FERROUS METALAND NON-FERROUS METAL Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap Class Instructor FERROUS METAL A metal containing iron as a primary material - Iron - Cast Iron - Steel - Stainless Steel - Wrought Iron NON-FERROUS METAL A metal containing little or no iron - Aluminum - Bronze - Brass - Copper - Lead IRON Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore hematite. Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe . It oxidizes readily in air and water to form Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element. SMELTING TECHNIQUE . 5 . wrought iron or steel Pig iron has a very high carbon content.4. typically 3.Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke and resin Cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into cast iron. which makes it very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications .5%. brittle. nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2%-4.5%-3% silicon .FERROUS METALS CAST IRON A hard.5% carbon and 0. Floor & Wall Brackets for Railings .Base Metal for Porcelain Enameled Plumbing Fixtures .Hardware .Ornamental Ironwork .Circular Stairs .Gratings .FERROUS METALS CAST IRON APPLICATION: .Piping & Fittings .Manhole Cover . malleable. which is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure . Fatigue & corrosion resistant Commercially pure iron. that gives it a "grain" resembling wood.2% carbon A fibrous material due to the slag inclusions.FERROUS METALS WROUGHT IRON A tough. readily soft iron that is easily forged & welded. containing only approximately 0. Piping & Fittings for Plumbing. Heating & Air-conditioning .Ornamental Ironwork .FERROUS METALS WROUGHT IRON Literally means “worked iron” APPLICATION: . The process is achieved thru hot-dip galvanizing .I.) Iron coated with zinc to prevent rust.FERROUS METALS GALVANIZED IRON (G. Roofing & Accessories .FERROUS METALS GALVANIZED IRON APPLICATION: .Wall Framing .Piping .Metal Decking .Ceiling Framing . manganese. silicon. and welded. cast. rolled. etc. nitrogen. Can be wrought.FERROUS METALS STEEL Alloys of iron and carbon Carbon content is no more than 2% Alloy elements is composed of phosphorous. aluminum. oxygen. nickel. copper. sulfur. but not extruded . Manganese in small amounts for hardening. combined with other alloying metals such as chromium & nickel. . Aluminum for surface hardening 2. in larger amounts for wear resistance 5. Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion 4. Molybdenum. Chromium for corrosion resistance 3. to increase corrosion resistance and to raise tensile strength without reducing ductility.FERROUS METALS ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S: 1. Nickel to increase tensile strength without reducing ductility. Silicon to strengthen low alloy steels and improve oxidation resistance. brittle castings resistant to corrosive chemicals 8. Titanium to prevent intergranular corrosion of stainless steels 10. vanadium. in high concentrations. especially in mild steels 9. and cobalt for hardness and abrasion resistance . in larger amounts to provide hard. Tungsten. to improve corrosion resistance 7.ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S: 6. Sulfur for free machining. Weathering Steel .FERROUS METALS Types of Steel: Carbon Steel Alloy Steel .HSLA Steel (high-strength low-alloy) .Stainless Steel . . manganese. Any increase in carbon content increase the strength and hardness but reduces its ductility and weldability. sulfur and silicon are controlled.FERROUS METALS Carbon Steel Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon. phosphorus. Structural Steel .Hardware .Decking and Panels .Windows & Doors .Roofing & Accessories .Concrete Reinforcement .FERROUS METALS Carbon Steel APPLICATION: . FERROUS METALS Carbon Steel APPLICATION: .Structural Steel I-beam W-shape S-shape Channels Angles Plates Pipes & Tubing . corrode or rust as ordinary steel. manganese. and molybdenum alloy elements Resistance to heat. oxidation & corrosion Does not stain.FERROUS METALS Stainless Steel An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12% chromium & additional nickel. but not stain-proof . Hardware .Signage .FERROUS METALS Stainless Steel APPLICATION: .Doors & Windows .Railings .Exterior Wall Finishes .Interior Wall Finishes . FERROUS METALS HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel A group of low-carbon steels containing less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically developed for increase strength. & resistance to corrosion Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon steel . ductility. Special Structural Steel .Cables for Elevators .High-strength Bolts .Reinforcement for Pre-stressed Concrete .FERROUS METALS HSLA Steel APPLICATION: . FERROUS METALS Weathering Steel A high-strength. low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the atmosphere Best-known under the trademark COR-TEN steel . United Kingdom .FERROUS METALS Weathering Steel Angel of the North (20x54m). Gateshead. and has ability to hold a cutting edge .FERROUS METALS Tools Steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly suited to be made into tools Distinctively hard. resistance to abrasion and deformation. after oxygen and silicon. non magnetic. trim and hard wares. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. doors. and the third most abundant element therein. ductile and malleable silvery white metal with thermal and electrical conductivity. flashing.NNON-FERROUS METALS Aluminum Soft. roofing. Used as structural framing like the high strength aluminum alloys and secondary building elements such as windows. . flashing and roofing material. Used as electrical wiring. . piping. attaching or supported only by selected brass fittings. malleable and bright reddish brown color with high thermal and electrical conductivity.Copper Ductile. Care must be taken in fastening. Posses a “patina” weather reactive surface layer of insoluble green salt which retards corrosion and used to alloy bronze and brass to increase strength and corrosion resistance. . and is often used as decoration and for coins. . malleable poor metal. polished brass was often used as a mirror. also considered to be one of the heavy metals.Brass Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has a muted yellow color. but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver when melted into a liquid. Lead Lead is a soft. Lead has a bluish white color when freshly cut. somewhat similar to gold. In antiquity. . It is relatively resistant to tarnishing. Lead pipe in Roman baths . Colloquially. similar to titanium carbide. or tungsten semicarbide. WC. tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide. . W2C.Tungsten carbide. is a chemical compound containing tungsten and carbon. stamping. or forming. steel. and brass this process is performed by substantially heating the material (until glowing) for a while and allowing it to cool slowly. . the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. The metal is softened and prepared for further work such as shaping.METAL JOINERY Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint. (below 840deg F) Annealing In the cases of copper. above 800°F (425°C) and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action. . Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal. it is distinguished from welding by the base metals not being melted during the joining process. or. by the traditional definition that has been used in the United States.Brazing is a joining process whereby a filler metal or alloy is heated to melting temperature above 450°C (842°F). usually metals or thermoplastics. to produce the weld. . with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint. or by itself.Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials. by causing coalescence. Blind rivets (also known as pop rivets) The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool used to draw the mandrel into the rivet.A rivet is a mechanical fastener. . The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. . These sheets commonly used by the aircraft industry Sherardising is a method of galvanizing also called vapor galvanizing. The temperature that the container reaches does not exceed the melting point of zinc. Another method of sherardisation is to expose the intended objects to vapor from molten zinc using a reducing gas to prevent oxidation.PROTECTING METALS Alclad is a trademark of Alcoa used as a generic term to describe corrosion resistant Aluminum sheet formed from high-purity aluminum surface layers metallurgically bonded to high strength Aluminum Alloy core material. A layer of zinc is applied to the metal target object by heating the object in an airtight container with zinc powder. .