Internship ReportElectrical Section Zain Alam Third Year BE (Electrical) Bearing Roll No.: EE-072 NED University of Engineering & Technology. Karachi Internship Duration: 19th of May to 27th of June,2014 This report summarizes the work completed on all major projects assigned during the time spent at NESPAK. The project work completed covers a wide range of engineering applications from the electrical design of different projects to configuring networks. Abstract National Engineering Services Pakistan and NED University have a strong relationship, and as a result a selection of students studying their third year of Engineering have the opportunity to complete an internship at the NESPAK design firm, located in Karachi. The purpose of this report is to present the work completed on assigned projects during the internship. In order to provide a substantial contribution to the project work, an understanding of the designing processes and operations, overall lighting design and power layout and software and design suites utilised by engineers on site was required. A summary of this background information is detailed within this report. This report summarises the work completed on all major projects assigned during the time spent at NESPAK. The project work completed covers a wide range of engineering applications from the electrical design of different projects to configuring networks. A contribution has been made to several projects which are listed within the report. Some projects will be covered in greater detail, highlighting required background information, methodologies applied, project constraints and a description of the projects` outcomes. The following projects to be discussed in greater detail are as follows: New Benazir Bhutto International Airport, Islamabad New Gawadar International Airport, Gawadar Emaar-Cresent Bay Mukhtar A.Sheikh Memorial Hospital, Multan This report will also cover the work on the some small projects and additional work completed outside of the assigned projects. The internship allows the student to gain experience with industrial projects that consulting engineer is involved with on a daily basis, creating an invaluable learning experience. This will help the student apply the knowledge gained from university and to develop skills needed for the workplace personally and professionally. This internship has given me the chance to be involved with first hand. Ltd and NED University of Engineering & Technology for providing me the opportunity to complete an internship with their consulting engineering group. My sincere gratitude is expressed towards the entire consulting group at the NESPAK. Special thanks is required for Internship Advisor Mr. First of all my gratitude is towards General Manager Electrical Section Engr. Thanks should be reserved for all the staff at NED University who have been involved with my learning during my degree. Engr.Sarah Amjad. real world Electrical design engineering projects. Sub Engr.Acknowledgments I would like to thank National Engineering Services Pakistan Pvt.Noman for explaining us the details of communication systems in buildings. All Professor Associate Professor should also be regarded for their substantial contribution towards my learnings at university. Engr.Haris for guidance about CV writing and system of the organization.Waqas for guiding us to learn AutoCAD.Rabia Hasan. Rabia Bolani. Their guidance and relentless assistance has contributed greatly to the success of this internship. Mr. Then my gratitude is towards Senior Engr. and all the other professional who have helped us by giving us their kind attention and support.Abdul Mateen who has overseen the internship with ongoing support and direction. . Introduction to the organization Internship work o Electrical work Project Hierarchy Site engineering work.Project Procedure Types of lights Power load calculation Lighting load calculation Electrical Grounding Grounding pit Electrical conduits Implementation of above techniques in sites Phase reversible changeover switch o Communication work Conclusion . First part tells about the organization structure. The second and the most important part consists of the stuffs and assignment that we go through the period of our internship and the third and last part is the conclusion of the report.Structure of Report: The report is categorized into three parts. field of specification and its working. public addressing. is a multinational and globally competitive state-owned enterprise of Government of Pakistan. Communication It includes equipments for fire alarm. LT Switch It includes equipments like transformers. then develop and implement operational strategies to improve organizational effectiveness and achieve positive bottom line results. Services Of NESPAK: NESPAK has been performing projects under the following categories since many years: Energy Sector Water Resources Development & Dam Engineering Sector Communication Sector Architecture & Planning Sector Public Health Engineering Sector Industrial Sector Oil.projects goes to the contractors.Project to be processed owns by a client.generators.DB’s. Vendor is a person or company offering something for sale.Gas & Petrochemical Sector Environment Sector Information Technology & GIS PROJECT HIERARCHY: Project is basically an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.66kV.earthing lightning protection.Mechanical work including HVAC.This is the focal role within the Firm for the delivery of business services to clients.11kV.Contractor is a person or firm that undertakes a contract to provide materials or labour to perform a service or do a job.etc. It is one of the largest and one of the apex engineering consultant management organization in Asia and Africa.etc. Electrical projects includes three categories: HT Requirements It includes all the equipments required for 132kV.Now after design work.Electrical work including cable sizing and much more.it first comes to the consultant for designing the structure.etc.Role of consultants basically for engineering projects are Civil work including Architecture.CCTV for security.surge arrestors.The Consultant helps clients to identify and define operational issues.lighting layouts. .MCC’s.tc.During contracting process. and maintains a well international reputation.Introduction To Organization: The National Engineering Services Pakistan (reporting name: NESPAK).someone has to offer materials for the installation in the project and that someone is a vendor.power.power layouts.lighting.BMS(Building Management System). etc are right or not.(2nd step) It is send to head office. Shop drawing is approved.(1st step) It is checked out if BOQ.In high rise structures this technique is very essential to ensure the safe existance and relaibility of the tower or structure against the lightning surges. an earthing system or grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the ground.(3rd step) Shop drawing is very important. thus defining the electric potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. Its physical characteristics include current levels sometimes in excess of 100 kA and speeds approaching one third the speed of light. for this we maintain the lighting protection system. This system is protect the electrical circuitry from excessive power surges or from thunder lighning energy. .Project Procedure (Explained by Mr. There are 2 drawings: tender drawing. There is marking by surveyor at locations for fitting things. construction drawing.Site Engineering Work . There is a weekly/ fortnightly meeting at site. Then site visit is done. Globally. random and unpredictable event. EARTHING OF A APARTMENT BUILDING In electricity supply systems. some 2000 on-going thunderstorms cause about 100 lightning strikes to earth each second.Qazi) There are 3 main things: Contractor’s time schedule. Contractor approves submittevs. Lightning Energy Lightning is a capricious. activities. the cloud charge pulls it up onto the structure. When the ground charge reaches a structure. To protect the buildings or telecommunication towers against lightning. As the ground charge builds immediately before the lightning strike. thereby . the building requires number of copper rods. The charged clouds induce an opposite charge (ground charge) on the surface of the earth beneath it as they travel through the atmosphere. If the ground charge builds to a level exceeding the dielectric (insulation resistance) of the intervening air. maintenance of all this put together becomes a costly & wastage of time also. an arc or lightning strike will occur. concentrating the ground charge on and around it. number of down conductors. number of earth pits. When they come within close proximity to the ground. approximately 500 feet. In the instant before the strike. In some conditions. a path is created for a lightning strike. Due to the arguments mentioned above. however the active lightning system is the only possible method to protect from direct lightning strokes. the electric field intensity at ground level becomes so strong that objects and structures begin to break down electronically. forming a streamer from itself before streamers emit from other structures.Lightning is a product of electrically charged storm clouds. The process begins with stepped leaders branching down from the clouds. a proper designed lightning protection system is needed. the Stormaster ESE terminal emits a series of pulses of ground charge. When a streamer and a stepped leader connect. thereby becoming the preferred lightning attachment point. As shown above. we recommend to use the active lightning protection whenever the conventional solution is inconvenient or when the former is more preferable to the latter as in the case of the efficient protection of architect. the Stormaster ESE air terminal accumulates ground charge. STORMASTER Early Streamer Emission Air Terminal Stormaster Early streamer Emission air terminals are designed to emit a streamer early in the streamer-formation phase of a lightning strike. shooting streamers up toward the stepped leaders. Its streamer reaches the stepped leaders before competing streamers. Conventional Lightning Protection System The main function of the lightning protection system installed on the existing building is to capture a lightning stroke and then conduct discharge current safely to the ground. when the stepped leaders are branching down from the cloud. LPI Early Streamer Emission Air Terminal LPI’s reputation in the field of lightning has invested heavily in the manufacture of its STORMASTER Early Streamer Emission Air Terminal. In fact. The glance of LPI STORMASTER protection level is shown below: Standard Protection (Level-3) . The funtionality of different . Last but not least. LPI offers the non-resettable Lightning Strike Recorder which enables the user to have fool proof record of the proper functioning of the system. safely routed in Oil sectors. The latest STORMASTER series provides optimal protection against the direct effects of lightning. HVSC (Down Conductor) enables the customer use inside the building. polished sphere.The small. as well as extensive product development.Radius of Protection (Rp) h = height of terminal above area to be protected (m) Stormaster 60 2 44 87 107 109 Stormaster 50 Stormaster 30 38 28 76 57 95 71 98 75 Stormaster 15 20 41 51 56 Components of a lightning protection system Lightning rods or 'air terminals' are only a small part of a complete lightning protection system. LPI STORMASTER ESE terminals tested as per NFC 17-102 (national French Standards) & IEC 60-1:1989 standards. A lightning protection system is composed of three main components: 1. sizes and designs.winning the competition. This has involved both fundamental research into the physical phenomena associated with lightning. IT sectors & it provides tension free from the electromagnetic damages created by the Lightning current when it is grounded through the normal down conductor. LPI advance lightning protection system not only specialized on the Air terminals. we execute the total project with the specialized down conductor named “HVSC” (High Voltage Shielded Cable) tested as per IEC standards in High Voltage testing laboratories. the rods may play the least important role in a system installation. Ground charge accumulation and streamer triggering is done by LPI’s Stormaster ESE Air Terminal. Most are topped with a tall. vertical protrusions designed to act as the 'terminal' for a lightning discharge. pointed needle or a smooth. Rods can be found in different shapes. Rods or 'Air Terminals' . LPI offers the latest technology of Chemical Gel Earthing (GRIP – Ground Resistance Improvement Powder) which dissipates the huge amount of lightning current in a fraction of time thus avoiding the huge potential rise under the ground. When heated tungsten and iodine combines to form tungsten iodine. thick. Flourescent lamp 3. and even the neccessity of rods altogether.Heavy cables (right) that carry lightning current from the rods to the ground. efficiency is increased Fluorescent Lamps . cables.types of lightning rods. accomplishing the main objective of diverting lightning current safely past a structure.bromine. the pointy vertically-oriented terminals along the edges of roofs. Ground Rods . Advantage 1. given good cable coverage and good grounding. and groundings) are custom-designed for individual structures and require complex engineering to function properly. do not play much of a role in the functionality of the system. that is. are subjects of many scientific debates. 3. Rods or protection systems do not and cannot prevent lightning. Life is increased 2. The 'lightning rods' themselves. The conductor cables are connected to these rods to complete a safe path for a lightning discharge around a structure. Conductor Cables . You should still unplug such devices during thunderstorms to ensure sufficient protection. nor can they 'discharge' thunderstorms. then down one or more corners of a building to the ground rod(s). LEDs Halogen Lamps A lamp that consist of small amount of halogen such as iodine. They should only be installed by qualified contractors. A full protection setup. which redeposits tungsten back to filament. heavy rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure. Halogen lamp 2. Lightning protection systems (including placement of rods.Long. 2. There are three basic principle of lamps 1. Types Of Lamps Definition: Phenomenon of light exhibit by certain crystalline material when previously absorb energy from heating of material. Lightning protection systems do not always prevent damage to electronics or computers. The conductor cables and ground rods are the most important components of a lightning protection system. Lightning protection facts Rods and protection systems don't attract lightning. nor do they influence where lightning will strike. would still work sufficiently without the air terminals. Cables are run along the tops and around the edges of roofs. In high rise structures this technique is very essential to ensure the safe existance and relaibility of the tower or structure against the lightning surges. the rods may play the least important role in a system installation. Globally. releasing energy in form of photons. Due to the arguments mentioned above. The charged clouds induce an opposite charge (ground charge) on the surface of the earth beneath it as they travel through the atmosphere.Lightning is a product of electrically charged storm clouds. A lightning protection system is composed of three main components: . approximately 500 feet. concentrating the ground charge on and around it. If the ground charge builds to a level exceeding the dielectric (insulation resistance) of the intervening air. In some conditions. thus defining the electric potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface.V light which is converted into visible light through phosporous. the cloud charge pulls it up onto the structure. Conventional Lightning Protection System The main function of the lightning protection system installed on the existing building is to capture a lightning stroke and then conduct discharge current safely to the ground. When a streamer and a stepped leader connect. a proper designed lightning protection system is needed. When they come within close proximity to the ground. for this we maintain the lighting protection system.To protect the buildings or telecommunication towers against lightning. shooting streamers up toward the stepped leaders. the electric field intensity at ground level becomes so strong that objects and structures begin to break down electronically. random and unpredictable event. The process begins with stepped leaders branching down from the clouds.Electric current excites mercury vapor which produce short wave U. Its physical characteristics include current levels sometimes in excess of 100 kA and speeds approaching one third the speed of light. number of down conductors. This system is to protect the electrical circuitry from excessive power surges or from thunder lightning energy. When the ground charge reaches a structure. Earthing Of An Apartment Building In electricity supply systems. an arc or lightning strike will occur. however the active lightning system is the only possible method to protect from direct lightning strokes. number of earth pits. The building requires number of copper rods. some 2000 on-going thunderstorms cause about 100 lightning strikes to earth each second. Effect is called electro lumiscence and color of light is determined by energy band gap. In fact. we recommend to use the active lightning protection whenever the conventional solution is inconvenient or when the former is more preferable to the latter as in the case of the efficient protection of architect. a path is created for a lightning strike. electron recombines with holes within the device. Lightning Energy Lightning is a capricious. LED Lights When current flows in led. maintenance of all this put together becomes a costly & wastage of time also. Components Of A Lightning Protection System Lightning rods or 'air terminals' are only a small part of a complete lightning protection system. an earthing system or grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the ground. water electric heater. do not play much of a role in the functionality of the system. thick. Residential Load Estimation: We made calculation of all lights installed in our homes and also determined the energy consumption of other small and heavy loads. They should only be installed by qualified contractors. Most are topped with a tall. fans. Rods or protection systems do not and cannot prevent lightning. that is. cables. then calculated their usage duration per day and then determined power capacity of all load per day in kW.Heavy cables (right) that carry lightning current from the rods to the ground. and even the neccessity of rods altogether. and groundings) are custom-designed for individual structures and require complex engineering to function properly. The conductor cables and ground rods are the most important components of a lightning protection system. nor do they influence where lightning will strike. AC. polished sphere. then down one or more corners of a building to the ground rod(s). The conductor cables are connected to these rods to complete a safe path for a lightning discharge around a structure. Lightning protection systems do not always prevent damage to electronics or computers. You should still unplug such devices during thunderstorms to ensure sufficient protection. the pointy vertically-oriented terminals along the edges of roofs. vertical protrusions designed to act as the 'terminal' for a lightning discharge. would still work sufficiently without the air terminals. given good cable coverage and good grounding. A full protection setup. dispenser. Lightning protection systems (including placement of rods. The 'lightning rods' themselves. . heavy rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure.The small. pointed needle or a smooth. Conductor Cables . sizes and designs.Long. Cables are run along the tops and around the edges of roofs. accomplishing the main objective of diverting lightning current safely past a structure. nor can they 'discharge' thunderstorms. Ground Rods . We found wattage of each and every equipment like tubelights. savers. Rods or Air Terminals . Lightning Protection Facts: Rods and protection systems don't attract lightning. are subjects of many scientific debates. The functionality of different types of lightning rods. Rods can be found in different shapes. etc. laser unit. etc as per wattages of equipments. . We have been given a list of equipments including motorized patient bed. auto clave. dental chair. and then found different sockets like 16A.Sheikh Hospital.SINGLEX AND DUPLEX SCHUKO OUTLET. we searched wattages of all equipments listed in a sheet we were given. tv.Hospital Sockets Calculation We were given Mukhtar A.250 V. etc. We determined the different types of sockets after calculating the power capacity of every equipments for installation in the hospital. 15A 250 V 3 PIN SWITCH SOCKET OUTLET.2 PINB EARTH. fridge. patient monitor. Multan which came to NESPAK for designing. Site 616 Karachi: In this project.we got a chance to learn diaLUX and many other little things. and chemical vapors.According to this calculation. but the term has a more restrictive technical definition when used in official wiring regulations Comparison with other wiring methods: Electrical conduit provides very good protection to enclosed conductors from impact. and types of conductors can be pulled into a conduit.For example we set 300 lux in office type rooms.50 lux in wash and toilets. Wiring systems in buildings may be subject to frequent alterations. Electrical conduit may be made of metal. Conduit is generally installed by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. such as the US National Electrical Code (NEC) or other national or local code.we placed the required no. and installation details are often specified by wiring regulations. Frequent wiring .of lights through diaLUX software. sizes. The term "conduit" is commonly used by electricians to describe any system that contains electrical conductors. moisture. form. Flexible conduit is available for special purposes. Through this task. plastic.we determined number of lights and also their types to be installed in every room of site 616. which simplifies design and construction compared to multiple runs of cables or the expense of customized composite cable. Electrical conduit: An electrical conduit is a tubing system used for protection and routing of electrical wiring. or fired clay.150 lux in sailor type rooms. Its use. Varying numbers. fiber. dust. instead of pulling them through a pipe. but requires cutting the tray or using fittings to enter or exit cables. Cable trays are used as an alternative to open wiring or electrical conduit systems. similarly to the rungs of a ladder. as existing conductors can be withdrawn and new conductors installed.[1] A ventilated tray has openings in the bottom of the tray. and allowing some dust to fall through the tray.changes are made simpler and safer through the use of electrical conduit. a cable tray system is used to support insulated electric cables used for power distribution and communication. A deep. with little disruption along the path of the conduit. and are commonly used for cable management in commercial and industrial construction. and water . A ladder tray has the cables supported by a traverse bar. Small cables may exit the tray through the ventilation openings. Types Several types of tray are used in different applications. Cable tray In the electrical wiring of buildings. solid enclosure for cables is called a cable channel or cable trough. They are especially useful in situations where changes to a wiring system are anticipated. allowing some air circulation around the cables. A solid-bottom tray provides the maximum protection to cables. water drainage. which may be either slots or holes punched in the bottom. at regular intervals on the order of 4 to 12 inches (100 to 300 mm). since new cables can be installed by laying them in the tray. Ladder and ventilated trays may have solid covers to protect cables from falling objects. and similar hazards Required for safety . We use it for cables stiff enough to support their own weight between rungs. no splices.power line crosses. break in wire. GROUNDING REQUIREMENT OF POWER HOUSE: “Electrical grounding has two function. loss of safe grounding) . water bypass Copper ground wires and grounding conductor(corrosion resistant) Al insulated solid conductor Al insulated multistrand Al bare vs insulated(risk of corrosion. The second grounding fuction is actually the collection of three safety function Minimize voltage between exposed metal and earth Minimize the voltage between the power wires and earth Provide a sink for lightning.(earthing) and a (bonding function)” FUNCTION OF ELECTRICAL GROUNDING: A major purpose of grounding is to provide a path so a “short” will trip a breaker.lest fuses blow Some discussion are given below: Example: toaster falls into metal sink House plumbing(grounds the plumbing) Entering metal water pipe (grounds the system) Grounding electrode(2 now recommended) Continuous.CABLE LADDER: Ladder is more suitable for more and larger cables than tray. It is used for low and medium voltage.that requires a low resistance path back to the power source which is the utility transformer path relies on a neutral ground connection required at all services. It has the advantage of less dust sitting on it. STEP 6: If the touch voltages. Connecting exposed metal together to minimize voltage between surfaces is also a bonding function. GPR and step voltages are within tolerable limits. STEP 7: If revision is required. In fact. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? The path from ground conductor(which is not necessarily a wire) to the service panel through the neutral ground connection and back to the transformer via the service neutral. etc. To provide high current to trip a breaker this must be a metal path The earth is not too far high in electrical resistance and is not allowed to be the path. STEP 5: Computer analysis is performed to compute the resistance of the equipments of the grounding system with a higher degree of accuracy. STEP 3: Tolerable touch and step voltages are determined. it may include additional ground rods. smaller conductor spacing. GROUNDING REQUIREMENT OF ANY SERVICE BUILDING EQUIPMENT: All electrical equipments require grounding. the desighn has to be revised. STEP 4: A conductor loop should surround the entire grounded area plus adequate cross conductors are provided for convenient access for equipment. This function might best be called ‘bonding’. additional ground rods may be required at base of surge arrestors. transformer neutrals. If not. the desighn is successful. this function will work if the service is not connected to earth. STEP 2: The conductor size is determined considering the max possible expected current that can flow in the system.WHAT IS ELECTRICAL BONDING. There are 2 types of grounding requirements of a building: 1) For neutral grounding 2) For body grounding . STEPS FOR DESIGNING THE GROUNDING SYSTEM OF A BUILDING: STEP 1: A soil resistivity test is performed to detrrmine the soil resistivity profile and the soil model needed. NEUTRAL GROUNDING: In this. overvoltages are minimized fault energy is minimized and fault current is still sufficient to provide easy detection and isolation. Its disadvantage is that heavy oscillatory power is present which damages the system. Its advantage is that helps in arc suppression. This has the disadvantage that high current flows in case of fault and when the breaker is tripped. The methods for neutral grounding are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Solid grounding Resistance grounding Resonance grounding Grounding through earthing transformer 1) SOLID GROUNDING: In this. 4) EARTHING TRANSFORMER. This is done for three phase machines such as 3 phase motors. we ground the neutral so as to make the neutral at zero voltage level. It is also called zig zag transformer. The switches are in fixed and semi draw-out type configuration with single front design. 2) RESISTANCE GROUNDING: In this. these switches are suitable for humid. It is used for <600V. This is done so that if incase a live wire touches the body so the current would flow to the ground thus opening the circuit breaker and stopping any damage to the personnel. resistor is used for grounding. BODY GROUNDING: In this method. commercial and industrial applications. a wire is used for grounding. 3) RESONANCE GROUNDING: Inductor is used for grounding. the metallic body of the equipment is grounded. The range is used in domestic. There are 5 grounding methods: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Driven rod Advanced driven rod Grounding plate Electrolytic electrode Earth mesh Phase Reversible Changeover: LT Control Switches. dusty and corrosive atmosphere. it is tripped for a long time. . It is used to provide grounding where delta connection is available and to provide a neutral for delta system. This has the advantage that fault current is limited. Uses: It is use for lightning/motor circuits wherever continuity of supply is necessary for switching and alternative source from main supply and vice versa they are switch disconnectors for independent manual operation capable of making. under normal circuit conditions which may include operation overload conditions & specified abnormal conditions such as short circuit. breaking & carrying current. The fixed contact terminals in each phase have separate main and arcing contents Construction: . Contact mechanism: It is knife blade type self-cleaning action during operation. For using more computer on few lines for telecommunication. X-ray baggage machine 3. PRI stands for primary rate interface.Noman Some main points are given below: Structure cabling is use in CCTV internet etc. There are 2 points in a workplace. Jacks: There are 2 jacks . cross cable is used for communication between computers. 4. It consist of 2 load switches and disconnectors coupled together and mechanically interlocked with a common outgoing and operable by signal handle having 1-0-11 position. one for telephone and the other for network. 6. 5. BRI stands for binary rate interface. Flight information display system 2. 2. NTC gives telephone lines in government organization while PTCL gives in private organization. 3. Master clock system Hospital: Nurse call system. Structured cabling network Fire alarm system CCTV system Public address system Access control system CATV system Airport: 1.It has a unique modular construction. Communication: Explained by Engr. PABX stands for private automatic branch exchange. Office cabling: 1. Artificial intelligence camera: it is expensive. Parallel line 6. For designing a telecommunication system. 4.3.4 is obsolete. dome camera (pan tilt zoom) Thermal camera: used in outer premises it captures heat. Fixed lens .7 is normally used.2. 1 telephone and one data and 2 power points are given. 5. OLT stands for optical line terminal At every 100 sq. Extension point Direct line (has a dedicated number) Fax line Hot line: used at very large level and very seldom. Types of lenses: 1. Telephone jack: RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11) 2. Cat-3 and 5 are the backbone cables. It works through all wireless. 4. If someone goes the wrong way it beeps. 3. IP 2. 3.ft. Data jack: RJ-45 Office lines: 1. wired ways etc. Security They are of 2 types 1.1. General monitoring 2. Steno line: it doesn’t goes directly to high official CAT cables: CAT-1 to cat-7 CAT-6. They are used between DB to DB connections while CAT1. CCTV cameras: They are of 2 categories 1. Fixed dome/box camera (it cannot move and is used as at entrance and exit) Pts. 2. Conventional They can be of the following forms 1. 2. a head equipment is made BD stands for building distributor while FD stands for floor distributor. 1300 nm) Single mode is standard cable. the wavelength is 850.2. Multi-mode (2 km. Conclusion: In the end I would like to say that during my period in NESPAK Karachi Office as an internee I have come across some wonderful professionals and by virtue of their commitment and dedication to their work I have gained wonderful experience and knowledge of the corporate World and how it functions. Vary focal lens (it can zoom in/out) 3.1310 nm) 2. Zoom lens (it can zoom very much) FOH stands for field of horizontal DTO stand for distance to object. . the wavelength is 1550. Single mode (5 till 80 km. After 90m one cannot extend copper telecommunication cable. BMS stands building management system. Fiber optics cable: 1. I would like to thank NEDUET’s DIL (Directorate of Industrial Liasion) and NESPAK Karachi Office for providing me with this glorious opportunity to be a part of this highly esteemed organization.