MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. BABUR(1526-56) HUMAYAN(1531-56) SHER SHAH SUR(1450-55) AKBAR(1556-1605) JAHANGIR (1605-27) SHAH JAHAN(1627-58) AURANGAZEB(1658-1707) 1 Features: •Building art in northern India attained its most sumptuous form. •Muslim art and architecture reached its peak during the mughal rule. •A form of the building art emerged expressive of this ruling dynasty Mughal Empire 2 Factors: •Wealth and power of the empire. •Relatively settled condition that prevailed in most parts of the country. •Pronounced aesthetic nature of the mughal rulers culture. •Mughal style resolves itself into two main features: PHASES •1 buildings of red sandstone (akbar) •2 buildings of white marble (Jahangir and shahjahan) 3 BABUR(1526-1531) 1. 2. BUILDINGS Kabuli Bagh- Panipat Jami Masjid-Panipat (large brick structure does not show distinct quality) 4 KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT.PUNJAB Main facade Entrance Gate 5 . PUNJAB Mihrab 6 .KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT. HUMAYUN(1531-1556) •Laid foundation-new city at Delhi-”ASYLUM OF FAITH” •Purana Qila or Old Fort •Completed boundaries. •Defeated not by Rajput Kings but by Afghan Ruler SHER SHAH 7 . SHER SHAH SUR Built city of shergarh-Remains only Lal Darwaza. sasaram Sher Mandal tomb of salim (sher shahs son) PHASE II: BUILDINGS AT DELHI No Building type 1 Mosques 2 Tombs 3 Gateways Examples qila-i-kuhna masjid bara darwaza.Khuni Darwaza SASARAM (1530-40) and DELHI (1540-45) No Building type Example 1 Mosques 2 Tombs tomb of hasan khan tomb at chainpur tomb of sher shah. 4 fort Others purana qila or old 8 . TOMB OF HASAN KHAN •master builderALIWAL KHANmanaged to produce undistinguished replica of the Lodi tomb •Mausouleum building contained within a walled enclosure. 9 •Octogonal type . •Building stands level with the ground with no plinth. •Middle storey is merely a bare wall of little interst. TOMB OF SHER SHAH SUR •Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake. •Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of the lake 10 . •Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of the lake. •Two stories comprise the foundation of this island tomb. TOMB OF SHER SHAH 11 . •Stepped basement rising out of the water and tall terrace above which is square in plan with an octagonal tomb in three stages.Lotus finial Dome Plain wall+pillared Kiosks parapet Arched verandah Stepped basement Causeway •250’ wide 3 storeys thus producing an immense pyramidal pile in 5 distinct stages upto 150’ •Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake. •Third stage is the drum of the dome. •Second stage is a screened wall with a projecting window openings between. •Tomb chamber is entered through the encircling verandah by doorways. having triple arches in each of its eight sides with a projecting eaves above over which rises a high crenulated parapet. TOMB OF SHER SHAH 12 . •Single vaulted hall.•Surmounted by a dome •Lowest storey is in the form of a verandah. -‘PURANA QILA’ OR OLD FORT-the sixth capital city of delhi. •Large single lodi dome. •Royal chapel of the sur rules. •Interior is formed of one large hall divided into 5 bays by lateral arches. Mihrab Archway-rich Foliation Circular Turreted buttresses Sanctuary measures 158’x 45’ and rising to a height of 66’ 13 .-158x45 Feet.arches framed within one another in different planes Central bay –squinch arch employed. Next bay stalactites used. •Centre arch sunk in an arched recess contained within a pronounced rectangular frontage.QILA KUNHA MASJID •Gem of architectural design. The last bay-semi-vault of unusual design.66’high •Façade consists of an arrangement of five archways. Liwan façade. 14 .SHER MANDAL •Another solitary structure built inside the masjid •This is the SHER MANDAL •Within the PURANA QILA OR OLD FORT •Octagonal structure. •Three storeyed pavilion. 1. TOMB OF HUMAYUN-1564 AD • Constructed 8 years after the emperors death. • Indian interpretation of a Persian conception. 15 . Did not built.HUMAYUN(1531-1556) Return of Mughals Humayun recaptured Purana Qila/Old Fort in 1565.mirak mirza ghiyas. unusual as it was customary for these monuments to be erected during the emperors life time. • Architect. • Built by his wife haji bagum. but infact enjoyed the exisisting structures. HUMAYUNS TOMB •In the middle of each of the four sides an imposing gateway was introduced west being the main entrance. •Occupying the middle of the upper surface is the tomb structure 156 feet in side and square in plan 156’ PLAN 16 . 140’ White Marble Pillared Kiosks Red Sandstone 22’ Arcaded Chamber HUMAYUNS TOMB 17 . •Inner shell forms the vaulted ceiling of the interiors main hall. •Outer shell supports the marble case of the exterior.Mughal garden Tomb chamber •Double dome : •Composed of two seperate shells an outer and inner with appreciable space between. HUMAYUNS TOMB 18 . •This central building stands on a wide and lofty sandstone terrace 22 inches in height with arcaded sides •Passing through the entrance gateway into the garden its larger area is seen to be laid out in a formal arrangement of square and rectangular components with flowered beds. HUMAYUNS TOMB 19 . •Rigid channels of water laid along the cardinal axes of the building with fountains at regular intervals.Mughal garden •Garden is carefully designed and proportioned so as to form an integral part of architectural composition. •Rows of flowers formed decorative borders for the grass contained within square quadrangles. •The tomb stands in the centre of a grand symmetrical-Char-bagh ( four gardens) •Organised natural elements within a refined framework of geometrical patterns. •The Mughal garden antithesis of both japanese and indian garden. The Tomb The arched entrances Arches within arches The West gate HUMAYUNS TOMB 20 . •Application of fine embellishment to the wall surfaces •Simpler plan form and outer formations appealed to the builders of the Taj Mahal. 21 . •Sandstone casing •Detailed treatment of the façade with its inlaid coloured marble and low relief carving.TOMB OF ATGAH KHAN (known as Khan Khanan‟s tomb)(1562) : •Situated near Humayuns tomb. •Character of the tomb reduced and refined to accord with its smaller side. •Painted designs were introduced on the interior walls and ceiling 22 . •DOME : lodi dome sometimes built hollow but never technically of the true double order. •Ornamentation: •Carved or boldly inlaid patterns. •Style was TRABEATE ORDER of construction. •PILLAR SHAFTS were many sided and capitals were in the form of bracket supports. •ARCH was used primarily for decoration. although the tudor arch was commonly used.AKBAR (1556-1605) Features: •Chief buildings executed in red sandstone with insertions of white marble. Exisisting Structures.Delhi Gate And Palace inside (Jahangir Mahal). 23 .Allahabad Fort demolished by British Army.Bengal and Gujarat StyleNothing survives. Fatehpur Sikhri •HOUSE OF MIRIAM •BIRBAL HOUSE •DIWAN –I-KHAS •DIWAN –I-AM •BULAND DARWAZA •The Jami Masjid of Sikri •PANCH MAHAL Massive fort.AKBAR (1556-1605) Shifted to Agra Agra Fort-500 buildings constructed. 2700’ 24 . geometrically arranged gardens Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience) . once had pools and fountains Mina Masjid (Heavenly Mosque).built by Akbar for his son Jehangir Khas Mahal .BUILDINGS IN AGRA FORT Anguri Bagh .was used to speak to the people and listen to petitioners and once housed the Peacock Throne Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) .beautiful pavilions with roofs shaped like the roofs of Bengali huts Jahangiri Mahal .white marble palace. features black throne of Jehangir Golden Pavilions .85 square.a tiny mosque. one of the best examples of painting on marble Macchi Bhawan (Fish Enclosure) .was used to receive kings and dignitary.grand enclosure for harem functions. closed to the public 25 . Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) .where the king's wives and mistresses lived Shahi Burj .a private mosque of Shah Jahan Musamman Burj .royal dressing room featuring tiny mirror-like glass-mosaic decorations on the walls Shish Mahal's glass works.a place where the king's musicians played Rang Mahal . octagonal tower with a balcony facing the Taj Mahal Nagina Masjid (Gem Mosque) .a large.Shah Jahan's private work area Shah Jahani Mahal . 26 . featuring the Zenana Mina Bazaar (Ladies Bazaar) right next to the balcony.Shah Jahan's first attempt at modification of the red sandstone palace Sheesh Mahal (Glass Palace) or Shish Mahal .mosque designed for the ladies of the court. where only female merchants sold wares Naubat Khana (Drum House) . Entrance to the Agra fort-delhi gate The palace of the royal household Along the Moat The Inner Courtyard 27 . Two storeyed front façade with central arcade opening. The Jahangiri Mahal is a configuration of rooms and chapels dispersed around two courts.JAHANGIRI MAHAL – in Agra Fort Use of colored glazed tiles and domed canopies on the exterior –Persian origin. Interior courts and halls – Hindu style. The Zenana court-overlooking the yamuna river. deep horizontal chajjas.Chajjas-Evocative of the palace of the man singh.aligned along central axis. Arches flanked by octagonal domed turrets Jain toranas. 28 . richly carved stone piers and brackets. India 1569-1574 Mughal 16th landscape. palace 29 . palatial garden.Fatehpur Sikri Palace Complex Variant Names Fatehpur-Sikri Palace Complex Location Date Style/Period Century Building Types Building Usage Fatehpur Sikri. administrative diwan-i-khas or hall of public audience building panch mahal or palace of five stories khwabgah or house of drums astrologers seat department of records 30 . NEW CAPITAL CITY OF FATEPUR SIKRI: NO BUIDING TYPE EXAMPLE 1 gateways agra gate naubat khana or drum house 2 secular buildings palace at jodh bai house of Miriam house of the sultana birbals house 3 religious buidings jami masjid buland darwaza or triumphal gateway tomb of salim chisti tomb of islam khan 4.2. official and religious buildings •Rectangular area of 2 miles and 1 mile braod.•Most notable achievement of the Mughals •26 miles west of agra •A great complex of residential. • City with no streets . •Habitation lasted only for one generation •Departed from the conventional idea of building isolated structures linked together by streets.but an arrangement of braod terraces and stately courtyard around which are grouped pavillions and palaces FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX 31 . due to the limited space. such as the waterworks. The Jami Masjid was symmetrically erected as required around the east-west axis. located at the heart. beams. The aesthetics of a building were left to the craftsmen employed in a particular structure. and the Jami Masjid formed a ring around the King and Queens‟ residences. lintels. red sandstone offsetted here and there by bands of expensive white 32 .FATEHPUR SIKRI. determined its location in the layout plan. guards‟ quarters. The King and Queens‟ residences. Public areas like the courts. Secular buildings were installed along the north-south axis. The rich. Orientation-All important structures located along the cardinal axes. etc. astride the top of the ridge. were located on the outskirts. the interior function of an individual building determined. Service areas. the Diwan-i-Am. Its overall function. roofs.Design Guidelines First and foremost. walls. overall visual unity was ensured through use of building material for floors. •Khwab gah (Two storeyed pavilion) 33 . •Diwan-i-khas •Daftar Khana •Diwan-i-Am •Sultana garden •Pavilion of the Turkish Sultana •Maryam’s house •Char chaman court.FATEHPUR SIKRI.Design Guidelines Each structure geometrical related to its adjoining structures. FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX 34 . AGRA GATE 35 . •High and plain outside wall •Principal buildings are attached to the inner side all facing the courtyard •Entrance only through a guarded gatehouse having staggered doorways •Strict seclusion •Within this enclosure.hanging pavilion or hawa mahall •South wall.service and bathing apartment •Interiors consists of an almost symmetrical range of buildings surrounding a square quadrangle (2 storied) •Carved decoration similar to the temple architecture PALACE OF JODH BAI 36 . every portion is self contained with a private chapel for devotions and roof terraces screened by the parapet for promenades •Each part is readily accessible for the convenience of its occupants and for the purpose of service •Palace is nearly square 320‟x215‟ •Walls -32‟ high •East wall-gatehouse •North wall. •Simple and unpretentious structure •Display of much elegant workmanship •Arrangment of rooms in two stories but with no external courtyard or extraneous amenities •Double- height living room •Two floors of bedroom overlooking the double height hall below. •Mural paintings WEST FACADE FRONT FACADE AERIAL VIEW HOUSE OF MIRIAM 37 •Similar to Miriam house •Arrangment is a little more complex and elaborate •2 storied building with four rooms and two porches forming the ground floor •upper storey has two rooms and the the remainder consists of open terraces enclosed by screens •there are cupolas over the upper rooms and pyramidal roofs over the porches •double dome construction of an inner and outer shell with a void in the centre •hence interior was kept cool •Exterior treatmentChajjas, brackets and SOUTH FACADE ARCADED CHAMBER BIRBAL HOUSE 38 SIDE FACADE BIRBAL HOUSE QUEENS PALACE WEST VIEW 39 DIWAN –I-AM EAST FACADE CORNER DETAIL 40 DIWAN –I-KHAS Diwani-i-Khas or a hall for theological discussions (unique Interiors) From the centre of the chamber rises a carved pillar which mushrooms into a gigantic capital made up of a series of Jaina vaulted brackets that support a circular stone platform From this central platform four aerial bridges radiate along each diagonal of the hall to connect the hanging balconies The Emperor. 41 . while ministers occupied each of the angles. sat in the centre of the corbelled capital. The Jami Masjid of Sikrimassive mosque measuring a 515 ft x 432 ft (157m x 132m) undoubtedly This makes it the largest mosque in India. Interior with the central dome decorated on the inside to given an appearance of a stone. The parapets of the cloisters and liwan are marked by a row of exquisitely designed domed chattris that held lighted torches at night during festival seasons. The central framed arch is completely out of proportion with the rather lowslung side wings. consists of arches as many as three different spans and heights shaded by small sloping chajja. Liwan façade consists of a central arched fronton which dwarfs the dome behind in the old Tughlaq tradition. 42 . The side wings. BULAND DARWAZA or GATE OF MAGNIFICENCE 42’ 43 . their gateways were the most successful achievements. •Elegant portals to tombs •Porticos to palaces •Civic archways of the city etc 134’ BULAND DARWAZA 44 . •Presents itself as a masonry of immense proportions dwarfing every other building.•Southern entrance to the Jami Masjid. whether they were •Bold entrances to fortresses. •There is little doubt that of all the architectural productions of the Mughals. •Humble doorways to sarais. •Imposing structure 134‟ high approached by a flight of steps 42‟ high. •The narrower faces on the wings rectangular formation & wide border. the great part is occupied by an arched and Most important feature is the decorative treatment of the outer façade with the domed recess. •Central plane is 86‟ across. •Back with its façade embowed by means of three planes comprising a large central face and a lesser one on each side receding at an angle. •Crowning the whole of this façade is a parapet behind which 45 rises a range of kiosks with BULAND DARWAZA . forming the façade with its portal.•The entire structure may be resolved into two aspects: •The frontal and highest aspect. are in three stories which varied openings in each stage. rectangular in shape. .PANCH MAHAL •Pavillion of 5 stories •The rectangular ground floor being built over 84 columns each different in design •The 5 stories above diminish gradually from the northern and western sides while the eastern and the southern sides rise vertically upto it culminates into a domed canopy supported over the four 46 pillars. murals. 47 . •Pleasing proportions of the interior – pillars with pendant brackets. •Horizontal lines of the parapet.PANCH MAHAL •Palace was designed for Akbar‟s more than 300 wives. to enjoy their leisure hours during the hot summers •Exterior treatment is remarkable for its wide eaves and deep shadows of pillars & brackets. alcoves. balconies. TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI Part of site Variant Names Street Address Location Date Style/Period Century Friday Mosque of Fatehpur Sikri Shaik Salim Chishti Tomb Friday Mosque Complex Fatehpur Sikri. India 1571-80 Mughal 16th Building Type Building Usage funerary tomb 48 . TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 49 . TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 50 . TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 51 . JAHANGIR(1605-1627) TRANSITION FROM STONE TO MARBLE TOMB OF AKBAR TOMB OF JAHANGIR Gateway to Sarai at Jullundur Noor Mahal MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA 52 . religious tomb. mosque 53 . India 1612 Style/Period Century Building Types Building Usage Mughal 17th funerary.TOMB OF AKBAR Variant Names Location Date Mausoleum of Akbar. Akbar ka Makbara Sikandra. 1555-1556) tomb. one along each wall.•The tomb of Akbar has a tall sandstone clad gate with ornate marble inlay carvings and inscriptions. the mausoleum itself is physically and metaphorically located at the center of a heavenly garden. or walled square garden composition much like his father Humayun's (1530-1540. with the tomb at its center and four gates. Behistan. one at each corner •Beyond the lofty gate lies the charbagh divided into quadrants by watercourses designed to evoke the rivers of paradise. Surmounting the gate pavilion are four towering white marble minarets. •The mausoleum complex is square in plan • and aligned on the cardinal axis. • It consists of a colossal arched niche flanked on either side by double-stacked balconies. • Based on a charbagh. • Hence. TOMB OF AKBAR 54 . the second story has an arcaded verandah on each side. •The top floor has no superstructure but consists on an open terrace enclosed with marble screen parapets.•The gallery space is rhythmically arranged with massive pillars supporting arches roughly 6.7 meters apart. . • The arcades are repeated on the subsequent floors forming peripheral walkways at each level and chattris at the corners. •Outside. •This five-tiered structure with its pillared terraces and numerous chattris also bears a striking resemblance to the Panch Mahal at 55 Fatehpur Sikri. which is composed of twenty three bays. a small square room at the end of long corridor at the heart of the building domed at eighteen meters. • the four pishtaqs.•The central bay of each side is marked by a high pishtaq surmounted by a rectangular chattri. the southern one is the most elaborate in ornamentation. •Only the southern pishtaq gives access to the burial chamber. •The burial chamber also houses the tombs of the emperor's daughters. Shakrul Nisha Begam and Aram Bano 56 . or roof kiosks. TOMB OF JAHANGIR Variant Names Street Address Jihangir. religious tomb. Jehangir Tomb Shahdara Location Client Date Style/Period Lahore. mosque 57 . Pakistan Shah Jahan 1627-8 Mughal Century Building Types Building Usage 17th funerary. and consists of an arcaded platform. • The marble cenotaph is considered one of the finest in India. or takhgah.•The mausoleum itself in red sandstone and floral marble inlay. •On each corner is an octagonal minaret rising in five segments. the chabutra. •It is inlaid precious stones set in naturalistic floral patterns. and a domed kiosk crowns each minaret. octagonal crypt containing the marble cenotaph resting on a platform. and the ninety-nine 58 names of God. 84 meters square. . •Openings on each of the four sides of the platform lead through long corridors to a central. • The shaft is decorated in chevrons of pink and white marble. and black calligraphy inscribing the date of Jahangir's death. there is a related. built on top of the large square one. To the west of the charbagh tomb garden. Remnants of a marble screen show that it was once enclosed. rectangular enclosure known as the Akbari Seria. 59 . like his ancestor Babur. A small mosque stands at its western wall. It is. had requested that his tomb be left open to the sky. or chowk-i jilo khana. Jahangir. which served as the forecourt. for the mausoleum. and traces indicate where a second cenotaph may have stood.TOMB OF JAHANGIR Originally. however. the crypt had a second floor. believed that the second story remained unroofed: before his death. a platform still exists. 60 . India Location Client Date Style/Period Century Building Type Building Usage Nur Jahan 1622-1628 Mughal 17th funerary mausoleum 61 . Mausoleum of Itimad al Daula Agra.MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA Variant Names Tomb of Itimad al-Dawla. the marble inlay work that is associated with the Taj Mahal •The tomb is of a modest MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA scale. built entirely of pure marble. It has a square plan measuring 68'-10" (21m). •The minarets frame the central roof pavilion that marks the tomb chamber below. with four corner octagonal towers in the form of minarets. 62 . built on a low platform 4' (1. it marks the transitional phase from the grand and massive red sandstone architecture of Akbar to the softer and sensual architectural style that marked the reign of Shah Jahan. •The I'timad al-Daula was the first Mughal structure to be completely encased in marble and extensively use pietra dura.).•The mausoleum is like a jewel box.22m) high. subdivided into nine chambers. •The kiosks of the minarets consist of small hemispherical copulas resting on small arches supported by eight pilasters. completed by a wide overhangs or eaves (chhajja MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA Red sandstone gateway-East 63 . The roof pavilion imparts a distinct Hindu feel in its use of Bengali roof. The square roof pavilion above the central chamber allows the light to filter down through its perforated marble 64 screens (jalis) to gently wash over the two porphyry yellow . but this was the first attempt to imitate Persian pottery decoration and tile work. • Each of the façade has a central arched entrance. •The art of inlay marble had been practiced for many years. •The platform and tomb is embellished with mosaics and pietra dura inlay work of semiprecious stones. • Sandstone pathways lead up to the main tomb. which has a marble tracery (jali) balustrade running along the length of it.•The mausoleum is set within a garden surrounded by walls forming a perimeter of 541'-4" (165m) on each side. • Fine corbels support the cornice. •The interior is a series of rooms and corridors arranged around a verandah that surrounds the central chamber containing the cenotaph. •The approach is from the east through a red sandstone gateway that is decorated with rich marble mosaics. flanked by two recessed arches that are closed by beautiful marble screens (jali). 65 . The adoption of which brought with it the system of true double dome. while the decoration is only occasionally plastic this was done by means of inlaid patterns in coloured stones. The curves of the arch which were now often foliated.SHAH JAHAN GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS STYLE The forms of this style are essentially marble forms. Usually in each instance by means of cusps called cusp arch. Bulbous in outline and constructed at its neck. The dome assumed another form as the Persian type. 66 .GENERAL FEATURES Introduction of pillars with tapering or baluster shafts. Structural ornamental elements of curvilinear order. voluted bracket capitals and foliated buses. the fluidity of line from and sinuousness generally reflecting those exalted conditions that not uncommonly prevail when a ruling power has attained its greatest elevation. • Other structures at Red fort. • RANG MAHAL • CITY OF SHAHJAHANABAD • JAMI MASJID AT DELHI • Wazir Khan Mosque at Lahore.D.Agra.IMPORTANT EXAMPLES: • First structure –court –Red Fort .(Flat roof hall held by row of Marble encased Columns). 67 . • DIWAN-I-AM AT AGRA FORT in 1627 A. Agra: • Khas Mahal/Diwani-i-Khas • Shish Mahal • TAJ MAHAL AT AGRA. religious mausoleum. landscape.TAJ MAHAL Variant Names Location Date Style/Period Century Taj Mahall. Taj Mehel Agra 1632-1648 Mughal 17th Building Types Building Usage funerary. garden. mosque 68 . 1658) in memory of his favorite wife.“ • The construction of the complex began shortly after Mumtaz's death. TAJ MAHAL 69 ." or "the exalted one of the palace. 1628 . better known by her title "Mumtaz Mahal.1631). Arjumand Banu Begam (d.•The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex built by Shah Jahan (reg. •the second part consists of a large garden and garden pavilions. axially arranged along a riverfront terrace •with the three main structures: •the mosque. all functioning together as the funerary monument for Mumtaz Mahal." probably used as an assembly hall).•The Taj Mahal complex is organized in a rectangle. "guest house. • the mausoleum and •the mihmankhana (literally. the forecourt and entry gates. • From the south. the first part of the complex consists of a (former) bazaar. 70 . measuring approximately 310 x 550 meters. •It comprises a number of buildings and structures. Mihman Khanah 1900’ by 1000’ Entry gate Mosque 1000’ Garden Forecourt 71 . effect a minaret in three stages and crowned by kiosk rises from each corner of the Plinth to a height of 137‟ 186’ •on a plinth 22‟0” high •It is square in plan and 186‟ side with its angles chamfered. •to form a building 108‟ in height and having a marble cupola above each corner while over the centre towering to a complete height of totally 187‟ is the great bulbous dome LOWER STOREY PLAN UPPER STOREY PLAN 72 . 73 . Its proportions are all very simple.•. •The large dome being derived from a Persian source and the smaller domes at the foot of the bigger unconstricted at their base are indigenous. which supported by a lofty drum. ROOF PLAN •The crowning glory of its elevation lies in the shape and volume of the dome. 74 . 75 . Detail view of mausoleum showing the right half of the central pishtaq. engaged column with herringbone pattern. and thuluth inscription on the frame Detail view of mausoleum showing upper corner of central pishtaq with thuluth script in the frame and arabesque decoration in precious 76 stones in the sprandels . looking up into the entrance iwan Detail view of the mausoleu m.Detail view of the jaliwork that surrounds Mumtaz's and Shah Jahan's cenotaphs inside the mausoleum Thuluth script in the frame and arabesque decoration in precious stones on the parapet and sprandels Detail view of mausoleum. showing the central pishtaq. a secondstory 77 . INTERIORS The arrangement of the compartments in the interior of Taj was manifestly copied from that in Humayn‟s tomb at Delhi as there is the same octagonal central hall with subsidiary chambers in the angles and are connected by radiating passage The main hall is also in two stories of arcades over which is a semicircular vault forming the inner shell of the double dome as here is also a large void store above this ceiling equal in area to the hall itself. according to the changes in light The disposal of the other rooms within the building although appearing at first sight rather intricate is in reality comparatively simple and consistent as each apartment is contrived in an angle with a similar upper story room immediately above it 78 . The marble from Markrana is of such a nature that it takes on incredibly subtle variations of tint and tone. Except for some carving on the dados and the exquisite treatment of the perforated screen enclosing the cenotaphs most of the mural enrichment consists of inlaid patterns distributed with considerable restraint over the flat surfaces. showing the paneled plinth. arched 79 niches. marble cladding and pietra . showing the southwestern minaret and and its projecting balconies Detail view of the western part of the mausoleum's south elevation.View of the mausoleum looking northwest from the plinth of the riverfront terrace. Delhi 80 .Shahjahanabad Citadel. hall and gardens is contained within a fortified wall forming an oblong of 3.1m) x 1650ft (503 m ) with the military ancillaries located along and just inside the fortified walls.100 ft (945. The Shahjahanabad citadel consists of a series of garden courts and palaces dispersed on both sides of a central axis composed of the Diwan-i-Am. courts. Diwani-i-Khas and the king‟s private palace. From each corner of the building arose a graceful domed kiosk.Delhi Shahjahanabad-The last of the great citadels representative of Muslim power in India. The plan of Shahjahanabad seems to have been executed in a rather dry and systematic manner. The architecture of Shajahanabad has been referred to as „marble tent‟ architecture.Shahjahanabad Citadel. their facades of engrailed arches shaded by wide eaves of chajjas above which was built a parapet. Almost all structures within the royal Delhi fort were in the form of open pavilions in one storey. The whole plan of palaces. 81 . mosque 82 .WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE Variant Names Location Client Date Style/Period Century Building Types Building Usage Wazir Khan Mosque. market. Vazir Khan. commercial. religious hammam. Jami Mosque Lahore. Pakistan Wazir Khan 1634-5 Mughal 17th baths. Overhanging balconies supported on brackets.WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE Arcaded Façade. 83 . Large gateway and four octagonal minarets. Octagonal tower finished with pillared pavilion.Brick and glazed tiles. topped by a domical roof. Jehangir. Shah Jahan.LAHORE FORT COMPLEX Variant Names Location Client Date Shahi Qila Lahore. Pakistan Akbar. 17th military fort 84 Fatehpur sikhri Style/Perio d Centuries Building Type Building Usage . 1628.1645 (Shah Jahan) Mughal 16th. Aurengzeb 1580 (Akbar).1634. LAHORE FORT COMPLEX PLAN 85 .