ENGINEERS IN SOCIETYROLE OF ENGINEERS IN NATION BUILDING VAB4042/VBB4043 INTRODUCTION • Human being has built the world on its past knowledge and experience • Initially, innovations and products were based on little scientific principles knowledge • Gradually, “indigenous engineering” with better scientific understanding and mathematical analysis became tools for technological innovations 2 INTRODUCTION (CONT.) • Then, the success stories continued with steam engine developed, telephone invented, electric bulbs lighted and motorcar built • All these resulted from research & development (R&D) and industrialization activities • In late 20th century, the advancement in electronic and communication technologies has shaped physical world and human beings lifestyle with internet and cellular telephone 3 engineers come out with more sophisticated technologies to create new products that save people time and money as well as sustaining the environment – fibre-optic technology. intelligent imaging and biomass • Engineering improves and enhances the quality of human life.) • Today. nano-technology. Engineers continuously contribute to national development and 4 economic well-being of society .INTRODUCTION (CONT. machines.WHAT IS AN ENGINEER? • Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006) defines an engineer as : “A person whose job is designing and building engines.” • Engineer is a person whose principal duty is to apply knowledge to create practical devices. roads. bridges. structures and processes to serve mankind 5 . etc. sales or academician 6 . construction. planning.) • To be an engineer one need to meet certain requirements and to perform duties in accordance with certain codes of conduct set by the relevant authorities • Engineer’s function and responsibility include design. operation. production. management.WHAT IS AN ENGINEER? (CONT. maintenance. procurement. research. They deal with discovering new knowledge by conducting research by scientific methods • They start with hypothesis that explanation of a natural phenomena suggest 7 .ENGINEERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS • Common ground between engineers and scientists is that both require understanding of the principles of sciences • Scientists aim to seek knowledge to explain the natural phenomena. ) • Upon formulation of a hypothesis. false or partially correct • Engineer takes scientist work one step ahead by applying the acquired knowledge to design and build new products to improve life 8 . scientist design and execute experiments to test the hypothesis • They need to analyze the test results and determine if the hypothesis is true.ENGINEERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS (CONT. ENGINEERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS (CONT.) • Scientists study how nature behaves and engineers make use of scientist findings to develop useful device • Example. scientists study about the nature and behaviour of flames which : Resulted from chemical reaction between fuel and air Expansion of combustion gases occurs at high 9 pressure . ) • Engineers apply this knowledge in automotive engine building by exploiting the fact that combustion pressure is powerful enough to move engine pistons 10 .ENGINEERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS (CONT. building and control of machines.” 11 . roads. electrical equipment. bridges.WHAT IS ENGINEERING? • The word engineering probably originated in the middle ages around 1000 – 1200 AD • Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006) defines an engineering as : “An activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design. etc. the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of 12 mankind” .) • A more formal definition of “engineering” as given by the American Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET. experience and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize.WHAT IS ENGINEERING? (CONT. economically. 2009) is : “The profession in which the knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study. Malaysia (IEM) defines “engineering” as being a group that : Shares common heritage of knowledge.) • The Institute of Engineers.WHAT IS ENGINEERING? (CONT. skill and art in the engineering discipline Renders a specialized service in the design and construction of structures and devices Involves a confidential relationship between the practitioner and client and/or employer 13 . ) Is charged with a substantial degree of public obligation in ensuring quality and public safety Is bound by a distinctive ethical code.) • The Institute of Engineers.WHAT IS ENGINEERING? (CONT. to maintain high standards of professionalism 14 . Malaysia (IEM) defines “engineering” as being a group that : (cont. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING • Until the Industrial Revolution in Europe in 18th century. cannons. buildings. drainage and water supply system 15 . bridges. catapults. concerned with barracks. etc. only 2 branches of engineering existed namely military and civil engineering • Military engineering construction of forts. • Civil engineering devoted to building infrastucture for civilian such as roads. ) • In Britain. other engineering branches form their respective engineering organization 16 . “mechanical” engineers form their own the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 • Since then. “civil” engineers in 1818 banded together to form the world first professional body called the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) • When more machineries invented.THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING (CONT. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING (CONT. similar trend evolved in formation of professional body : The American Society of Civil Engineers (1852). the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) was formed in 1959 to 17 represent all engineering disciplines . American Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers predecessor of IEEE (1884) and Institute of Chemical Engineers (1908) • In Malaysia.) • In USA. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880). mechanical engineering. there are 5 main branches of engineering evolved from the original “civil” engineering namely civil engineering. chemical engineering and environmental engineering • Civil Engineering is concerned with the planning. etc. ports.THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING (CONT.) • Today. electrical and electronic engineering. . 18 highways. construction and maintenance of public works such as buildings. design. railways. roads. airports. . etc. designing and 19 manufacturing electronic components. etc. • Electrical and Electronic Engineering encompass all aspects of designing. turbines and rockets. production/manufacture. operation and maintenance of mechanical systems such as engines and machines for transportation refrigeration and air conditioning. producing and transmitting electricity.) • Mechanical Engineering deals with the design.THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING (CONT. THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING (CONT. chemical and mechanical 20 . water and land) and reduce pollution so that it fit human and animal habitation.) • Chemical Engineering related to the application of chemistry to convert raw materials and chemical into useful commercial and pharmaceutical products • Environmental Engineering is the art of applying scientific and engineering principles to preserve the environment (air. Multi-disciplinary field encompassing civil. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS • Engineers play a crucial role in country development because they design and build the infrastructure. • “Developing” nation is one that is still in process of this transformation like Malaysia 21 . facilities and equipment for the public • “Developed” nation is one that has transformed its society into a highly productive and a high income society. purchasing power of its currency. 22 literacy rate. employment rate.) • Nation “development progress” is measured by many indicator where the most important one is the standard of living of the people • This is assessed by economic and social factors as gross domestic product (GDP . life expectancy.defined as the value of goods and services produced by a country divided by the average population per year). manufacturing productivity. etc. .NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT.) • Standard of living also indicates the country “global competitiveness” that is the degree of which a nation is able to produce goods and services under international market conditions while expanding or maintaining their standard of living • Hence. engineers directly or indirectly involved in producing goods or provide services in various sectors development play a crucial role 23 in achieving development requirement . development program has been formulated and documented since 1996 with 3 major national development policies to steer and guide its development • The first was New Economic Policy (NEP) implemented in 1971 aimed at eradicating 24 poverty and restructuring the society .NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT. short.) • A country should formulate policies.term and long-term plans so that development can progress efficiently and in control manner • In Malaysia. progressive and prosperous “Bangsa Malaysia” where it spells out the detail strategies for executing “Vision 2020” plan to 25 transform Malaysia into developed nation .) • The second policy was New Development Policy (NDP) launched in 1991 basically an extension and enhancement to NEP to correct social and economic imbalances • The third is the present National Vision Policy (NVP) set forth in 2001 aim to establish a united.NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT. sustaining a high economic growth. developing a knowledge-based economy and creating an environmentally sustainable future • Vision 2020 policy also upheld and pursue by “1 Malaysia” policy launched in 2009 aimed at building one united Malaysian nation. enhancing competitiveness.) • The thrusts of the policy are building a resilient nation. with emphasis on equal rights and opportunities for 26 all citizens regardless of race and religion .NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT. ) • National development policies are operationalized through a number of long-term “Outline Perspective Plans” lasting for 10 to 20 years • The First Outline Perspective Plan (1971-1990) was formulated based on NEP. the Second Outline Perspective Plan (1991-2000) operated the NDP and the Third Outline Perspective Plan (2001-2020) addresses the objectives of NVP 27 .NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT.) • Within each perspective plan.127 in 2009 28 .000 engineers registered with them • Statistics by BEM showed that the total number of engineers was 58. there are fiveyear plans called Malaysia Plan specifically designed to achieve the objectives of each perspective plan • Development require more engineers and according to IEM in 2009 there are just over 15. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS (CONT.615 engineers to implement the various development program by the year 2010 • For R&D.000 by the year 2010 • By 2020.000 work force or 60. the country need about 500. the country will need about 201.000 population of engineers and scientists 29 .) • According to Third Outline Perspective Plan. the target is 50 research engineers and scientists per 10. designing. railways. operation and maintenance of mechanical system – engines and machines for transportation. etc . sewerage system. etc • Mechanical engineers are responsible for design. refrigeration and air 30 conditioning. constructing and maintaining public infrastructure works of all kinds – buildings.FACILITATING THE MODERN WAY OF LIVING • Civil and structural engineers contribute to our modern way of living by planning. highways. production. roads. sustainability and 31 economically – oil & gas product. operate and maintain chemical plants to convert raw materials into useful products making sure the processes are safely operated.) • Electrical and electronic engineers contribute to all aspects of designing. producing and transmitting electricity. . etc • Chemical engineers design. computers.FACILITATING THE MODERN WAY OF LIVING (CONT. etc. designing and manufacturing electronic components. equipment – electricity supply. 32 . water and land) is fit human and animal habitation. They also ensure all development projects are constructed and operated in a sustainable manner without destroying the natural environment – sewerage plant.FACILITATING THE MODERN WAY OF LIVING (CONT. etc. toxic waste plant.) • Environmental engineers design treatment process to ensure that the environment we live in (air.
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