Goalfinder Classes –Math Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, Data InterpretationClasses Higher Education System : Governance, Polity And Administration Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1 Total number of Pages: 139 Portion covered till CBSE NET December 2015 For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp 1 Goalfinder.com Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ① Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1 Higher Education System: Governance, Polity And Administration Table of Content Section: Higher Education Indian Education system, an Introduction 1 University Facts 2 Distance Education Programs 4 Objective of a University 5 Universities and Institutes 5 Central universities 6 State Public Universities 7 State Private Universities or Private universities 7 Deemed University 8 Open Universities 9 Institute of National Importance 10 Other Institute 10 Autonomous/Non-Autonomous Institutes & Deemed/Private Universities 11 Meta University 16 Accreditation and Recognition of Higher Education Institutions 19 Educational Bodies: UGC 25 Educational Bodies under UGC 28 Other educational bodies: AICTE, CABE, CSIR etc. 30 Section: Governance, Polity and administration 43 Structure of Government of India 44 The President of India 45 8 - Powers of President 47 Pleasure of the president 52 Vice President of India 53 Advocate General 56 Parliament in India (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha with their Secretariats) 57 Lok Sabha 58 Rajya Sabha 61 Session of parliament 62 Parliament prorogation and dissolution 62 Rajya Sabha Secretariat 64 Indian Elections -Scale of Operation 66 Legislative Assemblies 69 www.goalfinder.com Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ② State Assemblies 70 Governors and Lieutenant Governors 71 Union Territory 73 Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayats and Urban administration 74 Attorney General of India 77 The Solicitor General of India 78 Natural Justice 78 The Supreme Court of India 80 High Court 83 Division of powers between the Centre and the States 83 Federal System in India 87 Devolution of power to local Government institutions 88 Emergencies 88 Tools of good governance 90 Important Committees of Administrative Reforms since Independence 91 Government Bodies and Schemes 98 Constitution of India 109 Education and Constitution 114 Appendix States and UT: No of Union Territories ( High Court, capital of states) 121 Composition by states and territories 122 List of Vidhan Sabhas 123 List of Central Universities 124 Institutions of National Importance 129 Union List 132 State List 135 Concurrent List 137 Indian Currency Notes 139 For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp www.goalfinder.com Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ③ Sample Higher Education Indian Higher Education system, an Introduction: At the time of independence there were almost 20 universities and 500 affiliated colleges with the students of near about 1 lakh students in India. The first education commission in independent India, Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-49) also recommended for the establishment of UGC. Secondary Education Commission (1952) pioneered a system of 3 year secondary and 4 year higher education. Indian Education Commission (1964) recommended for the introduction of 3 year Degree course and 4 year Honours Degree course. The National Policy on Education (1968) recommended 10+2+3 pattern of educational system. The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In addition, 16 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination. The types of universities controlled by the UGC include Central universities, State universities, Deemed universities and Private universities. Type and number of Institution: (1) University/University Level Institutions (2) Colleges/Institutions - affiliated/recognized with University (3) Stand-alone Institutions - not affiliated/recognized with University Normally the type of institutions are: 2015 data 1. Central University 43 2. Central Open University 1 3. Institute of national importance 69 4. State Public University 316 5. State Open University 13 6. State Private University 176 7. State Private Open University 1 8. Institute under State Legislature Act 5 9. Deemed University Government 37 10. Deemed University Government Aided 11 11. Deemed University Private 79 12. Others 6 --------------------- 757 For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp www.goalfinder.com Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ④ University Facts Universities established by an Act of Parliament known as Central Universities By State Legislature known as State Universities. Universities that can award their degrees by central government notification are known as Deemed Universities. Prestigious institutions recognized as higher educational institutes by Parliament are known as Institutes of National Importance. These Institutions may be both government-aided - unaided and public -private. Open University - A University which imparts education exclusively through distance education in any branch or branches of knowledge. Rajasthan , Up, Tamilnadu have maximum universities of 64,64,58 respectively. Chandigarh, Mizoram,Telengana have the least 3 universities each, Goa has only 2. In UTs of, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Daman & Diu and Lakshadweep, there is no University. Delhi has 27 universities. UP has maximum number of colleges (5922) Lakshadweep has 0 colleges. MHRD website for 2016 shows that there exist near 45 Central universities 343 State Public univ (Feb 16, 2016) Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 228 state private univ (14 Feb 2016) No. of universities 667 723 757 No. of colleges 35,525 36,634 38,056 No. of standalone institutions 11,565 11,664 11,922 130 Deemed Enrolment in higher education (total in Crores) 3.01 3.23 3.33 ------------- 746 Men 1.67 1.75 1.79 74 Institutes of National Importance Women 1.35 1.48 1.54 ----------------------------- Gross enrolment ratio (total) 21.5 23.0 23.6 820 degree granting institute Men 22.7 23.9 24.5 Women 20.1 22.0 22.7 Source Ministry of HRD (Some difference in the data is there as the above data is the latest from MHRD site, the tabular data is All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) an arm of MHRD that compiled the stats in 2015). 38056 colleges and 11922 Stand Alone institutes. Distance enrolment constitutes 12.15% of the total enrolment in higher education, of which 45.39% are female students. www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑤ State Public Universities A university established or incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a State Legislature Act is called a State University. The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the University of Calcutta, the University of Madras and the University of Mumbai. State universities are run and funded by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act. Although development of State Universities is primarily the concern of State Governments, development grants, including grants under special schemes, are provided to all eligible state universities by the centre. Such grants facilitate the creation, augmentation and up-gradation of infrastructural facilities that are not normally available from the State government or other sources of funds. Following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950, education became a state responsibility. Following a constitutional change in 1976, it became a joint responsibility of the states and the central government The UGC maintained list of 343 state universities out of which it lists 204 universities fit to receive Central/UGC assistance and 139 unfit to do so (as on 16 February,2016) As per section 12(B) of the UGC Act, State Universities established after June 17, 1972 shall not be eligible to receive any grant from the Central Government, UGC or any other organisation receiving funds from the Govt. of India, unless the Commission satisfies itself, as per the prescribed norms and procedures, that such a university is fit to receive grants. It does not allocate plan funds to exclusive medical and agriculture universities. Special grants are being provided to other State Universities including Agricultural Universities having Engineering and Technology Departments. Note that most State Universities are "affiliating universities" in that they administer a large number of "affiliated colleges" (many located in very small towns) that typically offer a range of undergraduate courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer PhD programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university. State Private Universities or Private universities A State Private University is a university established through a State/Central Act by a sponsoring body viz. A Society registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, or any other corresponding law for the time being in force in a State or a Public Trust or a Company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑥ Example: Amity University, Career Point University, ICFAI University, JK Lakshmipat University, NIIT University etc. o It generates its own funds. The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) National Board of Accreditation Similar to NAAC is NBA, another important accredititation body. National Board of Accreditation (NBA) which was set up in 1994 under Section 10(u) of the AICTE Act awards accreditation status to programmes as accredited for five years, accredited for three years and Not Accredited (NA). Accreditation is now based on a 1000 point scale and is an outcome based accreditation system. NBA in India was initially established by AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education) under section 10(u) of AICTE act, in the year 1994, for periodic evaluations of technical institutions & programmes basis according to specified norms and standards as recommended by AICTE council. NBA in its present form came into existence as an autonomous body with effect from 7th January 2010, with the objective of Assurance of Quality and Relevance of Education, especially of the programmes in professional and technical disciplines, i.e., Engineering and Technology, Management, Architecture, Pharmacy and Hospitality, through the mechanism of accreditation of programs offered by technical institutions. NBA has introduced a new process, parameters and criteria for accreditation. These are in line with the best international practices and oriented to assess the outcomes of the programme. RUSA Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), launched in 2013 aims at providing strategic funding to eligible state higher educational institutions. The central funding (in the ratio of 65:35 for general category States and 90:10 for special category states) would be norm based and outcome dependent. The funding would flow from the central ministry through the state governments/union territories to the State Higher Education Councils before reaching the identified institutions. The funding to states would be made on the basis of critical appraisal of State Higher Education Plans, which would describe each state’s strategy to address issues of equity, access and excellence in higher education. Objectives The salient objectives of RUSA are to; Improve the overall quality of state institutions by ensuring conformity to prescribed norms and standards and adopt accreditation as a mandatory quality assurance framework. www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑦ Usher transformative reforms in the state higher education system by creating a facilitating institutional structure for planning and monitoring at the state level, promoting autonomy in State Universities and improving governance in institutions. Ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic and examination systems. Sample: Governance, Polity and Administration The President of India The President of India is the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of the country. Article 52 of the Constitution of India says that there should be a President of India. Article 53 says that all the executive powers of the Union shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him. Current President of India Pranab Mukherjee is the current and 13th President of India. He took office on July 25th, 2012. Pranab Mukherjee is a veteran congressman who has served both in the government as well as the opposition. 76 year old Mukherjee has held several high profile portfolios in the government, including Finance, Defence & Foreign Ministry. Born in Birbhum district of West Bengal in1935, Mukherjee went on to get a Master's degree in History & Political Science, as well as a degree in Law . Pranab Mukherjee got a break in politics in 1969,when he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha with the help of Indira Gandhi. Mukherjee briefly left the Congress in the 80s to form his own party - Rashtriya Samajwadi Party, but came back, after he merged the party with the Congress in 1989. Mukherjee ascended in the next two decades to prominence in the Congress party, as one of the key troubleshooters in the party. Once nominated by the UPA for President's chair, Pranab Mukherjee defeated PA Sangma, winning 70% of the electoral-college vote. Prefix to be discontinued (His Excellency, Mahamahim, Hon’ble, Shri/Smt., President Pranab Mukherjee does away with prefixes like "His Excellency" and "Honourable" in his name “In Hindi, Rashtrapati Mahoday should be used in place of Mahamahin during such occasions,” a Rashtrapati Bhavan spokesman said in a statement on Tuesday. The traditional Indian greeting of “Shri” or “Smt” should precede the name. Whereas, “Excellency” will be used only for interaction of leaders with foreign dignitaries as is customary international practice, it said. Election of the President Article 54 of the Indian Constitution discusses the election of the President. It says that the President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college, www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑧ Which consists of the elected members of both the Houses of Parliament, and the Legislative Assemblies of the States and the two Union Territories, namely Delhi and Puducherry. The election of the President is held in accordance with a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. He can be re-elected to the office of the President. Pocket veto In case of an ordinary bill or a bill got introduced by a private member and passed by both houses, the president can just keep the bill in his pocket and forget it. When president neither gives assent nor returns the bill, it is also called “Pocket Veto”. Pocket Veto is applicable to only ordinary bills. This is also called Absolute Veto. The bills that need prior recommendation of President The bills that need prior recommendation of the president for introduction in parliament are as follows: Any bill that seeks to alter the boundaries of the states and names of the states. (Article 3) Money Bill (as per Article 110) Any bill which affects the taxation in which the states are interested (Article 274) State Bills which impose restriction upon freedom of trade (Article 304). Emergency powers He can declare national, state and financial emergency. National emergency can be declared on the grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the country. This can be done on the written request of the Cabinet Ministers after the proclamation has been approved by the Parliament. State emergency can be imposed in a state if it fails to run constitutionally. Financial emergency can be proclaimed if there is a likelihood of the financial instability in the country. President has been conferred upon by extraordinary powers in case of national emergency (Article 352), President’s rule (Article 356 & 365) and financial emergency (article 360). Financial powers Only when the President recommends can a money bill be introduced in the Parliament. He lays the Union budget before the Parliament and makes advances out of the Contingency Fund. Diplomatic The President is the first citizen of the country He appoints ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries. All international treaties are signed on his behalf. He sends and receives ambassadors. All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the Prime Minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the Parliament. The President represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The President may also send and receive diplomats, i.e. the officers from the Indian Foreign Service. India is represented on International forum by President of India. www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑨ Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha should consist of not more than 250 members - 238 members representing the States and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly, rather than by the citizens at large. Rajya Sabha members are elected by each state Vidhan Sabha using the single transferable vote system. Unlike most federal systems, the number of members returned by each state is roughly in proportion to their population. At present there are 233 members of the Rajya Sabha elected by the Vidhan Sabhas, and there are also twelve members nominated by the President as representatives of literature, science, art and social services. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution even in the state of emergency. However, one third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years. The minimum age for membership of the Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The House also elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members. There is also a panel of "Vice Chairmen" in the Rajya Sabha. The senior most minister, who is a member of Rajya Sabha, is appointed by the Prime Minister as Leader of the House. The term of Rajya Sabha is six years and the term of Lok Sabha is five years The Vice President of India, who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha, is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the Houses of Parliament. Session of parliament The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six- month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the parliament conducts three sessions each year: Budget session: In February to May (longest) Monsoon session: In July to September Winter session: In November to December (shortest) Parliament prorogation and dissolution The constitution of India has imposed the duty upon the President that he / she must summon each house at such intervals that the maximum time gap between two sessions of the parliament is 6 months. So the parliament must meet twice a year. Prorogation is end of a session. The time between the Prorogation and www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑩ reassembly is called “Recess“. Indian Elections -Scale of Operation The Indian general election of 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituencies of India. Running in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014, it was the longest election in the country's history. According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009, making it the largest-ever election in the world. Around 23.1 million or 2.7% of the total eligible voters were aged 18–19 years. A total of 8,251 candidates contested for the 543 Lok Sabha seats. The average election turnout over all nine phases was around 66.38%, the highest ever in the history of Indian general elections The electorate exceeds 670 million electors in about 700000 polling stations spread across widely varying geographic and climatic zones. Polling stations are located in the snow-clad mountains in the Himalayas, the deserts of the Rajasthan and in sparsely populated islands in the Indian Ocean. Constituencies & Reservation of Seats The country has been divided into 543 Parliamentary Constituencies, each of which returns one MP to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament. The size and shape of the parliamentary constituencies are determined by an independent Delimitation Commission, which aims to create constituencies which have roughly the same population, subject to geographical considerations and the boundaries of the states and administrative areas. How Constituency Boundaries are drawn up Delimitation is the redrawing of the boundaries of parliamentary or assembly constituencies to make sure that there are, as near as practicable, the same number of people in each constituency. In India boundaries are meant to be examined after the ten-yearly census to reflect changes in population, for which Parliament by law establishes an independent Delimitation Commission, made up of the Chief Election Commissioner and two judges or ex-judges from the Supreme Court or High Court. However, under a constitutional amendment of 1976, delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001, ostensibly so that states’ family-planning programs would not affect their political representation in the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas. This has led to wide discrepancies in the size of constituencies, with the largest having over 25,00,000 electors, and the smallest less than 50,000. Delimitation exercise, with 2001 census data released on 31st December 2003, is now under process. Reservation of Seats www.goalfinder.com For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration ⑪ The Constitution puts a limit on the size of the Lok Sabha of 550 elected members, apart from two members who can be nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community. There are also provisions to ensure the representation of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, with reserved constituencies where only candidates from these communities can stand for election. Appointment of judge to the Supreme Court A judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee. Removal of Supreme Court Judge in India The framers of the constitution took great pains to ensure the independence of the Supreme Court judges. There is independence of Judiciary in India. Thus a judge may be removed only through impeachment. This is the only way for the removal of a judge. A judge may be impeached only on grounds of proved misbehavior and incapacity. A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting Miscellaneous The salaries and allowances of a judge cannot be varied to his disadvantage except during a financial emergency under Article 360. The administrative expenses of the Supreme Court are changed on the revenues of India. Finally a judge may not engage in legal practice after retirement. For more go to http://www.goalfinder.com/NETSET.asp www.goalfinder.com
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