinka vin. Verse(s) missing? The Earl is now dead. Hiluge talks to the King: Di lava mir gugna Yift bal yagh fur o lande 23 Gipt mir nu fruan Hildina Vath godle u fasta bande. until a child is born. ok óx henni meiri móðr. yift bal yagh fur o landi. “Di lava mir yugna. Nú Hildina hon aksar [œskir. ou guida vin”. The scene switches to the preparations for Hiluge’s and Hildina’s wedding.” “Nu billon heve day alty uadn è borè. engin gro -. gipt mér nú frúna Hildina við [með] gulli ok fǫstu bandi”. An cast ans huge ei fong ednar. Hildina is lying on the blanket her eyes all wet with tears. meðan þú býr til brúðhlaupsins. Now Hildina she asks her father: “Wilt thou permit me to pour the wine. and wearing its own clothes. hon lothir u duka dogha. thus added to her grief. Hildina liggr á tjaldinu auga døkkvar ór gráti. at gjóta vín”. while they’re preparing the wedding she pours poison into the drinks. hón lætr í drykkju dáa. gipt mir nu fruan Hildina vath godle u fasta bande. and serve it for the guests? ‘You may pour the wine and serve the wine. ok þá kann sín klæðin(i) bera. Nu Hildina on askar feyrin sien: “Di gava mier live ou skinka vin. Hildina liger wo chaldona U o dukrar u grothè 25 Min du buga till bridlevsin Bonlother u duka dogha.” “Wath a skilde tinka wo Iarlin an gouga herè min. don’t think any more of the Earl. Why should I think of the Earl the dear late husband of mine? Watha skilde tinka Wo Jarlin gouga 28 herè min Hien minde yagh .engine gro An east ans huge ei Fong ednar u vaxhedne more neo. tinka dogh eke wo Iarlin. Nu bill on heve da yals Guadnè borè u da kadn 24 Sina kloyn a bera do skall Fon fruna Hildina verka wo sino chelsina villya. with golden dowry and solid pact. Then Hildina gets her revenge. do skall hon fruna Hildina verka wo sino chelsina villya”. “Du ska skinka vin u guida vin. u vaks hedne mere meo. You promised me marriage if I boldly voyaged from our land Now let me marry Hildina. þenkja þó ekki á jarlinn. Nu Hildina on askar feyrin Sien di gava mier 26 livè Ou skinka vin Ou guida vin. u da kadn sina kloyna bera. The King to Hiluge: ‘Now you will suffer long. “Nú biðlund hefir þú alt til barns er borit. an gougha here din. asks] fǫðrinn sinn: “Þú gefr mér leyfi at skenkja vín. then the Lady Hildina will act upon her own will’. no one there could heal him Hilunge threw his head into Hildina's lap. Eng. Hildina liger wo chaldona uo dukrar u grothè. unga?]. þann góða herra þinn” “Þó at ek skyldi þenkja á jarlinn þann góða herra minn. Hann kastaði hans hǫfði í fang hennar. the dear late husband of yours. engan grœða -. “Þú skalt skenkja vín at gjóta vín. ef baldr ek fór af [ór] landi. “Þú lofar mér gagna [eigna. min du buga til bridlevsin. þá skal hon frúin Hildina verka á sínu sjalfs síns vilja. u guida vin Tinka dogh eke wo Jarlin an gougha 27 here din. Það gerði hún frúin Hildina. Nú hlaupr hann fram Hiluge ---------------------------------------“Þú kærasta frúin Hildina. Du tuchta da lide undocht yach swo etsa ans bugin bleo. on bar se mien ot. Then Hiluge he jumped up and cried out to Hildina “My dearest Lady Hildina. hien mindi yagh inga forlskona bera fare kera fyrin min”. please let me live and give me quarter”. . Það gerði hún frúin Hildina. Nu tachtè on heve fwelsko ans bo vad mild u stien. fysin u quar sin sat. not until too late. Þér þótti það lítit en þótt ek sá einnug hans búkinn blœða. You thought little of it. “Sá mikit það góða grið skalt þú sjá sem sjalfr lézt þú minn herrann í bardaganum fá. “Dogh skall aldè mirè Nú ekki vissi hann Hiluge ekki af til þá eldrinn var kominn í lopthúsdyr eð silkiserkr hans smár. on bar dim ur hadlin burt. u vexe mir mìre meo”.” Nú þakt hún hefir fǫlska hans bæði með mold og steini. “So mege u gouga gre skall dogh swo. she sent to sleep her father. you threw his head into my lap. Fysin u quarsin sat. sin shall lathì min heran i bardagana fwo. Þú gefr mér lífit ok grið”. she dragged her father and his friends. sien on laghdè gloug i otsta jath a port. Da gerde on fruna Hildina 29 On bar se mien ot On soverin fest. on the duelling ground. Now Hiluge he didn’t wake up. Nu tachtè on heve fwelsko Ans bo vad mild u 35 stien Dogh skall aidè misè Koningnsens Vadna vilda mien. dogh casta ans huge i mit fung. on sover in fest fysin. out of the hall. hón bar svá mjǫðinn út.inga forlskona Bera fare kera fyrin min. Nu lever en fram Hiluge -----------------------------------“Du keresta fraun Hildina. Du tuchtada lide undocht yach Swo et sa ans bugin bleo 34 Dogh casta ans huge I mit fung u vexemir mise meo. du geve mir live u gre”. as you yourself let my late husbond have. smo. ok vex [óx] mér meiri móðr. when the fire had covered the entrance. and sure I will not present any poisoned drink. Da gerde un fruna Hildina. in the main entrance. to serve for my father’. and added to my grief’. ‘You will do the King’s children. ‘Thus much good life and quarter you shall receive. Then the Lady Hildina. Da gerde un fruna Hildina On bard im ur 30 Hadlin burt sien on laghdè Gloug I osta jatha port. hún bar þeim [þá] ór hǫllinni burt. þú kastaðir hans hǫfði í mitt fang. síðan hún lagði glóð í ýzta gataport. Da gerde on fruna Hildina. and all the guests that were present. even though I saw also his body bleeding. Nu leveren fram Hiluge du kereda 32 Fraun Hildina du Gevemir live u gre So mege u gouga gre 33 Skall dogh swo Skall lathì min heran I bardagana fwo. Now she has covered his falseness both with earth and stone. hón syfjar inn fast fǫðr sinn fǫðr sinn eð hvar sem sat. then she lit a fire. “Þú skalt aldrig meira konungsins barni valda mein[i]”. Nu iki visti an Nu iki visti an Hiluge Hiluge Ike ov till do ike ov till do Eldin var commin i 31 eldin var lut commin i lutustor U stor u silkè sark ans u sìlkìsark ans smo. and his silk shift had caught fire as well. héðan myndi ek enga fárskǫnnu bera fyrir kæra fǫðrinn minn”. Then the lady Hildina. she served the drinks for the men. A verse ("Han strok op") 3. The Troll's Message ("Høredu høredu ria") 3.3.4. A fragment from Foula ("I have malt") 5. A colloquy from Unst ("Marion") 1.5. Proverb from Weisdale on Mainland ("Gamla manna ro") .7. A nyrsery rhyme ("Klapa klapa søda") 2.8. Various verses and rigmaroles 3. An unintelligible troll saying ("Sustri") 3. A folk verse from Cunningsburgh ("Ænge bånge") 3.2. Adage ("Dea lengdi") 6.3. A Troll legend ("Katta moga") 3. Lullaby ("Sterna") 3.9. The Eagle song ("Anti padua") 5.2.2. Riddles 4.4.2. Fragments of conversation 1. Another nursery rhyme ("Bis bis byo") 2. An incantation ("Da stuhl es scarp") 6.7. Adages and proverbs 6. A riddle about a man sitting on the roof of a house ("Bonnja sits") 5. A phrase ("Hwigen swiglen") 4. Nursery rhymes and cradle songs 2.3.1.4. A riddle from Unst ("Føre honge.5.5.1.1.3. A colloquy from Foula ("Dæfnajora") 1. A fable of animals . føre gonge") 4. "Valafjel" 3.Koningnsens vadne vilda mien”. The cow-call verse ("Kome kome haste") 3. A short nursery rhyme ("Sere sere skolma") 2. Random phrases 1. Another fragment ("Hänja daga") 5.5. The troll-child in the horn ("Hempi horni") 3. Another riddle ("Hwi liggere hwi") 4. Cradle song ("Vallilu") 2.4. no harm ever again’.1. Songs and fragments 5. A refrain from North Yell ("Skouan ørla") 5.1. A colloquy between a home-owner and his servant ("Kwarna farna") 1.The crow and the crab ("Krabe krabe kome lände") 3.6. A Sea song from Unst ("Delen stoiten") 5.6.4.3. An address to a cat from Cunningsburgh ("Gott fere monnja") 2. The "gryle" (bogey) verse ("Skekla komena") 2.6.2. Texts in Shetland Norn quoted by Edmonston and Jakobsen 1. A riddle from North Yell ("Flokera flura") 4.2.1. Fisher verse ("I lay and I hanvaget") 5.10. Ja'rta.Deaf ear! (Big shit!) 10 1.Hjarta.Kwatə jāda? .Marion.1.Hvat er þat [þetta]? .Hjarta. A burial formula ("Yurden du art") 7.Sala slāg däin før ķø˙rən? .) Fō me a dək (Uw.) Skỏņdi (skỏņd dee).Yes! . ert þú inni? .Yo gerasso gerasso! (from B. bota koməna ro'mpa [romba] Komba. bátrinn er kominn runt um Kambinn.3.Saxby's "The Home of a Naturalist") Old Norse/Nordic . Lord's Prayer (Foula) 1.Ja! (Jú!) .2.Dæfnajōr(n)a! .Mårjan.Yes.My heart (my dear). prop.) Ø'lt i rigən (Un. .What do you say?.) Mādər to de bjadni (Fo.Edmonston and Jessie M. gera svá.Kwata ita? . A proverbial phrase ("Dombvidla voga") 6.Ja'rta. to. Random phrases Norn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kwārna fārna? (Fo.Shall I 'flit' your cows? .Jo ģεra so.Sc. The Cunningsburgh phrase ("Myrk in e Liora") 7.Skölaug dine cür füren? .Dauft eyra! (Dauf eyru!) . bátrinn er kominn runt um Kambinn.1.Yo! . 11 .Jō! .Ja (Jú). bodəna kåməna ro'ntəna (rotəna) Kåmba. ģεra so! Another version of the same colloquy: .Stūraskītin! Old Norse/Nordic .Skal ek ..) Spoŋna ligərə (ligənə) glegan (Fo.Marion. the boat (a boat) has come round de Kaim . de ilt í hrygginum fá mér (ein) drykk Fær.. A colloquy between two old men in Foula: Norn .3. þínar kýr? .5.?) laga kýrnar now more commonly to muna 'to move' mỏn de baess Oba døņa! (C. What is that? . . pjâgi (Us.Stóri skítr! English . pjak (I feel) a pain in the back Give me something to drink Be quick. Proverb from De Herra ("Marta di gåns") 6. ara du iņe? .) Old Norse/Nordic Hvar (ert þú) farinn? spónninn liggr í glygginu(m) English Where are you going? The spoon is lying in the window matr til barnsins > til barnið. Food to the child L. Fe. you slowcoach To 'flit' the cows to lāg de ķør(ə)n (U. skunda tær.) Godən dāg! Dogən dāg! Godən (dogən) dāg til dōrā! opna dyrnar góðan dag! góðan dag til yðvar! Open the door! Good-day! Good-day to you! (the return greeting) 1. gera svá! English ..Hvat er þat [þetta]? . Religious texts 7. .Morian arra doo enya? . do so. are you in there? .2. A colloquy from Unst: Norn . .4.6. Fragments of conversation 1. Where have you been? . Cf.Fārna sikəna droka? . A colloquy between a home-owner and his servant Norn . English Up around the ear (with the paw)! (that is) good for the mouth (= that promises us a lucky catch of fish) 13 2.5. pl.Kwārna fārna? .I have been to get something to drink (a drink) . and fifteen tails. and with fifteen children on each tail.Farinn ??? at drekka? English . a passage from Sturlungasaga: þá er Loptr reið á túnit.Fārna radna sikəna droka? Old Norse/Nordic . A nursery rhyme Norn Klapa klapa sø:da bokşina sķȯləna bjø:da A version from "The Home of a Naturalist": Clapa clapa süda Boochsina schölina Bjöda Bauta deema kjota schin Swala clovena vjenta in Roompan pöman söda Old Norse/Nordic English . English A bug-bear [*skekill] has come riding into the homefield (the tun) on a black horse having a white spot (blæita) on its brow (brūna). HN: bjadnis < def. barnit + Eng.Farinn ??? at drekka? . -s. gott fyrir munninn.Hvar ertu farinn? .Kind of address to a cat Norn Up (åp) aboot de ļōra (< *jōra).1.4. Most of the old prepositions are dropped. Notice the usage of the English conjunction and. kvað hann þetta: Hér ferr grýla í garð ofan ok hefir á sér hala fimmtán JJ: All the old grammatical endings are levelled to -a. plural ending -s. gỏit fərə mỏŋa Old Norse/Nordic Upp um eyrat. Nursery rhymes and cradle songs The "Gryle" (bogey) verse Norn Skεkla koməna rīna tūna swa'rta hæsta blæita brūna fo'mtəna (fjo'mtan) hāla and fo'mtəna (fjo'mtan) bjadnis a kwāra hāla Old Norse/Nordic Skekill er kominn ríðandi á túnit á svǫrtum hesti með bletti á brúnni fimmtán halar ok fimmtán bǫrn á hverjum hala.Have you been up in the roof to get something to drink? 12 1. except in bjadnis which has got the Eng. .Sc. 1851.? *seyglingr or soglingr < súga 'to suck'. sogbarn 'suckling' + -ling from Eng. leikr [JJ:leikar] þú svá frór [frár] um morgunin geiplandi English . geipla 'to make wild gestures with the arms. SW su-ru. balow 'hush-a-bye' suro [sôəro] . cf.so skal barnið tiga" . .a) a swallow.If the bairn will not be quiet... 322). Watch a live performance of this lullaby ("Rura barnið") by the famous Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir: A short nursery rhyme Norn Sērə şērə skôlma Ek skal şēra trēv i nēva an kasta band to Old Norse/Nordic English Cradle song Norn Vallilū ěga sô ro a sigg˙˙alin˙ leka tu sa frūa a mōrnin a gib˙˙əlin˙ ə Old Norse/Nordic . svola f.(cleft) fork Nor.that will make it be quiet.Nor. to make greatlip movements' Lullaby (from North Roe) . p. take it by the leg and hit it against the wall . beginning: "Rura rura barnið" . a Faroese rigmarole (Antikvarisk tidsskrift..Nor. Nor. Suckling gibbelin < Nor. are you playing so blithe and gay in the morning.L.. klov n. Cf. waving your arms about? [making vigorous mouthing efforts to take the nipple] vallilu . b) acute-angled notch Another nursery rhyme Norn Bis bis byo Bulva reeka tyo Tak laigen Slogan veggin Bulva reeka tyo Variant form: Bøn vil ikkə tīæ tak an læggən slōgan væggən bøn vil ikkə tīæ Old Norse/Nordic English JJ: "Bulva reeka" is evidently a corruption of boņ(ə) vil ikə 'the child will not (be quiet)'. a word with which children are hushed asleep siggalin .and containing the lines: "vil ikki barnið tiga. so tak um legg og slá í vegg . Norn Variant form (Foula): --------------------sēana divla døəna vivla kɔpərə kētəl hɔņdə bredən.Norn Bā wā bȯņa (bɔina) dī manna wakna starna strεtşa līra lɔŋspöņa (-spɔina) (aa) kɔmin hεm an şɔlmu. renn! English Old Norse/Nordic English . Various verses and rigmaroles The Troll's Message A man is riding past a mound. ríð. Norn Fetlar version 1 (Scots + Norn): Geng home to Fivla. who hears some words shouted to him from the interior: Norn Foula: Hørədu hørədu rīa rīa rīa ræn(na) sina divla døna vivla kɔpəra jadla hɔņdəna bradna. and tell Divla at de honnins [hȯņins] wis lopen in a "tuilly" [tøli] and brunt de bonnins [bȯņins] Norn Fetlar version 2: Trīra rāra gɔŋga tell du tivla at fivla is fa'en i' de fire and is brunt [burnt] her. ríð. Norn Fetlar version 3: Du at rides de rød and rins de grey tell tūna [tuəna] tivla at nūna nivla Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic Hoyr hoyr þú ríðari. Variant: Flekka Ferna Strippa Sterna comin' doon? and Langspina Old Norse/Nordic English 3. took it home and hung it on the wall. Then a voice was heard calling the following unintelligible words: Norn Katta mŏga de līde lō Old Norse/Nordic English .is väļna väţna Norn Fetlar version 4: Du at rides de red and rins de grey tell Tivla taitta (Taitta) at Vārna vaitta (Vaitta) is fa'en i' de fire and brunt her Old Norse/Nordic English A troll saying. unintelligible Norn Di rua vatta mega sustri Old Norse/Nordic English The troll-child in the horn Norn A troll-wifesat milking her cow in a stall when she heard the following warning cry: Hə'mpi hōrni hɔi minni kŏm karəl mi mŏg Whereupon she cried: O døl and hwæn! dat is my bairn at is fa'en i' de fire and is brunt her Norn Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English A man found a horn. käļ˙˙ərəmī˙] or Dat is my midder kallin [käļin] on me A troll legend A man found a fiddle-case out of doors and hung up on the wall of his house. Then a voice was heard outside saying: mín móðir kallar á mik Himpi hōrni häi or humpi hōrni hɔu whereupon the troll-child in the horn cried: My midder kaller o' me [käļ˙˙ərəmi˙. beginning: Hann tók upp og hann tók niðr. Norn Häņ skrē åp and häņ skrē nērə amiļ˙ana gε'msəna frūa maina log (läg) ə də hỏira hand hwat gεts rāmən ljø˙a Norn Häņ skrē åp and häņ skrē nērə miņa loga frūa stak fε'ļta grōa hwat gεts de ramən ljø˙a Norn Häņ skrē åp and häņ skrē nērə miļana gæ'msa frūa stat fεļdin grō fūdən gūa Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English A corresponding rigmarole (þula) is found in Iceland. Folk verse Norn Æŋgə båŋgə lỏ˙ra bæl skola rina bæl skola bēti ândru wistras Old Norse/Nordic English .The cow-call verse Norn Kɔmə kɔmə hastə kɔmə so saldu ek skam (skäm) fal˙aldəral˙də kjø˙ra nepərt nāni læŋsprāli stil kɔm ɔu(ə)r mi şålma fal˙aldəral˙də kjø˙ra Old Norse/Nordic English A verse Norn Häņ strỏk åp and häņ strỏk nērə amiļ˙əna gε'msina frūa bət ø˙dəlỏg ə də ø˙ra hwat gød rāmən ljø˙a ā mi keļaka mōlhus mən sø˙da mōlhus fæ mä'ļkfād mä'ļkfād fæ drāv gād drāv gād fæ glø˙ən vī glø˙ən vī fæ k'niknan k'nak an(d) a piknən stak an(d) ā njū an väļdət. og svo tók hann áfrúinni. Old Norse/Nordic English English Norn Fetlar version 2: Krabə krabə kåmə lānd āvə rig rīvə måg skäļəna rīvə dig nā tråtşə krabə jå'nşa tråtşəlỏs (tråţəlỏs) Norn Unst version: Crab. crab. Old Norse/Nordic English A phrase (probably a line of a song) . segə me das (and) rūdə kriŋədə âla. Norn Vālafiel wiz tỏrt u bruta hỏfatu wiz o hâla fræm såkkətu dafa våggədu nöit æn rude kriŋ de jāla. þrátt!" sagði krabbinn --------------------------------(Hon er)svá trygðalaus.güd to bid to bræti gitşə gitşə gåŋgi bitşə bitşə bēti Valafjel Norn Vâlafjel wəz tỏ'rt (trỏt) o brỏţa hagəda wəzo hâla vodədə nỏit (nỏt. ---------------------------------Krabə jå'nsa tråţalỏs Old Norse/Nordic Krabbi krabbi kom at landi! (Ek) efa(sk). at þú hrygghrífir mik Ek skal eigi hrífa þik "Nei. nāgə trȯita I'm feared. du "rigraivs" me. nət). come ashore! Nāgə trȯita. Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English A fable of animals "The crow and the crab" Norn Fetlar version 1: Krabə krabə kåmə läņdə æ˙və rig rīvə måg skäļəna rīvə dỏk nā trät sø˙. Norn Vâlafjel wəz tỏ'rt o brota hâfatu wizo hâla fram såkəto (sɔkəto) dafa vogədə nỏit æn rūdə kriŋədə âla. Norn White fool fedderless. twa vegəbi. fjórir ganga. four gɔŋga. Old Norse/Nordic Fjórir hanga. Cf. etom ỏita drỏita. tveir hundum verja. Old Norse/Nordic English English Norn Fetlar version: Twa standən opa skø˙. ut kåm mỏdərə hä'ņtarless sỏţşa gōa bεndərless and plucked awa wh. Riddles A riddle from Unst Norn Unst version: Førə hɔŋgə. føre gɔŋgə førə stad əpo skø˙. ut kåm mỏdərə hä'ņtaless häņæ beņæ gōraless ------------------------------Norn Flåkera flūa fedderless. fjórir standa upp á ský. tveir veg vísa.f. four hɔŋga. Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English . twa vistrə vegəbi and en comes atə driļandi.fl.Norn hwīgən swiglən swə'rtən trō Old Norse/Nordic hvítum seglum svörtum þræði English (with) white sails (sewn with) black threads 4. sỏţşa bena gōraless ut kåm mỏdərə häņaless and drave awa fl. Another riddle Norn hwī ligərə hwī Old Norse/Nordic hvítt liggr í hvítu English white lies in white Another riddle Norn Flåkəra flūra fedderless. Gest the Blind's riddle about the cow (in Hervarar Saga): Fjórir hanga.f. fjórir ganga. einn eptir drallar ok optast óhreinn. (tveir) vísa veg í bý (ok) einn kemr aptan drilandi. f. The original Old Norse form: (Fuglinn flaug) fjaðralauss (hann) settisk á garðinn beinlauss út kom maðr handarlauss A riddle about a man sitting on the roof of a house The farmer sits on the top of a high heap: Norn Bỏņa sitə po tap(a) tirl (tirəl) käļina (käili in a) bam˙birl˙ (birəl) luta koşa hε'ltər sķε'ltər ondər a kåŋ˙gəlū. Norn From "The Home of a Naturalist": Bunye sits uppo tappa tirl calye inta bamba birl Ba hilkie toonie; Ladyco hilka tilta, Roonin oondie conggaloo. Ba hilkie toonie. Norn Bonna sat paa tap də tərl kallin aa bam bərəl luta kuşşa hə'ltər skriə'ltər ondər a kåŋgalū. Norn Bỏņņa sit upo tap tirr l kaili in a bambirrəl hei'ltər tei'ltər lēdi kỏşşən ondər kåŋgalū. ə Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Norn Bỏņņa sat upo happəna tərl cryin' oot for båmba bərl kom and see häi'lki rinnin æftər skäi'lki raamētəna skūi. Norn Bỏņņi sits ypo tappa tirl kalla inn a bamba birl baa hi'lka tūni lēdi ko hi'lka ti'lka runnin undi kåŋgalū. Norn Bonna (bonja) site po tappatirl Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English 5. Songs and fragments A fragment of a song from Foula Norn I have malt (mālət, mæ'lt) mældra min (mældrən) I have sūpət ūsən (pōpət pōsən) εndə sēvə de sədə lin (or: a'ntə ligə de sødə min or lin) and dēnə (-a) komənə (-a) lūsa (ljūs). Old Norse/Nordic Ek hef malit meldra mínn (or meldrann) ek hef sópat húsin; ennþá sefr (søfr) (liggr) þat sœta lín (hin sœta mínn) ok dagrinn er kominn í ljós. English Another fragment Norn Häņa dâga frīsa frɔ˙ga I wish it may be very gōỏit and verə si mōga. Old Norse/Nordic English A refrain from North Yell Norn Skåuan ø˙rla grø˙n(a) ---------------------------Hwâr jå'rtən (får ģä'rtən) grū [han] grēn [grø˙n] ōrla (-lək) Old Norse/Nordic English The Eagle song Norn A'nti padua sat ən skūa padua sat ən grūa A'ntən gēr skrīkər ōla sætər ōla fēstin pærla mōra hæ'ņşra boga şidəri jāla nεstin. Norn A'nti padua şåt ən grōa sætər ōla fēsa tærla mōra hæ'ņşra boga şidəri āla nēsə. A'nti pakəta såkəta sū ɔpa jɔn skɔtən grō by came de εdnin an şi ta a'nti bō a'nti gavəra (gafəra) skrīkər ōla sætər ōla fesa pærla mūra hæ'nşistər bōgra şadəra jala nesa. Skrikəna hjōla dogəna fjōla Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English midəra harda a'ntu atə nå'rti jalani. Ä'ļka lāma bit hæ'nsə bokra pærla mōra şadəri jalə neso meni mī mita gāma. Jodnar şud tra i'lka bit an moni meta gāma at şal ā bi edna hōga. Fisher-verse Norn I lay and I hanvāgət and I rēs and I klābo'ŋkət I looked fort and de seven starns wis come upo Nedərs and de glōm i' de sudwast I kom in and I took de pernisipes and stird i' de fâ˙kum and I hang on my waksipan and when I wis klaa(i)n ut my waksipan I took mi bærəl upo mi back and I güd to Stâ˙ba and when I kom to Stâ˙ba, it was nothing but a ūrū and a mişâ˙ and de could no a boat gæng aff o' a linn. Old Norse/Nordic English I lay and I hanvāgət and I rēs and I klābo'ŋkst and I took de pernĭsimỏs and stirred op i' de fâ˙kom and den I kljū i de waksipan and den de āliklø˙vins wis giaan aboot de hūs and de krīəls dey were begun to lōəd I pat my bødi upo my shooder and I güd to Stâ˙ba and when I cam' to Stâ˙ba dan der' wer' nothing but åndərhwǐg and a "misəri". A Sea-song from Unst Norn Dεlən ståitən ståŋga râra ōba mỏņa hwat sēis dū tə bỏņşka vεļa latna mei bi driŋga sēna pōba vâra Old Norse/Nordic English latna mei bi driŋga sta'rka bỏrna væsta şagdə kåļ, ş.k., sændə båra væsta şagdə kåļa gamla hwεn də wεrna tåpşäg şagdə kåļ, ş.k., hwεn də wεrna tåpşäg şagdə kåļa gamla Norn Another variant: Dâla ståita ståŋga rø˙r (rēla) bỏņşka væļa mỏņa sta'rka bỏrna fiskali (sta'rka vỏrna væstali) şaidə kåļə gambli Lēdra bō bi äņdi. Norn A version from "The Home of a Naturalist": Saina poba wer-a Leetra mavi, letra mavi, Saina poba wer-a Leetra mavi drengie. Daala stuyta stonga rara Oh badeea, oh badeea, Daala stuyta stonga rara, Oh badeea moynie. Old Norse/Nordic English Old Norse/Nordic English Wher der isno topshar, topshag, topshag, Wher der isno topshag, Shakda cole o Gamblie. An incantation Norn Da stuhl es scarp an fien, Da sacheles emer a snean, Da vird es sicer en pura, A glimer i' mirk-as-dim hura, La stuhl an vird ay gyrda An prof er an skyla, an svirda. Old Norse/Nordic English The steel is sharp, the edge is fine, It's severed many a tough design, The word is sure, the word is pure, A light e'en in the midnight hour, Let steel and word for ever gird And be to ger a shield and sword. 6. Adages and proverbs Adage Norn Dēa lεŋdi, mogi swεŋdi Old Norse/Nordic dagar lengðir, magar English (swεŋgi) svengðir Nor. dagarne lengjast, magarne svengjast A proverb from Weisdal on Mainland Norn Gỏit a taka gamla manna rō. Old Norse/Nordic Gott at taka gamalla manna ráð. English It is wise ti take old men's advice. A proverb from de Herra Norn Ma'rta di gå'ns tekə di (də) vεps Old Norse/Nordic Margt til garns tekit (?) til vepts. English Much can be used for woof that is useless for warp. A proverbial phrase Norn Dεa dombvidla vōga dεa vidla vōga pēsa [passion] vōga Old Norse/Nordic English Easter-Sunday weather will last all the week. More correctly probably: the weather of Passionweek will be the weather of Easter week. The Cunningsburgh phrase Norn Myrk in e Liora, Luce in e Liunga, Tim in e Guest in e geungna Old Norse/Nordic English It's dark in the Chimney, but it's light thro' the Heaven, it's still time for the stranger to be gone. Old Norse/Nordic myrkt er í ljóra, ljóst er í lyngi, tími er at gestr(inn) gengr. English Norn Variant from Yell: Mə'rka lōra, lestra liŋga, tämra gεstra gɔŋgəra 7. Religious texts A burial formula (in Danish) Norn Yurden du art fur af yurden du vis skav'd Oktoa yurden nu ven dœd. Op fra yurden skal du Opstaa, naar Herren aar syne bastnan blaa. Old Norse/Nordic English Shetland's Lord's Prayer Recorded in the 1770's by George Low. backfett < -fattr. Lia wus ik? o vera tempa. berry < berg. geo < gjá. klett< klettr. skory < skári aak < álka. ho < hár. Forgive sindorwara / sin vi forgiva gem ao sinda gainst wus. Fy vor or er i Chimeri.". sev arkamy < erkn. 1879. shuimet < *hjálmóttr. skegg < skegg. La Konungdum din cumma. elt < elta hail < hella kaivy < kefja. / Gav vus dagh u dagloght brau. For do i ir Kongungdum. Nor. skint < skant muggy < magi chold < tjalda. week < vik α ε į (rare) ʌ (rare) ɔ á o: (usually) a: (occasionally) u: (rarely) ø: (rarely) ɔu (rarely) e ε ε e: (rare) α (rare) I į (rare) é ε e: i į i . flaa < flá. frequently before an elided or assimilated consonant. baakie < bal. First published in his "A Tour through the Islands of Orkney and Schetland. gonfert < gandferð bore < bára. / La vill din vera guerde i vrildin sindaeri chimeri. erkny < erkn. bit < biti.cf. kikk < kikk geel < gil. slack < slakki graand < grandi. save . Old Norse a a α Orkney Norn Examples (Norn < Old Norse) andoo < andœfa. skarf < skarfr. -maa < már mardroo < marþráðr skrue < skrá. chaldro < tjaldr nask < naska. rinnick < renna kyirk < kyrkja settin < séttingr shaygray < *hjela kipp < kippa. skyo < skjá. krepp < krapp (umlaut forms?) hinsho < handsko. / but delivra wus fro adlu idlu. kleester < klistra. u puri. rin. Kirkwall: William Peace. not their transcription. arvo < arfi. as in aval < afvelta. / Halaght vara nam dit. huivy < háfr blouster < blástr aint < enta. avaless < afllauss. ogang < ágangr. lecko < laki. maalo < marlauk air < ar. Amen Phonetics of Orkney Norn Based on "Orkney Norn" by Hugh Marwick. u glori. kwark < kverka brinno < brenna. Notice that Marwick uses the orthographical notation of Norn words (in "Examples"). skaav < skafi. huin < húnn. minn < mynd. stinn < stynja gilt < gylta. toon < tún skroo < skrúfr. kunn < kunna.Icel. styuilk < stulk birt < burðr. gurr < gor kroopan < kroppinn. klimse < klumsa book < úkr. ritto < rytr. roodgoose < hroðloo < lo. spick < spík wheel < hvíla. sneet < snýta. kloor < klóra. saithe < sæði. braithe < bræða. brook < brúk. floo < flo bawkie < bokki huiv < hov. rodda. meethe < mið tulfer < þilfar leero/lyrie.?) i/ai occas. tinsal < þyngsl. murr . nizz < knysja. uiko < ulk. stoor < stórr. kline < klína. sluiter < sloðra dome < dómr bøl < ból. Loomachun < lómatjǫrn. mulder < muldra.Nor. alternate o a (rarely) α: (rarely) ʌ u (occas. meethe/maithe snippo < snípa. speet < spýta nue < gnýja geyro < gýgr. uiss < óss. stunn < stynja meeo < mý.) i i: ai (Scots infl. sly < slý aisins < æsing.?) æ e: . hurr < hurra. doose < dusa. ú u u: ø: y i į ø I /ʌ ý i ø ai (Scots infl. sooro < súra. skila < skýla. sooken < sókn sloo < sló. garr/gurr < gor skraal < skroll.) u: (occas. stuil < stóll kuithe < kóð. krummo < krumma. baa < boði lurt < lortr. skive < skífa kwee/kwy darro < dorg. teebro < tíðbrá grice < gríss. studdle < stuðull kuil < kul.) ǫ: (rarely) ø: (I-umlaut?) ó o: ? ø ø: u u: u u u: ʌ ø į (occas. Lee < hlíð. ruithe < hroði. mor. linyo < lygna. sirry < syrja.i: ʌ (rare) alternations í į (occas. tirl < þyrla. kooker < kurka moors < mura gump < gumpr. kuivy < kúfr bizzy < bys. moorit < mórauðr bool < bulla. ruise < hrósa buo < bóla. stoo < *stúfa uimater < úmáttr?. soog < súgr.) leero < líri. kwee < kví reen < hrína. doon < dúnn. trist < þrysta huirn < hyrna stinn. rugg < rugg. rud . skoot < skút. gøma < geyma. tie < teigr. geyro < geiri. snyse < sneis. kes < kǫs. raiso < reisa. pook < buka. tow < taugr duff < daufr. skyued < skjóttr brisk < brjósk ? nita < ?njóta b b (usually) p pangse < bangsa. lerblade < lærsimmy < sæma. maise < meiss. uirsland < eyrisland. tout < tauta. owse < ausa. pivver < bivra. spurrey < spjǫrr birk < bǫrkr aize < eisa. slokk < slǫkkva dekk < dǫkkr. loodan < hljóðan. daive < deyfa glaip < gleypa. tyno < teinn dello? < deili. blaithin < *bleyðingr. kjest < kǫstr skurrock < skǫr. skry < skreið. aire < eyrr urisland. hogboon < haugbúandi snype < sneypa. misglimed < -gleyma. nout < knauta. rost < rǫst. skaively < skeifligr gowl < gaula. biwr < bjórr ??? ruithe < hrjóða. skrae < skreið bysk < beiskr. NB. geskafoo < gœzku-fullr haze < œsa buil < bœla bonie words < bœnar-orð? oro < œrr meen < mœnir golt < gǫltr. neist < gneisti. saithe < seiðr. polt < boltr. rumse < raumska gokk < gaukr. puink < bunka ei e: ai ε(:) au ɔu ʌ ɔ o: u(:) ey ai e: e ε: ø (in old records) ja já jó ja i(?) o u ø į . sny < sneið. howe < haugr. løpir. lønlighe yackle < jaxl glee < gljá grono < grjón lood < hljóð. kegel < kǫggull. kniff < knæfr aikel < œxl. stot < stauta tome < taumr nust/nɔust < naust. nowt < naut. Sanday < Sandey ersland < eyrisland.saxhering < sexæringr ε: į œ ε: e: ø o ǫ: i: ǫ ɔ e/ε ʌ į brail < bræla. guid < gœða.) (dropped) d (sometimes) t (occas. skrae < skreið. dyelro < gildra. klibber < klyfberi aval < afvelta odder < ofdyri stein < stefna.) gn > nj. ʍ hj > ʃ ʍ (occas. ʍ: whess < hvessa shuimet < hjálmóttr. geyro < gýgr. gjɔŋ < ganga h retained initially disappears before l. shaygrey < *hjela-.) ch [x] (occas. gl > lj freq. Lee < hlíð. hirdmanstein < hirðmannastefna daawurt < dagverð brudge < bryðja.r hv > w. forcharved < fordjarfað? nither < niðra. meethe < mið?. sholtie < hjalti Whup < hóp. kleppi-spur < -sporðr. knoop< gnúpr. Ham < hǫfn andoo < andœfa. glad <glaðr.n. braithe < bregða. Whupland < Hópland Chimeri < himli . skav < skafa. sweevle < sveifla matlo < maðfló??. Less/Lesh/Lashy < fles aaber < afberja. mardroo < marþráðr. neester < gnistra. gee < geð bod < boði. rullyie < rugl -gyar [gjǝr] < -garðr. tuo < þúfa skroo < skrúfr. lithy < liðr heemfare < heimferð. klov < klauf. sook < súgr. palatalized durk < dorg. BUT guff < gufa. ee < iða. skarf < skarfr. kuithe < kóð. sameyn < sameign. kyirked < kergja. neest < gneisti. riff < rif g forskin < forskyggni. krove < krof. teebro < tíðbrá.) ðj > dž f f v (as in ON between vowels and sonorants) dropped & assimilated: before l before b before v before d before n between vowels finally retained for the most part arvo < arfi. gleed < gleiðr. krane < gren.) nave < hnefi. charve < djarfr. swee < sviða. hivvle < hefill. -gar < -garðr. rivling < hriflingr. sile < sigl. nyst. rudge < ryðja ð preserved þ (occas. nit < gnit. ruithe < hroði. sny < sneið. footho < fuð. owmuth? < umboð. smyoo < smjúga. nyaggle < gnagla. swilkie < svelgr nyaffle < gnafla. tie < teigr. reen < hrína. braithin < bregða with < við. roo < dropped (when spirant) hrúga. roo < hrúga. Voy < vági k (occas. dyoard [djord] < gjorde. lood < hljóð w: wee < hvía. nile < negla.d d (usually) t occasionally dropped in -nd dj > tʃ trimso < dramsa øn < ǫnd charve < djarfr. tribble < tripla BUT: kuppo < koppr. yaggle < jakla. heyamet < heilagr hass < hals (Scots influence?) hom < hólmr.) kn > sn (occas. gomfer < gandferð. toomal < túnvǫllr feenk < fnykr p retained b (frequently) hiblin < hiplingr. Ramnigeo < Hrafnagjá. srpaagle < sprǫkla. uivigar < *yvelker??? buo < bóla. uiko < ulk. ium < ólmr faa < fall (Scots influence?) hellyiefer < helli-. shore < skári fyaksy < fjask t usually retained . strood < skrúð snoddy < knoða? kji?st < kist- l mostly retained disappears: before k between vowels before s before m finally ll palatalized lm > ml (sometimes) aak < álka.) banno-corn < barn mallo < marlaukr s retained ʃ (occas.) t (occas. skraable < skrapla. stiggle < stikill ill-treested < treisk. sturten < storkna. aikel < øxl wattle < veizla. yamalt < jafnaldri n generally retained fn > mn > m m when followed by labial consonant ny > in (metathesis) Ham < Hǫfn.k mostly retained g (freq.) dropped between r and l between k and l between t and l smirlin < smyrslingr yackle < jaxl. rullyo < rulla hemlins < hjelm??. Ramnigeo < Hrafnagjá. kubby < koppr or kúpa. luipy < laupr r retained rn > nn (occas. roost < rusk. gapis < gapuzi.) rn > rl (occas. horngibly < gepill?.) palatalised before a front vowel fig < fika. stugg < stokka.) ž sk > ʃ (occas.) sk > ks (occas. hemlin < helmingr m usually retained fn > mn > m Ham < Hǫfn. ill-twartened < tverkandi. rag < raki. yamalt < jafnaldri gamfer < *gegnferð. mittle < meizla sharg < sarga runge < runsa. range < hreinsa hansho < handskór (?). huiggle < hukla. re-worked by the English poet Thomas Gray in the 18th century as "The Fatal Sisters: an Ode" (the Norse original of the song is featured in the famous Icelandic Saga of Njáll). telling they knew the song well in the Norse language. Marwick's "Orkney Norn") 1. Voldibrae. as a poem which regarded the history of their own country. who left some of the most valuable records of Shetland . smud < smutt? chaldro < tjaldr. tang < þang droo < þráðr. Vinbreck. makes the following comment about the song: 'Mr. But when they heard a verse or two more. skyued < skjóttr. who was not long deceased. they interrupted the reader. the reverend gentleman had the well-judged curiosity to read it to some of the old persons of the isle. While the remnants of Norn in Shetland are fairly scarce and worn out (although we still have some 10 000 words and a number of texts). and an Orkney proprietor. The only surviving text in the language is the Lord's Prayer. wassy < vasi. They called it the Magicians. chold < tjalda.it escaped even the attention of George Low. They listened with a great attention to the preliminary stanzas. The knowledge of this poem still existed in North Ronaldsay.. week < vik Vinquoy. which is around just 60 words long. or the Enchantresses. tirl < þyrla. when executing his version from the text of Bartholine.A clergyman. assured me of the following curious fact:. and had often sung it to him when he asked them for an old song. or at least first reached that remote island. sloond < slunt. was first published.. the Norse ballad Darraðaljóð. Hurstane < Thurstath. Horraldshay < Thorwaldishow daawurt < dagverð??. remembered well when some remnants of the Norse were still spoken in the island called North Ronaldshaw. Orkney as late as around 1800 (this remote island seems to have kept Norse archaisms longer than most of the archipelago). who visited Orkney in 1814 collecting material for his novel "The Pirate".' (from a note to "The Pirate") To our great regret this piece of Orkney Norn was lost before somebody cared to write it down .d (often) tj > tʃ þ t (usually) d (occas. It would have been singular news to the elegant translator. this is even more true in respect of Orkney Norn. -chun < tjǫrn tulfar < þilfar. a most respectable inhabitant of Kirkwall. du < þu Hurteso < Thurstainshow. Verpinno v w v (in placenames) Sketch of the grammar of Orkney Norn based on the material from H. mardroo < marþráðr. waddy < vað.) h blade < blettr. When Gray's Ode. There are reports about another Orkney Norn text. waffle < vafla. tuo < þúfa. enditled the "Fatal Sisters". Baikie of Tankerness. to have learned that the Norse original was still preserved by tradition in a remote corner of the British dominions. The famous English writer Walter Scott. 2. whether all of Jakobsen's data has found its place in "Orkney Norn" or only a part of it. having though succeeded in publishing several important articles about Orcadian relics of the Norse language. Once in a while Marwick inclines in his book that he uses Jakobsen's vaults. Speaking of Jakobsen's own contribution to the study of Orkney Norn (he went on an expedition to the islands in 1909. no distinction between Nominative and Accusative was to be found in Orkney Norn. Danish and Swedish dialects instead of Old Norse.1. 1910 and 1912) we should first quote his sister Anna Horsbøl (Jakobsen). The grammar of Orkney Norn. The most obvious examples of such a mixing are certainly the loss of the strong masculine -r (except in very few cases) and replacement of the weak feminine nominative ending -a with the respective accusative one -o (ON -u). the Faroese researcher passed away in 1919 before he could bring this plan about. who in the preface to the English edition of the Shetlandic dictionary reveals her brother's intention to work out "a considerable collection of Orkney Norn". 2.1. Unfortunately. contrary to 10 000 entries in Jakobsen's dictionary. like in Shetland. In any case. Marwick's work features 3000 words. A process similar to the latter must have occured to the weak masculine declension. although he served in fact in Orkney. although. both dictionaries contain a good number of words which have parallels in Norwegian.1.Norn. it could probably have become equally important to the study of Norse relics in Orkney as the ballad of Hildina is for those of Shetland. we have at our disposal "The Dictionary of Orkney Norn" (or just "Orkney Norn") by Hugh Marwick. which is the Orcadian counterpart to Jakob Jakobsen's "Etymological Dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland". referring more to the Orcadian dialect of Scots than to Orkney Norn itself. Singular 2. The proportion of words that are not traced back to Old Norse in "Orkney Norn" is noticeably higher than in the "Etymological Dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland" (perhaps.1. if the latter had been written a few decades later than it actually was. Substantives 2. This being said.1. more correctly. Nominative/Accusative As mentioned in General. Apart from The Lord's Prayer. where the nominative ending -i must have . we can not clearly demarcate the two. Had Darraðaljóð been recorded. although to what extent he does it. it would have looked likewise).1. Marwick's book features a lot of Scots words and even some of Gaelic origin. Old Norse grammatical archaisms in Orcadian Scots are very scarce and are summarized in the following lines. remains unclear. it seems very likely that Jakobsen's research in Orkney provided nowhere near as much material as his fieldwork in Shetland. or. The Orcadian material seems to be much more worn out and scotticized than that from Shetland. mullyo < Sw. A few set expressions and forms preserve the Old Norse masculine/neuter sg. brecks < brekka 2.1. lacky.1. bitch. ending -i: agairy < af garði asee < (yfir.1. Ek blatho < Gael.8. contributing to the overall confusion of endings. Masculine words retaining -er < ON -r: amiter < úmáttr.1.1.1.1. wind < yndi 2.2.1.1.1. bram(mo) < Dan.1.kromak < krumma.1. The appearance of -o in the strong declension was certainly the reverse effect of this change. skift < skifti.tended to be replaced by the accusative one -a. Dative. bore [bo:r. skjeldro < tjaldr 2.1. the mixing of -a and -o in the feminine. bilge-kod < koddi. klavo < klafi. i < i ogude < ágói. sillock < *sýlingr. o < a bikko < bikkja.kiddo. o vs.7. sillo. o < i arvo < arfi. raim < rjómi.kiddy < kið.1. must have overshadowed it.10. Another group of weak substantives lost their vocal endings to become undistinguished from strong nouns.1.1.6. herto < hjarta 2. merkister < merkjarstaðr. kuppo < koppr. ruithe < hróði. biter < *bítari. ayrskifft < arfskifti. o < 0: grono < grjón (pl. kid. Mulla By the anology from the substantives words in other classes of speech change -a to -o too: adverbs: reevligo < rífliga verbs: fordo < forða 2. kleppo < kleppr. producing weak masculine nouns ending in -o as a result.1. o < a kringlo.2.1. almost all variants of the endings mixing became possible: 2. krummo.1. Nor. 0(zero) < a amis < ǫlmusa.1.). undir) Ási Brya-grunyie < Breiða-grunni . bærme. To sum up.3.1. saithe < sæði.4.kringl < kringla.1.09. yaager < jálkr 2.1. ang < angi. almusa (Orkney Norse).1.5. blooter (blout) < blautr.1. However.1.1. wazzi < vasi 2.bo:ǝr] < bóra.1. berm. o < ingr klino < klíningr. tong < tangi. blaathach. Far.1.1. 0(zero) < i aithken < auðkenni.lecko < Laki 2. brander < brandr.1. brinno < brenna.1. Blak 2. sýr 2. rag < raki.1. 1. Masculine .1.manna. hestar. like it did in Faroese: Far. vinir < ON hesta.1.1.1. We think instead that the ending could have simply acquired the final -r in Norn.5. lag(n)ing + -inni (??) The following word descends from a dative expression. this form is registered in "Ry.1.2.5. but the ending is lost: forrowhand < fyrir hǫndum 2.< gýgjarhandigrip < handa(r)grip hummleband < hǫmluband katabelly < kattarbelgr merkister < merkjarstaðr messigate < messugata ombisman.2. Plural 2. Definite forms 2.Hoosavelji < í Húsavelli. sometimes presented as -is.1.1. according to Marwick. vandar (??) 2." (Rousay? North/South Ronaldsay?).myungy < jarðarmegin (-munr?) Genitive expression with eliminated ending: emby < innan bœjar fainfu < fagnaðarfullr forcop < fararkaup 2. pl. Nominative blooro < blórar katrisper < kattar-rispur vandar (vanda) < vandi.3. The other endings are mostly reduced to -i or -e. umboathman < umboðsmaðr urislands < eyrislǫnd voldro < vallar-mús? vole-grun < vallar-gróinn yarromang. vini. the rest of Orkney has Hoosavel Also a feminine dative form: leggin < í lǫgginni (in) laaginy < Nor.2. In two cases the old masculine/feminine ending -(a)r still can be seen: domismen < dómsmenn banno-disty < barna-dust bonie-words < bœnar-orð geivaless < gæfulauss geyar-. Accusative riggaforaaser < *hrygg(ir)-yfir-ása.2. The old genitive ending -s is mostly preserved. Genitive Genitive endings can be found in compound words. 2. Marwick believed that the final -r has appeared due to "a false association with English razor". gyre.1. Pronouns suistoo < Eng. sástu (sást þú) 'saw you [did you see]' taragott < þat er gott me-nain [minε:n] < minn Eigen yin < hinn (+ Sc.3.2. settin(g) < séttungr ' a 6th part' .2. Neuter witheron < viðrin(i)?? 2. Weak adjectives groy < grái Brya-grunyie < (á) Breiða-grunni Tongabrey < Tangi breiði Geo na gui < Gjáin góða (Acc.5. also cf. ýlan?) grullyan < grýlan wanboona < *vanbónin?? yern < jǫrðin leggin < i lǫgginni Examples from North Ronaldsay: Burrian < Borgin Lashan < Flesin Leean < Hlíðin Geo na gui < Gjáin góða (Acc.2. Strong adjectives long reed < lǫng hríð Nue[nø]-biggin < ný bygging taragott < þat er gott 2. dial. Feminine keelin < keilan hoolan < ýla (Far. yon?) 2. seest thou!.2. Numerals (or substantives derivated from numerals) ferd < fjórði setten.3.4.5. Eng. Gjána góðu) Støǝn < Stǫðin 2. Comparative negree uiter-ald < ytri 'old' innerli < innarliga 2.1. ON sérðu (sér þú) 'see you'. Adjectives 2. seesta.5. Adverbs reevligo < rífliga 2.1.3. Gjána góðu) Neeoquoy < Nýa kví Langaber < Langa berg 2.2.1.2.geyarkarlin < gýgjarkarlinn tramins < á þrǫminn (??) kroopan < kroppinn (??) 2. also cf. ON sérðu (sér þú) 'see you'.2. your will be done. lyv vus ye i tumtation. Amen. Gjorde handselde (Orkney Norse??) < handseldi 2. seesta.3. 1700. schound < sjaund 'the 7th day' teind < tíund bow-teind < bú-tíund 2. dial. Eng. Prepositions in under < inn under ON? forgen < *fyrir-gegen forrowhand < fyrir hǫndum riggaforaaser < *hrygg(ir)-yfir-ása Orkney's Lord's Prayer The only known text in Orkney Norn is The Lord's Prayer recorded in the late 1690's by James Wallace.6. Present (active) participle greyin < grýjandi 2. hefja domlad < dómlagðr? 2. Give us today our daily bread. ga vus da on da dalight brow vora Firgive vus sinna vora sin vee Firgive sindara mutha vus.": Favor i ir i chimrie. de'r < +er 'is' taragott < þat er gott suistoo < Eng.4.7. Past (passive) participle forlegen < *fyrirlaginn hoved < hafinn. The following overview of the prayer is based on Hugh Marwick's analysis with some minor corrections: 1.6. Verbs 2.6. or And so may it be. gilla cosdum thite cumma. hallowed be your name. Nor. or On sa meteth vera. First published in his "An Account of the Islands of Orkney.1. Past dyoard < gerði.6.5. seest thou!. By-word translation . Imperative fordo < forða 2. Presens the're. your kingdom come.6. min delivera vus fro olt ilt. Helleur ir i nam thite. sástu (sást þú) 'saw you [did you see]' 2. on earth as in heaven. Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil.schone. veya thine mota vara gort o yurn sinna gort i chimrie. Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.6. London: Jacob Tonson. Our Father in heaven. Amen. sg. of illr. Illt on 'and' < Scots/English and . neut. < þitt gilla .). neu. war (Marwick) i 'who. in the meantime' delivra 'deliver' < Scots + the Norn ending –a fro 'from' < frá olt 'all' < ǫllu Dat. of allr. sin 'as' < sem vee 'we' < vér sindara mutha vus: 1. pl. which' < eð ir 'is' < er i 'in' < í chimeri 'heaven.neut.) cumma 'come' < koma veya 'will' < vilji. fem. < þinn mota 'may' < mátti 'might' vara 'to be' < vera gort 'done' < gǫrðr. of gera. < jǫrðinni sinna 'as it is': probably < sem hann er 'as he is. gøra o 'on' < á yurn 'the earth'. Nom/Acc. neut.sg. "heavenly kingdom"' < himinríki. < várar. your'. Vilja thine 'thine. himnaríki Helleur ir i: should be *Helleut viri: *helleut < heilagt viri 'may it be' < verði nam 'name' < nafn thite 'thine.??. as it is' ga[v] vus 'give us' < gef oss da on da 'day by day' < dag um dag? dalight 'daily' < dagligt brow 'bread' < brauð vora 'our' < várr (influenced by vora below? Grammatically *vort should have been expected). Acc.neut. your' masc. Shet. Allt ilt 'ill. Nor. (Hildina) fy vor 'our' < várr. 'sinners against us' < syndarar móti oss 2. Hægstad takes this as gud lat 'God let' < guð lát cosdum 'kingdom' < konungsdómr (masc. Dat. cf. Nom/Acc. firgive 'forgive' < fyrirgef sinna 'sins' < syndir vora 'our'. 'sins against us' < syndar á móti oss lyv vus 'lead us' < leið oss ye 'not' < eigi tumtation 'temptation' < Scots/English temptation min 'but' < Dan. evil' < illu Dat. mod.sg. Ork.). (The possessive pronoun thite is witness to the neuter gender of this word.Favor: fa 'father' < faðir.sg. pp. men < meðan 'while. *konungsdœmi (neut. sinna. cumma. subj.sa 'so' < svá meteth 'may it' < mætti þat vera 'be' < vera 2.inf.1. we firgive -a . No distinction between masculine and feminine can be traced.pres.e .) 2. delivra.ar: vora.past. Viri -e (+ i-umlaut) . Acc. Substantives 2. Danish and Swedish. Grammar The grammar of Orkney Norn as in the Lord's Prayer is much simplified in comparison to Old Norse. especially masculine and neuter. One plural ending can be found: -a(r) < ir.1. firgive -i .: mete < mætti (Notice that these are "orthographical" spellings and their phonetic nature may differ. The relations between cases and genders can mark the development of the same system in Orkney Norn as in contemporary Norwegian. although the material is too scanty to make definite conclusions. vera/vara -a.2. In adjectives the neuter ending -t is registered: dalight. The superfluous ending -e in thite. Nom. olt. Llull . pl. ilt The morphology of the verb is represented with the following endings: -e . dagr fa < faðir veya < vilji. Feminine yurn < jǫrðinni sinna(r) < syndir 2. sindara (?). Dative is replaced with Nominative/Accusative (common case): olt ilt < ǫllu illu.2. There is confusion between genders. Adjectives All in neuter: *helleut < heilagt dalight < dagligt ilt < illt. Masculine cosdum < konungsdómr (neut. subj.imper. *konungsdœmi?) da < dag.1. konungsdómr?) nam < nafn brow < brauð (tumtation) 2. Neuter chimrie < himnaríki/himinríki cosdum < *konungsdœmi (masc. where only 2 genders (common and neuter) and 2 cases (common and genitive) exist.1.3. thine might be a reflex of an older flexion from other cases. Vilja sindara? < syndarar 2. jurn < jǫrðinni.1.1. 2.3. Pronouns 2.3.1. Personal pronouns -n- in sinna < hann in sem hann er -th < þat vee < vit vus < oss 2.3.2. Possessive pronouns thine < þinn thite < þitt vor < várr vora < neut. várt, pl.fem. várar 2.3.3. Other pronouns olt < alt, ǫllu 2.4. Verbs 2.4.1. Indicative 2.4.1.1. Present ir, -a < er firgive < fyrirgefum 2.4.1.2. Past mota < mátti 2.4.2. Subjunctive 2.4.2.1. Present *viri < verði 2.4.2.2. Past mete < mætti 2.4.3. Imperative ga[v] (vus) < gef (oss) firgive < fyrirgef, forgive delivera < *delivra gilla < guð lát? lyv [*lið?] (vus) < leið oss 2.4.4. Infinitive vara,vera < vera, verða? cumma < koma 2.4.5. Past (passive) participle gort < gjǫrður (gjǫrr), neut. Gjǫrt 2.5. Prepositions fro < frá i<í mutha < móti o<á on < um 2.6. Conjunctions min < men i < eð ond < Sc. And 2.7. Particles sin [-na] < sem [hann er] sa < svá ye < eigi Caithness Norn The scope of the Norse language in the British Isles was at times much wider than the Orkney-Shetland area. Vikings coming from Norway and other Nordic countries founded settlements in many corners of Britain and Ireland. Old Norse had a major influence on the other local tongues, including English, Scots and Gaelic. However, by the end of the Middle Ages Norse (or its later versions which we can call Norn) was superceded by other languages practically everywhere, except in such remote corners as Orkney and Shetland. Besides these, the last strongholds of Norn in Scotland seem to have been the Hebrides and Caithness (ON Katanes, North-East Scotland). In the Hebrides, Norn is believed to have died out in the 1500-1600's at the latest, replaced by Gaelic, but having left a big number of toponymes and borrowings in the Celtic language. At approximately the same time, Norn was devoured by Gaelic and Low Scottish in Caithness. Per Thorsen mentions three possible datings of its decay in his paper "The Third Norn Dialect - That of Caithness" (The Viking Congress, Lerwick, 1950), which is probably the most substantive account on Caithness Norn so far: 15th century (by William Grant, "Scottish National Dictionary", Introduction, § 156), 17th century (by Adolf Noreen, "Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik", 4th ed., 20, "Geschichte der nordischen Sprachen", 3rd ed., 2) and 16th century, asserted by Thorsen himself, who cites the following testimony from 1662, which witnesses that the local inhabitants had by that time turned to Gaelic: The common speech of humble people nowadays is mostly Scottish-Irish, a mixture of the two languages, not markedly one or the other. (Sir John Scott's text to the "Atlas Major" by J. Blaeu, Vol. VI) One of the main factors which supported the existence of Caithness Norn during was the constant communication of the locals with Orkney, where its own dialect of Norn was well entrenched until the 1617th centuries. However, it did not save Caithness Norn from decay which was destined to happen, like elsewhere on the mainland. No written records in Caithness Norn are known to exist. All that we have to rely upon is the list for Norse words in the Low Scots dialect of Caithness (about 100 instances) collated by Thorsen and published in his article mentioned above. Thorsen mostly resorted to the "English Dialect Dictionary" by Joseph Wright, who, in his turn, borrowed Caithness words from the manuscript collection of David B. Nicholson, a native of Wick in Caithness. In several cases Thorsen adds words belonging generally to Northern Scotland (marked as "N.Sc."), assuming that they also occurred in Caithness. Unlike Shetlandic and Orcadian material, no grammar features can be worked out from these forms, and their phonetics fully accord with the main sound pecularities of Norn, especially its Orkney version. The total of Norse words in the local Caithness dialect, including terms common to Scots in general, is estimated by Thorsen to be "a couple of hundreds". The wordlist by Thorsen is fully reproduced here below: 1. Terms for natural formations: clet 'rock or cliff in the sea' < klettr geo 'narrow inlet, creek' < gjá skerry 'isolated rock in the sea above water' < sker wick 'creek, small bay' < vík leen 'grassy place in a moor, low-lying piece of grass on a farm' < Far. Nor. Lón tuag 'small hillock' < þúfa + Sc./Gael. –ock lith 'gate, gap in a fence' < hlíð quoy 'piece of ground taken in from a common and enclosed' < kví 'cattle-fold' rae 'enclosure for cattle' < ró, rá roo 'heap, esp. small heap of peats set on end to dry' < hrúga scroo 'small stack of corn, hay or straw' < skrúf 2. Terms connected with domestic life and husbandry: squaar 'swath in mowing' < Icel. skári, Norw. skaare steith, steethe 'bottom or foundation' < stœði, *stœða toft 'homestead' < toft wait, wate 'mill-race, the water-course from a mill' < veit, veita boo-man (obs.) 'the man in charge of the cattle on a large farm' < bú 'farm', cf. búmaðr 'farmer' 3. Terms for implements, etc., and terms referring to house-building: (a) ammel (obs.) 'the swingle-tree of a plough' < *hǫmull cassie 'basket made of twisted straw' < kass, kassi clubber 'wooden saddle, pack-saddle' < klyfberi flet, flate 'straw mat put under a horse's saddle to prevent the back from being chafed' < flétta 'plait' keyse, keis 'large straw basket' < Norw. kjessa lay 'slip of wood coated with sand or emery, used for sharpening a scythe' < lé 'scythe' simman 'rope made of heather, rush, or straw' < sími 'rope' tuskar 'spade used for cutting peat' < torf-skeri (b) benlin 'long light stone, slung in the loops of the "simmans" of a thatched roof < * bendlingr birk 'piece of round timber laid horizontally', in roof-making < bjǫrk rain-tree (obs.) 'bar or beam across the chimney from which pots are hung' < *randtré, Norw. randatre wyg, in the phrase rae wyg to waw 'backwards and forwards' < veggr 'wall' 4. Terms referring to cattle, sheep, horses, etc.: cushie, a milk-maid's call to a cow < kussi 'calf' droonyie 'moan or complain in a murmuring way' < Norw. drynja 'low softly' ingy 'bring forth lambs' < yngja 'bring forth young' mull 'the mouth, esp. of a horse or cow' < múli onmark 'troublesome or refractory person or animal' < andmarki 'adversity, vice', the word signifying properly 'something marked'), Norw. andmarke 'cattle' queyag 'heifer' < kvíga + suffix -ock); skeel, a mouth-disease in horses (Norw. skjøl, skjol); skite (N.Sc.) 'the dung of fowls' < skítr 'dung' snuy 'turn suddenly as if displeased or annoyed', used of cattle < snúðga 'win, accomplish', properly 'wind, turn' 5. Sea terms (in a wide sense) (a) Terms for motions of the sea, etc.: bowd 'breaker, billow' < boði burth 'current in the sea caused by a furious tide, but taking a different course from it' < burdr 'carrying', Faer. burdur av streymi 'current' insook 'inrush', used of the tide < *innsog outrook 'the backward wash or undercurrent of a wave after breaking' < *útrák rost 'strong tide or current' < rǫst brook, in the phrase war brook, brook o' war 'a quantity of seaweed driven on shore by stormy weather' < brúk, þarabrúk (b) Terms connected with boats: lin(n) 'piece of wood put under the keel of a boat to facilitate its being drawn over a loose or sandy beach' < hlunnr nile 'plug in the water-hole of a boat' < Norw. Nygla noast 'landing-place for boats' < naust 'boat-shed' anno 'row against the wind to keep the boat from drifting' < andœfa ouse, in the phrase ouse o'er 'swish over' < ausa 'bale out' (c) Terms connected with fishing: aav(e) 'spoon-net, the pock-net by which boys pick up herrings' < háfr; an identical Caithness word is haev 'small hand-basket used by fishermen to carry bait'; clev 'make up a fishing handline after use' < klyf 'cleft, forked implement' ile 'the fishing-ground inside the main current' < íli 'sink-stone for holding a boat'); braad 'sharp pull to hook a fish' < bragd 'sudden movement' (d) Terms for fish and parts of fish: ly 'the pollack' < lýrr peltag 'young coal-fish in its second year' < piltr 'boy' + suffix –ock sellag 'the coal-fish in its first year' < síl, a kind of small fish, 'ammodytes tobianus' + suffix -ock tusk 'the torsk, brosmius brosme' < þorskr gip 'the point of the jaws of a fish' < Norw. Gip ug 'the pectoral fin of a fish' < Icel. uggi, Norw. Ugge maak 'the milt of a fish' < mjǫlkvi (e) Terms for sea-birds: scarf 'the cormorant' < skarfr scorie 'young gull' < skári tyst(e) 'the black guillemot' < þeisti 6. Atmospheric phenomena: aem 'blast of hot air from a fire or furnace' < eimr 'steam, warm vapour' flag 'flake, esp. of snow' < -flaga flam, flan(n) 'sudden gust of wind', as a verb: 'blow in gusts' < flana 'rush' gray 'slight breeze of wind' < gráði theef, feff 'stench, bad smell' < þefr up-light 'the brightening at the end of a shower' < létta 'brighten' ime 'soot, thin scum or coating' < ím 'dust', in Norw. and Faer. 'soot'). 7. Of the verbs, two categories stand out, viz.: (a) Terms for odd or extravagant behaviour: scravvle 'scramble, crawl, grope with the hands' < Norw. skravla 'scrape or beg together' skavle, skaivle 'walk with a tottering gait' < Norw. skeivla 'walk clumsily' pepper 'tremble, quake, vibrate' < pipra scum 'glance, look at hurriedly' < *skúma, cf. Norw. skyma 'look secretly' clype 'scratch with the nails' < klýpa 'pinch' glaep 'gulp, swallow, seize' < gleypa 'swallow' glup 'beguile, wheedle, catch' < Norw. glupa 'catch, swallow' (b) Terms for 'useful' or 'productive' actions: brath (N.Sc.) 'plait straw ropes round a stack, crossing them at intervals' < bregða 'plait' skyle 'shelter, shade, put up a screen in the chimney to prevent the smoke blowing down' < skýla 'protect, screen', Icel. skýla hjá 'put up a kind of chimney-cap on the opening of the kitchen roof elt 'knead dough' < elta); scair 'fasten two pieces of wood together' < Norw. skara 'mortise boards or planks' 8. Various terms: aikle 'molar tooth' < jaxl birsk 'cartilage or gristle' < brjósk brither-bairn 'cousin', brither-dochter 'niece', brither-sin 'nephew' < brœðraborn [pl.], bróðurdóttir, -sonr altogether it makes Nynorn a fairly hypothetical language and this project should be considered as an intellectual game rather than anything else. The Ballad of Hildina and the Lord's Prayer give us a good account of the late Norn's grammar. as usually believed.). energy'.4000 B. But in some cases linguists go further and try to reconstruct the speech. far from complete yet fairly illustrative. there can be a certain theoretical value to them. be entitled to'. where is thy sting?" (1 Kor. Faroese and Icelandic have survived until our days and look to us encouraging. afgeng 'accomplishment. leaving only the warp' < slitri 'rag' ta(a) 'fibre. Our goal is to re-create Norn as a usable (=living) language in order to see what it could be like had it stayed alive until our days. Schleicher wrote fables in Proto-Indo-European (3000 . such as (New)Norwegian.) and Illich-Svitych. Norw. efri Philosophy of Nynorn "O death. We have chosen to give this project another name in order to distinguish it from the real Norn and.C. But the situation is not as hopeless as it seems at first sight. conclusion'. Knippe slitter 'breach in cloth where the woof has given way. which is the next and more sophisticated level of reconstruction. Several thousand Norn words and expressions. By this we mean that most of the discovered features of Norn reflect its rich predecessor. maintenance'. stand till 'to depend. Nynorsk = "New Norwegian") came straight to mind.C. knippi. It is not to be denied that very few Norn texts has survived until today which is usually considered to be the main obstacle for such a revival. drag op 'to educate. supplied his dictionary with a short verse in Proto-Nostratic as an epigraph. an overview of its grammar and a short vocabulary are presented as the outcome. skatt 'tax'. Old Norse. used of places < øfri. the other descendants from Old Norse. as it often happens with intellectual games. soind 'legal investigation'. Enthusiasts have revived Cornish (existed . Classic Latin is widely used 1500 years after its dissolution into the numerous Roman languages. who pioneered the Nostratic reconstruction (13 000 . jenk 'to dedicate' etc.12 000 B. of course.knip 'small bundle of things strung together on a string' < Icel. that include not only crofters and fishermen's slang. etc. Of course. But. which is quite well known and researched. vokster 'enterprise. 15:55) This section of our website is devoted to the reconstruction and revival of Norn. higher'. There are more examples of extinct languages being spoken or revived. the apt title 'Nynorn' [nee-norn] which means "new Norn" (cf. but also more sophisticated and absract terms (ober 'responsibility'. We also have at our disposal a complete list of phonetic changes from Old Norse to Norn which have been documented by Jakobsen and Marwick. Finally. are known. Usually when a language is under reconstruction. fibrous root' < tág yarfal 'peat mixed with clay and sand' < jǫrfi wan.). waan 'hope' < van ever 'upper. upphald 'support. Icelandic has hundreds and thousands of neologisms created by a special commission which invents new words instead of borrowing them from outside . 1989).. The future will show whether Nynorn has any chances in the real world. Introduction into Nynorn 1. This list is certainly far from being complete. Human intervention into the development of a language has not been an unknown phenomenon. See the . More than that. which had its roots in Danish. "Tunga".) are speaking in their leisure time when they meet at conferences? No language can be completely dead (= unused) . tutorial and a few short texts. The vocalisation of the contemporary Hebrew (the revived one) originates from different medieval traditions of reading Old Hebrew textes and uses their combination. Yet another example of human interference into the language is Hebrew. even several declension types were corrected through restoring their original endings in the 19th century (see Stefán Karlsson. So far nynorsk has not become Norway's main written language. when it is a whole language that has been constructed. and guess what language the specialists in Old Chinese (200 B. Hebrew was ressurrected in the 1800's 2000 years after it had been abandoned. but the first step has been taken.ex. You might not realise it.until the late 18th century). You might probably not be aware that we do not know for sure what the vowels of many original Old Hebrew words were. vocabulary.this point is all the clearer in these days of the Internet where people set up webpages in Anglo-Saxon.D. otherwise bokmål ('book language'). originally known as landsmål ('language of country'). especially in the Nordic countries. In the following chapters you will find a more detailed description of our methodology as well as the grammar of Nynorn. Sanskrit and even Proto-Indo-European.900 A. A more advanced example. it has official status and is widely used in several domains. This is a living example of a theoretical reconstruction that has been brought to life and continues existing as a real linguistic phenomenon. to start this project in the virtual space. . Or look at this online tutorial of Crimean-Gothic (existed until the 17-18th centuries). This section of the website is dedicated to our experimental project which aims at reconstruction of Norn as a usable language. but there are many words in your language that have not developed in the 'natural' way but were consciously and artificially constructed instead. the name of God in the Old Testament can be read either as Yahweh or Yehowah). The fact that Nynorn is an artificial language should not confuse anyone. Old Church Slavonic. because in the writing they were not marked (f.C. as bokmål.this policy is known as lingustic purism which set off as early as the 17-18th centuries when Icelanders started cleaning their language of Danish and Low German words replacing them with neologisms made out of Icelandic words. is shown by nynorsk ('new Norwegian'). The father of this language Ivar Aasen conceived it the 19th century trying to develop a purely Norwegian written language based upon Norwegian dialects in addition to the existing riksmål ('state language'). but. (Of course. it should be mentioned that the presented version of Nynorn is. Feel free to use our forum to suggest things that could and should be improved. so to say. the preposition to is replaced with its Scandinavian equivalent til (also widely present in the surviving texts). they have lost in most cases. 2. see a more detailed coverage of this matter in Dialects).2. 2. due to our desire to stay as close to the Norn material as possible: 2. In general. the ending of the names of agent -er (< ON -ari) is left unchanged.5. it has been decided to use the four-case system. See also the chapter on the Nynorn grammar for more details. But. muttikin make us believe such words at least could take the definite article or what was left of it). This decision can . once again.1. -in > -andi in present participles.3. At the same time.nj] of ll. Nouns ending at -ek which is a merging of the Scandinavian -ingand Scots -ack. despite sporadic examples of ON -ari.2. you may carry on with it. (This is a rough overview and certain things may be added later on. Our task is only to get rid of some superficial influences that Norn experienced from Scots: 2. [äi] is restored back to the original [i] (occasionally [e]) 2. 2. if you prefer the Foula/Westside pronunciation [dl. -ock ( < Gaelic -ach) are preserved. Our reconstruction is mostly based upon the Shetland dialect. In the grammar. 2. variations can be possible. with which they have mixed a lot (words like hutrikin < *hudrek. infinitives are assigned the ending -a.dn].1. 2.1.2.4. 2.6. they conjugate like the -ing names. -in > -ing in masculine names.1.1. The most distinctive feature of Nynorn in phonetics is the palatalised pronounciation [lj. The most common guidelines for Nynorn are as follows.Nynorn philosophy page for more detailed explanations of the objectives.2.1.2. as preserved in the Ballad of Hildina and The Lord's Prayer.nn like in the most of Shetland. coming from Scots is removed. The material remaining from Norn is to be used to the greatest extent and has priority over Old Norse or Scandinavian stuff.1. There will likely be a major update (further referred to as "Great Revision") when all found mistakes will be indentified and improvements brought in. mulikin. a few things connected to Scots have been left untouched.1. at the "beta" stage and subject to further corrections.1. the definite article de.) 2. 2. joga < ON auga.2. we have Shetland Norn/Scots words like hjog < ON haugr.2. female abstract names in -in (ON -an.2. 2. bjog < ON baugr. why not to borrow some from Old Norse or contemporary Scandinavian languages? In this particular case a systematic approach is followed. Bearing in mind we will not find many useful terms among the registered Shetland/Orkney words. So our final answer is *drog < ON draugr.3. For example. word trow. Nynorn orthography. (The same process has f. We can reconstruct the needed words according to phonological correspondance between Norn and Old Norse or another language.2. So by analogy we could postulate that ON draugr would give *drjog in Norn (the asterisk is used for a reconstructed form.2.3. 3.1. However. also happened in Danish.4. this is rather a contamination of the respective Old Norse word and the Low Scots trow and is not a direct descendant from draugr. Notice that the usage of ð in the Nynorn dictionary is not quite consistent and is subject to Great Revision. but the ON term for it draugr is not registered in Norn records. draugr would have most likely appeared in Norn as *drog! 3. never met in life). 3. several expressions quoted by Jakobsen as being of Scandinavian origin were translated into Nynorn and are given in bold in the dictionary.be explained by the fact that -er in the given context descends both from -ari and -ir. 3. we need a word for 'ghost'.for ON ð.2.ex. This applies only o in stressed syllables. But whatever the truth is. which gave o in Norn. another Old Norse suffix for agent.for ON á and a. the above-mentioned reconstruction of the form *drog is just a good example of our method. 2.1. å (reads as o) . drøl. But there are no Norn words that begin with drj-! All of them drop the -j-: drøg < ON drjúgr. except 2 positions: rð and gð. -ing) are left unchanged. ð . we must admit that we lied in the beginning. had there been no L. In the unstressed syllables we have . its capital counterpart Ð is mentioned only for completeness sake. We have introduced several letters which have an etymological value only: 3. namely drow.Sc. However. gd] respectively.< ON *drjól-/drýl-. This letter reads as zero sound (like in Faroese). g] or [rd. there really is a Shetland word which originates from ON draugr. To be quite fair. The Nynorn alphabet consists of 24 letters: Aa Bb Dd (Ð)ð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Yy Øø Åå The letter ð does not occur in the beginning of the word. where you can read it either like [r.) 2. However. 1. so there may be changes during the Great Revision too. Working out the endings of Nynorn we have taken most of them from the grammar of Shetland Norn. as declared elsewhere: (1) the existing Norn material is to be used to the greatest extent. 3. 3. y (reads as i) .for ON y and ý. tsj reads as English ch.4. Grammar of Nynorn In the process of compiling the grammar of Nynorn we have followed two main guidelines. Having tried various combinations of endings for our reconstruction we have decided to drop some of them for the sake of integrity. i. given a 'Norn touch' when needed.3.3. 3. when the grammar still preserved the inflectional system.decided to use the letter o: -som < -samr. konnj < korn. We base the reconstruction on Shetland Norn from the period of The Ballad of Hildina/the Lord's Prayer. although this is not a universal rule: foiljda < folda. goitt < gott. Latter forms of Norn have not been considered reliable to be used as a model pattern: they seem to be much worn out and probably uttered by people who were more accustomed to use Scots than Norn (if they spoke the latter at all).2.skoinjda < skunda. unless it is changed to a. Reconstructing the endings missing from Norn. hj reads as [j]. Those endings that differ or are not present in Norn are explained explicitly. this applies to those endings whose status within the . but kolj < kollr. (But you can always contest it!). Various letter combinations. We admit that in this case our orthography is not quite consistent. more seriously.3. 3. For instance. as the spelling -såm has been considered lame. we normally use their Old Norse archetypes.3. Long palatalised consonants can add the -i to the preceding vowel (especially o).3. (2) remaining gaps are filled up from Old Norse or other Nordic languages. 3. NB! ON ǫ is spelled as o. It has been decided not to create a separate letter for u < ó due to the lack of a good sign for it and. skonjda.3. This is not a big step away from the truth. where all borrowings are rehashed according to the phonetic rules of Shetland/Orkney Norn.2. A few more words on palatalisation.e. because the change ó > ú must have likely occurred already in the Old Norse dialect of Shetland and Orkney. because the existing Norn endings are quite reminiscent of their Old Norse archetypes (our readers are encouraged to check the grammar of Old Norse for more detailed information on grammatical topics that has to do with Nynorn). 3. knotti < knǫttr. sj reads as English sh. so there will always be some space for reasonable imagination. hvitu < hvítu. which concern a number of orthography issues. Of course.. however. ON i/e and u/o endings.you might probably not be aware that we do not know for sure what the vowels of many Old Hebrew words were. Remember Hebrew .ex. 1. 3. is subject to discussion.u is used before the final ð and in the final position (except -rne in definite noun declension and comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs -(e)re).. It has been decided to use the ending -on instead of -en/-an both for phonological reasons and in order to avoid its mixing together with accusative singular masculine ending of adjectives -an and the article -en: hviton vs. making the whole picture look a bit chaotic. the name of God in the Old Testament can be read either as Yahweh or Yehowah). Shetland Norn has mostly -en or -an. hvitan < ON hvítum/hvítan. In Norn they have mixed into -er (ON -ar often did too). hesten < ON hestum/hestinn. ON ir/ur endings. 2. see Grammar of Shetland Norn. this topic is covered in detail by Björn Hagstrom in his "Ändelsevokalerna i färöskan"). e. Marius Haegstad postulates the reverse distribution for the language of Hildina. and the only instance where we have -on is honon < ON honum '(to) him'. because in the writing they were not marked (f. Whether it is right or wrong. . The inclusion of such endings did not worked well in earlier test versions of Nynorn grammar. but hestenon < hestinum. when dealing with the real Norn such a loose treatment of the material would be inappropriate. lambið < lambit (Icel.2. f. This system has a close parallel. This is a living example of a theoretical reconstruction that has been brought to life and continues existing as a real linguistic phenomenon. but meanwhile our experiment continues its run (feel free to share your ideas on this matter and they will be reserved for the Great Revision). as in many Faroese dialects the old endings -ir and -ur are also indistinguishable (where either -ir or -ur is chosen. and Far. In this case the following policy has been chosen: i.inflectional system of Norn is not clear or which are considered as a result of corruption. The ON dative ending -um is spelled as -on.o in front of a consonant: hesti < hesti. the system we have chosen seems to be closer to Jakobsen's data presented in his dictionary. Before we proceed to the actual paradigms let us make some general points. where it is backed up with logical conclusions and typological evidences.ex. lambið). which is often used as the definite article in masculine (ON -inn. but we have full rein for it in our experimental project. but hviton < hvítum. a plural ending (Orkney Norn) or a common ending for most forms (like in the "Gryle" verse from Foula). so we use the same approach in Nynorn. so we have decided to make our reconstruction more conservative and 'Old Norse-oriented'. -a.a). In Old Norse i/e and u/o were phonetic variations of the same vowels (phonemes) in unstressed position. heston vs. The vocalisation of the contemporary Hebrew (the revived one) originates from different medieval traditions of reading Old Hebrew textes and uses their combination (read more on the revival of Hebrew here).1. A.1. Strong 1 (ON ō-type) A.2.1.2. Indefinite declension A. Personal pronouns C. Ordinal numerals E.2.1. Definite declension A. Weak (ON ōn-type) A.2. Comparative and superlative degree B.5.1.2.1. Past E.3.1.1.3. Strong 1 (ON a-type) A. Numerals D.1.1.2.3. Masculine A.2. Weak (ON an-type) A. Interrogative pronouns C. Pronouns C. Masculine A.1. Verbs E.2.2. Type 1 (ON ja/ia/ē-type) E.2.2.2.3.1.1. Feminine A.2. Type 2 (ON ō-type) E. Strong verbs E. Reflexive pronouns C. Strong (consonantal) A. Weak A. Weak declension B.2.2. Weak verbs E.1.2.Short view A.2.1. Preterite-present verbs .2.1.1. Possessive pronouns C.2. Strong declension B. Strong A.3.1.2. Sonorant and polysyllabic declension B.1.2.2.2.3. Strong (ON a-type) A.3.2. Adjectives B.2.1.3.1.1.2.2.1. Comparative degree B. Strong (vocalic) A. Weak B. Superlative degree C.3.2.1.4.3.2.1.1. Indefinite and other pronouns D.1.1.3.1.1.2.1. Weak A. Strong 2 (ON i-type) A.1.1.3.3.3. Neuter A.1. Participles E.3. Weak (ON an-type) A.1. Present E. Strong 2 (ON i/u-type) A.1.2.2. Neuter A.2.3.1.1. Cardinal numerals D.1.2. Strong A.1.2.1.1.2. Past E.2. Present E.2. Participles E. Feminine A. Substantives A. Nom. Weak (ON an-type) Gen.pl. Gen.2. Acc.2. Syntax A. Dat.1.4.1. hest 'horse ' Sg. hestar hesta heston hesta A. -ar. Gen.3. Strong 2 (ON i-/u-type) Gen. Dat.sg.sg. nom.ex. rygg. -s.1. geston rygga. Feminine A. The most widespread type in masculine. gests Pl. nom. -ar. -s.pl.2. gester ryggi. -er.pl. mør 'bog. benk 'bench' admit either ending. skuggar skugga skuggon skugga A.1. Nom. SUBSTANTIVES A.sg. Nom. -a.1. gest ryggi. Strong 1 (ON a-type) Gen. skuggi 'shade' Sg. Masculine A. nom. swamp' . -ar.pl.sg. Gen.1. -ar. gest 'guest' Sg. rygg 'back'.1. skuggi skugga skugga skugga Pl.1. gesti ryggon.1.1. Dat. Strong 1 (ON ō-type) Gen. hest hest hesti hests Pl. Acc. Reflexive mode F.1. gesti ryggar. The genitive singular ending can vary between -s and -ar. Several words (f. gesta A.1. Indefinite declension A.E. rygger. -ar. nom.1. gest rygg. Acc. 2. Acc. Acc.3. -ar. Acc. ferd ferd ferd ferdar Pl. joga joga joga joga Pl.1. Dat. Dat. Gen.Sg. Gen. Neuter A. lamb lamb lambi lambs Pl. ferder ferder ferdon ferda A. Acc.3. -er.1. Dat. voga vogu vogu vogu Pl. mør mør mør mørar Pl.pl. Nom. Strong 2 (ON i-type) Gen. Strong (ON a-type) lamb 'lamb' Sg. Nom. Weak (ON an-type) joga 'eye' Sg. Weak (ON ōn-type) voga 'week' Sg. Gen. Dat. mørar mørar møron møra A.2.sg. joger joger jogon jogna .2.1. voger voger vogon vogna A.3. Nom.1.2. Gen. Acc.1. ferd 'journey' Sg.3. Gen. Nom.1. nom. Nom. Dat. lamb lamb lambon lamba A. 2).sg.). It is also worth mentioning that our reconstruction of the ending fits perfectly into the whole feminine definite paradigm. But in our reconstruction the strong genitive singular ending becomes almost the same as in the weak declension (except the first vowel). Masculine A. grinden. This makes it reasonable to restore the original -r when we specially need it. This goes well with most endings except genitive of singular. stoljkena < ON grindina. bearing in mind that Old Norse and most other Scandinavian dialects with a surviving dative case strictly distinguish between dative singular and plural in the definite declension. like in Norn. f. p.1. b. especially when the next word begins at a consonant. 160. grindena. Definite declension We faced a number of problems with certain definite forms. a separate ending for dative plural like -onon looks to be more preferable. -anar < ON -arinnar. as we have found out in the Hildina chapter.Norn orna < ON árinnar. def. These forms show us that the endings -ana and -onon were interchangeable (where -ana most likely represented the unstressed form). However. The language of Hildina has one form for Dat. so it is not what we need. As mentioned below (A.ex. For the strong declension -enon is chosen and in the case of plural we go for -onon. The final -r in -anar is brought in because. To construct the Nynorn form we have tried several options.2. Shetland Norn seems to have the indefinite ending -a/ar and definite -na. Genitive singular feminine (strong). The last point can be argued and we reserve the right to admit -enon instead of -onon for this form.2. there is no distinction made between the strong and weak definite endings in Nynorn.2. most of them either coincided with other endings or were too far from the real Norn.1.1. stúlkuna Gen. -ar < ON -ar. Such a form would look the same as accusative/genitive plural in Nynorn. grindanar. there can be a solution. this sound is often omitted in Norn in the final position. stúlkunnar A. so the problem is happily solved: Nom. The problem of the ending for dative plural is closely related to that of dative singular of masculine (ON -unum and -inum/-anum respectively). Strong .2. bardagana < ON bardaganum (weak masculine declension). "Ändelsevokalerna i färöskan". However. first of all the genitive singular of feminine (strong) and the dative plural (of any gender. stúlkan Acc. see Hagström. not found in the existing Norn material). stoljkenar < ON grindarinnar. where the strong and weak endings considerably differed in Old Norse. stoljken < ON grindin. In the end the following compromise was found: indef. Nynorn årnar . This is why we have decided to construct the ending -anon. Such a system exists in a number of Faroese dialects which do not differ between -inum (sg.A. a. which we can look up in the pronominal forms hana/honon 'him' < ON honum. which saves us from creating one more artificial ending.) and -unum (pl. Dative -ni leð 'way' . møren mørena møren møranar Pl.Sg. The consonantal declension has -en coinciding with nominative: hallen < ON hǫllinni. vocalic (leð pl.2. ånni < ON ánni Another feature borrowed from Norn is that the ending of definite weak female nouns is in accusative. ryggenon hestsens. Nom.1. Dat. mørar . These are exclusive features of Norn unknown in Old Norse. hestarne. Strong. i.2. Weak Sg. Acc. Icelandic or Faroese. The vocalic declension includes nouns ending at vowels and -ð (silent) and preserves the old Old Norse dative singular ending -ni < -inni. consonantal (mør. hesten. mørarne mørarne møronon mørana A. ryggen hestenon.1.e. Dat.2. Acc.1. Nom. pl.1.Strong 1) Sg. skuggen skuggan skugganon skuggans Pl. ryggena hestonon.2.Strong 2). Nom.2.1. its vocal is e instead of the o of the indefinite paradigm: accusative indefinite dimsku. ryggana A. A.2. Gen. but leðni < ON leiðinni. ryggonon hestana. Gen. Strong. dative and genitive the same as in the case of the strong ones.b). but definite dimskena < *dimskuna. Feminine We have decided to distinguish between the vocalic and consonantal declension in the strong feminine declension as is the case in Shetland Norn (see The language of the Ballad of Hildina and Grammar of Shetland Norn. Acc. Gen. leðer .2.2.2. A. ryggerne hestana. ryggen hesten. dative definite dimsken < *dimskunni. Dat. ryggarens Pl.2. skuggarne skuggana skuggonon skuggana A. The plural nominative/accusative ending had in Norn two variants: ene and -en/in (see Grammar of Shetland Norn. Icelandic -ið [ið] and Faroese -ið [i].3.2.2. but Far.1. Neuter As shown in Grammar of Shetland Norn. Dat.2. Icel. vogerne vogerne vogonon vogana A. Dat.2. Using the word sotskin as a marker. systkin vs. leðerne leðerne leðonon leðana A. Nom. A.1.1. lambið lambið lambenu lambsens Pl.2. cf.c. The rest of the endings is trivial and identical to the masculine declension (except dative singular). Strong Sg. Dat. Gen. we have chosen to use the article -en in neutral plural instead of -ene. We use the Old Norse variant. Dan.3. The former coincides with the Old Norse ending and is still present in Icelandic. lamben lamben lambonon lambana A.2. We have declined to use the later version too. jogen jogen jogonon jognana . Dat. we would also like to point at the Norn word sotskin n. The latter type is represented in Faroese and Danish. jogað jogað joganu jogans Pl. A.2. Gen. Apart from the fact that the number of occurrences of en/in is noticeably higher. which refers to its later version. Nom. In several other Nordic languages the latter part of the word coincides with the respective neutral plural ending of the article. Weak Sg. Gen.2. Nom. 'brother(s) and sister(s)'. börn-in 'the children'.2.børn-ene. Nom. Acc. Norn data show two variants of the neuter nominative/accusative definite article: ON -it and -i. Acc.b).1.b. Weak Sg. leðen leðena leðni leðanar Pl.1. systkini vs. Acc. A. cf.Sg.2. børn-ini. Gen. søskende [syskǝnǝ] .3. Acc.3.2.pl. also mentioned in A. vogan vogena vogen vogenar Pl. gamelt . grønt.n decline in the following way (grøn 'green'. Dat. gud gulan. gudar gulon. Sonorant and polisyllabic stems that end in l. guds Neu. goitt gult. guds Fem. Strong declension The strong declension is used with indefinite nouns: svart hest '(a) black horse'. . uvolter). The only place where we had to use a direct borrowing from Old Norse is the genitive plural ending -ra. p. despite the fact that the ending has disappeared from Faroese for good as well as the genitive case itself except in several types of set expressions. gudon guls. guda gulon. Masc. Adjectives B. we have decided to omit the old ending -er ( < ON -r) that is still present in a few Norn adjectives (naber. cf. gudra B. p. gamel grønan. guda gulari. guler. Nom. Føroysk orðabók (1998). ON -ri) and is inspired by the forms arar and whìtrane. see our analysis of the Ballad of Hildina. gudar gular.B. Gen. gular.1. gudari gular. gud gul. gudra Neu. gamblan Fem. gul. 46. gamel grøna. goitt gulu. Gen. Nom. The feminine dative singular ending -ari is the same as in Faroese (cf. gud gula. Acc. gul. gudu guls. gudra Pl. gambla Neu. Acc. As in the case of masculine nouns. gud 'good' Sg.1. which is not very illustrative about the ending due to assimilation: gamla < ON gamalla < *gamalra.gamla. also Meginfelag føroyskra studenta 'Association of Faroese students'). gud gulon. gul. gult. gudar Fem. The same decision to use the archaic ending -ra is often taken by Faroese grammatists (see Lockwood "Introduction into Modern Faroese". grøn. gudan gulon. grøn. Masc. Norn has only one form in this case and number . gudon gulra. Masc. 1438. gamelt grønt. gudon gulra. gul 'yellow'. gudon gulra. Nom. gamel 'old'): Sg.1. guder båtar 'good boats'. guder gula. Acc. Dat. guda gula.3. where r is assimiliated by l or n of the stem. The plural ending remains -u as in Old Norse. see E. gudu båtarne 'the good boats' min svarti hest 'my black horse'. gamels Neu. gambla grønon. dative and genitive of feminine singular. svarti hest drengsens '(the) black horse of the boy The only change from the Old Norse paradigm is the ending -a instead -u in accusative. B. gamblon grøns. gamblar grønon. guda Plural of all cases and genders has the same form: gulu. guda gula. gamela Pl. grøn.1. gamblon grønna.Dat. gamel grønon. gamel grøn. B.3.2. Degrees of comparison . gamblon grønna. Sg. guda gula. gamblu grøns. grønon. Gen. guli. Dat. gudi gula. Polysyllabic stems lose the vowel of the second syllable if the ending begins at a vowel (this type is widespread among strong past participles. gula. Nom. guda Neu. which fully corresponds to many existing instances from Norn (see Grammar of Shetland Norn. Masc. guda Fem.). gamela The main distinction is the form of genitive plural. Gen. Nom. guda gula. Acc.2. guda gula. b is inserted inbetween. guda gula.). grøner. gamblar Fem. Notice that when m and l meet in several forms of gamel.3. guda gula. gamblon grønna. Acc. gula. Gen. gudu B. grønar. gamela grønu. gamblar grønar. the form dimmodali (ibidem). Masc. guda gula. gamblari grønar. cf. gambler grøna. Weak declension The weak declension is used with definite nouns and possessive attributes consisting of possessive pronouns or genitive nouns: svarti hesten 'the black horse'. gamels grønari. The main weakness of this system is that it does not distinguish between the weak and strong forms of accusative singular feminine. Dat. vort minu. voron mins. masc. vorar Neu. hun hana henni hennar 3. beter (from gud) Indeclined (like in Faroese). voran minon. Masc. de de dem derra vora dora C. masc. Dat. mitt. Comparative: gulari (from gul). best (from gud) Admits both strong and weak declension. Acc. Nom. fem. Dat. vorrar Fem. Acc. which assumes the singleness. min. der då dem derra 3. Possessive pronouns min 'my' din 'your (sg.B. vorer . Gen.2. hann hann honon hans 3. neut. Gen. vors Fem.3. Pronouns C.)' derra 'their' Sg.1. Acc. Personal pronouns. C. neut. Nom. However. vors Neu. vort mitt. min. 1 eg 2 du 3. Reconstructed forms are marked with blue. Nom. vorari minnar. vor Pl. dað dað di dess mog dog mjer djer min din Pl. and hence definiteness.)' hans 'his' hennar 'her' dess 'its' vor 'our' dor 'your (pl. voru mins.1. Dat. B. Superlative: gulast (from gul). miner. Gen.2. vor mina. due to the nature of the superlative meaning. Nom. minar. min. der der dem derra 3. fem. the weak superlative forms are used more often than not. Sg. Masc. vora minari. vor min. 1 vi vus vus 2 di dor dor 3.3. ) hvat. vor minon.).when? C. Gen. Gen.where? ner? .'either' (annanhvarn. ingen ingan ingon inges Masc. sin The possessive reflexive pronoun sin conjugates like min.who? (masc. vorra minar. Nom.2. vora minon. Masc. C. vorra min. Sjer Gen. vorra din and dor conjugates like min and vor respectively. Reflexive pronouns Nom. annaðhvat. Gen.) annar . voron minna. ingar ingar ingon ingra Neu.'other' annarhvar . Dat. neu. ingen inga ingari ingar Fem.1. – Acc.'none'. Nom. Dat. ingen ingen ingon ingra . ikke ikke ingu inges Neu. see C. mina. adrahvara. Indefinite and other pronouns (to be updated) sikk . Dat. adruhvaru etc. Acc.4. hvatna? . Ikke hvar .) Sikk declines like a usual adjective (see B. voron minna. The other pronouns in this group decline as follows: a) ingen: Sg.'such' ingen . inger inga ingon ingra Fem. vorar minon. of hvar) hvarna? .what? (neut. Acc. Pl. Sog Dat. The other possessive pronouns are in fact genitive forms of corresponding personal pronouns and hence do not change.3. voron minna. C.'every' (same word as hvar?. see C.5. Interrogative pronouns (to be updated) hvar? .Acc.4. Dat. annar annan adron annars Masc. Acc. Nom. hvat hvat hvaru hvars Neu. Pl. hvarer hvara hvaron hvarra Fem. Dat. annar annar adron annara c) hvar: Sg. 1 en 2 tver 3 trir 4 fyre 5 fimm 6 seks 7 sjø 8 åtta 9 nie 10 tie 11 ellive 12 tolv 13 tretten 14 fjurten 15 fimmten 16 seksten 17 sjøtjen 18 åtjen 19 nitjen 20 tuttu (Ork. Acc. Nom.) Cardinal numerals . annað annað adru annas Neu. Acc. Gen. hvarar hvarar hvaron hvarra Neu. adrari annar Fem. Masc. adrar adrar adron annara Neu. hvar hvara hvarari hvarrar Fem. Nom. Gen. adrer adra adron annara Fem. hvar hvar hvaron hvarra D. Gen. Pl. Gen.b) annar: Sg. Nom. Masc. Numerals D. Dat. Dat. Acc.1. annar adra annari. hvar hvarn hvaron hvars Masc. Nom. åittendi 9. Pl. fyrsti 'first' 2. Acc. which is covered in Pronouns. femti 6. Acc. tridi 4. Acc. Acc. Betti 7. en en enon enna Neu. en ena enari ennar Fem. see C. Norn vi forgiva < vit forgefa. Ordinal numerals 1. Gen. en '1' has singular and plural. tiendi 11. Nom. Gen. di gava < þit gefa). ellivti 12. ett ett enu ens Neu.Like in Faroese. Dat. while tver and trir are plural only. Gen. enar enar enon enna Fem. Verbs The verb declensions of Nynorn repeat in most respects those of Old Norse and Faroese. E. annar 'second' etc 3. Like in the latter. en en(an) enon ens Masc.5. no distinctions between persons is done in plural (cf. Gen. niendi 10. trir trå trimon trigga Fem. Dat. Nom.2. Masc. tolvti 13. sjøendi 8. tvø tvø tvemon tvegga Neu. tru tru trimon trigga D. ener ena enon enna Masc. All of the above numerals decline as weak adjectives except annar. Dat. tver tver tvemon tvegga Fem. fjurdi 5. Dat. only the first 3 numerals decline. trår trår trimon trigga Neu. tver två tvemon tvegga Masc. Nom. trettendi etc. . Sg. Sg.1. Nynorn eg tek vs. at taka 'to take' Pres. teken (neu. Hildina winn < ON ek vinn) . Present Strong verbs have i-umlaut in the singular except those where the root vowel is -e. Fem. at driva 'to drive'. eg tuk du tuk hann tuk Pl. takið Optative: taki E. eg taki). takandi Past (passive): driven (neu. vi taka di taka der taka Imperative: sg. eg driv du driver hann driver Pl. The only place where Nynorn differs from Faroese and follows Old Norse is the 1. driv(du).optative (the old subjunctive) has only one indeclined present form. 2. 2. 3. ON ek tek. 3. 1. 3. tak(tu). drivið Optative: driv i Pres. eg tek du teker hann teker Pl. 1. Past participles decline like normal adjectives (gamel-type): Sg. tekið) The neuter form of past participle is used in perfect (this participle form is called 'supine'): eg hevi drivið/tekið Present participles do not change. Sg.3.or -i-. person of singular in the strong present declension (cf. pl. 2.1.1. Past Pres. 1. 3. Far. vi tuku di tuku der tuku E. Pres.1. Sg. pl.2.1. Neu. 1. eg drev du drev hann drev Sg. Strong verbs E. Participles Present (active): drivandi. drivið).it has zero ending and i-umlaut (cf. E. vi drivu di drivu der drivu Pl. . vi driva di driva der driva Imperative: sg. 2. Masc. 1.1.2. teknon drivena. Gen. drivner. drivnar. E. Present E. teken drivnon. gerið Optative: geri E. Sg.Nom. sóktu.1. pl. is . Weak verbs E. 2. 3. kallið Optative: kalli E.2. Norn sagde < ON sagði. make' Pres. tekena drivið. Nom.2. vogede < vǫktu. cf. soketu < sóttu. driven. teknon drivena. teken driven.2. 3. vi kalla di kalla der kalla Imperative: sg. Acc. Like in Faroese. tekena driven. as in rude < *róðu. tekens Neu. teknar Fem. tekið drivnu.2. driven. Dat. tekens Masc. teknon drivens. teken driven. teken drivna. teknu drivens..1. pl. Type 2 (ON ō-type) at kalla 'to call' Pres. Gen. tekið drivið. teknon drivena. eg geri du gerer hann gerer Pl.2. Dat. ger(du). eg kalla du kallar hann kallar Pl. tekner drivna. the tense has only 2 endings: singular -i and plural -u. tekena Pl. vi gera di gera der gera Imperative: sg. kalla(du). tekna drivnari. Sg. teknar drivnar. 2. (The plural ending -e.2. teknar drivnon. tekna drivnon. 1. Acc. teknari drivnar.1. teken drivnon. Past In type 1 the stem of the past tense is formed through adding -d or -t to the root: gera > gerd-. Type 1 (ON ja/ia/ē-type) at gera 'to do. 3. Gen. so we have decided to go for the 'silent' forms and use -ð. The only example of its past is a form from the Ballad of Hildina: kast-ans < kastaði hans (no past plural is registered). we have decided to use the following artificial endings to distinguish between singular and plural: -aði and -aðu respectively (like in Faroese).) The past tense of type 2 (kalla) caused us a bit of a problem.-3. namely. sg/1. will be clarified later during the Great Revision. kallaðu gerds. sópet < sópaðr/sópat. But then there would have been no distinction between past and 1. Neu. pl. kallaðari gerdar. Norn preserves both types: vandet < vandaðr/vandat. As a solution. Pl. that the -et/-ed in these participles has stayed due to the influence from numerous adjectives ending in -et < -óttr. vi gerdu di gerdu der gerdu Pl. vi kallaðu di kallaðu der kallaðu E. Dat. 3. . kallað gerdan. The past participles decline like usual adjectives: Sg. kallað) The neuter form of past participle is used in perfect (this participle form is called 'supine'): eg hevi gert/kallað. kallaða gerdari. kallað gert. gerd. Acc. kallað gert. of present which is kalla as well. Past 1. The present participles do not change.considered in this connection as corrupted or representing a later version of Norn than the one we base our reconstruction upon. It is quite possible though. 2. Masc. kallað (neu. hoitted < háttaðr/háttat. kallandi Past (passive): gerd (neu. Past 1.(as is the case in modern Faroese and Icelandic). gert). the spelling of ð. Sg. kallaðon gerds.2. gerda. his would suggest creating the same past in Nynorn: kalla. eg kallaði du kallaði hann kallaði Pl. kallaðar Fem. kallaðan gerdon. The phonetic value of these endings. eg gerdi du gerdi hann gerdi Sg.3. kallað gerdu. In the case of kallað we had to choose between the ending -t (archaic) and -ð (latter) of the neuter form. Nom. Participles Present (active): gerandi. kallaðs Neu. kallaðs Fem. gerd. 2. but uppidoga < uppidagaðr/uppidagað. Masc. vi vilja eg vildi. Preterite-present verbs This group consists of the following verbs: munu 'will/shall (fut. skal Pl. kallaðar gerdar. skulu di mynu. kallað > kallaðst. will'. Pres. 2. kallaða gerdon.ð are omitted: hann gerer > hann gerest.4. skal(t) hann myn. gerder. skuldu der myndu. which is added to the end of the respective form. kallað gerd. Gen. 1. . kallað gerdon.)'. E. vilja 'to wish. vi/di/der takast .t. eg myndi. reciprocal or passive meaning.the final r. skulu 'shall. skulu Pl. må 'may'. kallaðon gerdra. skuldi hann myndi. It has only one ending: -st. kallaðon gerdra. vi må eg måitti. kallaðra gerdar. skal du myn(t). vi kunnu eg kundi. kallaðra gerd. kallaðra E. skulu der mynu. 3. vi måittu (The reflex of ON eiga 'to own' is to be presented later). Reflexive mode The mode has a reflexive. Sg. kallaðar gerdon.the strong present ending -er (ON -r) is omitted altogether: du teker > du tekst a) at taka: present: eg/du/hann tekst. skuldu di myndu. must'.d. Acc.3. vi myndu. kallaðer gerda. Sg. kallaðon gerdra. gert > gerst. vi vildu eg må. kunnu 'can'. Herewith the following phonetic changes occur: .Nom. skuldi du myndi. These are mostly used as modal or auxiliary verbs. 3. eg myn. Dat. 2. skuldu Past 1. vi kundu eg vil. vi mynu. skuldi The other verbs in this group conjugate in a similar way: eg kann. SYNTAX The syntax is similar to that of Old Norse. In this case Nynorn joins Icelandic and German.' Nu sjer drengen stolkena. vi/di/der gerdust optative: gerest past participle: gerst c) at kalla: present: eg/du/hann kallast. Logaritm Nynorn translation: Logaritm er flokk matematiskra funksjona loga. 'The boy sees the girl. the only Germanic languages which preserve the old four-case system and at the same time where the genitive attribute is used in post-position. 'We went to Lerwick (in) this spring' [I vår] furu vit til Lervikar. vi/di/der tukust optative: takest past participle: tekest b) at gera: present: eg/du/hann gerest. The word order is rather free besides one strict rule. 'Now the boy sees the girl. Nouns with a genitive attribute or possessive pronoun do not use the definite article.past: eg/du/hann tukst. 'I saw the white horse. which requires the conjugated verb to be the second member of the sentence (the first member can normally be a subject. hund drengsens 'the dog of the boy' hest stoljkenar 'the horse of the girl' Nynorn texts 1. object or adverbial modifier): Drengen sjer stolkena.' Notice that a member of a sentence can consist of more than one grammatical word: Vi furu til Lervikar i vår.' [Hvita hesten] så eg ikke. '[(In) This spring] we went to Lerwick' (modifier [i vår]) Eg så hvita hesten. vi/di/der kallast past: eg/du/hann kallaðist. vi/di/der gerast past: eg/du/hann gerdest.' (object [hvita hesten]) Genitive attributes are preferably used in postposition. vi/di/der kallaðust optative: kallest past participle: kallast F. sen uppfyller: loga(ax) = x . '[The white horse] I did not see. Dað naturliga logaritmið er skilmarkað sen: English translation: Logarithms are a class of mathematical functions loga which meet: loga(ax) = x for all x. Logaritm eru mella annars notað í umreknin av ymiskon enekon og virdon.). and is consequently the inverse function to the exponential function ax.. to which a must be raised in order to produce y. hever derra markin vorden ålmenn. miðen dað naturliga logaritmið heder ln. loga(y) is therefore the number (the power). av di at 102 = 100. og logaritmsmåt sjåst etsa oft i krosslaston fyri viss grafrit. If we take as example log10(100) the result is 2 because 102 = 100. Teger man sen døm log10(100) er utgången 2. loga(y) er så dað tal (dað stig).71828..fyri all x. The two most common logarithms are decimal logarithms with the base of 10 and the natural logarithm of the base e (2. Tvø mest notað logaritm eru desimallogaritm veð grunntalenu 10 og naturligt logaritm veð grunntalenu e (2. miðen dir marka 10-talið veð desimallogaritmið (log10). til að få y.. sen skal upplyfta a i.). a is called the base of the logarithm..71828. The natural logarithm is defined as: Matematikkerar kalla oft dað naturliga logaritmið fyri bara logaritm (log). Då insjenjørar var dir sen uppfunnu lummareknera. og er di anduvsfunksjonen av eksponensfunksjonen ax. Å insjenjøramåli tøder logaritm tvartimuti desimallogaritm. Rekninarregler Fyri all logaritm gilder: . a heder grunnek logaritms. logaritm (nn..) between annar other mella annars ...pl.certain.to be seen...area of arable land.entity. eð which matematisk (G. 3 sg.coordinate system (Norn last . of dað 'that' av di at because hava (vw.to become ålmenn common mella (Gen. pl. pres. rokning ymisk ..to raise smth. pl.sg. pl. teger.various. reikningur. Icel. pres. unit virdi (nn. past -di) . millum annað.Icelandic translation Vocabulary: Reconstructed Norn forms or Nynorn neologisms based on original Norn words are marked with blue. -) .. .. -ar) group sen.. pl.. -) number stig (nn. past -ti) . opfylde heda (vs. definite. Far. grunntal (nn. Icel.. -ar) . vorden) .graph.. certain measure) fyri (Acc. different. plot. gen.to have markin (nf. -) . Icel.inter alia. Dan.notation varga (vs.to be called grunnek (nm.scale. ind. pl.. past tug) to take døm (nn. sjå . Far. pl. direct borrowings from other languages are in brown. -er) function uppfylla (vw..Faroese translation . pl.to meet (some condition). vissur grafrit (nn. pl. ind.. oplyfte anduvsopposite taga (vs. 3 sg. ritmynd. Far. past varg. pl.. pres.. pl -) base dað that tal (nn. måt etsa also sjåst . Far. gen. past hjed) . pl.. ýmiss enek (nm. pl.. -er) . pp.calculation.. Far. past -i) . Dan. -ar) .Danish tanslation . pl. -) power upplyfta i (vw. -ar) . -) logarithm flokk (nm. Far. ind. -ar) result av of di Dat. -) example utgång (nm.) mathematic funksjon (nf..) for viss . pl...Umreknin til annara grunntala Logaritm kann umreknast frå enu grunntali til annars veð fylgandi formulu: Essi formula kann utleðast å fylgandi hått: English translation . 3. -) value måt (nn. ymiskur.to see krosslast (nf. -ar). meðal annars reknin (nf.. cf...as follows.) they marka (vw. Icel. Since it was engineers that designed the pocket calculator. Nor.just. gilti) . their notation has become prevailing.rule. a is called the base of the logarithm.. past -aði) ..pocket calculator. Far. past -aði. pp. tvørturímóti då as. -ar) .can utleðast (vw. -að) . -er) formula essi (masc.) this kunnu (pres. nota naturlig natural skilmarka (vw.most nota (vw. cf. Far. The natural logarithm is defined as: Mathematicians often call the natural logarithm simply logarithm (log)..to mark insjenjør (nm. past -di) ...to be valid umreknin (nf.) from en one til (Gen. kundi) . Far.conversely. The two most common logarithms are decimal logarithms with the base of 10 and the natural logarithm of the base e (2. pl. past -aðist) . Icel... kann.. Far. Far.tvø (neut. pp. fem..to follow. lummaroknari Icel. and is consequently the inverse function to the exponential function ax. the engineers' logarithm (log) is the decimal one and the natural logarithm is designated as ln. línurit regla (nf. Far. -ar) . past -aði) .to use.to be conversed frå (Dat. manner å fylgandi hått . past..to be derived. pl.. Dan. ON fylgja fylgandi the following formula (fw. Logarithms are used.conversion.. pl. Far. masc. Icel. benefit'. opfinde lummarekner (nm. past -di) .to define matematikker (nm. Calculation rules . á fylgjandi hátt English translation: Logarithms are a class of mathematical functions loga which meet: loga(ax) = x For all x. in the calculation of certain entities and values. and logarithmic scales are often seen in the coordinate systems for certain graphs.. tvir) two mest (superl. Icel. -er) . marking 10 in decimal logarithms (log10). umreikningur. Dan. Far. pl.. since.71828.engineer mål (neut.way. -er) .) on hått (nm. past.to mean tvartimuti . past -leddist) . loga(y) is therefore the number (the power). regla all all gilda (vw..) to veð (Dat. If we take as example log10(100) the result is 2 because 102 = 100.. bara miðen while dir (masc.. -að) .to call oft often dað (here) . -ar) matematician kalla (vw. pl.. design. -ar) . pl. to which a must be raised in order to produce y..to invent. umrokning umreknast (vw. gen. Conversely. inter alia. Norn not 'use.) with fylga (vw. pl. of gud 'good') . da uppfinna (vs. simply. útleiðast å (Acc. uppfinna.). -) language tøda (vw.the definite article used with nouns preceeded by adjectives bara . past -fann) . past -aði. a kaldes for logaritmens grundtal. Tager man for eksempel log10(100) er resultatet 2. for at få y. og er derfor den inverse funktion til eksponentialfunktionen ax. som a skal opløftes i. loga(y) er altså det tal (den potens). De to mest anvendte logaritmer er 10-talslogaritmen med grundtal 10 og den naturlige logaritme med grundtallet e (2. fordi 102 = 100.. Den naturlige logaritme er defineret som: .71828.All logarithms obey the following rules: Conversion to other bases A logarithm can be converted from one base to another through the following formula: This formula can also be derived as follows: Danish translation: Logaritmer er en klasse af matematiske funktioner loga. der opfylder: loga(ax) = x for alle x..). Logaritmer bruges bl. ligesom logaritmiske skalaer ofte ses i koordinatsystemerne til visse grafer. der konstruerede lommeregneren.a. Regneregler For alle logaritmer gælder: Omregning til andre baser En logaritme kan omregnes fra en base til en anden med følgende formel: Denne formel kan udledes på følgende måde: Faroese translation: Logaritma er ein bólkur av støddfrøðiligum (matematiskum) funksjónum loga. i udregning af visse enheder og værdier. Omvendt er ingeniørerens logaritme (log) den med grundtallet 10. og den naturlige logaritme betegnes ln. mens de pointerer 10-tallet i 10-talslogaritmen (log10).Matematikere kalder ofte den naturlige logaritme for blot logaritmen (log). har deres betegnelser vundet indpas. ið uppfyllir: loga(ax) = x . Da ingeniørerne var dem. Á verkfrøðingamáli er logaritman mótsett desimallogaritmuni. Natúrliga logaritman er ásett sum: Støddfrøðingar kalla oft natúrligu logaritmuna fyri bara logaritmu (log). a er kallað fyri grunntalið hjá logaritmu. líka sum logramát síggjast ofta í krossskipanum fyri ávísar ritmyndir. til að fáa y. Av tí at verkfrøðingar vóru teir ið uppfunnu lummaroknarar.. gjørdust teirra fakligu heiti almenn. Logaritmur eru millum annað brúktar í útrokning av vissum eindum og virðum. sem man skal seta a á. loga(y) er soleiðis tað talið (tað stigið). er úrslitið 2. og natúrliga logaritman eitur ln.). og er tí andstødda funskjónin til stigfunksjónina ax. Tvær mest brúktu logaritmurnar eru desimallogaritma við grunntalinum 10 og natúrlig logaritma við grunntalinum e (2. av tí at 102 = 100. Umrokningsreglur: Fyri allar logaritmur er galdandi: Umrokningur til onnur grunntøl Logaritma kann umroknast frá einum grunntali til annað við fylgjandi frymlinum: Hesin frymilin kann útleiðast á fylgjandi hátt: . meðan teir merkja 10-talið hjá desimallogaritmuni (log10). Tekur man sum dømi log10(100)..71828.fyrir øll x. af því að 102 = 100.. og er því andhverfa vísisfallsins ax. en jafnframt merkja 10-töluna við tugalogrann (log10).). til að fá út y. sem á að hefja a í. á meðan náttúrulegi logrinn heitir ln. Lograr eru meðal annars notaðir í útreikningu ýmiss konar eininga og gilda auk þess að logramælikvarða má oft sjá í hnitakerfum hjá ákveðnum línuritum. a heitir grunnur logra. Tveir mest notaðir lograr eru tugalogri með grunntölunni 10 og náttúrulegur logri með grunntölunni e (2.. Í máli verkfræðinga vísar logri aftur á móti til tugalogra. Umreikningsreglur: Fyrir alla logra gildir. Ef við tökum sem dæmi log10(100) er útkoman 2. Þannig að vasareiknivélar voru hannaðar af verkfræðingunum. hefur þeirra merking orðið ofan á.Icelandic translation: Logri (lógariþmi) er flokkur stærðfræðilegra falla loga. loga(y) er þannig sú tala (það veldi).71828. Náttúrulegur logri er skilgreindur sem: Stærðfræðingar kalla oft náttúrulega logrann einfaldlega logra (log). Umreikningur til annarra grunntalna Logri getur verið umreiknaður frá einni grunntölu til annarrar með eftirfarandi formúlu: . sem uppfyllir: loga(ax) = x fyrir öll x. Þessi formula getur verið leidd út á eftirfarandi hátt: 2. Drying lamb meat in Shetland Nynorn translation: Et førøskt fyritak, Faroe Foods LTD, atlar at bygga en sturan sjall i Lervik i Hjetlandi til at turka kjød i. Efter hemasiðeni Shetland News vunar fyritakið at turka upp i 6000 krov um årið at utflytsja til milljan annars Denmark. Bønder i Hjetlandi fena um atlena, ti djer vuna at få mere fyri erne og sleppast kann unden at flytsja livandi søð til Skotlands. Sen tillag få båð slåtervirken i Hjetlandi mukkið at gera. (translation follows soon) Faroese original: Ein føroysk fyritøka, Faroe Foods LTD, ætlar at byggja ein stóran hjall í Lerwick í Hetlandi til at turka kjøt í. Sambært heimasíðuni Shetland News vónar fyritøkan at turka upp í 6.000 krov um árið at útflyta til millum annað Danmarkar. Bøndur í Hetlandi fegnast um ætlanina, tí teir vænta sær meira fyri ærnar og sleppast kann undan at flyta livandi seyð til Skotlands. Harafturat fáa bæði sláturvirkini í Hetlandi nógv at gera. Source: http://www.kringvarp.fo/index.asp?s=49&Id=56129 (translation follows soon) 3. Laying undersea cable between Scotland and Faroes. Nynorn translation: Båð i Hjetlandi ok i Orknøjon hava de sturar vuner å samskiftakadli, sen Føroya Tele myn legga milla Førøja og Skotlands i sommer. Kadlen skal i land båð i Hjetlandi og Orknøjon. Orkningar fena lika um nyjan Føroya Tele-kadel. I Orknøjon fenar Jim Wallace, sen er lim i skotska tingenu, um førøska kadlen. Men hann teker ut, at dað stender etsa å at reda ut digitalt samskift innenøja, so aller få bredband. I Hjetlandi hever Tavish Scott, sen er etsa lim i skotska tingenu, gevið uppå BT, British Telecom, at taka kastið, sen kadlen gever hjetlendingon fyri beter og skøtere samskift veð umhemen. Etta er fyrsta tið, sen hjetlendingar få ennan bolbak fyri gødasifullu digitalu samskifti. Serli fyri drivlivið i Hjetlandi varger etta et sturt framstig, skrivar hemasidan Shetland News. Efter attel BT um mukkið skøtere samband får Hjetland ikke gleði av henni fyrr en i 2011, men nu atlar Tavish Scott at skonda BT. (translation follows soon) Faroese original: Bæði í Hetlandi og í Orknoyggjunum hava tey stórir vónir til samskiftiskaðalin, sum Føroya Tele fer at leggja millum Føroyar og Skotland í summar. Kaðalin skal í land bæði í Hetlandi og í Orknoyggjunum. Orknoyingar fegnast eisini um nýggja Føroya Telekaðal. Í Orknoyggjunum fegnast Jim Wallace, sum er limur í skotska tinginum, um føroyska kaðalin. Men hann leggur dent á, at neyðugt er eisini at menna talgilda samskiftið innanoyggja, so øll fáa breiðband. Í Hetlandi hevur Tavish Scott, sum eisini er limur í skotska parlamentinum, heitt á BT, British Telecom, um at taka av og gagnnýta møguleikarnar, sum kaðalin gevur hetlendingum fyri betri og skjótari samskifti við umheimin. Hetta er fyrstu ferð, hetlendingar fáa hendan møguleikan fyri dygdargóðum talgildum samskifti. Serliga hjá vinnulívinum í Hetlandi verður hetta eitt stórt framstig, skrivar heimasíðan Shetland News. Sambært eina ætlan hjá BT um nógv skjótari samband fær Hetland ikki gleði av henni fyrr enn í 2011, men nú ætlar Tavish Scott at skunda undir BT. Source: http://www.kringvarp.fo/index.asp?s=49&Id=41315 (translation follows soon) 4. Gunnie Moberg (1941 - 2007) Nynorn translation: Til at bera dað øver skal du taka dina tið og vitsja fotografisojning Gunnie Moberg um Tria Øjaflokka - Førøjar, Orknøjar og Hjetland. Moberg, boren i Sverige og uppdragen sen fotografer, siter i Orknøjon og er kanske best kend i Hjetlandi fyri sina buk "Hjetlands stol" og senest prentaðu "Hjetland", ena av 'Island Trilogy' utgåvon. Moberg er kend båð i hemenon og i Bretlandi sen mester i sinu tolkekasti og tuk upp veð at legga til urval av sinon fotografon til soindar i bygging skotska tingsens. (translation follows soon) English original: IN ORDER to do it justice, you must take your time when visiting Gunnie Moberg's exhibition of photographs of Three Island Groups - Faroe, Orkney, and Shetland. Moberg, born in Sweden and trained as a photographer, lives in Orkney and is probably best known in Shetland for her book The Shetland Story, and the more recent publication Shetland, one of the Island Trilogy publications. Nationally and internationally recognised as a master of her trade, she has been commissioned to provide a selection of her photographs for the Scottish Parliament building. Source: http://www.shetland-news.co.uk/features/Review Photographic triumph.htm Nynorn Tutorial (Shetland version) 1. Lesson One 1.1. Alphabet. Common reading rules. - 1.2. Strong substantives. Plural 2. Lesson Two 2.1. Orthography - 2.2. Weak substantives. Plural - 2.3. Personal pronouns 3. Lesson Three 3.1. Orthography (cont.) - 3.2. Adjectives. Introduction - 3.3. Verbs. Present tense. Introduction 4. Lesson Four 4.1. Accusative. Strong declension - 4.2. Prepositions with accusative 4.3. Verbs. Present tense. Strong declension 5. Lesson Five 5.1. Accusative of weak substantives - 5.2. Accusative of personal pronouns - 5.3. Verbs. Present tense. Weak conjugation 6. Lesson Six 6.1. Irregular plural - 6.2. Accusative of adjectives - 6.3. Possessive pronouns 7. Lesson Seven 7.1. Dative. Strong substantives - 7.2. Prepositions with dative - 7.3. Past tense of strong verbs 8. Lesson Eight 8.1. Dative of weak substantives - 8.2. Past tense of weak verbs - 8.3. Questions and interrogative pronouns 9. Lesson Nine 9.1. Dative of adjectives - 9.2. Interrogative pronouns (cont.) - 9.3. Declension of adjectives in -el,-en,-er. Lesson One 1. Alphabet. Common reading rules. The Nynorn alphabet consists of 24 letters: Aa Bb Dd (Ð)ð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Yy Øø Åå The letter ð never occurs at the beginning of the word, so its capital counterpart Ð is mentioned only for completeness sake. The following counterparts: letters are pronounced as their English/Scots b,f,g,h,k,m,p,v, d,l,n,s,t r is a trilled rhotic sound as in Scots, Gaelic or Spanish ng is uttered as ng + g hv reads as [hw] except Foula and Westside where it is uttered as [kv] j reads as English y in young hj reads as j (English y) sj reads as English sh; tj reads as English ch. One consonant letter, ð, reads as zero sound (like in Faroese), except 2 positions: rð and gð, where you can pronounce it either like [r, g] or [rd, gd] respectively. The letter g in the adjective ending -ig is silent, i.e. the ending reads as [i]. The vowel letters are pronounced according to rules, common for most European languages: a reads as a in French and German (or Arabic Allah akbar) o reads as o in English song u reads as oo in English spoon i reads as a mix of i and ee in English bit, steel e reads as e in English bed ø reads as Shetlandic ui in guid, German ö or French eu (very close to English ur in hurt) å reads as o y reads as i NB! The pronunciation of a,o,u,å + ll,nn,tt,pp,kk may have dialectal variations which are to be covered in the following lessons. The letters ð,y,å refer to Old Norse sounds which have merged with other sounds or become silent during the history of Norn. The stress in Nynorn normally falls onto the first syllable, except in borrowings from other languages where other syllables can be stressed. The vowels in the stressed syllable are long, unless followed by a long consonant (marked with two consonant letters) or a group of consonants. Examples: long vowels: hus 'house', taka 'to take', dag 'day', voga 'week' short vowels: hest 'horse', drengi 'boy', efter 'after', kerling 'old woman' long consonants: miss 'loss', hvessa 'to sharpen', sommer 'summer' Exercise 1.1. Read the following words: bera 'to carry', joga 'eye', udal 'allodial', hval 'whale', tjug 'thigh', hånga 'to hang', bjårga 'to save', hjog 'hill', sjalder 'oyster-catcher', miss 'loss', njavi 'fist', nyr 'kidney', bjørg 'rocky hill', jøl 'Christmas', ting 'court; district', sjå 'to see', hvessa 'to sharpen'. Sometimes it can be handy to use the dialectal orthography: thus, hval, hvessa should be written in Foula/Westside Nynorn as kval, kvessa. 2. Strong substantives. Plural As in German and Scandinavian languages, all substantives in Nynorn are divided into two main classes, strong (S) and weak (W). It has nothing to do with force or weakness, this naming is purely conventional and refers to two main declension types. As a rule, the strong nouns, with a few exceptions, end in a consonant (hest, kerling, hus), while the weak ones always end in a vowel (drengi, voga, joga). Another characteristic common to all substantives is gender. As in Faroese, Icelandic and German, there are three genders in Nynorn: masculine (M), feminine (F) and neuter (N). The gender of a substantive is to be checked in the dictionary. First we introduce the strong substantives and how they form their plural form. Masculine and feminine nouns add either -ar or -er, while the neuter nouns stay unchanged. The plural ending in each particular case is as given in the dictionary. The majority of masculine nouns has ar in plural, while -er seems to be more typical for feminine nouns. Masculine 1. hest 'horse' - hestar 'horses'; 2. gest 'guest' - gester 'gests' Feminine 1. kerling 'old woman' - kerlingar 'old women'; 2. ferd 'journey' - ferder 'journeys' Neuter kast 'chance' - kast 'chances' Exercise 1.2. bjadn. full.1. the double consonants ll and nn are regularly pronounced palatalized: [lj. fjord 'fjord'(MS2). kællja.lt. The above mentioned vowel changes caused by llj and nnj do not occur. o and å reads as [oi] Palatal consonants lj. enni. millablanda.Change the following words to plural (the class of the word is given in the parantheses . hald. although exceptions are possible (check the dictionnary). milljablænjda. kalla. **************************************************************** (This part of the lesson has only to do with the Foula/Westside dialect and can be skipped by those only interested in Mainland Nynorn) In Foula/Westside Nynorn. The sound nj is like Spanish ñ. b) kelda. mess 'mass'(FS1) Lesson Two 1. Orthography In Shetland Mainland Nynorn. room'(NS). which is equivalent to a in English cap. bånn. bå(i)nnj. bånn. kalla. idni.nt. ull. bjarn. annehvar. sild 'herring'(FS2). kodn. millablanda are spelled as hænnj. Read the following words: a) hann. Additionally. ill.ljd. fisk 'fish'(MS1). FS2 stands for feminine strong. . The same change occurs in ld. kenna. Dumbvilla. Notice that Shetland Mainland bånn [boinnj] 'child' corresponds to Foula/Westside bjarn [bjadn].nj are formed with additional articulation by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate (as if j followed).g. henni. Exercise 2.1. Read the following words with Foula/Westside pronunciation: all. rn often changes to [dn] (possibly also rl). ern. inni. stað 'place'(MS2). mond. Several vowel changes occur before [lj] and [nj]: a reads as [æ]. edni. with the Foula/Westside pronunciation.e. Exercise 2. Exercise 2.3. hus 'house'(NS). gronn. folda In the dialectal orthography for Mainland Nynorn hann. idl.2. toft 'thwart. enni In the Foula/Westside Norn dialectal notation the above words are spelled as adl. ll and nn are read as [dl] and [dn] respectively.njt]. rug 'heap'(FS1). brand.nj]. mella.. type 'ferd'): dag 'day'(MS1). ruin'(FS2). hald.nd: [ljd. edn. rum 'space.njd. golti. Read the words from exercise 2. hæljd. korn. lj is like Spanish ll. jora 'ear' (NW). This is another old trait. person 2. which differentiates pronouns in English. hann 'he' Hann/dir refer to masculine names. person Masc. weak nouns always end in a vowel: -i for masculine. hun 'she' Neu. For example. We have already started covering the strong declension in the previous chapter.)' Fem. hun 'she' stands for rug (F) 'heap' and der stands for rugar 'heaps'. mågi 'stomach' (MW).floger 'flies' N. Weak substantives. nyra 'kidney' (NW). nalta 'grain. dað 'it' 3. person eg 'I' Pl. When a masculine and feminine substantive meet together. Icelandic and German. This has nothing to do with animacy.5. On the other hand. no longer relevant to German but still vital in Icelandic and Faroese. floga 'fly'. substantives in Nynorn are divided into strong and weak. Change the following words to plural: dokka 'young girl'. the neuter plural pronoun is used: Johan (M) og Maria (F). Analogically. bånn 'children' as de.)' di 'you (pl. still valid in Faroese. 1. bogi 'curve. måni 'moon' (MW).jogu 'eyes' Exercise 2. Nynorn sten (M) 'stone' should be referred to as hann 'he' (never dað 'it'!) and stenar 'stones' as dir. piece of turf' (FW) 3. 2. The use of the same pronouns for humans and inanimate objects is an ancient Germanic feature. vi 'we' dir 'they (M)' der 'they (F)' de 'they (N)' du 'you (sg. now let us introduce its weak counterpart. joga 'eye' . -a for feminine and neuter. .**************************************************************** 2. As already known. hun/der refer to feminine names and dað stands for neuter ones. Norwegian or Danish. bånn (N) 'child' would be referred to as dað 'it'.4. small bay' (MW). As we said in Lesson One. Weak substantives form their plural by replacing -i with -ar (M). Personal pronouns Sg. drengi 'boy. Plural. Ch. Exercise 2. skiva 'slice. particle' (FN). lad' . sten (M) og rug (F) 'a stone and a heap' should be referred to as de (N). -a with -er (F) or -u (N): M.drengar 'boys' F. cases and numbers. Foula/Westside Nynorn is free of this change. nått [noiht] 'night'. in the expression "white horse" the word "white" must take the same gender. . i.hp.hk. In Mainland Nynorn.kk and p. albeit less regularly there. tottlig [toihtli] 'comely. driplet 'spotted'.Replace the following words with the corresponding pronoun (third person) or several different pronouns when applied: mågi – rum – joga – fjord – skiver – nyru – hus – månar – nalta – ruger – Johann og Hendrik – bånn og hus – Hendrik og Astrid – rug og skiva – Astrid og Maria - Lesson Three 1.pp. Exercise 3. slope.e. o.hpl. røtt 'red' (N). preaspiration was still sporadically heard in a number of old Norn words recorded in Shetland by the Faroese linguist Jakob Jakobsen in the end of the 19th century.å change to [oi] in front of tt: gott [goiht] 'good (N)'. 2. knippa 'to break asunder'.t. netla 'to trifle with one's work'. Outside of the Scandinavian area. skinnalepp 'remains'. Non-existent in today's Shetland live speech.htn. upp 'up'. ikke 'not'. Adjectives. It also occurs in several Norwegian and Swedish dialects. b) ketling 'kitten'. Nynorn adjectives take genders.1. Orthography. mitt 'my (N)'.pp. knotti 'ball'.hkn]. number and case as the word "horse". M)'. skiplaga 'to build aircastles'. Introduction. The long consonants tt.k + n. It means that. bank'.l is obligatory in Icelandic and Faroese. a short preceding [h]: [ht.t. The preaspiration of tt.k before l or n everywhere in Nynorn acquire the so called preaspiration.hpn. edge. bjokl 'high dorsal-fin of a whale'.htl. Read the following words: a) bakk 'bank.kk and p. mukkið 'much'. neat'. stops p.hkl.k are widely preaspirated in Scottish Gaelic (apparently borrowed from the language of the Vikings). mukler 'big (pl. for instance. neppa 'to join together'.t. blid .balt.gul. gud – gudar N. skilful' .røð. sharp (of weather)'. gul .svartar floger 'black flies' N.F) . gott.gular. quick. blid .røðer. røtt . Adjectives which end in a vowel require in neuter double -tt too: grå 'grey' (M. If the adjective ends in -d or -ð. gud – guder F. while for adjectives it is strictly -er for M and -ar for F! The following combinations are possible: hviter hestar 'white horses' (M) guler vegger 'yellow walls' (M) langar ferder 'long journeys' (F) blidar kerlingar 'kind-hearted old women' (F) Exercise 3. blitt hjarta 'a kind heart' . The initial singular forms of masculine and feminine have no ending and do thus not differ: gul 'yellow' (M. gud drengi 'a good boy' . NB! Do not forget about preaspiration in words like blitt.guder drengar 'good boys' F.røðar. gul .blid. gult . The neuter form takes the ending -t: gult 'yellow' (N).F) .røtt 'red' (N). in neuter either consonant changes to -t.gud Examples: M. giving double -tt after a vowel or single -t in case there is a preceding consonant: blid 'kind-hearted' (M. blitt . røð .guler.blidar.F). røtt and additionally the [o]-[oi] alternation as in grå-grått.Such a dependency from the substantive is called 'agreement': the adjective 'agrees' in gender. svart floga 'a black fly' . Adjectives ending in a consonant + t undergo no changes in neuter: bjart 'cold (of wind). røð .grått 'grey' (N). bald 'bold. The adjective gud 'good' has an irregular neuter form gott. number and case with the substantive it describes. Change the following adjectives to neuter: Hvit lang stur 'big' gud . røð 'red' (M.blid hjartu 'kind hearts' NB! Don't confuse the endings of substantives and adjectives! Masculine and feminine substantives may take either -ar or -er in plural endings.2. The plurals of adjectives are -er (M). biting.blitt 'kind-hearted' (N). -ar (F) and zero in N (the plural N form is identical to the singular M/F): M.blider. gott .F) . di. our/your (pl.los 'loose.dir eru . ikke always provides the negation alone: at vara 'to be': eg er . Change the following phrases to plural: svart hest røtt joga bald hund grå vegg gul knotti (MW) 'ball' blid dokka gott hus 3. free' bleg 'light-brown' bjart Exercise 3.) are called. De heder Hendrik og Maria.ikke.my name is not etc. at heda 'to be called': eg hedi .you (sing. his/her/its name is vi. I am Magnus. my name is du heder .) are.I am not du er ikke . Hon er blid. Nynorn does not have the form 'do not'.) name is hann/hun/dað heder . Dað er røtt. Eg er mann.he/she/it is vi. They (M) are bold. They (F) are bold. His name is not Torkel. Introduction. I am a man. Present tense.we/you (pl. She is kind-hearted. Hann er ikke hest.3. These are Hendrik and Maria.I am du ert . . Eg hedi Magnus. It is red. Horses are not yellow.)/their name is eg hedi ikke .)/they are eg er ikke .di. We begin our study of the Nynorn verbal system with two very common verbs: at vara 'to be' and at heda 'to be called'. Her name is Astrid. There is another particle .) are not etc. Hon heder Astrid. He is not a horse.)/they are called. which means 'not' and is always placed after the verb. your (sing. Hann heder ikke Torkel.we/you (pl.I am called. Verbs.he/she/it is called. thou art hann/hun/dað er . Der eru baldar.dir heda .you (sing. Hestar eru ikke guler.you (sing. At is a particle which means 'to' as in English 'to be' and is only used with infinitives. NB! Adjectives after the word 'to be' agree with the substantives in gender and number. Dir eru balder. A ferd. she. them (in our case corresponds to accusative) respectively. The difference between nominative and accusative can be rather difficult to grasp for those whose native language is English. N hestar . Say. There is a golden rule: normally there would not be two nominatives within the same phrase (the main exception being the verbs like 'to be'. M. See also our brief introduction to the case system: http://www. In Nynorn there are three additional cases.A kast Pl. her. which change to me. The first masculine class (pl. N ferd . nominative or accusative to use in a given situation. you can check it by replacing the substantive with a personal pronoun instead. So if you are in doubt as to which case.A kerling N ferder . Strong declension.A hest.A hesta.nornlanguage. Hence a dog will have nominative and a man .php?term#case In the strong declension. the changed (me. Your (sing. he) corresponds to nominative. accusative (A) is the same as nominative (N) except for the plural of masculine. him) refers to accusative (at least in this particular case). One of them is called the accusative. So far we have been dealing with the initial form of nouns which is called the nominative case. -er) takes the ending -i: Sg. White horses are kind-hearted. 'be called/named'. him.they are still used with the personal pronouns I. N kerlingar . The accusative case is used for the object of verbs and with a number of prepositions. The unchanged pronoun (I.A fjordi N kast . Lesson Four 1. N kerling . Change the following words to the nominative and accusative of plural: . You (sing.) name is not Sunneva. N hest .A fjord N. 'become'. In fact.com/index.4. N kast . N fjord .accusative. 'is like' and similar). Accusative. they (corresponds to nominative). the object of the action is normally in the accusative (the patient).) are not a horse. -ar) has the ending -a in accusative plural. N fjorder .1.A kast F.110mb. Which case(s) would a dog and a man have in Nynorn? Replace a dog with I and a man with he and you will get I am biting him. There are several tips you can follow in order to distinguish between the cases: the subject is normally in the nominative (the acting body). us. we are dealing with the sentence A dog is biting a man. English is not totally free of cases . while the second masculine class (pl. You (pl.A kerlingar Exercise 4. Journeys are long.Exercise 3. Translate the following phrases: Our names are Torsten and Bjarnhild.) are not horses. he.A ferder. we. room' (NS). sild 'herring' (FS2). kemer hann stender. about horses. while weak verbs are reminiscent of English regular verbs.e. Like substantives. rum 'space. which form their past by adding -ed. sta? 'place' (MS2). rug 'heap' (FS1).(zero) du -er vi -a di -a hann. kem du stender. Further on.in singular forms: at standa 'to stand'. Translate the following phrases into Nynorn using the words from the preceding lessons: close to ruins. fisk 'fish' (MS1).hun. Strong declension. kemer vi standa.and -o.2. 2.dað -er dir. The present tense in Nynorn corresponds both to English present simple (I go) and present progressive (I'm going). fjord 'fjord' (MS2).de -a As in Faroese.dag 'day' (MS1). with a or o in the root) change the vowel to -e. ruin' (FS2). veð fjordi 'near fjords'. Verbs.koma . verbs in Nynorn are divided into strong and weak. Present tense.der. at koma 'to come': eg stend. Exercise 4. hus 'house' (NS). The endings are as follows: eg . mess 'mass' (FS1). Strong verbs roughly correspond to English irregular verbs (like bite-bit-bitten. veð fjord 'near a fjord'. In this lesson we will show how strong verbs form their present. stand-stoodstood). um Hjetland 'about Shetland'. we are going only to give one form for plural: at bita 'to bite': eg bit 'I bite' du biter hann biter vi bita Verbs with radical -a. Prepositions with accusative å 'onto' i 'into' veð 'close to. toft 'thwart.(i. near Shetland. å hesta 'onto horses'. onto heaps 3. depending on how they form their past tense. near' um 'about' Examples: i hus 'into a house/into houses'. the plural of the present tense looks the same as the infinitive. into houses. Translate the following phrases: I'm seeing horses. floger . 1. geva 'to give'.' . halda 'to hold'.vus 'us' dir 'they M' . She is going into a house. ligga 'to lie'. while neuter stays unchanged with the ending -a. eg 'I' . ganga 'to go'. koma 'to come'. hann 'he' .1. We are sitting near a heap.mog 'me' 3. Conjugate the following strong verbs in the singular: skina 'to shine'. As for plural. In singular. F.hjarta Pl.drenga NB: neuter (singular and plural) and feminine (plural) never distinguish between nominative and accusative in any declension types.Several verbs conjugate irregularly. drengi . A dog bites a boy. A dog is biting fishes. floga . In Lesson Four we became acquainted with the accusative case and its form in the strong declension. Exercise 5. albeit having some irregularities. sjå 'to see'. Now let us see how the accusative is formed with weak substantives. lega 'to play'.3.dog 'you Acc' di 'you pl. -u applies for feminine.hjartu M. hjarta .g. Old women find children. Translate the following phrases: I'm seeing boys. at sjå 'to see': eg se du ser hann ser vi sjå At vara and at heda from Lesson Three belong to the strong verbs too. the situation is the same as in the strong declension: masculine nouns have -a.floger hjartu . sita 'to sit'. Accusative of weak substantives. Acc .. du 'you' . Lesson Five 1. Accusative of personal pronouns Sg.drenga drengar . while in feminine and neuter ones the accusative form is equal to its nominative counterpart: Sg. the masculine words have the ending -a. vi 'we' . Flies don't bite girls. He's seeing girls. e.dor 'you pl. 2. Exercise 4.4.flogu N.hann 'him' Pl. taga 'to take'. finna 'to find' Exercise 4.då 'them M' 2. Now let us see how the present is formed by weak verbs. A dog is biting you (sg.3. near them (N) 3. Exercise 5.der 'them F' de 'they N' . Present tense. Verbs. fena 'to show delight.dað 'it Acc' der 'they F' . vitsja 'to visit'. dað 'it' .2. onto them (M). It also includes the following verbs among many other: bjårga 'to save'. at gera 'to do. ferda 'to walk quickly'. støda 'to support'. but not you (pl.). køba 'to buy'. hun 'she' . Translate the following phrases: a) I know them (M). hospitality'. into that. b) about me. birta 'to quicken a fire'. In exceptional cases the root vowel undergoes changes similar to those for strong verbs: hava 'to have': eg hev du hever hann hever vi hava Type 2. marka 'to mark'.)'.hana 'her' 3. Hann kenner hana. Der finna då 'They (females) find them (males)'. prenta 'to print'. but not him. fylga 'to follow'. They (F) don't find us. near her. Weak conjugation In Lesson Four we learned about the present tense of strong verbs. The main difference from the strong class is the endings: weak verbs form their present tense through adding either -i/er (type 1) or -a/ar (type 2): Type 1. about us. men ikke dor 'He knows her. make' eg geri du gerer hann gerer vi gera Some other verbs of this type: senda 'to send'. legga 'to lay'. . bygga 'to build'.de 'they N Acc' Examples: Eg se dog 'I'm seeing you (sg.)'. nota 'to use'. at kalla 'to call': eg kalla du kallar hann kallar vi kalla This is the most widespread conjugation type in Nynorn. masculine: fader – fader son – son feminine: moder – moder møder – møder mor – mor dotter – dotter syster – syster møder – møder døter – døter (NB single t!) systrar – systrar feder – feder syner – syner bruder – bruder brøder – brøder Pl. .Acc. Exercise 6. Geese are seeing men. gås ‘goose’ (geser). Nom.).) visit us. Translate the following phrases: A boy is calling a dog. A boy is buying balls. moder. Mothers love fathers and sisters love brothers. “irregular” way). The following words do not change in the singular and have an umlaut in the plural wherever the root vowel allows it. syster. brui mw. instead of fader. Irregular plural In addition to the previously mentioned classes of substantive declension there is a small group of nouns which form their plural in a different (as they say.Acc. Nom. NB single t!). bruder respectively. mann ‘man’ (menn) feminine: buk ‘book’ (bøker). . To this group belong many common kinship terms: fader (faðer Westside/Foula). 1.Exercise 5. dotter. This group belongs to the strong declension. Mor 'mum' belongs to the same class and has the same plural as moder 'mother'. The endings in plural are similar to those in the other classes of substantives. finger). ku ‘cow’ (kør). . mus ‘mouse’ (møs). son. Sg. We don't have dogs. fud ‘foot’ (føder). Lesson Six. nått ‘night’ (neter. The irregular class also includes the following words: masculine: finger ‘finger’ (pl. I save you (sg. He is building houses. She has dogs. mor.3.1 Translate into Nynorn: I have a father and a mother. moder. Nights are cold. bruder Words are used in high style speech and have more colloquial equivalents/counterparts: påbi mw. You (pl. Feet are long. A girl is saving horses. Accusative of adjectives In Nynorn the cases are proper/intrinsic/inherent not only to substantives.Acc. such as pronouns. din ‘your.’ b. participles and certain numerals take them too. 2. dess ‘its’. Vi finna ikke gula tasku. Pl. can be divided into three groups: a. You have a good possibility to do that. derra ‘their’ c. Hun elskar blidan drenga. Nom. adjective neuter and plural feminine forms do not distinguish between nominative and accusative. They (M and W) are traveling over green valleys. .thine’: 1. gul – gula N. Exercise 6. Der hava ung bånn og svarta hesta. . gult – gult gular – gular gul – gul Notice that as in the case of substantives. We are thinking about a big star. vor ‘our’. hvitar sterner og brett hav. They (the women) have young children and black horses. gul – gulan guler – gula F. They decline like adjectives. Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns.Acc. Nom. Adjectives and some other grammatical classes. I’m seeing a big horse. Du hever gott kast at gera dað. They are seeing young dogs and old birds. We are traveling over a green valley (dal m. She loves a kind boy. dor ‘your pl. Hann ser fullan måna.mine’. In this chapter we introduce the accusative form of adjectives (the nominative was covered in Lesson Three): Sg. s2) 3.). thine (sg)’.s2. He is seeing the full moon. which express ownership. Eg se sturan hest. hennar ‘her’. . min ‘my.2 Translate the following phrases into Nynorn: I am placing a yellow cup on a white table. In the accusative of masculine min and din stay unchanged. with a few exceptions for min ‘my’ and din ‘your. belong to the 1st and 2nd persons. hans ‘his’. Examples. We don’t find a yellow bag. to place – at legga vw1 to think about – at tenka um vw2 valley – dal (m. sin ‘his/her/its/their own’ The words in group a. M.2. In the neuter nominative and accusative min and din change to mitt and ditt respectively. a white star and the broad ocean. Exercise 6. . miner – mina minar – minar min – min Nom. X kenner Y. X knows Y. We are thinking about our trip around Iceland. Hun elskar sin bruder. He’s seeing his (own) horse. Your son doesn’t know my daughter. The only difference is that they have turned into independent words and started taking cases on their own.) love their own horses. These forms are actually the genitive forms of the respective personal pronouns (which will be covered in future lessons).) love their (somebody else’s) horses. Hun kenner hennar atdriv. M. and this is why they do not need to change any more. Hann ser sin hest. Your horses are riding over our field. X og Y elska derra hesta. mitt – mitt Pl. They (masc. Vor and dor decline like usual adjectives.Acc. (din ‘yours’ and sin ‘his own’ decline accordingly). X and Y know Z and T. De elskar derra hunda. She loves her (own) brother. He’s seeing his own horse Hann ser hans hest. X og Y elskar sina hesta. belong to the third person. The pronouns in group b. Miner foreldrar kenna ikke dinar systrar. They love their (somebody else’s) dogs. Dorer hestar rida øver voran voll. She knows her (somebody else’s) business. X and Y love their (Z and T’s) horses. They know my children too. De kenna etsa min bånn. She knows her (own) business.Acc. Nom. My parents do not know your sisters. He’s seeing his (somebody else’s) horse Hun kenner sitt atdriv. X and Y love their (own) horses.Sg. X og Y kenner Z og T. the pronouns from the group a. Dir elska sina hesta. I know his wife and their child(ren). He’s seeing his (Y’s) horse. The pronoun sin means ‘his/her/its/their own’. As you will see later. descend from genitive forms of respective personal pronouns too. Dir elska derra hesta. Examples: Vi tenka um vora ferd runt um Island. min – min F. Eg kenni hans konu og derra bånn. They (masc. . Hann ser hans hest.3 Translate into Nynorn: . Din son kenner ikke mina dotter. They are never inflected for case. min – mina N. The difference between sin on the one hand and hans/hennar/dess/derra on the other can be best illustrated with the following examples: Hann ser sin hest. Dat. it is rather its addressee or recipient. . Dative is another important case in Nynorn. I know their mother. Nom. Pl. This is not the direct object (“patient”) of an action.Dat. Dative normally means ‘to whom’. They (M and W) find their (own) dog. Strong masculine and neuter nouns form the dative case by adding -i while feminine nouns stay unchanged. Strong substantives.My horses are going into your (of you=du) houses. . 1 eg ‘I’ – mjer ‘(to) me’ 2. bruder.’ 3 hann ‘he’ – honon ‘(to) him’ dir ‘they M’ – dem ‘(to) they M’ .Dat. vi ‘we’ – vus ‘(to) us’ di ‘you pl. muder) keep the altered vowel (e or ø) in the dative plural. My daughters love your (you=di) dogs. Her father knows my parents. the word you is meant to be in dative. . He is thinking about our dogs. du ‘you’ – djer ‘(to) you’ Pl. hest – hesti hestar – heston F. My child is going into your (you=di) house.Dat. Nom. He is not thinking about his (own) heart. In plural all genders have the universal ending -on: Sg. . kast – kasti kast – kaston Declension 3 (irregular) has the following forms: Sg. fud – fudi fader – fader Pl.) are not thinking about your heart. Nom. Lesson Seven. I’m giving you my book.Dat. In the phrase I gave you the pen. Dative case of personal pronouns: Sg. Of these words. Ku has the reduced dative plural form kun instead of *kuon. but don’t know her sister. the rest have the same vowel as in the initial form. Nom. pen in accusative and I in nominative. . ferd – ferd ferder – ferdon N. .’ – dor ‘(to) you pl. You (sg. Nom. only three (fader.Dat. føder – fudon feder – fedron bruder – bruder brøder – brødron muder – muder møder – mødron ku – ku gås – gås kør – kun geser – gåson etc. Nom. Dative. 1. M. (D) 'A hammer is hanging over me' vs. near’ fyri D ‘in front of’ – fyri A ‘for’ The following prepositions govern only the dative case: muti 'against' .) As a rule. such prepositions take the accusative when referring to movement and dative in the case of still position: Buk ligger å bordi. ‘to help’. ‘to write something (A) to someone (D)’. fyrigeva vs.1. ‘to forgive’.hun ‘she’ – henni ‘(to) her’ dað ‘it’ – di ‘(to) it’ der ‘they F’ – dem ‘(to) they F’ de ‘they N’ – dem ‘(to) they N’ Dative is used with a large number of verbs: geva vs. (Dat) ‘A book lays on a table’ vs. They (F) are thanking him for that. Prepositions with dative In Lesson Four we learned several prepositions which govern the accusative. løva vw1. ‘to thank’ etc. (Dat) ‘A boy is sitting in a house’ vs.synd fs2 for (as in to thank for) . i ‘into’ with Acc. Exercise 7. takka vw2. We are telling them to go. when a preposition does not mark location or movement. a number of other preposition are “inflected for case”. f. to go (away) . sin . ‘to give someone (D) something (A)’. Some of them can take dative as well. øver ‘above. to tell someone (D) something (A)’. ‘to say something (A) to someone (D). hjålpa vw1.at fara vs. å ‘onto’ with Acc. We forgive you your sins.ex. although in this case they will have a different meaning: å ‘on’ (cf. In other cases . ‘to prohibit’. (Acc) ‘I’m sending a boy into a house’. it can have very different meanings in the dative and accusative: veð D ‘together with’ – veð A‘close to. banna vw2. He's writing me a letter. Eg legg buk å bord. Eg sendi drenga i hus. skriva vw2. ‘to allow’.brev nns. sija vw1. Similarly. Translate into Nynorn: He is giving her his heart. ‘to show’. Fugl fljuker øver dal.) i ‘in’ (cf. soina vw1. over’ and under ‘under’: Hamar henger øver mjer. Your brother is showing me his fist. (Acc) ‘I’m putting a book on a table’ Drengi siter i husi. (A) ‘A bird is flying over a valley’. 2.fyri A letter (text) . He is helping them. Examples: fyri mjer in front of me. see Lesson Four). the best way is to learn the conjugation of each strong verb by heart. Verbs with the radical i: i . As with the present tense. fyri tiðena ‘at the moment’. Faroese and Icelandic) use four degrees of ablaut.e . då ‘then’. um der about them (fem). like nu ‘now’ (present). Each different form of ablaut is called grade or degree. There are only two endings: (zero) in singular and -u in plural regardless of person. the past tense does not differ between indefinite and continuous forms. Although we can give you the main guidelines of conjugation. She’s coming out of their house. Exercise 7. veð djer with you (sg. She is against your (you=di) brothers. The second degree of ablaut is used in past singular and the third in past plural. which is used in infinitives and in the present tense (where it sometimes undergoes an additional mutation. um da tiðena 'at that moment' etc. The ablaut map: Root– past singular – past plural 1. ur 'out of' (frå 'from' is opposed to til 'to' which is to be covered in later chapters). Translate into Nynorn: I’m going into my house. Strong verbs form their past tense by mutating the root vowel (this mutation is called ablaut) and adding the past tense endings. frå dem from them. but also have different endings. I’m doing it for you. av 'off' i 'in(to)' vs. A letter is falling off a table. To express the continuing meaning you can add respective adverbs. A dog is sleeping in front of our house.2. av vus off us. Strong verbs in Nynorn (as well as in Old Norse. This is a closed group of verbs which date back to ancient times. The fourth degree is reserved for past participles (which will be covered later). There are six main classes of strong verbs in Nynorn which mostly differ by vowels and the way how they are ‘ablauted’. Past tense of strong verbs Past tense in Nynorn corresponds both to the past indefinite and past continuous of English. You already know the first one.). See also Lesson Four (#3). He comes from Shetland. ur di out of it. The singular and plural of strong verbs differ not only by ablaut degrees. fyri hana for her. I’m coming with my father. veð dem together with them.ur 'out of' av 'off' frå 'from' Notice the following prepositions are opposed to each other: å 'on(to)' vs.i: . 3. lopa ‘to run’. sova ‘to sleep’.in the infinitive. The most irregular verbs with the radical a. triva ‘to catch hold’ . koma ‘to come’. standa ‘to stand’ looses the radical -n.disappear: binda ‘to bind’ – eg batt ‘I bound’ – vi bundu ‘we bound’ stinga ‘to stick’ – eg stakk ‘I stack’ – vi stungu ‘we stack’ håbenda ‘to tie a band round the hough of an animal’. to hide away’. to suffer’.e: falla ‘to fall’ – eg fell ‘I fell’ – vi fellu ‘we fell’ .u: taga ‘to take’ – eg tug ‘I took’ – vi tugu ‘we took’ ala ‘to feed’. riða ‘to ride’. lada ‘to be about to die’. smart. sita ‘to sit’. tigga ‘to receive’.and -ng. eta ‘to eat’. ligga ‘to lie’. sjera ‘to cut’ 5. sviða ‘to singe. vinna ‘to work’ Verbs with -nd. to sting.ø): a . Verbs with e or i followed by one short consonant: e(o.e . Verbs with the radical ø. rinna ‘to run’. høva ‘to raise. smjuga ‘to slip. (j)u.a – u finna ‘to find’ – eg fann ‘I found’ – vi funnu ‘we found’ bresta ‘to rush with a noise’. 2. gripa ‘to catch. One verb of this class has a in the root: varda ‘to become’. Verbs with e or i followed by two consonants or one long: i.run something’. o: ø/u/ju . slå ‘to strike. Similar to English.in the past: standa ‘to stand’ – eg stud ‘I stood’ – vi studu ‘we stood’ 6. fall off’.ø . lift.have irregular singular past tense where the last consonant becomes voiceless and acquires length making the preceeding -n. get’. springa ‘to burst. riva ‘to tear.u . cf.e . go’. Verbs with the radical a(å. fara ‘to depart. å: a . 4. to fly off. 3. look’. skriða ‘to manage with difficulty’. Originally it had -e. to fling’. ON. scorch. geta ‘to beget. verða. grava ‘to dig up.u: bøða ‘to propose’ – eg bøð ‘I proposed’ – vi buðu ‘we proposed’ fljuka ‘to fly’ – eg fløk ‘I flew’ – vi fluku ‘we flew’ fljuka ‘to fly. hverva ‘to toru.a) – a(o) – å: geva ‘to give’ – eg gav ‘I gave’ – vi gåvu ‘we gave‘ vara ‘to be’. brinna ‘to burn’. rake together’. chase’. break’. grip’. viga/vika ‘to move. så ‘to see.bita ‘to bite’ – eg bet ‘I bit’ – vi bitu ‘we bit’ driva ‘to drive. kick’. to answer’. luta ‘to stoop. rega ‘to drive. geva ‘to give’. to bury’. bend forward’. pull’. bur – to live og – and Hjetland nn. (2) – to be going selja vw. (5) – to depart sju nm. A dog bit your (di) sons. Johann fekk brev fra Astrid. – crofter etla vw. keep’. She grips your hand. Hun er bund. to pour down’. ousa ‘to bale. Reading Johann og Astrid bua i Hjetlandi. This is a very old way to form the past tense which dates back to the so called Common Indo-European language that most of the languages in Europe. (s) – letter Lesson Eight. (6). walked’ – vi gengu ‘we went. Hann svarar henni og sijer at hann takkar henni fyri dað. We got fish. åga ‘to creep. I dag skrivar Astrid brev Johanni. stinga in class 3. – Sandness fara vs. gråta ‘to cry’. You took my dogs.3. Johann hever sturan båt. så ‘to sew’. They (M and F) stood close to their (own) mother. Exercise 7. Hun sijer at hun etlar at selja honon ku. to move slowly’. Hann fer ofta ut å sju til at fiska.pres. 3. Men were burying dead horses. hånga and the irregular verb få) receive -kk in singular past: gånga ‘to go. Vocabulary: bua vs.Similar to verbs like binda. walk’ – eg gekk ‘I went. crawl. halda ‘to hold. (1) – to sell brev nn. walked’ få ‘to get’ – eg fekk ‘I got’ – vi fengu ‘we got’ leka ‘to play’. (s2) – Lerwick Sandnes nn. He gave me a book. Dative of weak substantives . men Astrid bur å Sandnesi. Ablaut descends from the original alternation of the main IndoEuropean vowel e with o and zero sound (traces of that still can be seen in forms like bresta-brast-brustu). several verbs (gånga. – Shetland Lervik nf. 1. Translate into Nynorn: I fell off a house. låda ‘to emit a sound’. Johann bur i Lervik. – the sea ut å sju – out to the sea fiska – to catch fish (= veða) ku (kør) nf.sg. (s3) – cow bund nm. Astrid hever hesta og kør. Iran and India descend from. the common ending -on is used: Sg. He built houses.In singular.).). and -u in pl. Boats are full of fish (pl. 2. 1. Translate into Nynorn: I’m giving food to dogs. In plural. Past tense of weak verbs. -aðu – as [avu].b. A boy bought balls. He’s coming from Faroe Islands (Førøjar f.pl. The stem of the verb adds a special suffix: 1.). She had dogs. inhabit’ has a strong present. Translate into Nynorn (see also exercise 5.g) or -t following d or unvoiced consonants (t. kalla: eg kallaði 'I called' – vi kallaðu 'we called' NB. drengi – drenga drengar – drengon N. The suffix is followed by the ending of past tense: -i in sg. . The verbs in class 2 (kalla) add the suffix -að. (The same pronunciation of the endings is used in Faroese.) visited us. He’s telling daughters that they are beautiful.) The verb bua ‘to live (somewhere). floga – flogu Pl. You (pl.k). neuter hvat(na)? – what? .2.m. Nom. floger – flogon M.s.). The verbs in class 1 (gera) add -d after voiced consonants (r. A girl saved horses. Exercise 8. vi buðu [buvu]. We didn't have dogs. .n. The ending -aði sounds as [aji]. Boys are sleeping in houses. 2.p. hjarta – hjarta hjartu – hjarton Excercise 8.t.Dat. I saved you (sg. pretty much like regular verbs in English. gera: eg gerdi 'I did/made' – vi gerdu 'we did/made' senda: eg senti 'I sent' – vi sentu 'we sent' hjålpa: eg hjålpti [jolti] 'I helped' – vi hjålptu [joltu] 'we helped' 2. not Orkney (Orknøjar f. Cats are sleeping under cars.pl.l. 3. but weak past: eg buði [buvi].1. Weak verbs form their past tense in a much simpler way than the strong ones. Questions and interrogative pronouns Nynorn has at its disposal the following interrogative pronouns: hvar? – who? which?. Nom. F. the dative form of weak nouns does not differ from the accusative.Dat.3): A boy called a dog.v. (s2) – Norwegian language kinesisk nf.Shetland N(yn)orn nynorn nf. (2) – to speak hjetmål nn. The phrase begins with the interrogative pronoun to be followed by the verb in 3 sg. – Scalloway vin nm. (s2) – English language norsk nf. Translate into Nynorn: When do they go? Which boat is yours? Where is your brother? How big is their house? Where are you going (fara) to? Where do you come from? Why is your child not sleeping? Reading Hvatna heder du? Eg hedi Harald. Hvar er her veð djer? Dað er Magnus. there is no word for the English auxiliary verbs do(es). hans ferdalek stud lengi og hans skip fekk mukkið af fiski. Hvi talar Magnus kinesisk? (Hvu ber dað til at Magnus talar kinesisk?) Hann fur en dag til Kina til at veða fisk og lerdi dar kinesisk. Der furu så veð sinon pengon vester og derra bånn vuru mukkið glað at sjå sina feder atter at dir komu hem. men Magnus talar nynorn.. min vin. Vocabulary: Skålavåg nm. Hvarna bur du? Eg bu i Skålavågi. Dað var mukkið spennandi i Kina. Hvar mål tala di? Eg tala hjetmål (nynorn). Der vunnu dag og nått og fingu stura løn. did (as in the case of the English verbs to be. (s) .hvarna? – where?. (s2) – Nynorn engelsk nf. engelsk og norsk. – language tala vw. subject and the rest.3. The word order in an interrogative sentence is the reverse of the normal. – fisherman mål nn. Ner kemer du? When do you come? Hvarna ligga dinar kør? Where are your cows lying? Hvar kallar å mog? Who is calling me? Exercise 8. shall. As with negation (see Lesson X). although the latter variant adds more expression. Hvarna kemer hann frå? Hann kemer frå Kollafirdi. – driver fiskemann nm. hvagar?/hvartil? – whereto? hvaðan?/hvarfrå? – wherefrom? ner? – when? hvu? – how hvi? – why? Hvat? and hvatna? are more or less interchangeable. (s2) – Chinese language . engelsk og tvartri kinesisk. (2) – friendo sjofør nm. if any. Hvaron driva di at? Eg er sjofør og Magnus er fiskemann. should etc). This can be any case. so pengar nm.) – China veða vw.klett nm. N. which’ have the same endings – M... minari. how is it possible that. adjectives take dative. hvarari.Dat. off my tables. norsk and kinesisk also can be used as respective adjectives. (indecl. minu. (from tver-tri '2-3') – a little. M. As with substantives. girl . (s1) – Money vester adv. hvaron.. including accusative and dative. (s1) cliff . pl.dokka nf. Nom. .. (s1) – journey. building .sg. – exciting. minon. constrained ferdalek nm. Interrogative pronouns (continued) The interrogative pronoun hvar always takes the number. gul – gulon guler – gulon F. Translate into Nynorn: In a yellow house. lit. ? spennandi adv. lit. pl. in plural dative the common ending -on is used.. – much hvu ber dað til at. depending on the case in which the attributed noun stands. under grey cliffs (klett nm (s1)). a bit mukkið adv.s1). from your (di pl. (s1) 2. – west.Dat. – glad. against kind-hearted boys. (past veddi) – to catch (fish). F. sg. it is also present in singular masculine (instead of -i of the substantive declension). ? lit. voron.) fathers. Nom. minon. ? – how come . gul – gulari gular – gulon N. 1. to the west glað adj. happy atter – after Lesson Nine. gult – gulu gul – gulon Possessive pronouns and the word hvar ‘who. vorari.1. hvaru. voru. (6) – to endure. hvaron. in your (du sg.) boats. (s1) – fish mukkið av + D – a lot of løn nf. together with a happy girl. to stand fisk nm. Moreover. (s2) – salary så – then. in this case they take adjective endings) Kina nn. gender and case of the noun it refers to. So if a question is raised about any member of . .sg.(engelsk. voron. out of black buildings (bygging nm. trip standa vs.bygging nm. to Hunt tvartri adv. Dative of adjectives. Neuter has -u and feminine -ari: Sg. Similar to substantives. Exercise 9.. Pl. -> Whom are you thanking? Eg hjålpa dinni syster. Examples: 1. -> Hvar ser hana? I'm seeing her. -> Who's giving? Eg gev. -> Who's seeing her? Eg se hana. -> Hvatna gerer du? I'm seeing her.Hvat gever du henni? I'm giving her fish. . -> Who is thanking? Eg takka.Hvaron gever du fisk? I'm giving her fish. -> Who's seeing? Eg se. Dative Eg takka dem. -> Hvaron takkar du? I'm thanking her. -> Whom are you seeing? Eg se hana. <. -> Hvar ser? I'm seeing. -> Hvarn kallar du å? I'm calling her.a sentence. the interrogative pronoun in the interrogative phrase will take the same case. -> Hvarn ser du? I'm seeing her. -> Hvatna gerer du? I'm thanking her. -> What are you doing? Notice also that if there is a preposition between the verb and object. -> Hvarari hjålpar du? I'm helping your sister. -> Whom are you giving fish? Eg gev henni fisk.Hvatna gerer du? I'm giving her fish. -> Whom do you know? Eh kalla å hana. Mixed examples: Eg se. number and gender as the respective noun is supposed to have. the interrogative word takes the case of the object (as it has to be) and the preposition is moved to the final position in the sentence (as it is normally done in English): Eg tenki um dog. -> What are you givng her? Eg gev henni fisk. -> Hvatna gerer du? I'm seeing. -> Whom are you thanking? Eg takka henni. -> Hvaron takkar du? I'm thanking them. . – Hvar takkar henni? I'm thanking her. <. -> Who's giving her fish? Eg gev henni fisk. -> Whom (=which woman) are you helping? 3. -> What are you doing? Eg takka henni.> Hvar takkar? I'm thanking. -> Hvat tenker du um? I'm thinking about you. -> Hvatna gerer du? I'm giving. -> What are you doing? Eg takka. -> What are you doing? Eg se hana. -> What are you doing? Eg gev henni fisk. -> What are you thinking about? .> Hvatna gerer du? I'm thanking. <. -> What are you doing? Eg gev -> Hvar gever? I'm giving. -> Who's thanking her? Eg takka henni. Accusative: Eg kenni hana. -> Whom are you calling? 2. -> Hvarn kenner du? I know her.Hvar gever henni fisk? I'm giving her fish. <. -en. litel N. M. gamler gamlar gamel gamlar gamel gamlon gamlon gamlon Acc. Nom. vaksen vaksna N. gamel Dat. gamel N. N.Eg driv at di. Declension of adjectives in -el.is pronounced here as [mbl]: gamlan [gamblan]. litler litlar litel litlar litel litlon litlon litlon Acc. M. litel Dat. litlan litla litlon litlari litlu mager 'lean': Sg. magrer magrar mager . Nom. M.-er. gamlan gamla gamlon gamlari gamlu NB. Translate into Nynorn: What are you seeing? Whom are you talking with? What are you occupied with? Whom are you writing? What are you writing? Whom are you writing letters? What are you writing to her? 3. M. Adjectives of this type have almost the same declension as other regular adjectives. M.2. mager N. swapping -el with –ið in neuter singular. litla F. M. -> What are you occupied with? Exercise 9. The world litel 'little' is an exception and undergoes the latter change too. vaksen Dat. M. F. vaksner vaksnar vaksen vaksnar vaksen vaksnon vaksnon vaksnon vaksnon vaksnari vaksnu litel 'little': Sg. magert Pl. M.of the last syllable drops if the ending begins in a vowel. The main difference here is that -e. vaksna F. vaksið vaksið Pl. F. Nom. mager F. N. gamlu [gamblu] etc. -ml. gamla F. gamelt gamelt Pl. F. adult': Sg. while all other adjectives in -el have here -elt: gamel 'old': Sg. N. vaksen 'grown. vaksen Acc. -> Hvaru driver du at? I'm occupied with it. Words in -en preserve en in the accusative of masculine singular and replace it with -ið in the nominative and accusative of singular neuter. Nom. F. N. litið litið Pl. – Hever du bånn? – Ja. hjejer vorer foreldrar vuru ung og ikke åttu sitt hus enndå.3. Hvat veð djer? – Dað er dvars imut hjå mjer.hjårken Reading Dað er mitt hus. yet sjålv pron. today's flyta vw. – oneself (declines as an adjective) køpa vw. – when (is only used in subordinate clauses and never in questions) foreldrar nm.Acc. (past åtti. Dað er ikke sturt. We have lean horses. (w) – grandmother hjejer conj. køptu de vort nuvarandi hus og fluttu higar.ulv nm. eg hevi liten son og voksna dotter. on the contrary . hann buði hema hjå abba og ammu. (s1) – parents ega vpp. Translate into Nynorn: Old buildings and old houses look beautiful. Vocabulary: helder – either uppvoksen part. Hjejer min brui vard voksen. (indecl) – current. Wolfs (ulv) are greedy (hjårken). (w) – grandfather amma nf. My dogs are slack (doven). – at home hjå prep. (s1) greedy . eg hevi litla dotter og voksen son. – opposite. (past buði) – to live hema adv. Vorer foreldrar buðu då sjålver hjå abba og ammu. by abbi nm. men ikke litið helder. magert magra magrar mager magron magrari magru magron magron magron Exercise 9. over here nesten – almost dað sama – the same hvat veð djer? – what about you? dvars imut adv. nesten dað sama. to be explained in detail in Lesson Twelve) enndå part. åttu) – to own (a preterite-present verb. – hither. She came with a drunk (drukken) man. slack – doven drunk – drukken wolf . + Dat. – still. magran magra Dat. She has a little child. Og du? – Eg hedi Gunnar. – grown up bua vs. hereinto. Min brui er ikke uppvoksen i voru husi. (1) – to buy nuvarandi adj. – at. (1) (past fluttu) – to move higar adv. – Så hvad heder du? – Eg hedi Gunnbjørn. er. common and genitive.1.W. if any of our readers come up with new ideas on this matter. the only known specimen of Orkney Norn. partial preservation of diphtongs and the ON þ/ð (marked as þ to distinguish it from the silent ð). This does not mean though that the other dialects. which seems to be present in the Shetlandic version of Lord's Prayer and the Ballad of Hildina.nnj. Orkney Nynorn: ON ll. On the contrary. we have chosen the 4-case system for Shetland and Foula/Westside Nynorn and the 2-case system for Orkney Nynorn. Orkney Norn had 2 cases.nnj. Shetland Nynorn Shetland Mainland Foula/Westside Orkney Nynorn Nynorn Old Norse English . West Nynorn: ON ll. mukkið. accusative and genitive). in English. As a compromise solution.nn. ON hv > kv. As an example. 4 cases system. ON hv > hv. This is just a rough sketch and at the moment we have no plans to further develop this section. weak feminine nouns end at -o.nn > ll (occasionally llj). Below you will find a list of the main distinctive features of Nynorn dialects with a few 'live' examples (see General for more detailed information on the difference between the three 'real' dialects). you can use those versions instead and on this page we give you a sketchy insight into what it could look like.4. a > æ before llj.u > -e.is dropped in pronouns. This view can be supported with plenty of evidence from the existing Shetland Norn texts (s. we can take the case system. Grammar of Shetland Norn.nn > llj. Nynorn is mostly based on Shetland Norn.u > -i. jag. like f.dn.u.hjå mjer – for me.). Of course. It should also be mentioned that the creation of 'Nynorn dialects' allows us to include those real features of Norn that we have rejected from the main 'dialect' (apart from eventual lexical distinction between Shetland and Orkney). -in(n) > -en. ON hv > v. Someone would even argue that a similar 2-case system.1. cf. also the mixing of nominative and accusative in the ballad of Hildina (the ballad also features sporadic vacillations between accusative and dative. If you are up to it. Shetland Nynorn: ON ll.ex. should be chosen for the 'default' (Shetland) Nynorn instead of the 4-case one. occasional postvocalic -g inserts. A. with me Nynorn dialects As pointed out on the introduction page. -in(n) > -in.nn > dl. -i(t).1. á > wå. eg. lengi . if any. such as West Norn (which differs from Shetland Norn mostly phonetically) and Orkney Norn are valued any less. h. the Orkney Lord's Prayer.o. linge. several distinctions from Shetland Nynorn: Sh. jar. -i(t). as presented in Orkney Norn. Scots and Danish. 4 cases system. The same logic should apply for other dialectal features that cannot be included within the same reconstruction. shows a reduced number of cases. Nynorn has 4 cases. Most probably. we will not object in any respect. 2 cases system (common case and genitive). megeð. Stulka Dokka (stolka) Stjølko fell(j) i (dokka) fell í fedl i hørug høru sin stud heyhrúgu sen stug veð viþ houen. sem stóð við hjogin. Dokka (stoljka) fellj i hørug sen stud veð hjogen.(default) Nynorn Bånnið sat i Bånnjið sat i Bjadneð sat i Bannið sat i Barnit sat í The child sat grasenu. Dokken (stoljken) hever kælljað å hvita hesten. båten er i land og eg heve sovið [mikið lenge]. Hugh Marwick's Orkney Norn and existing Nynorn texts will be added later on. grasinu.masculine substantive . Words from Norn texts (from the same dictionary). Stulkan hefir The girl has kallat á called hvíta (upon) the hestinn. hauginn. Dictionary of Nynorn The dictionary is based on Jakob Jakobsen's Etymological Dictionary of Shetland Norn. Stjølken hever kall(j)að å vita hesten. Hesten fell(j)er ikke. grasið. hjogen. ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVYØÅ Remarks: nm. barrow. Dokken (stolken) hever kadlað wå kvita hestin. the boat is onshore [in land] and I have slept for a very long time [much long]. Hesten felljer ikke. Hestin fedler ikke. grasenu. grasino. Hænnj Hann glemdi glemdi um tegen og tegen hjogen. white horse. as well as both versions of the Lord's Prayer. båden er i lænjdi og eg hevi sovið mukkið lengi. in the grass. A girl fell into a hey stack which stood near the barrow. Dokken (stolken) hever kallað å hvita hesten. Hann Ann glemde um glaimde um tegin og og taien hjogin. båden er i landi og eg hevi sovið mukkið lengi. The Ballad of Hildina. houen. Hesten feller ikke. The horse does not fall. He forgot Hann about the en gleymdi um field strip og teiginn ok and the hauginn. Dokka (stolka) fell i hørug sen stud veð hjogen. . båtin jar i lande og jag heve soveð megeð linge. bátrinn er í landi ok ek hefi sofit mikit lengi. Hestrinn fellr ekki. – adjective adv. – preposition conj. at agla veð lorgi [skiti] agla vw. support.Feminine substantives belong to the 2nd strong class ("ferd") when they end in a consonant or to the weak class ("voga") when they end in -a. 2. . hann myn ikke altra at gera dað amla vw. hannj er ag her. at altra at gera e-t. destroy akkel nm. to entice ali nn. young domestic animal all pron. 3. . stalks of corn. alt i sennall at once altra vw. 1. frightful agla vw. – pronoun vs. . 2. shoulder ala vs. du hever alið kuna. Grammatical keys are subject to revision. 1.at agla inn i hvara vinnu agment nn. 1. dabble at job.preterite-present verb prep. care for and interest in something. at amla at e-u . to have feelings of sickness. – Adverb.feminine substantive nn.Masculine substantives belong to the 1st strong class ("hest"). 2. anxiety. to feed. . something destroyed.weak verb vpp. movement forward. . corn(field): aker og hø corn(field) and hay. 1. dað er ikke ag å fiskenon the fish will not bite aga vw.neuter substantive adj.strong verb vw. 1. to incite.Neuter substantives belong to the strong class ("lamb") when they end in a consonant or to the weak class ("joga") when they end in -a. 3. 2. at taka mukkið agbånd i e-u agisom adj. at leggja i aker to crush. drift. to hesitate. at agla upp birteken get the fire blaze up. to dirty. to make little progress. ag nordesten frå wave-motion from north-east. norden-/sudenag.nf. 2. to get to blaze. . pron. 2. neu: over: dað er alt it is over. A ag nn.conjunction Default grammatical classification: . to work energetically. .Weak verbs belong to the 2nd weak class ("kalla"). be obliged to vomit agga vw. Other classes are explicitly specified. unrest aker nm. all. . . to rear. sudenvinden aggaði fisken til strandanar agbånd nn. when they end in a consonant or to the weak class ("skuggi") when they end in -i. 1. covered with scratches ark nf. breath. to liven up. rainy weather at prep. to get to blaze. dað var alt. at apra up birteken to get the fire to blaze apra vw. angry. 1. 1. de kundu kenna. pitiful creature. rough. mind. 2. to talk ill-temperedly. irregular. hannj myn vinna at amosi ut inn under sten. to blag de a. upp at .after landing (pull). dað er andelukk falljen uppå då they met with an accident.up. 1. aska uppå [øver] landið assu nn. erk (Ork) nn. poor. chopping. a closely woven straw-basket aska nf. 2. care about. to change one's mind. mist. 2. 1. sud . helpful ansperr nn. at. 2. de argaðu en muti adron argeri nn. anker taatiss annjehvar. 2. malice. 2. 3. 1. 2. inheritance arvhus nn. yet. ansa dog! look out! be on y. case arra vw. scar. jift ikke andelukk ber til [kemer å.amos nn. northward. even. to oppose. devilin apri dog devil take you! apta nn. 2. hann bleser annjehvart ansa vw. dry measure. at få ansperre ante. hannj lagdi dað uppå andor hussens andu vw. geve mjer tag at give me a helping hand/push the boat. sudden ilness. at hava ilt (illvilja) at e-on to bear ill will. dað var arrandi they could just tell that the tide was moving arg adj. distinct apra vw. scratch ard adj. accident. look after. at arra um [gånga arrandi um]to walk with difficulty. at standa at sjer to move aside. penthouse. to worry one to death andelukknn. alms. evil. 2. tail-end arm adj. guard! ansilig adj. hvat hever du at honon? what have you against him?. 1. to detain. small particle ar nn. misfortune. 2. acc. eager arga vw. at vara vel at sjer sjallon to be in good condition. pron. alongside: at standa upp at veggenon. arm. haze. sharp. aldri ansa hannj! nevermind him!. nord at in a northerly direction. to move feebly and lifelessly. to heed. very desirous of something. fem. at blaga andena to die. by. last breath. er hannj en gud aprandi hund?. bad. wretched arv nm. ende adv. to sharpen. large or high-class house asek nm. Toljegsapta ar.eg (myn) ansa ikke idag I don't care today. restlessness and nf. breath andor nn. jift kirkjan å Nesi vinner amos so at vi få sikken fisk amp nn. changeable. (ON aptra) 1. arg uppå e-t. to obey orders: hunden myn ikke apra.sg. unsteady. 1. 1. adrahvara 1. every second one. 1. 3. strong smell. stiffnes in the limbs. anger arm nm. to draw one's a. sker] kuanar andi nm. 2. annjehvart adj. small porch. hinder. to. still aper adj. totter about. eve of a feast. to keep a boat against stream with oars anker nm. tage hannj at!stick her (the boat) at! . against. importunate crowd argosi nn. Tammasmessapta. chest. åita (ON aptan) 1. to dissuade: at afrå e-n frå e-u. bank. avgång nm. 2. 1. sheep-mark. port-side bakk nm. 2.[sør] at in a southerly direction. gera illan adbørd [illa adbørdi] atdraga vs. 2. 1. to flay avkleda vw. fluency of speech avljuta vw. arrival. offshore tide avsadla vw. improvement: aftak i vedri improvement in the weather avtekja(avtesja) vw. offspring avada vs. 2. 3.: atferðer atkoma nf. to make ugly. to unsaddle avsetten adj. at afrå e-n ikke at gera e-t avråk nn. repulsive. at random. variant avbregget adj. rock avtak nn. to unthatch avunavara adj. often pl. finishing (of a a work) B ba vw. adv. ballestenen er sten fyri elden til at seta balla upp at (see balli) at conj. to unload avlag nn. 1. prep. altered avgeng. to assign. queer. 2. discharge avrå vs. 1. to undress avkom nn. 1. behaviour. rejected. garment baffa vw. northward. helpless person. 1. to unload. entertainment atlaga nf. daybreak in the summer. G at the back of. dawn. accomplishment. 2. behind. at gera e-t (uppå) avunavara avvinning nm.to poultice bag nm. resistance atte. daybreak. at sea fishing avlådna vw. edge. up against. of avboden adj. purse bak nn. conduct. (Far. en kemer atten drilljande one (tail) comes dangling behind av prep. fyrsta atkoma av grundeni impression formed of the fishing-ground attel nf. vinden er faren upp at the wind is gone a little more to the north. slope. 2. defacing avlynns adv. 1. that. remote skerry. taking hold vigourously.attaljos i mynni attekasten adj. to draw towards oneself = at geva e-on atdrag atferð nf. marked anew. haphazardly < å vun og vara. behaviour. rejected attekast nn. manners. 2. paða) to pick (the flesh from the bones) bad nn. distasteful avbregð. (ON kasta aptr) cast off. high and long wave bakbørd nn. arrangement. twilight. conclusion. avbrigð nn. up by. appearance. eg kennji at du myn gera dað atbørð nm. bank . distasteful avskerri nn. departure avhenta vw. upp at upward. performing a task strongly attaljosnn.to warm. transfer avhyda vw. foolish. 1. 1. bank. past. to apologize bera fyri vs. of a horse bal nn. bunch a b. fling. at bera årana to use oars while rowing bera at vs. clenched hand. ledge banna vw. 2. fins of fish Bardasoga (ON Bardolsvaka) nf. to carry. 2. fljugdi vw. small cake of oatmeal balti nm. 4th Sunday of Advent bend nn. 1. definite are in the sea. to turn upside down. bleat (of a sheep) Bena. 3 skilful. at basla burt at. good ball nm. Prayer-Sunday. de line bör at in a pluk and was made op (smapped in two) bera av vs. 1. bench benling nm. great pile. mass. 2. 2. 1. to decline. gouty pains bera vs. boundary bennla vw. bundle. preparedness. sudden violent movement.2. to equip benidju nn. skeleton. struggle bambusla vw. to occur in one´s dreams or thoughts:dað bar fyri mjer . St. o' pilteks banda to tie fish bang nn. hvat er du uppå bend um? where are you going. strike against so that it resounds. to swear bar nn. 2. noise bald adj. bone ben nn. band. to confuse. noise. fist T benigrind nf. edge of the sea. induce someone to give up a purpose. to get fastened to. greedy ben nn.bold. to knock. at gånga [fara] um helu bakkalistena to search far and wide. back-strip of halibut baklim nm. 2. basla muti vindenon bati nm. to roll together balli nn. Bartholomew's Day. 2.edge. 3. skeleton of a dead animal benk nm.tosplash. bambuseld confused band nn.a round lump balla vw. bang til sørs (south) highest of the wind. esp. throw. backwards baksår adj. 2. avberin having desire to decline or withdraw. at vara uppå bend to be on the point of undertaking something. what are you about? benda vw. sore on the back. at koma veð bangi to come with violence banga vw. 1. *Bøna nf. dað myn vara Bardasoga til då du fer dað gørt barfljuga (ON -fleygja). to separate corn from straw basla vw. death. dokka (stelpa) stud ballandi skuna a girl was cleaning the boots with all her migth balla vw.bakkalist nf.to tie together benwerk nn. at bera byrdek. struggle. quick. 1. crack. bad treatment bank nm. to bear off. banga at døronon [uppå dørnar] to knock at the door bani nm. 1. of fishing. esp. du heverfengið bata av honon (fish) i morgen belget adj. to work hard. hindleg of an animal baklins adv. 1. everywhere baklengja nf. wooden cup binda vs. (ON beita) to get to bite.seed-potatoes beta vw. short piece of line biding nm. to at birta ut elden [birteken] let the fire out birtek nm. large tooth bitlek nm. beta tunið við hundenon to drive the sheep away from the homefield. 2. to move. strong (of a taste) bersugget adj.. 2. something to bite. drive sheep with the help of a dog. stale. to be busy with something without doing use bist nn. opp. to happen. carrier berg nn. to behave in a certain manner. 1.2. 2. species of aquatic plant birta vw. to arrive at destination. birch. small tooth bjak adj. best.1. geve køronon bet!give some good grass to the cow! taati-bet . to take pains. to stick in. see gud bid nm. beta roddeken to plant a snigle row of potatoes betri adj. du mått ikke bera ilt at di don't be offended. to bear bera å [uppå] 1. act of carrying. fire. bright spot. 1. 1. covered with a skin berja vw. 2. broken tooth.to endeavour. der er ilt bist i honon bit nn. to differ. 1. to bite bitel nm. rock bergfallj nn. dað gav bergfallj bering nf. dry north-east wind birk nf.superl. having little physical strength . to drive bera til 1.de hava borið ut um dað they have disagreed about it (begun to quarrel about it). 3. at beta sedviti to set a dog on a sheep. 2. accomplish.cold. to occur to one (= bera fyri). address bera samen 1. small line.bera in 1. with faded colours best adj. to chance bera upp 1. disagree. take place. partly bad characteristics. variegated. to thrash corn bersket adj.compar. at bera upp e-t til e-s to introduce. fastened to the main-line biker nm. 2. dað bar til. quarrel about something (ON bera sundr). to quicken a fire. mountain. at. 1. 3. to beat. 3. 2. dense snowfall berk nm. 2.to happen. enlivenment bisnakka vw. 2. unpleasant. to introduce a topic or conversation. 2. let bite. 2. to agree. jarden er bunden op the earth has become quite hard due to wind binder nm. exterior covering on trees. du myn bera ut hvat eg segi. take place bera ut 1. to harmonize bera um to bear in one's mind bera um vs. to execute. to match. to be kindly or unkindly disposed at someone. to bind. weakly. hannj bar å [uppå] at høra dað berer nm.. confirm. bark. better. occur. bera ut av monnjenon to try to stop the subject and direct the conversation another way bera vel at e-on 1. to entertain bera veð to make the best of. a bit taken before breakfast bita vs. 3. see gud bet nn. sympathize bera sog 1. 2. to colloborate. 2. crash of somethingfalling. at birta upp elden [birteken] to quicken a fire or light. skin on the surface of a liquid berket adj.. 1. bare. dead blan nn. flash. hannj hever takið sjer blink he had a short good sleep blinka vw.throw yourself down! to b. colour bleget adj. pale or white blikkna vw. interval. in bad humour blik nn. (ON berr) 1.1. 2. 1. 2. mild. to hide blad nn.little. dað sama som dað var kavi blag nn. flutter bleg adj. 1. dað er bjart bjart adj. hannj ligger bladd å vindoganu. doze. devils blad no news at all (on inquiry on news) blada vw. 2. blaga dog! rest a little! = take blag! blaga vw. hannj blikknaði veð he turned pale (on account of something) blind adj. of the manse. to reap. 3.3. miserly. take a little rest. having a circular stripe bjokl nm.bjakk nm. star (tabu) blode nm. 2. spot of cloud. disorderly heap. breathin-space.eye. insignificant bjar adj. uppstanders bjorg bjørg nn. at ligga i bjogi (of things disorderly flung together). spot. de sail . wind. to breathe. flash. circular stripe bjoget adj. mixed in a conspiracy or bad deed blasmek nm. (ON bauka) 1. 3. 2. mass bjog nm. ring. physically weak bjark adj. hannj er ikke blid i bruneni he is looking angry. city. sparing. blade. "dredge" mixed with oats and barley blannablura adj. collar. kind. stingy bjog nn. to save. 3. oat or wheatmeal blattra vw. shine. to strike bladd nn. gentle. thin cake of barley. a wink of sleep. light smoke. at blinka jogen. (ON baugr) 1. breath of wind. something gleaming. 1. ring around the sun or moon. at blinka kolena to light the open train-oil lamp blinker nm. biting. 2. liquid blohonning nm. cut heather for thatching. of a whitish. 1. spot blettet adj. blandablirek [-bliri] thick gruel. esp. at blaga andena to die. cold (of wind).to lower the sail blag(et) adj. drab colour blen nn.to flicker. spotted blid adj. 2. blandakjølek thick water-gruel blanda. blemish. 1. 2. wink. to cut peat. light and rather drab. fling b. at blada heddreken (heather). blind blinda vw. fig. dogT bjert adj. with no fish. dee doon! . mixture. 4. blink jognana. high dorsal-fin of a whale bjorg nf. ikke blen av guveni not a sign of a smoke. blanjda nf. 1. not a breeze bland nn. to turn pale. 2.pl. take blag! blaga sog vw. sharp (of weather) bjenek nm. 3. dað er ikke blen å honon blett nm. 2.to make blind blink nn. small person. rocky hill of a fairly great height bjårga vw. sheep with wooly hair growing out of the tip of its horn .to throw (away). ikke blan i seglenu not a breath of wind.to gleam. house T.2.at blada videka = at fla mørena. to put away. rest. very large raindrop. fyrst blink dagsens. hjarta bodda! mammu piri bodda mother's little darling bodek nm. benefit. when the field-work (de vor) began bogi nm. message. bottom. round. creek. opportunity. strong wind. a little boy bogel nm. invitation boda vw. somethingvery dense and dark. hannj er ikke blødsdropi til min he's in no blood relation to me bløva vw. object preserved in a secret place bolljasog nn. 2. crush. beacon. kinsman blødsdropi nm. 2. 1. rogue. at taka [få] bolbak. ghost. large leaf blurar nm. devils boki bol nn. 1. 2. 1. i blura veð e-n in partnership with somebody. 2. buttercup (plant). violent shower bolk nn. føre dað ikke i blura! don't let it be seen!. 3. blazing fire bolbak. bulky bollek nm. (past bløddi)to bleed blødfrind nm.vi kann ikke få blynd ut av eson torvi. my dear (endearment to children). Vågboittn bolljet adj. lumpy. hasty speech blåstra vw. precipitately bogi nm. (Ísl.to exceed boittn nm. sunken rock bod nn. hannj bløvde igår he died yesterday. advantage. destroy completely bog(r)i nm. to walk clumsily boki nm. at boka um 1. large shark = blågahå blåster nm. to squeeze. nonsense. crumbling. 1. at vara [liggja] i boga to crumble.(past bløvde)to perish. doze.pl. blast. bofi take dog [mog]!(d)evil take you/me! bofskit adv. announce. 2. hannj var i blura veð hannj um dað blynd nn. stamp. offer.: i bogacrushed. little round valley. incoherent talk . curve boka vw.dark blue blåhå nm. hannj bodar fyri ilt bodabid: at gånga bodabid to share catch equally bodda nf.1. 2. an exclamation in swearing. clumsy bofi nm. pp. bundle bolket adj. to die at sea). 2. 1. eg hevi ikke sovið et blynd i nåitt I have not slept tonight bløda vw. to stamp about. bløvddead. bogey for frightening children. bode. hannj tuk bolbak øver mog bolføra vw. headlong. dað er ikke blynd av ljusi innen dørana. violence. put aside.old boot bodra vw. something kept secret and brooded over. hannj var i blåstri he had anger. die (of people or animals.upperhand. 1.blokka nf. 1. at hava [halda] e-t i blura. a wink of sleep. gamel bo bo nm. 2. hannj er faren at bløva he is going to die blå adj. 2.small bay. -ek nm. du myn ikke taka bolbak øver mog you shall not get the upperhand of me. keep safe bolførding nm.. large lump. 2. Bogladag .(ON bilbugr) 1.2.or barley meal). dað er komið i blura it has started to leak. 3. to cough bo nm. large cake (of oat. bull) 1. at boka upp landið to trumple the ground down. drop of bload. press down.March 29th. dað er i blura it is just in sight.to proclaim.old fellow. (past bolførdi) to hide away. foolish talk. end of the rainbow brest nm. (past bredde) to melt. 2. breeze bor nf. anxiety. surf brimi nm. hard struggle. 2. to do nothing useful bredband nn. 1.2. to speak harshly or angrily. crash. to come rushing with a noise. to press. wooden tub.2. incision as an ear-mark in sheep bragða vw. dað er ikke bris or skamm å di brismek nm. capable. 1. breadth brek nm. mock-sun. round.hole bord nm. to braid. recently enclosed or cultivated ground bran nn. min piri bolli! bolman nm. twist brim nn. dað var ilt bost å honon bost vw. violent storm. (ON borðdiskr) 1. a piece of something broken. vigorous person . 1. 1. to come or go at great speed bri vw. fissure. distance between two boats bost nn. crack. to burn brintek adj. bright spot near the sun. 2. 3. 1.bollet adj. 2. at vara i boltsenu to be irritable bomfisin nf. defect. cut an ear-mark in sheep bragasten nm. fire brennek nm. abundant meal bon. lumpy (head. bad humour. round.: at vara uppå bran to be on the point of going out or doing something brand nm.: at liggja å bredbandi to lie spread for drying bredd nf. with strong or dry wind (of weather) bris nn. attack of peevishness. stripe (trough) brejda to sprout.strong wind borrisk nm. 2. preevishness. striped bred adj. (ON *bumbfýsn) one's fill of food. 1. lessee. broad breda vw. 3. at bri skønið to sharpen the knife T brigda vw. at breda sina båta to idle away a while. large wooden bowl bord nm. hannj bosta at honon bragð nn. indecl. cod) bolts nn. grow (of a corn) brennja nf. brood (of birds) borek nm. squeeze. aurora borealis brinna vs. 1. 2. short breaking wave borg nf. stripe branjdet adj. to strecht oneself in the warmth (or the sun) brod nn. irritable state of mind. wave of heat or smoke from fire. distance a boat is carried away by the tide. 2.1. to incise. small holder bolsa vw. a heavy stone one tries to lift as a test of strength braktin adj. fort (Pictish forts) borl nn. point of land. (past bride) to sharpen. bonfrost nn. 2. twine. young. cusk (a species of cod) britta sog vw. to nip (in wrestling) boltin adj. bollet sten bolli nm. farmer.darling. big. burning piece branjd nm. severe frost. promontory de Bord o' Musa bord adj. (ON burðr) 1. brest hvala shoal of whales bresta vs. at frøsa sen bonið to freeze very hard bor nm. brodda vw.1. to come in sight; de hill-top just brodds in sight; de gish brodds i' de skröf - near the surface; 2. to begin to sprout (of plants) brodda nf. thefirst view or appearance; koma i broddu come in sight, leak brolk nm.protuberance, knob brolli nm. brother (tabu name for sea) bronget adj. dark-coloured with light breast or vice versa brosek nm. bold, quick active person broser nm. stout, vigorous person, woman brugg nf. edge, border brui nm. 1. brother; 2. gnome; 3. devil; haltu sjaft drengi, brui myn koma og taka dog! (NB: sjaft < ON kjaftr 'jaws' like sjag < ON kjaka 'to move jaws') bruk nn. 1. mass, heap; 2. multitude of a crowd bruksa vw.to have a bad cold and cough brults nn. crash, noise; eg hørdi brults av hans komu brun adj. brown bruni nm. 'the brown one', tabu for otter T brunka nf. brown mare or cow brunket adj. brownish bruski adj. frank, bold-looking brydda vw. to begin (to be floodtide); opp. toat nugga brustið brygg nf. bridge; brygg av noseni; røse bryggena at ber dog øver (proverb) praise the bridge you safely cross (= praise nothing before it has been tried) brynda vw.to desire a male (of female animals) brynnja vw.to give domestic animals water brytja vw. to cut up, cut into pieces (fish) brød nf. opened road; at braka brødena to clear the way; brødbrakandi pathfinder (Icel. brautryðjandi, Far. slóðbrótari) brølek nm. 1. cow, loving one; 2. tabu name for sea brøniskolt nn. banquet, feast; vildi du ikke stansa [stoppa] og taka purt [vera veð] i voru brøniskolti? brøsk nn. gristle brøst, brøs nn.(ON brjóst) breast brå nf. bubble of foam;hon hever bitið bråen suddenly becoming ill or taken offence, felt offended (without reason) brå nn. 1. characteristic likeness or feature; 2. resemblance; hon hever ikke brå av sinnari modershe has no resemblance to her mother brå nf. liver of halibut bråka nf. tangle, disorder; bråka i sjuenonheavy sea with choppy waves bråka vw.1. to speak badly or unintelligibly; hann kundi bråka um engelsk; 2. to walk in a careless manner bråket adj. behaving in a strange manner bråri nm. 1. bugbear, scarecrow; 2. repulsive person bu nn. abode, farm bu nm. 1. shoulder of an animal; 2. the bow of a vessel bua nf. cow (petname); gånge og binde buena go and tether the cow buffla vw. to push, shovel bugga nf. barley buhelli nf. 1. 5th day before Christmass; 2. sexual continence between the reading of the banns and the wedding itself; at halda buhelli bulag nn. 1. family, breed; 2. special kind of breed or cattle bulder nn. rumble, noise, quick unintelligible speech buli(g) adj. healthy, vigorous, robust bulk nn. 1. bump; 2. breast, bosom; at gånga veð bjaron bulkon; bjarbulket; stikk dað i ditt bulk! put into your bosom! (stikk - imperativ of stinga) bull nn. measure for fluids bulla vw. to run rapidly, stream forth bulta vw. to push buman nm. brownie bund, bundsman nm. farmer, crofter; en gud bund uppå landið bunderi nn. crofter's allotment bunga vw. to strike, push bunki nm. a round wooden tub bunkset adj. short; stour, awkward bur nm. porch, porch-door burta vw. to kindle; at burta upp eld; burta ut elden let the fire go out; burta kolena bus nn. 1. precipitation;2. excessive haste; 3. blazing fire busten 1. big boulder; 2. stone bringing good luck buster nn.bolster, cushion bygd nf. collection of houses; øvre og nedre Bygdenar = villages Taft and Nisthus bygg nn. barley bygga vw. to build; at bygga hus, hø (in stacks) byggarablanjdanf. (ON bygghafrablanda) "dredge", a mixture of barley and oats bygging nf. cluster of houses bylki nn. a (bare, naked) breast; at gånga við bjaron bylkon byr nm. 1. strong sudden breeze; 2. haste; at vara i byri to be in a hurry; dað var mukil byr å honon he dashed away (in excitiment); hannj er i byri å doghe is embittered against you byrdek nm. heavy burden byrra vw.(ON byrja 'to set going') 1. to commence to blow; 2. to begin, start byrsten adj. angry byster, buster nm. (ON bólstaðr) collection of farms bø nm. farm; hus bøarens = sea-term for Kjorkabi bø nn. [ON boð] bid bø inn vs. [ON bjóða in] to invite; katten byr inn the cat is raising one hint-leg and licks its tail bø ut to call out bød nf. booth, tent, shed bøl nn. 1. litter, restingplace for animals; 2. residence, farm bøli nn. 1. ominous warning: unlucky word; 2. tremendous oath; hannj lagdi ut bøli he swore a tremendous oath bønhus nn. church børd nn. board, plank båken adj. baked båla vw. to blaze, flame (of fire); bålandi eld bålk nm. partition-wall in a house (de but; de ben) bånabegnm. 1. dwindling; 2. misreable state (because of hunger); faren til bånabegs miserable,vanished, lost bång nn. 1. ball, ball of the foot; 2. stroke, blow bånga nf. 1. knock, knocking at a door; oba dørna, dað er bånga! open the door! somebody is knocking! 2. rocky cave, where the breakers roar bånga vw. to knock; at bånga at døronon to knock at the door bånnj nn. child bånnjbunden adj. hindered by having a child (of a woman) bånnjhogi nm.1. childhood's home; hannj er faren after til hans bånnjhoga he is gone back to his childhood's home; dað var bånnjhogi millja derra it was understood without mentioning; 2. a good trip (iron.); de hava gert bånnhjogi idag they have got nothing of their trip or errand today bånnjdom nm. childhood bånnjsvammnn. sickness, labour pains båt nm.boat båt(s)tiind nf. fishery tithe D dadderi nn. tiresome work daddet adj. (ON dagsetr) tired-looking, faint, weary sunset dað pron. it; dað var en dag at... dafa nf. otter dag nm. day; goden dag, Tammasmessdag 21. December; Todlessdag 23. December; jøldagChristmass day, dags vinna a day's work daga vw. to break (of a day), hannj dagar the day breaks dagalig adj. badly done or prepared dagaliðen nf. (ON dagalíðan) decline of day; dað er komið til dagaliðenar the day declines; dað myn vara dagaliðen til då de koma atte [åitte] it will be long before they come back; du hever varið djer dagaliðen you've been long away dagaljus nn. daylight dagdvelja vw. (-dvaldi) to while away a time uselessly dagdvelj nf. 1. lounging; 2. fruitless occupation; dað er ikke men dagdvelj this is nothing but a fruitless occupation; 3. pl. dagdveljar toys for pastime; bånnjen mynu få knipptu [vermdu] diskana fyri [sen] dagdveljar the children will get the borken dishes as toys dagg nf. dew, moisture dagset nn. the close of day, sunset dakk nf. (ON þökk) thanks dala vw. to descend, go down, become calmer; hannj dalar there's a lull dala vw. to iddle about dal nm. 1. valley (ON dalr); 2. strip of level land (Gael. dail) dalamjork nn.mist in the dales dalarøk nm.mist rising from the water dalka, djalka vw. to walk heavily damp nm. end (of a fishing line) dampa vw. to wear off the end of fishing-line; linan er dampað (upp)the end has been torn off the hand-line; at dampa pipena to break asunder the pipe darg nn. mass, large portion dask nn. thickness, misty clouds; dask øver landenon misty clouds over the place dasket adj.exhausted, worn out dat pron. that; veð dat sama 1. at once, at the same moment; 2. immidiately davra vw. to abate, diminish;vinden davra the wind quitened down defna-jora nn.deaf ear degi nn. verywet piece of ground, hollow dekk nn. 1. sea-bottom (tabu); 2. tyre del nm. deal, part densk adj. Danish; densker pengar Danish money derg nn.somethingimportant and valuable derga vw. (ON daðra) 1. to poke with fire persistently and violently; 2. to flirt derl nm. tail (of a sheep or pig) desja vw. to heap up hay in stacks desket adj.exhausted, worn out deva vw. (devdi) 1. to deafen; 2. to soften devilin nm. the devil; til devils! oh! the devil! di vw. to warm up di vw. to abate, calm di pers. pron. you 2 pl dibjasafit adj. weak, ailing, wretched digger nf.1. firmness of texture; 2. strength dikk nm. drink; få mjer dikk!give me a drink! diløda vw. 1. to disfigure; 2. to be unbecoming = afljuda;esi hatt diløder dog this hat disfigures you dimma nf. 1. dusk; 2. twilight;dað myn vara dimma til då de komma atte [åitte] it will be twilight before they come back; du hever varið djer burt ena dimmu you have been a long time away dimma vw. to make or grow (somewhat) dark; hannj dimmar om nåittena it's growing dark in the night dimmra vw. to darken, become nightfall dimmodali adj. (ON dimm-ok-dali) (a good while) away dimmriv nm. dawn in the summer dimmset nn. nightfall in the summer dimska nf. fog, bank of fog; dað er dimska gångandi ut frå sjunon there is a fog coming from the sea dirda vw. to stamp (with the feet); to d. de feet - with the feet dirdla vw. to shake, swing dirl nn. vibration, swinging; at seta e-t i dirl; at få dirl; at vara i [uppå] dirli; hannj kom veð dirli; hvatna dirl er dað at du hever åitte dog divlek nm. large piece of bread djag nn. dough, lump of dough djarf nm. boldly, fearless, bold djarf nf. 1. hardiness, courage; 2. absense of fear in the dark djeld nf. (ON deild) 1. plot of ground, strip of grassland; grasdjeld; 2. deal, part djubek nm. small, undeveloped ling djup nn. depth djur nn. 2. animal; 1.pl. cattle djur nm. "brick", excellent fellow, dear (mingling of djur) dodd nm. broken nail dof adj. stale, having lost its strength dofna vw. 1. to become slack and feeble person; 2. to abate, calm (of a storm); hannj hever dofnað i vedrenu the storm [rough weather] has calmed dofning nf. calming; hannj er dofning i vedrenu doger nn. intense anxiety or waiting, hon var i dogri doi interj.: doi tak dee! devil take you! doitt nm. dull, indolent person doitta vw. to nod froms sleepiness; at sita doittandi øver e-u doker nm. 1. firmness os texture; 2. strength dokk adj. gloomy, depressed, discouraged; hannj er mukkið dokk uppå dað dokka nf. young girl; min dokka, min piri dokka! my (little) sweetheart! doli, dwali nf. soft hollow in sea-bottom dolk nm. a big bulky person dolsket adj. foolish, half-witted domra nn. (ON dómrof) fine paid for absense from the court domsket adj. dejected, silent, melancholy dona vw. to boon, din don nn. 1. dust; 2. grain, particle donare nm. fierce blazing fire dongja nf. heap, pile dor pers. pron. you pl., you polite; gen. dora; kwar gånga dor? where are you going?, Goden dag til dora! - reply to Goden dag! dorafel nf. board of a door; faren i dorafelar broken into pieces dordek nm. portion of something dorga vw. to fish with an angling line dorro nf. fishing line < *dorg dos nf. (ON dys) small stack of corn dost nn. grain, particle dotter nf. daughter;Jamesdotter, Jonsdotter doven adj. slack, feeble, numb dovna vw. to become slack and feeble dover nn. doze, light slumber not speak for sleepiness or weakeness dovra vw. to be or become drowsy orsleepy; dovra øver to fall into a light sleep; ordið dovraði fyri hans monnji he could not speak distinctly, either for sleepiness or weakness dradska nf. slowness, tardiness drag nn. 1. dragging, pulling; geve oss drag veð djer, drengi! give us a hand, boy!; 2. quantity of milk; mjølka drag ut ur kuni; draga vs. to draw, pull; draga fisk to catch fish with a hand-line; at draga mjølk (ut or kunni) to milk a cow draga at to stick fast (to the sea bottom);hannj dreger at dekkenu draga frå to draw line a little from the bottom draga ned draw to the night; hannj dreger ned til nåittar draga sog øver to begin courting draga til to steer the boat up into the wind draga upp to educate; rear; pp. draget upp, uppdragen; eg var uppdragen i Bressø draga upp sog: 1. to approach; 2. to draw near (of time); hannj dreger sog upp til jøla/til tolv draga uppå 1. to draw out, make long-drawn; 2. to speak very slowly draga ut to take fish out of brine, wash and prepare it draga ut uppå e-n to excite a kind of preternatural anxiety; dað byrraði at draga ut uppå mog sulk: Hvat drumsar du um? drumset adj. at drenga at [til] to recover from illness drengi nm. in a gloomy mood drunga vw. f. 2. (past. cat T drintel nm. 1. garment while walking drega vw. high rock in the sea droinnja vw. having irregular spots drita vs. to emit cross sounds. 2. something to drink drukken adj. 3. dritten) to evacuate. boy. to upset. drundi) 1. 2. troll drukk nm. strangle. speak slowly droinnj nm. that trails something. very rainy drus nm. to carry heavy burdens droga uppå to work for a long time without being able to finish it droll nn. 2. out of sorts dredlet adj. 1. heavy. 1. shoal of young fish dravin adj. 3.ex. hveron driver du at? what is your work? ungu mennener aldri drivu havið sen gamblu mennener the young men did not attach importance to deep-sea fishing as the old men did drog nn. drink. 1. peevish. to draw firmly together. being rotten. sulking. 1. 2. to draw tight.snipe. drift. to lag behind drinj nn. tie fast: at drunga til e-s drung adj. gloomy. (ON draugr) gnome.narrow. halibut T drift nf. long sound. spotted. talk crossly and unwillingly: hannj drumbaði tvartri ord ut or sjer drummer. lounging. 1. speed drilla vw. keep it in motion up and down. 2. depressed. troublesome.2. drunk. bend. tung drung vinna heavy troublesome work drupa vw. decomposed. hesitation drolsket adj. intoxicated drumba vw. 1. 1. to drive driva at to work or be occupied with something. emit a hollow. to troll with a fishing-line. 3. excrement driv nn. dirt driplet adj. person who carries heavy burdens droga vw. 2. man with baggy clothes. fatiguing.draga å to put on an article of clothing draga øver to overhaul dranga vw. 1. 2. (past dret. drung båt. knock over drilla vw.to be peevish. lean over: veggerne drupa at hans sidu the walls stooped to his side drupsjag adj. the hindmost part of the back of an animal drog nm. 2. to make it up after quarrel. drift. to drone. agitated haste driva vs. common snipe drums nn. 2. to tie firmly dratsa vw. slowness in movement. difficult to force onward. morose drumsket adj. pp. poor worthless article drintelskiti nm. peevish mood: Hvat sette dog i sikket drums? drumsa vw. 1. person who works well and energetically . out of sorts. quite exhausted. hurry. excitement. cacare drit nn. to and fro drenga vw. drummi nm. to move heavily and slowly drav nn.dilatory drong nm. slow. (ON drupti) to stoop. 2. 1. drive away your swine! drusla hannj upp! move it (the horse) quicker (in ploughing) drusla vw. to come lagging behind du nf. across: de nail is driven in d. quarrel. 1. rush dvars prep. at dvala øver dvali nm. night cap dumbvillja nf. 2. 2. to idle away the time. 1. 1. dvarsa grundena to set long-line acros the fishing ground dvavra vw. 2. draught between doors or through narrow passage duster nn. de havde duster they had a quarrel. at draga drøri to wound somebody dråitta vw. to chase. drusla burt ditt svin! boy. abundant. (past dvaldi) 1. substantial. dawdle about dvang nn. speed. inactive. 2. haste. at finnja landið veð dyi dyba vw. to stay out long. urine. light slumber. short lull in rough weather: hannj gørdi dvala fyri tiðena a lull in the storm for awhile dvelja vw. to sleep lightly. dað var duster mellja dera. to drive away in a harsh manner. away from home. dumbvilljadagavoga Holy Week. to dwindle. to sprinkle. to place crosswise. duck. large T. 2. 1. dvarsa vw. (ON þvag) 1. stupid dun nm. (past dybdi) to dip. calming of the weather. to move speedily. 2. rumbling sound. deaf. abatement of storm. to be constantly at sea dyba sog vw. thou. 1. hannj er dy i vedrenu dy nn. drengi. rins dvimmsa vw. (ON drjúgur) 1. slave dyba intil vw. unwilling to work . mud dy nf. from a wound). kørna liggja dybandi ut til heveds av dimmu the cows stay away till midnight in summer dyppa vw. to strive. to address familiarly du pron. soft plimage of birds dunder nn. angry dispute. Dondri . do doze. 2. to doze dvetla vw. (drypti) 1. passing shower. cloth dulk nn. 2.drusla vw. dispute angrily dvala vw. piece of wood dvarg nf. hard of hearing. at storta [mana] duster to wrangle. drop slowly down. fabric. soil.eider-duck dura vw. (ON dreyri) blood (esp. you.waterfall (cf. dove dua vw. serdu! looks-to! look here! duk nm. Dynjandi) dunter nm. 2. 1. heave. bend oneself dø nn?. at sni neberten øver drøgan to cut the bain into too large pieces (sníða niðrburðinn of drjúgan) drøri nn. to constantly soil oneself dyba ut vw. 2. lazy. week before Easter Sunday dumm adj. to fall into a light slumber. miry place. 2. to indulge (into gossip) dyba å vw. swell. hannj gekk veð dvarg å sjer dvarga vw. to move drowsily durasuk nm. down. Holy Week days. to wash slightly. pers. at drusla salt å fisk drypa vw. swamp dølos adj. 1. to collapse drøg adj. (dypti) dip. nap. diminish dvåg nn. usable. to pull about. inactive. elderly el nn. example døms.solidity. imitation. pl. serviceable Døt nm. for example dør nf.pl. counterfeit work. right through. (past elti) 1. 2. (Gen. 3.øver efter towards that side. 2. 2. fire elderin adj. 'ut efter outward. from beginning to end: lat deir reda dað upp. drop dåren nm. vi dørka hannj ut. 1. efterbåt nm. to drive. aforemenshioned (see also hannepå. isthmus. 3. sen de kunna. meagre eld nm. 1. to love elsket adj. bitter] cold. slow. egg. branch from a main current efter prep. 2. hannister. AD us eg nm. foolhardy action. 3. a-døms as. 1. eddy. after: at biða efter e-on to wait for someone. 2. eh! ha! eing nf. 2. thin. afterclap eftergerd nf. (ON él) strong current of air or draught elska vw. strength. neck of land. D mjer. 2. 2. sharp [cancer. to egg. 2. towards. along. 3. or sibba efter let them arrange or settle it as they're able to. 1. ON fjara) foreshore ed nn. durability dådda interj. dað er ikke dåma å fiskenon dår nn. 2.pl. or are related. bless us! dådda mog! 'bless' < dått dålos adj. I: A mog. boat which can't keep up with others. forgery.daring. Og). pursue. person inferior to another efterkast nn. chastisement. poison. 1. discoveringof stolen goods by witchcraft efterman nm. to chase. . edge egga vw. something left standing eg pron. deserts egg nn. venom. correction. successor efterstander nm. to squeeze. (L.: ill dåren to the devil! hold your tongue! dårska nf. him you know. de dørkaðu hannj vel ut dagen they stay long today on the fishing-grounds despite the bad weather dørkalig adj. 1. narrow strip of land between 2 seas or firths eder nn. handle too roughly. 1.mannen uppå Døt dåð [do] nf. to incite. folower. pers. property eken adj. continue work or project as long as possible. haipernor.Sc.døm nn. vi. 1.: elsket eg! wearied I! elta vw. 2. ut 'efter all the time after. at egga samen ei interj. delusion E ebb nn. at elta smor to be very long aboot doing something. at fljuka sen eder to make rapid headway edjek nm. wanting in energy and ability dåma nf. energy. 1. Ovik. quality. nord [sud] efter in northerly direction. to hold out. (D) 1. lack of sense. sensation. a mythical fish. døra and dura) door dørka vw. taste. in efter inwards. birds egg egg nf. 'sea-serpent'. ebb. pl. venom. at draga enjdena enk. make envious or malicious. 3. eastern. interiour part of a roof Essja nf. 1. obedient er nf.eadible. meadow engskipti nn. at enka djurið uppå et mannligt namn to give an animal a human name ennji nm. to eat. agitation. to become easterly (of a wind) esterlig adj.2. ante endlang adj. single.at erga uppå e-t erik nm. mouldboard (of a plough) erta vw. bitter cold eterkap nn. (ON æra) honour. 1. yearling ering. to spew. allotted piece of meadow enjd nm. from eastside esterkop nn. 2. without errand. 1. vomit en num. adj. provoke erta vw. large spider eterskab nm. steep projection or slope ent a vw. excited state of mind. lower. of a single part. cancer. 3. at jarpa uppå to repeat the same question erskið nn. jarpa vw. east. hon havdi aldri jenk she never had a boyfriend enka vw. eagle erpa. neu. sweaheart. 2. at eta upp to penetrate. easterly et nn. to heed. 2. 2. at full length. alt veri er til din (jer)! may all your wishes be fulfilled! ill er veri til hans!shame to him! er nf. to irritate. 2. tease. dedication. bitterly cold weather . 2.subst. eating:dað er et å fiskenon eta vs. from end to end endmark nn. glory. flat sand-bank erdros nm. ameadow-lot. fiercely blaming fire esing nm. breath. 1. de elta at taatis they are eagerly occupied in taking up the potatoes elta vw. 1. et ende part. to dedicate. tease. 1. to strive forward es nf. one. still. to irritate. 2. wooden plough erendlos adj. 1. a boat rowed by oars ern nm. simple eng nf. at vara i eti øver e-t et nn.. uppeten filled with angry eter nn.fine paid every third of a year estra vw. jenk nf. to allow. to harp upon the same subject. cf.possesion. the farthest boundary enfald adj. dað er sagda ikke erendi at hava sent dog heryou have surely not come here exept on an important errand erga vw. care for entig adj. posion. old Shet. etandi .at elta å e-t to dig ground. 1. 1. ash-coloured cow esten adv. at erpa uppå e-t to keep on asserting something incorrect. at erpa um e-t to be always asking for something. to constantly becomplaining. turn up one´s nose. even now. yet. 2. hering nm. to be prudish. worry. to die falljauppå to begin to lose freshness (fish. irresolution eva vw. butter and train-oil. doubtful. long rag dragged behind: hvatna fasgerd er dað. old-fashioned. 2. boat far nn. beautiful. 1. paid as a tax to a feudal feda vw. to fasten fatgud nm.bucket. infallj flowing tide. fasgård nm. epidemic far nn. to master. be able to even nn. waterpail fedmel nf. matter. live it alone! (exclam. hannj hever gert dað ut av litlu evni he's done it out of (with) little resources ever nn. downfall. obsolete fasgerd. utfallj ebbing tide fallja vs. 2. viltu! F fadabrod nn. meat). to doubt evalig adj. lameness fanga vw.fyrsta farið! annar (farið)! first round! second (round)! (in children's games) faren adj. Quinquagesima fasta vw. aptari) latter (half): dimsens ettri the later half of midsummer night ev nn. (ON eptri. 3. fej adj.etersom adj. faðir nm. partly broken object fader. supernatural vision portending death fellj. fåg 1. to fall off. height . 1. slumber fallja fyri to occur to one: dað fellj fyri mjer! it came into my mind fallja frå 1. fisken er falljen upå fallj nn. fall.2. 1. profit fann nn. fierce look fedek nm. grasp. dying fegska nf. father fallj nn. gone. to have a severe. old. name for a goblin (Eater?). Eti [Gonni] myn taka dog! ettri adj. time. 3. booty. bitterly cold Eti nm. to tie a knot. 2. passed away. mountain. 1. yfrinn 'excessive') being or thing of a very large size eviltu interj. 2. to forsake. 2. to fall fallja at to fall asleep. length of pleated straw. wall of peats. 3. 2. means. current in the sea. not to rely upon evla vw. thick woman feg.) < ei. heap fo drifted snow de snaw lies in fanns far nn. at du dreger efter djer? fasgårda vw. at fanga upp linena fang nn. 1. vessel. knot. material. 2. round. hold. sun T feg. fjellj nn. doubt. (ON œrinn. 1. to repair a straw-basket (kessi) sewing a new bottom fallsjon nn. epidemic Fasten nf. prize. to feel. dust fjoga vw.nm. exclamation: confound it! hang it!. eg fena hannj ikke I could not bear him fenlig adj. marking boundary parts of a out-field fjandi nm. desirous. fish fiskafjel nf. fish-board. hvarna ferder du til? sjuven ferdaði burt veð sinu fragi ferdalek nm.2. 1. to cover thinly. 1. to act foolishly fifler nm. board. out of order. dað kom til ferdar [ferdeks] it was a nice journey (ironically). devil. oath. 2. suitable for fishing. at gånga veð muklari fjerd. 1. journey. anger: hvatna er fjarsken veð djer? fjasken adj. greedy. disappeared (in spite of search) firl nn.fellja vw. in good condition. foolery. devil. at fivla uppå kost fjagers interj. to plait or twist into each other fivla vw. fisken er ikke fjasken the fish won't bite fjedemor nm. companion fema vw. ilt]. 15 fjora nf. at filska veð stoljkon filska nf. fence. foreshore . to grind. crush fjomtan num. to find. interj. lost. great haste (also fjerd). skirt with a bodice fjog nn. 2. to float as a layer on the water (of oil) fena vw. plank in a boat fjoda nf. tangled fitgeng. 2. 3. good compensation ferda vw. ridiculous new fashion in dress fisk nm. at finna kalt [gott. to make fun. 1. 1. to strike felljo nm. fjansken uppå ita ting! may fortune attend that child! fjarsken 1. fy upon it! = exclamation of annoyance fjala vw. to hide oneself. an equal. still active. ready. travel. to make fun. to show delight. journey or errand resulting badly. attractive ferd nf. esp. dað er ikke fiskaligt i dag the weather is not good for fishing today fiskarroe nm. disappear fjaldrekar interj.poor butter fjel nf. short skirt. fifteen. provisions for a journey fifla vw. partition in a boat to prevent fish from slipping fiskalig adj. 1. 1. cattle track fitja vw. sillyfun. loose substance. at gånga ferdandi. exclamation of surprise fjalsgård nm. 2. hang it!. fjørd nn. outburst. eg fann guvið av hans anjd I felt his breath. a person of value or importance. foolosh person fillafjoga nf. to walk quickly. dað kom til ferdaleks ferdebord nm. great haste or bustle ferdig adj. dað er fjerd å honon ferd. 2. dað gekk fiflafljoga veð honon everything gone wrong with him filska vw. esp.speed. 2. flighty behaviour finna vs. 1. receive hospitably. unlike or unbecoming a practical fisherman fisket adj. 2. prepared ferdimet nm. fitgång nm. fjandin siter i dinon hanjdon! confound it! hang it! fjansken interj. mate. division. fu finner du? how do you feel? firdet adj. 2. edd. nothing turning out. pleasant. sea T floga vw. (past fløddi) to reach high water flød. people. forgång nm. *flognir) fowl T floraskit nn.(ON forði) a find of great value for prep. fommandi kavi foni nm. 1. guven fommar ut um dørnar. to play fond pranks. crowd. my little life! fjorken adj. absense of ebb fjord nm. 2. 2. unsuccessful work flosa vw.taxes constituting the lawman's salary forlegen adj. (ON flag) thin. fisken er ikke fjorken fjosket adj. to carry flitman nm. abundant provisions. 3. 1. wild flinsja sog vw. at flakra veð stoljkon flatja vw. passion. great haste flødferd nf. 2. thoroughly exhausted. to drift. hvat for mannj er hannj? what kind of man is he? ford nf. 2. folk. to lie basking in the sunshine flitja vw. dally floti nm. to wrap oneself in clothes. snow-storm fogbord nm. swampy place. poor result. shaving. giddy.dað kom til pørligara fordar it didn´t succeed forgeng. dense snow fløda vw. to move nimbly in a wheedling orcoquettish manner fla nn. 1. weakened . quantity of big snowflakes. raft fluka. patch of cultivated land. foiljdet um andlitið fomma vw. to flatten. active.or grass-turf flakra vw. firth. 3. to throw. thin slice flingset adj. 1. 3. to a child: min piri fluki! flukra nf. foreboding. men T folgja. speed. swartafloga flogadriftnf. longafloga. coquet. foiljdet. to move aside. flørd nf. 2. 1. fly. little fellow. (Dan. to smoke. strip of arable or grass land flinder nn. to fly off. long time. strike to the ground flemper nn. 1. (confused) haste. to flirt. dense snow-storm folekar nm. 2. delicious. to escape (of a smoke). excited state of mind flemster. move oneself. eternity foiljda vw. occas. 1. let fall floga nf. lawman's salary. fogandi [murandi] kavi dense falling snow. splinter. annual pension.fjorahvarf nn. 2. morass. fljuka vs. hannj fommar ut guvena. press down. Nor for) for. speed flokk nm. speed foga vw. to fool. great hurry. fall off fluki nm. esp. pet name for a little child: oh du piri fjorek! darling. a rushing along in a confused hurry flet nm. fire T for(ð) nm. (ON árflognir 'raven poet. crowd. 1. extensive fishing-ground fjord nm. see fegska forken-metet nm. 2. multitude fjorek nm. savoury food forkop nn. foldja 1. 2. 2. 1. flukner nm. pared off heather.'. porter flo nm. untidy fjårka vw. to drift (of dense snow). small ferryboat. nimble. slovenly. supernatural appearance of a person. 2. snowflake flurakavi nm. multitude flokner.1. flemter nn. 2. at gånga til framhavs = at gånga fram framsida nf. fogderi) 1. farther out at sea. gross in appearance fund. waterfall forsend nf. fool force. (ON frétt) 1. ful nm. neat. forehold in a boat fors nm. fram av in front of. wife T frøtt nf. 2. dað er frag that's a great deal. esp. 1. to have a respite. 3.hemer Sedeken framhav nn. office of bailiff (great foud) frad nm. sooth-saying. foreign countries fremd adj. in games: at vara frammi to be forward. from.anthers in a flower frod nf. 2. (ON fyrirmæla) to consecrate. unshapely. open-handed fusom adj. stand in one's way futvark nm. 2. 3. forward to the stem of a boat. 3. feeble.orderly fron nm. at gera frag ut av e-on to make a good profit (partly ironically) fram adv. kinsman. poor attempt to carry out a piece of work frest nn. framer farther out at sea opposed to hemer: fremer Sedeken . speed fumlig adj. 2. deap-sea fishing grounds. much trudging about . to check. person or thing of value. time spent in waiting fresta vw. sanctify forspoken water (holy water) forsukn nf. news frå prep. exclamation of surprise: oh min fosens! oh my gracious! foud nm. big. 1. narrative. away from the shore out to sea. (ON fróðleikr) old magic rigmaroleor formula fromli adj. tale. something found fungli adj. uncertain. a find. piece of iron or whalebone fixed to a sinker on a fishing-line fosens interj. 2. at sija frå fugl. 1. president of supreme court foudrí nn. eager. bailiwick.forrum nn. bailiff. woman. pain in the feet. generous. delicate person fråsaga 1. superstition. 1. snell on a fishing-line formela vw. customs and spells. comp. 2. to prevent. superstitious belief. strange. hannj er fram setting seawards (tide). good bargain. 1.rumour frag nn. to afford. 2. bailiff's district. to wait (Conn. 2. fart fradavw. foam. 3. to dispense with fresta vw. annoyed fullek nm. 1.angry. 2.see blødfrind frest nn. (ON foguti) 1. bird fuglekavi nm. to delay. 1. to attempt. dense snow-storm ful adj. not akin frend nm. to fart frek nm. fram veð (forwards) along. foul. foreside fremd nf. froth.) fro nn. 2. at vara frammito be out at dep-sea fishing. magic formula fru nf. 2. seed of a plant. respite. forward. 1. fynd nm.3. sea-foam frolik nm. relative. 1. at seta ut fram to head towards the high seas. try. (Dan. 1. prefect. 2. industrious futra vw. 2. postpone. idle talk. de vuru å muklari (mis)førd førda vw. gait. large nail. cat T (the four-footed one) fyrsmå nf.2. insult. du mynt føra sen du finner be content with what you have or get førd nf. nonsense gaba vw. gone away. gab(s)et gaba nf. receive. 2. opening.2. end-wall. fu er du fåren? what luck have you had? eg er fåren øver vel I've fared very well G gallj nm. farm gelaegit adj. to be talkative. cave. 2. unsuccessful result (=misførd). turn. opening gadd nm. mock-sun gab nn. embrace fångsnåra nf. 2. gambla old gander nm. vomiting.a firsmjoin body fyrst num. hannj førdaði vel he was well received få vs. (ON gafl) 1. alt fyri et just this minute (Fær. 2. 2. bad gama vw. 1. going. 1. wild. outrage. få mjer dykk! fång nn. 1. gjang nn. throughfare. neglect. loud talk. gap. ridge of earth marking the boundary between two pacthes of arable land garm nm. 1. set off. grotto gabel. gevel nm. sudden feeling of powerlessness.steep headland gabi nm. alt fyri eitt) fyrebord nm. spike galafert adj. : roffatu-garm . hurry. to get. sickness at heart (< sickness from witchcraft?) dað er ilt gander uppå mitt hjarta gang. 3. talkative. first føra vw. contempt. small triffling present. strange appearance ganska adv. gambli. scorceress. lessen. disregard. apparition coming as a (supernatural) warning. 4. noisy mirth. four-oared boat fyri prep. (ON *ga-litkaðr?) coloured (of animals) . wild.fyrering nm. 1. fence. 1. hole. (ON gaman-hríð) 1. 1. to thrive. to diminish. qualm. halo around the sun or moon gardbalk nm. quite well T gard nm. 2. violin (old-fashioned) = gju [gu. 2. for. gø] 2-stringed violin fångstrång nm. gable.3. frolicsome galdragonanf. at førda gott/ilt to behave. carry. 3. times gansel nm. (ON fœra) to convery. to make fun gamarið nf. 1. laughter. floor. 2. 3. hard. 2. to wander. to get on [along] in a certain manner. 2. (ON garðr) 1. 1. difficult. procure. (ON ferðask) 1. 2. at halda [gera] gamarið gammel adj. vane hope fyrfoder nm.the first string of a violin fåren adj. gekk til fyrebordar came to nothing. tattling person gad nn. 2. passage.enclosure.with an untidy hair like gart nm. triffle fyrsmå vw. witch gall adj. 1. very well. weak decl. enclosed uncultivated patch of land. . 1. (past glepti) (ON gleypa) 1. gait.small dale. 3. ravine. in compounds: something given to someone on errand gjånger nm. compensation gild adj. let blow (weather). cleft in a rock gjoger nm. 1. 2. good reward glans nn. glerhellja nf. to assist. mirth. hannj gav upp å dem he gave it up owning to exhaustion and withdrew from the game. to be squeezed or pressed givamild adj. 2. hannj gat hana veð bånni he got her with a child getling nm. quick to learn. long walk genger nm. at sunrise gera vw. 2. 1.2. faded. 1. a cleft. opening. space. circuit. horse glab nn. 2. having whitish or yellowish belly girja vw. throughfare. gera ilt to cause bad blood between friends gera efter 1. to dry up. to work energetically at something geva upp to give up. to make.2. gjald) payment.income. brightness. shine glansa vw. narrow cleft gjånga nf. guest geta vs. pig. 1. glöggt er gestsins eyga. form. å gengerenon of the sun. capable.interpret). 3. (ON geld. times. dað er gjord gjot. 3. 2. to raise. natural ability. valid.2. to arrange. prepare gera um 1.fail T. to copy. 2. good at work. 3. -ek . 2. pleasantry and jest glegg adj. glöggt er gestsins auga) glepa vw. 2. iron. small narrow dale gild nn. see also gåva geva vs. gera so! do it! 2. to beget. get. young hog geva nf. defile. to pass from hand to hand gera uppå (sog) to get ready to set out on a journey gest nm. acute. small dale glerla nf. 2. valuable. glerhellek nm.steed. open-handed gjo nf. 2. Ísl. excellent. ON ek vildi gefa mikit til). gjut nn.knife T gil nn. hvar røsar gjordena everyone praises what he gets. to urge on.. large quantity. 1. to press. givnad) 1. fine present. payable. 2. 4. 3. båten gav upp å dem the boat was no longer serveable geva til 1. 4. to give. esp. generous. notable gilet adj. 2. cudgel gidli nn. to shine. 3. clever. 1. ghyll. sheet of ice glib nn. stripe. 1. to change places. pale. (Nor. hollow. eg myndi geva e-t til (cf. give light (of bright metals) glant nn. to give much to (intense desire). going. amusement. sunrise T. 3. esp. to do. 3. row genga nf. sickly-looking gjord nf. to address somebody crossly glerel. hollow. hannj gerdi rið. 4. 1. counterfeit. squeeze. 2.produce. 2. 1. to fashion. 2. glegt er gestsens joga (Fær. large gift. to discover (by magic) where stolen goods are hidden gera til 1. 1. 2. 1. to swallow.species of sea-perch gjomek nm.1. further. on animal's forehead gjomet adj. at gera veder to forecast weather (ON gera úr . 1.geng nm. 3. good exchange. sharp-sighted. correct manner of behaviour or carrying out something. give away geva å 1. to drub. darkrocky cavern. hole in a wall. ugly woman gopn. 4. meal between regular meals. (past glømdi) 1. to walk aimlessly. 3. gather. dirty. hannj lagdi i [var veð] glukasti gluma vw. shine glub nm. riddle. 1. 2. white stripe. 2. to cast furtive watchful side-glances about gloitta vw. short period of heat goiljtinm. charged with clouds (air) gloga vw. fommis . very desirious of. swing. 1.def. the moon T gloder nn. gløbi nm. dað er gloder uti. 2. at gluma uppå e-t. minded. large heap. 1. large portion glød nf. snowman. 2. 1. 3. gaze. to swagger. 2. Gonni myn taka dog!. dark (of a cloud). foam on the surface of the sea gljur nn. big well-grown boy. glema vw. gloder fyri [under. glassy sheet of ice gljoger nn. good mouthful. overjoyed (øver) gramisa vw. glegg nm. snack. 2. to become loose gloitt nm. young coalfish gola nf. greedy. hvar(na) genger du gongsjandi til? goni. 1. fisken glurar i myrkenu glygg. 1. large portion of food. 1. hollow. slightly dried in the wind gotek nm.at gloma samen [op] taatis glomek nm. blast goljdet adj. ravine. be suspicious. 1. 2. quantity (of potatoes). (past gurdi) to plant too closely gosen adj. greedy person glura vw. appetite T dað er ikke glub å fiskenon gluggi nm. 1. glutton. godmother. gjopn. (fatted) pig. gluttonous. deep cleft. to slide. lamp T goda.1. 2.nm. 2. 2. daybreak glonsa nf. glua? vw. tempered goiljd nf. 2. path godek nm. being (elf).a glutton gloma vw. 2. gutter grabb nn. sulen var uti veð glodri. handful. 2. to slip. between regular meals glont nm. 2. smooth. 2. small window gløb.shine in the dark. hollow of the hand gorja vw. 1. gjopem nf. pit. to glow. stupid person gojek nm. dað er gloder veð suleni. neglect glåm nm. dense. red-hot embers gløma. grotto globeren nm. reddish light. hog. something to guess godet adj. gonni nm. strong heat. grasp gram adj. large hand glomet adj. 2. delighted. paw. fissure. at illgluma to scowl glums nf. av] suleni glodret adj. snack. with begrimed face (striped with dirt) gloming nm. large. to suspect. cf. to forget. gloit-) . beginning to putrefy gollja nf. 2. supernat. 1. road. 1. gap. low fire. also glutning (glot-. young woman attending a mother gong(s)ja vw. to grasp. grab. 2. 1. glow of heat. 1. wind. hungry glu. to stare. gøda nf. 1. decayed. give light. cleft. large jelly-fish. medusa glopen adj. small round cake glukast nm. 2. 1. (past gramisti) to bewitch. 1. additional meal. depression in sand glupni nm.moonlight. S. strength. 1. pig.2. grey(ish) grågi nm. address my friend! comrade! grava vs. guðin nf. foundation. greð nm. manure-fork gresi adv. 1. bury.2. 1. ground.coll. 1. (past gramdi) 1. 2. smoke. green grøning nf. 3. improvement in the weather guv. 2. græg?) grey gråga nf. grave. adv. 1. robbery. object. naughty child grøflingsadj. 2. to hurry on . dað er ikke grist i honon. crying and noise guð. shallow bank in the sea gryk nn. 3. to steam. ugly grind nf. grølek nm. witchcraft. 1. dað er greden! pretty thing! (iron. sjuen grever av boitnenon gred. bugbear. sort. 2. 1. to hurt by witchcraft granderi nn. 5. 1. gresi ger carefully [excellently] done grimm adj. valuable object. casual mention of something. the grey one (mare or cow) gråget adj. dawn grøbi nm. excellent of its kind gris nm. sorcery. grim. 1. pot grøtstað. incapable person. 3. pp gråten) to weep gråtsa nf. (past gret. excellently. 2. sea-bottom grunnka nf. 2. kind gref nf. 2. stone. (neut. anger. stony ford grøta nf. mouse T < "grey head" gråta vs. strong smell. witch. 1. um) grep nf. 1.septennial court granni nm. 1.2. hannj kom i guv guva vw. to be embittered. 2. 2. 3. to dig up. 2. suspicion. 3. 1. feeble. goitt) good guðen.nm. weeping boy gråtska nf. to swear horribly. 2. grut nm. 2.. weeping girl gråtsi nm. 1. 1. shoal of whales grinda vw.at kasta grist øver e-on groinnj nm. face downwards. hypnotizing. gentle breeze grå adj. 1. burial gremja vw. masked or disguised person grøn adj. enraged. taking hold of grip nm. prostrate grøli.).objects. presentiment. 1. harsh. (ON gufa) 1. neighbour. to complain (øver. 2. sea-bottom. digging up. dawn grønska nf.eg havdi gronan av di I heard it incidentally. also as -grøf [grof] in bakkagrof grefster nm.'caaing' whale grip nn. 2.granda vw. 4. 4. heavy breathing. weak grågi (A. smoke. species of stone. 3. small. to grieve. porridge grå nf.2. tanngroining gronan nf. matter. frame. hurry. (young) swine grist nm. 2. force. witchcraft. 1. steam. gate. implement. to shut the gate in a fence grindhval nm. porridge grund nf.eg fann guv av di. wind. 4. grey stallion or bush gråkollj nm. shallow fishing-ground groinnjing nm. magic grandori nn. fierce. green heads of turf turned up by digging grøt nn. cod. I got a hint of it grot. 3. gov nf. forked implement. fork. soil. grot. 2. gud adj. tobreathe heavily. stout woman gø nf.gulsa nf. 2. gakk øver gåiteken!. attack. haphazard. die (especially of young weak animals) gånga um to shift about or turn (of wind) gånga under 1. pass away. endure. to heave. confess gånga øver 1. fence gårdsendi nm. to pay attention. to begin the field work in spring. to rise. thread gård nm. at halda e-t fyri gødasi. to be verified (of a prophecy) gånga veð 1. = enta (anta) gykerl nf. opening in a roof gånga. submit to gånga upp 1. to leave a surplus. dagen gekk ut the day passed./adv. to go on (in spite of opposition). 2. to take a burden on one's back.(Fær. at leka [kasta] habbigabbi . feeling. Fær. 2. to decline. quality gør nf.place where an old fence ends gårdsimi nm. temper. yard. to heave. 3. at gånga av vårenu gånga at to set upon. 1. 1. ridge of earth from an old fence gåitt (gåitek)nf. 1. 2. 4. (ON garn) yarn. ballads gá. 2. to perish. to accomplish a heavy piece of work. 3.(ON gígja) old-fashioned 2-stringed fiddle. 5. natural ability. de vuru ikke ut øver døragåittena. to come to an end. chance. gångandi kjonki [søga] infectious cold gånga av 1. see also gju gødasi nf. 2. genga vs. to waste away. go at. see fram gånga fyri 1. gift gåit nn. legga gåitt inn under heli båtsens H habagoitlek nm. 3. masculine woman gå vs. leave off (mood. to have a (definite. die. to perish by falling gånga saman to settle (agreement) gånga til to perish. to notice. to die (cattle) = gånga til gånga fram to go forward to the stem of a boat. 4. gulsagras . 3. hut. make an exception of. small house habbi-gabbi nm. 4. (Eng. ogress. to flow. 3. unusually tall woman. 2. (ON gagn-) mark in a sheep's ear gånn nn.2. to roll (of nature phenomena). habit + ON kot) miserable dweling. 2. 2. mind. to go off. to be taken from (as a part).to stream. gången upp = gången ut come to an end gånga ut 1. 2. hole. to walk. foretold) result. (Danicism. 1. only in: stå or gå gåva nf. at hava illja gum at e-on guma vw. at gånga upp [nord] at (of a wind) gånga frå 1. break high. 2. threshold. hannj genger ikke at koma he will hardly come. doorway. fall from something steep and perish in the sea. to go beyond all bounds [too far]. to increase. (ON gýgr) 1. stá) to go. 3. to come to an end or be worn out. 2. doorcase. temper). to go. exceed.one of the thick straw-ropes gårdstað nm. góðska?) good thing put by for a certain occasion. to own up. 4. sorceress. to pledge someone to. to descend. 2.a remedy against jaundice gum nf. tall. to overflow gångbit nn. jaundice. 3. to fling aside. du hever gert pørligan hag av di. hold. 3. neck-lock halslokk nm. to stay in a place. to keep shut halda upp 1. wanting in economy. hageri. limping. memoirs. 7. 6. to decrease hag(a)lig adj. 5. fine. to hold out halda við 1. ill hag komi til din!. 1. haglosa havið hagmark nn. 2. at him! (to a dog). 4. at hava hag veð e-t to economize. 2. to steer. tail. flow of words. 2. 3. (ON hagríða. (imp. 4. at halda haltadans halt adj. foolish . 2. neck. use. halting dance (of fairies). neck-lock halt nn. -vissi nm. 3. beating the bounds hagri. go on. pp. to halt. 2. large straw-basket with handles each side hali nm. 3. 1. at halda nord [sud. carefully. hågri nf. haltu å litið! haldkessa nf. conveniently. 1. haga vw.a long list of something. immoderate. limp haltadans nm. 2. in a state. management. to handle roughly. limping gait halta vw. bottom-board halsband nm. fu helder du til nu?. eg heve ikke hag å djer I can't manage you!. 2. miserable lean animal hads interj. draw off halda fram to head towards the high seas halda innj to pull towards the shore halda til 1. finely. to dig up hald nn. see hauts/hawots hag nm. to support for life. 2. to manage (well). halt!) 1. order. at halda jøl. queer. 5. to endure. lame. set off in a direction. halt dina hanjd!stop that! Halt dinar henjder and take blag! Stop work and keep a rest! halt(u) gångu! stop your gait [speed]!.3. convenient. to consent. 4. 3. to save. 2. to frequent. to celebrate. boundary mark hagrið nf. halti nm. (bad) conclusion or use hakka vw. agree with somebody halda å to stop. mean. to hack. 1. state. treated halda af to stop execution of something halda at to persist eagerly in an undertaking halda frå 1. 4. continue.hada vs. (ON hallr) rock. to endure. hold out. at halda hus. to head. stop!]. halda uppat) to cease halda ut 1. neg. 2. 2. wasteful. 3. halden 1. halting. uhagalig haglig adv. keep. to treat smb as a thief hadersvisi. 2. 2. properly. to be the same. 5. confused. to maintain. unruly. to keep house economically. careful. grip. to steer away or aside. 4. to last. (cf. de havdu ikke hag uppå dað they lived beyond their income. hew asunder. 4. 1. (ON hata) 1. imuti] etc. 2. handle halda vs. 6. 3. proper. boundless. 1. 1. head. dað er hallj å båtenon hals nm. to hold. 1. halda sog: haltu dog at djer! move aside a little! haltu dog stilt! be silent [stand still!. 2. stone hallj nm. 1. 1. condition. 2. hagreið) ride on the hill.stunt. 2. lame or limping person hams(t) adj. du er komið hagligt isa tið you've done it finely this time haglos adj.to keep going. 2. 3. control. advantage. 3. 2. to cease. at halda gångandi 1. application. 2. to hate. (ON halli) inclination (of a heavy boat). cow T hallj nm. collar halsgirt nf. 1. Fær. ocean hava vw. person who is always persecuted. to find a fault with somebody. 1. in good condition hardi nm. to detain. (unnamed person) he whom you know. he. 1. happen. to lie awake at night.. þarna?) interj. 2. to reprimand. 2. firm grip with the hand hanjd(a)kruppan nf. hesitate. 2. at hava bort hem/in/ut. deap-sea fishing-grounds. bring. stop. 2. 3. unpleasant.2. 1. here! come here! hanjd nf. contradict hava up 1. cough up phlegm harliben nn. 2. handle. pron. 5. halda hanjdaklapp um e-t hanjdalos nm. luggage hanjdla vw. certain quantity of corn. 2. hanjdel nf. there's a rumour afloat. objects. have dog at djer! move a little! hava frå to set off from the shore hava imuti to have an objection to. side. to repeat. to overhaul hanjdsel nn. 1. spread rumours. hava upp aftur) hava veð to remark upon or find a fault with something . shark T hanjdmel nn. (ON andvaka. past -vakti) 1. to have. goods.. sorrow. edge. hannja (ON hérna. (ON handmál. look out! keep clear! hanvaga vw. near. at koma vel/ilt til hanjdar to turn out well or not.hana.remnant. the open sea.def. 2. drag. 2. disaggreeable. to hawk. coarse hatra vw. to hark back upon (Fær. hand. introduce a subject. have dog av! hava at 1. eg myn geva djer mitt hanjdsel hannj pers. at henjdi. loop-shaped band happ nn. -mæli) 1. scum. 2. distress harpa nf.. in a poor condition hatraviti nn. 3. good luck. at koma i hanjd/til hanjdar to be at hand. healthy. talk. anjdi 1. at hand. 2. punish. grief. 4. de eru komen ilt til hanjdar they didn't succeed. hava sog av to move aside (oneself). without a hand/arm. dað er hannj fram fyri henni there's a boat ahead of ours hannana interj. gear. 1. 4. handful. hoy! hallo! hausta vw. success. 3. move. skin (on the surface of liquid). 1. i hanjd. at hava upp efter 1. to lift. five in number. carry. to be doubtful. handmeasure hanjdrista vw. illhaterd neglected. at. slap on the hand. loud noise. hinder hatter nn. to chastice.. skeleton of an animal harm nm. to arrive on the spot. raise. belongings. 3. something given with good wishes.hindrance. children's game hanjdi nm. de hava dað. (ON handhrista) 1. to bully. 3. (ON harðr 'hard') sea-bottom harikel nn. to shout hoy! hallo! especially in driving away a sheep hav nn. to separate corn by rubbing it.2. hat hattra vw. hannj dagar. 1. mention.. fragment harka vw. 2. slight impression of something hap nn. persecute. uppå mina hanjd! upon my soul [honour]! hanjdaklapp nn. plague. hava (goitt) happ happ adj. appear. 2. = ulaviti hatt nm. to handle hanjd(a)gripp nn. 2. eg lå og hanvagti I lay and hanvaged hanvaging nm. to steal. 1. 3. dað er ikke hatter fyri mog at gera haust interj. harp-shell harsk adj. guð hanjd. fast approaching. attractive.2. stallion hevdi nm. hesitating/evasive manner of expressing oneself/answer hems and hes. congratulation. 1. raking hermel nn. remnant. small portion of food heller nm. holyday. having kind manners hilmongen nm. well supplied. limited district built on. to talk or receive kindly. jok. 1. 1. particle. injured death. bad cold helljakrøs nf.2. disagreement. ikke ett hed (Fær. at home. strong. 2. at helsa mann to greet a man. to become whole. ikki eitt eiti) hedemu nn. 1. 2. object formed like a head. churchyard helljamet nm. 1. 2. glerhellek sheet of ice helljahvarv nn. (ON höfði) 1. ho! aha! hel adj. pick up hent nn. 2.havbåt nm. to speak/answer hesitatingly/evasively hed nn. cries of woe. lamentation. horse. obs. 1. 3. gleaning. silly. journey home. lump hikra vw. homecoming hemli adj. 4. glerla. hemer nearer at home. hill) fairies hillisom adj. stir. dað er ikke men helma melljan dera helsa vw. 2. handle. collecting. (ON huldufólk + L. head. flat rock. 2.2. 2.2. tall person hei interj. harmonize. to place in a better position.Sc. heathaze hefta vw. 1. well off hegri nm. holy. 1. fetching. 2. 2. jølahellidagar. du needno ha'e sae mony hems and hes aboot it he vw. 2. to greet. hellilamb. Innjherrað. nf. disease. heron. hellig muld consecrated earth helma nf. kind address or welcome hema adv. to fix heft nn. 4. promontory. 1. feast by newly married man hemkomannf. 3. hengsa byrdek [kessu] å baki e-s henta vw. to fetch. 4. amiable. Holy Sacrament given to a dying person. provided. high steep point of land heved nn. hesitate. noisy quarrel. wife T. grain. odd-looking person . to framer. to be healed hellja nf. hate. 2. de helsa ikke vel. familiar hemsket adj. herms og vallova herrað nn. whole. healthy hela vw. 3. remnants herms nf. 1. gather up. large open boat havr nm. 1. 3. pl. 1. 1. festival. 2. haid) 1. to agree.1. (ON heiti + L. hellidag. 1. small fragment. 3. 1. hemest nearest at home hemfer nf. Utherrað hest nm. oats he nn. 2. particle. hollow in a rock hillfolk nn. cave helli nf. quarreling. name. to entertain. homely. at halda helli to keep a festival hellig adj. heman she who stays at home.Sc.2. to delay. hannj myndi ikke hikra um dað hilek nm. grip heftet adj. silly hengsa vw. helsast helsin nf. foolish. opp. 2. snatch away hint nn. fleshy.himinsferd. de hobbdu hannj fyri sjuv. clever. see knif hnolt nm. great dilemma. greedy. hannj hoggar sog øver eldenon.2. jata) carcass (of an animal). opp. top part of a hill. dað er himmelsferd uppå dem they're in a great hurry hind nf. wrong. hasty hogg nn. shoes). to tie. hippa taatis hipper adj. guard hirs interj. 1. (past hirti) to keep. to meet with hjada nf. also hjigel. hågelsku hofna vw. ME hotte) hut hoitt nm. health. hnjif. thin covering. mysterious hjogga vs. at hava skugana hobbelskju. to vanish suddenly. dað er hoitt å mjer hokken nm. active. (ON högg) blow. tear. difficulty hobbaviti nn. (MHG hütte. small T.sjoggersten hjog nm. hen hjunamenn nf. odd. to bring into conversation. to swell. hard stone.2. fortunate. ascension. tumult. (ON hold) 1 . 3. clergyman T < the one who threatens (ON hóta) hoisa nf. hnof adj. glimpse. 1. ridge of a height. thin layer hinda vw. pluck hjokk adj. (ON haugfunnit?) strange. 3. to gnaw. fruitless journey. 2. well-knit young person hobba vw. remains hjarta nn. to accuse somebody of something =at hobba upp. at hofna upp hofsa vw. hannj war aldri hipper efter dað [derefter?] he was never lucky after that hirda vw. shoulder-blade hjogfinni nn. peculiar. impatience. 1. push (games) hoggja [dz] vw. (past hogdi. clench hnif. hjarta! hjegel nm. (ON ótti) fear of something supernatural. 2.3. moment hintet adj. height.himmelsferd nf. not right in the head hippa vw. pinch.stir. 1. film.2. 2. 1. to find. skin. 1. notorious thief hobbelskjuadv. to cause anything to swell (bread) hofset adj. 2. crouch. past hobbdi) 1. illja hjolsa! ill luck take you! hjonsa nf.s. lucky. ON heykjask?) to bend down. (ON eta. horse. (ON hinna < hinþ-?) 1. (ON hæð) 1. heart. 2. to ød large hjolsa nf. restlessness hinta vw. small horse holberd adj. very hungry hnaga. 2. full-figured . reverse (boots. away with you! hits interj. old-fashioned. hoggje dog inn til elden! hoid nf. haddock hoitt nm. excitable. to cut.floor (in a house) hoiding nm. 1. 2. to earth. 1. at him! hallo! (to animals) hitta 1. to form a coat hinsin nf. hobbt ut av stað driven away hobbastju nn. (< ON mynd?) savage-like person hjårken adj. 1. 2. my treasure! Hvar er du faren. 2. (ON haugr) hill hjogelbennnn. strange. 2. gnega vw. quartz. (ON yppa. wrench hneppa vw.strong. odd-looking object or person hjogfinni adj. to contract. family circle. wooden-handle. to incite. kyrr hunekana! shoo the hens away! hus nn. (ON hrossagaukr) snipe horrus(j)a vw. wind-instrument horni nn. horn. to lift a child up to make it stop crying husa vw.2. 2. veð hu or håri at all costs. houseroom. high spirits horsgok nm. house. gloomy sky huma vw. at honkla sog to raise [shrug] shoulders honnjadu interj.er dað långt siðen du såst honnjeka? honning nm. at husa taatisið husfolk nn. irritable. 1. at biða hudinena to await the opportune moment hugfellja vw. round-bottomed (boat.pp. great number. bent hul nm. to cover.millja huðenar og hårsens that's very strange! =millja honnjs og hårs. hannj gekk veð fyrstu hudineni at the first hint. housekeeping. hostess hvada nf. corner. deafened with noise horn nn. 1. skin. 3. alternately thin and lumpy hulm nm. sulky. nook horpa vw. 3. (ON hópr) 1. flock hudin nf. very uneven. roomy. 1. (ON urðr 'great quantity') crowd. to hop. hide. ardour. hosta nf. take kuna inn um veð huð or håri! make the cow go! drive it along at all costs! millja huðar og hårs with great difficulty. hint how to do something.2. attention! stand still! (to the cow) honnj nn. holm. to grow dusk humska nf. a slatternly girl. to drive by means of a dog honkla vw. 2. 2.to house. 1. hole holjket adj. islet hum nn. 2. high mountain. large object horlos adj. 2. to set a dog on. 1. dog hunek nm.. hannj tuk ikke hudin he went at once. horpet too much dried up or burnt horra. to be charmed with a person or thing huket adj.2. 2. touchy. hen T. (ON húsfrú) wife T host nn. (past hugfeldi) to like. great multitude hord nf. shelter husvirdin nf. 3. millja hålsens og heveds hub nm. door-handle hund nm. deep. foam .2. 4. crowd. deaf. clever housewife.1. dwelling. black pudding hun nm. (ON heyrnarlauss) 1. raise. hurra nf. inmates of a house hushald nn. bring into the house. to heave upwards. big boulder. 1. dað vuru hoittahus fyri hannj there was much anxiety for his fate in many families husa vw. (ON urð) 1. honnjek nm. coughing huð nf. curved. to urge one on (by noisy shouting) hospra. sheep with woolly hair out of its horn hoppa vw. capricious honjdigru adv. girl. jump hord nm. management of a house husrum nn. pot) homs adj.hola nf. 1. shrink. 1. horn honnjek nm. in crouching position: at ligga honjdigru hondsja vw. 3. 2. at gånga uppå (fyrstu) hudinena at once. hillock huleferdal adj.2. great noise or confusion. medusa hvamm nm. at hverva høið hvessa vw. 2. having disagreeble stale taste høda vw. 1. to turn head or body in different directions hvid adj. 3. to whistle (of wind) hvekk nm. 1. leisurely. in expression: hvikk og hvider completely disappeared. cohesive. nauseating. whalebone hvalgrinddnf. to cause to rise. blow. tomake a slight remark hø nn. looking around. 1. 2.hval nm. sudden fright hvelja nf. to whisper. -pallj nm. at høra til e-s to listen to somebody. depressing. turning in different ways hvikk 1. (ON hvesti) 1. lost. state of rest hvirel nm. (ON hey) hay. to turn or rake together. every. for what (purpose). 2. 1. entire. 1.2. eker og hø hø vw. 3. tough skin. 3. entirely. slowly høma vw. adj.2. to sharpen. leisurely.tothrow out hints. hø dog! høbet adj. to blow hvisterest nm. of the wind going in a northerly direction: hannj hever sog upp til nordvests. 2. (ON hefja) 1. 1.skull (jokingly). take it easy. 1. to work at high hvas nn. something circular hvarva vw. (past høddi) 1. 3. to mirknin høra vw. to compose oneself. hannj hvarm ned gegnen golvið. whale hvalbak nn. at høra uppå e-t to listen to something. white hvider adj. crack. 2. disk. 2. 1. any hvar pron. 2. 1. start. tidal eddy hvida vw. to move quickly. speak in a low voice hvista vw. jelly-fish. 1. to sweep along. hut. why hvarl nn. to throw. whelp (puppy) hvalsløb nm.2. straw-thatched house T høva vs. where?. vanish. back of a whale hvalben nn. whither? hvar til whither. to wheeze. disappear. to raise. to whistle. substantial (drink). twirl. head høslek nm. complete hvild nf.1. to whitten. (ON hæpinn) 1. 1. 1. sad. 2. wheezing sound hvasa vw. esp.or light-coloured hvumla vw. lift. 2. whale-skin. to hint at something. 1. hannj helt hødandi at mjer hølig adj.ex. the crown of the head. to murmur. uneasy hølig adv. 2. 3. small dale hvar pron. f. where. 2. to be lost hverva vs. lost hvidet adj. comfortable. adv. to hear. shoal of whales hvalp nm. outer covering hverma vs. 3. (ON hý) downy hair or beard hø nn. evening twilight opp. 3. to be asthmatic. to pass on quickly. imperatively høsapann. whirl. speak harshly at somebody hvev nm. 2. the central point hvisa vw. repose. 2. 3. fling . 2. each. hannj hvarm ut av minari soind.2. completely. 4. to turn upside down hvumpra vw. 2. box on the ear hvitna vw. become white. to darken høming nf. cf. illi mannen devil. 2. 1. kettle. bite. dað er ilt vam veð honon [henni] there's bad commotion.2. also adv. condition. wicked. ilde til pas) illberin adj. harmful. ill. 5. 1. into. jogoni i drenganon [dukkoni. of certain condition. angry. profit. result. 1. dað er pør håg uppå djer = hag hågi nm. concluding. .4.hå nm. = håittabor håitted adj. cat T < light footed. hannj illbyrstaði fyri honon illfena vw. dað er håitt å djer idag you're behaving queerly håittabor nm. loop (on a basket) ikke part. eg så idu av hvalenon idin adj. whirlpool. worn-out shoes. kirkena. difficult. pasture. cross. fitness. 3. (queer) condition. 5. continiously complaining illgluma vw. 2. mouse T < light-footed ifuding nm. ill doren! ill er! ill stonjd! illa hjolsan! ill til pass out of sorts. dað kom til pørligs hågs. assiduous in work ifarek nm. scowl illgru vw. (ON hagaleyfi) 1. illhåitted håitten adj. in. persevering. to suspect . troublesome. hwåls nm. shark hå adj. diligent. payment for permission hågelsku nm. hun gerdi pørligan håg av honon. touchy. finished. unable to bear illness or fatigue illbyrstet adj. honon] (Fær. ability. very large shark håtask nf. 6. unwell (Dan. strange behaviour. painful. handiness. bodily form. out-field hågaliv nn.leave. not ill adj.out for deep fishing. 2. to have a suspicion. 3. large shark håls. to show unkidness to someone illgevin adj. 2. ear. pot T hård adj. bad. 2. high. severe håskerri nm. 3. (ON hagr) 1. (bad) state or conditions. accomplished. (ON háttaðr) conditioned. 1. eyguni í honum) ibit nn. fretful. shoes T ifetlek nm. strange conduct håittafer nf. to tie a band round the hough of an animal håbiter nm. to incite igrip nn. 2. indisposed. horse T håg. 4.intensive of fuding igga vw. (ON hátaska) species of small shark håitt nm. hostile. neu. håch [hoχ] nm. at gånga i hågelskun håg nm. 2. hard. easily offended I i prep. 2. håitt. skill. irritable. 1. hag håkilling nf. at gånga ut til dess hå to go (to the high seas) by boat totry the deep-sea fishing håbenda vs. 3. small meal ida nf. 2. malicious illbyrsta vw. mode of behaviour. to threaten to do harm. neck hånga vs.håitten ferd finishing harvest work håitti adj. state. to hang hånger nm. (ON hætta 'to cease') 1. at gånga i husið. peevish. hearty. arrival. anger. 1. wretched. hannj gerdi dað imuti ilsku. clumsy. (ON ill-legr) 1. 2. dað var ilska uppå honon ilta nf. malice. being in a bad temper illhagerdadj. deformed illkynt adj. tricky ilska nf. 4. innarið nf. rainy issi. 3. malicious. beginning. upp inn under hidden inn nn. 2.2. jada) this. 1. 2.illgådet adj. awkward illsnitteret adj. deep-sea fishing grounds near the land. at fiska innerliga innfallj nn. affectionate. essi dem. ill-natured illviket adj.severe illness. opp. obstinate. 3. 1. rather far in. damage. 3. shoreward setting tide. ill-will. illa settur) ungraceful. 5. inn til more to land and northerly. contents innkomin nf. cf. hannj gerdi dað iltufullj inn.pron. confidential. (ON innboð) hospitable reception. small thing isa. 1. 2. of ill repute illlek adj. 3. 1. illmonjdet adj. wicked by nature. 3. eso) J . 2. (< ilt) 1. to welcome. malicious. 2. diarrhoea innsog nn. haunt innbygget adj.2. hannj iskar (ut av sjer) istek adj.2. ill-will. slight hope of something illvilji nm. 1. sickly-looking illvirket adj. with unhealthy complexion illlukket adj.2. opp. give a hospital reception innerlig adj. reserved. iska vw.unattractive. bullied illsetten adj. 2. evil-natured. to fall. shriek irepi nn. hatred. occas. intractable. somewhat far in or near the land. cross.bad weather illvan nf. inkomin nya årsens innrið. 1. dissatisfied illtriva vs. dwelling. to cry. (Ísl. 2. 1. coming in. malice. rancorous illraget adj. avsuk inntak nn. 2. framhaf innhald nn. very friendly innerliga adv. 1. innj adv. to snow. (Nor. 1. (ON snerta 'to touch') malicious and obstinate by nature. illtrivast) to thrive ill illveder nn. of an ugly appearance. ill-used. 2. vinden er faren inn til. 3. fullj av iltu. troublesome illvirken adj. to uthaf. in. 3. 2. shoreward-setting tide = landfellj. enmity. at hava iltu at e-on. unfortunate illminnjet. ill-grown. bringing home ira vw. 1. inn efter inward. bent on mischeif. mishandled illhåitted adj. to utfallj innhaf nn. farther in. rancour illvillet adj. (neu. 1. diminutive creature. (ON ør-) 1. 1. that (Hild. itta. (ON ísóttr) cold. taking in. hannj myndi ikke få mukkið innbøð her innbø vs.2. gert igegnen iltu. misfortune. spite.selfish < built up innbøð nn. wilful and quarrelsome illsnøsket adj. malicious. hjosa nf. edge. shoulder. 1. dedication jenka vw. 2. kattjugla julter nn. steep end of a ridge jokåll interj. inclination of vomit jasp adj.(ON jöxl) molar jalka vw. border. 1. gland joga nn. 1. 2. smart. (ON eign) 1. 2. instep. eager jatlin adj. jogna) 1. out of the house. (gen. hide: at jarda sog jardbind nf. (ON igulker) sea-urchin jungi nm. edge of the sole of the foot. layer. jerda vw. 2. (ON eigna) to dedicate. fixed in the earth (of a stone) jark nm. possession. young animal. over. eling nm. extent of landed property.2. 2. hen jusa interj.2.pl. bury. pl. yes affirmative jugla nf. twins jaraman nn. uppomjora up around [behind] the ear josa. 2.pl. poison. (ON jarðarmagn) 1. (ON jarðbinda) cold dry continuous worth-east wind jardfast nm. Christmass festival. property. 1. uppermost row of green turf. handful jarma vw. evil-speaking words. that indicates noble descent. yes man! jolagråt nn. to yelp (dogs). pure and strong je nn.ja interj. 1. small basket where horses (mussels) are gathered jokel nm.halda jøl K kadel nm. owl. nausea. at jabba (upp)å e-t jader. eye. 2. stone by means of which something is weighted down jardfast adj. 2. sweetheart. press down. string tied around the neck of a lamb as a mark . slight shower. ilk person according to his jaraman jard : ut av jardenon: 1. (ON -padda) venomous malicious person jeling. ladle ju interj. frosty-looking cloud. person of equal age.Midsummer Day 24 June) jora nn. yes! jøl nn. yes ja well! jabba vw. squeeze. to mew (cat) jartfallj nn. jorna) ear. 1. icicle jokl nm. 2. (ON jarða) 1. 3. biting cold jederpadd nf. 3. crag. well. 2. active. at an end. jar [jaðar] nm. 3. talk noisily (of persons) jamald nm. 1. 3. 3. 2. snall hollow jognakoddi nm. at taka jaðar to take a slanting course jakkel nm. (On auga. (ON jafnaldri) 1. 1.Christmass weeper (child who weeps when everybody is cheerful) Jonsmessgras nn. tobabble. 2. make over to someone jetel nm. to harp upon the same topic. yes!. jøl er ikke ut av jardenon til då tuttu og førdu nåittena Christmass is not over before the 24th night (to gard?) jarda. dark cloud (in frosty weather) jenk nf. to bleat (cow). pool of water. venom. a low-lying spit of land covered by water at tide jeder nn. 1. 1. ribwort plantain (Jonsmess . gen. 2. 1. to bring forth young (rabbits) keljda nf. stale sour kaitthus nn. 6. to cast. sharp-crested mountain ridge kann nf?. spilling what one is carrying keka vw. handiness. to propose. cold kaldkrogen adj. crying. dað er min moder sen kalljar å mog kamb. fellow. handling over of something. to hand one something. at hava kast um e-t. be troubled. change. 1. at vara kavandi to be out of breath.2. 3. attack of illness. hun kom kavandi upp efter kava nf. goitt kast i hans hanjdon. 3. chilly kallj nn.2. cast. 3. cacare. 1. hannj kavar og ber. 3. dirty-grey kava vw. no longer fresh. castle. collision kast nn. well-developed. to eat greedily. 2. 1. small cloud kattmoget adj. 3. vocation: du hever ikke kallj at gera dað kallja vw. business. bad). 2. light-coloured.). 5. to rush about. 2. 1. half cat-half bitch kefsa vw. throw light upon kant nm. skill. capsize kappa vw. old man. low land. sugen kavaði øver uss. to call.4. 1. habit (esp. dað var ikke en stur kant å båtenon the boat was not very deeply or heavily loaded. kavd under [in under]. calling. 3. to work with hands in somethingdirty karl nm.2. 1. to insist. 1. 1. come to light kastel nm. de kastaðu um sinar kør. hann genger veð sinu hevdi kekaðu øver kela vw.2. 1. not quite half-grown ling . 3. eagerness. 1. to try to identify. to scream ( < L. to mix. spirits. -vård adj. 1. cat's paw.2. to root in something. 2. kava. counting up (cows) kannja vw. 2. awkward. unhandy. kåmb nm. 3. fling. 2. 3. hannj hever ikke kast at gera dað. 5. to turn over. ner nåitten og dagen kasta um kasta upp 1.kaka vw. corner. count up. susceptible to cold kaldvard. hannj var å rångon kanti ennan morgen kanta vw. collaspe.Sc. porch in front of the door kattaram nm. source. violence kavaborð nm. screaming. (ON keikja) to bend or twist backwards (keka øver). 6. state. humour. to press on one's way.2. spring of water kelva nf. humour. sort of trolls. dense snowfall Keddhonjtla nf. somethingdiving. way of treating person. 2. 4. 1. heap. dense snow-storm =fogborð kavi. (ON kanna) can (measure) kannj nn. 1. 4. unserviceable. spirits. 1. kind of ogress. inspection. hurry. 1. opportunity kasta vw. at vara i pørligon karmi kassmelt nm. 2. 1. 3. 2. 7.2. 4. to reject kasta um to make an exchange. occurrence. de castle o' Munes kasten adj. rejected. to go to stool (mostly to children) kald adj. 4. to capsize kara vw. 2. comb. condition. to be unhandy kefset adj. to inspect. kav nm. 3. edge. frame. to snow in drifts. big bulky person karm nm. cut off (fish) kapsvivla vw. sinker. to clear up. 2. (ON kaupa. to wrestle in fun. to compensate. 2. 3. ticklish. past kjobti) 1. crone. facility in using one's jaws. bribe kjost nm. cat T kist nf. 4.2. skilful. bunch. sensation. well acquainted keppa vw. fragment of a rock. the buried dead of a parish kirkfolk nf. dear kerling nf. hava goitt kjålkakast to have a good appetit klakk nm. feeling. eg kenndi dað å mjer. reward a service. irritate kittelsom adj. kjålki nm. to put obstacles in one's way kinga vw. cheek kinnpuster nm. peeping. good gift kjoba vw. gesticulation. 3. 5. be aware of. 1. 2. wild and wanton kimtjagg [tj] nn. identification mark kent adj. to fall on the wrong side. 1. continuous teasing. sensitive kjob nn. 3. 2. 1.3. to peer. sugen kenner i (di) (Fær. to tease continually. (ON kaup) 1. offence. 1. to struggle with something. 2. broken objects kings nn. very short visit kik nn. well-known. great crowd. church kirkasukn nf. 1. certain quantity of grass kessa nf. compensation. easily offended.1. 1. tumulus kjud adj. 2. 2. mountain hill klakk(a)skorr nf. 1. to be overcome with sleepiness kibig adj. 2.kenna vw. 1. 1. carrying basket ketling nm.3. 1. 1. kitten keva vw. (ON kista) chest kitla vw. big woman kervi nn. 2. 3. men du myndi ikke gera hvat du vart biðin at gera kidi nn. small lamb kik nn. identification. sjógvurin veit í) there's commotion. feel. 1.du ert kibig at deri vinnu. multitude. fishing-ground . touchiness kinks adj.2. knowledge kennmark nn. fit of bad humour. 2. putting obstacles. to interfere. (ON kúgaðr) beginning to get a sour taste kjålk. bundle. to quarrel. cheek-muscle kirka nf. dispute kingsa vw.2. peep. excessively merry. approaching storm. to induce. (past -setti) to chase obstinate sheep by driving them into a corner kilsket adj.quarrel. 2. 2. to know. to mend something. be sensible of. (past kavdi) 1. to tickle. truss. at halda en i kimtjaggi kimtjagga [tj] vw.2. church-goers/-people kisek nm. to be full of joy andlife kilseta vw. reward. 2. 2. to dispute. jaw kjålkakast nn. to contend in an eager manner. crick. lively and alert. to grumble kinks nn. 3. 1. forebod kenning nf. to pay a short visit kiljka vw. touchy kinn nf. (ON kepti) to compete ker adj. esp. stiffeness kika vw. keep a sharp look-out. parish. quick and clever. cloud. person with short but stout figure knotti nm. nimble klumsa vw. klaksa ned klappa vw. wound (metaph. 1. round button. short. small in stature. roundish lump. cows) kobb nm. at kleda sog. 2. (Norw. ear-mark knippa vw. to become or make speechless. small bunch. to pull to pieces. piece of bread and butter klippa vw. smear on klett nm. scratch. to scrape off kne nn. butter klokk nf. ball knubbi nm. cleft hoof knag nn. knee. 1. to turn round. a fence kluk adj. klurd grund klurer nm. potato T knurra vw. klingra dog! klining nm. piece of steatite kløf nf. 1. foul. stale taste knapp nm. cushion kod. klud nm. vessel. ingenious. neckerchief kluka vw. 2. to clip klipitenger nf. past kleddi) to dress. 2. break asunder knippek nm. 1. (pl. 2. deprive one of speech. well-knit fellow knoggjet adj. hannj klappaði hannj ned i mukla stulen (arm-chair) kleda vw. dexterous. (ON klæð(n)abúnaðr) garment klestra vw. to harrow the earth by spade or plough. active. to build up loosely or temporarily. knapp elbogsens [knes]bone of the elbow [knee] knava vw. to scratch. klør) stone. square-built.2. esp. sore. the top of a wall or fence klur nn. strike. short (applied to measure) knyta vw. scant. rock. tongs klud nm. grief. 2. rag. at klura upp grundena. cleft tool. to paste. klina vw. ingratiatingly kind. cat T klut. (ON klukka) beetle. neck-cloth. mark made by a cat's claw klura vw. 1. 1. (ON klæða. (ON kobbi) young seal kodd nm. parcel knirka vw. at kleda skøvek to put something on the feet klednabun nm. to sit kojakkin . but stout knor nm. to squeeze. 1. able knoggi nm.also blocked klunk nm. boat knott nm. drink in large draughts kojakka vw. to whisper. to swallow.). murmur knyrja [rdzj] vw. to tap. honnjklokk klovi nm. 2. clever. 1. to expire. press knyrk adj. smack. sly. at kleda bånnjið. smear (butter) klingra vw. pair of tongs klister nn. knag 'trouble') 1. put on. to creak kniv adj. klumsen . 2. to gnaw off. knit (corn. wily. (ON koddi) pillow. cliff klima. vatnklokk. die. confidentional koga vw. pl. kjod adj. to chatter. sail T klø nm. to paste on. have a long gossip. hunden knavar benið. (past knytti) to tie.klaksa to strike. bundle. 2. malicious . occur. 1. suitable kongalu nn. 2. feeble kranset adj. 5. to happen koma frå to become loose. 1. pitch dark koma vs. coist) bread kotla vw. to come to an end. kross nm. 2. to talk gently. short. open lamp kollj nm. to fondle. cup-shaped. at senda kors. very lean and miserable kragklut nm. "curly mouth". illness. become greater. swearing exclamation. endearing term korgla vw. acquainted with. (ON koll fyrir böll?) headlong. 1. korr dimmonar kors. accustomed to something konna vw. to put aside secretly kovla vw. to grow. 2. 2. crab krag nm. to recover. cat's paw or claw krama vw. fretful. 1. payment for damage done by sheep on corn korr nf. 2. head of a fish. to tell strongly exaggerated stories korki nm. 3. hay-stack. neckerchief krakk nm. kjokra upp: to become revived. 1. 2. kjonki.2. Ork. precipitous koramussinm.to become acquainted or familiar with something. 2. cost. (ON kyrrð) quietest part of midsummer-night. 2. scrape krammek nm. to take off the top kolljyvirbollji adv. neck kraget adj. heather-bush konk. retain strength. the paw of an animal krank adj. kunk nm.kokkel nm. run across. paw. kors! kors uppå dog [dað]!. to meet. Korsmess May 3/September 14 (ON Krossmessa) kort adj. bush. (ON kragi) 1.(ON maðkr) cornwarm kopp nm. sick. 2. cravat. dað er ilska at kom uppå hannj kom veð to occur in certain manner (well/ill) koma å to happen. 1. hun kovlar sitt heved upp krabbi nm. see alsomerkol kollja nf. express message. oats. slip out koma til 1. kjokra vw. 3. torevive. 4. (ON kostr 'maintenance'.also koma uppå komin adj. to pack into a heap kramma vw. 1. cross.to com off (badly) koma upp to get on. to tickle. corn korngild nm. daisy kokra. (ON kitla) 1. 2. caress. 1. to dress oneself warmly. familiar with something. compass T kokkeluri nm.1. small brand. small. to become accustomed with something konnjmerki nm. very bad cold konn adj. foot-stool kram nm. buoy T kolla vw. to come over one (mind). 3.2. head. recover kol nn. three-legged wooden stool. fiery-cross. to cheer up. 3. 2. 1.2. to come koma at 1. throat. to grab. korkakost oaten bread korn nn. 2. small piece of partly burnt peat kola nf. become known koma uppå 1. collar. topsy-turvy kolmyrk adj. scant kost nm. clear one's throat.4. ring. hawk. narrow. 6. 8. disabled kru nf. 2. esp. to whimper. to spy. du måst ikke krimpa dog you must not sacrifice yourself. complain krok nm. at standa i krogu. to exert oneself. 2. small hollow. 2.2. to confine. narrow pass. to hook. 2. to drive animal into a corner krik nm. to be in utter exhaustion. misery. to be too stingy. to narrow. 1. potatoes) kroka vw. cough up phlegm. scant. to narrow. at kroga frå skuri. 2.3. to grumble krema vw.2. at ligga krossmark to lie helpless. hrúga) heap. 1. angular space in the interious. krødni. at taka krogu to take shelter. long for kring nm. (Nor. 3. 3. 4. cough up phlegm kreksa vw. to cram together. to whimper. coral krapp nm. corner. sharp angle in a wall or fence krigiseta vw. enclosure. kria) cock T kriga vw. 1. 1. complain about bad health kroppen adj. confined. narrow. to shrink. dent krossmarknn. cricle. grip and let loose again krigga nf. to spit. (ON kreima or kremjask?.kransi nm. shelter against bad weather. confined . to become entangled (rope) kringlkost nm. to hawk. 1. prep. at krimma ut av kvarkeni (throat) krimpa vw. round loaf krista vw. 5. to exert oneself. shrunk. to starve kroma vw. complain. close. choppy (of the sea) kravi nm. doubled up. 2. de hava krogað um annjehvaran kroga nf. about kringa vw. take great pains without making progress krobb nf. komast í hann krappan) krapp adj. cover or shelter against bad weather krigi nm. 7. pinched for room krobbi nm. fold. narrow place (Icel. 1. (ON kroppinn < kreppa) 1. to tie twoanimals together. 2. to keep (a child) in check krobbet adj. to desire. 2. contradicted. 3. to cough slightly. 3. cluster (esp. 1. 1. heap. krodni vw. to whimper. a halter round the neck of an animal. unwell and sulky kresta vw. 2. (ON krubba) small enclosure krobba vw. around. 2. hard toil and struggle kriel. (ON hraukr. hole in which plants are planted. 1. confined space krod(d)a. to crouch against bad weather. restrict. to emit a low sound (cow). large flock or crowd. crowd kroga vw. to pinch for room. krier nm. walking wearily krestin nf. to squeeze. enclosure for giving to animals shelter against bad weather kroinjta vw. two animals tied together kring 1. 2. at kroga inn under. sheep-fold krubbet adj. past kramdi or kremdi?) to be ailing. to wince. mass kreka vw. cleft krimma vw. adv. the sign of the cross. 2. crooked. 1. 1. 1. at koma inn i [inn under] krogu krogabøl nn. at gera e-on krossmark to maltreat. 2. (past kusti) to kiss kuva vw.2. kruk å bandenu krukseta vw. esp. sick. small basket kuk nn. hon bleser åitte farið [båten].to doze. 2. (ON kræklingr) small mussel krånk indisposition. cluster. Blessinar vari uppå din krupp!bless your body! du ert krupp you are a queer one. of a cow dried in the sun kul nn. 1. nook.2. crown. light. kjos nm. 2. crept. nice gift ku (ON kú. confused. de vuru krød samen krøkni nf?. quake. 1.krug nm. 2. drive together krø nf?. (ON krúna) 1. (ON kropinn < krjúpa) crawled. severe bad cold kura vw. garland. to stoop.roundish hill kumet adj. curved. 2. young seal kuba nf. 1. circular hill-top krupen. 1. a protuberant little round swelling. slight rumour kuss. pørlig krupp! poor fellow! sikk krupp! what a queer person!. curve. 1. to creep (about small animals). 3. colding krun nf. narrow pass kveg nf. calm (wind) kvark nf. woman. 1. malingery krånk adj. (ON kaka) round cake kvaka vw. to drive an animal into a fence to catch it krumpet adj. casual remark. epidermis kurr nm. kind of testaceous animal on the shore kråguting nn. godmother kuna nf. crook-backed krumpin nf. 3. wife T kunki. body. excrement. hazy kumla vw. person. to flock together in a dense crowd. 1. crow krågupil nm. guda lukk vari at krugenon! it (the ling) 'blows' behind the boat. 2. 2. 1. to be unwell. the prominent part of the face (nose). be dejected kuralag nn. 2. to turn upside down kummer nf. throat. 2.sharp curve krumplikin nm. attack of illness. 3. cow. to cough slightly kvag nf. noisy assembly kurf nf. shame krusa vw. 2. 3. to collect. crooked. breeze kula nf. gathering of crows holding conference and judgement kråkling nm. dense assembled crowd krø vw. kropen adj. pl. multitude. space of 'de but' to store potatoes kråga nf. fy uppå dann [ennan] krupp! fy falli (befalli) dann [ennan] krupp! may misfortune befall him. 1. cross-grained. kjonki nm. kiss (kiss on the mouth) kussa vw. disobliging krås nf. good luck at the thole! kruget adj. bånnjið er krupið burt krupp nm. indisposed. misty. tidd ku cow with young. (ON krangr) 1. large flock krå nf. thole in a boat T. (rough) surface. 3. corner.2. stooping kruk nm. to swarm kvala vw. (ON kvíga) heifer . 1. cow on the point of calving kub nm. 2. crouch. man. 1. bent. to quiver. to abate. crowd. kør) nf. 1. difficult (work) kållj nm. scissors T kyrra vw. quick. milking-place kvikk. increase kvilling nm. long voyage. to quieten. swarming. 2. at vara i lagi to be excited. to begin to run quicker (tide). 6. compensation kød. usage. want. temper. (ON kvein) lamentation. 2. livandi og kykin kynsked nm. 8. footboard lada vs. to take hold and shake (in fun). 1. coalfish køda vw. 1. ikke vert køf køl nm. to check. chat. to scare away kyrr! interj. lively. liver-oil. living. pinch. hush! be quiet! kirrabaw . 1. 2. bargain. company. grinding). hand-mill. kårri small fellow L lagbørd nn.kven nf. 2. 1. see also gøti køf nn. to swallow quickly or greedily kvålv nm. 3. 2.lullaby købnn. 2. crowd. (ON kærr) small. assembly. deposit oil (of fish livers) kødi nn. 10. state of health. øver) bånnj kølsin adj. køð nn. to blow faintly køllja vw. 7. past kørkti) 1. feeble wretch kvolka vw. to cool. long talk. man. bargining. pl. eg myn kørka dog I'll punish you (jokingly) kørra vw. (ON kyrka. throat kvern nf. to be about to die. a push forward.(ON kyn + skaði) accident happening to oneself or to a relation. 9. calf kykin adj. hermaphrodite. place. layer. mood. young non-prolific ram.bargain. at køllja (um. fresh breeze. eg heve seð grundena kvikka veð honnjklokkon I've seen ground alive with nasicornous beetles kvikkrepp nm. 3. 2. hvat er ditt lag dagsens? What news do you bring today? . frame of mind. value. hwikk adj. i gudu [pørligu] lagi. tough. susceptible to cold. 2. gektu veð dinon kynskedi! du mynkanske få din kynsked ante! kyrkar nm. chilly. position. esp. all alive. stunt. 4. mit piri kårra ting!. order. animated and vivacious. to become liquid. long time. (ON kylja. lead with a rope attached for finding the deap of the sea < kaðal kårr adj. keep quiet! be silent! køttikel nn.dað er pørligt lag å honon he's very slow (esp. well-developed half-grown fish. condition. past kuldi) 1. 1. cold. kølsin i hanjdon cold about one's hands kørka vw. (cool) breath of air. koela. at vara i illu [pørligu] lagi to be depressed or worried. hannj er mukkið kølsið uti. quern. 5. draw one's last breath (esp. to squeeze. 2. cheerful. teeming. 1. sorrow kverk nf. of animals) lag nn. 1. layer. water-mill (placenames) kvi nf. to get the fire to blaze. to scare away kørrnørrinterj. enclosure for cattle. misery. one of the same clan. lack of the necessities kvikna vw. old man kålljgrøt nn. kølvind køla vw. to fondle. 1. unable to take food latsa vw. 2. ower a ting lagd nm. to idle. member of public court. for corn or hay lagda adj. 2. mend lappa vw. salmon laksigerd nm. extended. 3. land landa vw. sluggish. breaking of waves landfell nn. ancient kind of cithern. eager. (landsetr(s)kaup) fee paid for leasehold of a farm landskap nm. long-drawn. throw/let fall in cert. tuft (of wool). see also lera last nf. "land current". to walk lazily lav nm. esp. tidal wave in shorewards landamøri nn. landrent langdregenadj. handful. certain measure lasta vw. keen. (ON -hlaupari) tramp. sjulagd.district court lagting nn. greedy lagman nm. slow lapp nm. to draw a boat up. firilagstur < leggjast fyri . to have an aversion to. (ON hleifr) piece of dough made into a thick cake. resting chair. assistant of underfoud Vard-thing . (ON lakferð?) slow pace or performance. a stringed instrument langvordenadj. a broad wooden seat with arms and support for the back langsom adj. at laga upp båt [hø. destined by fate (pp. to arrive at an ultimate place of destination. 2. to mak' a l. vagabond landseterkop nn. area of arable land. pl. to patch. korn] laga vw. powerless land nn. kind of a clergy tithe lamin adj. bone between thigh-bone and foot langsedi nn. the Law-ting lagd adj. lacking energy. konglalaven lavenørd adj. landskapið er farið 'the lanfscape is moving'. landbrim nn.to become exhausted) laks nm. lamb mitt! my dear! lambarið nf. 1. fyrilagd thoroughly exhausted (Fær. (ON lappi) patch lappa vw. -mark landlopernm. (ON leir) kind of hard clay. witness. 2. dilatory. chief judge lagretman nm. long-drawn. 2. surf. long-drawn. landscape. to execute something piecemeal. thin and slender. playing for a little child lamb nn. (ON langsæti) "long-seat". tedious. lame. de horse landed me upo de braid o' my back. 4. long-shaped. Larvik. (ON lambahríð) bad weather in the spring during the lambing time lambatiindnf. (ON langleggr) shank. (ON laf-eyrðr) having hanging ears . assessor. to carry hay. 1. 2. atmosphere is floating near the ground (summer) landskyld nf. "lamb's tithe": tithe paid in wool. slow. 3. 1. dilatory langlegg nm. lamb. of legga). boundary-line. to walk heavily and clumsily lar nn. (ON laxagarðr) trap for catching salmon or trout in a stream lali nm. listless lager adj. tedious langspel nn. 1. havlagd. direction.laga vw. 1. 1. long. 2. to move (a little). to chatter. gossip lagafer nf. study or learn something legga frå 1. to add. (ON tvílembi) twin-lamb lemin adj. 2. slaughter. shelf len nf. 3. spoon led. hann leggur kava) legga til 1. patch. lying. to exhaust. eg lagdi aldri min hug efter di I never applied myself to learn [remember] it. put a load on a horse. 2. explain legga veð 1. 3. to calm an agitated sea (magic). (ON leiti) outlook. to make a condition of something. rag. to desist from. 2. indolent. powerless. at legga sin hug til e-s to apply oneself to a subject trying to impress it upon one's mind: legge din hug til dess! legga upp 1. make headaway legga inn 1. to make promise of alms legviser nm. stay. låd nn. to load. 2. to work speedily. he is layin in legga ned 1. living. point of view. to be leaky lembi nn. at soina legviseren to look at the compass leka vs. raise. to sip slowly . to exert efforts on the outcome of a matter. (ON lýrittar-eiðr) oath taken by a man to prove his guiltlessness leanger. row of houses under one roof lengi nf. slaughter legga at to push or press forcibly. mode of life. at leggast: to retire to rest. grain. 2. to interpet. 2. gathering lavi nn. to kill. to talk in verbose manner. to leak.2. 2. 2. 1. piece. 1. 3. small spoon. (ON lag?) long story. lebbek nm. at legga upp skiplag (pl) to build castles in the air. 2. something to lap or sip. life. lazy-looking lega nf.2. to unship the oars. (fish. to make a dictinct declaration. pile ledi nn. hornspoon lepp nm. cease. 2. at legga sog til to set eagerly about doing a task. leðanger nm. to rain finely. to set off [out] to sea.1. at legga upp goddek to put a riddle legga ut 1. to enclose a piece of ground.l. to increase force/violence (weather). at legga vinden frå jardeni to turn the wind into another quarter (with magic) legga af 1. doon de sea. 2. 2. 1.part. 1. faint. 2. 2. to lap (with the tongue). be carried off (by the wind). 3. hannj legger ned kava there's much snow falling (Fær. 3. be unwilling to rise legga efter to leave behind. hannj hever tekið sjer legu he has taken a good rest legga vw. distance between boats. to put aside. 1. at legga sog veð to work eagerly legga å 1. 3. 3. to build. at leggast til to lie down in a sleep. strip or length lepel nm. at legga sin hug efter e-uto apply oneself to some task. load. crowd. flap lepp nn.) interval. to kill. 1. at leggast at to lie down. nonsense lørited nm. telepp leppa vw. at legga e-t i hugi to keep something in mind. 2. 1.laverni nn. sluggish lemm nm. rest. go to bed. to lay. to drift. part of a loft-floor. at ligga legu to lie long in bed. tax lebek. small quantity. height (point of vantage) ledli adj. to close (a door with a latch). (ON leiðvísari) compass. 3. colour. to repose. clayey soil lerdom nm. dagaliðen ligga vs. instruction lera. 3. shuffle (aboot) ler nf. lerka nf. temporary state of rest. past linti) 1. 2. (ON leif) remnant lev nm. small quantity. knowledge lesna vw. to be at stake. active liðen nf. cease. to lie in bed ligga fyri: dað ligger fyri mjer. life. part. somewhat loose. 2. particle lev nf. båten ligger uppå ligga við 1. orig. cf.to lean. short cessation from the pain. (ON hlíf) 1. 1. 2. thigh of a slaughtered animal. little liv nn.hannj linner upp. 1. incline. to stop. now mostly blue colour litel adj. 3. 1. favourable occasion of doing something livd nf. quantity. 2. 3. 2. 2. mild inna vw. endearment to children (my treasure!) lett nm. stake for the line by which a man lowers himself. brush up. 2. to become softened. jift hannj kom I trusted he would come. be at rest.2. 2. dead body. 3. 1. (ON líðan) the decline of the day. dað ligger å minni tungu is on the tip of my tongue ligga efter to be left undone or neglected ligga ned 1. abate. agreeable. what is left over lið nf. confident. eager. slope. to be subdue (of wind). interval. live coal for fire liv nf. 3. see also lav levingar nf. trust. to make neat and tidy. corpse. 2. healthy appearance likstigi.2.16 pounds lit nm. 1. 2. having a sound. burial district likisom adj. soft to the touch. (Fær. at lilla upp to put in good order: at lilla upp husið lim nm. eg led honon at koma veð. 2. læra) learning. (ON linna. sort rest after hard work. linn dog ned! sit down for a moment! at linna at to lean linnatið nf. on certain condition. diligence. 2. (ON hlífð) 1. grow dusk (of a day). 3. little winsome thing. he did not come lidfullj. eagerness. abatement of storm lispund nn. to be essential or constant (weather) lik nn. lidsom adj. calming of bad weather . (ON hleifr) dough (from which a single loaf or cake is made). to be settled (wind). zeal in executing a work lida vw. calm. 2. (ON hlíta) to have a confidence in. evening twilight. limb of the body. mountain side lid nf. to appear close at hand (something in sight). 1. to decline. to make loose. pl. dagen linar linka vw. clay. to lie dormant ligga upp to lie up. learning. 1. 1. de lesninrep let nn. dað ligger veð (ON liggja við) ligga å 1. reliance.leppa vw. 2. 2.weight. to lower oneself lesning nm. men twit uppå hans ben. protecting wall in a cemetry wall lilla vw. to depend on. amiable liklig adj. 1. relax linn adj. to be fixed or appointed. to walk feebly or slowly. 1. member lina vw. leavings. 1.living being (fish). but shame upon him. -ggi nm. limp lukk nf. to desire the opposite sex. strong current. 1. (ON ljótr) 1. 2. humor londi nm. 1. ljog nf. fondle lomma vw. my treasure! (to child) lukket adj. lucky. vel/illlukka nf. thick covering of hair or wool lodden adj. entice. secrecy. living being. to clear up.2. louver lju nn. to listen secretly. skill in handling. 2. hunden luar um tikið luderhorn nn. lodjek nm. lumål nn. dað myn vara londilag til då hannj kemer åitte lonna vw. free lu. rise log. eg hørdi ljud derra tunga. to stick to. mood. noisy complaint. ugly. complaining. (Fær. hannj lommar upp it´s clearing up lomål. (ON lœkr) small stream of water loga. 4. 1. melody. lortur) heap. loose. lopen mjølk lorg. (ON lund) 1. -*máli) 1. (ON lauga) to bathe. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. wash loga. (ON lægð) hollow. 4. good luck. 3. faren i ljogenon lost overboard. lord nm. 1. to leap. ljoga vw. = ljori lodd nm. bacteria livandi nn. 1. loka) to be broken (of somethingthin). close and damp ljus nn. to be undecided lonjdilag nn. enfeebled. ljuri nm. my dear! (to a woman) lukksom adj. 2. 2. 2. covered with sparse and coarse wool (on sheep) lofta vw. 3. lucky. piece of open sea. exhausted. to grow light. silence. 3. (ON ljóð) 1. excrements lokka vw. (ON hljóðmæli. fortunate luma vw. ljog nm. vapid in taste logjek. fine appearance (thing) lu vw. hideous ljumet adj. lift. (Fær. noise. 1. depression in a landscape log. 2. ljog nm. to ascend. fortune.at halda alt i lumåli lond nf. jump (run). to hang loosely together. dirty mass lorga vw. follow one�s heels. light. likewarm. cease (rain) . 2. to dirty. to allure.2. til då eg så de ljud adj. singing out. 5. to lurk. (ON hlaupa) 1. gone to the bottom log. good performing orexecuting.at lu um [øver] e-n to stick to somebody. coll. 1. 2. small living creatures. filth. sound of voices. 2. to get into sudden violent passion. lukewarm (of a liquid). soil los adj. be on the watch. to be undecided lopa vs. fog-horn luget adj. sound. 1. 1. 6.2. to eavesdrop. 2. lju nn. spirits. living.liver nm. opening in the roof. ljoga vw. to listen. fortunate. 1. joint (in the body) ljori. song.2. a long time spent in doing a thing. (ON lundi) puffin longa vw. mood. sound. at gånga uppå lukkarheved to go at haphazard lukkaborð nm.2. 3. faint. 2.1. humour ljud nn. at loka syndri logis adj. to pass over.ikke i minu livandi livi! lið [liþ] nm. pet. 3. 2. sea T.to clear up. to talk. 1. (ON látugrát) feigned weeping without reason låmek nm. 1. 2. start (weather) låda vs. 4. narrative. lutsa nf. lifting. indolently and slowly lus nf. 3.2.shouting and crying løf nm. secret depository for keeping various things lør nn. 1. melody. to sing monotonously. 1. honey. to be quiet. with queerful temper lønhus nn. crying. to talk. 1. disappointment. low singing. 2. to loose. 2. to listen (also spying). 2. lively. hvatna er lyll dagsens? lyng nn. at halda lådi um e-t. 4. noise.4. small additional meal lødska nf. 2. 2. poor circumstances. løleg. ferdalek. clergyman T låda nf. palm of the hand. esp. to break. a warm drink lø nm. heather lylla vw. 1. whine. 4. to be silent and still lø adj. to lift. 2. Kertumess (2 Feb) løbing nm. 3. esp. whimpering. 2. feigned illness. silent lømet nm. narrative. 3. news. sound. of liquid) lø nn. 1. news. mention. howling låder nm. big clumsy hand. potatoes. cry. chat. to whisper. 1. corner in the living room for holding commodities. tone. 5. cod caught at the close of February løbersmess nf. clear up. hannj lør at. (past lurdi) to sleep lightly. 2. hint at. pollack. lø aldri! keep your mouth shut! lø adj. disparagingly lø vw. 24 Feb. 2. 2. to emit a sound. sikt lådi hannj var i! lådigråt nn. to give a hearing. playful.. great. clearing up in the weather lunka vw. 1. 2. 3. sound. 5. to be silent lådament nn.luma. sound. 1. handful lølig. at ljuma upp lungasott nf. 1. sweet. small fish found in a stomach of a bigger one lød nn. lølek adj. noisy sound.at lura øver to fall into a ligth slumber luraferði nf. to tell news lynn nm. 1. to stoop. dað er lådi veð honon. gadus pollachius løsa vw. temper. noise. 3. mood. (past løddi) 1. to warm up. lukewarm (esp. to emit a sound. ljuma vw. (hljóða) 1. make lukewarm løbergroinnjing nm. leap day. to set in circulation. mention slightly. 2. darling lyfta vw.4. louse luta vs. 2. tone. slightly warm. mur(a)kavi lyll nn.hannj lunkar upp lura vw.at lø at. handful .2. lung-disease lunk nn. to howl. taatislåda lådi nn. humour. abundant. dense snowfall = mur. to whimper. 2. paw. to calm. (ON logn) calming. -t lureli adv. monotonous song. we're gotten a lö corn lø nn. 1. lø vw. to put in question. (ON hlunnr) runner (1 of the wood pieces) lø vw. 1. 3. to warm up. (ON lýðr) flock crowded together. 1. manners. cf. bend forward. lute ned! stoop down! luts. news løda vw. to flute. (ON hlœgiligr) 1. load complaint. du ert ikke at lyfta dað don't let it go any further lyfting nf. burst. merry. miserable state of things. 3. 2. small bite of food lyftmur nn. 19 Dec. (ON -stökkva? 'to jump') 1. godmother. a great excitement mareld nm. many marglit adj. Lady day. long-winded complaint långvi nn. gadus molva långafloga vw. 3. 2. wet-nurse. man. (ON langve) guillemot.3. without substance mak nm. phosphorescent light in the sea marfloga nf. easy to handle. marriageable mannfolk nn. fair. strength. shrill.långa nf. noisy talk.esteem. male. to gnaw. nightmare mardestinkel nm. 2. man mannsvit nn. married man. (old style). land) . ling. 2. tremble (esp. Mar(i)messrið rough weather on M. 2. long-shaped fly långalådnn. exhausted mann nm.small. 3. 4. marglæti) 1. prominent person mark nn. mark (weight. the sea. bravery mannferdig adj. prating.2. much. 1. mainland manjuggelti nm. 25 March. 1. mother mammgollja nf. (ON marglátska.loud. clay. to damage by friction magdom nm. midwife mana vw. power. (ON ma(g)nið?) land. juggling tricks manket adj. 1. wear maga vw. matter of consequence. 2. gentle. 1. at gera låtsku to make a noise in talking M mag nn. very lean. (ON mak) match. 1. 1. 1. variegated. magic art. to shake. water-flea marg pron. 2. mark nn. wear. characteristic feature. misery mager adj. shape. master of the house manndomm. strength. great sorrow. 31 Dec. ear-mark. 3. good quality mager nm. 1. speckled. deep-sea. 5. uria troile lår nn. hannj lagdi mog i maren he laid me in the clay > he troubled me with bad news mara nf. mud. resemblance in features mager nn. an equal. reputation. 2. substance. human intellect Mansmessss nf. a great feverish haste. subsoil of the ground mamma nf. 2. 1. 2. doughtiness. suitable mallådska nf. powerless. mire. form. 2. 2. damage. 1. 3. woman acting as a mother to children in the mother's absence mami nm. 2.manndum nm. (new style) mar nm. starvation. miserable magerlosadj. manageable. the head) owing to paralysis or weakness mana nn. 1. mottled Marimesss nf. manliness. noise mama nf. manhood manndyrð nf. desolation. 1. thigh of a human or a large animal låtska nf. du ert ikke dess mak maklig adj. mark. depression. 2. having shades of differentcolours. Matthew's mess. (ON -gumi) angler marul nm. 1.marka vw. to mark. 4.ridge or strip between 2 pieces ofarable land merkisdag nm. to make meshes. boundary-mark. moderation. light. welldeveloped state megin nn. dense heavy snow-storm = mellmurin mello vw. mukkel adj. a streak of daylight megerdomnm. uppå meginið av nåitteni mel nm. 21 Sep. 3. limit. mattismess nf. great. the darkest time at midnight. 2. 1. 2. (ON mergr f. much Mikkelsmess nf. (ON möskvi) mesh. mingle menget adj. also Ork. a piece of wood to which the ploughshare (sokk) is fixed mesel nm. hurt. 2.2. 2. to mix. esp. 1. to denote. doubtless strength. 2. 2. 1. injury mena vw. 2. (past metti) 1. pain. ability. to indicate. to crash into small pieces melta vw. to hurt. sand-bank mel nm. illness. merdj. abundant meal. mast of a boat or ship matlo nf. 5. 1. marrowbone. to hurt. common fly.nn. 1. mat. mark. menga vw. (ON ment accomplihment. notice. mixed (with another colour) ment nf. centre. injury. 3. 2. measure for weight mellkavi nm. to kernel. between 2 pieces of arable land. dað er ikke at marka drøm dreams don't signify anything (ON þat er ekki mark at draumum) marksten nm. become ripe metla vw. 3. 1. unsuccessful result mesi nm. plough met. injury. to mark. certain weight. in boat-fishing midrum nn. miserable creature mask nm. locate.) marrow (in bone) mergiben nn. meg nn. 1 of the masses or saint days merkismet nm. 1. to injure. the midmost space in a boat mikkel. landmark. 2. measure. good quality) trial or feat of strength merd. stunt. boundary. to cause pain. slight illness megg nn. stone forming a boundary-mark marsgum nm. loop in plaiting maska nm. 1. 1. hans skugar metaði golvið his shoes left dirty marks on the floor meta vw. unsuccessful carying out of something. unsuccessful execution or result megem. St. to catch in a net mast nm. impression meta vw. an open straw-basket mester-treeeenn. breastbone (?) merki nn. (mergð) crowded mass of things or creatures mergi nf. the point of a time when a festival takes place merkol nm. fishing-ground mida nn. merkisten merkigårð nm. Michaelmass 29 Sep (old). hurt men nn. to feed. 1.2. 2. disease. loops. esp. mergj nf. 6. to make a mark or print. (ON mörulfr) angler marvit nm. central part. mark.day of mar. print. good condition. hannj fellj og metlaði sog mid nn. much and reach food merkistið nf. 12 Oct (new) . megom nf. to move a little. to wrong. 1. spirits. midnight mirr nn. to neglect or forget to do a thing mishandla vw.milda vw. hannj mildaði kost inn i mjølk millja prep. misfortune. minded. 2. vil du mona djer litið? . 1. 1. (ON mismannaðr or mismenntr) weakened. decomposed. sickly looking moder [mara. tingen vuru i milljablanjdu the things were all flung together confusedly min pron. G between milljablanjda vw. good appetite mol nf. mixed oat. 2. decreasing mistru nf. quite alone moggjek [dzj] nn. of a certain disposition miðnåd. to diminish. to lap. slight vibration misbø vs. dað misførdi it didn't succeed. gaunt. 1. sensation moinnj nm. marked change. hurt by rough usage miskenna vw. marked influence upon something. misboden underbid. cat T mjoget adj. exhausted by exertion miss nm. dað ger mon mona vw. to miss each other. injury misføra vw. capsize.3. loss by death of a person or animal missa vw. wronged (ON misboðinn) misfør nf. progress. loss. wreck. accident. to miscarry. moder alen adv. 1. (ON misti) to lose (by death) missin nf. excited state of mind moinjdi nn.to bring about a changeor progress. monnmågi moinnjvik nn. feeling. 1. at minka burt minki adj. 2. tocause a visible decrease. to mistrust. slackening. go different ways. dense fog mjåget adj. difference. corner of the mouth moinnjkast nn. coagulated mon nm. to mistake one person for another. to ill-treat. to be injured. to mew (cat) mjavi nm. 2. to crush into small pieces. to grow less. to undervalue. 2. crumble. to perish at sea. my mink nm. to underbid. (ON mý) gnat moinjd nn. long while. mistrust mistru vw. 2.de misgingu annjehvaran misgløma vw. mother. 2.or barley-meal. 3. produce a sound when licking a milk mjava vw. 1. (ON mund) 1. period. minud nf. 3. to meet with misfortune. disbelieve mjappa vw. diminutive minnamågi nm. 2. foremost part of a stomach of a fish minnjet adj. 2. lean. mora] nf. misføren gone wrong misgenga vs. temper. 1. mouth. 4. fail to appreciate mismand adj. diminution minka vw. 3. 2. pass each other without meeting. (ON munr) 1. pebble-ridge molten adj. yellowish-brown mjork nm. monnlipp. 3. untidy mixture or heap of things put together. twilight møl nn. indistinct shape of something. it's filling (food) monali. 2. 2. form mugga nf. murmur muskerod adj. the milt of a male fish. with slack unhandy hold mølos adj. light brown musket adj. to grow dark. energy møna nf. darkness myrki nn. ON mjölkvi mølos adj. ant-hill mørin nf. strength. mood. 1. weak-minded and dull møn nn. in a corn) mua vw. moskin(d) most nm. honour. small object or being. 2.mona upp 1. 2. murmur. a sultry heat møld nf. dense snowfall. 2. really good or large morkin adj. shape. mist mu nf. to fill up. moor. strait. somewhat spoiled or rotten. 2. 3. møri nf. temper mud nn. (ON mýri) bog. wearied. froth. to whisper. 2. diminutive mulikin nm. sluggish and weak. swamp møratu(g) nf. to add. form. soft drizzling rain mukkelevinm. considerable. huge myrk adj. saliva mu nm. 1. 1. 1. 1. in the dark) myrdin adj. dark cave myrkna vw. to mumble murod adj. chew. whisper. dark coloured (sheep) mutna vw. deep. 1. 2. 1. very tall and long. outward marks of distinction (f. likeness. 1. eg hørdi aldri et musker um dað muskra vw. 1. bay mynni: åmynni tomorrow (ON á *myrgni) mynt nf. 2.(ON mjörkvabrot) mist covering the hill-tops myrker nn.2. outline. wasting away mu nf. sound. dark myrkabrod nn. 1. to endeavour to form or shape of something mynveg nm. pasture in common mør. dað monar upp it's a good addition. languid mølk nn. 1. 2. (ON myndvegr) 1. (ON mórauðr) reddish-brown murkavi nm. 3. misty. (ON mór) heath. something as ornament. a sock reaching a little above the ankle mumla vw. mød. hon tinker dað vara mynt uppå sog mynta vw. feel hungry mud. opening in a firth. spinal marrow mør nm. mouth. 2. to be decayed. kernel (esp. of un unusual circumference.2. snow storm murt nm. earth-mould møli adj. munali adj. 2. 3. to rot slowly muttel nm. dark-grey with reddish-brown shade. 1. (ON mikil afi 'big grandad' or nukkel afi < nykr) devil. weakening. to become evening myrkning nf. 1. mouse musker nn. reserved. chary of words. disagreeable pricking or tingling sensation in the body . distinction. (ON maurþúfa) 1. to be dried up. small coalfish (1st year) mus nf. small knife mynnji nn. mø nm. seadevil mulig adj. vapour. 2. 3. the ant. wet.ex. 2. 2. to be weakened. might. 1. to munch. 3. 3. waste away. having a beak neðbord nm. stomach (fish) måjfåj nn. power. little merry-making. limit. (ON nafngitinn) well-known. disparaging reference to a person nedra vw.power. voice. stingy. 1. feeble physical condition. (ON niðrburðr) 1. to importune. of corn). trouble. to lower. down. poor. vivacious. to decay. Nirelsa nønn nn. gnawing nagga. display of energy. waste away. to depreciate Nedra adj. moon månnjskab nm. heavy snowfall nedlega nf. vs. rancour. heavy downpour of rain nedset nn.måger nm. noise. esp. ability (esp. speech. emaciated mågi nm. physical) N nab adj. 3. navarben nn. the uppermost vertebra of the neck naverd adj. (past nepti) to join together. njagg nn. certain land-measure måni nm. njagga vw. prop. (ON -bora) a hole in a piece of wood naver nm. active nava vw. small and neat. mad pranks. pp. moulder nadi. the lower of two. ill-will nei interj. troubling or teasing by reiterations. 2. activity of mind. 2. to become lean. 1. 2. 1. particle namngeden adj. haunt. natig) 1. large species of beetle. 1. 2. name Narulsa nunn. Øvra negga vw. of nakka to check in growth nalta nf. 2. famous namn nn. inter. umål. set dog ned! nedfalljklokk nn. undeveloped. intercourse with women. having no energy mål nn. necked. absurd fun. importunity. måien nn. 2.sommermål. couch. 3. (ON nafarr) auger naversben. 2. 2. a fish cut into pieces T ned adv. nagging. the name of an old fairy song or melody nasems nn. sjurmål måliskop nn. klokk nedlag nn. corn) nagg. resting-place nedlop nn. 1. that gives short measure nada. (ON hnappr. immature (esp. 1. feeble. in: lomål. to gnaw (off) navarbor nf. 3. week. taunt. case. no neppa vw. to neigh (of a horse) neggt [neχt] nf. at njagga burt at e-on nakket adj. projecting point (of a stone) nebbet adj. domicile nedtak nn. grain. 3.at neppa hanjdena to clench the hand ner pron. bait. (Nor. vulgar natig adj. knappr) scant. njada vw. matter. 2. naddi adj. beak or neb of a bird. party måin. confusion måinlos adj. having a neck of certain description nebb nn. checked in growth (esp. 1. (ON nær) when? . 1. bony miserable animal mågra vw. energetic. 2. handful. smart nettla vw.nes nn. 2. 2. squeeze. nesjon) ness. 1.supernatural being njuling nm. pain. to chew. at taka goitt nevatag never adj. 2. fool. closeness. 2. simpleton nokki nm. 1.2. chill. 2. 2. jerk. to bite. 2. fistful = nevlok.to gnaw.a nigin pain nigda nf. smart nilda vw. knuckle njad nn. 2. fish-hook nombrastobbnm. tough (of soil) nikk nn. to take advantage nilda vw. hard. 1. noefr) narrow and steep nevgrip nn. 1. a cold biting wind nirla vw. fist. to trouble smb with repeated inquires. quick and agile. 3. miserable nidi adj. shooting pain in the body from straining or spraining nida vw. 1. point. 3. 2.hard wearisome work. 1. bitter. to waste away. 1. at nirla (burt) at gønni to scrape away at the fiddle nirlig adj. snatching. the handle of an oar nevi. 3. at the sea nombrastom nf.pl. to squueze. stingy. at sita nibandi øver eldenon. check. 3. to hang the head nibeldis adj. 1. 1.metaph: to ache. pinch. (ON niða) to ache. niggardly. to whine and complain. to ache. 1. sneppti] sin nev he clenched his fist nevatag nn. to triffle with one's work nev nn. 1. bånnjið er nidrað ned. to knead (dough) niu-mødra-met nm. 1. to seize and shake somebody. (D. (ON snæfr/snoefr. checked in growth. to lower. tough matter. to keep one down. stinginess nisa vw. -stubbi) a quiet place. 1. beak. not having reached its full size nidderet adj. wasted away. 3. to buffet. njevlok (ON hnefalok. clenched fist. spark of fire. diminish. to sneeze nisek nm. 2. promontory neti adj. 4. porpoise. 3. drudgery njoga vw. as much as can be gripped or held in the closed hand. (ON -stubbr. 2. to work without progress nigli adj. 2. to disregard. 1. 3. water-nixie . avaricious. dolphine nist nm.2. moan njuggel nm. 1. tough soil nigla vw. njiggel nm. a steep mountain top nirl nm. thrash with the hand. (ON (g)neisti) 1. collected from nine mothers whose first-born were sons. 2. poor. popular belief about food. (Hoy) knevslok) niba vw. 1. esp. 2. morsel of something nistra vw. to stand or sit in bent position. nose. deep pondering . a steep overhanging crag. 2.1. 3. wife T nigga vw. to creak. cold nirt nm. (neat) comely. to strain. hook. very thick mist. sudden pain nilda vw. to worry niggel. sprain nidra vw. a fist-grip. fistful. 2. 2. to rub. njavi nm. 1. to press. hard substance. sonamors-met nip nm. hannj kneppti [hneppti.2. greedy niga vw. 1. de animal es nidrað burt nidderd adj. to annoy. to press. Ork.hard. 3. 2. and used as a remedy for a very sick child. 1. to beat. 1. avaricious nid nn. produce a loud penetrating sound nivla vw. 2.? use. nosskerding nm. 1. norna tungan nos nf. at vara i nø nøda vw. dað er nu og so it's neither good nor bad. belonging to the northern part of Shetland nori nm.norden adj. to whimper. active nu adv. often. blockhead novnf. knitchell) bundle. cattle. intelligent. 2. Norn language norn adj.2. to give one good and dainty food ohoitt. 3. uhoitt nm. inclement nust nn. (ON hnúfr) steep promontory nyr nn. pretence. rocky point. to open. 2. twisting. oba dønnar! obadalig. dað eru ingen not i di not nn.Sc. frequently . (ON nýra) kidney nø nf. song. (ON norroenn) Norn. 2. norn visek a Norn song or ballad. tongue of land ogelsku nm. nu. 1. point. obadjalig adj. big needle with broken eye O oba vw. boy too small for his age nåralegg nm. (ON uppdyri or ofdyri) 1. sing low to himself = nunna nønn nn. clever. barnacle. something done for the sake of appearances oddi nm. 2. from the north. at gånga i ogelsku ogga vw. (ON nægð/nauð) excessive fatness. to hum a tune nup nm. smart. 2. cow T. numskull nunna vw. wooden lintel or shelf above a door. (ON knýtill + L. old. a nose nosskerð nf. prop. 1. tangle. njov adj. to sew firmly nåma vw. nutfot cow-bone < ON nautfótr nuv nm. benefit. of Norn or Old Norwegian origin. stupid fellow. Tommi nori norn nf. 2. boat's shed nut nn. 1. shrewd and capable nåni nm. useless obder nn. now. knot null nn. deep cut or mark on a sheep not nn. prefix (ON auka-) additional okenli adv. parcel nåla vw. long for. 1. to desire. 2. complain. to satisfy. weakly. 1. stupid person.adj. 2. 1. at nøda og krimpa nønna vw. puffin. tune nøtskel(t) nn. to hum. high point of land. pl. cold. 1. cow T. promontory nov. penthouse obo nn. cipher 0 numskoljt nm. 2. disagreeable. nu! stop that! keep quiet! nukki nm. worn-out shoe. a steep crag nurtrus adj. (ON ótti) sudden owerhelming fear of the supernatural ok. dwarfish person. appearance. (past nåmdi) to touch or take food nåmen adj. 1. quick of apprehension. 1. neg. tongue of land. incapable. nickname. auka) 1. something left over overli adv. oppressive heat olg nf. to sprain. -gru nm. 1. 1. the upper hand (in wrestling). forebodding bad weather onjdelokk nf. disorder. dense shoal of small fish orma vw. 1. 3. (ON -stúfr) sheep's carcass found in the outfield ollemos adj. mysterious. big boulder orm nm. selected osta vw. (ON okra. (ON ullar. and adv. evil. the last cake. aggression overgrip nn. underhvigg nn. (ON umboð) 1. doubtful. (ON úrtak?) rare. vicar's tithe ombodsland nn. arrogance. above. misfortune. (ON -gróði/græði?) swell in the sea. 2. ling biting the line onnj nf. øveri nn. 1. imperious. 2. ost-milk ousa vs. confusion. form of ear-mark orta adj. 1. under-current in the sea onderstenn nm. 1. poppressive heat olljapluck nn. small porch. (ON ólga) heavy commotion in the sea olg nn. sultry weather. excessively . hannj overgrep sina hanjd overi(n). 3. cause to disappear ostmjølk nf. (ON almúgi/-múgr) large assembly of people. to exceed the right measure. (ON undirgjót) under-current in the sea onjdergrå. 2. 2.2. wretched. violence.Sc. 2. a heap of fragments of rock. 1.oknamn nn. swarm. accident. particle. sprain overgripa vs. increase. poor. 2. to raise old nf. atmospheric). gathered crowd ombod nn. 3. 1. penthouse. to pour down. occurring at long intervals. to creep. quantity of water in the bottom of a boat ousterrumm nn. metaph. tyrannical. 1. 1. 2. (ON urð) 1. 2. 1. two objects of the same kind. to augment. (mocking) epithet okra vw. indicating storm onjderhvigg. stink. of something bad onjgdi nm. 2. author. heat (sun. on the heights ord nf. thick rope around the mouth of a basket ompastobb nn. excess of measure. esp. pl. untidiness omujjem pron. 1. pluck) remains of wool olljastu nm. to waste. 2. 3. fragment ornaskap. stone forming a base. 3. to lift feet high in walking ousmål nn. disappear. intractable overgeng vs. 2. 2. bony olmø nm. nothing else onjd nf. to melt. (ON andi) 1. strong and disagreeable smell onglabiter nm. crawl ormel nn. 3. (ON ørmul) remnant. national property omgordinn adj. crown property. love of work opantil adv. surrounding omgording nm. well-room of a boat overgengen adj. -skepp nn. see also ønn onjdali adj. 1. (ON önn) eagerness. wooden shelf onjder prep. (ON umgyrðingr) border. 2.2. 2. to bale. to become overfilled overgeng nm. 'under-stone'. 1. uttakin taking out. wicked. violent. hazy.+ L. under onjdergjud nf. strange. dað er onjdelokk falljen uppå de they've met with an accident onjder nn. 2. vermin. factorship. 2. to suffer distress (starvation. ragged pju nn. to void excrement (mice) pirmin adj. shrivelled. overwhelmed overtak nn. 1. breath of life. (ON rjómi) perfectly calm weather and sea . very angry. punctual. in a few words padd nf.overlig adj. confused hurry parl nn. collection of lines (fishing) pallj adj. pulsation of life. the upper hand P pada vw. fizzly. faint pulsation of life. dað er ikke lengre pju i honon pjurem nm. furious pirna vw. sickly child. to stir faintly. (ON píll) buoy T pilk nm. (ON -læti) person who constantly complains pita nf. legge fisken palljt inn i fadið! pallj nn.indecl. shrunk. screech. exaggerated overskodd nn. head (jok. 1. 2. 2. (ON pakki) certain quantity of vadmal.) pallj nm. gritty excrement (esp. 1. to tell somethingsecretly. 2. money. having little physicalstrength pjarki adj. (ON piltr) little child pina vw. a little ailing creature. 2. too big. undevelopped. weakly. excitement. Caith. to squeak. short petticoat piri adj. pirket adj. 2. ceremonious in behaviour pillj nm. paitla vw. 1. to breathe faintly. breath. pirre) small. a piece of broken pot pansjad nn.pl. polished. (ON padda) toad pakk nm. (Nor. capacity for work pjaga vw. vital power. to decorate. dað er ikke pja i honon he is exhausted pja vw. 2. to push. 1. 2. also Ork. at pirna upp pirrena nf. show signs of life. poke. eg kan nømen pistra I can hardly speak for exhaustion pisterliti nn. 1. trim. coin perskit adj. unsignificant pjolet adj. to whimper. bristly pirla vw. cold) pintlek nm. of sheep) patla. 1. 2. small. 2. rebound of a wave. very thin and lean pirket adj. 2. very formal. fragile creation. hannj pjadi aldri mere he never never breathed anymore pjag nn. fasten pinka vw. to utter a faint sound. 2. to pin. tiny. 3. very accurate. breath. excessive. to move faintly. waste away. quite exhausted pjakk nm. rake in something pengar nm. too great haste overteken adj. 3. pack pakki nm. 1. at pinka upp pinket adj. smooth and flat. poor thing pja nn. upon the point of expiring. rocky ledge pannjabrod nn. to shrivel. physically weak but active in work person pjakket adj. 3. 1. 1. affectedly neat pinnast vw. 1. to breathe (faintly) pjagin adj. stiff and dressed up. 1. 2. small. girl pistra vw. curly. prod. prunket adj. magnificent.piece of broken pot porta vw. money-bag posi. pot for holding train-oil poitti nm. ård. swamp. 1. divide into planks plinga vw. shining. clergyman T prett nm. gruel of milk and meal pramm nm. 2.< arðr) pludisom adj.plagg nn. small flat-bottomed boat. 1. (also ar. cram predikanter nm. stagnant pool. halibut T plu nm. 1. bag. press. trial of strength. 1. pusi. divide. a good example. fine and smart. to push. to part. 2. 1. of the best kind prummek nm. small paper-bag pollj nm. (ON bragð/brá?) somethingremarkably good. pong nm. infant dying unbaptized (according to an old Shetlandic belief. 1. 2. very restless. to squeeze. splendid and strutting prunka vw. iron.). 2. 1. 3. to shine. eg myn prunka mog upp I'll put on fine clothes prus interj. 3. 1. salvation only can be obtained by baptism) pultri adj. Norwegian-build. 3. 1. poke. persevering in efforts. to poke. testicle purlkildi nm. strike puki nm. pot. pudj nm. swine.unruly. pram. a mean trick. wind pund nn. oil from melted fish-livers.piece of broken pot poittek nm. 2. mischievous act. suffice for dividing purt nm. dirty puddle purta vw. round flatcake. to fall into two or more parts. 2. tease proggja. 1. 2. 4. great anger. 1. to try to coax something out of a person proggjek nm. 2. rogue prigga vw. 1. to measure land. 3. at plinga å gønni plousi nn. 2. to stuff. great feat of strength. to irritate. steel-yard pung. hannj var uppi fyri proggjek i nåitt prud adj. morass pottisidna nf. garment (= bad) plakk adv. prodja vw. tea-pot poittskerð nn. 2.2. share purtning nf. esp. (ON posi) bag. part. fish and potatoes served with melted liver-oil puka vw. shout used in driving cows and horses prå nn. insufficient quantity of any kind of food pusk nm. pig T pramm nn. prummekar: female breasts prunk. entirely planka vw. to produce a tinkling sound (violin). excellent thing pråg nf. nipple (fem. pjoki nm. pound punder nm. a small roundish land-locked bay or creek. 2. to prod with a pointed stuff. 1. 2. plodding poki. clergyman T prestengolva nf. esp. 2. a person easily teased or offended purt nm. stately. 1. excitement . (ON plógr) plough. er(d). to give a fine appearance. Norva-pramm pramma vw. to get to burn pos nm. pool poittabrod nn. raga) to wander. tidiness. lets things go anyhow. 2. 2. (ON raða) to shorten animal's tether by a certain length rab nn. 1.1. piece of green turf for thatching R ra nn. 3. see also krammek rama vw. sour. (good) management. 2.puster nm. grab ramaklagg nn. 1. 2. (ON raða. to pour down. kattiramar. very talkative. raga vw. to push. to arrange/execute things in some order. that of a cat). hannj hever rad uppå sina vinnu rada vw. a quick turning. (Sw. röð) 1. small broken pot pøla vw. to make fun of somebody påbi nm. stroll idly about = ragast um raga vw. romsen) 1. raget. skeleton. 5. a certain length. reeled suddenly ram nm. 2. 3. low fellow. faren i ragu ruined. excitement. scrapings. idle aimless strolling. nonsense rag adj. ráða) 1. untidy state. (ON hrekja) to ill-treat. 2. du hever ikke rad veð dað. refuse. 3. 1. 6. midið var ikke rett radað the situation of the fishing-ground was not rightly determined raff nn. storm. to be thrifty. precipitation. (ON ráð. boast. dog T. woman ragabet adj. 1. at rada upp husið. violent wind. head of a family. (ON raka) to scrape or scratch over a surface raga nf. good execution. unsuccessful attempt rad nn. 2. passing rakki nm.2. devil pån nm. confusion. 4. peevish. old man. 3. furrow ra vw. 2. skitirakki rallja vw. to tumble down (rocks). 1. long-winded ragi adj. wandering about. 1. hannj gerdi ralli uppå sog he lost his balance. great anger. breath of wind pytti nn. a r. 1. save. to scratch. foster-father. sudden faltering or reeling. shouting. untidy person raga vw. bully. driftwood rag nn. a rank. fall (of a mass of rock). misfortune. screaming. row. capacity for work. dað er ikke efter men ragan. 1. refuse. at hava goitt [ilt] rad veð e-t. provided with claws (esp. vagrant. fit of merriment or wantonness . hannj kenner ikke um radin he has no sense of economy. hannj kom veð pustri a storm arose. 2. rancis. 4. 3. ill-raget raga vw. 1. order. lean. (LSc ramish + No. sharp. fretful ramsekka vw. wretched (animal) rag nn. nudge with the elbow pyrr nm. 2. pope. 3. 2. clamour ramist adj. 2. something that drifts. out of sorts. (ON röð) 1. search thoroughly ramsk adj. noisy way ralli nn. 2. 2. vital power.disorder. loose in habits or character rag nn. taste ramska nf. 3.7. evil spirit. dað er ikke (mukkil) puster i honon putta vw. paw. scrapings. 1. crashing sound raba vw. walk. slight. i pustri og gustri. tear. to speak incoherently rabl nn. 4. ruin. to chat in a long-winded. (ON rannsaka) to ransack. wreckage. 5. streaked reka vw. border. at søka e-t ut av regu to search in all possible places regenvista. 2. wring rennaviti nn. (Nor. attack of pain or illness. pass. 2. crooked. 2. to spread around. Dan. at reksa uppå sog rekster nm. boundary line of fishing-ground at sea red nm. -vosta nf. past reddi) 1. 2. scatter randra vw. make clear. worthless fish red nm. (ON rengja) to distort. long journey. 2. speed. wrong side rank adj. chase (of clouds.ranjd nf. apt to heel over. exageration in counting. 1. spell of bad weather. to drive. in telling news) rebdiskit nm. to ride rib nn. 2. roe. seat for the steersman renga vw. driving. buttock. to stretch out. to manage. an open place greatly exposed to wind or rain. clothes) repa vw. (Fær. (ON reiði) 1. raga (ON reka) vs. 1. past resti) to pile up resa vw. hvarna reikar du til? reka vw. to grow very rapidly and lusuriantly rats nm. brittle. wind). hannj gerdi pørlan rekster he didn't gain much rem nf. fragile Rann nf. incorrect rangsida nf. rapid growth. chasing (after). streak (of light). 2. order. knee-timber in a boat. 1. to put in order. (ON rannsaka) to search house in order to find stolen goods ranselmann nm. stretch (hand for something) reksa vw. rekkja. (ON greiða. implements reda vw. 3. to walk undsteadily.rasin veð søgu [megerdomi] rasa vw. 1. 3. to eat off (about cattle leaving no grass) raska vw. række) to reach. rena (eyguni)) to let one's eyes rove reng nf. sea goddess ransla vw. strip randra vw. to stretch the limbs. 1. lengthen. 1. driving. posteriors ratska nf. 2. strip.1. unfold rekka vw. 2. at reda sina hanjd 1) to manage. stripe. 2. (ON reisa. drifting. (ON rekja) to unwind. narrow board rena vw. hannj reddi sina hanjd veð di redskab nm. at reka um. thin. to rob. haste. 1. a thin piece of wood . to blow hardor full on rega nf. (ON ræsa. plunder rang nm. line (esp. 1. wrong. spawn rang adj. to extricate oneself. to hand. 2. lambarið riða vs. pay one's way. (ON reiðskapr) fishing-line or -tackle rega. strap. (ON hríð) 1. to fasten with a rope repibandvw. pulling by the ears rekster nm. crank. 1. tidiness. 3. pay one's way. (ON reika) to saunter about. enclosure for cattle rið nf. strip (of ground). (ON reip) rope. rope or band to which to fasten the mouth of a basket resa vw. 2. investigator rasa vw. 1. 2. margin. long-winded story (esp. vagrant rep nn. 2. wind blowing on an open place reget adj. past resti) to set off at a run rett nm. 2. (ON renna) 1. (ON hroði) refuse. 1. rof og spøli (spoil) damage. to run. pigs) rinjd nf. 1. 3. at geva e-on ronzji 1. cleft. boar ronnek nm.2. small holding . waste rof nn. tail ru vw.ribbek nm. 1. mud roni nm. ring rinna vs. 2.3. crowd rugget adj. careless and negligent in work ro vw. 2. well developed and strong rolli nm. small watercourse. channel ronzji nn. destruction. squeal (ofswine. space between 2 thwarts in a boat. talk scandal rimska nf. 2. 2. to hurry with one's work ru nf. 1. rest. short period (longer than riid . 2. rump (of an animal). at rinna at to run up tightly (of a knot) rinna vw. to belch rikla vw. good while. room. (ON hrúfa. (ON róa) to remain at rest in one place rod nm. 2. destruction. instep. 3. jump ring nm. bog. (ON rhína) to shriek. liquid manure from cattle. 2. past rinjdi) to let run. 1. fairly long way ruksnaviti nn. big. to be able to stand: at rinna veteren. 2. 2. insecure. to injure the health rossajoga nn. (ON renna. at rinna i boittn to run the line to the bottom (Fær.??). fissure in a rock rivet adj. gutter. noisy mirth rina vs. to cut rist nf. to set off at a run. 1. mackerel T ronalent nn. long story ridla vw. a heap. 1. rift (in a landscape). quiet. (ON roti) crowd rod nm. pile. renna í botn) riska vw. to urge one on [to] drive. stout and strong person rogga vw. to cut a herring into pieces rimska vw. to set bad rumours afloat. to strip. wrist riv nf. allotment. extensive fisning-ground ridl nn. (G. spoondrift rukka nf. rat T rovek nm. fissure in a rock rifta vw. 2. stiff (tide. to cause a scratch rispa vw. horse's eye rotta nf. 1. rocking ruk nn. uru rug nf. 1. pull rivek nm. fool. setting off a run. simpleton rum nn. to raise or shrug one's shoulders rogget adj. hard. cleft between the buttocks rovek nm. to exaggerate or intersperse a story with falsehoods ridli pebble on the shore rift nf. to scratch. to chase away rora vw. stout. mire. damage. hrúga) 1. strong (person) roggisomadj. confusion. sudden start. confusion rogg nm. an urging on. wind) ruglet adj. to tear.pl rivja) reef riva vs. 1. a scarecrow råsa vw. having a different colour on the back (svart-. (ON -karl) rude. saga current = röstin) rusta vw. 2. 2. 1. remi nm. rø adj. recommendation røsa vw. a worthless thing. onrush. horse. (róðr) 1. reddish (white) røllet adj. in heat rømi. slide (earth. healthy. rustet rustju.whale) block of wood rødelek adj. (ON hrynja) to fall. (ON ráða) to desire the boar (male). red. to commend highly. tumult. (ON ræxn) knot on an animal's tether in order to short it . turn round. red stallion [bull]. 1. to krapp vind rumla vw. iron-rust rust nf. depository for all kinds of trifles rummelhaljd nn.) 1. active energetic person ruskalig adj. to build up hurriedly and temporarily. 2. 2. backbone rygget adj. 1. (ON hræða) bugbear. swell in the sea rumsa vw. stony hill. strong person (boy. to clear up (storm.) ryggriva vs. at røda upp [samen] rødastabbb nm. goitt at taka gamla manna råð råða vs. confusion rummikel nm. 1. past råsti) to run the fishing-line down the bottom råsigat. 2. bad weather) råra nf. 2. rum vind following wind. high curved part of a swine's back near the neck ryggben nm. of a sow rågi nm.rum adj. 2. 3. strong wind rusk nm. strong. to root røvaskerri nn. 2. impetuous. young). to root (of swine) rund adj. 1. esp. to bellow loudly ruth nm. 2. ruskju nn. (ON ræsa. (ON hræ) carcass (of an animal) rå nf. a rowing. 1. 1. foreboding the fine rain (weather). hardy child running running bear-headed in all weathers rust nf. rumble rummelfat nn. 2. the back. to boast røslet adj. røda red mare [cow] røda vw. resound rånka vw. strong tidal current.pl. worthless objects rå nn.pl.etc. reyðr . (ON hrang) to rign. advice. opp. to rust. round rungklovarnm. fire (in a riddle). 2. (ON ráð) kind of evil spirit rånga vw. hasty. boisterous person rums nn. hannj er rødelek there's a prospect of rainy weather rødret adj. 2. hurry. (ON reyðrastabbi. to stir.great confused haste ruta vw. (in Ork. (ON hræða) bogey. sudden movement. roomy. weak forms: rødi 1. to tear (scratch) ryn(n)a vw. great disorder. 2. muddle. røð. stirring. (ON hraun) 1. rocks) rød. stone-heap røs nn. mare russ nn. a rowlock in a boat rygg nm. råsihol nn. (ON rjómi) a dead calm weather at sea røni nn. ridge ryggagitel nm. (ON hrós) 1. tongs rus nn. praise. heedless røta vw. limber-holes in a boat råss nn. well developed russa nf. 1. scarecrow råð nn. 1.2. stour. 2. (ON röskr adj. 1. sail. guiltless salhå nm. utterly mad S sabba vw. to move. salt sambord nm. sakta [-xt] nf. at sanjda veð sandvarpet vw. (ON segldi) to sail. stivin. to saturate (esp. a large spider with very long legs sarasløb nf. dað er ikke at gera sagu um. iron nail sema vw.)certainly! truly! sand nm. full-grown fish. interj. (ON ráðvilltr) 1. song. 3. sillek.råth nn. narrative. welsi. with water) saga nf. to say yes continually. thrown together in a heap and mixed with sand sang nm. odaller råvilt adj. hol(-piltek). sail segla vw. blameless. easy gait. medusa saren adj. kegga-piltek. 2. to creep along sallj nn. drizzling rain sagta. to slacken. benki. six-oared boat sel nf. abate. man with full rights over his property. (ON -súpa/saup) sediment of butter-milk sedviti nn. cake made of barley-meal kneaded with fish-livers sann interj. tide) sallja vw. cease (tide) sagda adv. abig jelly-fish. dað er komið til minnar sagu it happened just as I said it would (ON þat er komit til sögu minnar) saga vw. sjaper sedek nm. 1. kød. gently. 1. gentle rowing. a boat . nair. 2. (ON ræði) rights or authority (over a property). (Fær. close. puzzled. ocean current saklos adj. sack seksering nm. 2. saddle sedesup nn. gentleness sagta adv. (ON sæla) happiness selihu nf. 2.to s. not able to walk steadily sed nm. in a dilemma. salt salt adj. drølin (droljen). ryt and roith(t) [råð] rights råthman nm. truth! uppå min sann! upon my word! (Fær. to slacken. murt. place of joining together = samfast(in) samkenn adv. ease. certainly sagg. cease (of wind.2. beli. slowly sagtna vw. saktans) indeed. singing sangster nm. sjagg nn. (uppá) mín sann!) sannja vw. assertive exclamation. (ON sæluhúfa) caul enclosing a child's head at birth sem nm. sheep (Low) segel nn. (ON sannkenna v. tale. piltek. large full-grown shark = blå(ga)hå salt nn. 1. saying. seat sedek nm. vacilating. sand sanjda vw. (ON seyma) to nail down. segle burt til strandar! sekk nm. accuse justly sarablind nn. a fishing-ground near the coast sedel nm. to prove true. at semla seng send nf. piece of hard skin. 2. -mæltr) sil nn. sewing-needle T semla vw. (ON søta lambit 'sweet kid') address exclamation ser adv. 2. (ON síðr) long. at seta sin fud til eldsens 1. at sija til to give instructions. at sija frå (ON segja frá). 2. 1. one of two ropes by which a harrow is drawn sigg nn. tell. leak. (ON sætr) pasture for cattle setning nm. to return to a normal state. to join twoobjects together sigga vw. to put to rights. to fix. sete dog inn til eldsens. 2. to collect. at seta upp birtek seta ut 1. to set oneself comfortably. set aside. (past sagdi) to say. sannjsagd (ON sannsagðr. to smooth. of herring) sillaland nn. sid jakki. at seta ut buk seta å 1. reaching low down. 2. serinsten nm. to plant. to receive in a certain condition. push on. to heal (wound) sija vw. talisman seta vw. 9. decide to remain: sete din fud inn til eldsens! make yourself at home! hannj setti sin fud til eldsins og vildi ikke rumsa he settled himself down comfortably and would not stir. to press together. (ON sigrsteinn) victory-stone. hard and tough signavw. steer in a settle in a place. to ooze. 2. slight kick seppalama interj. 3. 8. to fit. to strain. to set. compose seta upp 1. first year sill nn. sete dog ned. 2. 1. to make oneself at home. to raise a young animal to winter. to treat. dað er øver sitt siderep nn. small fry (esp. to press twoobjects into one. 3. to strain. 3. at seta inn sin fud 1.semek nm. 2. 1. to exert oneself. south. to move farther out. to withdraw. (ON setja. suit. (ON síðlent land?) small piece of field difficult to plough . at seta dør opna to leave the door open. 1. farm seter nn. to bless. a gift sent to one (far away) < sending. to make the sign of the cross. tough meat sigga vw. (ON sía) to clear by straining sid adj. 4. to ferry over. brings a happiness. 1. seta at 1. hesten silar vatnið um sin monnj sild nf. ilt). (ON setr) homestead. 1. entertain (goitt. 5. to incite a dog sigget adj. to head. to compose (a book). 1. set mog øver sundið! seta til to raise a young animal to a winter = seta å seta samen to put together. to arrange. place. 3. 4. at setast to take a seat. 2. break a promise: du hever set inn din fud. to drive a boat ashore. the milt in male fish. 2. 2. to the south. to translate. 3. 2. 2. of herring) sila vw. young coalfish. set at djer! seta efter to pursue seta frå sjer: to take vigorous pills seta in to pledge seta over to ferry over. 6. regain equilibrium. herring silek nm. past setti) 1. pull freash peats on the fire. 7. a year-old lamb reared at home in the winter si vw. lean. appoint a time or day seter nn. his son guid s. fry (esp. at seta ut fuden at gera e-t to undertake a performance of a piece of work. gather. 2. young sow silek nm. to practice witchcraft siggra vw. 1. 2. 2. particle sirpin badly prepared sita vs. soul. small lake. small quantity. sinew sinna nf. morsel. to creak (door) sjask nn. luxuriant growth (grass) sjoggersten nm. plaited straw-band sin nn. 2. at sjela ned. ahard disagreeable work.eg hevi sitið mitt hela liv å esu landi. sjolin sjota sweet soul < ON sálin soeta sjoljåga. 1. 3. a hint. close drizzling or misty rain sjogg adj. aldri sima dað! hannj simaði mog aldri he pretended not to see [hear] me simm nm. pond. to make faces. 2. (ON hjalti. wearing work sjagla vw. pool. dense mist. 1. worried. to reside. 1. to gnaw sjela vw. live in place. 2. to gnaw. show one greatest life affection. -låga nf. 2. 3. sun T sjodd. to worry. 2. dew). a large marine animal sjaga vw. 2. to heed. swamp sjorg nm. chew. to have one sitting on a knee. dark colour sjera vs. gravelly. dew on the ground. (ON sál) 1. sjaget ut .2. 2. 2. 2. mist laying over the sea sjonn. (ON skera) to cut. 4. hoar-frost. sjaget. 1. penthouse sjara vw. to fall (frost. 1. to mutter. fatigue with hard work. entirely exhausted sjageri nn. sjødd nn. toil. exhausting. to hint. (ON saurr.knocked up. mention vaguely. heavy surf sju vs. sjønn nf. to stutter sjaphus nn. small porch. 3. saurga) wet gravel-soil. address to a cow during milking. horse. indication of something. to remain (at rest). water-flea < springer?. laborious. worn out sjava vw. soil prepared for planting of potatoes sjafer nm. 3. 1. at sita inn under e-on 1. 2. at seta ut elden to sit (talking) without heeding the fire on the hearth and letting it go out siverka nf. eg hevdi simm av di simma vw. kinf of quartz sjoggisom adj. 1. esp. 2. showing the teeth. to sit. av sjela vw. s. toil and moil sjasket adj. (ON skjóta?) to bark the oars in rowing . trouble. 1. long old and tough grass sinter nn. to cut unevenly with a blunt knife sjald nm. 1. oyster-catcher sjalti nm. very tiring sjol nf. exhausted. notice. hard. sub-soil sjorgig adj. the sea. waves sjugeng nm. upp. hard stone. loud humming or rushing sound. 1. land sju nm. slight frost. (ON þjukkr) thick. tarn. hjaltr = hjaltlendingr) 1. 4. troubled. eg simmaði aldri at eg kendi um dað I never gave a hint that I knew anything about the matter simmi nm. vague report. a faint suspicion.sima vw. jift de kundu hava sitið inn under honon. reap corn sjiner nm. to talk incessantly sjaga vw. speak undistinctly. noise of many footsteps sjogg nm. Shetland pony sjamma vw. a trace. imopure. clergyman T sjøni nn. noise and disturbance skag. 2. 1. skaplag) plan (unmatured). water-nixie. sail T. land taxed for its use skavlos adj. excitement. a great haste. tribute. at legga upp skaplag [skiplag] skad nn. 2. (ON skagi) point or tongue of land skal vpp. 3. insolent skammjok. 1. ugly ske vw. to dwinddle. hill-pasture. tax. to cut or picka shell-fish out of the shell skepta nf. 3. a dog (nickname).4. hvatna er sked djer? skedru vw. 2. unshapely. losing hair. mixed (colour) skallji nm. bogey. piltek) skerra vw. skaplag nn. (ON sjónar-býsn) a queer. a bald head. 3. a bald person. to squint skelk nm. to probe with a measuring staff skatt nm. "thick-head" T sjukni nf. 2. 2. to laugh loud and mockingly skellj nm. shrinking = sjonament nn. fabulous monster. to disguise oneself on a dress of straw skel nn. skegi nn. esp. to fall (wet snow) skam nn. crash. to pay tax skattald nn. 1. shall skal. 2. 2. (ON Hjálma) name for a white-headed (dark-coloured) cow sjålmarket adj. (ON skjálfti) (great) commotion in the sea skena vw. scale) film growing over the eye. bald. 2. masquerader skekla vw. 3. 2. askew skegi nm. to happen. (ON skatthald) 1. esp. to waste away sjånin nf. castle in the air. skev adj. of korki skalljet adj. a bare hill-top skalv nn. wet snow. dense mist sjupilti nm. (ON skaða-rýja?) to pluck the wool from a sheep far too early skef. cracking sound of something hard falling or breaking. (ON skjall + Eng. razor-fish skerpa vw. 1. to frighten. loud mocking laughter. oblique. (ON sýni) queer individual. skelli nf. (ON þjófskr) 1.sjukka vw. poor person sjønibøsn nn. startle . an unruly boy. (ON *þjukka) to become filled with dense mist sjukkola nf. a small cloud skamlos adj. a porridge-like substance skepting nm. 2. 1. triton sjurmål nn. 1. to utjok) skanta vw. 2. roar of laughter skelter nm. edge of the foreshore sjuski nm. large wet snowflakes skalva vw. guffaw skelka vw. wind-dried fish (sillek. shameless. to make hard and dry. to impose tax. 3. something shaken. (ON skiplag. 1. (ON sjófarmál) high-water mark. thick atmosphere. a yoke carried by the two middle oxen. 1. (ON skjána) 1. impairing the sight skela vw. 2. odd-looking person Sjålma nf. devil. to the Crown skatta vw. out-field. (ON þjukk-kúla) cod. a shorter yoke (opp. (ON skel) rock-moss. 1. skerpet skerping nm. to shrink. small quantity of wool skekel nm. -jukk nn. 2. sea-demon. born with a mark in the ear (of a calf) sjåna vw. 1. (ON skafl) 1. 2. see skotta skjul nn. 2. jesting person skimpsomadj. filth. 3. at skikka husið. a mocker. to manage well. a slight peal of thunder. (ON skipa) 1. thrift. skivek: 1. to manage well. see stjårt sko nf. toeject liquid skita vw. peep. state of things. to evacuate. skíggi) adipose membrane in intestines of an animal ski nn. skirfursdag shire Thursday (ON skírþórsdagr) skit nm. (ON skynja) to examine by touch whether hens are about to lay eggs skjons nn. a strip. economy. food) skilm nn. twist out of shape.to keep in order. 1. to strip a debtor skift nn. horse ski nm. holy. (ON skoða) to examine skodler nm. 2. as a shelter against bad weather skjag nn. slice (bread). jest. a fence. at hava goitt skikk (veð e-t) 1. 2. 2. 1. order. excrement of clothes skita vw. something loosely built up. slanting. 2. layer of hoar-frost skjårt nm. to introduce a subject. 1. apt to be startled. muddy-grey skjogla vw. to bring to light. 2. 2. loose. see also stjag skjoget adj. to saunter about skimpa vw. (ON skinka) ham. remnant of skin. 1. 2. leader skog nm. (ON skjótr) horse T skjåldra nf.) skinkben nn. 2. 2. to backbite skipa vw. 3. to be economical (esp. 1. oblique.ex. (ON skýjóttr) greyish. (ON skjóta + Eng. esp. at gera skift to divide equally skikk nn. 2. 2. turf from the greensward sko vw. for geese. 2. 2. a boat) skiplaga vw. dispersion. pure. (ON *skjaldra.a film of milk. loin (anim. (ONskipti) sharing out. master of ceremonies or festivals. save skikka vw. Fær. 1. changeable. (ON skí(r). 1. to make askew. wavering skiltra vw. 1. teaser. skjud nm. pen. to steer (esp. to be economical. (ON skyn) eye accuracy in performing work skjonsin adj. part (from a companion/flock) skilter nm. black etc) skjona vw. shank of an animal skinnalepp nm. build aircastles skir adj. slack (of a rope). good-humoured mocking. 3. 1.2. a supernatural vision skink nf. a dry piece of turf. 1. also skivrin/skivrik skjag nn. remains skinnraga vw. a slime scraped from fish skilseta vw. at skiba e-n (upp) sen sjuv. 1. to mock. dirt. 1. to peer. thick slice. (ON) wooden plough skiba vw. 1. (ON skjól) shelter skjut. master or pilot of the skuda boat. a s. mjølk. aslant skjotta vw. disclose. jesting skindoger nm. f. good management. (ON stjartr) tail. shy. make fun skimper nm. to walk crookedly skjol nm. obliquely. to make plans or arrangements out of season.skerr adj. spreading skiltet adj. skjöldr) hoar-frost. shoe . to separate. 3. scattering. a broad discolouring streak (red. sheet) to play duck and drake skiva nf. swarm skord. to be just able to keep alive. hair beginning to glow skotnaruth nm. (ON skriða) a slide in a mountain side.2. (ON skríða) 1. drive away or out. notched (of ram's horn) skord nf?. 2. 2. skoinjda vw. great number. flat wooden spoon. thin creature (< shrunken. to teem with maggots or vermins skrift nf. to strike one on theh head skonjda. peering. (Etym. 2. 1. 1. 3. 2. egg-shell skorn nf. 1. a skimmer skrogtjadd nn. see also skorpnskorm nf. (Etym. look-out. medusa skolt nm. head skolta vw. 2. poor handwriting = skrutl skrivla vw. inclination skottel nm. 2. 2. landslip skreling nm. to scrub.skoitt nn. dry up. movable board in a boat skre nf. scribbling. at standa å skoittenu to be on the look-out. slippery with frost skorpi adj. to prop. steal a glance skoitt nn. very small quantity. score. 2. 3. dried up skorping nm. downy hairs. mood. to shrink. dry quickly. sensation of itching . skorknin. view. crevice. feeble and insignificant person skri vs. 3. shoal) in motion skrida vw. jelly-fish. having sharp edges. 3. to manage with difficulty. 2. 1. soft. 2. a thin object skrima vw. push. 1. skull. 3. 1. to grope about. 1. to run quickly skor nn. uncertain) kitchen skrå nf. 1.2. support. skrig nm. pl. put on speed. skjord adj. skonjd dog! skonzja vw. a great speed. esp. 2. (ON skottanar-róðr?) special kind of rowing (< rowing by backing) skot nn. dað myn skri øver hellina it will last over Sunday (from Saturday evening till Monday morning) skrib nn. short. fissure. at skri å to get on. to scrape. 1. 3. to keep somebody upright by supporting him skorkna vw. view skoitta vw. to thrust. left by scratching. 3. a crack. scratch. 3. prop. liking. to shoal. stay. to make haste. peeping. to shrink. to shore up a boat. peep. hurry skothår nn. i skoitt in sight [view]: at koma i skoitt skolp nn. very lean. scour. an itching part of the skin. to be barely sufficient. glancing. uncertain) a large. a slender object. 1. 1. shrunken. sight. (ON skreið) large flock in motion skre nf. to write very badly skrog nn. at taka skoitt to steal a glance at. barely to distinguish. scrap skornfullj adj. see with half-closed eyes skriva vs. a flock (crowd. shore < skorða skorda vw. to chase. small. temper skord nf. to move in a dense crowd. dried up) skorpna vw. a lean creature skrid. a dry piece of skin. look-out. to peer. 1. 2. to write skrivl nn. 4. sight. to peer. fishing-ground close to the shore. get a hard crust. a mark. 1. to bake too hard skot nn. 1.. at sleppa anjdena to loose one's breath . 2.skrå vw. place (esp. indefinite quality slag nn. (ON skjól-brekka) shelter. 1. swarm. tail (anim. at skuta ut øver to beetle. to kiss in a rough way sleppa vw. a bank. 3. added piece skuta nf. frigthen skyl nn. to shade. project. 3. slackness sled nf. see skodler skuggalig adj. a flock. prop. to startle. shapeless and too long owing to long use slagi nf. name for a dog Smart. 1. loose dress slag nn.3. smacking kiss slepa vw. (Gael. cast a shadow. foot). slope) affording shelter skøn nn. rare a heavy shower of rain skurdebogi nm. (ON skutla) a 12-oared boat. slack. scare away. untidy slemet adj. a shade. careless. a jocular term for the youngest member of a family skuta vw. slovenly. Quick < skundi �speed� skur nf. worn-out shoe skøla vw. an untidy. sgian) knife T skøna vw. sneaking. to let slip. (ON sleðja) sledge slefset adj. 2. negligent state. 2. (ON skýla) 1. flapping. scalding. slimy slep nn. covering. rough. 1. swarm. hollow in the ground sleb nn. (ON skýli) 1. 1. smooth. 2. a slovenly. 1. itching sensation in the skin skuda nf. 1. to shade one's eyes with the hand skyla vw. 1. lick with a smacking sound. boat's sail T skyl nn. skorr skørra vw. to frighten. 2. 1. (ON skarð) deep depression in the ridge of a hill slag nm. drubbing slaget adj. to scorch one skård nn. 2. large flat-fish) skål nf. to stick out (foot). 2. shelter. 2. loose. to give a shelter skuggi. big wooden bowl skåld nn. hiding-place. a slight surf. at skrå upp skråfla nf. hvatna skutar du ut din fud fyri? skutek nm. to lap. squall of wind. (ON skuldaþing) thing for civil debts = meeting at which men settle their mutual debts Skundi nm. 2. to place a cover. 1. ambush skulding nn. prop. great number. to prepare something hastily and badly. 2. to cut up (bait. project (rock. Swift. skjuggi nm. (ON skýla) to shade one's eyes with one's hand skølbrugg nf. see skerra skøv nn. 2. (ON skuggi) 1. burn on the outside. 2. beating. wash (of waves) skylling nm.old. 2. subst. a piece of wood in a boat. worms in trout fishing) skørd nf. 2. at skuta ut. intense heat of the sun skålda vw. Norvaskuta skygga vw. wash of waves skyla vw. dimness. 1. leave hold of. (ON slakr?) 1. a small flat-bottomed boat (ship's boat). coin worth nearly a half penny skødilepp nm.2. to lap. 1. 2. to scald. to jut out. to become (far) too dry. spying. stealthy person who watches from a hiding place skugga vw. ingratiating. 1. a collection of such. sweetheart < chance sweetheart (more recent) sloder nn. a small sheepfold smoiljta nf. to taste. thin. smooth. great quantity. (ON sléttr) flat. considerable portion. slant slokka vw. half-drunk (person) smitt nf. to incline. 2. smirk smiket adj. multitude slu nf. lank. mare) smakka vw. to slip. båten hever fingið sloder slogg nf. to thicken water or soup with meal. lean and poor slumin adj. a lull or interval in rough weather. track made by footprints. til då de slokka dað upp veð meti slokking nf. extinction. i' de ljog . go out (fire). 4. difficultto get hold of slunket adj.4. to lounge about. (ON slóði) contrivance (basket weighted with a ground) slumet adj. 1. at slokka vatnið. dense stifling smoke (inside) smoiljta vw. 2. a lock o' s. (ON smeygja) 1. the Greenland whale sleva nf. to hide away. 2. (ON smiðja) smithy smid.slett adj. at slokka upp. ikke dað smalasta not the least smali adj. mocking smile smida vw. small things. sljuga vw. 3. sneaking. to incline. to slant gradually. cunning. soft and slimy. 1. to twaddle sliddra vw. 3. 1. 1. slant. a narrow passage. 2. slender and fragile sme vw. level field slettbak nm. he is s. (heap of small potatoes) smið nf. to melt (in the mouth) .the sea is smooth and calm sletta. 3. to steal away. 2. 3. a long rigmarole. to strike. to slink. 2. 5. narrow. 3. to smile furtively or mockingly. to slaver. 3. cunning. slush. shy. smig nn. retiring. 2. steal slui nm. to extinguish light or fire. a great deal. to slip (burt/å/av). infectious. 2.smirk. 1. at slokka elden (ut). unreliable smi nn. foolish talk. a spread layer. 1. salive from the mouth. mire. slender. empty. dað er syrpa. birteken slokkar ut. smitt sott smitta vw. 3. to slip. slither slidri adj. (ON slóð) 1. 2. 1. to infect. at slokka ut. at smakka uppå e-t smal adj. 2. suspicious-looking. a strip of arable land sluga. glutinous slod nn. (ON sloka) a full draught sloinjda vw. kick (horse. heavy rain sloinjda vw. to ingratiate oneself. (ON hinn smeygni) eel T smjuga vs. (ON slóka?) 1. grunden er slutað fyri hulenon slå vs. (ON slökkva) 1. 2. slippery slobret adj. slimy. smittin smjongni nm. 1. 2. flabby sluta vw. hang to far down. 1. slow. nonsense sleva vw. 2. at smjuga seg av/burt smoga nf. (ON smitta) infection smitt adj. 2. sly. (ON slokkna) to be extinguished. 3. skletta nf. having sloping shoulders. to sneak about smed adj. a furtive smile. utslokket slokka vw. 4. 2. keen and biting (cold). light meal snjaga vw. (ON snæða. chip snikkel nm. for food snikka vw. snit nn. to sneak. krump og smortek buttered cheese-cake smøra vw. 1. smoerr) butter. cunning smu adj. (animal's) sniffing. 1. 2. courtesy. that. 2. hastily sneppa vw. wooden pin or bolt. 2. to smear. cut right off. bark (of a dog) snjuful nm. piercing snell. esp. whinny (horse). to span. 3. to cut (with a single cut) snild nf. ingenuity. 3. 2. kneppa) 1. 2. 2. at sneppa hanjdenar. to poke or root in the food or fodder snittra vw. hannj havdi ikke so mukla snild. to cut hair too close snibbet adj. grumble. to poke nose into. (ON snjófugl) snow-bird . to neigh. to grease. at sne av snegga vw. a small lump of butter smuti adj.). 3. to contract. 2.. to cut out. 3. hidden. at sneppa mesan snevra vw. correct mode or usage snibba vw. secret. to yelp. a (white) clover snagg nm. he had not so much innate sense. to twist. he snid his finger. woolen night-cup smoitti adj. metaph. over). to ingratiate oneself sni nn. to nag. 1. slowly. to snipp off. correct behaviour. (ON gnaga) 1. piri smoitti diminutive smornalta nf. to taunt snjalder nn. 2. by degrees. (ON smjör. 2.smoitti nm. 2. 1. wrinkle (the nose in snappishness) snjag nn. clench. snäjta) 1. (ON snaka) to sniff at the fodder without eating for the lack of appetite snjaga vw. obstacle snapp nm. (ON sníkja) 1. snack. cusk snita vw. (ON hneggja) 1. pure.. to sponge on. Swd. white). a cut. (ON sneiða. (ON hnappr) small heap of sheaves of corn snapp nm. shrill. 1. continue aksing for something: at snika uppå e-n to sponge upon one. 2. (ON knappr) short in speach. tact. appetite (neg. projecting point. be bent upon getting something. 1. (ON knappr) knob. snill adv. innate sense. to snigger snell. 1. stumpy. 3. 1. round top snapp adj. to eat (with small appetite). too short snika vs. shrewdness. far too small or short smyrr. wooden hook snikla vw. 2. reach (round. smorr nn.. 1. 1. to tie. at. 2. barking snjaldra vw. at smøra jogen to smear the eyes with a miraclous ointment giving the power of seeing hidden things (fairy tales) småli adv. Så lunka vi så småningom) småra nf. a morsel or piece of bread. so lunka vi so småli so we trudge slowly on (Swed. loud yelping. piece by piece.. sníða) to cut. 1. 2. to turn about rapidly or quickly sne vw. (ON smár) small.sharp. child with a good appetite. 2. very small. answering in few evasive words snara vw. snill adj. clean (esp. (ON hneppa. to grumble. 1. 1. projecting height. short-haired. jard atter solji adj. to nar. 1. offence. 1. snjarga vw. 2. (ON snýta) 1. sock. to sole: tread on the earth = recover after illness. sulky snora. 3. good will. offended. to sleep lightly. landið fer ut av soinjd(eni). (ON sauðskró-) a stone fence built out from a sheepfold sogga nf. 2. prop. insult. snura vw. hnjúkr) 1. to get ready for attack (esp. disagreeable odour.(ONsaup) buttermilk soba vw. be angry [offended]. (ON snúðliga) hurriedly. snugga) bite. to like soinjdelek. a woman with a poor eyesight < who strains her eyes to see sokk nm. (ON sýna. 2. look at. 2. 2. scanty. dexterous. Icel. 4. snack. to see. contracted. touchy snødli adv. 2. make a lump between the eyebrows snott nm. to take pleasure in. hannj soinded um sog. eg hevi ikke soinjd fyri honon. rest sodden adj. legal investigation by thingmen < inspection of property soinjda vw. small wooden pin snutt nm. agile. eg soindi dað I've caught a sign of it. detached rock sob nn.at snogga upp husið snoggin ??? derisive term in addressing or mentioning a person snoljk nn. hann/hun myn aldri s. stockings sola vw. to complain constantly snjårga. light meal snypret adj. eye. fretful] snoljket adj. (ON knútr) a lump between the eyebrows snoittla vw. 2. a high. a lump between the eyebrows. (ON *knarka) 1. 2. warm and damp (waether) . *soinjdek nm. at soina legviseren (compass). 1. grumble. turning up the nose. 1. 5.2. (ON knöttr. stingy. offended. 3. sjónd [sýnd]) 1. heavy snow-storm. 3. sucking-disk of a testaceous animal soina vw. 1. hnöttr) a wooden button. to see. 2. brusque snyta vw. to scold snogg adj. past soindi) 1. to like. 3. sow. at seta snoljk to brown. cows) snjuger nm. de soindi hannj ikke mukkið vel they didn't care well for him soinjd nf. eg soindi hannj ikke. (ON sjón [sýn]. a fat animal or fish soggi nm.snjug nf. 2. (Swd. aversion (at) snjuga vw. 3. sly. crag snjug nn. narrow.) snygg nf. sodden sodiskrøvedek nm. 2. (ON snoðra) to have a bad cold snort. short. to be displeased and peevish snoittel nm. hannj havdi snoljk å sjer he was angry [offended. suddenly snålda nf.. short. active. 4. smart. malicious and cunning snjørga vw. 2. smooth. hurt. 3. to make tidy and neat. slope of a hill-top. snork nn. boiled. pleasure. 1. (ON knjúkr. to frown. 4. look at. a small eye soinjdis adj. at soina landið. that which is lucky to see or meet Soinjdla nf. to peep. 2. 3. niggardly snogga vw. to blow the nose. rheum snoska vw. at koma i soinjd. a mountain top. 1. view. ill-smelling vapour or smoke snjukavi nm. to doze. pinched snyps adj. to snuff a candle snødi adj.2. 1. a sight. (ON knútr) slip-knot (fish. 2. 4. to sniff. 1. dense spoondrift snjuket adj. at the end of a barn sorar nm. strutting. to spill. violin-player spjeskab nm. (ON systrungr) a relative.) 1. an old worn-out spade spann nn. to slacken spilt adj. 14 April sommisa vw. spillemand) a fiddler.dial. (ON at speja. fool sperra vw. 2.pl. spritta vw. a metal plate or band spord nm. (Dan. player spje nn. to loosen. 1. foolish person spong nf. a spray spri vw. 1. swoon spadi nm. spi) to make fool of. derision. leprous spirda vw. a water-pail. (Gael. 3. a measure with the hand. to kick. spje nn. to stride. to sprawl. break språn nn. a song.soljtadikk nm. esp. grow. to spray. dað hever varið min song i tvø år I've talked about it constantly for 2 years songi nm.2. 1. edge of something sprag nn. 1.2. non-prolific male sonnj nn. spy. a scorn. 1. (Dan. Fær. (past spilti) 1. run lightly. sickness sova vs. to spread. v. spectacle. to strut. form. 1. to thrust out arms and legs spjelmann nm. 2. hobby. measure for dry goods (= Ork. 2. render speechless son nm. beginning of the summer. to sink into a stupor. 1. a fool.2. lispund). to stretch out the legs. to sprawl. esp. disparaging talk of a person. given to an animal sommer nn. to sleep. vatnið spriddi øver mog springa vw. sotskin nn. cause to break. prying person spe. 2. members of the same church: sotskin i kirkeni sott nf. 3. to burst.occ. cat. come undone (seams in clothes) spretta. dog T < sprawler. a kind of medicinal drink. 2. 1. sorn) kiln. form a crustation on the bottom of a pot sostring nm. son song nm. an inquisitive. to eject liquid. 1. a scout.2. 2. take great leaps in running spjala vw. ejected liquid. a near relative. 2. 1. to measure with the hand spe nm. (ON saurr) scaly pieces of skin when it's plicked off the sheep sorna vw. overwhelm.pl. fool spjel(l)a vw. extend. in pl. a person exposing himself to derision spjetak nn. absurd. 4. to rip up. span spanna vw. 1. esp. to become loosened. to sprout. at sperra å to hasten. a person who is an object of derision spi vw. jump. excrement språna vw. 1. 2. to burst.2. esp. (ON spila. to mock spila vw. 3. at spretta um spri nn. to stride. summer sommermål nn. a tail. exert muscular force. to leap. to cause injury springa vs. set off (at full speed) speviti nn. 1. 1. gesticulation in one's walk spraga vw. 1. favourite topic. struggle spjaler nm. hermaphrodite. 3. 3. spíla) to stretch out spilla vw. to sprain. to become a firm mass. liquid excrement (birds) . brother(s) and sister(s). the top of a fish-hook. swagger spretta vw. 2. to confise. 2. 1st cousins. 2.2. to persevere. sea-rock stabb nm. ring stand nn. 1. gaze staragoit nn. to admit. sting (pain) stansa vw. block of wood to sit on. to stop. 3. at få spørner av e-on [til e-s] to get news about one spå vw. to have intercourse with a girl before marriage spånga vw. speirins) information. stand still. dað stendur veð dað røða or hvita red or white is the main colour. a poor. to manage. 4. to hesitate. erect or vertical position. to be very exhausting. to take place. 2. -reng. to stand. 2. (past stardi) to stare. 3. 7. 1. (ON stafnröng) a knee-timber in the stem of a boat. to ask a young girl's hand of her parents. to aspire for. news. to sting. 2. 1. to build up in stacks stamron. stand waiting. 5. 6. cease star nn. a high rock in the sea stakka vw.pl. 2. consult. to head. a stub. to make a strong impression. to keep one's point of view. to last. to ache. 5. 4. (ON staki) a wooden stake stakk nm. foretell. cataract (disease of the eye) stara vw. 3. 1. stick. have a charge of.at fallja [gånga] i stava øver e-u 1. a staff. strong. clever stav nm. to depend on standa veð 1. be left behind. (ON stabbi) 1. insist. to run fast. 1. a streak of light from the sun. to stagger stak nm. acknowledge. 1. ita veder myn ikke standa långt. necessary. 4. 6. to ask. to give expectation of. to remain. to be occupied with something. 2. to be engaged in something standa til 1. 5. steer. have a misgiving. to be imperative. 2. (ON stapi) an insulated rock or hill. standa å 1. balance. vigorous. be held. to stand firm. 1. to rivet sta nm. 2. to be contrary. imper. 2. elevation. 3. to stand for. farm. hannj stender veð skuri i nordvesti there's a shower is threatening from north-west. to be decided. (ON spýta) a tod. to put a metal plate or band on something. to forebode. to stop.spunda vw. 2. 2. (ON spónn) spoon spyt nf. 2. now only as a place-name stab nm. to stick fast. to approach nearly. lean cod stark adj. evasive reply when one does not wish to answer: hvarna fer du i mynni? Spør! spørner nf. to wait. spit spøra vw. 1. 3. depend on stanga vw. ståitt vw. 7. set. to be entitled to something. make a good headway. 2. -reng? nf. gallop spundikrabb nm. a small bank. to be constituted. (ON -krabbi) a heart-shaped crab < spoon-crab spun nm. 2. (ON spurn + L. 2. to head. (ON staðr) domicile. 6. to feel a strong disgust to something. 1. stavar ned frå suleni. 2. 3. 2. number of objects standa vs. stand still! standa at sjer to move (aside) a little standa efter 1. become . to fall into pieces. dað stuð fyri mjer it made a great impression upon me standa i 1. to strive for standa fyri 1. a grassy clod staga vw.Sc. 3. 2. neck of land connecting a small piece with a large one stig nn. 2. to search for a thing in disorderly manner. steady. 2. at stiva båten to keep the boat steady on a straight course stiv adj. to stand still. 1. metaph. a stone. (ON staka) to stagger < to push stjaga vw. stitch. 2. 2.pl. turn upside down. (ON stigi) 1. become stiff or rigid. to lay the foundation.confused. track stiggi nm. stiff. to make stiff. 3. 4. 4. 2. (Nor. shoal stidna vw. rock. 1. see stong stenga vw. 2. water-proof boot stengla. star. stivnandi met too heavy meal stjag nn. foundation. stone-blind steng nf. stangla. anvil stedja vw. 2. at stjura um e-t (through) stjurla vw. to steady. get caught stig(g). to slaughter. to plait stengl. at gånga stiv to be having a rigid bearing stivaler. at stjaga gåsenar but at bøla sodena stjagi nm. blaze on the forehead of an animal. stationary stemnbod nn. rummage. stavalu nf. get foothold. stop.it made me quite confused [speechless]. 1. halt stinga vs. (sheep)fold stiltra vw. stand. to live in extreme economy. steps leading over a fence. (ON stanga) 1. geese). enclosure. (ON staðna) to stand fast. T boot stivla nf. of good. stingl nn. (ON stirðna) to become stiff stiva vw. a (high) boot. speechless. (ON stig) a (visible) mark. *stíga) to pen (esp. fence stjura vw. refrain (in an old song) stid. 1. styr. 3. stiggi nm. (ON sturla) 1. to insert. 1. to turn upside down in searching . basis. at stidna veð to stop. Sw. stingla) 1. a pen (for geese). dað er ikke sillek or piltek i sjunon stenbiter nm. störa) 1. stǫð + L. stopping stikka vw. sinker of a fishing line. to stir. 1. to close. to (construct a) dam (across a stream) stilli nn. mast T < pole. kill by sticking. a place where a boat is drawn along or to the shed. quivering motion in the atmosphere due to heated ground stedi nm. sea-rocks. (ON stía.Sc. put into stinta vw. a small ledge. durable. 2. stile. wolf-fish stenblind adj. to shut up (grice) sterna nf. a steep path with small ledges stev nn. (ON styfill) (sea-)boot. 1. tail of a large fish (esp. milldam stivli adj. stið nf. large stone. 2. to sew together. halibut) stett nf. 2. (ON steðja) 1. (ON staða. stand still. 2. a rod. assembled crowd (of children) stjaga vw. stingla vw. stavaler nm. fundamental quality stivna vw. 3. dam. (Dan. firm. strong. dað lagdi mog i stava . (ON stefnuboð) fiery-cross sten nm.2. to gather in a dense flock or shoal stedet adj. 2. Sterna name of a cow with a star on the forehead sterti nm. 2. (ON stígr) a path. barely to support life stirna vw. to stiffen. steed) 1. to stir. shut up (door). at stonga båten stonra. as a pet name stomna. sgeul??) saga. log. (ON stræti) streat. standard (in the old spinning wheel) stokkstov nf. exert stoittek nm. esp. difficult laborous work. to build up loosely stokk nm. (ON stúka) 1. notice. stödugt veder. disturbance storra vw. stunra vw. temper. 3. edge. moment stong nf. mast of a boat T stonga vw. 3. dispisition. prop up. (standing) firm. hannj strinkaði aldri 1. (ON stúka) a piece of churchland stuka nf. speechlessness. it made no effect on him strogg nn. stationary. he has a bad temper. (On styðja. (ON skrúð) suit or outfit of new clothes < *skrud strø vw. strew (esp. difficulty. 2. in raping the corn) strødiment nn. båt storkna vw. (ON steyta) to walk indolently. vein. stul. 2. 1. piece of timber. steady. to heed. (ON strjúka + Nor. 1. legend stoljka nf. 2. (ON styrma?) to rake up. 2. 1. the tail of a large fish T stobb adv. repulsive. passage strekka vw. to set a mast in a boat.Germ ) at once stranjd nf. 2. ability. half-grown cod stumpi nm. musing. 2. 3. (ON stund) certain length of time. stöðva) 1.2. log-room/house. also steðja. sea-shore. stubbi) stub. 2. hesitation . 2. loathsome. coast stred nn. to make a stir storta vw. rub og stub. at stonra (upp) kessa. (Nor. (Gæl.stjurma vw. 3. to begin to walk. støl nm. (ON stofn) 1. mind. fence stukki nn. small stack straks adv. (ON styr) stir. 2. 2. current strud nn. house with timber frameworks stokkstovavw. 2. 1. stodigt veder settled weather (No. block of wood.) stums nn. (ON stǫðugr) 1. a moving croud of people strogga vw. perplexity. intense pondering. stoup and roup): stobb og robb completely stodig adj. (ON streyja) to drop. he never minded. L. trudge stjårt nm. shake. streak. strength. to build up the frameworks stol. 5. to support. (L. stump stuggisomadj. Fær. (ON straumr) stream. strok) to struggle through a piece of work strom nm. (ON stúlka) a young girl. churn. jacket. there is something wrong with him strinka vw. 2. stub. to set in motion. (Nor. essential quality in somebody or something stonjd nf. great hurry and agitation stubb nm. 1. strekkja) to stretch strind nf. 4. stokkastova) 1. a short stout person. motionless. (ON storkna) to coagulate. strok) 1. (Dan.Sc. stöðuveður) stodja vw. stimna nf. rummage stjøda vw. dilemma. (ON stubbr. to carry a burden. 2. dað er illj strind å honon 1. bottle (Edm. become thick (of liquid) storr nm. (Fær. chair stol nn. push. 1. disgusting stuk nf. 3. to sigh deeply. at få stygg at e-u stygga vw. drag. to gaze in absent-minded manner stuts nn. (ON styðja) to steady. 1. (Dan. to suck. south. (ON *steypidorg) 1. (ON staurr) one of the thick bands stå vs. sweet little child. to disgust. to be perplexed. (ON stúra) 1. (ON stöðull) 1. sinker on a short line støda vw. (ON sólborð. speechless (from surprise). small marine creatures. salt liquid kneaded from butter . 2. (ON styggð. (ON stýra) to steer a boat støri nm. suction. sew stånga vw. show.. stuff < prick. sú) 1. sulky. ongastø contrary wind støb nn. nauseate. durability styving nm.2. a child. to confuse stund nf. hannj hever stuts veð sjer stutset adj. hun stupaði i elden stur adj.stumsa vw. 2. refuge. (ON súla) a cleft wooden implement sulbrigða nf. 2. bi-stå) 1. enclosure støra vw. dairy land. acc. wrasse. moment. sow. 2. ponder. short hand-line (inshore fishing). stå bi. 3. not fresh.def. 2. 3. sting-ray stånka vw. basking shark sulbørð nn. resource. (ON sýr. 3. resting-place for cattle. to put out of order. a person who can de depended on stånjd nn. in the south. stocking T stø nn?. ostentation. big. large mussel sud nn. only in the phrase: hannj hverki står or går ståbi nn. 1. (ON sjópiltr) sea-demon. 1. 2. to sink. wind T. 3. 2. to be sad. 1. cf. 6. 3. to feel loathing. stykki nn. 2. 1. 1. ill stund til hans! stupa vw. 2.3 or 4 years old). a large gathering of creatures. 2. southwards sudin nn. 4. 2. to be silent. draught of wind. 5. 3.to carry a burden su nf. a big iron hook. occasionally of people: kirkasukn(i) sul nf. point of a cape. 2. standing or upright position stånga vw. holm. pp. Nor. water-nixie sulsittandi adj. darling sukn nf. stygg) loathing. sucking. a half-grown coalfish (piltek . suk upp inn under under-current going against the wind. 1. a while.2. ravel sulpatjen nm. strength. suk inn under kava dry wind preceding snowfall. 1. to consider. 4. to blow through. sit dejected. a place of road trampled by animals. 1. milking-place. (ON stúpa) to fall forward. 2. unwilling stygg nf. stå) to stand. to fill. dað er goitt suk å linonon suka vw. 3. anarticle of dress styver nn. 1. sukken sunk sukkraborð nm. boy (endearment). the sun sula nf. to stitch. tall stura vw. drinking-vessel (glas?) støbadorro nf. sólbyrði) a board in a boat's side sulpa vw. 3. (Dan. to complain. to dry (wind) sukka vs. support (by staying) støl nm. to doze (with stooped head). abrupt. (ON stórr) 1. 4. disgust. to hesitate. stop speaking. 2. too much exposed to the sun sulta nf. to muse. goad stånger vw. nordin suk nn. southern part. to breathe heavily. adv. to eat greedily. evil time or hour (oath). 2. black-backed gull svarva vw. round hollow svapa vw. blackness. 1. a strong drink. 1. svartatið fylgi [lui] djer! bad luck to you! svartbak nn. svidden svi nm. pig svipta vw. to pull off. to gorge oneself. tottering. stoutly-built (boat) svara nf. (ON sýslumaðr) estate-agent svager nm. 1. float sund nn. to swoon. sour.sum nn. (ON svelgja) to swallow greedily. to swallow. starve. air-bladder in fish. 2. (ON sviði) 1. to let liquid ooze or leak out. sound sund nn. (ON svíða) 1. hwuml nf. 4. to ooze. a smarting or stinging pain. head of a bay svarma vw. (ON svæla) to belch forth (of smoke) svela vw. esp. scorch. swimming. to become giddy svin nn. (past svipti) 1. a narow sound. 3. (ON svarr) heavy. to hunger. svi i monnjenon svifta vw. swing. swoon. 1. (ON skvæla?) to cry loudly svelt nm. 2. to swim. to keep close to the fire. de kettle. esp. 3. (ON svipta) to reef a (boat's) sail sviga vw. in an evil hour. 1. to turn. narrow bay supa vw. to wrap up svar adj. jarden er i sumi the earth is quite flooded with water suma vw. place where two branches meet svimmer nn. slight motion in the sea sval. 1. something that stings. 1. (ON svelgja?) 1. to perform work carelessly svel nf. men married to sisters (Edm. shaking. undteady sval nn. to remove quickly. inundation. upo de kettle svart adj. svipte av djer! (clothes) svird nn. 4. swirl. 2. tomake sour suselmann nm. the dimmest part of midsummer night svalta vw. pp. 2. 3. shaking svaki adj. 2. swumbl.) svagja vw. to s. to sting. (ON svæla) thick smoke (rare) svela vw. to singe. inlet. 2. 1. to s. svar nn. extinguished fire svartatið nf. at svelta inn svelting nm. (ON hvammr) depression. unconciousness�) (giddiness) indisposition sviml. black. to suffer from thirst svamm nm. 2. small shallow bay. swine. soft worsted. 2. to swing. 1. to give way under pressure svim nn. 3. air-bladder. brother-in-law. 2. small longish object . smart. (ON sveifla) eddy. 2. 2. 2. lean poor fish (cod) svelta vw. misplaced svarta nf. a starved creature svenga vw. 2. thick. swagers. 2. 2. turn (pot half way round over a fire). to pull. to turn hay on the field svarva vw. to become hungry svi vs. at sviga ut vatnið sviga vw. to digest svak nn. svimmer kom øver mog svimmra vw.to turn sour. to sweep sur adj. 1. 3. thick woollen underclothing svarf nn. to suffer. 1. (ON svimi �swoon. in the first stage of decomposition surna vw. something dark and black. 1. to snatch. poor soil svirta vw. (ON sann-) slight oath: upon my words sångra vw. 2. that feels pain sick and sare såta vw. take at båtenon!. to take effect. grip. push. to reach. overwhelm. to sunder. stunned. 2. a big peat sålja [soλa] nf.whirlwind. to take from. søgi nf. to begin to boil. wrestling) svivl nn. såndi part. animals) taka at to pull up (boat). 2. in or towards the south søt adj. south. to snatch. epidemic. 5. to keep balance with difficulty. inner lower gable-edge of a house tahellja nf. søkandi exhausting. = dorgan doga! søga. to pull. harm. 1.2. 1. (ON sœla. pres. greensward. 2. 2. look. 2. shorten an animal's tether . 2. rise up. a big piece of sod or turf. whirl svumra vw. (ON sæla. 1. (ON sá) 1. to take. to drive (cattle) slowly såva vw. 3. 1. unconscious. (ON sæti) 1. 3. 2. to boil slightly sår adj. to except taka inn to take in. (ON *sonarmóðursmatr) food given to a woman after a birth synjd nf. seat. 2. to see to. (ON sárr) sore. take at djer! taka av to abate (of storm. learn from others taka frå 1. disperse syndog exclam. sjúka) 1. just floating synamor(s)met nm. 3. 2. rock on the sea-shore. full to the top. a sin. in swearing.svird nm. past såvdi) 1. esp. to remove quickly svisterkaster. splendid så efter to look after (sjá eptir) så til 1. 2. (ON svæfa.pl. 1. at tinka synjd fyri [um] e-n to think that one has to be pitied syndra vw. taking up. dear søtskin [søtshkin] nn. severe cold. heavy søl nf. to attack (also pain to fight (esp. something to be regretted. to swim or float heavily. 1. to sow. spread såd nf. injury. first cousins. 2. to stun (with a blow). grassy piece of ground. exhausted and sleepy T taggoda nf. (ON þakhella) flat stone tak nn. hvisterkaster nm. 3. esp. to see. past. to fetch or catch fish. catch (fish) taka vs. 4. 1. 2. Fær. near relatives så vs. to swing round. 1.1. seethe at edges sånkra vw. worth seeing. svumrandi fullj 1. (ON suflfang 'store of meat') butter T sør adv. fall (in a contest. (ON sýki. pull. wind) taka efter to imitate. (ON synd og dauði ('sin and death')?). søkti) to trouble. forsæla) a brilliant transient sunshine sånfiddel interj./adj. gust of wind svivla vw. 2. "rocky seat" såda nf. to look at [listen to] så vs. heavily laden. separate. thrashing. senseless. brothers and sisters. sœli) intense heat of the sun sølfeng nn. (ON sœkja. sweet. 2. 1. 2. (ON sáta �heystack�) a big stout woman sådi nn. defeat. to injure såvd adj. hand. 2. to spit or throw out half-boiled. 1. illness caused by cold søka vw. 2. (ON þekja. much spoken of. (ON tart-fýsinn) 1. at tekka hus tekn nn. (ON teikn) 1. clever. slender cod with sharp teeth tant adj. to begin with energy. learn taka upp veð 1. puffin tana (ON þenja) to stretch. 3. take inn under! taka til: teken til 1. (ON þaragreip) dungfork < fork for gathering seaweed tari nm. to take up with. tang tartfysen adj. to begin to blow = at taka (sog) upp (of wind) tamminori. dressed in a certain way taka upp efterer 1. to set to work eagerly. to tell. token. boat) tanta vw. a (low. take upp frå djer veð di! taka upp inn under to pay attention to. take charge of. to imitate. tångi. above others. 2. affectedly reserved. 2. known for something. (ON þegja) to be silent teg nm. excellent. fickle. 3. a newly grown tooth taragrep nf. to assist (in burden) taka å 1. 2. famous for something? taka sog til: 1. on the tiptoe of expectation. 2. 1. hannj tuk upp frå sjer. tang of a knife. having independentfancies teja vw. shedding of teeth (young animals) tantfelling nm. relate. a young animal. at telja frå 1. 2. (ON þekja) heather mingled with coarse grass (lobba) tekka vw. follow one's example taka upp frå sjer: to pull harder (oars). past takti) to thatch a house with dried heather or straw. resume. 2. in a dangerous position on the very edge. repeat gossip. 3. 2. to count. be on one's guard teng. (ON þernu-) species of small-gull tepin (ON tæpr) scarce. (ON þemba) tension. teken upp 1. prop. 2. to tell. mark. teing. occurring in very small quantities . to continue in certain manner. hannj teker ikke sog til vinnenar taka upp to apprehend. disinclined to take food. particular. extend tang nn. to be obedient. tooth. to refuse food (of cattle) < show teeth?? tantfelling nf. 2. 2. esp. pretty < favourably mentioned. uppå tembu1. narrow) tongue of land tennjemav nn. nice. shedding its teeth tantfysen(d). de vuru vel [ilt] veðteken they were well [ill] received. to receive somebody or something. newly-grown in a child tanngroinning nm. 2. be establish temba nf. understand. 2. 2. (ON þang) seaweed tannjek nm. to take out.taka inn under 1. tomminori nm. hannj tuk sog til. roof. to take hold of. to become evident. (ON þandr?) too high and steep (house. to take hold underneath (to lift). 1. 1. strip of field tekk nf. tjångi nm. select. on one's guard. 2. to point out taka veð 1. 2. wavering tantjek nm. having appearance of certain kind. 2. to attach oneself to taka uppå 1. tantføst adj. to affect one. to repeat one's words. sog: to take a burden on one's back taka ut 1. selfwilled and shy. (ON þari) seaweed. a t sita [standa] å tembu to wait anxiously. queer person telja vw. tilja) to make headway (of a boat) tilberdskatt nm. 1. esp. 2. 3. offended. 5. (Dan. 2. he tjoged at me . 3. is ta'en him . torden) thunder tjub nn. sen togemø which gets on well (of a work) toilkekast nn. species of sea-bird: guillemot. a bitch (also of a woman). ita er ikke tiðligt this is a bad sign. hvat er dit titt? hvat titt er i dinon monnje? (Ísl. supplement. to tremble. surround and catch an animal being attacked toft nf. helping hand tinda nf. (ON þiggja) to receive alms. to shiver. taking hold pull. 4. neu. a dense swarm of insects. substitute tilvik nn. tjogga nf. to work eagerly without success. ask for tik nn. jurisdiction. mist. to. vatni). court. (ON tíðliga) early tiðlig adj. haul. displeased. (good) start. comely. opportune. thwart. sudden fit. to tell news tittra vw. 1. 1. early. 1.with repeated questions tjoga. (ON þilfar) movable bottom boards tilja. þjóta á 'to attack one') to pursue. (ON þíðna 'to thaw') thawy snow ting nn. 3. till. to be found. draught. he's got a fit of activity. of activity tiðli adv. band tjordin nn. títt 'that is happening. 2. hannj tuk goitt tjog (av mjølk. (ON *þotsetja < sitja í þót 'to be in dread of being attacked'. a t. useful thing. small share tilfer nn. district tingvoll nm. 1. tog?) small rope.2. convenient. (ON toga) 1. lucky time. hvað segirðu títt?) titta vw. tillja nf. short period of good fortune. usual.tið nf. 1. 2. shake titt nn. thick haze. 1. (ON þilja) movable board in the bottom of a boat tillag nn. (ON tiltœki?) 1. lucky. gulp (in drinking). firm. 2. a big animal tiksa nf. small tax. pluck tinni nn. quarrel til prep. dispute. (ON tína) to pick. place of assize tinna vw. (ON þoku-mói/móði/móða?) 1. ikke tiðligt impracticable. remedy. (ON tíð) 1. 2. tidings. former site of a house togemø nf. 3. 2. short time tiltak nn. 3. 1. (ON *tygi. in time. (ON já?) certainly! tjog nn. (ON þjó) thigh todseta vw. to draw. successful. odd behaviour . hannj er ikke tiðlig he's not pleasant to meet with tigga vs. of good fundamental quality < stivli? tjo adv. dað er ikke til there's nothing left tila vw. (ON tog) 1. (ON tila. at vara til to exist. razorbill tjogi. assize.fortune skmiles upon him for once. tjuggi nn. see djub tjug nn. pull. 2. art of carrying out something. 2. 1. 2. indicating good luck. good luck. the deep. person much spoken of tilvid nn. (ON tíðr. 3. to beg. taking hold. peevish tirma vw. strong. 2. with cold tivli adj. occas. (ON *þilni?) a wooden partition wall in a house tinsket adj. a band tied round a cow's head tjoga vw. 2. (adding) patching. to keep on asking. durable. frequent') news. otter T. 2. addition tillaga nf. Dec. (ON þolinmœði f.) patience. very thick. fissure). 2. 1. 3. stamp.23. one trampled by cattle) trakka vw. tight.toitlig adj. 2. perservering. (Dan. to wring. dried up torvkrø nf. neat tokkihå nm. 1. ladder tre nn. (ON -mögr) insignificant little person . stamping. trail. difficult trapp nn. step lightly triva vs. thirty trettin num. to press. a t. to trip. close-fitting. comely. 1. strive for troitt adv. ledge. restricted. especially negatively: na. by-piece of anything. to trail something behind. used in peat-cutting trakk nn. thirteenth. interj. a gift tolem nn. to set out (jockingly) trel nm. long for trokkin nf. tatter trod nn. (ON tröll) troll trolljamist nm. enterprise. manufacture of wool trifter nm. the third landmark which is brought in line with teo other marks. extra meal. at hava tolem veð e-on tolin adj. track. 3. (ON þráka. 2. dragsa) 1. troitt. steady and somewhat slow Tolljegsmess nf. Tolljegsdag . the third. person who executes menial or durty work trelfangi nm. (ON þráka) to have a great desire for. 2. (ON traðk) 1. to endure. 3. longing trollj nn. ser krabbi no. wooden nail trett adv. (ON traðka) to (tread) tramp. squeeze. as we were saying tretti num. Dec Tomasmess. gjo trista vw.20.tramping.the day [eve] before the St. St. (ON þróttr �strength�): pikka inn i troittan! keep up! get along! trokka vw. limited. (ON þrælfangi) odd-looking. 3. tvar komu upp til tridjeken trift nf. to catch hold. Thorlak's day (22. small enclosure for the piling up of peats torvsker nm. thirteen trettind num. Dec. certainly not. (ON þrákkan) desire.). Tammasmessapta . 1. hvat du trakkar! trang adj. (ON þrátt) used to intensify a statement or exclamation. 2. Dec torket adj. oath (esp. Epiphany trid num. capable worker with wool trink adj. Tammasmess nf. (ON þrátt) well! < to return to the subject. 2. to pinch. gripe tritla vw. and interj. trettind dag 13th day after Christmass. to drag oneself along. constipated. (ON þrep) 1. (ON tilbót 'addition') 1. smooth dogfish tola vw. narrow spade. 2. (ON trefill) rag. 2. mast treksa vw. 2. small shark. trids o' kyn relatives in the 3d generation tridjek nm.2. Thomas day. 1. step. *þrákka) to desire. twist. 2. activity. trække + Nor. patient. remains of a carcass troga vw. suffer tolbit nf. says the crab troitti nm. 21. narrow (cleft.. 1. wooden materials. triv(e) i! catch hold! trivl nm. fig. dense mist = trolljet mist trolljamog nm. (ON troð) 1. undersized person < thrallprisoner trenel nm. laborious. sensitive. to be obstinate. 2. trudu mjer! trur du di? trubelt nn. obstinacy. a palsy of the tongue tungekramp. great longing.2. (ON þrána. bad-looking trolset adj. (ON þrjózkask) 1. (ON úthreppa?) 1. 5.at hava trå efter e-u. (ON tálkn) 1. þrö'na) to have a great desire (for animals) trusti adj.trolljanåitt nf. 1. small piece of land not included in the division. kind disposition tunvel. coarse trøni nn. -krapp nm. (thought for) desire. 1. bad temper. dað var mukkel trå å honon. tak vara! troll-man. trust tru vw. snout trå nf. a place where profit may be expected. offended trotska nf. kuen trår efter henni! (kål). the gills of fish. thumb. (ON þrekr) rude. tuff) 1. 2. a homefield belonging to a farm. head of hair tu(g) nf.pl. 2. indisposed. 2. 1. hannj kastaðist upp i trotsku he became peevish trotska vw. unwell. = kilpek? tru nf. (ON þúfa) mound tum nm. 1. like a troll in gait and behaviour trollkålling nf. 2. trolljamann. (ON tungusótt) = tungefall and tungekramp tunkel nn. tongue-shaped cake tungefallj nn.2. to have a great desire for. to intensify a statement or exclamation tråittfallj interj. thick worsted tudelep nm. disease in cattle. glandulous lump adhering to the liver tun nn. 2. (ON þrátt) certainly not. coarse wool. (ON þrjózka) 1. tunmel nm. firm and close. careless. (ON tröllkerling) hermaphrodite: non-prolific animal. bödi or small kessi tufi nf. surplus of seaweed trøg adj. 2. peevishness. beware! trolljhåitted adj. 4. drying the skin tussi nm. 2. a witch-like woman trolljamann nm. (ON trýni) muzzle. (ON þró) a small oblong wooden box for fish-bait. worsted. (ON þurs) wry-mouthed animal. see also trussibelt tutsom adj. desire. interj. be peevish tru nf. to believe in somebody or something. a farm-house with the home-field tunga nf. person bewitched by trolls. 1. slovenly trolsket adj. (ON tófi + Eng. sorcerer. favour. easily offended tvar adj. a sheep trolljslaget adj. 2. unwilling to do what one is told. (ON þrá) 1. lasting well trøba nf. 2. (ON þvar) placed crosswise. a large long tuft or tassel of hair or grass. 1. palsy) of the tongue = tungefallj tungesøtt nf. (ON þumi) 1. upon my word! tu nn. (ON trufla?) rubbish truna vw. (ON tó) wool. esp. (ON *tǫðulaupr) closely-plaited basket. displeased. trolljamann. tråð nm. inclination. to sulk. 1. 2. long for. båten er faren uppå (ena) adra trå trå vw.. substantial. gill-arches tunki nm.2. dial. (ON þráðr) thread tråitt adv. peevish. drowsy. piece of pasture near the house turkasott nf. troll-like. 3.the night before Christmass-eve = trolljavitanåitt trolljaskod nn. faith.disease (cramp. running athwart .tongue. queer. wizard. (ON úbataligr) 1. tya) strong and healthy constitution. mist) tyrel nm. 2. 2. to run at full speed. small piece of red peat for kindling a fire tynna. irresulotion. twa) 1. unsuitable or unlucky for fishing. du is turned u. rotation. howl. gallop. to hasten. 2. point U ub nn. howl uba vw. (ON þysja?) strong. useless ubregð nn. incapable. weakly. nonsense tå nf. tviti var(g)i djer! (ON tvítt ver(ð)i þér!) tvivl nn. ufiskalig adj. extraordinary. hardly óðalræði) allodial right. (ON þyrill) the trundle of a water-mill tyrl nn. that does not become a fisherman. small. moan ubadalig. turn. see dwars twartra (L. disagreeable position.. to emit plainitive sounds. 2. (ON óðalréttr.tvargård nm. additional earmark udal nn. 2. odal-born udalland nn. lift (of clouds. (ON óðal) allodial. at tøma ned tøvakoddi nm. pour down. 1. thwarter) to oppose.Sc. 2. tangle. (ON óp) plainitive sound. toe?) fleece. contrary to common sense. to whirl round. (ON taða) old. ungraceful .(ON þœf (þœfðar)-koddi) rounded rock by the seashore tøvd nf. uncertainty tvo interj. tool tøm adj. heedle. tongue of land. eg kenni vara tivlu hans ryggsI know him through and through = eg kenni varn lid [lið] hans ryggs tø nn. (ON tví) fie! tvit se djer! fie upon you! (ON tví sé þér). (ON *þvætla) to wet. long and withered grass tød nm. twisting. (Nor. at gånga tvisporandi tveitla vw. right to freehold tenure udømilig adj. tenant of udal property. (ON þynna) to disperse. thin soft wool tøa nf. low point or tongue of land tåitt nm. tand nn. 3. ill-shapen. (ON þœfð) foolish talk. = tvart fyri. thwart tvispora vw. old allodial property udalmann nm. unruly. (ON tó + Eng. tynnja vw. whorling round. 1. (ON þáttr) tuft. shout by which horses and esp. at tyrla øver tyser nm. thriving state tynder. unexampled. (ON þytr) slight gust of wind tøl nn. immovable property udalborenadj. 1. soil tvit interj. capable and energetic person="heeler" tyvla nf. opposite. to empty. inattentive ufjomlettadj. 1. udaller udalred nm. (Nor. lock of hair tångi nm. (ON tví + L. spark. (ON óðvilltr) wild and frolicsome. ubjadalig adj. remains tvart adv. cows are driven away ty nf. old fence. tavla) dorsal vertebra. tvart en (ON um þvert): across. dreadful uðvilt adj. excited state of mind tyrla vw.Sc. clear. tovla. (ON tómr) empty tøma vw. (ON úmáttr 'swoon. unsuccessful. undercurrent. understand uppdraget adj. umgong n. 2. increase. under. strange ula vw. 2. awkward. (ON uppþreyttr) 1. (ON stú + Nor.ufsahellja nf. not quite well. opantil adv. subordinate ungadreng nm. (ON úla. to worry. weakly. (ON uppidagaðr) 1. clumsy. see ollja. immoderate. to dive. (ON upsarhella) flat. umgenger nm. too pressing and eager upp veð northerly or westerly. 1. 1. to satisfy (esp. young unmarried man upp adv. silence. uppå : at høra uppå to listen to. (ON úlæti) 1. useless ukonn adj. -hwigg. unreliability. land situated at the foot of a mountain or below a promontory or high coast undermannnm. 2. alternation umond nf. 3. uppstyr) great disorder. sensation umåitt nm. to overtake. at tinka uppbrak to be afraid that some misfortune may have happened to one uppdrag nn. at gånga under 1. a peevish person. with food) ugjåv adj. unknown. running round (of weather): umgongen wind umkast nn. untidy. 3. to be on the lookout for something (to see one). early to work.instead umbodsmann nm. at vara upp (veð fiski) to be finished upp å. band. to be bent on something uppastju nn. put aside secretly uppbrak nn. impetuous. exhausted. small piece of field or meadow undalig adj. (ON undarligr) strange. 3. 2. educated uppdroitt adj. -suk underland nn. (ON úhlít) 1. 2. at vara uppadågað um e-t 1. anxious. at blåsa upp to begin to blow. anxiety. northerly (wind). understanding uppdraga vs. 1. incapable. ýla) to cry. useless = ubjadalig uhagali adj.2. gentle and lonely person ulid nf. vinden er faren upp at upp øver adj. (ON uppbragð?) fear. -shot. 2. weep loudly (children) ulet nn. unwell. at halda e-t i umåli to keep anything secret [one´s mouth shut on a subject] un nn. to bully. 4. 2. tired. 2.2. very uneasy in mind. 3. change. laid up. veering from south to west or north uppadågað adj. to subject oneself to one underdrag nn. a quiet. = -gjud. wail. apprehension. (ON genger um) vagrant umgongen adj. slight feeling. to spoil one's appearance.is obscure. (ON upp) up. border. to persecute. faintness'): ilt umåitt se i dinon hanjdon! a plague upon you! umål nm. ull. 4. under land near the land. 1. at tinka uppå to think upon. (ON: ef maðr sker hár af höfðe manne eða úlar honum nökkur til háðungar eða rífr hann klæði af honum) ula vw. unreliable person ulltigger nm. uneconomical ukjodadj. steward umgeng. queer under prep. confusion uppatil. beggar of wool. factor. suffering from an imagined ilness .at vara uppå hennji to be out fishing upp at up towards the north. (ON úgæfr) incapable. stoping stone ugga vw. weakly. bleat. come up with. raising. laying of eggs uru nf. (ON órakúra) 1. 1. 2. 3. -lupen adj. hannj hever ikke upptak i sjer. (ON uppstöð?) fishing buoy attached to the end of a lone upptak nn. progress.enrichment. ǫ'ss) 1. one or something standing erect uppstiklet adj. 3. that easily flares up. support. 2. an ability to understand. 2. 1. embellishment. to rear. carelessly and improperly performed . (ON upphelgr. sweetheart uppskod nn. (ON hárhamr. 3. 1. hairy side of skin urd nf. 4. os) place in the sea where the tide runs swiftly usjuna nf. to eat up. deformed.at ligga uppumjora to lie hidden uppset nn. (ON *urpt. = halda upp (= to cease. -øra adv. change for the worse (in the weather). appearance. (ON úró) commotion in the sea us nm. support. of rain) upphelli nf. impetuous uppløsa vw. (ON úr) bolge-water urekura vw. esp. with food. be half-asleep. flitandi uppå hvart ura moving about from hill to hill (of a sheep) uram nm. 2. vurpt) casting. a heap of fragments of rock. 2. 1. 1.uppeta vs. foster uppger nf. 2. 1. 2. hasty. the 24th day after Christmass = Antonmass uppi adv. behind the ear). 2. 2. extensove bank or elevation in the sea-bottom us nm. hö�rhamr) grain of leather. at halda e-t uppumjorato have something kept aside or hidden (prop. to reveal somethingsecret uppumjora. glegg i upptakenu. unshapely. assistance. ugly in shape uskepta nf. to bring forward. choleric. aggressive upphald nn. given up as hopeless uppglopenen adj. place where sea-bottom rises (shoots up) uppslag nn. 2. (Nor. 1. 6. odal-born person who surrenders his property to another uppgiven adj. iron. bringing into discussion. uppilagstur) ill. (ON Nor. (ON áss. 1. to support. (Fær. successful performance of a work uskjoggalig adj. 2. (ON uppi) above. 1. a reproach also coming to light uppkomin nf. disturbance in a house uppstander nm. utjona) insufferable or unwelcome people uskablig adj. Upphelli-A'. (ON uppgerð) change for the worse in the weather uppge(f)ster nm. 7. (ON upp um eyra) up around the ear. to make one angry uppfostra vw. (ON ør-) a very small creature or thing urek nm. maintain. (ON eyra) hillock < ear. stiff. great disturbance. a big boulder urek nm. coming to light upplopen. spring (of water). putting forward an opinionor proposal. 3. sudden thaw. at vara uppi to be alive. expenses ura nn. gud at upptaki. upphelgi) the 5th day before Christmass upphellidag nm. a spring (of water). maintenance upphalda vw. pl. which suddenly spings up. accounts. 1. good catch. 5. 1. unwell uppkast nn. naughty in manners uppstø nf. to doze. setting up. dað er ingen uppi at kan sija uppilagst adj. at legga uppumjora to put aside. end of a difficult journey uppspre(i)tta nf. 2. to be unwell and dispirited urt nf. 2. harsh. dull utlandisk adj. bailing out water. tire out utmanket adj. ut til helljar the last of a series of Sundays. (ON útíðligr) 1. 2. indolent utiðlig adj. utskjumpet grund =båren grund utslokket adj. outwards. (ON útrák) 1. bad-looking uvar adj. foreign. Sc. unsightly. repulsive-looking utmaga. sudden(ly) . -måga vw. 2. at få ut inn under to recover from illness. to weaken. not born in Fetlar (Fe. hannj fekk vel ut inn under it he got well after it. strange. row of peats uterlig adj. termination. 2. 2.slow. mitt heved er uti my head is aching. later. careless about dress.peevish. 2. peculiar.indecl. 3. 3. that is unlucky to see or meet. ut inn under! gently! go easy! utå 1. utfulegg utgeng nm. see utavidd utvinna vs. new land bought utskattalernm. uvar grund . 2. to accomplish (work). untimely. (ON úþýðr) uncomely. weakened utnes nn. not fished for a long time. departure. -mjaga. projecting ness. du ert ut av minon jogon you're so changed that I can't recognize you utavedeks adv. 2. 1. untidy. usoindalig. 3. 2. exit. 2. repulsive usoindig = 1. vinden er faren ut til the wind is gone outward. 2. backwash of the waves. one who is outside skattald utsk(j)umpet adj. extinguished (of fire). discipline. peevish utset nn. south-easterly or southerly (wind). extension of a cultivated allotment.usoinjdalig adj. 1. 1. check. alongside. 4. 1. utslokket eld. utskjumpet] grund uvara adv. out. unaware(s). offshore tide. utterly exhausted. (ON útíð) untimely utiða(r) adj. gradually. sulky. 2. bilge-water in a boat. 2. to cultivate soil in spring utø adj. outer utfallj nn. bad-looking and undersized. unpleasant uster nm. that comes or does his works at the wrong time. (ON útvídd) odd-looking utbord nm. unlucky. uncomely in appearance. ut veð 1. (ON úþyðligr) 1. 2.). row of something spread out (peats) utrollet adj. to exhaust. setting out. uta-dike's) outside the fenced home-field. ut efter. (ON útlenzkr) 1. outhouse uti adv. (ON útfugl) 1. ouside. (ON utangarðs + Shet. unpleasant. ut til to the very last. at vara uti after eu to meet with bad luck. ugly. fretful utråg nn. outward tide from the shore at the setting in of ebb utful nm. authority ustra vw. 1. unnoticed. (ON útíðar) 1. 3. expense(s). out from land or to sea (= fram). to act with (too great) authoritativeness ut adv.opp.: fishing-ground too much exploited > bare of fish. end. fishing-grounds on the high seas = framhaf uthus nn. 2. a wild bird. point utoitlig adj. taking out (things bought on a credit). durability utvidd adj. 1. ut å dagenon later in the day. birtek uttak nn. that usually comes too late. 1. 3. innavedeks utavidd adj. 2. utgeng årsens uthaf nn. (ON austr) 1. dað var uti fyri honon he had bad luck all the time utið adv. to båren [reket. (ON úvǫrpuligr) hard-handed. strange. not visited (place) uvedrevatsgarð nm. unable vand nm. not allowable vanjd nm. destitute of something. 2. to loosen (peats). (ON vandr adj. ford in a stream. of a person or thing passing). 2. shape. lacking. (ON vaðill) shallow place in water vadmel nn. shape. interj. 3. queer. 2. hannj hever vam veð sjer. vantru van adj. cf. to bewitch. 1. small mill-dam. 2. depression van. to awake. unattractive. having a certain shape or form. disagreeable = illvamd vamgert. (ON vanfœrr) infirm. (ON hvammr. holevað . of certain kind or nature . 1.ON holuvað? vadel nm. 1. name for a big-bellied cow or sheep vamd adj. 1. habit. unaware. magic or hypnotyzing influence from a person. (ON úveðr(a)-vatnsgarðr) 1. hypnotize vama vw. saddle-girth (of a packhorse) vamp nm. glimpse of a person or thing vaitem nn. 2. vjalska vw. home-vowen stuff vaga vw. to deprive one of something vanførdig adj.uvard adj. (ON vanheilsa) delicate health vanhulig adj. 2. unnerve Vama nf. close. rough and careless V vað nn. to be awake vakhus nn. to form. at kasta vam(ið) øver e-on to cast spell. vaim. 1. watch-hill vallja vw. watchhouse vakna vw. noisy talk. drizzling rain uvirpalig adj. (ON vatn?) slimy fluid. heavy rain uvild nf. (ON vanhófligr) forbidden. unsufficiency. to talk indistinctively and imperfectly. noisy and troublesome flock vanhjolsanf. eg kom van af fiski I had a fish on the hook. heedless. 1. velvanjdet. 2. shape. but lost it van nm. (ON vaðmál) thick woollen. having too great speed. 2.nm. fluent chatter full of fun. to stir. arrange. headlong. skump < skum) hollow. hannj er vaknað åitte the wind has begun to blow vakt nf. form vanjda vw. wand) fishing-rod vanga nf. swim on top. (ON vani) 1. 1. 2. babble vam nn. mysterious.Sc. unnoticed. care and ability in working. to waddle vaga vw. not exploited. to put in order. (ON vǫmb?) belly-band. to adapt. 2. halo round the moon.) 1.prefix: lack. 2. come to motion. (ON vǫndr + L. 3. usage vana vw. 3. custom. fit vanjdet adj. thin matter vakavw. 4. vanvun. unawares. (ON valla) to wander about valska. vjalska nf. loquacity. to to take shape. dað er vjalska å djer you're merry and talkative valska. (ON vandaðr) 1. form (esp. cake! Oh vaga piddi! vagdum nm. at vara var av e-u. 2. pay attention to a warning or reminder varigad nm. take dog vara(n)!. 2. orphan. wary. 2. to show one attention. (ON varðlokka?) to take away the profit of a piece of land by witchcraft varlin nf. hopeless.) 1. 2. halo round the sun or moon. water.. ill-luck.2. 1. promising. 3. exhausted. poor creature. varga vs. ve vare djer! woe to you! shame upon you! (ON vé verði þér!) tvit varge djer! (ON tvít verði þér!) varbak nm. 3. vara hana! vara hannj aldri! have nothing to do with her! don't mind him! vara vw. (ON vanvirði) 1. 3. unbelief. (ON vǫr) 1. vatnsdudla (Foula) vatnsferð [vatshfer] nf. 1. unaware. 2. at taka vara to heed. friendless vanlukk nf. edge of the lip of a fish var nn.) varlos adj. (ON varmaðkr?) species of larva varg nm. du hever lagt dað burt fyri vatnsferð you have put it aside for a meantime vatnsgarð. awkward varnagl nm. sow varsna vw. to make a stroke with the oar. water-pail. 3. dað er meri vanlig [vanligere]I like that better vanlos adj. unruly animal. 1. having no ability to execute fine work. (ON L. (ON vandleysi) awkwardness. sea. throw varpa vw.vanjdlos adj. 2. verða 'to become') 1. at taka sog varan. to perform dirty work vari nm. attentive. cautious.: fyri vatnsferð = temporarily. (Nor. large and ungraceful object varga vw. (ON veizla) kind of a tax vatn nn. 2. inattentive. lip. indicating rain vaittaband nn. to beware of. 2. like him better. 1. wave vatnsdollja nf. 1. defile. to become (future of 'to be'). the first observation or perception of something var adj. to have a suspicion of something. attention. (ON vera 'to be'. to row the boat a short way on or back. lonely. greedy person. to be careful. -gårð nm. 1. 2. heed. 2. lake. 2. (ON vǫttr �mitten�) woollen band < mitten-band . 2. vara) 1. sad-looking. (ON versna) to get worse varla vw. to be. agreeable. 1. slightly deformed. to cast out seed. that makes good impression. lacking handiness. misfortune vantrivenn adj. awkward vanjdlosi nf. helpful. 2. quickly and loosely. taking heed of something. hannj fekk dað fyri vanvirdi. aware. 2. (ON verpa vs.ill-thriven vantru nf.Sc. worthless vanvorden adj. to soil. unwell var nf.hannj er meri vanlig [vanligere] I value him more. to care. ware-)small cod varisa vw. 3. sjuen er var av honon [di] the commotion in the sea indicates rough weather vara vw. careless. pørligt vanvirdi vanvirdig adj. hesitate varp nn. lack of judgement and handiness vanlig adj. to drift a little to one side vara. convenient. cast. to be doubtful. wary. 1. (ON varlína) spare line (in fish. attentive. 3. 4. throw. (ON vara(sk)) 1. mistrust = mistru vanvird nn. 1. 3. varpa vw. 4. to cast. (ON varnagli) wooden nail or pin vatl nf. thing of little value. (ON varðlokka?) superstitious formulaor custom versmoja nf.2. (ON *vemba) stomach of a ling ven adj. ven nåitt vender nn. to move. (ON vænn) fine. worsted tied round soft bait vava vw. woof veptaslu nf. ve vari djer! woe to you! veda nf. (ON veita) wet. with. to cause to tangle ve interj. turning venjda vw. faint veggvol nm. wooden bolt of a door vid nm. sister-in-law vestren adj. withy. virdi nn. anything useless and of poor quality ver nn. 1. (ON ver) skerry where sea-birds breed verdi.vav nn. fram veð in a line with something farther off. rain of moderate force and density vellin nn. troublesome vik nf. water T vedek nm. make room (in the boat)! = veð venjd dog! (ON við vend þér!) venjdra vw. 3. utmed). morass veljta vw. 2. to move with a slow gait vavla vw. 1. to answer. fairly good. venjde dog! 1. timber. inn veð in a line with something farther in.ve vari woe betide. day of (fine) weather veð prep. tall cabbage-stalk viga vs. stripe vederbiter nm. mud. (ON vestroenn) western vetring nm. move a little to one side!. (ON valjdi) to choose. 2. litli helljer fram veð [in veð] a little cave in a line with something farther in veg nm. (ON vefja) to tie worsted round soft bait vavra vw. (ON vei) to invoke evil upon somebody. 2. (ON velviljaðr) obliging vemba nf. a one years old cow-calf vev nn. (ON *viðguligr?) noisy. (ON vǫlsi) large cylindrical figure velvilljet adj. select veljta nf. in a line with. 3. to turn. wood. vend dig!). hannj er mukkið ven i nåitt. (ON vélendi) oesophagus velsi nm. (ON viðr) crooced piece of wood vegavw. overturned position. small tree. growth of trees vidja [dzh] nf. ut veð to south/south-east. 3. mire. turn around! (Da. 1. bright and calm (of weather). (ON vafra �to roam�) 1. vek ok vanvørdig vel nn. narrow stream. to turn in a certain direction venlig adj. see also attavelta. along the outward side (Nor. (ON veikjast?) to fal into swoon. reply viggelju adj. (ON veikr) weak. wag. 2. to shake (from weakness or cold). choice. crooked piece of wood. 2. attivelt veljta nf. to trudge laboriously through mire and mud vell nn. 3. 1. selection velavirdi (ON vel verði (þér)) thanks God! velja vw. upp veð to west/north-west. ditch for draining water. (ON viðja) 1. not bad (weather) vept nm. strip of field prepared with spade or ploughed. (ON víkja) 1. along. 2. inlet. 2. at venjda sog to turn oneself. (ON veggvölr) wooden post stuck into the byre-wall vek adj. stir. prop. mock-sun vederdag nm. small and mostly open bay . pile of peats virdi nn. 5. (ON virða) to value. to show out.vik nn. to answer. thing). utter. wisp.pl. feeble and awkward virka vw. disposition (for evil). (ON væng-knúi) the wing joint < wing-knuckle vinna vs. pase. starve. languid. core of a boil virslin adj.: illar vister: slight oath. to get to move. feeble. 2. Fær. the holy week. window vingsnju nm. vika) 1. to know. powerless virt nf. feeling vir nm. (ON Nor. 2. vikka vs. (ON villask) to lose one's way. loose worsted. to throw up. insist. wirsam) "boil-mother". pays) voksen adj. 1. vágsmóðir + L. bundle (of straw) vindog nn. (ON vitra) to inform (one of something) vitsja vw. hvat er virnað av di? what has become of it? virpa nf. sour virsammoder nf. deflexion. (ON veðrlamb?) male lamb vil nn. to entice. vik monnjsens vika. 1. suit vill nm. 4. strength. 3. to visit. (ON verða?) to become. vitjferð nf. temporarily. (ON villr) having lost one's way villa vw. 2. wish for something vita vpp. 3. drive. 2. infusion of malt. (ON vika) week. (ON virði 'value') 1. to go from house to house gathering gossips. small intestines villsom adj. hannj var virin av sinni ø. to move (a little). hon mundi ikke vita she wouldn't insist upon anything else vitra vw. to cast. vomit. shrivel. give honon sikket at visa honon burt visek nm. to express. virin (def. 2. to perform a laborious work. a great beauty (Edm. Passions-week (L. loosely vjoget adj. santa voga 1st week in June. ballad visna vw. eg kann ikke vinna at di I can't manage to get it done this time vir nn. very sour milk or bland < something that cast its proper taste virpa vw. go astray villarø nn. 2.Sc. good essential quality. totry to get rid of something with tricks. (ON vísa) folk-song. (ON Fær. pasavoga Easter-week. (ON víkja. at gånga vitsjandi (um) = at gånga millja husa vitsjferð.) virda vw. 1. spirits.) the best or most prominent. 1. 2. (ON bylr?) squall of wind vill nf. incapable.Sc. to earn profitor wages. estimate virdek nm. 1. seduce. bogen) 1. small cairn. worry vister nf. corner. at visa burt/fram. half-rotten. (ON villa) the state of having lost one's way vill adj. (ON veðr 'weather') scent. (ON vísa) 1. hannj virpaði upp sinn måga virpet adj. annoy. 3. to keep to one's opinion. 2. spoiled voga vw. curve. (ON virka) to knit virma vw. to wither. half-sour. wort visa vw. at virma årana virna vw. that leads one astray vindli nm. Nor. excelent person (animal. to manage to do something. calculated quantity of hay virdlos adj. (past vann) 1. misleading. 1. foolish talk. acrid. at vinna vårið to perform the spring work. 2. plague. 3. 2. to fit. somewhat sour. 3. dað er ikke virdi i di.4.pl. poor. strong taste of something. 3. nonsense villi nm. inclination. (ON hverfa) to break.: fyri vitsfer: for a short time. grown-up . 2. 2. 1. at hava i vun to have in prospect vunavw. lye. brisk. 2. (ON álka) auk. alca vålmenn adj. thriving. 2. large prominent hill våring nm. active. post. to wake. of a certain form or kind. hope. see veggvol vollj nm. (ON allharðr adj. 1. 4. (ON vaka) 1. 2. to howl. conditioned voss nn. 2. in good condition. 4. murmur. to venture to go from 1 place to another. gud i vokstri. wagen) 1. great number of things våmd adj. ingen båt kundi hava vågað ut til Estramynnis våker adj. (ON varði) mountain-top. creek (somewhat more indented than vik) våd nf. to stay long on oneplace. (ON vágen < Germ. half-rotten vång nm. expectation. 3. low sound. water in which somthing is bioled vun nf. 2. Dat. (ON vakr) 1. a common vålmø nm. (right) mode of bearing. (ON vǫðvi) 1. (ON Da. 2. (ON vǫlr) piece of wood. 3. of verða) 1. to make a slight remark.) vålmenning nm.sg vå) bay. paved landing-place. energy. 2.) sea-bottom T. murmur ympra vw. (ON vaða) shoal of fish on the surface of the water våga vw. to hope. hannj kann ikke våga seg ut frå eljdenon. (ON vasta) unsheltered place Y ymper nn. at våga (sog) ut. eg kann ikke vorda mog ut vorden adj. muscle. piece of pasture for a cow vår nn. hannj hever fengið voksteren he grows faster than boys usually do. (ON vǫllr. (ON vármœði?) great weariness. common (subst. sourish (fish). de kundi aldri ympra at gånga til havsens å so pørligon [illjon] dagi . be out very late våga vw.pl. attempt. insipid. stale. (ON almúgi) 1. 1. spring. small oar < år vårmø nn. varar) wharf. venture. fishing-ground vålka nf. growth. 2. nauseous. vellir) flat.3. pp. too fresh (fish) vålhard nm.sg. wail (esp. dað er vokster å honon. physical form. 2. båten kom øver vyrrena vyvdi nm. 1. Dat. low-lying piece of ground vorda vw. 2. enterprise. 2. digging of the soil in spring vård nm. hint at something. juice. deportment. (ON forða?): vorda sog to move aboot feebly and wearily. wind-dried vå nm. hon kleddi sog veð vokstri she dressed herself quickly vol nm. of the cat) vålin adj. strong.vokster nm. wind-dried meat vyvdet adj. seal < håring vårlek nm. exhaustion våsta nf. to venture. wellfed and healthy våla vw. velli. Nom. (ON vágr. in a certain state. 2. (ON vorðinn. to dare. (ON vǫxtr) 1. large assembly of people. (ON vǫrr. stick. 3. os) 1. expect vyrr nf.4. additional mark in a sheep's ear åbrigda nf. (ON yfirhǫnd) upperhand. power over another Å å. åd silleka. 1. (ON aptr) at the back of. 1. 2. hot vapour. middling. du hever bygt skruna . great heat. 2. fence around fields. sea-foam åita adv. (Nor. (ON eyja) island. a channel in the sea-bottom ålament adj. to move slowly. basking shark < håbrigda åd nn. pasture-land inside the fence (utbet). (ON ytri) outer. warm vapour øla vw. jog nf. vapour rising from and lying low down over the earth ågedu nn. ørða dað upp åitte!. destruction. corner. (ONœðask?) to long for. ødna nf. mould (of fiellds) åger nm. ul nm. steam ømta vw. (ON ymta. stretch of fertile land øl. (Gen. (ON aða) horse-mussel øja nf. to mutter inarticulate sounds ød adj. to be infested with vermin ågagot nn. also heon ø vw. over. sultry ønnj nf. to smoke. mode of behaviour. warm. (ON ǫnd?) oppressive or sultry heat ørða vw. medium. 3. (ON vað) a shoal of fish. (ON ǫrðga) to raise. adj. dissipation øf nn. at sleppa åkregårðenon to open [let go] the fence ål nm. 1. . ill-thriven). (ON ofhiti?) intense heat.Ø ø nf. a strip of meadow or field. behind åkregård nm. 1. (ON ylja) to evaporate øljd great heat outdoors øma vw. weeds growing among the corn ågemuld nf. (ON háleikmegnðr?. háleikr 'height') situated high up. sulen er i ålementari loftthe sun is very high up in the sky. to creep. strange conduct åga vs. œmta) to hint. large and good in quality. 2. the zenith region. a little child (weak. nook øni adj. at ørða upp djurið to revive an animal øter(li) adj. 2. at legga e-t i øtnu to destroy. mention ønjd nf. island. (ON ylr) 1.. 2. 2. wait impatiently (of cattle) ødlør adj. crawl. hot current øg. the highrer strata of air.sg år) stream ål nm. silleksåd ådborð nm. (ON ál) eel åbregd nn. øydnad) waste. Vuru hestarne feter [sjogger]? Bara ødlører. 2. øterli gamelt ord one exceedingly old øtna nf. receding tide øja nf. upper øverhand nf. piri ågagot ågedu nm. lift up. (ON iða) whirlpool. ålamenta loften 1. exaggerated øda vw. lay waste øver prep. vå nf. moist heat. backwash of breakers (waves) åvedek nm. speed. exertion. hanjdi. wooden plough årlið nf. hannepaa . Toljegsåp. to breathe. (ON önd) warm current of airor breeze ånda vw. necessity åtak nn. a common. hannister. 2.jølop. heavy sleep till late in the forenoon årdiklov nm. attack of illness (caused by witchcraft) ålup nn. (ON áviðr?) punishment Åvik nm. pieces of wood laid between or across the laths (de langbands) in a roof åvi nm. 2. animal breaking into tje home-field åtterskodd nn. deluge åset nn.upp i ålamentu loftena you've built that cornstack to high. warm breeze ånjdi adj. kuen er falljen åveljter åvi nm. morning nap. cf. (ON aptann) eve of a feast. he or she whom you know. Døt. adv. ålmark nm. (ON and-ga-staða?) contrary wind åkast nn. day before a holiday. see vålmenning ånjd nf. at vara i åtaki to be excited åp nn. to produce a faint. 2. hearth. effort. (ON árhlíð) opening in the base of a stone wall where a burn runs årn nm.indecl.1. fallen or turned over and unable to rise. metaph. hearthstone åsøker nm. (ON klovi) ancient Shetl. haipernor. dam by which water is lead in another direction åveljter adj. (ON áhlaup) downpoor of rain. 1. 1. great pressure. taking on. scolding. small T ånjdibit nn. pressure. 1. great haste. Tammasmessåp årdedoit nn. small ling ålmenn. 2. ketlen er uppi i ålamentu lofteni the plot is hanging far too high up over the fire ållek nm. small piece of bait ångastø nf.. working hard at something.