MIL-STD-453 Xray Inspection

Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.MIL--STD”453C 27 DECEMBER 1984 SUPERSEDING MIL-STD-00453B( USAF) 31 MARCH 1977 MIL-STD-453 29 OCTOBER 1962 MILITARY STANDARD INSPECTION, RADIOGRAPHIC . N(3 DELIVERABLE REQUIRED BY THIS DATA DOCUMENT AREA NDTI ., ..- . .7.+. -% —,----,, Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. —. MIL-5TD-453: 27 December 1!2: DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Washington, DC 20301 Inspection, Radiographic MIL-STG-453C 1. This Military Standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense 2. Beneficial comments (reconmwndations, additions, and deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commanding Officer, Naval Air Engineering Center, Systems Engineering and Standardization Department (SESD), Code 93, Lakehurst, NJ 08733, by using the self addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this doclment or by letter. - -- ii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. ‘+HL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 FOREH3R0 This document supersedes MIL-STD-00453B(USAF), Inspection, Radiographic and MIL-STD-453, Inspection, Radiographic. \. ----- iii .21 3. . 2. . GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .1 1. . . .17 3. . DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .10 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory installations . . REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . Component. . . . . . . . . . . .3 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 3. .7 3. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Intensifying screen . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Radiographic inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Film holders or cassettes . .14 3. . . . . . . . . . .27 4. . . . Densitometer .25 3. . . . . . . . . Responsibility for inspection Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .24 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Government Procurement Agency .2 4. . . Radiographic film density . . . .3. . . . . . . . . Unsharpness.23 3. . . . . . . Penetrameter/Image Quality Indicator (101 Penetrameter sensitivity . . . . .. . . . . . .3 3. . . .. . .1 2. . Source-to-film distance . . Purpose . .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. . Radiograph . . . . . . .. . . . .16 3. . . . . . . iv . . . .5 3. . . . . . Contracting agency . .6 3. . . . . . . .1 3. . . Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. . . 3. . . . . . . Prine contractor . . CONTENTS Paragraph 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .15 3. NDTfacility .1 4. . .1 4.2 3. .3. . . . . . 2 2 2-3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiographic quality level . .. . . . . . .2 3. . . Masking. . . Filters. . . . . Other publications . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Radiographic contrast . . . .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .everyspec. . . Issues of documents . . . ..1 4. . . . . .13 3. . 1. . . .18 3. . . Inspection . . Recording medium . . . . . . Radiographic exposure areas . . . . . . . . Personnel qualification . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 . . 4. .2 2. .!. . . . . . . . . .8 3. . . . . . . . . . . Source .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Downloaded from http://www. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 SCOPE . . . . . . .22 3. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Subcontractor . . . . . . . . Definition . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 3. . . . . .20 3. . . . . .12 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 3. . . Material thickness . . . Appl ication . . . . . . . .11 3. .1 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 3. . . . . t4aximurn effective radiation source dimens on Multiple film technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ Source-to-f ilm d stance. . Placement of penetrameters . 4. . . . .”” Radiographic test technique .— (cont~nued) & - . . . . . . .~ I Cirrlllar penetrameter identlflcatlon . . . . . . . . .1 Fluorescent or fluorometalllc screens . . .1. . . . .. . .6 5. 4. Darkrcm. 0 .8. . . . . . . .5.. . . . . .2 A. . . “ “ . . .12 5. . .5. . . . . .4 5. . ..$. . . . . .“ o Non-requirement of penetrameters . . . . . . . MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 CONTENTS -. . 4. . . . .” Film 4. .. . . . Back scatter rad ation . .. . . . . . . . . . . Film holders and cassettes . .. “.11 5. . 4. . . . . . ~ . .3 5. . . . . 0 “ . . .. . . .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. 4. . . .‘.S “.5 5. Longitudinal circumferential weld junctures . . . . . “ . . .4 5.5. . .5 Fllmv!ewlng equipment . . . . . . . “ “ ““ .4 Filters. ~ . . . .5. . . . . . . . . .3. . .. . ~ 4. . .”. .4. . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . s .8. . . . . .— Downloaded from http://www. . .2 5. ‘ . . .5. . . . . . . .5.~.. . .~.4 . . . . . .13 DETAIL REWIREMENT$ . . “ . . .3 Intensifying screens . .8. . . .2 Masking. Multtple film exposure . . . .5.8. Single wall welds . . . . . . . . Examlnatlon before and after mach~nfng . . .2 4.3. . . 4. . . .. . . ..7. “ .1. . . .. .”” Paragraph 4. . .5. . Longitudinal welds . .3 Fllmvlewing r-. . 4. . . . .2 . . .58. . . .2 Equtpment. Radiographic quality levels . ..” . . . Classtficatlon of components tobe rad!ographed . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .4 . . . ... .8. . . . . . . . .. 4.. .“ “ .9 5. . .7. . .1 Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . .1 Radiation sources . . .2 5. . . 5. Mater~al ldentlflcation . . . . . .” .1 4. . . . . .5. . .1 Film processing ioiuttons . . 4. . .5. . . . . . .5. . . . . . .9.7. o .. . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . Multi-fl lm techniques . . . .’”” Contrast . . . . . . .. . . . . .1 Identification of penetrameters . .6 5. . . . v .5. . Leadfoll screens. . .everyspec.“. . . .‘.”” Locat~on of film . . . . . . . . .5. . . . . . ..m .2 Ganuna radiation sources . . . . . . . . Materials. . . . . . . m < “ . . . . .7 5. . c .“ .5.8 5. . . “ “ . .. ~ . . . . Filmelenslty . . . . . . .. “ ““ ““.1 5. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .5. .. . .... . . .. . . . . . . . .10 5. . Applicable area. . . . 4. . . X-radiation sources .1 5. . . . . .1 5. . . . . 4. . . Double wall exposures . . ‘ 4.*” . . .1. . . Inspection and coverage . . . . . . . . .5 4. 4. . . . . . . . . . . “ .1 q q 7 7 7 7-8 : : : % 3 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 !4 14 14 14 14 -- 5.7 . 4. 4. c . . . . . .8 General . . Nonf\lrn radiographic techniques . . . . . . s . . . . “ .7. . . . .8. . . .. . . . . 4. . . .1 5..3 5.2. . . . . . . . . . . .5 5. .7 Dimensions . . . . .. . “’ Processing radiographs . . ..“ . .. . . .. .3. . . . . .6 Penetrameters.3. “ 4. . . . . . . .5. . . . .2. . . . . . . . Circumferential welds . . . . . . “ . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 FIGURES 18 ?9 Figure 1. . .6 6. . . 6. . . . . . . --Density calibration . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . Penetrameters . Acceptable parts .19. . . . . . .18 5.. . -. . . . . . . 6.5 5-19. . . . . . . . . Quality assurance provisions Detailed data. . . . . . .1 5. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .18. . . . . “ . symbols.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Radiographs. . Quality levels of inspection . . Radiographic test technique data sheet . . 20 21 22 23 24 25 vi . . . . .2 Identification . . . . . . . . . .19. . Etching. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 CONTENTS (continued) ~Paragraph S. Maximum allowable film density usable with film viewer. -. . Marking. Recommended minimum source-to-film distance for various focal spot or radioisotope source sizes to obtain equivalent geometrical sharpness of image for radiographic quality levels 1 and 2 . .18. . . . . .. . . . .17 Dark adaption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Retention of radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 5. . . . . . . Surface preparation . . . . .5 5. . . . . . . TABLES Table I. . . 3. . . . . . . . Re-radiography . . .14 5. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . .. .3 5.. . . . Other identification . . . . . . . . . .18.16 5. .19. .4 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. .18. . Reccnmnended increase in source-to-f~lm distance for various radioisotope sources whose lengths are greaterthanl/8 inch . . . . . . . . . . .2 5. ~ .everyspec. . . .2 5. .19. filmapplicat~ons. . . . . . . . . . . .19 5. . Crack detection. . . .1 5. . . “ . .1 6. . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . .Downloaded from http://www. . . . . . . . . . . Rejection. .4 5. -. .18.3 S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . Dyeing . . . . . . . . 5. 111.. . . . .19. . . . . . . . . . . . . “ 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 ~~ 16 ~~ 16 16 lb 17 17 NOTES. . . . Lead screen thickness . Minimum contrast of radiographs at various filmdenslties . . . . Locating test area . .“ . impression stamping . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Downloaded from http://www. radiographic inspection requirements for metallic and nonmetallic materials. 1 .2 Application. 1.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materials. SCOPE The purpose of this military standard is to prescribe the 1. The requirements expressed fn this standard are intended to control the quality of the radlograph~c Images. The crtteria for the radiographic inspection in this standard are applicable to all types of m?tal~ic and nonmetallic materials. 1411-STD-453C 27 December 1984 1.everyspec.1 Purpose. Energies Up to 10*V (1974) of Handbook 73 - Handbcok 114 - (Applications for copies should be addressed to the Superintendent Documents. form a part of this standard to the extent soecified herein. standards. the issue in effect on date of invitation for bids or request for proposal shall apply. Magnetic Particle.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. The following documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified herein. STANDARDS ?41LITARY MIL-STD-41O Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification (Eddy Current.Downloaded from http://www. GOVERNMENTAL. Unless otherwise indicated. klashington. U. D.1 Issues of documents. WL-STO-453C 27 December 1964 2. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS -- NCRP 39 Handbocx 55 - Basic Radiation Protection Criteria Protection Against Betatron-Synchrotron up to 100 MeV Rad\ation Handbook 59 - Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation (1954) Protection Against Radiations from Sealed Gamna Sources (1960) General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma Ray Sources.everyspec. Government Printing Office. Liquid Penetrant. drawings and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.) — . ) 2.C. Radiographic and Ultrasonic) (Copies of specifications.2 Other publications. 20402.S. on date of invitation for bids or request for proposal. REFERENCED OKUMENTS The following documents of the issue in effect 2. 5 to 12 in. kliaml. Non-Government requests shall be addressed to the American Melding Society. I and Vol.) L (Technical society and technical association specifications and standards are generally available for reference from libraries.Downloaded from http://www. They are also distributed anmg technical groups and using Federal agencies.) AMERICAN MELDING SOCIETY (AWS) ANSI/AWS A2. 5801 labor Avenue. PA IYI03. Philadelphia.everyspec. Pniiaoeipnia. MI1-STD-453C 27 December 1984 NON-GOVERNMENTAL AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AW ASTM E 155 MATERIALS (ASTM) ASTPiE 186 ASTM E 192 ASTPi E 242 ASTM E 272 ASTH E 280 ASTM E 310 ASTM E 390 ASTM ~ 446 ASTM E 586 ASTM E 746 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings (Vol. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings Reference Radiographs for Tln Bronze Castings Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion i4elds Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 mm) In Thickness Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings Determlnlng Relative Image Quallty Response of Industrial-Radiographic Film -- (Application for copies should be addressed to American Society for Testing and Materials.4 Symbols for idelding and Nondestructive Testing (Copies of the above publication may be obtained from the Naval Publications and Forms Center. FL 33126. ) -- . 550 till eJeune Road. PA 19120.5 in. 19-16kace Street. II) Reference Rad ographs for Heavy-Ual led (2 to4.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. (51 to 114 IMI)) Steel Castings Reference Rad< ographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Appl!catlons Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are Changed Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Ual led (4. Densitometer. Lightproof containers for holding radiographic film uith or without accessor~es such as filters or intensifying These film holders or cassettes may be rigid or flexible. 3.1 Component. screens. A prime contractor. Lead or other high density material on or around the test object during the exposure for the purpose of minimizing the effect of secondary or scattered radiation. Sheets of lead or other materials placed in the radiation beam. subcontractor or Government agency procuring radiographic services.4 Definition.A crystalline compound which fluoresces when exposed to X-rays or gamna rays 3. to the prime contractor services. or MeV. energy is usually determined by the accelerating voltage applied to the anode and is expressed as peak kilovolts (kVP).8 Government Procurement Agency. assembled or processed to the extent specified by the drawing. kilovolts constant potential (kVCP) Or million electron volts (MeV). NDT facility shall mean that organization responsible and the subcontractor for nondestructive inspection - 3. 3. A property of radiation which determines its penetrating ability. Fluorescent . between the specimen and the film or behind the film to improve the quality by selectively removina low energy radiation from the radiation beam and absorbing scattered radiation. energy is a characteristic of the source and is measured in either eV. In X-ray radiography. KeV. 3. Material which converts a part of the radiation from the X-ray machine or isotope into light or electrons. or element of a weapon system described. DEFINITIONS - 3.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.Dense metal (usually lead foil] or a dense metal compound (such as lead oxide) which emits electrons when exposed to X-rays or gamma rays. 3.11 Masking. In gamma ray radiography. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1934 3. 3.Downloaded from http://www.3 3. The part (parts).7 Filters. 3.2 Contracting agency. Government Procurement Agency shall mean the%overnment agency for which the weapon system is being built.everyspec. The sharpness or clarity of an image. 4 . A device for measuring radiographic film density.6 film holoers or cassettes. Two kinds of screens in common use are: Metallic .9 Intensifying screen. 3.5 Enerqy. eitner at the X-ray tube.10 NDT facility. A contractor having responsibility for design. tanks.20 Radiographic contrast.21 Radiographic qualtty level. and deliverv of a system/equ~pment such as aircraft. 3. backing rings or strips.18 Radiograph.siles.ltioned at right angles to the pipe. representing a percentage of object thickness and provided with a c~binatlon of steps. A vlslble image on an X-ray sensitive recording medium produced by the penetration of radiation through the material being tested.15 Penetrameter/Image Quality Indicator (IQI). 3.16 Penetrameter sensitivity. and test equipment.Downloaded from http://www. measurement of film contrast and (b) detail definition by tne resolution of holes of a Srlecifted size. control. and mi. holes. engines. procedure -— s . The difference in photographic densities from one area to another of the radiograph.12 Material thickness. Radiographic contrast. vehicles. 3.19 Radiographic inspection.14 Multiple more films of 3. 3. For example’: A cylindrical isotope source whose length is greater than its diameter will have a greater effective radiation source dimension when oriented coaxially in the center of a ptpe for a panoramic exposure than when the axis of the source !s pos. film techni(?uet A procedure in which twoor the same or different speed are used in the same film holder. 313 Maximum effective radiation source dimension. or aCtual thlCKneSS. It is not intended for use in judging the size nor for establishing acceptance limits of discontinulties. 3.everyspec. 3.17 Prime contractor. includes both subject contrast and film contrast. The use of X-rays or ganuna rays. The maximum source or focal sDot dimension oro~ected on the center of the radiographic film. ships. 3. A strip of metal the same composition as that of the metal being tested. ground support. gun.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. Hhen two or more superimposed films are exposed ”slmultaneously in the same film holder. ground communications and electronic systems. to be viewed later as a superimposed pair. and/or Slotsl Its tmage on a radiograph Is used to determine the radiographic quality level. if measured. to demonstrate a certain penetrameter The ability of a radiographic sensitivity. the superimposed pair of exposed film constitutes the radiograph. 3. to detect discontinuities in material by presenting their images on a recording medium suitable for interpretation by qualified personnel. of the basic materials and shall not include reinforcements. An indication of the ability of the radloaraDhic c)rocess to show (a) the difference in material thickness by a -. nominal thickness or actual thickness if measured at the area being For welds the material thickness shall be the nominal thickness radiograpned. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 The thickness of material (Tfl)upon which the For castings the material thickness shall be the penetrameter is based. into A machine or radioactive material which emits penetrating The distance between the radiation 3. energy of radiation.25 Source-to-film distance. The quantitative measure of blackening of a photographic emulsion is called film density and is defined by the equation: D= log ~ I - where: D Ie 1.24 Source. = film density = the intensity of light incident on the film = the intensity of light transmitted through the film film. 3. radiation into a visible image or into a signal which can be transformed a visible image at a later date. fiim development.23 Recording medium.Downloaded from http://www. Unsharpness may have several causes: source-to-film distance. focal spot siz~.everyspec. radiation. or a detec”tor which converts 3. paper.27 Llnsharpness. and scattered radiation.26 Subcontractor. Subcontractor (supplier) shall mean that organization responsible to the prime contractor for a portion of the weapons system. MIL-STD-453C 27 Decmber 19EX 3. grain size Ot t]im emulsion. 3. 6 . 3.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. The absence of good film definition is considered unsharpness. producing area of the source and the film.22 Radiographic film densitv. 2 Personnel. 2. Selection of films shall be based on radiographic quality level and the minimum permissible exposure time.1 Responsibility for inspection. pressure. Film view!ng facilities shall be free of objectionable background IIght that may cause reflection on the radiographic film.5 fcmt-candles of ambient light measured at the viewer is optimum for viewing.3. Darkroom facilities. the performance of all inspection requirements contained herein. blemish-free radiographs. The inspection provisions contained herein shall become a part of the contractors overall inspection system or quality program. The premises and equipment shall present no hazards to the safety of personnel or property as specified in NBS Handbook 55.1 film. or otherwise specified in the contract or ptirchase order. GENERAL REQUIRE14ENTS 4. excess heat. 4.4.3.1 Inspection. 73. 4.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.2 Radiographic exposure areas.everyspec. 4. unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order. state or national codes. The absence of inspection requirements does not relieve the contractor of his responsibility for assuring that all supplies submitted to the Government for acceptance conform The Government reserves the right to to all requirements of the contract.4 film viewing room. Table 1 lists the ASTM film type. Production radiographs shall be made on safety film. humidity.1 Safety. perform any of the inspections set forth herein.3.1 Personnel qualification. Unexposed ~ms shall be stored in such a manner to protect them from light.3 ----- Laboratory installations. 4. . 4. -- 4. 114 and NCRP 39.3. The films selected shall be . of radiographic inspections performed in accordance with based on the results this standard shall be qualifted and certified in accordance with MIL-STD-410. All radiographic procedures shall be performed so that personnel shall not receive a radiation dosage exceeding the maximum permitted by city.3 Darkroom.1. Radiographic exposure areas shall be clean and equipped so that reproducible radiographs may be produced in accordance with the requirements of this standard. 4. relative speeds.2. The contractor is responsible for or purchase order furnishing all supplies In conformance to contract requirements and. 4. 59. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 4. 4. description of emulsion and suggested application. Personnel making accept)reject decisions 4. when such inspections are deemed necessary to assure that supplles conform to prescribed requirements.Downloaded from http://www.4 Materials. \ncluding equipment and materials shall be capable of producing uniform. and penetrating radiation. 4.5. In semi-automatic and hand processing installations a log shall be maintained to ShOW tbe number and size of film processed and replenishing dates.2 Gamna radiation sources. A radiograph of a thickness standard (step wedge) shall be produced once each week by a standard technique and standard The density shall correspond within ~15 percent of an original processing.0005 inch of lead.1.5. The suitability of these X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment of required penetrameter sensitivity and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein. 4.5. scratches. The time and temperature at which radiographs are processed shall be within the manufacturer’s reconunended range. Film holders and cassettes should be routinely examined to minimize the ikel ihood of light leaks. 8 . 4.3 Intensifying screens. Solutions which have become exhausted and are not capable of producing the sensitivity required shall not be used. Screens shall be free from any cracks. Lead oxide screens are equivalent to 0.2 Film processing soluti~ns. or any other foreign material that could render undesirable nonrelevant images on the film. If film holder exhibits light leaks it shalt be repaired before use or discarded. used shall be 4. dirt! oxides.5. In the event that light leaks into the film holder and produces images on the radiograph. 4.Downloaded from http://www. sulphides. the radiograph need not be rejected unless the ima~es obscure the area of interest.1 X-radiation sources.2 Film holders and cassettes.4. MIL-STD-453: 27 December 19?. Selection of appropriate X-ray voltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regarding the specimen being exm:nec! !m?teriel type and th~rkn~ss) and exDosure time. requirements C= th!: standard aT-9 based on radiographic film.1 Lead foil screens.5.everyspec. Radiation sources. Film holders and cassettes shall be light tight and shall be handled properly to reduce the likelihood that they may be damaged. 4. Production radiographs m photographic paper or nonfilm methods shall be correlated WiTh film produced ifiaccordance with this standard. Screens shall be of the same dimensions as the film being used Recommended and shall be in intimate contact with the film during exposure. intensifying screens-of the lead foil or lead oxide type shall be used for all production radiography. Isotope sources which are capable of demonstrating the required radiographic sensitiv ty .1 Equipment. screen thicknesses are listed in Table III for the applicable voltage range being used.5 4. ASTM E 746 provides a ~tandard method for determining the relative image quality response of industrial ‘idiographic film and may be used as the basis for film selection. Production radiographs shall be processed in solutions capable of consistently producing radiographs which meet this standard. Unless otherw se specified.3.5. creasings. dust.1. standard radiograph.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.4 The capable of demmstra~ing the required ~enetrameter sensitivity. 4. 4. Magnifying glasses 3X to 10X magnification. Calibrated density film strips are available from film companies for standardization of densitometers. The shot shall be a mixture of many diameters to provide a Lead salt solutlons used for masking may be toxic and the uniform density.5.everyspec. ldhen film densities areater than 4. cl. The densitometer shall be capable of measuring the llght transm( tted through a radiograph with a film density up to 4. sheet lead and foils may be used 4.5. proper health sa$ety precautions and markings shall be used. order or drawing. HIL-STD-453C 27 December 19!34 4.5. masking solutions.0 are Dermitted a densitometer applicable to film densities up to maximum density permitted is required. A set of opaque masks to suit the size of radiographs to be viewed e. traceable to NBS. The light the maximum density enclosure shall be so designed as to provide a uniform level of Illumination over the entire viewing surface. L 9 .7 Penetrameters. Shot.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. device to provide stable b. shall be maintained. A light source of sufficient intensity to transmit at least two foot-candles of light through the film at the viewing surface of the film v!ewer and including a variable control to allow the selection of optimum intensities to resolve the penetrameter on film having densities from 2. Penetrameters of less dense materials may be used in lieu of high density penetrameters (i.5. SS In place of Ni). Fluorescent or fluorometallic screens may be used when agreed upon between the acquiring activity and the contractor.2 Fluorescent or fluorometallic screens. f.6 Film viewing equipment. for masking.e. except for high intens ty viewers used for high density film.. blower or other cooling temperature at the viewing port such that film emulslons shall not be Oamageo during ten minutes of continued contact wtth the vtewtng surface. When specified.4 Masking. Equipment used for radiographic interpretation shall provide the following min)mum requirements.5.3. A calibrated reference density strip. c. Penetrameters shall be fabricated from material of the same composition or radiographically similar material as the object to be radiographer. A suitable fan.Downloaded from http://www. A translucent material front in each viewing port. 4. 4.02.0 with a density unit r( solution of 0.5 filters. Filters shall be used whenever the contrast reductions caused by low energy scattered radiation occuring on production radiographs is of significant magnitude to cause difficulty in meeting the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements as specified in contract. a.0 to usable with the light source shcwn in Figure 1. undersized penetrameters may be used in lieu of proper tnickness size. a controlled system for penetrameter identification shall be established and maintained.5.everyspec.7.2. Penetrameters also shall be ident fied as to the predominant constituent using lead alloy letters. 4.2. In cases where penetrarrteters other than those conforming to all the requirements of Flaure 2 are used.7. 4.5. Lead numbers and letters shall be placed adjacent to the circular penetrameters to provide identification of the penetrameter on the film.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.5. 4. hole size requirements.1 Thickness.7.5.3 Circular Denetrameter identification.2 Material identification. Compiex components may be divided into zones and a separate classification and quality grade assigned to each zone in accordance with its reliability requirements. Uhen the matertal is a metal composite or does not have a predominant single element.5. use of diameter size will be in accordance other types of pertetrameters or modification of penetrameters is permitted provided tne thickness.5.8 Classification of components to be radiographer.7. #Jhen specifieo. w 4.7 .1 Dimensions. The penetrameter shall be identified with an identification number. For all materials the penetrameter thickness and hole with Figure 2. the lead a?loy letters identifying the ~redominant constituent of the Denetrameter shall be placed adjacent-to-the penetrameter. such division of components shall be shown on the drawing of the component. 4. the material designation and thickness identification requirements of Figure 2 are met.8.1 General.5.2 Identification of penetrameters.2) shall include the grade for each zone of the component.Downloaded from http://www.2. made of lead alloy and attached to the penetramete This number expresses the material thickness. The classification of all components shall be determined 4. the type of penetrameter used . MIL-STD-4:3C 27 December 1984 4. The drawing shall specify the radiographic quality level for each part or part zone and the acceptance criteria for each zone. References to ASTM reference radiographic standards listed (see 2.5. Fractions of an inch in the identification numbers shall be expressed as decimals. . in inches.ill be noted on all Reports of” Inspection. In cases whe e other types of penetrameters conforming to 4.7 are used. by the drawing of the part or the material specification. The chemical symbol shall be used for any material not listed in Figure 2. or filters used and film density range. Thickness and type of material. or other specifications. The abov? information may be recorded on a form having a format similar to Figure 3. the test technique shall be approved by the contracting agency prior to the performance of the test.everyspec. c. as applicable. coverage of each part shall be as specified by drawings. and tlw 5. to the component and the source-to-film distance. and the requirements of the applicable specifications and drawings. d. Areas to be inspected shall be located on the drawing with NDT symbols in accordance with in ANSI/A14S A2. ~ntenslfying screens. intensity (curies). sketch or photograph of the component showing the location of the film and penetrameter with respect to the radiation source for included shal) be the angle of the radiation beam in relation each exposure.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. all parts and material requiring radiographic inspection shall receive 100 percent radiographic coverage.4. If the amount of inspection is no~ specified. . Included in this test technique shall be the following: a. and the focal spot size or (for radioisotope sources) the isotope type.Downloaded from http://www. The orientation of the lradiation beam and the number of exposures for any part @f materials shall be aoverned by the test obj~ct geometry. 141L-STD-453C 27 December 19B4 ~ “. L The acce~tance criteria for each section of the component (specify 9 radiographic standard and grade). test facll~ty to develop a workable test technique uhich is capable of consistently producing the desired results and quality level.1. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS It shall be the responsibility of the 5. Type of film. . mill lamperage. b. The number of parts inspected. The illustration of a fabricated part shall include all components of the part pertinent to the radiograph. unless otherwise specified.-_. welded parts requiring raciiographv shall be radiographer for 100 percent of the length of the weld zone. and source size.1 Radiographic test technique. Penetrameter size and radiographic quality level. Classification of the~omponent or its sections. radiographic manuals. including the weld heat affected zone. The exposure time and (for X-ray machines) the kelovoltage. the probable size ~nd location of the various types cf discontinue ties to be detected.1 Inspection and coverage. handbooks for aircraft technical orders. A drawing. e. When specified. f. radiographic technique charts. h. Tne drawing shall specify the acceptance criteria on all class components. Unless othewise specified. 0 are permitted only when image of the penetrameter. and located on the film at an area at the outer edge of the cone of radiation.. which will mask or interfere with fi m interpretation. 5. In such case.8.everyspec.1 Multiple film exposure.5.4 Multi-film techniques. The penetrameter shall be normal to the radiation beam wherever possible. A penetrameter shall be placed on each part radiographed.2 - 5.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.6. for the duration of exposure.Downloaded from http://www. Film densities less than 2. shall be re-examined by radiography and the quality requirements shall after machining or processing.9. 5. 5.7 Processing radiographs.5 Radiographic quality levels. PIIL-S7D-453C 27 December 1984 Radiographic inspection shall [xami~. However. prior approval must be obtained from the contracting agency on the detailed inspection and evaluation procedure. or three holes in the penetrameter image on the radiograph.3 Nonfilm radiographic techniques. lhe use of nonfllm radiographic techniques is permitted. 5.6 Film density. a penetrameter image shall appear on the radiograph at the edge of the film mnst distant from the center line. Where more than one film is used for an exposure. Film techniques with two or more films of the 5. a single penetrameter placed upon the source side of that part at the outer edge of the cone of radiation will suffice.0 are permitted only when items no requiring a penetrameter (see 5. that the applicable radiographic quality 5. 12 . In the inspection of irregular objects the penetrameter shall be placed on the area of the part farthest from the film.0 in the area being examined and in tne Film densities above 4. radiographic exposure shall produce a film density of 2. same or different speeds in the same film holder. the penetrameter may be ~laced on the source side of a block of material having the same radiograph abkorbtivity and approximately the same thickness as the part (or parts) radiographed. —— be performed at a stage in the pt”ocess of manufacturing or assembly at tinich harmful internal discontinuities in the part or assembly can be detected.1) are inspected.8 Placement of penetrameters. provided the method used is sufficiently sensitive to resolve the required quality level. if specified be as specified in drawings or other acquisition documents.~ssible. Rad ographs shall be free from blemishes 5.0 to 4. at least three equally spaced penetrameters are to be used f . Areas . shall be permitted provided level for a specific area is achieved. unless a number of identical parts are simultaneously exposed. Hhere it is impractical to place the penetrameter upon the part radiographer. from which half or more of the thickness is removed by machlnlng or other means after ~nltial radiography. it IS Demonstrated that tilm density does not exceed the film density that is usable with the film viewer as specified in 4. Unless otherwise specified. Three minimum quality levels listed in Table II may be assigned on the basis of penetrameter thickness and the perceptibility of one. two. Hhen the source is pla~ ed on thl ]{1s of the object and the complete circumference is radiographed w th a : ingle exposure. 9. 5.6 S\ngle wall welds. only the weld closest to the film shall be viewed for acceptance.5 Double wall exposures.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. in such a manner that the penetrameter is subject to the same maximum distortion and magnification as any area of the part to be inspected. film) are used for qirth weld radiography. it shall be placed on the source side of a block equivalent to the lower thickness with a block equivalent to the upper wall placed on the source side of the penetrameter. 5. place a penetrameter at the extreme end of the area to be inter~reted.9 Applicable area.3 Circumferential welds.4 Longitudinal welds. 13 .D.8. Both Denetrameter and block shall be placed on a block of low density material (such as styrofoam) equivalent to the maximum distance from upper wall to the film. The long axis of the penetrameter shall be parallel with and at” least 1/8 inch.Downloaded from http://www.everyspec. source/I.8. idhen only the lower wall (film side) is to be inspected.8. additional penetrameters shall be placed on the longitudinal weld at the end of the sections of those welds being radiographer. The minimum source to film distance shall be based on the outside diameter of the tube or pipe. Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining a circumferential weld are being inspected simultaneously with the circumferential weld. place one pen. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 19?’4 5. Unless otherwise specified. and/or backing strip. but if Inaccessible.8. 14hen conventional (0. 5. For double wall radiography where both walls 5. welds in pipe and tubes 3-1/2 inches and less in nominal For welds size (diameter) may be radiographed using the double wall method. in pipe greater than 3-1/2 inches in size. L. A sufficient number of penetrameters shall be shown on the radiograph to indicate the sensitivity level of the complete material thickness range for the area or the part being radiographer. For longitudinal welds.trameter at the extreme edge of ~he area to be interpreted and in such a manner that It indicates the same degree of distortion due to curvature as does the part. double wall thickness on the source side of the upper wall in such a manner that it is subject to the same maximum distortion and magnification as any area of the part to be inspected. A shim or separate block shall be placed under the penetrameter on the parent metal next to a weld to compensate for the thickness of the weld bead. One penetrameter shall represent an area within which radiographic densities do not vary nrme than +30 percent or -15 percent from the density at the penetrameter location.2 Longitudinal circumferential weld junctures. sinale wall techniques 5. a penetrameter equivalent to the lower wall thickness shall be placed on the source side of the lower wall if accessible. a penetrameter shall be placed corresponding to the are to be tnspected.D. a double wall thickness penetrameter may be placed on the source side of a block equivalent to the combined thickness of both walls. Mhen impractical to do the above.-but not more than 1-1/4 inches from the weld edge. Recommended minimum source-to-film distances for radiographic quality levels 1 and 2 are shown on Figures 5 and 6. Electronic ccxnponents for contamination. Marking of the film and the parts must be provided 5. 5. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 198L 5. Examining assemblies for debris.15 Locatinq test area. During each exposure the film shall be protected~gainst back scatter. shall be such that a sharply defined image of the penetrameter holes is attained. appear on the film as a light area. blhenever more than one radiograph is required for a we ckn?ent r other repairable part. For any type of radiographic exposure. The film during exposure shall be as close to the surface of the component being radiographer as practicable. The b.11 Location of film. 5. measuring the difference in density of the film on the penetrameter and the base metal adjacent to the penetrameter. Conducting radiography for defect removal or grind out. the ratio of the distance of the source of radiation from the source side of the component to the distance of the radiographic film from the same surface.13 Source-to-film distance.everyspec. The minimum density difference shown in Figure 4 shall be measured between the penetrameter and the base metals for radiographic quality levels 1 lnd 2.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. Nhen surfaces are inaccessible an alternate method will be used subject to the approval of the contracting agency. 5. 5. d. location markers whose images will o . final acceptance inspection radiograph shall include a penetrameter. e.1 when: Non-requirement of penetrameters.12 Back scatter radiation.Downloaded from http://www. The contrast of the radiograph shall be determined by 5.10 Contrast. c. Iwse or missing elements or solder. the film should be considered unacceptable and the component re-radiographed. Penetrameters are not required - a. Each film holder shall have a lead letter “B” a minimum of 1/2 inch high and a minimum of )/16 inch thick positioned behind the film and within the general area of the film to be viewed.9. Should the image of the lead letter “B” attached to the back of the film holder or cassette. Testing to show material details or contrast between two or more dissimilar materials in component parts or assemblies including honeycomb areas for the detection of fabrication irregularities or the presence or absence of material. broken or misplaced wires or connectors and potted assemblies for broken or missing potting compounds.14 Identification. so that %raceability through identification of the parts and the radiograph is provided and maintained. 14 .~ppear on the film shall be placed on the surface of the part or material in order that the orientation of the film may be established and any defects appearing on the film precisely located. weld ripples or other surface irregularities are blended to a degree such that the resulting radiographic contrast due to surface condition cannot mask or be confused with that of any defect. Radiographs of a repair area shall be identified with Rl.3 Retention of radloqraphs.everyspec. re-radiography is requ~red. Unless otherwise specified by the contracting agency.17 Surface preparation. Accessible surfaces of welds to be radiographer shall be prepared as necessary in accordance with the applicable welding process specification so that the va}leys between beads. 5. Copies shall be supplied to the contracting agency at their request. NDT facilities within a prime contractor’s plant may retain the records within the facility. Indicating number of times repairs were attempted. 5. For any rejectable item.18. 5.18. appropriately identified as discrepant. idhen an Identical technique is used for a number of parts.1 Detailed data.18 Quality assurance provisions.- 5. Parts containing dtscontinultjes or defects exceeding 5. idhenever there is a reasonable doubt as to the interpretation or clarity of the radiograph because of film artifacts or improper technique.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. the permissible ltmits of the applicable specification drawing standard or directive shall be separated from acceptable material. R2. apex at the radiation source. Each radiograph shall carry the radiographic inspection serial number or code letters of the inspection report of the part (or parts) to wh~ch it perta!ns.5 Re-rac!iography.Downloaded from http://www.18. and submitted for material review when provided in the contract. Metal components may be inspected without 5.2 Radiographs.1 of this standard. central axis of cone equal to central axis of radiation beam) shall be considered valid for interpretation. the test results also shall be recorded and kept in file for five years for future reference. Hhen parts are radiographer to detect cracks such as those initiated by fatigue. 5. surface preparation or conditioning except as required to remove surfaCe conditions which may interfere with proper interpretation of radiographs. 5.16 Crack detection.4 Rejection.18. The NOT facility shall keep a complete record of the details of Inspection technique as described in 5. . . In addition each radiograph shall carry the identification of the NDT faciltty inspecting the parts and the date of the inspection. HIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 .18. radiographs shall be kept on file at the prime contractor’s plant for reference purposes for ftve years from the date the radiographs are made. a s~ngle record tabulating all identical features of the technique will suffice for all parts. R3. etc. only the area of the film which falls within a cone of radiation (10’ solid angle. Other means of Identification. impression stamping shall be used where permitted by the appl~cable specifications or drawings.2 Impression stamping.3 Etch\nq. 5. may be applied to completely ground and polished parts for which construction.19. the applicable symbol shall be affixed to the records accompanying the parts.6 M!!Q!s’ Each part which has successfully passed radioqra~hic inspection shall be marked as follows: Hhen etching or stamping is applicable. 2 Each item accepted on a sampling basis shall be marked using the symbol “X” enclosed in an ellipse. parts shall be marked by etching.1 Acceptable parts. in a manner and location harmless to the part and which will preclude re~val. Marking shall be located in areas adjacent to the part number. symbols shall be used. 5. blue dye shall be used to indicate 100 percent radiographic inspection and orange dye shall be used to indicate parts accepted on a sampling basis. Etching methods other than fluid etching may be used. finish or functional requirement preclude the use of etching.19. 5. 16 . use the symbol “X” enclosed in a circle to denote 100 percent radiographic inspection. Uhen applicable. swaring.19. PJhen subsequent processing which would remove identification is planned. 5.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 19S4 5.everyspec. b.19. such as tagging. 1. Parts which conform satisfactorily to applicable radiographic Inspection requirewnts shall be marked. stamping or dyeing.4 Dyeing. Suitable etchants and application methods shall be employed.5 Other identification.?9. Except for specialized applications.Downloaded from http://www.19 Markinq. 5. identification may be accomplished by dyefng. 5. The symb~l shall contain an identification symbol to the facility. Hhen dyeing is applicable. or obliteration by subsequent handling. Hhere etching or impression stamping is not appropriate.19. 2 Dark adaption.0s A!r Force . Calibrated density film strips are available from f{lm companies for standardization of dem~tometers. 71.everyspec. GL. 6.20 Preparing activ\ty: Navy .AR. NOTES 6. the observer should artiftctal room Ilght.70.MI Navy . 89 ---- IJseracttvlt!es: Amy .14R Navy . MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 ----- 6.1 Density calibration. ES .Downloaded from http://www. 82. The radiographer should wait at least 3 minutes before attempting ftlm interpretation when coming ~nto the viewing room from ordinary Hhen coming frcxn full sunlight. Ml) IXA. Custodians: Army .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.AS Alr Force .— . allow at least 5 m~nutes for dark adaption before vieuing.AS (Project No.Sti. at least 30 seconds readaption is necessary. If the eyes are subject to the full brightness of the illuminator during changes of the radiographs.IN. UDTI-0082) Review acttvlties: Army . tubing. very high contrast. finest detail at low kV’s (up to 130 kV) on thin light metals. medium th~ck sections of heavy metals. medium contrast. thicker light metals and thin sect~ons of size heavy metals 50 Intermediate speed. and other low absorbers 30 Slow speed. very high contrast.large castings and weldment 3 I70 ] Fast speed. finest grain size Electronic components. very h!gh contrast.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. fine grain size At higher kV’s . at low to medium kV’s (up to 200 kV). super-voltage or betatron energies . course grain size 18 . W~dS.everyspec. and betatron radiography Radiography of thick sections of heavy metals or other materials at Isotope. and other assemblies 2 100 Radiography of medium thtck to thick light metals. - =1= Special 9 1 DESCRIPTION SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS Very slow speed. high contrast. plastlc. supervoltage. MIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 Table I. very fine grain Radiography of thin to atedfumthick light metals. extra f~ne grain Medium speed. Most Sultetile fur Isutope.castings. Film applications.Downloaded from http://www. 42 2.everyspec.030 too.020 0. 19 .02 1.Downloaded from http://www.2T 2-4T 22 2T 4T JI ~1 ~1 Expressed as percentage of material thickness. Tabie 111. Penetrameter~ M{n. Equivalent penetrameter senslttvlty IS that thlrkness of the penetrameter exnressed as a Percentage of the specimen thickness in which a 2T ho~e would be clearly v~slble under the same rad~ograph!c conditions. Expressed as multiple of thickness of penetrameter.010 Recommended lead screen thickness for applicable voltage range be!ng used.010 0.000 0.005 0.005 0. UIL-STD-453C 27 December 19B4 Table II.010 0.2T 1% 2T IT 1.82 2-IT 2 .125 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.005 0.72 o I 2 3 1 . Penetrameter Thickness ~/ 1 Hole Diameter ~/ 1% Equiv. Leao screen thickness.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41. ~i kV RANGE LEAD THICKNESS Back Screen Front Screen Minimum (inch) Maximum (Inch) I 0-150 150-200kV-1r192 200-300kV 300-kV-lMeV Co 60 1-2 MeV Rad~um 10-25 MeV J/ 0.0% 2. Quallty levels of inspection \ Radiogra~hic Penetrameter Qual 1ty I Des~gnat~on Max. Penetrameterl Sensltivlty ~/ 0. 0 Illumination ?ranm]tird (F[-Candles) Film FiglJre 1.ember 1984 k.0 1 2 346 8 60 10 20 200 Film 30 300 7hrouEh &o LOO 60 600 00 100 200 ?ooo 10 20 30 Lo 80 100 BOO kOOO Density Film Drns$ty 2.4 2.6 — 2.2 ?.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.everyspec. 20 . MIL-sTD-4i3c 27 Dc.8 3.o 3. Maximum allowable film density usable with film viewer.0 1.Downloaded from http://www. 005-.Boo +1O TAO ~10 ~10 I * F 2s0 .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.010 .520 .000 .250 37> * 1.850 I 1.- Y“’Y”’i’’D’A l’--J=’!==--ET . NIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 .160 UP TO MD I DESIC?i t ~ l--T FOR PENETMMET :lo% MM lN .500 1.020 .800 1.000 2.O2OI -1 l-+ I D 8Q0 . %?%EKT OR 1/2 OF THE THICKNESS INCILEKENT BETWEEN PENETWTER VHICH~\~R Is SMALLER.0025 A B .— Downloaded from http://www.020 INCWWS ALL DIKENSIONS IN INCHES DO NOT HOLES SMLL BL TRUE AND NORMAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE PENITMTER.010 obo-. Penetrameters.150 . .520 . TOLEW3CES ON PENETRAKETERTHICLLNESSES AND HOLE DIAKfTERS SHALL 3X SIZES.o&O c.lwJ- 2.005 . -- Figure 2.Soo .everyspec.250 I U E 1 .005 . . 21 .0501NC~.025-.1s0 I!EKES! lNCRE.900 THICKNESS Hlh PENETWTER tilN DIAHETER FOR 1? HOLE Hlti DIAKETER FOR 2? HOLE THICmLSSES ?41N DIAMITER FOR 4? tlOLE DESIGN FOR PENETHTER PERCEKT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT lNCLUDINC 0.000 2. flIL-STD-453C 27 December 1984 SH137rcx m’n3uRL PAmm rm. —— . Vltws Scxrm? Source I@. s .-em Pb B3ck Sensit)vlt3f .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.--— SiEEr’cw ‘u ii ~ Fi9ule 3.—— imption —. test technique data sheet —— 22 .0.everyspec.Downloaded from http://www. — knsity C3tenxy (App2rdix 1) %-men Pb l%mt . curies — or KV Tum —. Radiographic —-. Bled . PLAN rm.-. — .. Pm NwE Km? ?-n. 7hickness I=eneti anvtti of F’dMial Pen. APPRmm . .—. 02 .34 I / — # — — — . 23 .everyspec. 141L-STD-453C 27 Decenber 1.Downloaded from http://www.03 1111 I and Density Difference Between Penetrameter Adjacent Base ttecal lUageS Figure 4. M _inimum contrast of radiographs at various film densities.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.01 Minimum ?$lm . 5 22..2 “’S”’ inch in of 2. ~xjmum cff~c[jvr SPECIMEN 7MICKNCSS {to). thr ratio of: Wher~ the a gap $. in sourct-to-fjlm inches listing bc)ow dLstanct 21!.5 )0 11-211 Quality levels) S. ThC f:)m t. the minimum source-to-film dlstartcc shall br calculated by the following formula: or source D. constants —— “’K. lncreascd qccording CO comp~nsal~ sion For q caused For Incrrased disperq ++ects.men fj]a be “navoidablp. . b- !JLing radioisotope q sourceb than ms[ 6 F16i~re dlsisnrtc to lengths rc greater source-to-film m bo 2.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.5 for /16 5-7 4.5 S[= where S-the cource size in mlllimt:ers 0. by side qua]lty ~eve] ~ximum (]na= of radiographic Ao 30 15 II v I Is 2. —. MIL-STC)-453C 27 December 198U 200 !s0 loo When whocr 1/8”’. 01 1 2 I ~ I q I > K.0 shall the L. for radiographic 1 and 2.KSTt Wh-rr D* 7hc m.~(uern bc as clnsr and rbe [c Itir specirn~n ho)~pr fS as possible. djslance shall increased in Thickness + !j-_ccjm*n Spccimcn ~ckness Cap Figure 5.everyspec. D-2. Rp~ommendp~ mini~~~ ~o”rce-to-fj]m djst~nce for various focal spot or radioisotope source sizes to obtain equivalent geometric~l sha~ne~$ of image — — quality levels —.Values un 1s Sourc~-to-fi)m — Radiographic C)uality 1 distance calculation Level 2 3 “’K“ Values (or “s“’ in mm 3.3 ars I 1.per.6 2.33 I J 13 2012-2T) 7.n~mum .Constant (see for app)icablr for various ! 1111 0?8 values of K Radlngraphic radioisotope to 4 5 o 0. wCMfS T_q source or focal spot dioens~on in mlllimatrrs SourCr siclc Prrretramter to film d~slancc in inches. U radiographic srnsltiv~ty levels Sixss cov~r-d jn the graph.— . minIrnum sourrrw-fl l:.039 For Inch).Downloaded from http://www. .0 3. multiply Figure 6.=A 1.OX 1/‘e 1/4 1/2 3/4 I 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 SOURCE NOT E : LENGIH distance length-fader (INCHES) to use with a given source.everyspec.4X 1.6X 2.2X 1 I.Downloaded from http://www. To find fintl Lhc he sourer-to-f~lm minimum source-to-film this value by che distance frm from Figure Lhf 5.OX 2.—— .com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.8X 2.-” l. MIi.OX 1. —. above and curve.4X 2 2x 2. Recommended increase In source-to-film distance for various radioisotope sources whose lengths are greater th~~h.8X .-sTD-453c 27 December 1984 3. . F4rtt Ml) ... OO!. REMARKS q . NAME OF SVE4WITTE$! &w(. TELEPHONE O@lwd $4 UMOE* {hebk Aaa MAILING I ADO HESS L9fnff Cih SIa Ir ZIP Cdr J .‘ .— .Downloaded from http://www.Idxi ‘“w q Rr ‘IOUS EOITION IS O@ SO LETE . ——.ons I b WORK C*) .Oottonoi 8 DATE OF SUDMI=ION lYYMMDD/ I ! Do -. 21 RI gl I I I I I I 1 I : I \’ .. I I I 1 i I I I I ) u u I I k“ ..everyspec....com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.. (Fohl donr DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY thh Mm. do eot ds’hstiom.com on 2010-12-26T0:14:41.+(T No 12s03 WASHINGTON D C POSTAGE WILL BE PAID By THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Commanding Officer )iaval Air Engineering Center Engineering Specifications 6 Standards Department Lakehurst. (ES SD) Code 93 NJ 08733 . coostituts or or @rcAtion i-y •utbo~ of Gmmenu submitted on Lbis form eont~t~ m~--~.everyspec. or tO B-rid nor to mqut ~.Downloaded from http://www.~nce~ cootr8cU ~~=KNJJ copies of rhcumsnts. NOl’E ~fiitmo so -i- ‘his Ions SOSYnot be umi to wqusd rwquimmanU on curnnt sny por’tiom of tho mf.) MO 111111 II POST4GE ?dccEasAaY t$ MA IL@o tN TNE S7ATES UNITED oFF)cbAL qENAL?V qustMIEs Fc)n q*Iv ATE \ USE S300 BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST CLASS qERR. 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