Unit 1 Segment 1Welcome to all our course participants! course instructor: Margaret Wooldridge Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA • professional expertise in power, propulsion, energy systems, combustion systems, fuel chemistry, advanced engine strategies, exhaust gas treatment, mobile and stationary sectors, etc. What is thermodynamics all about??? This course will provide you with an introduction to the most powerful engineering principles you will ever learn: thermodynamics! Or the science of transferring energy from one place or form to another place or form. We will introduce the tools you need to analyze energy systems from solar panels, to engines, to insulated coffee mugs. More specifically, we will cover the topics of mass and energy conservation principles; first law analysis of control mass and control volume systems; properties and behavior of pure substances; and applications to thermodynamic systems operating at steady state conditions. Course objectives: To make familiarize you with the basic concepts, devices, and properties used in thermal science To teach the behavior of a simple pure substances including solid, liquid, and gas phases To teach how to evaluate energy, work and heat transfers processes To teach the conservation laws for mass and energy for various physical systems To teach application of process knowledge to the analysis of complete systems identify the correct phase and remaining properties for a substance Given a physical setup. formulate the ideal approximation to the behavior and compute the corresponding work and heat transfer Given an actual device.Course Outcomes: Identify different subsystems. heat transfer and the importance of temperature. compute the work and heat transfer Given a physical setup. analyze the corresponding ideal device Understanding how energy processes affect the environment . pressure and density Given a set of properties. determine the associated work and heat transfers that are the most reasonable approximations Given a physical device and process. indicate where there is work. gov/nuclearsafety/techstds/docs/handbook/h1012v1. we will use freely available references and tools 1. 2.S. University of Maryland (http://www2. which includes links for carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3) properties: http://www.edu/thermobook/) Online calculator of steam (i. 3. Associate Professor Emeritus. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow.umd.• To help you understand the concepts.pdf) Thermodynamics and Chemistry. water). Volume 1 of 3 (http://www. 2nd Edition.e.doe.chem. Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook Thermodynamics. U.com/ • The weekly reading assignments are listed in the course syllabus .hss. by Howard DeVoe.steamtablesonline. First Law of Thermodynamics DOE: Energy. Thermodynamic Systems and Processes. Property Diagrams and Steam Tables Devoe: Chapter 2. and Heat. 2nd Edition by Howard Devoe. Work.1-2. Thermodynamic Systems and Processes. Work. Temperature and Pressure Measurements. measuring temperature and pressure describing the states of different systems. First Law of Thermodynamics Topic introduction.5 Devoe: Chapter 2. and Heat DOE: Energy.6 DOE: Energy. specific heats energy analysis of open systems. and UNITS!! thermodynamic properties. Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook Volume 1 Thermodynamics.3 DOE: Thermodynamic Properties . processes and pathways between states the energy of a system the 1st law of thermodynamics/the conservation of energy heat and work transfer energy analysis of closed systems. Work. and Heat.Course schedule: All reading material is from the reference texts Thermodynamics and Chemistry.1 Devoe: Chapter 2. and Heat. concepts. Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Supportive Reading Material Devoe: Chapters 1-2.10 DOE: Energy. and the U. First Law of Thermodynamics Devoe: Chapter 3. internal energy. Work. and Heat Devoe: Chapter 3. definitions.1-3.2 DOE: Energy. Work.3-3. enthalpy.4-2.S. steady state systems . Because energy demands are only increasing. . this course also provides the foundation for many rewarding professional careers. like heat transfer. Energy demands are deeply tied to the other major challenges of clean water. health. internal combustion engines. propulsion.Frequently asked questions: What are the prerequisites for taking this course? An introductory background (high school or first year college level) in chemistry. What will this class prepare me for in the real world? Energy is one of the top challenges we face as a global society. and calculus will help you be successful in this class. and poverty. physics. What will this class prepare me for in the academic world? Thermodynamics is required for many follow-on courses. and gas dynamics to name a few. Understanding how energy systems work is key to understanding how to meet all these needs around the world. .Based on what we just reviewed. look around you and identify 5 systems where energy transfer is important. Unit 1 Segment 2 . boiler. clock. office heating/cooling. train. car. look around you and identify 5 systems where energy transfer is important. watch. bicycle. scanner. . television.Based on what we just reviewed. bus. cell phone. Now look again and identify 25 systems! Your laptop and desktop computers. furnace… Energy transfer is everywhere in varying levels of importance. lighting. printer. coffee mug. What are the drivers for changing the way we currently use energy? . Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System.Global energy demands are high! The night-time city lights of the world constructed from images taken by the U.S. Source: Science@NASA. Lighting up the ecosphere . umich.Population cartogram U-M Physics Professor Mark Newman http://www.htm .edu/news/research/story/networks. Energy consumption cartogram U-M Physics Professor Mark Newman http://www.umich.edu/news/research/story/networks.htm . IIASA LUC-Project. WP-96-146. 1950. 1996. In the next 50 years. the world population is projected to grow by over 2 billion people. December 1996 2050 (in million) . 2025. 1995.K. World Population Prospects: Analyzing the 1996 UN Population Projections. and “Between now and 2050 world population growth will be generated exclusively in developing countries” Heilig. G. Heilig.Energy demands are only going to get higher… Total Population by Region. how much new power will we need? .Population growth is projected to grow by two billion people in the next 50 years. If each person uses one 50 Watt light bulb. Unit 1 Segment 3 . 000.000. If each person uses one 50 Watt light bulb.000 W!!!! How many nuclear power plants is that??? A lot.000 people = 100. . More on this later.000.000. how much new power will we need? 50 W x 2.Population growth is projected to grow by two billion people in the next 50 years. 1980-2004 . wind. Energy Information Administration data.S.Global consumption of energy by source Renewables = net geothermal. solar. and wood and waste electric power Based on U. 56 ft lbf 1 Btu = 1.3558×10-3 kJ 1 therm = 105 Btu = 29.325 kPa = 14.696 psia = 1.9684 Btu = 3088.60×103 kJ = 2655.3 kWh = 1.98692 atm = 14.0133 bar = 2116.23885 kcal = 737.2 Btu 1 ft lbf = 1.8×106 Btu 1 gallon of gasoline = 1.94783 Btu = 0.8948×10-2 bar = 0.8692×10-6 atm 1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.504 psia = 2088.2×103 ft lbf = 3412.9×107 BOE 1 BOE = 1 barrel of oil equivalent = 5.0550 kJ = 0.252 kcal = 778.UNITS ARE ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL FOR THERMODYNAMICS Common Units and Conversion Factors for Energy Analysis Pressure 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m/s2 = 1 kg/(m s2)=1×10-5 bar = 1.6 lbf/ft2 1 lbf/in2 (psia) = 144 lbf/ft2 = 6894.0 ft lbf 1 kWh = 3.16 ft lbf 1 kcal = 4.602×10-19 J 1 MTOE = 1 million tonnes of oil equivalent = 0.1868 kJ = 3.24×105 Btu 1 cubic foot of natural gas = 1028 Btu .05506×108 J 1 eV = 1.04×1015 Btu = 6.4504×10-4 psia = 9.068046 atm 1 atm = 101.2 lbf/ft2 Energy 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kg m2/s2 = 1 Ws 1 kJ = 1 kWs = 0.8 Pa = 6.2851×10-3 Btu = 1. Common Units and Conversion Factors for Energy Analysis Energy Rate or Power 1 W = 1 J/s 1 W = 3.42992 Btu/lbm = 0.000 Btu/h = 3.317 Btu/(h ft2) = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.29307 W = 0.9683 Btu/h = 1.93×10-4 hp = 0.55 ft lbf/lbm (Mole) 1 kJ/kmol. etc.85986 kcal/(h m2) 1 Btu/(h ft2) = 3.163 W = 3.1546 W/m2 = 2.21616 ft lbf/s 1 kcal/h = 1.5 Btu/h = 745.73756 ft lbf/s We = Watt of electric power Wt = Watt of thermal power 1 Btu/h = 0.36867 Btu/(h ft2) . (Rate per Area) 1 W/m2 = 0.85778 ft lbf/s 1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 2544.4122 Btu/h = 0.163 W/m2 = 0. 1 Btu/mol.7 W 1 ton (cooling capacity) = 12.5595×10-3 hp = 0.7125 kcal/(h m2) 1 kcal/(h m2) = 1.34102×10-3 hp = 0.5168 kW Energy Density (Energy per Unit Mass or per Unit Mole or per Unit Area) (Mass) 1 kJ/kg = 0.85987 kcal/h = 1.23885 kcal/kg = 334. Prefixes and other assorted measurements 1 megawatt = 1MW = 1×106 W 1 gigawatt = 1GW = 1×109 W 1 terawatt = 1 TW= 1×1012 W 1 petawatt = 1 PW = 1×1015 W 1 exawatt = 1 EW = 1×1018 W 1 zettaawatt = 1 ZW = 1×1021 W 1 yottawatt = YW = 1×1024 W 1 Quad Btu = 1 quadrillion Btu = 1×1015 Btu 1 thousand Btu = 1 MBtu = 1000 Btu 1 million Btu = 1 MMBtu = 1×106 Btu 1 short ton = 1 ton = 2000 lbs 1 metric ton = 1 tonne = 2200 lbs Btu = British thermal unit Hp = horsepower kWh = kilowatt hour . compare to doubling the contributions of renewable resources in the global energy portfolio. consumption of energy by source Small improvements in combustion of fossil fuels can have huge impact on carbon reduction.U.S. yet renewables are vital to long term energy solutions . S.Energy supply and demand by sector in the U.eia.doe. Source: DOE http://www.gov . doe. etc. no one method solution.eia. There is no silver bullet. Energy use by sector Different energy sectors have dramatically different needs: transient propulsion systems.S. high heating rates for manufacturing.gov . no one-fuel. Source: DOE http://www.Energy supply and demand in the U. i.e.What energy sector has the most demanding requirements for transient energy. energy demands that change as a function of time? . Unit 1 Segment 4 . i. like changes in manufacturing production during the day and evening shifts.e. Now consider the power demands from a passenger vehicle! . energy demands that change as a function of time? You might think of seasonal changes for heating or cooling or even daily cycles.What energy sector has the most demanding requirements for transient energy. Thermodynamics is the study of energy and the interaction of energy with matter. . .Heat transfer is how energy is transferred when there is a temperature difference. .Fluid mechanics is the motion of fluids (which includes gases and liquids) and the transformation of energy between mechanical and thermal forms. Terminology and definitions: System . There is a fixed quantity of matter in the system. Mass can cross the system boundary. . The amount of matter within the control volume can change. An open systems is also called a control volume.the object(s) under consideration A closed systems is also called a control mass. Mass can not cross the system boundary. Is the coffee in your thermos or mug best described as a control mass or control volume? Is the CPU in your computer best described as a control mass or control volume? . Unit 1 Segment 5 . Is the system the CPU or the air used to cool the CPU? Sometimes the system is obvious. Is the system the coffee or the cup? Is the coffee being poured into the cup? Is the CPU in your computer best described as a control mass or control volume? That depends.Is the coffee in your thermos or mug best described as a control mass or control volume? That depends. . Other times it can be more challenging to define. Properties – describe the characteristics of the system Thermodynamic properties – describe the thermal properties of the system State – the condition of the system as described by the system thermodynamic properties Steady state means the system properties are not changing as a function of time . these are properties that are additive. mechanical.Extensive properties – depend on the extent (or amount) of material in the system. phase and chemical characteristics Process – a path between two states . these are properties which are NOT additive. like temperature Equilibrium – when the system is unchanging in terms of thermal. like mass Intensive properties – do NOT depend on the extent (or amount) of material in the system. Introduction to some properties Density = mass per unit volume = ρ = 1/v Specific volume = volume per unit mass = v = 1/ρ Pressure (absolute and relative) Temperature . specific volume. specific volume. What are the units of density.You should have seen some of these properties before. pressure and temperature? Intensive or extensive? . pressure and temperature? What category of properties are density. Unit 1 Segment 6 . pressure and temperature? Intensive or extensive? Every one of these properties are intensive properties.You should have seen some of these properties before. Here are some examples: density [kg/m3]. . What are the units of density. specific volume. specific volume [m3/kg]. pressure and temperature? The answers will vary based on which system of units you choose. temperature [oC ] or [K] What category of properties are density. SI or British. pressure [kPa] or [atm]. specific volume. 93×10-4 hp = 0.1868 kJ = 3.4504×10-4 psia = 9.60×103 kJ = 2655.98692 atm = 14.0133 bar = 2116.56 ft lbf 1 Btu = 1.8 Pa = 6. etc.21616 ft lbf/s 1 kcal/h = 1.34102×10-3 hp = 0.2 Btu Energy Rate or Power 1 W = 1 J/s 1 W = 3.8692×10-6 atm 1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.0 ft lbf 1 kWh = 3.252 kcal/h = 3.9684 Btu = 3088.2×103 ft lbf = 3412.252 kcal = 778.4122 Btu/h = 0.85987 kcal/h = 1.94783 Btu = 0.068046 atm 1 atm = 101.Units are critical to thermodynamics analysis and they are a HUGE asset.696 psia = 1.9683 Btu/h = 1.6 lbf/ft2 1 lbf/in2 (psia) = 144 lbf/ft2 = 6894.5595×10-3 hp = 0.23885 kcal/kg = 334. .504 psia = 2088.0550 kJ = 0.42992 Btu/lbm = 0.2 lbf/ft2 Energy 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kg m2/s2 = 1 Ws 1 kJ = 1 kWs = 0.163 W = 3.55 ft lbf/lbm Mole 1 kJ/kmol.16 ft lbf 1 kcal = 4.8948×10-2 bar = 0.325 kPa = 14.7 W Energy Density (Energy per Unit Mass or per Unit Mole) Mass 1 kJ/kg = 0.73756 ft lbf/s 1 Btu/h = 0.85778 ft lbf/s 1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 2544.5 Btu/h = 745. 1 Btu/mol.29307 W = 0. Pressure 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m/s2 = 1 kg/(m s2)=1×10-5 bar = 1.23885 kcal = 737. E.Energy in closed systems: kinetic energy = K. potential energy = P. .E. Work – energy transfer across the system boundary Work transfer is not a system property. Work transfer depends on the process path. There are many types or forms of work tranfser. . What does a constant pressure compression process look like on a pressure-volume diagram? .