MODUL BAHASA INGGRIS

STAN-NusantaraBAHASA INGGRIS BAB I : TENSES A. Pengantar Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakan hanya 12 macam yaitu : B. Present 1. Simple Present Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + V1 +___ I You We They SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___ He She It They go to work by bus everyday. He earns his living by selling books. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. 2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung We watch television in the evening 3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya. When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens quietly….. c. Keterangan waktu Every morning/day/week/month/year Once, twice, three times, four times Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually, Sometimes, often, never, seldom. 2. Present Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing (is, am, are) Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang. They are still playing at moment. 2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan. She is studying English and learning French this year. Catatan : Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain: Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe) Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish) STAN-Nusantara 1 STAN-Nusantara Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean, perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand) c. Keterangan Waktu Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today. Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative) 3. Present Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____ I have seen the wolves in the forest. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu) John Smith has written a number of short stories. 2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang. I have gone to Bali. 3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir waktu bicara. I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu) c. Keterangan Waktu Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far (hingga kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang). 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing We have been studying English for six years. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan. Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour. 2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present Perfect. I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two year (I still live in Jakarta now) c. Keterangan Waktu For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now. C. Past 1. Simple Past Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____ He presented his paper at seminar yesterday. Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. He met Lina yesterday. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. He always carried his umbrella last season. STAN-Nusantara 2 STAN-Nusantara c. Keterangan Waktu Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday 2. Past Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing She was reading the magazine when he came. While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau. His wife was cooking in the kitchen. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau di mana kejadian lain terjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang diawali dengan When/While/as. When I was walking to school, I met Ana. As she was having breakfast the phone rang. Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to school,as she was having breakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain terjadi. c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapi keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan. I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t). They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy). 3. Past Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAD + V-3 The thief had escaped when police came. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa lampau . They went home after they had finished the work. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada waktu lampau. The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived. 3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu lampau. His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital. c. Keterangan Waktu When + clause (past tenses). 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga peristiwa lain muncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa. a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II Broke out. STAN-Nusantara 3 STAN-Nusantara b. Fungsi Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat tertentu pada waktu lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai. Contoh : 1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended. John worked there. He worked there for five years. Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know whether John would still work there or not after the war). D. Future 1. Future Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____ The examonation will start next week. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely. (I’m sure ) he will pass the exam. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi. I’ll come back the day after tommorow. 3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauan I will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia). 4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang. The Prime Minister will open the museum next week. 5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’. She will study hard. 6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena keinginan atau kehendak subjek (pelaku). I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will. He will be twenty-five next month. 2. Future Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____ She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya. This time next week U will be studying hard. 2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang sama mendatang. Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future Continuous The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore. c. Keterangan Waktu When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three o’clock tommorow. 3. Future Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 + _____ STAN-Nusantara 4 b. Before + clause (present). C. by next week/month/year By the end of = …= menjelang akhir… Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun.was working D.had worked B. A. had only been wearing. I don’t know where I ____ it’. Fungsi 1.am only wearing.am putting C. when + clause (present). The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts. E. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi yang akan datang.Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____ We will have been studying English for six years next year. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn. b. D.STAN-Nusantara By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel.worked 3. He will have run for five hours by the time of finish. 4.have only been wearing. A. 4. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.was only wearing.‘What are you looking for?’ ‘My wallet. you have finished typing those letters! When did you do it?” STAN-Nusantara 5 . Keterangan Waktu By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1.has been working C.was putting E.t he? A. B. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya terjadi yang akan datang. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan telah berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di waktu yang akan datang.had put D.have put 2. c. Keterangan Waktu By then : menjelang waktu By ……= menjelang.only wearing . 2.have been putting B. ‘So. Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi. a.would work E. the famers … A.have finished C.am finishing D.will have been finishing 9. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’ ‘all right. ‘While living in Bogor.’ A. come at 10 o’clock. and I__teaching by then.harvested C.had declining C. A.’ ‘That’s because tourism itself____since last year. by the time they get there.attended E.are used to going to school E.have attended D.endangered B. ‘Don’t you think the bus driver is speeding ?’ ‘Yes.has harvested D.was looking C. BAB II : ELLIPTIC AND PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION STAN-Nusantara 6 . Ridwan : Are they? So.were attending B. we always went to this school on foot.looked D. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field? Willy : In June.had harvested E. A.harvest B.’ This means that we___on foot while we were living in Bogor.have been looking 10.will have finished B.attend C. ‘Several hotels in this region are closing down.will have harvested.is declining B.had looked B. I ‘m afraid he____the lives of the passengers’. after the harvest time.would endanger 7.liked going to school 8.declined D.am looking E. A.has been declining 6.go to school B. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed.will endangered C.would have endangered D.was declining E.’ A.are going to school C.endangers E.STAN-Nusantara ‘When you ____the meeting.had attended 5.used to go to school D.will be finishing E.’ A. =He didn’t do the exercise and she didn’t either. =He has many books and so do I. =She has to study regularly and so do we. Contoh : a. g. She didn’t do the exercise . Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat. =He has many books and I do too. =She had a new bag and so did he. I have many books. He didn’t do the exercise. =He can speak English well and so can she.and (keduanya). =She had bought a dictionary and he had too. Pengantar Kalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. 2.and …. He isn’t studying English. But (tetapi) But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan. and…too. I have finished the work. He had bought a dictionary. Adapun cara membuat bentuk elip dengan memakai to be auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu). He has many books. =She had bought a dictionary and so had he. 4. =He has finished the work and I have too. She isn’t studying English.STAN-Nusantara A. Tony is playing football. =He work very hard and she does too. =Tony is playing football and Rudy is too.and…either (juga) and neither …. b. =He has finished the work and so have I. e. =He didn’t do the exercise and neither did she. He had new bag. =He isn’t studying English and she isn’t either. He painted the window. h. Contoh a.dan demikian juga …) and …too. =He can speak English well and she can too. =He work very hard and so does she. B.either juga digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negatif. She has to study regularly. =He passed the final examination and so did she. c. He painted the door. =She has to study regulrly and we do too. 3. She had bought a dictionary. b. i. Contoh : a. f. We have to study regularly.juga. and neither….and so…(dan…. =He isn’t studying English but she is. Both….and so… digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki kesamaan. She is studying English.. Rudy is playing football. STAN-Nusantara 7 . d.. antara lain dengan menggunakan : 1. Contoh : He isn’t studying English. They work very hard. =He passed the final examination and she did too.. =She had a new bag and he did too. Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip Kalimat elip dapat dibentuk dengan cara. She passed the final examination. He can speak English well. he has finished the work. She can speak English well. he passed the final examination. =Tony is playing football and so is Rudy. She work very hard. =He isn’t studying English and neither is she. She had a new bag. f. =If sleepy. b. Before I eat..ataupun…. Although she was given everything. g. 7.(baik .. 6. she was never satisfied. d. =Neither he nor they say the rude things. Mary was poor but she was honest. 9. I always say a short prayer. You can go by bus. you always use a hand signal. =He is neither a teacher nor a doctor. Neither …. When you stop a car. Susunsn Elliptic biasanya digunakan dalam dependent dan independent clause bila kedua subjeknya sama. Whether…or not(baik…atau tidak) Contoh : I will give you the money although you need it or you don’t need it. =I saw him crossing the road. =Mary was poor but honest. While she was cooking. He isn’t a teacher. C. you may go to sleep. =I will write a letter and short story. You can go by taxi. b. he always comes on time. Or (atau) Contoh : a. =However busy. I always say a short prayer. Susunan Elliptic Dalam Klausa. =I will give you the money whether you need it or not. you always use a hand signal. =When stopping a car. c.STAN-Nusantara =He painted both the door and the window. Sita is in the thrid year. 5. e. Contoh : Rini forgot where she put her new dictionary.she listened to the radio. However he is busy. =Before eating the meal. Contoh : a.nor…(baik…maupun…tidak). Either …or. He isn’t a doctor. she listened to the radio. =Although given everything. =Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year. =Nani washed and hang the dresses. Contoh : a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film? =Does he buy a black and white or colour film? b. 8. =You can go by bus or taxi. i./salahsatu). he always comes on time. you may go to sleep. He doesn’t say rude things. Nani washed the dresses and she hang them. =While cooking. I saw him when she was crossing the road. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN STAN-Nusantara 8 . They don’t say the rude things. If you are sleepy. I will write a short story. And (dan) Contoh : I will write a letter. Heni is in the thrid year. b. she was never satisfied. =Neither they nor he says the rude things. h. =Isn’t either in living room or in the bedroom. ”__” A. “Ridwan believes that advertisement on TV is the most effective”. Contoh : 1.so does my father D. B.the same I do C. 7. (faktanya : she isn’t here).as I do B.’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Present Subjunctive Kalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang.did D. 6. A.Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta a.but ____ A. If only they were my friends. (faktanya : He isn’t the owner of the hotel).’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.my mother is not E.can B.my father won’t C.to renew C. Please remind me to return the book and___library card. (faktanya : She knows me) STAN-Nusantara 9 . 2. I think my mother will be interested in reading this novel. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. (faktanya : I don’t go to the meeting).I do also E. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : They aren’t my friends) 4. 3.my father will be 4.does E.tells C. kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin). I would rather you told me the news. (faktanya : You don’t tell me the news). Pengantar Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi. I wish she were here. ‘if only’ (jika.hanya jika). 5.that I renew B. Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___ A.STAN-Nusantara 1.have to renew 2. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah ‘were’. Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense. If only he didn’t ask me (faktanya : He asks me).him 3.I must renew D. He wishes I went to the meeting .so do I BAB III : SUBJUNCTIVE A. baik Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.renewing E.so will my father B. She stares at me as though she didn’t know me.so do I D. I wish I were not thirsty. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle. has told C. 4. If only he hadn’t asked me. was D. He wishes I had gone to the meeting. I am thirsty. (faktanya : She wasn’t here). (faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday) I would rather you had told me the news. she had had enough money C. she will have enough money E. buy E. STAN-Nusantara 10 .STAN-Nusantara b. A. A. The subjunctive is …. she has had enough money D. It means …. tells E. If only she … me about her problem yesterday. I wish I am not thirsty. had bought C. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : She knew me). Fatimah wished … to buy the book. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. A. 4. If only they had been my friends. A. had been B. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday. she has enough money 2. She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me. had told D. (faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting). I wish I was thirsty. bought D. (faktanya : He asked me). is 5. buys 6. Past Subjunctive Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau. He wishes it … a holiday today. A. (faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel). will have bought B. Contoh : 1. My uncle wishes I had not gone to the cinema. was telling 3. Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense. she had enough money B. be E. 5. were C. 2. (faktanya : They were not my friends). I wish I were thirsty E. 3. C. D. told B. I wish she had been here. B. I wish I was not thirsty. (faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news). has been D. A. tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d. Posisi pada permulaan kalimat dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please. had knew B. Position Kata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. D. I have not gone to the cinema. A. 7. have known BAB IV : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION A. Inflectional Suffixes Akhiran –s. Let’s or Don’t + V 1. Rita thinks that we are fishing.-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal. taught 8. I would go to the cinema.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest. E. B. Please open your dictionary. know E. is C. 2.-ed pada Past participle. Contoh : 1. b. were E. teaches E.”I am sorry I don’t know the answer . was 9. do E. Kata kerja dapat pula terjadi dalam posisi antara dua kata benda atau antara subjek dan objek. is being B. is teaching C. haven’t done 10. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now. Finally he realized what happened. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation. 3. 3. I am going to go to the cinema. knew D. She acts as though she … the manager of the store. but I really wish I …. A. C. don’t do B. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja. Don’t be afraid. didn’t do C. I did not go to the cinema. A.STAN-Nusantara A. little girl. didn’t D.-ed dalam bentuk lampau. I went to the cinema. has taught B. will knew C. akhiran –d. Contoh : 1. Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain : a. STAN-Nusantara 11 . 2. Surely he means something. Verb Ciri-ciri kata kerja Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kata Benda. had taught D. Coded to refer to speech. Can / could must May / might dare Shall / should need + V-1 Will / would (had) better/ best Do/does/did 2. Culture STAN-Nusantara 12 . Radio. the potential for communication is very great. 2. for example. 1. -ify. solidify. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. Signs. and the telephone are only a few. Signals. symbols. standardize -fy. as. c. Although signals. As a result. In some cultures. -efy beautify. AFFIXS EXAMPLE -en hasten. Communication D. The men watched the football match. strengthen -ze. signs. television. signs. Derivational suffixes and prefixes : Kata kerja dapat pula dikenali dengan derivational suffixes and prefixes dalam pembentukan kata kerja. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage? A. and gestures are very useful. liquefy enencircle. symbols. means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon speech. My friend bought books in the bookstore. Speech E. enjoy SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage! Although speech is the most advanced form of communication. + V-3 4.STAN-Nusantara Contoh : 1. they do have a major disadvantage. signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. 1. the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Signals. + V-1 d. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Auxiliary verbs Kata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu). and Symbols B. Gestures C. Less adaptable to to the codification of words. -ize apologize. and gestures may be found in every known culture. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. there are many ways of communicating without using speech. applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Is / am / are / was / were Get / gets / got Keep / keeps / kept Is / am/ are / was / were Get / gets /got Have / has /had Have / has/ had to Ought to Used to Is / am / are / was /were to + V-ing 3. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages. and gestures are forms of communication B. Applauding was citied as an example of …. The form of communication most related to cultural perception. destroyed E. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs. symbols. confiscated B. flip C. C. divers are often sluggish. Why were the telephone. A. A form of communication which may be used across long distances. purr E. 6. A. symbols. concealed D. Because people wanted to communicate across long distances C. STAN-Nusantara 13 . what is a signal? A. People who sell his self 9. discarded C. Because of the extreme pressure underwater. an attitude 3.STAN-Nusantara 2. B. gulp B. A. and TV invented? A. a sign E. Yet people love them 5. listed B. A form of communication that interrupts the environment. symbols are very easy to define and interpret C. yelp D. A. radio. and symbols D. Same as speech. a signal D. D. A. Vendors must have a license. and symbols are obsolete D. waving and handshaking are not related to culture E. A. People who work in hospital E. signs. a gesture B. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain. they are often late. communication is important Next questions are not related with the passage above. Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour. obligated D. Because people believed that signals. People who drive a car C. and signals B. loaded E. Because people were unable to understand signs. People engaged in selling D. requested C. The most difficult form of communication to describe. According to the passage. E. People employed in food service B. only some cultures have signals. like 10. 4. overloaded 7. a symbol C. signals. signs. in 8. Because people wanted new forms of entertainment E. signs. It may be concluded from this passage that …. I will go to the party 2. yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause. classify 12. kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi. Sesuai dengan namanya. worried E. add on E. sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clause semuanya dalm bentuk present. forget to do B. (Artinya : I may go for a swim. A. We shall go together if We have enough time Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian belakang kalimat. exchange D. I will come to the party if Susi invites me 2. They will visit you if you meet them. akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan.”must”.”may”. If Susi invites me. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free. A. sedang If Clause tidak. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat pengandaiannya. b. slow B.”have to” dan “ought to”. If we have enough time. Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal. Modal STAN-Nusantara 14 . go on BAB V : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A. 2. Contoh : 1. (Artinya : They may visit you. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences) Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. verify C. Pengantar Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into during the work.Tipe II Kalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang. you may meet they). Perbedaan letak main Clause ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti. obtain E. pay for C. Contoh : Main Clause If Clause 1. B. the weather may not be bad). careful D. careless 11. purchase B. we shall go together. meet unexpectedly D. hurt C. Modal yang paling sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad. sehingga susunannya menjadi : 1. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional a. Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang.STAN-Nusantara A. would have C. We shall not go unless we have enough time. (Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them). (artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad). I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad. would rather D. If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. have invite 3. We shall go provided that we have enough time. Were she sick. we should have gone together. I won’t come if you ___ me. can B. would C. would B. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to. will have 2. ‘provided that’ (asalkan) dan ‘unless’ (kecuali jika). A. did not invite C. A. c. To be untuk semua pronoun adalah “were”. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. We shall go if we have enough time. sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past Perfect Tense. They would have visited you if you had met them. would have been STAN-Nusantara 15 . (Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them). Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga. should D. digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. she couldn’t do the work. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III. she couldn’t do the work. We shall go on condition that we have enough time. Contoh : 1. Contoh : 1. C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa If If Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. don’t invite B. A.STAN-Nusantara pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. will E. would have E. 2. 3. 2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad. If we had had enough time. (Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad). He ___ come if you call him. Contoh : 1. 2. Had we had enough time we should gone together. They would visit you if you met them. Tipe III Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata-kata lain yang mempunyai makna setara adalah : ‘on condition that’ (dengan syarat bahwa). have been invitation D. If she were sick. has been invited E. It means . If you don’t have a coat. has drive B. I might borrow it from him.STAN-Nusantara 4. gave. gives. driving 8. I was not given the book E. A. would buy B. would have bought D. Unless his father ___ him there.___. rain E. If he hasn’t run away. I would not go to the school. When the boy saw the dog. had driven E. If he had not run away. can D. A. I gave the book 10. will rain 6. It’s very cold and windy outside. if STAN-Nusantara 16 . could B. he ran away and was bitten. had rained D. A. The novel were his 11. A. This sentence means __. he won’t be bitten C. If the novel him C. will buy E. If his the novel D. Her father did not drive her to the station E. We can conclude that __. he wouldn’t be bitten D. If his this novel B. I passed the test D. he wouldn’t have been bitten B. If he hasn’t run away. A. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there. I would have failed the test. drives D. I fail the test B. might E. gave. If it ___ today. must 7. Unless he run away. he shouldn’t be bitten 12. would buy 9. rains C. I ___ the book. shall buy C. had given. you ___ borrow mine. rained B. She arrives at the station on time B. She didn’t go to the station 5. If my mother ___ the money. has driven C. We won’t be able to go to the football game ___ we can still get tickets. Were the novel is E. A. She came late to the station C. A. gives. She did not miss the train D. I failed the test C. he wouldn’t be the bitten E. ___. A. A. shall C. he would not have arrived at the station on time. Had I not been given the book. If he doesn’t run away. whether C. unless D. Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + get + O + V-3 Contoh : STAN-Nusantara 17 . can spend D. (Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera). Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah. Dari dua kata kerja tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya. will not lend him D. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver. would have spent C. I ___ my car. hadn’t lent him E. Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. (Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya). but E. will spend B. if not. A. Susunan causative Have dan Get a. b. I deposit all my idle money in the bank. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + HAVE + O + V-3 Contoh : The manager had the letter typed soon. would not have lent him B. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2 Contoh : I have the mechanic repair my car (Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya). Causative have dan get dengan objek pasif Dalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu terhadap objek penderita.STAN-Nusantara B. could spend E. wouldn’t lent him 14. did not lend him C. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktif Di sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. I ___ it on things that I did not really need. A. am going to spend BAB VI : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET Pengantar Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. yet 13. A. Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2 Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room. just has it painted 7. have checked the car B. Salim for next week. accompany 2. reading B. I’ll get my sister ___ my new dress. made STAN-Nusantara 18 . to have everything done B. sewing 3. have had the car checked 8.STAN-Nusantara I get my trousers shortened (Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan) SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. had the car checked E. We are going on a long trip. to read C. A. to accompanying E. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass. I ___ at my brother’s garage. so we must ___. he always wants ___ for him. I’ll have my secretary ___ an appointment with Mr. but I’ve got to have her ___. everything has done 6.” A. A. A. to has everything done E. to have the car checked D. planting E. sew B. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school. everything having been done C. only had it painted B. A. to sew E. “Is your car new?” “No. sews D.” “Yes. A. to accompany C. plant B. “Choki is a lazy boy. have everything done D. to reading D. A. planted D. have the car checked C. A. only to had it painted E. so he had somebody ___ the announcement. had only painted it C. accompanying D. to plant 4. had been asked to paint it D. sewed C. plants C. accompanied B. read 5. reads E. b. Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business. have done it E. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice. Kata benda (modifier of a noun) Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink. have to do it C. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-Word Or a WH-Phrases). do it B. baik yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb) Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference. making E. C. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas) To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari : 1. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____ STAN-Nusantara 19 . translate it B. Penggunaan To Infinitive a. have translate it E. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___ Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad 2. it has been done 10.” A. Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitive Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive Advise force mean want Allow hope need wish Ask intend permit would like Bag invite promise tell Decide instruct propose teach Expect learn warn urge Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : 1. I don’t know how to arrange these flowers. I’d rather ___. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective) Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news. to translate C. 3. B. makes 9. “This English text on Accounting is too difficult for me to read. 4.” “ Well. you’d better ___. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to. 2. have it done D. it translate BAB VII : INFINITIVE A. have it translated D. Pengantar Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakn to.STAN-Nusantara B. to make D. A. make C. Sedang bentuk infinitive tanpa to menunjukkan lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut. I notice him sleep under the tree. must). b. would rather (lebih suka). Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth. Contoh : 1. tell B. I suggest that they should take a vacation 2. D. dare not (tidak berani). necessary. Setelah Modal (can. He lets Amir enter the room. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive) a. They saw the thief run away. she would rather go than stay at home c. He was found to smoke in the class KECUALI : let Contoh : 1. presepsi dan causative-have. might. I called you up this morning ___ you about the news. Contoh : 1. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting Misal : important. She saw the boy steal the money 2. kecuali : let have.STAN-Nusantara Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday. They let him go Passive : He was let go 2. A. will. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to : Feel hear see look at Get make watch let Have notice know listen to Help observe Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing. ought to. dan help. telling STAN-Nusantara 20 . 2. shall. Kata kerja bentuk –ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. We had better tell him that you list it. may. Setelah kata : need not. know. should. She was heard to leave the house 2. Contoh : 1. would. The teacher has his students clean the classroom 3. etc. Passive : Amir is let enter the room d. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-infinitive (dalam bentuk pasif). It is important that we should take a vacation SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. I saw the thief running away. sejak dari awal sampai akhir e. essential. She heard the boy call for help. Setelah kata kerja sensasi. kecuali dalam bentuk passive. Contoh : It is important that she take the course Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas didahului oleh “should”. Contoh : 1. had better (sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka) Contoh : 1. 3. Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian ini terletak pada sempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. could. 2. cry D.STAN-Nusantara C. We study B. I will help D. crying B. “What are you planning to do with all these paintings?” “ ___ them in the cultural center next month. do not speed C. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __. to cry C. to telling 2. A.” A. In studying D. for keeping D. has been cried 6. and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful. A. kept B. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship. helping C. A. Studied E. To study 5. The girl begged the robber ___. told E. It’s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don’t practice. not to speed B. spelling B. spelled C. A. Studying C. I’m helping E. didn’t take my money E. they keep C. do not take my money D. Exhibition D. I told the bus driver __. help B. to spell E. We exhibit E. spells D. salts. The acids. cried E. to help 7. keeping 9. not to take her money B. A. to keep E. did not take my money 4. to tell D. didn’t speed STAN-Nusantara 21 . don’t take my money C. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain. To be exhibiting C. To exhibit B. spell 3. A. Be exhibiting 8. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?” “ ___ together in library. A. It must have been very cold last night. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar (strong possibility).Nancy was rich. we could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay at home.Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past suggestion). get B. Could a. A. He must speak English fluently B. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau. 3. May a. she could have bought a motor car if she wanted. Might a. Modal 1. A. b. Contoh : Lany came late this morning. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity) Contoh : We must eat nutrious food. Must a. Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to). Can 2. Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) Contoh : He may come late this morning 4. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young. Might + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility). Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : May I read this book? b. STAN-Nusantara 22 . did not speed E. 4. Mrs. 3 . I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air. (past conclusion). Bentuk lampau dari may Contoh : She said that I might go home early b. don’t speed 10. 2. She should have been studying for her exam. gets BAB VIII : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu. Must + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. b. 5. to get C. Modal Perfect 1. she might hve missed the bus. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion) Contoh : He has been in England for year. Contoh : The oil was frozen. Contoh : We didn’t go out last night . getting E. Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.STAN-Nusantara D. Could + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak digunakan. Contoh : She might be at home today. be getting D. might not have D. We ___ go out. STAN-Nusantara 23 . been 5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded. don’t have B. The children ___ be sleeping. ought not B. A. could not E. may E. It’s very quiet here.STAN-Nusantara SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. He ___ not paint the whole building in one day. should B. can 7. We ___ have bought them in advance. might not D. was C. should C. A. had better not E. shouldn’t 4. may B. wouldn’t have C. had E. You ___ to hurry. shouldn’t have 9. A. It’s raining very hard. A. may C. were D. wasn’t able to E. It ___ rain tomorrow. must not C. isn’t able to D. wouldn’t B. bring 2. have D. do C. shall E. mustn’t have B. don’t have to C. A. can’t B. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. should 8. are B. A. There was a lot of work to do. You’ve got a lot of time. can D. A. shouldn’t have E. couldn’t C. He ___ gone home so early. had been 6. doesn’t D. would D. couldn’t have E. They ___ discussing the matter when I came. A. can 3. (Concord : went…last week) b. Subjek dan Predikat : SUBYEK I We. Contoh : 1. Have. You. B. been waiting BAB IX : CONCORD (AGREEMENT) A. should B. They go to the movie every week (Concord : go……everyweek) 2. Did. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses) dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah) Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara : 1. must C. wait B.STAN-Nusantara A. They went to the movie last week. He has finished reading the book (Concord : He…has) 2. 2. will 10. been waiting D. (Concord : went …last week) c. They He. 1. Could. 4. could have E. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang) Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan. have waited C. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya. The team are playing seriuously. The village has been visited by the president. Do. The girl under the tree waved her hand. We go to school by bus (Concord : Betty…goes) Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. The team is good. Jenis-Jenis Concord : a. (Concord : John … he ) 2. STAN-Nusantara 24 . must have been D. 3. The Village have worked hard for a week. Had. It to be am are is PREDIKAT to do to have do have do have does has to verb go go goes Contoh : 1. Contoh : 1. She. wait E. frase atau kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa. He is a doctor. ___ you ___ long when he finally arrived? A. Pengantar Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata. John is my brother. Contoh : Five hundred miles is quite far for them. Ukuran jarak. Attributive Uncountable 1.STAN-Nusantara Everybody. mathematics. nobody. The number of workers takes a rest. mechanics. a / an 2. A. no word added STAN-Nusantara Noun Tunggal v v v v v v - Jamak v v v v v v v v 25 . each / every 12. no one. two / three / four Contoh : This man is my brother. Contoh : Billiards is an easy game. He is a good student. waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal. A number of cards are painted red. Contoh 1. these / those 11. film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal. few 7. menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. billiards. phonetics. cerita. No one knows where their king puts the crown Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata kerja) bentuk tunggal. some v 4. all of v 13. Contoh : Two hundred two hundred books d. physics. Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak. Contoh : Romeo and Juliet is a good story. this / that v 10. everyone. Nama judul buku (buku. a lot of v 9. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1.anybody dan anyone. Noun and attributive : No. dominos. antara lain : cards. kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangan tersebut. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin) Contoh : John is my brother. 2. statistics. the v 3. optics. many 5. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses. hers B. economics. one 14. much v 6. little v 8. Tetapi : 1. Everybody was running as fast as they could 2. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year. are covered B. it has become D. had covered E. A. to have earned C. have to earne STAN-Nusantara 26 . has earned B. herself D. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. having become 4. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher. A. Siti and her sister 9. Due to the current financial condition. have been earning D. Both of them B. A. she 2. A. to be covered 7. have become C. confirm B. its E. is covered D. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area. A. ___ are studying economies. her B. A. our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___. has become B. are confirmed E. to be confirmed C. is confirmed D. is needed to be reviewed E. The tree of them D. Mrs. One of them C. has covered C. it needs reviewing B. The committee has begun ____ meeting. confirms 8. or nearly 5. her E. have earned E. A. will 5. are C.STAN-Nusantara C. Siti and her brother E. A. were E. needs review 6. needs to be reviewed C. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city. is B. need to review D. ours 3. their D.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice. his C. to have become E. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song. was D. -ture. A. Inflectional Suffixes Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda. they are E. depart departure mix mixture -ature sign signature -y.’ Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister. each of the students ___ given a new time-table. Derivational Suffixes Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkan akhiran. he is D. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek. -ent type typist apply applicant serve servant -al approve approval -ure. c. -es. Suffix Verb Noun -ment improve improvement -er. b. tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yang mendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s. -ary deliver delivery -age carry carriage STAN-Nusantara 27 . Noun Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris. -ery.STAN-Nusantara 10. -tion apply application compete competition -ance. dan penanda menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s. are BAB X : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY A. Position : Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Deteminers : Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda. Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain : a.-ence allow allowance -ist. is B. -or play player invent inventor -t complain complaint -ion. -ant. be C. Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps. At the beginning of d semester. d. -tion act action -ation. Contoh : a its each many more An our every much most The their no few one My this both several two Your that some either ten His these any neither twenty-one Those all Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains. Natural architecture B. What is another name for organic architecture? A. consequently B. developing D. form follows function STAN-Nusantara 28 . and the people who will ultimately use it. opposition E. conditions D. nevertheless 4. and Kenya. caused by 5. agreement B. resulting in D. form is inseparable from function. but it is always faithful to principle. Form does not follow function. we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with. the materials. contribution D. then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Aesthetic architecture C. In organic architecture. otherwise D. Looking at three ____(5) countries. counterpart C. to developing E. Mixed architecture 7. development This text for number 6 to 9 Organic architecture—that is. Varied architecture E. and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site. 6. 1. due to B. It should maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors. In other words. China. moreover E. This view however . India. referring E. is often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . A.STAN-Nusantara SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN The text for number 1 to 5. a building should be inspired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural environment. ____(3) conflicts often exist between government policies ____(4) birth control people’s practices. in addition C. Principle architecture D. If this natural principle is upheld. which of the following of is true? A. develop B. A. they fell that the world’s land. water. Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point. supplies C. A. A. assets B. A. natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form. regarding C. the purpose of the structure. developed C. approval 3. alternatives E. demands 2. Defening adjective clause a. Which. b. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature? A. A. Pengantar Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat majemuk. e. Nature should not be considered C. 1. I showed it to Lina yesterday. Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. B. that : menggantikan objek orang.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday. d. Adverb Clause Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk. atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. Who. It’s cover is torn. That man whom she introduced to me is manager. f. That man she introduced to me is a manager. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb yaitu : a. function is not important to form D. that : menggantikan subjek orang Contoh : That boy is a new student. c. He is speaking English with Santi. c. b. Who : menggantikan subjek orang Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Nature should be respected D. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structure C. she introduced him to me. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Cth : Linda told me her address. d. Whom : menggantikan objek orang Cth : Do you know Mr.STAN-Nusantara B. Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functional E. Whom. Non-defening Adjective Clause a. bank that is built to conform to the natural surrounding D. the sweaty bank 9. A good example of natural principles is a ___. form and function are one E. 2. Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father. Nature should be conquered. that atau whose. B. whom. Adverbial clause of time STAN-Nusantara 29 . Contoh : That man is a manager. function follows form C. Nature should be broken BAB XI : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES A. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang Cth : The book is mine. It belongs to Rina. Nature should be improved E. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who. bank that is built to look like a Greek temple B. That man that she introduced to me is manager. no comment 8.that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang. who study E. b. that studies B. His supervisor___. where he borrowed a car STAN-Nusantara 30 . A. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. eventhough. A. which the teachers like E. Adverbial clause of reason Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because. as soon as. studies D. is like by the teacher 5. as long as. Sebagai subjek Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy. he borrowed a car from him. A. whether I grew my own vegetables B.before. The above sentences can be joined as follows: The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship. C.that study C. is a very genereous person. whose 4. study 3. c. although.STAN-Nusantara Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after. e. A. b. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek. Adverbial clause of place Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever c. Adverbial clause of purpose Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so. I grew my own vegetables E. who C. Sebagai pelengkap contoh : This is where I work.of condition Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if. since. as. did I grow my own vegetables? D. when. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. he is like by the teachers C. you grow your own vegetables C. while. as atau for d. so that. He is only one of my friend___French. B. a. Adverbial clause. with whom E. Noun Clause Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Sebagai objek Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them. whom B. in order that.the teachers like him D. unless. whom the techers like B. while atau wherleas. f. Adverbial clause of consession Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though. which D. on condition that. He asked me ___ A. objek maupun pelengkap. until. The teacher like him.If I did grow my own vegetables? 2. A. These two chapter are taken C.Sebagai Objek Contoh : I don’t like smoking Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund : Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan) Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan) Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus) Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan) Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan) Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan) Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda) Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan) STAN-Nusantara 31 . does she earn a living BAB XII : GERUND A. The book ___ is only available in the library. The two chapter are taken 8. where the nearest bank is B. the nearest bank C. about which I told you 9. which the nearest bank is E. It was from them are two chapter are E. from whom he borrowed a car D. that I told you E. ‘ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?’ ‘I am also wondering___. B. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity. komplemen. A. whether B. in case D.STAN-Nusantara C. which i told you B. how she earns her living E. what she was earning a living for C. Tasroni ___. that is the nearest bank 10. 2. where is the nearest bank D. Fungsi Gerund 1. The tourist asked me___ A. dan penjelas kata benda lainnya. A. . that C. objek. Pengantar Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakan sebagai subjek. whom I told you about C. his car he borrowed E. the person he borrowed a car 6. From which these two chapter sre taken B. why does she earn her living? D. that she has earned her living B. Where these two chapter are taken from D. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby. I told you D. what E. This is Mr. in fact 7. A. ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund dan to-infinitive.STAN-Nusantara Detest Enjoy Excuse Finish (membenci) (menikmati) (menolak) (menyelesaikan) prevent resist risk understand (mengcegah) (menahan) (mengambil resiko) (memahami) b. are. under. and to. Sebagai menyatakan larangan Contoh : No smoking C. D. without. I stop smoking. is. about. was. Contoh : 1. were) d. Karena itu untuk mempermudah memahaminya. The running shoes are very expensive. (Activeparticiple) (orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu) STAN-Nusantara 32 . of. in.(gerund) (Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal) 3. Dari segi arti. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive : Advise intend Allow love Attempt prefer Begin regret Continue remember Forget start Hate stop Like try Diantara kata kerja diatas. gerund mengandung makna : “peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”. though. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle : Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama. keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. from. Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‘to’ karena di samping ‘infinitive’. Contoh : I stop to smoke (Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok). on. (active Participle) (The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar) 2. hafalkanlah bentuk ‘to’ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini : To be used to To be accustomed to To object to (terbiasa) (terbiasa) (berkeberatan) to take to (menyukai) to look forward to (menanti-nanti) to be averse to (terbiasa) Contoh : 1. c. I am used to drinking coffe. up. Objek kata depan (preposisi) Contoh : He gave up drinking beer Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at. (Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain). for. The running boy is anwar. 2. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier : Contoh : the waiting room is very large. Sebagai Komplemen Contoh : My hobby is drawing. yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing Sekalipun bentuknya sama. e. before. after. Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am. The walking man wants to meet you. In buying STAN-Nusantara 33 . me to see her C. sharpening 4. me seeing her E. A. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else? A. to putting C. playing badminton D. The old man needs a walking stick.STAN-Nusantara 4. They buy B. being able to get E. his being able to get C.” A. A. sharpen D. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English. to put B. I prefer___to swimming. I saw her B. His wearing earings D. had played badminton 3. played badminton C. my seeing her D. has played badminton E. put E. be able to get 5. To wearing earings C. A. sharpens E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective : Seperti umumnya kata benda. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. A. A. puts 2. Waering earings 7. to sharpen C. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often. To be buying C. her could get B. This knife needs___ it is dull. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming. For wearing earings E. “What don’t you like about Irwan ?” “____. play badminton B. to be able to get D. (gerund) (orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan) E. Contoh : Her coming late makes her mother angry. to be sharpening B. gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentuk object. that I see her 6. putting D. Why he wears earings B. X : “Do you like swimming?” Y : “NO. A.’ A.’ ‘I think it only needs ___. Active Participle adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan). Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + Active Participle + …… Contoh : I hear the girl singing a new song. cleaning C.STAN-Nusantara D. clean E. leaving E. supported E. to clean B. sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan). Active (Present Participle) : Running water = air yang sedang mengalir 2. Pengantar Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle : * Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan * Past Participle Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. We are studying English now. b. Buying 8. ‘It’s hot here. 2. people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting the daily necessities. the waiting man reads a magazine. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense. cleaned D. to leave C. Past Participle : Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan B. STAN-Nusantara 34 . c. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle a. You have been dreaming. left B. being supported D. be supporting BAB XIII : PARTICIPLE A. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother. A. supporting C. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : 1. Facing hard times. Contoh : 1. be cleaned 10. Man buys E. 2. support B. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception). the air conditioner is not working. The boiling water is very hot. been left 9. being left D. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini : 1. STAN-Nusantara Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah : See hear feel notice Watch leave find catch Smell observe keep d. he sent her a letter. d. followed by his wife. He wishtled as he went. peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle Contoh : As he knew her address. Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan secara berulang. e. marching C. f. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif. Penggunaan Past Participle a. b. =Knowing her address. A. D. Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan. Contoh : Beny came in. he took out a revolver. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif. C. he rode away. maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle. =Beny came in. He was followed by his wife. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan oleh seorang subyek. =Whistling. to march D. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : The stolen money has been found. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. Contoh : He rode away. Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + …… Contoh : You will see the work finished on time. =He rode away whistling. c. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others. be marching E. Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai Adjective Contoh : They play was boring. marched B.(Permainan itu membosankan). are maching 2. STAN-Nusantara 35 . he sent her a letter. =Opening the drawer. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang pertama. being beaten E. A. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet. A. having escaped E. have been chosen 5. She was finishing her work 4. the town soon become a popular tourist resort. A. A. Although she had finished her work B. be broken D. breaking E. the maid went home”. broke 6. If she had finishing her work E. killed STAN-Nusantara 36 .STAN-Nusantara A. choose B. he tries 7. A. unlock the door 3. “Having finished her work. A. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently. It is situated E. Situating D. be beaten D. were chosen C. killing B. ___ near a beautiful beach. chosen D. Situated B. it was beaten 8. we saw a man ___ to get on our roof. unlocked the door C. to try C. was broken B. they choose E. Situation 10. escaped C. was escaped 9. escape B. She had to finish her work D. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers. On my way home. broken C. was escaped D. beat C. After she had finished her work C. A. is unlocking the door B. Situates C. When we came home last night. he unlock the door E. trying B. tried E. A. beating B. when unlocking the door D. to be trying D. I saw a dog ___ by a boy. The underlined words mean ___. Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police. 14. 5. but. In order that : supaya Contoh : We must study hard. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian Contoh : She is poor. Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and. Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi Contoh : Desy is beautiful. 3. After all : bagaimanapun juga Contoh : There are many good school. 7. 15. SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN 1. It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late. dengan demikian. 11. 10. mulai saat ini. 6. Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and. Hence : karena alasan itu. all the same some of them keep selling their things at dirty place. Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian. kata dengan kelompok kata. Namely : yaitu Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam. Say : taruhlah Contoh : Can you lend me money. Jenis konjungsi ini menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda. consequently all the responsiblities to raise the children fell or his mother. accordingly many students wants to study there. For = Since = because = as = Karena Contoh : Everyone is looking for him.in the mean time I’ll take bath. neither…. Otherwise : jika tidak Contoh : Please study hard. but STAN-Nusantara 37 . after all our school is the best. hence he is named Irianto. 12. 4.say five thousand rupiahs. either …or.namely Lena. In case : kalau-kalau Contoh : You’d better take an umbrella. In the meantime : sementara itu. Contoh : I lost my books and my pens. for he is the only person who knows where the keys is. be killed D. were killing E. kata kerja dengan kata kerja. 13. Accordingly : karena itu Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia. although B. on the contrary his father hates very much.STAN-Nusantara C. I was late because I chugat the wrong bus.otherwise you’ll fail the exam. All the same : namun demikian Contoh : The government has given them a new market places. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya Contoh : He loves rock music. Consequently : akibatnya Contoh : His father died five years ago. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan subordinate conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat. dalam waktu yang bersamaan. A. Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa. but also. 1.in order that we can pass the exam. not only ….in case it rains. moreover she is very bright.nevertheless she is happy. klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya. were killed BAB IV : CONJUCTION Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu kalimat.nor …. 9. or dan nor. 2. 8. hence 6. in spite of that E. A. and C. however B. it may harm non smokers. even though 8. Even though E. he is always nervous when doing exams. therefore 7. so E. Although C. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously. or 4. however STAN-Nusantara 38 . they were afraid. therefore D. Instead of D.” “You’re right. ___ . moreover 5. therefore D. since C. so B. for his next show. A.STAN-Nusantara C. consequently B. for E. “ His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted. otherwise D. nevertheless C. but B. ___. Despite 3. Unless B. so that D. so 9. when 2. My uncle doesn’t eaern much. in spite of E. and C. for E. moreover E. had contacted Kris. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ . The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon. A. ___ very few people know which ones are they. A. but B.” A. while B. ___ he can send his children to college. so D. ___ his good performance as a student. since E.” A. as D. so that B. a professional in the entertainment business. A. whenever D. “How were you doing in your exam ?” “Not very well ___ I studied hard for it.___ he would not be accepted. in addition C. or C. A. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth. P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us. Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek. in addition D. P : The ball is kicked over the fence. Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun. even if D. maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat pasif. maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun (lihat contoh 1). Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense. B. A. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif 1. P : The shoes are being polished now. be dan been. are. is. so that B. P : I was asked continuously. Pola : Am Is Are + V-3 Was Were Contoh : A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence. otherwise 10. STAN-Nusantara 39 . 2. was.STAN-Nusantara C. were. P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing. Contoh : A : The police asked me continuously. nevertheless E. Pengantar Pola kalimat pasif adalah : To be + Verb-3 Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am. while BAB XV : PASSIVE VOICE A. All the members of the Parliament applauded ___ the president was walking to his seat. although C. Pola : Am Is Are + being – V3 Was Were Contoh : A : He is polishing the shoes now. Contoh : A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing. as soon as E. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + Perfect Pola : Modal + have + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : She should not have scolded him in public. P : he should not have been scolded in public. Pola : Modal + be + Verb-3 Contoh : A : He will paint the doors. A : He is writing an article P : Is an article being written (by him)? 3. P : The doors will be painted. A : He has written an article P : Has an article been written (by him)? Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut : Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal. 5. P : the job has been finished already. Yes / No question Contoh : 1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal. W-H Question : Contoh : A : When does he write an article. A : Does he write an article? P : Is an article written (by him)? 2. 4. A : He can write an article P : Can an article be written (by him)? 4. P : When is an article written (by him)? Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas. Contoh lain : STAN-Nusantara 40 .STAN-Nusantara 3. 6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question) a. Pola : Have / has / had + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : They have finished the job already. To be + subject + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 1 dan 2) Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal Modal + subject + be + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 3 dan 4) b. (Verb-3). think. A. know. will looked after D. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subyek berupa : people. find. has opened B. karena mungkin ditanyakan. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasif Gerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need. was been fed 3. want. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children. A. will look after E. everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause. will bw looking after C. 8. maka to be pada kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga. were been feed C. won’t / wouldn’t. The window ___ by an unseen hand. were fed D. Contoh : A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country.STAN-Nusantara A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle. require. A. claim. Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country. bear mengandung arti pasif. A. Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge. Contoh : A : What do they do? P : What is done by them ? Alternatif penambahan “not” dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut : A : she is not washing the dishes. The house ___ by the old gardener. will make 2. had been opened E. had opened STAN-Nusantara 41 . report. consider. believe. say. will looking after B. were feed B. will be looked after 4. will open C. opened D. P : Aren’t the dishes being washed (by her)? 7. P : It said that Indonesia is developing country. being made C. The chickens ___ this morning. make D. P : Was the famous general killed in the battle? Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan. be made B. makes E. Contoh : The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. were been fed E. was be made B. be written 7. I can hardly never hear such a song 4. scarcerly never. The sun always rises in the east 2. was being make 6. is being written C. A. being split C. ask E. be cooked D. is write D. This gun ___ in Birmingham. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan) Kelompok I = always rarely hardly. be spiling B. Contoh : 1. Some ink ___ on the carpet. has cooked C. was been making E. His wife never goes to the shop 3. They don’t often go to bed late 5. has been split 9. This fish ___ very well. has been cooked B. is writing B. asked C. Do you usually study last night? 7. being recorded D. A. seldom occasionally Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja utama. A. often Generally. A. He is never advised by this mother 6. was made C. have been split E. has being cooked 8. to be recording C. asks 10. was being recorded B. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher. The book ___ beautifully. being written E. has asked B. make D. Have you ever been to Paris? STAN-Nusantara 42 . A. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___. to be recorded E. cooked E. be split D. was to record* BAB XVI : ADVERB A. sometimes Ever. A. was asked D.STAN-Nusantara 5. Contoh : X : Do you ussually go to school on foot? Y : Yes. Contoh : 1. Contoh : It was too hot to work. never Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never. STAN-Nusantara 43 . Contoh : He always used to help his mother Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year Once (sekali) a week / month Every other day Now and then Again and again Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat Contoh : We have English Lessons every week B. tingkatan) : Contoh : Almost quite nearly only Enough soon fairly also Just (hanya) rather extremely merely Already too Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan. I usually do : Yes. I sometimes do : No. hardly. adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut. H e didn’t only know you. You nearly missed the bus 2. rarely. Contoh : I often have to cook my own breakfast. Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama. ‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan. Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’. Does she occasionally arrive at night? Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be. We are merely waiting for the bus. akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi. They soon found what they wanted 4. kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata benda). Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan. Rarely do we eat rice there 3 Hardly will he write love letters Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus). Contoh . Never has she met us 2. to do atau modal. bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat untuk menekankan arti. The students quite understand the lessons 5. I never do Atau : No. 6.STAN-Nusantara 8. Contoh : 1. Leni still hopes to meet him 3. He didn’t work quickly enough. Contoh : We arrived at five o’clock yesterday. yaitu: Deep early much Far high little Fast low leisurely Hard late near Contoh : It is a fast train. I stayed at only home B. C.(adv) Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek. The post have already come. jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.(adj) The train fast. ‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi. Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih luas. D. Contoh : They played there They played football there. kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan. Contoh : They worked in room 10 in the hotel. tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly Contoh : Adjective Adverb Careful carefully Lazy lazily Kecuali : Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly. Contoh : He studies hard.STAN-Nusantara 7. I only stayed at home STAN-Nusantara 44 . E. Contoh : Then now everyday Still soon at seven Yet last week next week Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN 1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___. I stayed only at home C. A. He studies English hard. Contoh : He will come here tommorow Tommorow he will come here Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu). Adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh : He only had an apple (not anything else). Khusus untuk ‘still’ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be. although 9. I stayed only at home. whenever B. so sadly 4. so that C. so sad E. A. A. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is. E. until D. A. whenever B. because E. A. She doesn’t go to school ___ she is sick. The flower is ___ that I can’t resist smelling it. He seems ___ that his eyes are red. Although D. young than 5. wherever E. A. in order that C. as young as D. more young than E. only I stayed at home 2. If E. so an odorous 7. So that STAN-Nusantara 45 . so that D. A. as if D. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes. for E. unless 3. such odour B. young as B. where 6. in spite C. because of E. younger than C. Unless B. so odorous D. such sadly D.STAN-Nusantara D. such sad C. such an odorous E. although 8. The days were short ___ it was December. Because C. A. A. such odorous C. despite D. ___ you meet Uni. She acts ___ she were the boss of the company. despite B. because B. so that C. please give this letter to her. such a sad B. A. are. sensible active. appear. weekly beautiful. Audiences had come to associate him so ___(3) with the role of Count Dracula that producers were ___(4) to star him in any other films. -ent. in order D. -atic -ish. -ial. tive -ing Contoh : golden different. rich B. tiring SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN The text for number 1 to 5 As a young man.: Contoh : tall taller tallest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful Tambahan more dan most bisa digunakan dengan adverb (kata keterangan) 2. as if B. reddish Suffix : -ed. because E. his ___(2) and his wealth disappeared. -ible -ive. -tal. sound. painful careless. symphathetic childish. Forgotten by Hollywood and his fans. pleasant reasonable. worthless dangerous. Contoh : Durian are plentiful here B. -ative. -etic.Inflectional suffixes :-er. seem. is. feel. -en tired. enrichment STAN-Nusantara 46 . but as he grew older. most. were. -ant -able. Setelah to be : am. be. 1. Bela Lugosi was ___(1) and famous. -est. A. b. differential basic. more-. Derivational Suffixes Suffix : -y -ly -ful -less -ous. delicious accidental. -tial -ic. Position : a. richly C. he left the house early ___ not to be late. enrich E. Adjective Ciri-ciri adjective Adjective (kata sifat) dalam suatu frase atau kalimat dapat diketahui dengan beberapa cara antara lain : 1. Setelah linking verb : look. so that BAB XVII : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION A. and his debt began to increase.-ious -al. Antara determiner dan kata benda : Contoh : An interesting book c. although C. Contoh : He looks taller than his brother. imaginative interesting. Lugosi became addicted to drugs. and the last few years of his ___(5) were filled with poverty and bitterness.STAN-Nusantara 10. grow. Once the Dracula films were no longer popular. wealthy friendly. Lugosi was unable to find work. Contoh : sandy. richness D. Ferdinand von Zeppelin fitted a petrol engine to a rigid balloon. an airship first carried passengers across the Atlantic. consequently 7. A. alive D. based C. lifted STAN-Nusantara 47 . next C. hesitate B. 6. A. improved 10. A. repaired B. no one had ever flown in an aero plane. strengthen E. famous C. A. successful E. strong B. In 1900. success B. it is difficult to imagine that at the beginning of the twentieth century. livelihood This text for number 6 to 10 In an age of supersonic. supported D. A. In 1919. A. decided E. located B. strength D. A. encouraged C. hesitantly E. in addition B. The airship was ____(7) on the principle of the semi-rigid structure. A. hesitation C. strengthened 4. life C. and in 1929. strongly C. however D. hesitant D. people were flying in balloons and airships. succeeded D. originated 8. A. famed E. lively E. succeed C.STAN-Nusantara 2. The craft was the first really ____(8) airship. successfully 9. fame B. live B. hesitance 5. ____(6). applied B. famously D. recovered D. established E. furthermore E. famely 3. one traveled round the world during this time the design of airship was constantly being ____(9) and up to 1937 they ____(10) thousands of passengers on regular transatlantic services for million of miles. carried STAN-Nusantara 48 . sent D. delivered E.STAN-Nusantara C.