WHAT IS MOTIVATION?• WHAT IS MOTIVATION? Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an indivisual to act towards a desired goal and elicits,controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological one that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. • For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation is the purpose or psychological cause of an action Theories of motivation • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. • Theory X and Y • Two factor theory. • Mc clelland’s theory of needs. Traditional. Maslows hierarchy of needs. Needs were categories as five levels of lower-higher-order needs.Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs.Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy. Hunger,thirst,shelter Security and safety from physical and emotional harm Affection,acceptance and friendship. Self respect,autonomy,status recognition. Self fulfillment or aim to become. Theory X and Theory Y. Douglas Mcgerogor Theory x • Negitive view of human behaviour • Assumption that employee dislikes the work,are lazy,dislike the responsibility. Theory y • Positive view of human behaviour. • Assumption that employees like work,are creative and seek responsibility. THEORY Y THEORY X Participative decision making,responsibility,good group relations. Mc Clelland’s theory of need. • Theory focuses on three needs- Need for achievement. • It is the drive to excel,to achieve in relation to a set of standards. • High achievers perform best when probability of success is 0.5 as they dislike gambling with high odds as they are not satisfied with achievement by chance,similarly they dislike low odds as its no challenge to their skills. Need for power. • It is the need to make others behave in a way in which they would have not behaved otherwise. Need for affiliation. • It is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relations. Motivation at work place! Motivation by job design (Job characteristics model) • - developed by J.richard Hackman and Greg Oldhma.(as per theory job can be described in five core job diamentions)- 1. Skill variety- It is the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so worker can use different skills. 2. Task identity-It is a degree to which a job scoration of whole and identifiable piece of work. 3. Task significance-degree to which job has substantial impact on lives or work of other people. 4. Autonomy-Is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom,independence and discretion to indivisual in scheduling the work and proceture to carry out. 5. Feed-back-indivisual obtaining direct and clear information of effectiveness of his or her performance. Re-designing of jobs. • ‘’EVERY-DAY THE SAME THING.’’ If the worker is asked to repeat the same job/task everyday without any change he gets de-motivated and desire to do same task again falls. Employee who keeps repeating the task. Re-design the job. • Job Rotation. • Job enlargement. • Job enrichment. • Flextime. • Job shareing Reward to motivate employee. • What to pay- 1. Identify what to pay depending upon worth of job and market compitetiveness. 2. Paying more buys better qualified,highly motivated employees who work longer with a firm. • How to pay- 1. Price rate pay- Paid fixed amount for per unit of production,thus with increase in production the pay increases. 2. Bonuses- Amount exceeding the basic salary.Part of firms profit being shared with employees. 3. Merit based pay- These are performance based pay plans and these aim to divide employees on basis to contribution to company on basis of their work performance, Higher the performance better the pay. 4. Profit sharing- Companies provide employees share of earned profits as to motivate them to strive for more profits. Variable structure Rational Approach of motivation. 1. Set goals/take feedback- The employees should be set with rational goals and should support feedback to trace achievement of such goals. 2. Participate in decision making- Employees should effectively participate in decision making with management as it increases their job satisfaction ,as employees feel that they are getting recognized at work place. 3. Link rewards to performance- Rewards should be proportional to performance and further higher the performance hiigher the reward. 4. Recognize the needs and culture- Employees have different needs,don’t treat them alike. THE END Motivated employee. transformation