Muslim slavery and slaving A bibliography.pdf

Slavery & AbolitionISSN: 0144-039X (Print) 1743-9523 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsla20 Muslim slavery and slaving: A bibliography Joseph C. Miller To cite this article: Joseph C. Miller (1992) Muslim slavery and slaving: A bibliography, Slavery & Abolition, 13:1, 249-271, DOI: 10.1080/01440399208575060 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440399208575060 Published online: 13 Jun 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 77 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fsla20 Download by: [New York University] Date: 07 May 2016, At: 11:26 Muslim Slavery and Slaving: A Bibliography Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:26 07 May 2016 JOSEPH C. MILLER The western-language historiography of Muslim slavery and slaving began by following broad outlines set by politicians and propagandists and by later scholars working in similar tones on the history of slavery and the slave trade elsewhere in the world, particularly in the Americas. Studies have moved only recently toward concentrating on issues and concepts specific to the multiple cultures and histories of the Islamic lands. Western writing on Muslim slavery arose from the British-led abolitionist campaign against slavery around the globe. Nineteenth-century liberals castigated Muslims in general terms, sometimes distinguishing them only slightly from Arabs in particular, as inveterate 'master slavers" and drew the attention of shocked readers in Europe and America to continuing exchanges of human beings, under various legal subterfuges, in African colonies and in the territories of the Middle East from the 1920s on. An exculpatory counterthrust arose from a few western-educated Muslims and from a larger number of orientalist-inclined western sympathizers. The western apologists focused on the variety of personal statuses available to slaves, or ex-slaves, under Muslim religious law to moderate the image of cruelty implicit in the liberal-abolitionist critique.2 The approach to Islamic slavery through religio-legal institutions resonated with the parallel western tradition of studying slavery in ancient Rome through Roman law and, more remotely, with the law-based first generation of comparisons among American slave systems typified by Frank Tannenbaum's famous Slave and Citizen? Before the 1970s, when the relationship of slavery to racism animated scholarly debate in the Americas, academic defenders of the Islamic faithful also excused Muslim slave-holding by alleging that blacks, and certainly the descendants of Africans enslaved there, seemed to have suffered less racial oppression than the survivors of black slavery in the New World. The confusion of racial issues with those of slavery on both sides added little clarity to the discussion of either. In addition, apologists emphasized the exotic and - by western standards - anomalous military4 and harem slaves often found in Islamic states. These comfortable and even powerful slaves struck westerners as unusual, if not unique, compared with the poverty and oppression that characterized the New World slavery familiar to them. rooted in the early reliance on legal sources. particularly slaves. and particularly among Africanists.5 Subsequent studies viewed Islamic slavery beyond the Arab and Turkish heartlands to Muslim Africa. Elsewhere. set slavery in Muslim Zanzibar in a more open comparative context by focusing on the strength of patron-client ties throughout Islamic society to explain the apparently . became comparable with American bondage. which drew together the evidence of racism . With the general tendencies of slavery becoming clearer in this new comparative scholarship. issues specific to the regional historiography became the major analytical focus of work on slavery in Islamic areas and thus removed the discussion even further from the peculiarities. planters.Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:26 07 May 2016 250 THE HUMAN COMMODITY A modern wave of corrective scholarship formed with publication of Bernard Lewis's Race and Color in Islam. disintegrated. desert nomads. seen as a social and economic institution. The image of Islam as a unified civilization. But Daniel Pipes explained the propensity of Muslim rulers to employ slaves as soldiers as a product of the moral failings.among Muslims. in Plantation Slavery. orientalist and neo-orientalist.and the cruelties of slavery . without the rosecoloured glasses of the older generation of orientalists. to India.8 Patricia Crone saw these Stoves on Horses as a logical response to political weakness rooted in the fragility of factions ruling states divided by parochial interests of family and sect.7 or assessed the significance of slaves in the specific historical circumstances in which they had become prominent in Islamic lands. and urban bourgeois family heads emerged as a highly varied range of masters behind the exotic veil of religious culture imposed by westerners. it became possible to distinguish the peculiarities of Muslim slavery and to explain them in terms of historical and cultural features particular to the Islamic lands. Slavery among Muslims. called on outsiders.less harsh features of slavery in Islam. whom Muslims held in bondage. The slave soldiers and harem women came to be seen as an elite minority of the many individuals. The first efforts in this vein retained a modified tone of Muslim exceptionalism.9 Cooper.but only apparently . particularly where capitalistic plantation forms of production prevailed. warriors. of numerous origins and occupations. as elsewhere in the world. The study of Muslim slaving in the Indian Ocean grew as an extension of these studies on slave . particularly on the Atlantic side of the continent where most of the captives taken to the Americas originated. of secular rulers inevitable in a theocratic society: people in power.6 Others emphasized slave revolts. but unable to rule. of Islam. and to south-eastern Asia. for support. nearly all of them humble and oppressed. and Muslim merchants.10 Emphasis on the slave trade has always characterized African historiography. and consequent popular abandonment. even as there were . reorganized. the general commercial history of the western Indian Ocean. theological treatises on jihad. or Brazilian planters. substantial reviews and review essays. notes and articles in scholarly periodicals. and economic history. slavery and Islam both become aspects of the general histories and cultures of particular times and places. It does not include important materials on slavery in Islamic lands found in writings focused on other subjects. The entries in this bibliography appeared first in Joseph C. Although these concerns dominated the scholarship attempting to sketch the trades that supplied slaves to the Islamic Middle East. Recent studies of slaves and slave trading among Muslims. 1. for example. and chapters in edited volumes and Festschriften focused primarily on slavery or slave trading. the most comprehensive single study. In these circumstances.and are many versions of 'Islam'. like Romans. and slaves contested the Islamic conditions of their bondage according to momentary and local circumstances." Similarly. Ehud Toledano. There were many kinds and experiences of slavery in Muslim lands. the history of Muslim agriculture. concentrated also on institutions and on the trade's diplomatic and legal frameworks. the specific bibliography of works focused on slavery is blending almost indistinguishably into other streams of scholarship on Islam. 1977) and in annual installments in Slavery and Abolition (London: Frank Cass. Muslim masters. as in the scholarship on Atlantic slaving in the 1970s and 1980s. All materials through the 1983 supplement were corrected. still in tandem with the principal currents of scholarship on slavery elsewhere in the world. From this more historical perspective. the trans-Saharan trade and its origins in Sudanic Africa12 and slaving in the Red Sea area13 arose more from Africanist concern with numbers. were transported. conference papers. Mass. the abolitionist movement in Europe. The following bibliography covers secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the Muslim world: monographs. turned to slavery where the opportunity presented itself. Vol. Islamic law is no longer the determinative framework. Slavery: A Comparative Teaching Bibliography (Waltham.Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:26 07 May 2016 MUSLIM SLAVERY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 trading from Africa rather than from the central concerns of Islamic history. 1980). or the place of slavery in the political economy of sudanic Africa. Miller. and were put to work. and indexed in Joseph . nor is the culture of the masters a transcending constant. Either side may have drawn where it could on Islamic ideals.: Crossroads Press. but they did so in the midst of numerous other concerns. consolidated. have blended with general work on the social and economic history of the specific regions where slaves originated. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression. N. 2. and 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement [1988]') exist in manuscript. Slave Soldiers and Islam. 8.Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:26 07 May 2016 252 THE HUMAN COMMODITY C. 'The Islamic Red Sea Slave Trade'. 2 (1988). Still today. 'Black Africans in the Islamic World'. Lovejoy. 3. 6. Frederick Cooper. 'The Nile Valley System and the Red Sea Slave Trade'. 59-92. Paul Lovejoy. 'Abd').: Kraus International. 1985). John Laffin. Hogendorn and Paul E. NOTES Items marked with an asterisk (*) have not been verified in detail. A good recent summary is Hunwick. 7. Oriental. 3 (1987). 'Slavery: Current Bibliographical Supplement (1988)' (with Randolph C. ako the studies of Jan S. 353-86. Head) is in 10. 9. Skalnik). and the transSaharan and Atlantic. and a supplement for 1990 will appear in the volume for 1991. 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (1989)' (with Jena R. 204-42. Crone. and African Slave Trades. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New York: Knopf. New York: Cambridge University Press. 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement [1987]'). Gervase Clarence-Smith (ed. 1900-1982 (White Plains. Ewald. 5. Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa. 11. David Ayalon. 1987. 'The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade' and updates. slave trades is Patrick Manning.). The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century'. 10. and 1988 ('Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement [1986]'. 4. 3 (1983). Slavery: A Worldwide Bibliography. Slavery and African Life: Occidental. Appleby) appeared in Slavery and Abolition. See also Austen. Gunpowder and Firearms In the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society. Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa. and 'Slavery: Current Bibliographical Supplement (1986)' and 'Slavery: Current Bibliographical Supplement (1987)' (both with David F. for Africa. Alexandre Papovic. 13. For example. Slavery in the Arab World. 2 (1990). Brunschvig in the Encyclopedia of Islam (v. and 9. Austen. Additional materials appeared in the 1983 supplement (with Larissa V. 2 (1988). edn. 1971 (rev. the most accessible survey of this genre.)t L'esclavage en Afrique. Slaves on Horses. 163-208 (Part I). 315-88. Plans are under way to consolidate all materials compiled since 1983 in a new single-volume indexed bibliography to be prepared in about 1991. New York: Harper and Row. including unverifiable references accumulated to that date. . Brown) in Slavery and Abolition. 2 (1983). 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (1984)' and 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (1985)' (both with James V. the well-known summary of slave law by R. 252-309. 232-74 (Part II). 1990. Also see Murray Gordon. Révolte des esclaves en Iraq. The Arabs as Master Slavers. papers in Meillassoux (ed.Y. 6. For example. 231-71. 1 (1985). 7. 'Fugitive Slaves'. 8. 4. 3 (1986). Fisher and Fisher. and 4. 12. Fisher and Fisher. 1. For example.). Gaines) is in 11. For example. 1947. or. A general comparative work on this. Full 'annual' versions of the abridged 'current' supplements for 1986. and this collection. Miller. Als Sklave verkauft: Sklaverei und Sklavenhandel im heutigen Afrika undArabien. 27-46. J. Colin. 'Hartini'. Vol. 4. J. 24-40. Shafiq. 2. 1 (1971). 'The Relation of the Slave and the Client to the Master or Patron in Medieval Islam'. 1 (1987). G. Encyclopedia of Islam (new edn.3. Arafat.1. in Encyclopaedia of Islam (new edn.Isha'at. Brunschvig. 1960). Goldstein. n.. 1987). 1-2 (1967). Translated as L 'esclavage dans le monde arabe: Vlle-XXe siecle (Paris: Robert Laffont.). J. J. 420-27. Fisher. Slavery in the Arab World. Gavin R. Gordon. El Wahid Wafi.W.) (Leiden: E. H. 'Genesis. •Hambly. 'Des droits de l'esclave: fragment extrait de l'lh'ya de Ghazali'. New York Review of Books (11 Oct. Paul G.d. Annales de I'Institute d'dtudes occitanes. in Willis (ed. 1942). Stavanger: Nomi Forlag.MUSLIM SLAVERY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:26 07 May 2016 1. Paulo Fernando de Moraes. Reprinted in The African Diaspora: Africans and their Descendants in the Wider World to 1800 (Written and edited by The Black Diaspora Committee of Howard University) (Lexington. 7. Burton-Page. 64-75. 28. 'Abd\ in Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd edn. 'Slavery in the Middle East'. Ali Abd. 'His Freer Fettered a Hand: Manumission in the Lands of the Red Sea in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries' (Paper presented at American Historical Association Annual Meeting. 125-59. 'Habshi'. Slavery. Tarikh. 1. 1989. Davis. Bernard. 'Islam and Slavery'. and Michelle Jacobs. and Racism: The Use of Strategy in the Pursuit of Human Rights'. Basel: Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag. R. 'Of Slaves and Souls of Men (review essay: Willis (ed.: Ginn Press.3. Mass. Cincinnati. •Hambly. Qadian. 59-66. 'Islamic Slavery: An Overview' (Unpublished paper. 1960). 1988). 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