Durability Properties of Concrete with Natural sandand Manufactured sand P.M.Shanmugavadivu R.Malathy Asst.Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Principal, Excel Engineering College Sona College of technology Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India Salem, Tamilnadu, India line 3: City, Country
[email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The Concrete is a mixture which generally consists of When designing a concrete mix or designing a concrete cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Natural river structure, the exposure condition at which the concrete is sand is the most commonly used material as fine aggregate in supposed to withstand is to be assessed in the beginning with concrete. It has been already proved that the conventional good judgment. In case of foundation, the soil characteristics concrete containing natural sand is having good strength and are also required to be investigated. durability properties. Nowadays there is a lot of demand for the natural sand in the world. So it’s the time for us to discover a In the past only strength of concrete was considered in the new alternative material for replacing the sand. Many concrete mix design procedure assuming the strength of researchers are going on the replacement of fine aggregate by concrete is an important factor for all other desirable properties various industrial wastes like fly ash, pond ash, recycled of concrete including durability. Although compressive aggregate, crushed glass, quarry waste, etc., strength is a measure of durability to a great extent it is not entirely true that the strong concrete is always a durable In this paper one of the industrial wastes such as manufactured concrete. In order to predict the durability properties of sand is used as fine aggregate in concrete. Manufactured sand concrete the following test are carried out and resulted down can be defined as residue, tailing or other non-valuable material here. after the extraction. Here the various durability tests are discussed for M30 grade concrete with natural sand and manufactured sand is used as fine aggregate. The various tests II. LITERATURE REVIEW performed are alkali aggregate reaction test, chemical attack, Sawich.Z. and Heng S.S. (1995) studied the influence of rapid chloride ion penetration and water permeability test. From powdered limestone and W/C ratio on the durability of the test results it is observed that the concrete blended with 30 % concrete in 5% Na2SO4. The results shows that a beneficial natural sand and 70 % manufactured sand having good influence of a powdered lime stone on concrete durability was durability properties. observed when w/c < 0.6. Above this value the powdered lime Keywords-Manufactured sand, Alkali aggregate reaction, stone has almost no essential effect on sulphate resistance. R. Ilangovan, N. Mahendran and K. Nagamani (2000) made a Chemical attack, Rapid chloride penetration, Water permeability. study on concrete by 100% replacement of natural sand by quarry dust. They concluded that the compressive strength, I. INTRODUCTION flexural strength and durability properties of concrete made of quarry dust are nearly 10% more than the conventional For a long time concrete was considered to be a durable concrete. K.Perumal and R.Sundarajan (2003) reported that the material requiring little or no maintenance. It is true, except quarry rock dust could be used as alternative replacement of when it is subjected to highly aggressive environment. Now a natural sand in concrete. They observed that using quarry rock days concrete structure are built in highly polluted urban and dust reduces the cost without affecting the strength. They industrial areas, aggressive marine environments, harmful sub- concluded that the weight loss and strength of concrete with soil water in coastal area and many other hostile conditions. quarry rock dust is considerably less. Nisnevich.M., et al The environmental pollution is increasing day by day at (2003) studied when Crushed sand is blended with natural particularly in urban areas due to industrial atmosphere. So it is sand, which reduces the volume of voids as 41 – 46% and also necessary to concentrate on durability of the concrete reduces the required water content. They found that the structures. optimum percentage of crushed sand to natural sand is 1: 1.5 The durability of the concrete is defined as its ability to (or) 1.5: 1. Stella L.Marusin (2003) has investigated the resist weathering action, chemical attack, or any other process reversible reaction of sodium sulphate solution on concrete. of deterioration. Durable concrete will retain its original from, Salvador Villalobos.,et al (2005) studied the evaluation, testing quality and serviceability when exposed to its environment. and comparison between the crushed manufactured sand and natural sand. They concluded that the blended manufactured sand can be utilized in concrete. Karthik Obla, Colin lobo, Proc. of the International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011) Copyright © 2011 RG Education Society ISBN: 978-981-08-7931-0 368 Proc. of the International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011) Lionel lemay (2005) have made a study on durability 8 30% N.S – 70% 2.60 2.50 1.80 NIL I properties of concrete. They informed that the compressive M.S strength loss considerably low in concrete with quarry rock 9 20% N.S – 80% 2.59 2.63 2.26 NIL I M.S waste compared to conventional concrete. Leslie Struble 10 10% N.S – 90% 2.52 2.52 2.41 NIL I (2005) has made a study on durability of concrete and he has M.S suggested many methods for improving concrete durability 11 0% N.S – 100% 2.56 2.51 4.44 NIL I properties. Md Saffiuddin,S.N.Raman, M.F.M.Zain (2007) M.S investigated the utilization of quarry waste fine aggregate in concrete mixtures. They concluded that the use of rock dust Natural Sand – N.S, Manufactured Sand – M.S, Specific Gravity – G, Fineness modulus – F.M, Surface moisture – S.M, Water absorption – W.A enhancing the durability of concrete. Ilangovan.R et al., (2008) studied the ”Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Results and Discussion containing Quarry Rock Dust as Fine Aggregate” It was found that the compressive, flexural strength and durability studies of concrete made of quarry rock dust are nearly10% more than the Table 1 show that the properties of cement are within the conventional concrete. allowable limits. From Table 2, it is observed that the properties of coarse aggregate values satisfy the standards. III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Table 3 gives the properties of natural river sand and manufactured sand. From Table 3, it is noticed that the The materials used are Portland pozzolana cement, Natural Fineness modulus values of fine aggregate is increased with the River sand, Manufactured sand, 20 mm down size Coarse increase in percentage of manufactured sand. i.e., the fine aggregate. The properties of materials are shown in Tables 1, 2 aggregate content changes from the Zone III to Zone I. This & 3. means the fine aggregate content is from fine to coarse while increasing the quantity of manufactured sand. It is observed TABLE I. PROPERTIES OF CEMENT that the surface moisture content of fine aggregate is increased while increasing the proportions of manufactured sand. This S.No Description Values may be due to the manufactured sand is washed with water. 1 Specific gravity 3.15 2 Fineness(bysieve analyis) 4.6% IV. MIX PROPORTIONS FOR M 30 GRADE 3 Consistency 29% CONCRETE 4 Initial setting time 110 The mix design is prepared for various proportions of M30 minutes grade concrete. It is shown in Table4. TABLE II. PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE TABLE IV. MIX PROPORTIONS FOR M 30 GRADE CONCRETE S.No Description Values Proportions Cement: F.A : C.A : W/C 1 Specific gravity 2.73 2 Bulk density 1653.06 A 1: 1.31 : 3.09 / 0.49 kg/m3 3 Surface moisture 0.086% B 1 : 1.30 : 3.09 / 0.48 4 Water absorption 1.00% 5 Fineness modulus 6.98 C 1 : 1.33 : 3.02 / 0.48 D 1 : 1.40 : 2.95 / 0.47 TABLE III. PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE E 1 : 1.40 : 2.95 / 0.47 S.NO Proportions G F.M S.M W.A ZONE (%) (%) 1 100% N.S – 0% 2.59 2.21 0.11 0.09 III F 1 : 1.41 : 2.95 / 0.47 M.S 2 90% N.S – 10% 2.57 2.23 0.35 0.07 III M.S G 1 : 1.47 : 2.95 / 0.46 3 80% N.S – 20% 2.50 2.27 0.67 0.05 II M.S H 1 : 1.47 : 2.95 / 0.46 4 70% N.S – 30% 2.50 2.41 0.91 0.04 I M.S 5 60% N.S – 40% 2.50 2.39 1.06 0.03 I I 1 : 1.47 : 2.95 / 0.46 M.S 6 50 % N.S – 50% 2.51 2.38 1.31 0.02 I J 1 : 1.43 : 2.95 / 0.45 M.S 7 40 % N.S – 60% 2.61 2.60 1.66 0.01 I M.S 369 Proc. of the International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011) B. Chemical attack K 1 : 1.47 : 2.95 / 0.44 For performing the chemical attack, the tests namely acid attack, chloride attack and sulphate attack are conducted. For each test 9 cubes of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm are cast Results and Discussion for M 30 grade concrete. The weight and the compressive strength at the end of 28 days are calculated and they are placed in the sulphuric acid, sodium chloride and sodium From Table 4 it is found that the quantity of fine aggregate sulphate solutions of 0.1Normality. The weight loss and the increases while using the manufactured sand. This may be due loss in compressive strength of the concrete cubes are to the high specific gravity of manufactured sand. It is also calculated. observed that the w/c ratio is reduced with the increase in percentage of manufactured sand. This may be due to the high Loss of weight due to acid attack 0.6 surface moisture content of the manufactured sand. L o ss o f w e ig h t in % 0.5 0.4 V. TESTING DETAILS 0.3 M 30 A 0.2 M 30 B A. Alkali aggregate reaction test 0.1 M 30 C 0 This test is conducted as per IS: 2386 (Part 7) – 1963. This 7th 14th 21st 28th 56th 90th 180 365 test is developed to provide a way to identify reactive day day day day day day days days aggregates. The mortar bars (25mm x 25 mm x 250 mm) are cast with cement and fine aggregate in the ratio of 1:3 and LossAge of weight in daysin % water / cement ratio of 0.47. Three mortar prisms are cast. The mortar prisms are cured for 24 hours in a room at 21 ± 2°C, Figure 2. Loss of weights due to acid attack demoulded, and immersed in water in a closed container maintained at 80°C. After 24 hours, the length of the specimens is measured. They are then immersed in a closed container of 1M sodium hydroxide solution maintained at 80°C. The Loss of weight due to chloride attack L o ss o f w eig h t in % 0.6 specimens are removed periodically from the containers and 0.5 M 30 A measured before significant cooling can occur. The length 0.4 M 30 B change of the prisms is measured up to 32 days after casting. 0.3 0.2 M 30 C 0.1 Alkali aggrgate reaction test 0 0.25 7th 14th 21st 28th 56th 90th 180 365 Percentage Expansion day day day day day day days days 0.2 100 % Natural Sand P ercen tag e E x p an sio n LossAge of weight in daysin % 0.15 Percentage Expansion 0.1 70 % Manufactured sand Figure 3. Loss of weights due to chloride attack 0.05 Percentage Expansion 100 % Manufactured 0 sand 0 10 20 30 40 Loss of weight due to sulphate attack -0.05 0.8 L o ss o f w e ig h t in % Age in days 0.7 0.6 M30 A 0.5 0.4 M30 B Figure 1. Alkali aggregate reaction test results 0.3 M30 C 0.2 0.1 Results & Discussion 0 7th 14th 21st 28th 56th 90th 180th 365th Figure 1 shows the alkali aggregate reaction test results. day day day day day day day day From the figure, it is observed that the Percentage expansion is Loss of weight Age due toin sulphate days attack in % reduced for manufactured sand. This may be due to the grain size of the manufactured sand is coarser and the better packing is developed. Due to the better packing the presence of Figure 4. Loss of weights due to sulphate attack moisture is reduced, So that the percentage expansion is less in manufactured sand. The test results indicate that the reactive silica in manufactured sand is less when compared to natural river sand. So the manufactured sand is harmless. 370 Proc. of the International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011) Loss of strength due to acid attack allowed to dry for 2 days and the four faces of the cubes are L o ss o f stren g th in 14 M30 A painted to prevent the penetration of water from sides. Then the 12 10 top surface is effectively sealed to achieve water tightness. M30 B 8 Glass bottles are kept in position to collect the water % 6 M30 C 4 percolating through the specimen. Compressor is started and 2 the pressure is applied at the rate of 0.5 MPa to the water 0 column. The quantity of water passing through the cube is d ay 2 1 st 365 7 th 1 4 th d ay 2 8 th 5 6 th 9 0 th 1 8 0 th d ay d ay d ay d ay d ay th collected at the bottom, in the glass bottle through the funnel, Loss of strength Agedue in to days acid attack in % being maintained in humid atmosphere to prevent losses due to evaporation. The operating pressure, quantity of water collected, time of observation etc., at intervals is recorded. The Figure 5. Loss of strength due to acid attack test is continued till the uniform rate of flow is obtained. The co-efficient of permeability is calculated using the formula K=QL/ATH Loss of strength due to chloride attack L o ss o f stren g th in % 8 7 6 5 4 3 Permeability Test 2 12 coefficient x10- 1 M30 A Permeability 0 10 7cm/sec 7th 14th 21st 28th 56th 90th 180th 365 M30 B 8 day day day day day day day th M30 C 6 day 4 2 Loss of strengthAge due to in days chloride attack in % 0 A B C Figure 6. Loss of strength due to chloride attack Proportions M30 Figure 8. Water permeability test L o ss o f stre n g th in Loss of strength due to sulphate attack 20 15 Results and Discussion 10 M30 A % 5 M30 B Figure 4 shows the water permeability test. From the 0 7th 14th 21st 28th 56th 90th 180th 365 M30 C Figure, it is noted that the permeability values are reduced day day day day day day day th while using the manufactured sand. This may be due to the less day voids of better interlocking bond between the aggregate and Loss of strengthAge dueintodays sulphate attack in % cement paste. Figure 7. Loss of strength due to sulphate attack D. Rapid chloride penetration test In the AASHTO T277 (ASTM C1202) test, a water-saturated, Results and Discussion 50 mm thick, 100 mm diameter concrete specimen is placed in Figure 2 shows the losses in weight of the concrete cubes in one reservoir contains 3.0 % NaCl solution and another acid, chloride and sulphate attack at various periods. From the reservoir contains 0.3 M NaOH solution and subjected to a 60 Figure, it is observed that the weight losses are lesser in V applied DC voltage for 6 hours. The total charge passed is manufactured sand and it is least for the optimum proportion of determined and this is used to rate the concrete. 70 % of manufactured sand when compared to the concrete with natural river sand. This may be due to the less entry of the solution in to the pores of concrete. Figure 3 shows the strength Rapid chloride permeability Test losses of the concrete cubes in acid, chloride and sulphate 4000 Ch arg es p assed in attack at various periods. It is noticed that the strength losses co u lo u m b s 3000 are lesser in manufactured sand and it is least for the optimum proportion of 70 % of manufactured sand when compared to 2000 the concrete with natural river sand. Due to the better 1000 interlocking of manufactured sand, the loss of strength is less in 0 manufactured sand. A B C C. Permeability test Proportions M30 The test is conducted as per IS: 3085 (Part 7) – 1963. The standard cubes of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm are cast Figure 9. Rapid chloride permeability test and cured for 28 days. After curing period, it is taken out and 371 Proc. of the International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011) Results and Discussion Figure 5 shows the rapid chloride penetration test results. From the Figure, it is found that the chloride ion penetrability is high for concrete with natural sand and it is reduced while using manufactured sand. This may be due to the grain size of the manufactured sand is coarser and the better packing is developed. Due to the better packing the permeability of the concrete is reduced. From the above results, it is observed that the optimum proportion of 70 % manufactured sand gives better results. VI. CONCLUSION The percentage expansion due to alkali aggregate reaction is 17 % less while using the manufactured sand. The weight loss due to acid attack, chloride attack and sulphate attack is reduced as 25 – 40 % while using 70 percentages of manufactured sand. The loss in compressive strength due to acid attack, chloride attack and sulphate attack is reduced as 2 - 8 % for the optimum proportion of manufactured sand. The permeability of the concrete with manufactured sand is 20 % less when compared to the natural river sand. The chloride ion penetration is less for the concrete with manufactured sand and it is also reduced for high grades of concrete REFERENCES [1] Abhay Kumar jain (2003) “study on addition of superplasticizer to increase concrete’s resistance to sulfuric acid”Aggregate coatings effect on concrete pavement” [2] Ilangovan,R.,(2000) “Studies on Strength and behaviour of concrete by using quarry waste as fine aggregate” , Proceedings of All India Seminar on Materials and Machines for construction, New Age International, pp991-102. 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