Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar ReportCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land mines are causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The mines that are implanted during the wartime may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after that. Also during wartime mines implanted by our enemy countries are to be detected and diffused properly in order to save the lives of our soldiers. So we should say that detecting landmines is important for every country today. www.seminarsonly.com 1 Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 2 MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES The countries known to have severe landmine problems are Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected countries besides other 100 countries. www.seminarsonly.com 2 immobilize or kill. which can be made use of in their detection.com 3 .seminarsonly. Most land mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure or trip-wire.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 3 WHAT IS A LAND MINE? The purpose of a landmine is to disable. Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts. www. It is an explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command detonated by electric wire or radio signals. A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs during there life time.means these children will have to be looked after for many years. . Between 1979 of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70. The severe disabilities and psychological traumas that follow the blast.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day.seminarsonly.com 4 .000 amputees with critical limbs and the land mine problem in still growing. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. There for considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches to 21st century. This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. www. 1. metals. Plastic metal or other synthetic materials.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 4 HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED? PRINCIPLES USED 1.com 5 . Metal detection 2. From the detection standpoint. metal is the easier component to detect. Explosive detection 4. Manufactured mines have casting made from a variety of materials including wood. METAL DETECTION Essentially the two most common components of landmines are metals and explosives. www.seminarsonly. Detecting explosives however is a complicated process. 4.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal.seminarsonly. However some mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal.com 6 . Locating traces or the order of explosives is an open field demands technology that can operate in an unlimited variety of environmental www. Modem airports have explosive detecters. which can detect small traces of explosives in suitcases and other containers. These non-metals challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.2. EXPLOSIVE DETECTION The explosives are one common ingredient that is found in all mines. A dog’s nose has proven to be a very sophisticated and reliable sensor. however handling maid detection dog teams and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied hazard scenarios is a complicated and demanding tasks. Explosive detection under field conditions has recently become the preview of mine detection dogs. In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in close proximity. So it is not considered to be the safest method.seminarsonly.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report conditions that are subjected to wind. This method can prove to be dangerous in many occations.com 7 . water and soil changes and variations. That is detection is conducted after going very near to the mine. A preferred method is to use detection www. Ones the threat is located. This is where the importance of mine detection using radar bullet comes. we can deactivate it safely. which could pin point buried land mines. that is mines are pin pointed. This consists of firing a special bullet in to the ground from a helicopter. offering a safe and efficient way of finding land mines.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report devices that locate land mines at a safe distance from the deminer. This pulse strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the helicopter. www.com 8 .seminarsonly. The main use of radar bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the ground. Using detection devices that pinpoint land mines exploded from a distance either overhead on at ground level in the best possible way to determine the actual location of individual land mines. CHAPTER 5 WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET? The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. seminarsonly. Radar is a sensor.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 6 RADAR PRINCIPLE Radar is Radio detection and ranging. The purpose is to provide estimates of certain characteristics of its surroundings most commonly the presence. position and motion of aircrafts. Radar makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects.com 9 . Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of www. ships and other vehicles. Transmitter OBJECT RECEIVER DISPLAY Radars have generally from principal parts. www.The distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. the transmitter antenna receiver. and display.seminarsonly. the direction from which reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated. . In radar bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into consideration.com 10 .Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna. = Total distance traveled.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the antenna. which will help up to measure the distance of the target from the radar. which will hit the target and reflects back.e.. = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec. CALCULATIONS R OBJECT RADAR T 2R c =time b/w signal transmission and reception .com . The same antenna and the time difference between the signal transmission and reception is calculated.seminarsonly. C = 2R / T 11 www. Velocity = distance / time i. The bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground. CHAPTER 7 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground . www.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report or. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter.com 12 . R =CT /2 So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the radar. from a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground.seminarsonly. seminarsonly.com 13 . it would explode. The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by a process known as. “Magnetic flux compression. And if the bullet hits it.” EXPERIMENTAL SETUP www.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact positions are noted so that can be diploid later. Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report www.com 14 .seminarsonly. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION www.com 15 . surrounded by a tightly wounded coin of wire.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 8 MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder. The sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large pulse of current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation. When the bullet smashes into the ground .the sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the cylinder.seminarsonly. As the bullet leaves the gun. most is reflected by the ground because of the sudden change in density between the air and the soil. Here the radiation has to change the medium twice.1. computer controls etc.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 9 FIELD TESTS After the laboratory tests. Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground. and www. Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 kW radar pulse.com 16 . tests where conducted at the Arizona desert. Almost 10 times move power than a standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down. gun. 9. which are a particular problem in northern Iraq. where the mines have been laid by Saddam Hussein’s forces in their confrontation with the Kurds . little radiation penetrates the soil. it transmits more radio wave into the ground. ADVANTAGES The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie. For ordinary penetrating radar. First from air to ground.seminarsonly. the radar bullet as able to detect 35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti personal mines. Using the same experiment set up. Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report then after reflection. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change the medium only once i. APPLICATIONS It can be used for detecting land mines. 9.2. cost can never be considered as a disadvantage. www.e. Therefore weak signals are obtained. It can be used for detecting buried pipelines . the cost of operation is higher. Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter. from the ground into the air and hence stronger signals are obtained.Recently an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmistan has been discovered..com 17 .3.seminarsonly. 9. but researches are working hard to overcome this.For example: . Such type of illegal pipelines can be detected out by using radar bullet. from ground into air. But considering its future prospects and the static’s released by red –Cross. DISADVANTAGES It cannot detect plastic land mines. www.Most of these methods are very slow and/or expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate.com 18 . magnetic resonance imaging] to biological detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria ) to simple brute forces detection methods (Rails. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of mines. if worked take more than 100 years to detect and destroy or demining is and Disposal. Mine clearance normally broken into three stages.personal mines lied buried in the hilly regions of Cambodia / north . the mines can be cleared easily. Ten thousands of anti . Removal Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground penetrating radar infrared. Rollers and plows) and use of hand-held mechanical plodders .Korea / Afghanistan etc.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 10 FUTURE PROSPECTS As the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on anti- personal mines. So with helicopter and radar bullet.seminarsonly. Detection. And according to UN it would these. out manually. com 19 . This can be applied is future space travels. in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect mineral deposits and other deposits.seminarsonly. Kosoro and in same African nations can be detected using radar bullets.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in Combodia. www. when we go to a different planet. Detection and removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and animals alike.com 20 . www. The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine detection involves working in close proximity for the mines.seminarsonly. With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the world safer place to live in. So overall mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and effective.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report REFERENCES BOOKS • S.google.E BAVAM.CARIN. C.com www. “Polarimatic SAR imaging of buried land mines” • MERILL .VITEBSKIY AND L. SKOLNIK.nationalgeography.com www.sew_lexicon. R KAPOOR.1. Tata MC Grawhill WEBSITES • • • • www.seminarsonly.CARIN “ Late –time resonant frequencies buried bodies of revolution” • L.com www.com www.altavista.com 21 . There are several methods for detection of land mines.seminarsonly. Detection is usually done from helicopters. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done very close to the mine.com 22 .Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report ABSTRACT Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of civilians. such as metal detection and explosive detection.The mines which are implanted during the war time may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after that. Researchers are being conducted to overcome certain inefficiencies of this method. www. especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan and Iraq . A safe method for detecting land mines is “mine detection using radar bullets”. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar Bullets and hence can be done further away from the mine. WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET? 6. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 8.2 DISADVANTAGES 9.2 EXPLOSIVE DETECTION 5. HOW IS METAL DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED? 4. RADAR PRINCIPLE 7. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION 9.1 ADVANTAGES 9. 1 2 3 5 5 6 8 9 12 14 15 15 16 16 17 19 20 2. FUTURE PROSPECTS 11.3 APPLICATIONS 10. WHAT IS A LAND MINE? 4. CONCLUSION 12.seminarsonly.Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report CONTENTS CHAPTERS 1.com 23 .1 METAL DETECTION 4. INTRODUCTION Page No. REFERENCES www. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES 3. FIELD TEST 9.