Description
Marathi Primersimplified from the text “Learn Marathi in 30 Days” by Sanjay (for learning spoken Marathi) This book was simplified from Sanjay’s text by eliminating the use of Devanagari script, thus hopefully saving many days of initial hard work, and making the process of learning spoken Marathi considerably easier. Part 1: Marathi speech sounds A. Vowels: there are 6 important Marathi vowel sounds. a/e a i u e o a is pronounced as in "but" (terminal “uh” is written: e). a is pronounced as in "pot". i is pronounced as in "pit" (short), i as in "beet" (long). u is pronounced as in "put" (short), u as in “boot" (long). e is pronounced as in "bet" (or “bait”). o is pronounced as in "boat". Please notice several things: 1. Spelling consistency: It is important when learning, to always use the same symbol to designate each significantly different sound. The italic "a" vowel mustn’t be confused with the "a" vowel. The italic “e” vowel on the end of some words; though generally pronounced (“uh”) like the “a” vowel, may also (as in written Marathi) be pronounced “eh”. 2. The "i" vowel & the "u" vowel can be pronounced either long or short. The correct choice (long vs short) isn’t critical, but for the student the long vowels have been underlined to differentiate them here: i & u. (Note that many underlinings got inadvertently dropped in this text) 3. There are 2 other vowels given separate letters in Marathi: the "i" in a few Sanskrit loan-words like rishi, and the "æ" in a few English loan- words like tæxi. It’s sufficient to simply mention these. Marathi also has 2 diphthongs (combinations of the vowels ai & au), pronounced in sequence, somewhat merged together. Special symbol for nasalization: ~. B. Consonants: these are best examined in a table. _______________________________________________________ Voiceless Voiced Nasal Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated 1. Back k kh g gh n 2. Palatal ch chh j jh n 3. Retroflex t th d dh n 4. Dental t th d dh n 5. Labial p ph b bh m Semivowels & combos: y r l w sh s h l ksh dny Back: back of tongue against back of palate. Palatal: middle of tongue against palate. Retroflex: tip of tongue against center of palate (it is flexed somewhat backwards). Dental: tip of tongue against the teeth. Labial: the lips together. Voicing is produced by vibration of the vocal cords. Aspiration is the production of an audible huff or puff of air with the consonant (the h-sound). Aside from the nasals and the row of semivowels & combos, there are just 5 groups of consonants, which are subdivided mainly by tongue placement. They each have different sounds according to whether they are voiced or unvoiced, aspirated or unaspirated. Fortunately, most of them resemble English, and need not be specially learned. An "h" is added like a puff of air to the consonants in the "unaspirated" columns, to form the consonants in the "aspirated" columns. Practice might be required to pronounce aspirates correctly (eg, pronounce bhau by first saying bahau, then deleting the a; the others can be treated similarly). Retroflex vs. dental. The d's and t's in the dental row parallel similar sounds in the retroflex row; they are differentiated from each other by the placement of the tip of the tongue. At first it’s necessary to pay attention to where you put the tip of your tongue when speaking "t" or "d", and little by little your pronunciation will start to resemble that of Marathi speakers. Actually hearing these differences will happen more slowly. Cursive (or italic) script designates retroflex in this table, as opposed to normal script designating dental (a simpler handritten way of indicating retroflex is to put a dot under the retroflex letter). Nasals. There’s a slightly different n-sound for every tongue position, but we only deliberately distinguish retroflex n (cursive) from the other n's (normal) in speaking. Retroflex n is spoken with the tongue in the retroflex position; otherwise, the tongue just goes to its regular position. Semivowels & combos. The y semivowel is pronounced ya at the end of a word; the r is slightly trilled; pronounciation of the w sound is somewhere between English w and v; the l semivowel is a retroflex, and sounds Japanese (“so solly”). The two combo vowels ksh & dny sound like their component letters, pronounced more or less simultaneously. Part 2: Some Start-up Vocabulary Nouns (with gender): aushadh: (N) medicine bæg: (F) bag bagula: (M) flanged pot bai: (F) woman bashi: (F) saucer batli: (F) bottle bhande: (N) cooking vessel bhint: (F) wall bichhana: (M) bedding bred: (F) bread chadar: (F) bedsheet chaha: (M) tea chappal: (F) sandals chhatri: (F) umbrella chitra: (N) picture daba: (M) box, can darwaja: (M) door diwa: (M) lamp dudhwala: (M) milkman dudh: (N) milk gadi: (F) car ghadyal: (N) clock, watch glas: (M glass jamin: (F) floor jewan: meal jhakan: (N) cover, lid kagad: (M) paper kam: (N) work, job kap: (M) cup kapad: (N) cloth kapat: (N) cupboard kapde: (M Pl) clothes khat: (F) cot, bed khidki: (F) window khurchi: (F) chair manus: (M) man naw: (N) name padda: (M) curtain paise: (M Pl) money pakad: (F) pliers pani: (N) water pensil: (F) pencil peti: (F) box pinjara: (M) cage (food) pishwi: (F) bag pustak: (N) book saman: (N) luggage sandas: (M) toilet tawa: (M) frying pan tebal: (N) table wati: (F) small bowl Adjectives/Adverbs: agodar: 1st (to begin with) aj: today ajun: still ase/tase: like this/that ata: now changle: good chhote: small dur: far ikde/tikde: this/that way ithe/tithe: here/there jada: more, extra jast: more, too much jawal: near kadhikadhi: sometimes kahi: some, any kal: yesterday kami: less, too little kharab: bad, spoiled khup: much/many lagech: immediately lawkar: quickly mag: then mothe: large nantar: afterwards nehmi: always punha: again roj: every day sawkash: slowly thode: few udya: tomorrow Conjunctions: ani, an: and ki, kiwa, agar: or pan, parantu: but mhanun: therefore nahitar: otherwise karan: because Verb-stems (Imperative Singular Form*) aik: hear, listen an: bring as (ho): be, exist bagh: look, see band kar: shut bas: sit bol: speak bolaw: call chadh: climb up chal: start out chal: go, move dakhaw: show de: give dhar: hold dhaw: run dhu: wash ga: sing ghe: take ho: become ja: go jhad: sweep jhop: sleep kadh: take out kap: cut kar: do kha: eat law: apply, turn on lihi/lih**: write malaw: extinguish mar: beat, kill mhan: say ne: take, carry nas: not-be, not-exist pad: fall (down) pah (paha): see pakad: grab pathaw: send pi: drink pus: wipe rah (raha): stay sang: tell sod: leave, let go thamb: stop, wait thew: put, keep uchal: lift, pick up ughad: open utar: climb down uth: get up wach: read wapar: use ye: come * in parentheses if different from verb-stem ** final i dropped before a vowel (1) The respectful/plural imperative is formed by adding -a to the verb- stem; e.g., kar- + -a = kara; pi- + -a = pya; de- + -a = dya, dhu- + -a = dhuwa; ja + -a = ja; ho + -a = hwa. (2) The common auxiliary ‘ahe’ (“is”) is irregular, with only present and past tenses (given later); it can be used by itself (bæg ithe ahe: ‘the bag is here’), or along with other verbs. (2) The Request for Permission: this is formed by adding -u to the verb- stem, followed by the yes/no particle ka. Note: the word “mi” is a pronoun meaning “I”, and “amhi” is a pronoun meaning “we”. Examples: mi jau ka? = may I go? amhi jau ka? = may we go? mi kam karu ka? = may I work? amhi kam karu ka? = may we work? Exercises (a) Using the words in the first 3 sections and the verbs above, form as many sentences as you can: Open the door = darwaja ughad/ughada May I drink water? = mi pani piu ka? Come here = ikde ye/ya etc, etc (b) Pick out pairs of opposites from adjective/abverb and verb listings. (c) Demonstrative pronoun table (singular, then plural): to, te (M) } ha, he (M) } ti, tya (F) } that, those hi, hya (F) }!this, these te, ti (N) } he, hi (N) } These demonstrative pronouns can also be used as adjectives: to (M) glas (M): the/that glass ha (M) glas (M): this glass ti (F) bæg (F): the/that bag hi (F) bæg (F): this bag te (N) kam (N): the/that job he (N) kam (N): this job Note: Marathi has no indefinite article “a” (it is omitted in translating). (a) Keeping the genders of the nouns & pronouns in mind, link every noun you know to its proper demonstrative (to manus ‘the man’, etc). (b) Note the correspondence with 3rd person pronouns (see below) Pronouns Singular Plural 1st mi I amhi we 2nd tu you (sing) tumhi you (plural) 3rd to he or that (M) te they or those (M) ti she or that (F) tya they or those (F) te it or that (N) ti they or those (N) Some Classified Vocabulary Days of the Week athawda: (M) week Rawiwar: Sunday Somwar: Monday Mangalwar: Tuesday Budhwar: Wednesday Guruwar: Thursday Shukrawar: Friday Shaniwar: Saturday kal: yesterday aj: today udya: tomorrow parwa: day after tomorrow/before yesterday diwas: (M) day diwas + i = diwashi “in/on the day” Similarly, Rawiwari (“on Sunday”), Somwari (“on Monday”), etc. Time wel, kal (M) sekand: (M) second minit: (N) minute tas: (M) hour pahat: (F) dawn sakal: (F) morning dupar: (F) afternoon madhyaratra: (F) midnight sandhyakal: (F) evening ratra: (F) night bara wajle: “it’s 12:00” Similarly: ek wajle, don wajle, tin wajle, etc sade bara wajle “it’s 12:30” wajta: at the hour of bara wajta: at 12:00 Similarly: ek wajta, don wajta, tin wajta, etc Note: sakal + i = sakali “in the morning”; similarly we have: dupari (in the afternoon), sandhyakali (in the evening), ratri, etc. Directions disha (F) uttar: (F) north dakshin: (F) south purwa: (F) east pashchim: (F) west war: up, above, on khali: down, below baju: (F) side ujwi baju: right side dawi baju: left side samor: in front pudhe: ahead mage: behind madhe: inside, within at: in, inside baher: out, outside jawal: near dur: far kade: to, toward, at Household gharache bhag (M Pl) bangla: (M) bungalow ghar: (N) house jhopdi: (F) hut kholi: (F) room darwaja: (M) door khidki: (F) window bhint: (F) wall chhat: (N) ceiling sandas: (M) lavatory snangrih: (N) bathroom tebal: (N) table khurchi: (F) chair bichhana: (M) bedding ghadyal: (N) clock kapat: (N) cupboard mori: (F) washing space jhadu: (M) broom khat: (F) cot, bed saipakghar: (N) kitchen bhande: (N) vessel pali: (F) ladle tat: (N) plate kap: (M) cup chamcha: (M) spoon suri: (F) knife kata: (M) fork shegdi: (F) stove Relatives natewaik (M/F Pl) ai, mata: mother kaka: paternal uncle kaki: paternal aunt wadil, pita: father mama: maternal uncle mami: maternal aunt atya: father’s sister bhau: brother bahin: sister thorle: elder dhakte: younger pati, nawra: husband mulgi: daughter, girl mulga: son, boy patni, bayko: wife awiwahit: unmarried purush: man stri: woman shri: Mister (Mr.) shrimati: Mrs. kumari: Miss sasra: father-in-law sasu: mother-in-law jawai: son-in-law sun: daughter-in-law mehuni: sister-in-law mehuna: bro’-in-law kutumb: (N) family nate: (N) relation parke: strange, other Town nagar (N) shahar: (N) city gaw: (N) village rasta: (M) street, road marg: (M) way, road sinema: (M) cinema bajar: (M) market laj, hotel*: (N) lodge, hotel wimantal: (M) airport upahargrih, hotel: (N) restaurant natakgrih: (N) theatre myujhiyam: (M) museum vidyapith: (N) university granthalay: (N) library pranisangrahalay: (N) zoo *Taxi, Railway Station, Police Station, Telephone, Magistrate, Bus Stop, and many such words are found without much alteration in Marathi. Numbers (sankhya, F Pl): (1/4) paw, (1/2) ardha, (3/4) paun, (1) ek, (2) don, (3) tin, (4) char, (5) pach, (6) saha, (7) sat, (8) ath, (9) nau, (10) daha, (11) akra, (12) bara, (13) tera, (14) chauda, (15) pandhra, (16) sola, (17) satra, (18) athra, (19) ekonis, (20) wis, (21) ekwis, (22) bawis, (23) tewis, (24) chowis, (25) panchwis,(30) tis, (40) chalis, (50) pannas, (60) sath, (70) sattar, (80) ainshi, (90) nawwad, (100) shambhar or ekshe, (101) ekshe ek, (200) donshe, (300) tinshe, (1000) ek hajar, (100,000) ek lakh, (10,000,000) ek koti; Ordinal numbers: (1st) pahile, (2nd) dusre, (3rd) tisre, (4th) chauthe, (5th) panchwe, (6th) sahawe, (7th) satwe, etc Measures mape (N Pl) map: (N) measure lambi: (F) length rundi: (F) breadth unchi: (F) height wajan: (N) weight mitar: (M) meter kilogram: kilo (M) litar: (M) litre kami: less, too little jast: more, too much barobar: correct chukiche: incorrect Colors rang (M Pl) pandhre: white kale: black karde: grey lal, tambde: red narangi: orange piwle: yellow hirwe: green nile: blue jambhle: violet bhure, tapkiri: brown rangit: colored mishre: mixed khaki: yellow-brown color phikat: pale gadad: deep, dark -sar: -ish (eg, kalsar: blackish; nilsar: bluish; piwlasar: yellowish; etc) News warta (F), samachar (M) writtpatra: (N) newspaper dainik: daily masik: monthly teliwhijan/tiwhi: (M) TV redio: (M) radio phon: (M) telephone post aphis: (N) post office patta: (M) address tikit: (N) stamp pakit: (M) envelope kard: (N) card kagad: (M) paper chiththi: (F) note (paper) patra: (N) letter batmi: (F) news item mahiti: (F) information nirop: (M) message uttar: (N) reply Rocks & Minerals pashan (M Pl) ani khanije (N Pl) murum: (M) soft stone mati: (F) earth dagad: (M) stone walu: (F) sand sone: (N) gold chandi: (F) silver tambe: (N) copper pital: (N) brass lokhand: (N) iron polad: (N) steel kolsa: (M) coal hira: (M) diamond Flowers & Vegetation phule (N Pl) ani wanaspati (F) gawat: (N) grass jhudap: (N) bush jhad: (N) tree bambu: (M) bamboo babhul: (F) acacia sag: (M) teak gulab: (M) rosebush, rose niwdung: (M) cactus kamal: (N)lotus suryaphul: (N) sunflower jhendu: (M) marigold jai: (F) jasmine boganwel: (F) bougainvillea pan: (N) leaf kata: (M) thorn Insects & Vermin kitak (M Pl) ani krimi (N Pl) mungi: (F) ant walwi: (F) termite mashi: (F) housefly gandhilmashi: (F) wasp madhmashi: (F) bee jhural: (N) cockroach phulpakhru: (N) butterfly patang: (M) moth koli: (M) spider machchhar: (M) mosquito gom: (F) centipede winchu: (M) scorpion sap (nag): (M) snake (cobra) gandul: (N) worm pal: (F) lizard (gecko) Fish & Birds mase (M Pl) ani pakshi (M Pl) paplisht: (M) pomfret khekda (M) crab beduk: (M) frog kawla: (M) crow kokila: (F) cuckoo kabutar: (N) pigeon chimni: (F) sparrow kombda: (M) cock kombdi: (F) hen saras: (M) crane mor: (M) peacock popat: (M) parrot ghubad: (N) owl badak: (N) duck garud: (M) eagle Beasts pashu (M Pl) makad: (M) monkey kutra: (M) dog manjar: (N) cat undir: (M) rat, mouse gay/gai: (F) cow mhais: (F) buffalo bail: (M) bullock mendhi: (F) sheep bokad: (M) goat ghoda: (M) horse gadhaw: (N) donkey sasa: (M) rabbit simha: (M) lion wagh: (M) tiger hatti: (M) elephant Articles of Food khanyache padarth (M Pl) nashta: (M) breakfast jewan: (N) meal upas: (M) fasting khichdi: (F) rice-dal mix koshimbir: (F) salad bhaji: (F) cooked veg. dudh: (N) milk tak: (N) buttermilk dahi: (N) curd makhan: (N) butter tup: (N) ghee tel: (N) cooking oil. matan: (N) mutton, meat masa: (M) fish ande: (N) egg tandul: (M) uncooked rice bhat: (M) cooked rice maka: (M) corn jwari: (F) sorghum, millet gahu: (M) wheat dal: (F) split pulse shengdana: (M) peanut til: (M) sesame seed jira: (M) cumin seed mirchi: (F) chili pepper lonche: (N) pickle chatni: (F) chutney kali miri: (F) black pepper masala: (M) spice naryal: (M) cocoanut sakhar: (F) sugar mith: (N) salt garam: warm, hot thande: cold tikhat: hot, spicy god: sweet kharat: salty ambat: sour kadu: bitter Fruits and Vegetables phale (N Pl) ani bhajya (F Pl) alambe: (N) mushroom bhendi: (F) okra gawar: (F) vetch bhopla: (M) red gourd watana: (M) pea wal: (M) bean karale: (N) bitter gourd kanda: (M) onion kakdi: (F) cucumber dudhi: (M) green gourd wange: (N) eggplant tamato: (M) tomato phulkobi: (F) cauliflower kobi: (F) cabbage batata: (M) potato ratale: (N) sweet potato gajar: (N) carrot mula: (M) radish bit: (M) beet lasun: (F) garlic ardrak: (M) ginger anjir: (M) fig sitaphal: (N) custard apple amba: (M) mango kele: (N) banana kalingad: (N) watermelon draksh: (N) grape manuk: (F) raisin dalimb: (N) pomegranate peru: (M) guava chinch: (F) tamarind sapharchand: (N) apple mosambi: (F) orange limbu: (N) lemon kharbuj: (N) cantaloupe santre: (N) tangerine khajur: (M) date Parts of the Body sharirache bhag (M Pl) ang: (N) body doke: (N) head chehara: (M) face dola: (M) eye kan: (M) ear nak: (N) nose tond: (N) mouth jibh: (F) tongue dat: (M) tooth oth: (M) lip man: (F) neck chhati: (F) chest pot: (N) stomach path: (F) back kambar: (F) waist hat: (M) hand, arm pay: (M) foot, leg bot: (N) finger, toe kes: (M Pl) hair nakh: (N) nail katdi: (F) skin Feelings bhawna (F Pl) anand: (M) joy anandi: joyous rag: (F) anger ragit: angry sukh: (N) pleasure sukhi: happy duhakh: (N) sorrow duhakhi: sad chid: (F) irritability chidke: irritable prem: (N) love premal: loving dwesh: (M) hatred dweshi: hateful matsar: (M) jealousy matsari: jealous lobh: (M) greed lobhi: greedy daya: (F) pity dayalu: kind bhiti: (F) fear bhitre: cowardly asha: (F) hope ashadayak: hopeful shanka: (F) doubt sashank: doubtful maitri: (F) friendship maitripurn: friendly hasya: (N) laugh radne: (N) crying maph kara: excuse me! sari: sorry! thenkyu: thanks! Seasons & Weather ritu (M Pl) ani hawaman (N) pawsala: (M) monsoon unhala: (M) summer hiwala: (M) winter un: (N) sun heat & glare sawali: (F) shade hawa: (F) air thandi: (F) cold weather garmi: (F) hot weather wara: (N) wind dhuke: (N) mist, fog dhag: (M) cloud wadal: (N) storm meghgarjna: (F) thunder wij: (F) lightning paus: (M) rain musaldhar: downpouring jhimjhim: drizzling barph: (M) ice, snow Work kam (N) malak: (M) owner, employer kamgar: (M) laborer nokar: (M) servant mænejar: (M) manager shipai: (M) office peon klark: (M) clerk nokri: (F) job, employment karkhana: (M) factory aphis (N): office dukan: (N) store, shop pagar (M): salary suti: (F) time off Professions dhande (M Pl) shetkari: (M) farmer sutar: (M) carpenter saipakin: (F) cook dhobi: (M) washerman shimpi: (M) tailor nhawi: (M) barber waidya: (M) doctor wakil: (M) lawyer wani: (M) grocer Education shikshan (N) widyarthi: (M) student shala: (F) school kalej: (N) college pradhyapak: (M) professor shikshak: (M) teacher warg: (M) class abhyas: (M) study pariksha: (F) exam suti: (F) vacation Part 3: Formation of Sentences Some Colloquial Expressions kripa karun, Please, “do a favor and” pani an. Bring water. he kam kar. Do this work. he kapde dhu. Wash these clothes. hi bhandi thew. Keep these vessels. ikde ye. Come over here. tikde ja. Go over there. diwa law. Put on the light. diwa malaw (band kar). Put out the light. phale kha. Eat the fruits. ghari ja. Go home. jara thamb. Please wait (or stop). kiti wajle? What is the time? pach wajle. It is 5 o’clock. kay pahije? What do you want? kon pahije? Whom do you want? lawkar uth. Get up early (or quickly). nokar pathaw. Send the servant. daba ughad. Open the can. pani ukal. Boil the water. dudh tapaw. Heat the milk. ha kutra paha. See this dog. majhe mhanne aik. Listen to what I say. udya lawkar ye. Come early tomorrow. ushir karu nako. Do not be late. char wajta ye. Come at 4 o’clock. hi kholi jhad. Sweep this room. bhaji wikat an. Buy and bring some vegetables. mi ghari rahin. I shall stay at home. chitra sundar ahe. The picture is beautiful. gadit saman thew. Keep the luggage in the car. at jau nako. Do not go in. khali basu nako. Do not sit down. war pahu nako. Do not look up. tula kay pahije? What do you want? tumhi kuthe jata? Where are you going? tumhi kewha jal? When will you go? konala sodhat ahat? Whom are you looking for? konasathi thambla ahat? Whom are you waiting for? kiti ambe deu? How many mangoes shall I give? gharache bhade kiti? What is the rent of the house? steshan kuthe ahe? Where is the station? sinemala jau ya. Let us go to a cinema. kal tu ka ala nahis? Why didn’t you come yesterday? mala ek kholi pahije. I want a room. amhala don kholya pahijet. We want two rooms. amhala ek nokar pahije, We want a servant, bhandi ghasayla, to wash (scrub) the vessels, kapde dhuwayla. (and) to wash the clothes. My House majhe ghar (N) majhe ghar jawal ahe. My house is near. gharat pach kholya ahet. There are 5 rooms in the house. pratyek kholila don darwaje ahet, To each room there are 2 doors, ani ek kiwa don khidkya ahet. and 1 or 2 windows. saipakgharat ek wijechi ani ek gæschi shegdi ahe. There is one electric and one gas stove in the kitchen. majhi ai jewan karte. My mother does the cooking (makes meals). majhi tai jewan wadhte. My sister serves the meal. amcha nokar bhandi ghasto, Our servant washes the vessels, ani kapde dhuto. and washes the clothes. mala don bhau ani ek bahin ahe. I have 2 brothers and 1 sister. majha dhakta bhau shalet jato. My younger brother goes to school. majha motha bhau ani mothi bahin kalejat jatat. My elder brother and sister go to college. In the Market bajarat (M) grahak: hya ambyãcha bhaw kay? Purchaser: What is the price of these mangoes? wikreta: tin rupaye dajhan, saheb. Salesman: Three rupees a dozen, sir. grahak: don rupaye bhawane denar ka? Purchaser: Will you give at the rate of 2 rupees? wikreta: nahi saheb, bhaw ekach. Salesman: No sir, the rate is fixed (there’s a single rate). grahak: bare tar, ardha dajhan de pahu. Purchaser: Okay then, please let me have half a dozen. wikreta: he ghya, saheb. Salesman: Here, take them, sir. grahak: ha ghe rupaya. Purchaser: Here, take this rupee. At the Grocer’s wanyakade grahak: mala kahi jinnas hawe ahet. Purchaser: I need some grocery items. wani: konte jinnas hawet? Grocer: What items do you need? grahak: don kilo sakhar, ardha kilo watane, Purchaser: Two kilos sugar, one-half kilo peas, paw kilo mith ani ek litar khobrel. one-fourth kilo salt and 1 litre cocoanut oil. wani (thodya welane): he ghya jinnas. Grocer (after some time): Here, take these items. grahak: kiti paise dyayche? Purchaser: How much do I have to pay? wani: ath rupaye sath paise. Grocer: Eight rupees and sixty paise. grahak: hi ghya daha rupayachi not. Purchaser: Here is a ten-rupee note. wani: hi ghya baki, ek rupaya chalis paise. Grocer: Here is the change, one rupee forty paise. To the Coffee House Kaphi Hausla A Bombayite invites his/her American friend to eat out. B: mi kaphi hausla jato/jate. chal majhyabarobar. I’m going to the Coffee House. Come along with me A: yeto/yete ki! ek minit thamb, I’m coming! Wait a minute, mi paise gheun yeto/yete. I’ll get some money and come. In the Coffee House the waiter brings the menu and they look it over. A: tu kay ghenar (ahes)? What are you going to have? B: mi idli sambar ghenar ahe. I’m going to have idli sambar. ani kaphi, ithe kaphi phar chhan milte. And coffee, you get very good coffee here. A: mi kay gheu? tu sang. What shall I have? You say. B: uttappa changla milto, ani pepar masala dosa. aj tu dosa ghe. You get good uttapa, and paper masala dosa. Today, have a dosa. The waiter returns to take their order. W: kay pahije tumhala? What would you like? M: ek pepar masala dosa, ek idli sambar ani don kaphi. One paper masala dosa, one idli sambar and two coffees. ani ek bislerichi batlihi dya. And give (us) a bottle of Bisleri. W: kaphi atta deu ka? Shall I give the coffee right now? B: nako, nantar dya. No, give it later. The waiter brings the bill. A: kiti paise jhale? How much did it come to? B: sath rupaye, pan mi deto/dete. Sixty rupees, but I’ll pay it. A: nako, majhe ti rupaye ghe ki! No, take my thirty rupees! B: che, che, hya weli mi deto/dete. Not at all, this time I’m paying. The American looks at the green seeds given along with the bill. A: he kay ahe? What is this? B: hi badishep-- mhanje ænis. chhan lagte, khaun bagh. It’s badishep-- that is, anise. It tastes good, try (eat) it and see. Train-journey aggadicha prawas At the Ticket-office prawasi: bara tarikheche mumbai-pune rijharweshan pahije. Travellor: I want a reservation for Bombay-Poona for the 12th. klark: kontya gadiche? kontya wargache? Clerk: Of what train? Which class? prawasi: dekkan ekspresche sekand klas e-si madhe. Travellor: Of the Deccan express, in air-conditioned 2nd class. klark: milu shaktil. kiti pahijet. Clerk: They’d be available. How many do you want? prawasi: ekach. he paise. Traveller: Just one. Here’s the money. klark: he tikit, hi baki. Clerk: Here’s the ticket, and here’s the change. On the Railway Platform utaru 1: aho, gadi kewha yeil? Passenger 1: Say, when will the train arrive? utaru 2: sumare daha minitani. Passenger 2: In about ten minutes. utaru 1: kiti wel thambel, thauk ahe ka? Passenger 1: How long will it wait, do you know? utaru 2: phakta pach minite thambel ithe. Passenger 2: It will stop here for five minutes only. utaru 1: dhanyawad. Passenger 1: Thanks. At the Destination utaru 1: e hamal! ikde ye. he saman, bol kay gheshil? Pass. 1: Hey porter! Come here. Say, how much’ll this luggage take? hamal: don rupaye dya, saheb. Porter: Give two rupees, sir. utaru 1: chhe, chhe, don rupaye phar jhale. Passenger 1: No, no, two rupees is too much. ek rupaya dein, hyapeksha jast nahi. I will give 1 rupee only, no more. At Jimmy Lodge jimi lajmadhe prawasi: rahnyachi soy ata milte ka? Travellor: Is lodging accomodation available now? mænejar: ho ahe ki; kiti jan ahat? Manager: Yes indeed; how many are you? prawasi: kewal mi ani majhi patni. Travellor: Me and my wife only. mænejar: tar tumhi bara nambarchi kholi ghya. Manager: Then take room No. 12. prawasi: kholi kashi ahe? Travellor: How is the room? mænejar: tithe don palang ahet, jodun snangrih ahe. Manager: There are 2 beds, with attached bathroom. prawasi: kay padel? Travellor: What’ll it come to? mænejar: manashi saha rupaye diwasala. Manager: Six rupees per head per day. prawasi: thik ahe. Travellor: All right. mænejar: are, hyanche saman nambar barat gheun ja. Manager: Hey, take their luggage to no. 12. Fourth Part: Grammar Interrogatives kon: who koni: (by) whom konala: to/for whom kewha, kadhi: when kuthe: where kuthun: from where ka, kashala: why kay: what kiti: how many/much kase: how konta (M), konti (F), konte (N): which kasache: what kind of konacha (M), konachi (F), konache (N): whose Gender There are three genders in Marathi-- masculine (M), feminine (F), and neuter (N). Words which denote males are masculine, and words which denote females are feminine. Among the other words denoting inanimate objects, most of those words coming from Sanskrit have the same gender as they do in Sanskrit. Of the other Marathi words:-- (1) words ending in -e are neuter; (2) words ending in -i (or -i) are feminine; (3) for words ending in a non-vowel, -a, or -u (-u), there is no fixed rule to determine their gender. Examples: surya (“sun”) is masculine, as in Sanskrit. kele (“banana”) ends in -e, therefore neuter. mali (“gardener”) is a male, therefore masculine. bai (“woman”) is a female, therefore feminine. chawi (“key”) ends in -i, therefore feminine. Number (Singular & Plural) Formation of the Plural Here are some rules: (1) Masculine nouns ending in -a have plural ending -e: raja (king); raje (kings) kutra (male dog); kutre (male dogs) Other masculine nouns have the same form in singular & plural. (2) Feminine nouns ending in -i have plural ending -ya: nadi (river); nadya (rivers) kathi (stick); kathya (sticks) (3) Feminine nouns ending in non-vowels have plural ending -a or -i: bag (garden); baga (gardens) bhint (wall); bhinti (walls) Other feminine nouns have the same form in singular & plural. (4) Neuter nouns ending in -e have plural ending -i: ande (egg); andi (eggs) kele (banana); keli (bananas) (5) Neuter nouns ending in non-vowels (or -u) have plural ending -e: shet (farm); shete (farms) limbu (lime), limbe (limes) Postpositions: Postpositions are relational words similar to English prepositions, except that they follow rather than precede the word modified. Postpositions and other suffixes are attached to the oblique form of nouns (see below). Some of the postpositions below can also be used alone as adverbs. -un/-tun/pasun: from -t/-at: in -hun/-peksha: (more) than -khali: below, down -war: on, above -samor: before (in front of) -mage: behind -baher: outside -pudhe: before, ahead of -jawal: near, with -dur: far. -barobar/-shi: with -la/-kade: to, at -sathi: for -madhe: in, within -madhun: from within, through -warun: from on/above, over Postpositions & Other Suffixes Case Meaning Suffixes: Singular Plural 1. Nominative ----------- ------- ----- 2. Accus./Dative “to”/”for” -la (-s*) -na 3. Instrumental “by, with” -ne -ni “with” -shi -shi 4. Postpositive “from, on, in, etc” -un, -war, -t, etc 5. Possessive “of” -cha,-chi,-che -che,-chya,-chi 6. Locative “in”/”at” -i ----- 7. Vocative “hey” ** -no *uncommon **bare oblique (see below) Oblique form: before taking postpositions & other suffixes, nouns undergo an oblique change* in their final vowel (or an addition to the non-vowel), as shown below: *but there’s no change before the locative) Nouns ending in: (non-vowel) -a -i -u -e Masculine -a (men) -a -i -u --- (others) -ya Feminine -i (sing) -e -i -u --- (plur) -a -ya Neuter -a --- -i -a -ya Declension of a Noun The Neuter noun ghar (“house”) when singular becomes ghara before adding a suffix; plural ghare (“houses”) becomes gharã.* This oblique form (see above) may be usable if the gender of the noun is unknown: *tilde (indicating nasalization) is added before oblique to indicate noun’s plurality Singular Plural 1. Nominative ghar ghare 2. Accus./Dative gharala gharãna 3. Instrumental gharane gharãni 4. Postpositive gharatun, -war, etc gharãtun, -war, etc 5. Possessive gharacha,-chi,-che (M,F,N) gharãche,-chya,-chi 6. Locative ghari ------ Declension of Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Case Sing Plural Sing Plural Sing Plural 1. Nominative mi amhi tu tumhi to (M) he te (M) } I we you you ti (F) she tya (F) }they te (N) it ti (N) } 2. Accus./Dative mala amhala tula tumhala tyala (M) to/for me to/for us to/for you to/for you tila (F) tyana tyala (N) to/for them to/for him,her,it 3. Instrumental mi amhi tu tumhi tyane (M) by me by us by you by you tine (F) tyani tyane (N) by them by him,her,it 4. Postpositive majhya-t amchya-t tujhya-t tumchya-t tyachya-t (M) in me in us in you in you tichya-t (F) tyanchya-t tyachya-t (N) in them (t = postposition: -t “in”, -war “on”, etc) in him,her,it 5. Possessive* majhe amche tujhe tumche tyache (M) my our your your tiche (F) tyanche tyache (N) their his,hers,its *Endings are given for possessives of neuter sing. objects; the full endings for majhe: [Sing] majha (M), majhi (F), majhe (N); [Plur] majhe (M), majhya (F), majhi (N). Use of the Possessive (1) Example of masculine noun: ghoda (horse): (a) Noun in singular (b) Noun in plural majha ghoda (my horse) majhe ghode (my horses) tujha ghoda (your horse) tujhe ghode (your horses) tyacha ghoda (his horse) tyache ghode (his horses) ticha ghoda (her horse) tiche ghode (her horses) tumcha ghoda (your horse) tumche ghode (your horses) tyancha ghoda (their horse) tyanche ghode (their horses) ramcha ghoda (Ram’s horse) ramche ghode (Ram’s horses) (2) Example of feminine noun: kathi (stick): (a) Noun in singular (b) Noun in plural majhi kathi (my stick) majhya kathya (my sticks) tujhi kathi (your stick) tujhya kathya (your sticks) tyachi kathi (his stick) tyachya kathya (his sticks) tichi kathi (her stick) tichya kathya (her sticks) tumchi kathi (your stick) tumchya kathya (your sticks) tyanchi kathi (their stick) tyanchya kathya (their sticks) ramchi kathi (Ram’s stick) ramchya kathya (Ram’s sticks) (3) Example of neuter noun: pustak (book): (a) Noun in singular (b) Noun in plural majhe pustak (my book) majhi pustake (my books) tujhe pustak (your book) tujhi pustake (your books) tyache pustak (his book) tyachi pustake (his books) tiche pustak (her book) tichi pustake (her books) tumche pustak (your book) tumchi pustake (your books) tyanche pustak (their book) tyanchi pustake (their books) minache pustak (Mina’s book) minachi pustake (Mina’s books) Exercise (1) Add Possessives & Postpositions to each of these nouns: kam (N) “work” diwa (M) “lamp” mali (M) “gardener” jay (M) “victory” peti (F) “box” shala (F) school ardar (F) “order” shet (N) “farm” aushadh (N) medicine (2) Add Possessives & Postpositions to the plurals of the same nouns. Adjectives The adjectives in Marathi can be classified into two groups:-- (1) those whose neuter singular form ends in -e: e.g., changle (good), piwle (yellow), etc. (2) those whose neuter singular form does not end in -e: e.g., sundar (beautiful), lahan (young), etc. The adjectives of the first group are “variable”: they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. The variable endings are as below: Singular Plural changla ghoda (M) changle ghode (M) changli kathi (F) changlya kathya (F) changle pustak (N) changli pustake (N) The adjectives of the 2nd group are “invariable”: they do not change. Example: sundar ghoda (M), sundar kathi (F), sundar pustak (N), etc. Some More Adjectives: alshi: lazy anandi: happy barik: thin, small butke: short chhan: nice chhote: small duhakhi: sad garam: warm, hot ghan: dirty, filthy god: sweet hushar: clever jad: thick, fat lahan: small, young lamb: long mothe: big/great, elder pahile: first patal: thin (liquid) premal: loving pramanik: honest rund: broad saral: straight shuddh: pure swachchh: clean taje: fresh thande: cold thode: small amount udyogi: industrious unch: tall wait: bad wakde: crooked, bent Exercise Use the adjectives given above, and nouns from the previously given vocabulary lists, to translate the following expressions: A good dog; elder brother; a small boy; a clever girl; an honest servant; a sweet song (gane); a tall man; dirty clothes; tall trees; cold water; hot milk; crooked road; thick books; the bad men (plural of manus: manase); great men; fresh flowers; pure air; straight roads; clever servants. Adjectives and Nouns (cont’d) When a noun is in a case other than the nominative, the variable adjectives and possessive pronouns modifying it take the suffix ‘-ya’; invariable adjectives remain unchanged. See examples: pustak (a book) pustakat (in a book) majhe pustak (my book) majhya pustakat (in my book) changle pustak (a good book) changlya pustakat (in a good book) majhe marathiche pustak (my Marathi book) majhya marathichya pustakat (in my book of Marathi) But the invariable adjectives ‘jad’ and ‘lamb’ don’t change: jad pustakat tya lamb tebalawar (in a fat book on that long table) Exercise Translate the following expressions into Marathi: For this good dog; by my elder brother; to that small boy; to those tall men; in dirty clothes; on the tall trees; in cold water; on a crooked road; in thick books; to bad men; from bad men; to great men; by great men; in pure air; on a straight road; by a clever servant; by clever servants. Use of the Suffix: -wala (1) To denote ownership or possession: gharwala: house-owner gadiwala: car-owner paisewala: rich man (2) To denote a ‘seller’ of some merchandise: kelewala: banana seller phalwala: fruit vender dudhwala: milkman Verbs and Tenses Two kinds of verbs can be distinguished: Transitive verbs take an object (the verbal action is done on something); intransitive verbs do not. Present Tense The conjugation for verb-stem kar 'do' (transitive) in present tense: 1s mi karto (karte)* ‘I do’ 1pl amhi karto ‘we do’ 2s tu kartos (kartes)* ‘you do’ 2pl tumhi karta ‘you do’ 3s (M) to karto ‘he does’ 3pl (M) te kartat } (F) ti karte ‘she does’ (F) tya kartat }!‘they do’ (N) te karte ‘it does’ (N) ti kartat } *in parentheses: feminine forms The conjugation for ho ‘become’ (intransitive) has the same endings: 1s mi hoto (hote)* ‘I become’ 1pl amhi hoto ‘we become’ 2s tuhotos (hotes)* ‘you become’ 2pl tumhi hota ‘you become’ 3s (M) to hoto ‘he becomes’ 3pl(M) te hotat } (F) ti hote ‘she becomes’ (F) tya hotat }!‘they (N) te hote ‘it becomes’ (N) ti hotat } become’ *in parentheses: feminine forms Other verbs are conjugated as above: e.g., ja- (go), ye- (come), etc, etc. The following is the irregular auxiliary ‘ahe’:-- 1s mi ahe ‘I am’ 1pl amhi ahot ‘we are’, 2s tu ahes ‘you are’ 2pl tumhi ahat ‘you are’ 3s (M) to ahe ‘he is’ 3pl (M) te ahet } (F) ti ahe ‘she is’ (F) tya ahet }!‘they are’ (N) te ahe ‘it is’ (N) ti ahet } Past Tense Intransitive Verbs 1s mi baslo (basle)* I sat 2s tu baslas (baslis) you sat 3s to basla,ti basli,te basle he,she,it sat 1pl amhi baslo we sat 2pl tumhi basla you sat 3pl te basle,tya baslya,ti basli they sat *in parentheses: feminine forms Transitive Verbs In past tense, transitive verbs use the passive voice (“it was done by me”): accordingly, the subject is in the instrumental -ne case, and the verb agrees in gender and number with its object (adjective endings). Masc. Fem. Neut. ‘He gave me ... tyane mala ek amba dila ... a mango’ tyane mala ek gadi dili ... a car’ tyane mala ek bhande dile ... a vessel’ tyane mala don ambe dile ... 2 mangos’ tyane mala don gadya dilya ... 2 cars’ tyane mala don bhandi dili ... 2 vessels’ Another example: tyane (tine) amba ghetla. ‘He (she) took the mango.’ tyane (tine) saykal ghetli. ‘He (she) took the bicycle.’ tyane (tine) pustak ghetle ‘He (she) took the book.’ tyane (tine) ambe ghetle. ‘He (she) took the mangoes.’ tyane (tine) saykali ghetlya. ‘He (she) took the bicycles.’ tyane (tine) pustake ghetli ‘He (she) took the books.’ Irregular Verbs A number of verbs are said to be “irregular” because the past tense endings are added to a different stem (compare English: go & went): bagh- (baghit-); bhi- (bhyay-); de- (di-); dhu- (dhut-), ghal- (ghat-); ghe- (ghet-); ho- (jha-); ja- (ge-); kar- (ke-); kha- (khal-); mag- (magit-); mar- (me-); mhan- (mhana-); mil- (mila-); nigh- (nigha-); pah- (pahi-); pal- (pala-); pi- (pyay-); poh- (poho-); rah- (rahi-); sang- (sangit-); ud- (uda-); wah- (wahi-); ye- (a-). But the endings are the same as given previously (e.g, past tense of ho-): 1s mi jhalo (jhale)* ‘I became’ 2s tu jhalas (jhalis) ‘you became’ 3s to jhala, ti jhali, te jhale ‘he, she, it became’ 1pl amhi jhalo ‘we became’ 2pl tumhi jhala ‘you became’ 3pl te jhale, tya jhalya, ti jhali ‘they became’ *in parentheses: feminine forms Compare the past tense of the irregular auxiliary ‘ahe’; this is not to be confused with the present tense of ho- ‘become’ (it has the same stem): 1s mi hoto (hote)* ‘I was’ 2s tu hotas (hotis) ‘you were’ 3s to hota, ti hoti, te hote ‘he, she, it was’ 1pl amhi hoto ‘we were’ 2pl tumhi hota ‘you were’ 3pl te hote, tya hotya, ti hoti ‘they were’ *in parentheses: feminine forms Future Tense Endings after a vowel (or vowel plus -h), and with most transitive verbs: 1s mi jain ‘I will go’ 2s tu jashil ‘you will go’ 3s to, ti, te jail ‘he, she, it will go’ 1pl amhi jau ‘we will go’ 2pl tumhi jal ‘you will go’ 3pl te, tya, ti jatil ‘they will go’ With some verbs, 1st & 3rd person Sing. endings contain e instead of i; the example below is the future of as- (the regular form of ‘be’), which can also be used like ahe or hot- as an auxiliary: 1s mi asen ‘I shall be (there)’ 2s tu asashil ‘you will be (there)’ 3s to, ti, te asel ‘he, she, it will be (there)’ 1pl amhi asu ‘we will be (there)’ 2pl tumhi asal ‘you will be (there)’ 3pl te, tya, ti astil ‘they will be (there)’ Continuous, Perfect & Prospective Tenses (1) The present participle is obtained by adding -t (or -at/-it*) to the stem: ja- à jat (going); dhaw- à dhawat (running); kar-à karit (doing), etc. *the -it ending is optional with some verbs The present participle is used to form the continuous tenses: e.g., mi jat ahe. ‘I am going.’ to dhawat hota. ‘He was running.’ te kam karat/karit astil. ‘They will be doing work.’ (2) Perfect tenses: By adding ahe, hot-, or as- (the present, past, or future auxiliary) to a sentence in the simple past, one can obtain the present perfect, the past perfect, and the future perfect, respectively. mi te gane aikle ahe. ‘I’ve heard that song.’ ti mala dillila bhetli hoti. ‘She’d met me in Delhi.’ to mumbaila gela asel. ‘He’ll have gone to Bombay.’ (3) Prospective: By adding suffix -nar to the verb-stem, a type of future tense is obtained, indicating verbal action which is “going to” take place; an auxiliary (ahe, hot-, or as-) is used, as in the previous section. to aj janar ahe. ‘He is going to go today.’ to aj janar hota. ‘He was going to go today.’ to aj janar asel. ‘He will be going to go today.’ Verbal Derivatives (1) The verbal nominitive (‘infinitive’): By adding the suffix -ne to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karne; de- à dene; bol- à bolne; thew- à thewne; etc. we obtain a word meaning: ‘to do or doing the verbal action.’ The verb is essentially changed into a neuter singular noun (the usual dictionary citation form). Thus: phar bolne changle nahi. ‘To talk a lot isn’t good.’ mi tyache bolne aikle. ‘I listened to his talking.’ (2) The verbal accusative: By adding the suffix -ayla to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karayla; de- à dyayla; bol- à bolayla, etc. we obtain a word meaning: ‘for doing’ or ‘to (in order to) do’ the verbal action (thus complementing another verb or noun etc). Thus: karayla: ‘for doing’, ‘in order to do’; dyayla: ‘for giving’, ‘in order to give’ khayla: ‘for eating’, ‘in order to eat’; jhopayla: ‘for sleeping’, ‘to sleep’ kam karayla ye. ‘Come (in order) to do work.’ tyala kahi dyayla pahije. ‘I want to give him something.’ tyala jewan khayla de.‘Give him a meal to eat.’ jhopayla ja. ‘Go to sleep.’ (3) The verbal possessive. By adding suffix -nyache (adjective endings agree with the object in gender & number) to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karnyacha,-chi,-che (M,F,N) de- à denyacha,-chi,-che we obtain a word meaning ‘of doing the verbal action.’ Thus: tyala kam karnyachi awad (F) ahe ‘He has a liking of doing work.’ Note: ‘-ayche’ in section 7 below can be substituted for -nyache, with the same meaning; this differs from its meaning (“needful”) in that section. tyala kam karaychi awad (F) ahe ‘He has a liking of doing work.’ (4) Sequential conjunction: By adding suffix -un to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karun, de- à deun, ghe- à gheun, bol- à bolun, etc. we obtain a word meaning: ‘after doing the action denoted by the verb’ (the sequence may be one of cause-effect: kripa karun ‘do a favor & …’), thereby con-joining two clauses having the same subject. Thus: gheun ye: ‘take & come (fetch)’; gheun ja: ‘take & go (take away)’, etc. mi majhe kam karun alo. ‘After doing my work, I came.’ (5) Simultaneous conjunction: By adding suffix -tana to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à kartana; de- à detana; bol- àboltana, etc. we obtain a word meaning: ‘while doing the action of the verb.’ Thus: to khatana wachto. ‘He reads while eating.’ ti dhawtana padli. ‘While running, she fell down.’ (6) Combining suffix: By adding -u to a verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karu; de- à deu; bol- à bolu, thew-à thewu, etc. this can become the first verb in certain double-verb idioms: karu de (‘let or allow to do’), karu lag- (‘begin to do’), karu shak- (‘be able to do’). tyala karu de. ‘Let him do it.’ te radu lagle. ‘They began to weep.’ tujhe tond band karu shaktos ka? ‘Can you shut your mouth?’ To form the “inclusive” imperative: add -u to the verb-stem plus the imperative ya: te karu ya ‘let’s do it’; tyachyakade jau ya ‘let’s go to his place’, etc. (7) The “needful” -ayche. By adding suffix -ayche (the ending agrees with the object if any) to the verb-stem: e.g., kar- à karayche, etc; de- à dyayche, etc. We obtain a word meaning ‘wants or needs to be done’ or ‘is to be done’. This is often used when asking or telling/describing what’s to be done. This can also act like a simple prospective (conveying strong intention). Kay karayche? What’s to be done? Ithe thambayche ka? Am I to wait here? Mi kam karayche. I have to (need to) work. Mi kamala jayche. I have to go to work. Ti aj yaychi She’s (definitely) coming today. (8) The Desiderative (“should”): By adding suffix -awe to the verb-stem-- e.g., kar- à karawe; de- à dyawe; thew- à thewawe, etc. We obtain a word meaning: ‘should do the verbal action’ (expressive of mild obligation). The form of the subject and the agreement of the ending follow the same rules as the perfect tense previously studied: karawe: ‘should do’ dyawe: ‘should give’ sangawe: ‘should tell’ dhawawe: ‘should run’ mi kay karawe, kuthe jawe? ‘What should I do, where should I go?’ tyane jiw wachawayla palawe’ ‘He should run in order to save his life.’ (9) Strong Desiderative (“must”): To indicate necessity, the word ‘pahije’ follows the verb in past tense (particle -ch is added whenever greater emphasis is needed). Also note: the subject noun is put in accusative -la form, as is the usual case with the irregular verb ‘pahije’ (see next page). mi jato. ‘I go.’ mala gelech pahije. ‘I must go.’ tu kam kartos. ‘You work.’ tula kam kelech pahije. ‘You must work.’ to thambto. ‘He waits.’ tyala thamblech pahije. ‘He must wait.’ Expressions of Possession There are several ways to express possession. We’ve seen the use of the possessive pronoun: ‘ti majhi billi ahe’ (“she’s my cat”), ‘tiche naw kay?’ (“what’s her name?”). Extrinsic possession (of objects) employs post- positions -jawal, -kade, or -pashi: ‘majhyakade ek manjar ahe’ (“I have a cat”). Intrinsic possession (relations or attributes) employs the accus- ative case in reverse position: ‘tyala sola nakhe ahet’ (“it has 16 claws”). Pahije & Nako and Other “Reversed” Verbs There is a group of verbs, many dealing with desire, feeling, or perception, which usually have regular subjects in English, but in the corresponding Marathi sentence the desire, feeling, etc, is “happening to” the subject (in the accusative case); and the verb endings agree with the object if any (in the nominative case). These verbs are labelled “R” (subject-object “reversed”) in the dictionary, and include awad, dis, lag, mil, samaj, sapad, and wat (tumhala samajte ka? ‘do you understand?’). Pahije and nako (respectful plural form: naka) are uniquely invariable (no endings required). Mala aiskrim pahije means “I want ice cream”; the negative of this is mala aiskrim nako, “I don’t want ice cream”. mala aiskrim awadte ‘I like ice cream’ (lit: 'ice cream is pleasing to me') sakali mala bhuk/tahan lagte. ‘In the morning I am hungry/thirsty.’ tumhala te paise kuthe sapadle? ‘Where’d you find the money?’ majhya bhawala bare watat nahi. ‘My brother doesn't feel well.’ tumhala to kasa disto? ‘How does he appear to you?’ Sentences: positive / negative (1) Present tense: to obtain the negative form of a statement in simple present, substitute the present participle (stem + -t/-at) and add nahi. to jato ‘He goes.’ to jat nahi ‘He doesn’t go.’ to dhawto ‘He runs.’ to dhawat nahi ‘He doesn’t run.’ (2) Past tense: to obtain the negative of the simple past, add nahi to the positive expression. to gela. ‘He went.’ to gela nahi. ‘He didn’t go.’ to dhawla. ‘He ran.’ to dhawla nahi. ‘He didn’t run.’ (3) Future tense: to obtain the negative of the simple future, substitute the prospective (stem + -nar) and add nahi. to yeil. ‘He will come.’ to yenar nahi. ‘He won’t come.’ to karel. ‘He will do.’ to karnar nahi. ‘He won’t do.’ (4) Imperative: to obtain the negative of the imperative, add suffix -u to the verb-stem, plus an appropriate form of nako (“don’t”). tu ja. ‘You go.’ tu jau nako. ‘Don’t go.’ tumhi ja. ‘You (Pl) go.’ tumhi jau naka. ‘Don’t go.’ tu wach. ‘You read.’ tu wachu nako. ‘Don’t read.’ tumhi wacha. ‘You (Pl) read.’ tumhi wachu naka. ‘Don’t read.’ (5) Desiderative: to obtain the negative of the desiderative, add suffix -u to the verb-stem, plus naye (“shouldn’t”). tu jawe: ‘You should go.’ tu jau naye: ‘You shouldn’t go.’ tumhi jawe: ‘You should go.’ tumhi jau naye: ‘You shouldn’t go.’ (6) Negative auxiliaries: the negatives of ahe, hot-, and as-: 1s mi nahi ‘I am not’ 1pl amhi nahi ‘we aren’t’ 2s tu nahis ‘you aren’t’ 2pl tumhi nahi ‘you aren’t’ 3s to nahi ‘he isn’t’ 3pl te nahit ‘they aren’t’ The negative of hot- (the past auxiliary: “was”) is formed by adding neg. prefix na- (medial -o- à -w-), so ‘hoto’ à ‘nahwto’, ‘hote’ à ‘nahwte’, etc. The negative of as- (the future auxiliary: “will be”) is similarly formed by adding neg. prefix na, so that ‘asen’ à ‘nasen’, ‘asel’ à ‘nasel’, etc. Use of Apan The pronoun apan has two meanings. It may mean: (1) We (including the speaker), or (2) You (the honorific form, used for special respect). The honorific form may not be employed, but it should be recognized. Its cases are: (1) Nominative: apan; (2) Accus./Dative: aplyala; (3). Instrumental: apan; (4) Postpositive: aplya-postposition; (5) Possessive: (Sing) apla (M), apli (F), aple (N), (Plural) aple (M), aplya (F), apli (N). apan kuthe jata? ‘Where are you going?’ apan ghari jau ya. ‘Let’s go home.’ aplyala kuthe jayla pahije? ‘Where are we/you wanting to go?’ apla kutra chhan ahe. ‘Our/your dog is nice.’ aple naw kay? ‘What is your name?’ aplya chhatrya kuthe ahet? ‘Where are our umbrellas?’ Fifth Part: Exercises Exercise 1 Rule 1: In the active voice, when the object of a verb is animate it is usually in the accusative case, and when inanimate it is in the nominative case: (mi tumhala sangto “I tell you’; mi kam karto “I work”). Translate into Marathi (and in all exercises following)-- I go. We eat. He speaks. She runs. Boys (mulge) laugh. Girls (muli) sing. See the moon. Bring water. Bring your dog. Hold my hand. May I come here? Where may I go? I read a book. We hear a sound. He washes his hands. She gives him a mango. He beats her. He sends a servant. What do you see? What do you want? What is this? What does he want? Exercise 2 Eat this mango. Drink this milk. Read that book. You sing well (changle). They (M) tell me. They (F) give me books. They (M) go to Bombay. They (F) bring fruit. Rama shows me a picture. My friends are here. This is my friend Suresh. Where is Sita? Where is your house? Where is the nearest station? Exercise 1: Answers mi jato/jate. amhi khato. to bolto. ti dhawte. mulge hastat. muli gatat. chandra paha. pani an. tumcha/tujha kutra an. majha hat dhar. mi ikde yeu ka? mi kuthe jau? mi pustak wachto. amhi awaj aikto. to hat dhuto. ti tyala amba dete. to tila marto. to nokarala pathawto. tu kay pahtos/pahtes? tula kay pahije? he kay ahe? tyala kay pahije? Exercise 3 Rule 2: In order to form the past tense intransitive verbs are used in the active voice (subject in nominative case; verbs agree with subject), and transitive verbs are used in the passive voice (subject in instru-mental case; verbs agree with object). I went to Bombay. We came to Madras. He spoke the truth. She stayed in this house. What did you do? They (M) ran fast. He killed a tiger. We opened the door. He caught the thief. They looked down. They gave back the money. Exercise 2: Answers ha amba kha. he dudh pi. he pustak wach. tu changle gatos/gates. te mala sangtat. tya mala pustake detat. te mumbaila jatat. tya phale antat. rama mala chitra dakhawto. majhe mitra ithe ahet. ha majha mitra suresh. sita kuthe ahe? tujhe ghar kuthe ahe? jawalche steshan kuthe ahe? Exercise 4 I discussed with Kamal. Do not talk with him. He cuts a mango. I cut a mango with a knife. He came with me to my house. We discussed politics for an hour. He killed the enemy with his sword. Come with me. Go with him to the market. She killed a tiger with her rifle. He killed a fly. I heard the story with my own ears. We came by plane. He went by his car. He went 30 miles on bicycle. Exercise 3: Answers mi mumbaila gelo. amhi madrasla alo. to khare bolla. ti hya gharat rahili. tu (tumhi) kay keles (kele)? Te jorane dhawle. tyane wagh marla. amhi darwaja ughadla. tyane chor pakadla. tyani khali pahile. tyani paise parat kele/dile. Exercise 5 This is my book. In my book there are nice stories. All (people) gathered at his house. His bicycle does not have brakes. His bicycle is new. Our car is old. We went for a picnic in our car. Our house has many windows. Their house is small. The back side of their house is in front of our house. Where is my pencil? What is his telephone number? These are my books. What is your address? Exercise 4: Answers mi kamalbarobar charcha keli. tyachyashi bolu nako. to amba kapto. mi surine amba kapto. to majhyabarobar majhya ghari ala. amhi ek tas rajkaranawar charcha keli. tyane talwarine shatrula thar kele (marle). majhyabarobar chal. tyachyabarobar bajarat ja. tine bandukine wagh marla. tyane mashi marli. mi hi gosht majhya kanãni aikli. amhi wimanane alo. to tyachya motarine gela. to saykalne tis mail gela. Exercise 6 He is in his room. We climbed up that tree. We hid behind a wall. He bought three horses. These rivers are in India. You have made many mistakes. The prison walls are high. He has two bicycles. Rama is taller than I. But I am more intelligent than him. Your umbrella is heavier than my umbrella. Suresh is older than Ajay. Our school is near our house. Exercise 5: Answers he pustak majhe ahe. majhya pustakat chhan goshti ahet. sarwa jan tyachya ghari jamle. tyachya saykalla brek nahit. tyachi saykal nawi ahe. amchi motar juni ahe. amchya motaritun amhi piknikla (wanbhojanala) gelo. amchya gharala anek khidkya ahet. tyanche ghar lahan ahe. tyanchya gharachi magchi baju amchya gharasamor yete. majhi pensil kuthe ahe? tyacha teliphon nambar kay ahe? hi majhi pustake ahet. tujha patta kay ahe? Exercise 7 To err is human. Help me to clean the house. His reading has improved. Tell him to run faster. Show us how to climb a mountain. What do you wish to read? I have come to return your book. He has gone to the market to bring some fruit. Stop crying. I wish to learn Marathi. I wish to sing. He likes to play. Exercise 6: Answers to tyachya kholit ahe. amhi tya jhadawar chadhlo. amhi bhintimage laplo. tyane tin ghode wikat ghetle. hya nadya bharatat ahet. tumhi anek chuka kelya ahet. turungachya bhinti unch ahet. tyachyajawal don saykali ahet. rama majhyahun unch ahe. parantu mi tyachya-peksha buddhiman ahe. tujhi chhatri majhya chhatrihun jad ahe. surekh ajayhun motha ahe. amchi shala amchya gharatun jawal ahe. Exercise 8 Note: Paired conjunctions are used in various relative constructions: jar - tar (‘if - then’); jari - tari (though - still); jewha - tewha (‘when - then’); jitke - titke (‘as many’ - that many’).. What are you doing? I am reading a novel. Where are they going? They are going for a walk. He was climbing a tree. We were looking through a window. If you come at 4:00 (then) we (you & I) shall go for a walk. Though she’s become old (still) she works hard. When I saw him, (then) he was fishing. Eat as many bananas as you wish. Exercise 7: Answers chuk karne ha manushya swabhaw ahe. mala ghar saph karayla madat kar (kara). tyache wachne (wachan) sudharle ahe. tyala adhik jorane (jalad) dhawayla sang (sanga). parwat kasa chadhaycha te amhala dakhawa. tula kay wachnyachi ichchha ahe? mi tujhe pustak parat karayla alo ahe. to kahi phale anayla (anyasathi) bajarat gela ahe. radne band kar. mala marathi bhasha shikaychi ahe. mala ganyachi ichchha ahe. tyala khelayla awadte. Exercise 9 Note: the subordinating conjunction (kar + -un = karun: “after doing”) is used when one action follows another (awaj aikun to khidkikade dhawla ‘hearing the noise he ran to the window’; kam karun to ghari gela ‘he did his work and went home’). Jumping over the wall the thief ran away. Close the door and come here. He played cricket, then went home. Open the door and see who is there. Climbing up a tree he looked towards the east. He should go by this road. What should I do? Please (i.e.: “Do a favor and”) sit here. Exercise 8: Answers tu (tumhi) kay karat ahes (ahat)? mi ek kadambri wachat ahe. te kuthe jat ahet? te phirayla jat ahet. to jhadawar chadhat hota. amhi khidkimadhun baghat hoto. jar tu char wajta alas tar apan phirayla jau. jari ti mhatari jhali ahe tari ti khup kam karte. jewha mi tyala pahile tewha to mase marat hota. tula jitki keli khayla pahije titki kha. Exercise 10 If he gives me his book I’ll return it next day. My mother was in Bombay, therefore we went there. Because you’re my friend, you are dear to me. Let him work. Let him come in. We began to sing. He'll be able to come tomorrow. After doing our studies let’s go to a cinema. My bicycle has a puncture in the front wheel. I went to meet my brother. I have come to meet my brother. Exercise 9: Answers bhintiwarun udi marun chor palun gela. darwaja band karun ikde ye. kriket khelun to ghari gela. darwaja ughadun tithe (baher) kon ahe paha. jhadawar chadhun tyane purwela pahile. tyane hya rastyane jawe. mi kay karawe? kripa karun ithe basa. Exercise 10: Answers jar tyane mala tyache pustak dile tar mi te dusrya diwashi parat karin. majhi ai mumbaila hoti mhanun amhi tikde gelo. tu majha mitra ahes mhanun mala priy ahes. tyala kam karu de. tyala at yeu de. amhi gau laglo. to udya yeu shakel. apla abhyas karun sinema jau ya. majhya saykalchya pudhchya chakat pankchar ahe. mi majhya bhawala bhetayla gelo. mi majhya bhawala bhetayla alo ahe. Moti Shodhnara Panbudya The Pearl-Diver a Discourse by Meher Baba “Jewha mi premi banlo, tewha dhyeyrupi moti mala milala ase watle. When I became a lover then the Goal-form pearl was obtained so I felt Pan mala murkhala tyaweli he mahit nahwte ki, ha moti sagarachya But to me, a fool, at that time it wasn’t known that this pearl the sea’s agdi talashi asto ani to milawnyasathi sagarachya asankhya latãna very bottom is at and for obtaining it the sea’s countless waves tond det tyãna bajula sarit atishay kholat budi marun tyacha thang facing pushing them aside to extreme depth after diving its bottom ghyawa lagto.” --Haphij have to attain -Hafiz Suruwatila satyacha shodh karnara manushya tya In the beginning the Truth-seeking man (the) manasapramane asto, to ek amulya moti samudrachya is like (the) man he a priceless pearl of the Ocean talashi ahe he aikun samudrachya kinaryawar jato ani at the bottom is after hearing this on the seashore goes and pratham samudrachya aphatpanache kautuk karto ani at first the Ocean’s vastness admires and nantar samudrachya uthal panyat udi gheun, tithech later of the Ocean in the shallow water takes a leap right there hat-pay marit rahun manala ulhasit karnarya hya mastit stays thrashing arms & legs delighting in mind in this intoxication mung houn moti milawaycha ahe, he wisarun jato. becoming absorbed of obtaining the pearl this completely forgets Je ase kartat tya anek lokãtun ekhadyala kahi kala- Those who do this out of the many people someone some time nantar aplya dhyeyache smaran hote ani nantar to later of his goal is reminded and afterwards he pohne shikto ani pohayla suruwat karto. learns swimming and starts to swim Je pohne suru kartat asha anekãtun ekhada pohnyat Those who begin to swim out of so many someone in swimming parangat hoto ani khulya sagarat pohochto ani bakiche becomes proficient and reaches the open sea and the remaining lok latatach nahise hotat. people disappear in the waves Je pohnyat parangat hotat asha anekãtun ekhada Those who become proficient in swimming out of so many some koni samudrat budi marayla suruwat karto ani bakiche someone to dive in the Ocean begins and the rest pohnyat prawin jhalyachya anandat magna houn in swimming in the joy of having become expert becoming absorbed moti milawaycha he wisarun jatat. of obtaining the pearl they completely forget Je budi marnyacha abhyas kartat asha anekãtun Those who of diving make a study out of so many koni ekhada talashi pohochto ani to moti hastgat karto. some someone reaches the bottom and he gets the pearl in hand Moti milawnarya anekãpaiki ekhadach moti gheun Someone from among the many pearl-obtainers after getting the pearl pohat war yeto ani bakiche tya motyakade ashcharyane comes swimming upward and the rest at the pearl in wonderment pahat tya talalalach chikatun rahtat. gazing remain stuck at the very bottom Moti gheun parat war yenarya anekãpaiki After getting the pearl from among the many returners upward ekhadach samudrachya kinaryawar parat yeto. someone to the seashore comes back Ha mhanje Sadguru (Kutub) asto ani to apla moti He that is the Sadguru (Qutub) is and He His pearl dusryãna dakhawto.-- samudrat budi marnare, pohnare, shows to others-- in the ocean the divers swimmers bhumiwar payi chalnare ani asha prakare tyãna the ground-walkers (waders) and in this manner them tyãnchya prayalat utsahit karto. Parantu hya Sadgurula in their exertions encourages But to the Sadguru ichchha jhali tar dusryala pohnyachi wa budi marnyachi (if) desired then to another of swimming and diving widya na shiktahi tya motyacha adhikari banawu shakto. knowledge without even learning He can make a pearl-possessor Parantu Ishwar-purush athwa Awatar ha Sadgurûcha But the Godman or Avatar He of Sadgurus Sadguru asto; ani to ichchhepramane watel titkya Sadguru is and He as many as He desires lokãna moti deu shakto. Sadguru (Kutub) purntya purn people (to) can give the pearl The Sadguru (Qutub) perfectly Perfect asto pan lokãna madat karnyachya babatit tyache is but in respect of helping people His karyakshetra swathachya sthanamule maryadit aste. sphere of action due to His own position is limited Awatarachya karyakshetrala kontich maryada naste ani To the Avatar’s sphere of action there is no limit whatsoever and tyachi shakti wa shaktiche parinam amaryadit astat. His power and the effect of His power are unlimited Sadguruche purn purnatwa Awatarasarkhech saman The Sadguru’s perfect Perfection just the same as the Avatar’s aste. Pan karyakshetrachya drishtine tyãchyat pharak is But from the perspective of sphere of action a difference between them asto; Sadguruche karyakshetra maryadit tar Awatarache is (If) the Sadguru’s sphere of action is limited then the Avatar’s amaryadit aste. is unlimited The Pearl Diver “When I became a lover I thought I had gained the Pearl of the Goal; foolish I did not know that this Pearl lies on the floor of an ocean which has innumerable waves to be encountered and great depths to be sounded” --Hafiz In the beginning the seeker of Truth is like a man who, having heard that a priceless pearl is to be got from the depths of the ocean, goes down to the sea-shore and first admires the vastness of the ocean and then paddles and splashes about in the shallows and, intoxicated with this new excitement, forgets about the pearl. Out of many who do this, one after a while, remembers his quest and learns to swim and starts to swim out. Out of many who do this, one masters swimming and reaches the open sea; the others perish in the waves. Out of many who master swimming, one begins to dive; the others in their enjoyment of mastery, again forget about the pearl. Out of many who practise diving, one reaches the ocean bed and grasps the pearl. Out of many who get hold of the pearl, one swims back up to the surface with it, the others stay stuck on the floor gazing with wonder at the pearl. Out of many who swim up to the surface, one returns to the shore. This one is the Perfect Master (Qutub) and He shows His pearl to the others -- the divers, the swimmers, the paddlers, and so encourages them in their efforts. But He can if He wishes cause another to become the possessor of the pearl without that one having to learn swimming and diving. But God-Man or Avatar is the Master of Masters, and can give possession of the Pearl to any number he likes. The Qutub is perfect Perfection, but is circumscribed by His office in regard to His help to men. The Avatar is beyond limits of function. His power and the effects of His power are boundless. The absolute Perfection of the Perfect Master is the same as the God-Man’s. The difference between them is the scope of their functioning. One is limited, the other is unlimited. Glossary -a: (prefix) negative. -abhyas: (M) study. -abhyas karne: to study. -adhikari: (M) officer, person in charge; owner (“possessor”). -agdi: quite, very, completely, wholly. -aikne: (T) to hear; to listen, attend (and obey). -amaryadit: unlimited. -amol: invaluable (-amulya ‘invaluable, priceless’). -anand: (M) happiness, joy (anandat ‘in happiness, happily’). -anek: many. -ani: and. -aphat: vast, huge. -aphatpana: (M) vastness. -aple: our (inclusive); “one’s own” (reflexive). -asankhya: numberless, countless. -ase: such, thus; like this. -ashcharya: (N) surprise, wonder. -asne: (I) to be (auxiliary form); to exist. -at/-t: (post) in, inside, within; among, between. -athwa: or, or else. -atishay: extremely, very; very much; excessive. -atun: from within; (post) out from, through. -babat: (Fi) matter; (post) about, regarding. -babatit: in respect, in the matter. -baju: (F) side. -bajula: to one side, on the side, aside. -baki: the rest (of), remaining (-bakiche ‘remaining’). -banawne: (T) to make, manufacture, construct. -banne: (I) to be made, shaped; to become. -bhumi: (F) land, region; ground. -budi: (F) dive. -budi marne: to dive. -ch: (emphatic particle suffix) just, only, etc. -chalne: (I) to walk, move, go, proceed. -che: (possessive suffix) its, one’s, etc. -chikatne: (I) to stick, adhere. -chikatun rahne: to (continue to) stick or adhere to. -dakhawne: (T) to demonstrate, show. -dene (past -dile): (T) to give, let, allow. -dhyey: (N) aim, ideal, objective, goal. -drishti: (F) sight; vision; point of view, perspective. -dusre: second, other, another. -ek: one, a. -ekhade: someone, anyone; some, any. -ghene (past -ghetle): (T) to take; to seize; to attain. -gung: absorbed (in an activity). -ha/-hi/-he/-hya: he/she, it, this; they, these. -hastgat: gone into the hands of, taken possession of. -hat: (M) hand; arm. -hatpay: (M Pl) hands and feet; arms and legs. -hi: (emphatic particle suffix) too, also, even, likewise. -hone: (past -jhale): (I) to become, happen, occur. -ichchha: (F) wish, desire, longing. -Ishwar: (M) God. -jane (past -gele): (I) to go, go on. -jar: if (-jar ... tar: if ... then (jar sometimes omitted)). -jo/-ji/-je/-jya: he/she who, that which; those who. -jewha: when (jewha ... tewha: ‘when ... then’). -jhale: became, happened, occurred, finished. -kade: (post) at, to, towards; belonging to. -kahi: some(thing), any, a few. -kal: (M) time; duration. -karne (past -kele): (T) to do, make. -karya: (N) task, work, action (karyakshetra ‘sphere of action’). -kautuk: (N) making much of, admiration (kautuk karne ‘to admire’). -khol: deep (-kholat ‘in the depth’). -khule: open. -ki: that. -kinara: (M) margin, border, shore, coast. -koni: somebody, anybody. -konte: which, what (-kontech ‘whatsoever’). -kshetra: (N) area; field, locality; sphere, domain. -lagne:(R) to require; (2nd verb) (R) to be forced to (“have to”). -lat: (F) wave. -lok: (M Pl) people, folk. -madat: (F) help (madat karne ‘to help’). -magne: absorbed in. -mahit: known (mala mahit ahe ‘I know’). -mala: to/for me. -man: (N) mind, heart. -manus: (M; neuter in plural: manase) man, human. -manushya: (M) man, human. -marne: (T) to beat, strike; to throw at etc (used variously in idioms). -maryada: (F) limit, boundary; limitation. -maryadit: limited. -masti: (F) intoxication. -mhanje: that is (to say), meaning (defining) “is”. -mi: I, me. -milawne: (T) to earn, obtain, acquire. -milne: (R) to get, obtain, receive (milale nahi ‘wasn’t obtained’). -mol: (N) price, worth. -moti: (M) pearl. -mule: (post) because of, due to. -murkh: (M) idiot, fool. -na: not (neg. particle); without (na karta ‘without doing’). -nahise: disappeared (nahise hone ‘to disappear, vanish’). -nahwte: wasn’t (spelled nawhte in Devanagari). -nantar: afterwards, later on; (post) after. -nare: (verbal suffix) the one doing (karnara ‘the doer’). -nasne: (I) to not be; “to be lacking”. -pahne (past -pahile): (T) to see, look at, perceive. -paiki: (post) from among; of that number. -pan: but; also; yet, nevertheless. -pana: (M suff) -ness (abstract noun-maker). -panbudya: (M) diver. -pani: (N) water. -parangat: proficient. -parantu: but, yet, however. -parat: back, again, in return (parat yene ‘to come back, return’). -parinam: (M) effect, result. -pay: (M) foot; leg. -payi: afoot, on foot (payi chalnara (M) ‘walker’). -pharak: (M) difference, change. -pohne (past: -pohole): (I) to swim, float. -pohochne: (I) to arrive, reach, get to. -prakar: (M) sort, kind, type of thing. -prakare: in a manner or way (asha prakare ‘in such/like manner’). -pramane: (post) according to; like. -pratham: in the first place, at first; first. -prawin: expert. -prayal: (M) strenuous exertion. -premi: (M) lover. -purn: whole, entire, full, complete, perfect. -purnatwa: (N) wholeness, perfection, completeness. -purntya: (Hindi) completely, entirely, perfectly. -purush: (M) man, male. -rahne (past -rahile): (I) to live, stay, remain; (2nd verb) continue, keep. -rupi: (suff) having the form or appearance of. -sadguru: (M,F) Sadguru, Perfect Master, Qutub. -sagar: (M) sea, ocean. -saman: equal, alike, “the same”. -samudra: (M) sea, ocean. -sarkhe: (post) like, similar to, equal to. -sarne: (T) to push, push aside. -sathi: (post) for, for the sake of. -satya: (N) truth. -shakne: (I) to be able, capable; (2nd verb) to be able to. -shakti: (F) strength, power, energy. -shi: (post) to/at; with. -shikne: (S) to learn, study. -shodh: (M) search. -shodh karne: to search for. -shodhne: (T) to seek, search/look for. -smaran: (N) memory, recollection. -smaran hone: to be reminded of, remember. -sthan: (N) place; status, position. -suru: started, begun. -suru karne: to start something, begin. -suruwat: (Fi) beginning, start (suruwat karne ‘to begin’). -suruwatila: in the beginning. -swatha: oneself; by oneself, on one’s own. -swathache: one’s own, of oneself. -tal: (M) bottom. -tar: then, consequently (see jar ... tar). -tewha: then, at that time. -thang: (M) bottom, depth. -tithe: there (tithech ‘right there’). -titke: that much/many, so much. -to/-ti/-te/-tya: he/she, it, that; they, those. -tond: (N) opening; mouth; face. -tond dene: to face. -tyache (plural: -tyanche): his, its. -tyala (plural: tyana): to or for him/it. -wel: (F) period of time; occasion. -weli: in/at time (tya weli ‘at that time’). -udi: (F) jump, leap. -udi ghene: to jump, leap. -ulhas: (M) joy; enthusiasm. -ulhasit karne: to delight. -uthal: shallow. -utsahit: enthusiastic; delighted (utsahit karne ‘to encourage’). -wa: and (short form). -war: up, upwards; (post) on, over, above; at, to, toward. -watel: as one feels (so). -watne:(R) to feel, think, seem, appear (mala watte ‘it seems to me’). -widya: (F) knowledge; branch of learning.. -wisarne: (S) to forget (wisarun jane ‘to completely forget’). -yene (past -ale): (I) to come; to become, befall, occur. *English-Marathi Dictionary* Taken from Berntsen & Nimbkar, Sanjay’s “Learn Marathi in 30 days”, etc. Note: Cross-check with English synonyms to ensure that you found the correct Marathi equivalent of the English word that you were searching for. Nouns are denoted by gender, postpositions by a preceding dash, verbs by a following dash. Abbrevs: (M), (F), (N): gender; (T), (I): (R) transitive, intransitive, reverse verbs. A abroad: pardeshala. able: samarth; (possible) shakya. absent: gairhajar. *able, be: (R) shak-, sadh-, jam-. *absent, to be: nas-. Aborigine: adiwasi (M) absolutely: ajibat, purnpane. about (approx.): jawal jawal, sumare. *absorb: about: -baddal, -babat, -wishayi. 1. shosh-, shoshun ghe-. above: war, warti; -war. 2. (learn) atmasat kar-. Abundance: relchel (F). adult: praudh. abundant: bharpur. Advance: ædwhans (M). *accept: swikar-, swikar/manya kar-. advance (in adv.): agau. *acceptable, be: (R) chal-, pat-. *advance: pudhe ja-, pudhe kar-. Acceptance: swikar (M). Advantage: phayda (M). accepted: manya. Adventure: sahas (M). Accident: apghat (M). adventure (spirit of adv.): dhadas. Accomodation (facility): (F) soy. adverse: pratikul. *accompany to destination: pochaw-. Advertisement: jahirat (F). accord (of one’s own acc.): apan houn. Advice: salla (M); updesh (M). according to: -pramane. *advise: salla de-. Account: Affection: prem (N); apulaki (F). 1. (bank) khate (N). *afford: (R) parwad-. 2. (calculation) hishob (M). afraid: ghabarlele; bhyaylele. account (on acc. of): -nimitt. *afraid, to be: bhi-; ghabar-; (R) bhiti Accountant: akauntant (M,F). wat-. *accumulate: after: nantar; -war, -magun. 1. (I) sach-, sath-, tumb-; after (immed. aft.): pathopath, 2. (T) sachaw-, sathaw-. magomag. accurate: achuk. Afternoon: dupar (F). Ache: duhakh (N). afternoon (in the aft.): dupari. *ache (be painful): dukh-. afternoon (this aft.): aj dupari. Acquaintance afterwards: nantar; tyanantar. 1. (with person) olakh (F); parichay again: parat; punha. (M). against: wiruddh. 2. (with subject or thing): mahiti (F). Age: way (N). acquaintance (of one’s acq.): olakiche. aged: wayask; mhatare. *acquainted with (to be): olakh-. ago (a while ago): maghashi. *acquire: milaw-. *agree: kabul kar-, manya kar-. acquired: milawlele; prapt. *agree with (suit): (R) manaw-. Acre: ekar (M); per acre: ekri. agreed: kabul; manya. Acting: abhinay (M). Agreement: ekmat (N); (contract) Action: kriya (F); kriti (F). karar (M). active: chapal; udyogi. Agriculture: sheti (F). Activities: kamkaj (N). ahead: pudhe. Activity: udyog (M); (motion) halchal ahead of: -pudhe. (F). Aid: madat (F). Actor: nat (M). Air: hawa (F). Actress: nati (F). Airplane: wiman (N). actually: wastawik; kharokhar. Airport: wimantal (M). *add: berij kar-, berij ghal-. Aim (goal, purpose): dhyey (N). Addition: berij (F). Alarm: gajar (M); (calamity) sankat addition (in add. to): -shiway. (F). additional: ankhi. Alarm clock: gajarache ghadyal (N). Address (of house, etc): patta (M). Alcohol (beverage): daru (F). Administration: karbhar (M). alike: sarkhe. *admit: kabul kar- alive: jiwant. *adopt: dattak ghe-. all: sagle; sarwa; -bhar. adopted: dattak. all (of all/ in all): saglyat, sarwat. Adult: motha manus (M). all right: thik (ahe); bare (ahe). Alley: galli (F). anybody: konihi. Allowance: bhatta (M). anymore: ankhi. almost: jawal jawal. anything: kahihi. Alms: bhik (F); bhiksha (F). anywhere: kuthehi. *alms, to give: bhiksha ghal-. Ape: wanar (N,M). alone: ekte. *appear: (R) dis-, wat-, bhas-. along: sobat; barobar; (near) warun. Appearance: disne, rup (N); bhas (M). along with: -sobat, -barobar. Appetite: bhuk (F). alongside: shejari. *applaud: wahwa kar-. aloud: mothyane. Applause: wahwa (F). Alphonso mango: hapus. Apple: sapharchand (N). already: agodarach, adhich. Appliance: upkaran (N). also: suddha; dekhil; -pan, -hi, - Application: arj (M). suddha. *applied, to be: lag-. *alter: (T) badal-. *apply: arj kar-; (put on) law-. Alteration: badal (M); pharak (M). *appoint: nem-; nemnuk kar-. although ... nevertheless: jari ... tari. Appointment: nemnuk, wel (F). altogether: ekandar; ekun, sarwa *approach: jawal ja-. milun. approximately: andaje, sadharan, always: nehmi; sada. sumare American: amerikan. sumaras, jawalpas, jawaljawal. among: -paiki. Approximation: sumar (M). among ... selves: apapsat. Area: kshetraphal (N); (region) bhag Amount: rakkam (F). (M). *amused, to feel: (R) maja wat-. *argue: wad kar-, charcha kar-. Amusement: maja (F); karamnuk (F). Argument: wad (M); (quarrel) bhandan Ancestors: wadwadil (M Pl); purwaj (N). (M). Arithmetic: ganit (N). ancient: prachin. Arm: hat (M); (upper arm) dand (M). and: ani, an; (&) wa. Army: sainya (N); lashkar (N). and so forth: wagaire. around: -bhowti. Anger: chid (F); rag (M). *around, to get: hind-, phir-. angry: ragawlele; chidlele. *arrange: *angry, to be: ragaw-; chid-; rag ye-. 1. (set up, lay out): mand-, that-, Animal: janawar (N); prani (M). rach-. Anise: badishep (F). 2. (make arrangements): soy (etc) Ankle: ghota (M). kar-. Annihilation: sarwanash (M). *arranged, be: thar-. Anniversary: wadhdiwas (M). Arrangement: *announce: jahir kar-. 1. (laying out) mandni (F). announced: jahir. 2. (prep) tajwij, wyawastha, rachna Annoyance: toshis (F); katkat (F); tras (F). (M). 3. (convenience): soy (F). annual: warshik. Arrest: atak (F). another: dusre, ankhi. *arrest: atak kar-. Answer: uttar (N). *arrive: poch-, ye-. *answer: uttar de-. Arrogance: garwa (M). Ant: mungi (F); (big) mungla (M). arrogant: garwishth. anxious: utsuk, kaljit. Art: kala (F). any(thing): kahi. Article: 1. (thing) wastu (F); gosht (F); jinnas 1. (mother’s sister) mawshi (F). (M). 2. (father’s sister) atya (F). 2. (piece of luggage) dag (M); nag 3. (mother’s brother’s wife) mami (M). (F). 3. (piece of food) jinnas (M); padarth 4. (father’s brother’s wife) kaki, kaku (M). (F) 4. (piece of writing) lekh (M). auspicious: shubh. artificial: kritrim. Author: lekhak (M); Authoress: Artisan: karagir (M). lekhika (F). Artist: kalakar (M). Authority (power): adhikar (M). as: mhanun; pramane. automatically: apsukh. as ... as: jase ... tase. Automobile: motar (F). Asafoetida: hing (M). available: uplabdh. Ascent: chadh (M). *available, be: mil-, uplabdh ho-. Ascetic: sadhu (M); sannyasi (M). Avenue: marg (M). Ashes: rakh (F). average: (ordinary) samanya. Ashram: ashram (M). *avoid: (T) tal-, chukaw-. *ask: wichar-. *avoided, to be: (I) tal-, chuk-. *ask for: mag-. awake: jage. asleep: jhoplele; nijlele. *awake, to remain: jag-, jage rah-. *asleep, to fall: jhop-; nij-. *awaken: (T) uthaw-, jage kar-. *assist: madat kar-. *aware, to be: (R) janiw as-. Assistant: madatnis (M). Awareness: janiw (F). Association: away: dur. 1. (club) mandal (N). awfully: bhayankar. 2. (contact) sambandh (M); sahwas Axe: kurhad (F). (M). Axle: æksal (M). *assume: grihit dhar-. B assumed: grihit. Babble: badbad (F). Assurance: ashwasan (N). *babble: badbad kar-. astringent: turat. Baby: bal (N); mul (N). at: -jawal, -pashi, -kade, -la. Back: (of body) path (F). at all: ajibat. back: parat; mage, pathimage. at least: nidan; matra. back (in the b.): -mage, -pathimage. at once: ekdam; tabadtob. backward (socially): magaslele. Athlete: kheladu (M). Backyard: paras (M). Atmosphere: watawaran (N). bad: *attach: law-, basaw-. 1. wait; bekar. Attack: halla (M). 2. (rotten) kharab *attack: halla kar-. 3. (wicked) dusht. Attempt: prayatna (M). 4. (naughty) wede. *attempt: prayatna kar-. *bad, to feel: (R) wait wat-. Attention: laksh (N). Bag: pishwi (F); thaili (F); peti (F); *attention, pay: laksh de-. bæg (F). Attitude: manowritti (F). Bakery: bekari (F). attractive: akarshak. Balance: tol (M); (remainder) shillak Attraction: akarshan (N). (F). Auction: lilaw (M). balanced: samtol. Audience: shrote (M Pl). *balk: khalkhal kar- Aunt: Ball: chendu (M); (round object) gola Beard: dadhi (F). (M). *beard, grow/wear: dadhi thew-. Balloon: phuga (M). Beast: pashu (M). Bamboo: bambu (M). *beat: mar-. Ban: bandi (F). Beating: mar (M). Banana: kele (N). *beating, get: mar kha-. Band: (strip) patti (F); (group) toli (F). beautiful: sundar; (of a place) ramya. Bandage: patti (F). beautifully: sundar ritine. *bang: apat- because: karan. Bangle: bangdi (F). because of: -mule. Bank: *become: ho-; ban-. 2. (stream, etc) kath (M), kinara (M). *become (be fitting): (R) shobh-. 3. (financial) bænk (F). Bed: palang (M); khat (F). Banyan tree: wad (M); wadache jhad *bed, go to: nij-, jhop-. (N). *bed, to make a: anthrun ghal-. Bar: (soap, etc) wadi (F). Bedbug: dhekun (M). Barber: nhai, nhawi (M). Bedding: anthrun (N); bichhana (M). Bargain: sauda (M). Bedroll: walkati (F). *bargain: sauda kar-. Bedroom: jhopaychi kholi (F). Bargaining: Bedspread: chadar (F). 1. sauda (M). Beedi: bidi (F). 2. (haggling) ghasaghis (F). Beef: biph (N). Bark: (tree) sal (F). Beer: biar (F). *bark: (dog) bhunk kar-, bhunk-. Beet: bit (M);. Barrel: pimp (N); pip (N). before: purwi, adhi, agodar. Base: paya (M); (basis) adhar (M). before: -purwi, -adhi, -agodar. based: adharit. *beg: bhik mag-; bhiksha mag-. bashful: lajre. Beggar: bhikari (M,F). Bashfulness: laj (F). *begin: (T) chalu kar-; suru/surwat basically: mulat. kar-. Basil: (holy) tulashi (F); (ordinary) *begin: (I) chalu ho-; suru ho-. sabji (F) *begin (2nd verb): lag-. Basket: topli (F); pati (F); hara (M). Beginning: surwat/suruwat (F); Bath: anghol (F); (bathing) snan (N). arambh (M) *bathe: (I) anghol kar-; (T) anghol begun: suru. ghal-. behalf (on beh. of): -tarph, -marphat. Bathing space: mori (F). *behave: wag-. Bathroom: bathrum (F); snangrih (N). *behave properly: shist pal-. Bathroom (toilet): toylet (M), sandas Behavior: wagnuk (F), wagne (N). (M). behind: mage; pathimage. Battle: ladhai (F). behind: -mage, -pathimage, -ad. Bayleaf: tej patta (M). behind (directly beh.): -magomag. Bazaar: bajar (M); bajarhat (N). behind (from beh.): magun; -magun. be: as- (not to be: nas-). Belief: wishwas (M). Beach: kinara (M). *believe: man-; wishwas thew-. Beans: (pod-type) sheng (F). Bell: ghanta (F); bel (F). Beans: ghewda (M); (split dried) dal Belly: pot (N). (F). *belong: -che ahe (e.g., mine: majhe Bear: aswal (N). ahe). *bear (suffer): sahan kar-, sos- Beloved: preyasi (F). below: khali; -khali. Blessing: ashirwad (M). Belt: patta (M). blind: andhale. beneath: -khali. *block (of wood): thokla. Bench: bak (N). Blood: rakta (N). *bend: (I) wak-; (T) wakaw-. Bloodshed: raktapat (M). Benefit: phayda (M); hit (N). *bloom: phul-. bent: wakde; waklele. Blouse: polke (N); blauj (M); choli (F). beside: shejari; lagun. Blow: besides: shiway; kherij; -kherij. 1. war (M); phatka (M); tadakha besides (what’s more): jhale tar. (M). best: uttam; (best of all) sarwottam. 2. (with a fist) thosa (M); gudda (M). *better, get: bare ho-. *blow: (w. mouth) phunk-; (breeze) between: -madhe, -madhye (written). wah-. beyond: -palikade. blue: nile. Bhajan: bhajan (N). blue-green: morpankhi. Bhakri (millet bread): bhakri (F). *blush: laj-; lajene lal ho-. Bicycle: saykal (F). Board: big: mothe. 1. (plank) phali (F). big (how big): kewdhe; (so big): 2. (blackboard) phala (M). ewdhe. 3. (council) mandal (N). bill: (demand) bil (N); (banknote) not Boarding house, inn: khanawal (F). (F). Boat: hodi (F); bot (F); jahaj (N). *bind: bandh-. Bodice: choli. binding: bandhankarak. Body: ang/ang (N); sharir (N); deh Bird: pakshi (M); pakhru (N). (M). Birth: janma (M). Boil: ukali (F); adhan (N). *birth, to give (humans): balant ho-. *boil: (water) ukal-; (egg etc) ukad-. *birth, to give (animals): wi-. *boil, come to a: ukali ye-; ukali phut-. Birthday: wadhdiwas (M), *boil down: (T) ataw-; (I) at-. janmadiwas (M). Bolt: (door) kadi (F); (cloth) taga (M). Biscuit: biskit (N). Bond: bandhan (N). *bite: chaw-. Bone: had (N). biting: Book: pustak (N). 1. (pungent) tikhat. bookish: pustaki. 2. (cold) chawre; jhombre. Border: (edge) kath (M); (limit) hadd bitter: kadu; kadwat. (F). Bitter gourd (carela): dodka (F). Boredom: kantala (M). Bitterness: kadwatpana (M). boring: kantalwane. black: kale. *born, be: janm-, janma ho-. Black pepper: kali miri (F). *borrow: usne ghe-. Blackboard: phala (M). borrowed: usne. blackish: kalpat. both: donhi; (of persons) doghe. Blacksmith: lohar (M). Bother: katkat (F); tras (M); toshis (F). Blade (grass) kadi (F); (knife) pate Bottle: batli (F). (N). Bottom: tal (M). Blame: dosh (M); waitpana (M). bottom: khalche. *blame: dosh de-. Bowl: sat (M); (small metal) wati (F). bland (of food): phikke; alni. Box: khoke (N); peti (F); daba (M); blank: kore. baks (F). Blemish: dag (M). Boy: mulga (M); porga (M). Boycott: bahishkar (M). Buffalo: mhais (F); reda (M). Brahman: brahman (MF). Buffalo calf: redku. Braid: weni (F). *build: bandh-. Brain: mendu (M). Building: imarat (F). Branch: Bulb: (light) balb; (flower) kanda (M). 1. (tree) phandi (F). Bull: bail (M); (young) khond (M). 2. (organization) shakha (F). Bullet: goli (F). brass: pital, pitali. Bulletin: warta (F). brave: shur. Bullock: bail (M); (team) bailjodi (F). Bravery: shaurya (N). Bullock cart: bailgadi (F). bravo!: shabas! Bun: ban (M). Bread: paw (M); bred (F,M); (sliced) Bunch: batar. 1. (fruit) ghad (M). Breadth: rundi (F); jadi (F). 2. (leafy veg) pendhi (F), jadi (F). *break: phod-, mod-, phut-; (snap) tut-. Bundle: gaththa (M); gathode (N). *break down: dhasal-. Bungalow: bangla (M). *break down, for a car to: brekdaun Burden: ojhe (N); boja (M). ho-. Burial: daphan (N). Breakfast: nyahari (F); nashta (M). *burn: (I) jal-; (T) jal-, petaw-. Breast: burned, to be: jalale, bhajlele. 1. (chest): chhati (F). burning: 2. (female) stan (M). 1. (smarting) ag. Breath: shwas (M); dam (M). 2. (from fever, heat of the sun) *breath, to get out of: (R) dam lag-. talakhi. *breathe: shwas ghe-. 3. (cremation) dahan. Bribe: lach (F). *bury: pur-. Brick: wit (F). Bus: bas (F); gadi (F). brick (made of brick): witeche. Bus-stand: stænd (M). Bride: nawri; wadhu (F). Bush: jhudap/jhudup (N); jhad (N). Bridegroom: nawra, war (M). Business: Bridge: pul (M). 1. (commerce) wyapar (M). bright: chakchakit, satej; tejaswi. 2. (trade, profession) dhanda (M). bright (intelligent) hushar. 3. (affairs) wyawahar (M). Brilliance: tej (N). Businessman: wyapari (M). brilliant: tejaswi. busy: kamat; gadbadit; (phone) engejd. *bring: an-; gheun ye-. but: pan; parantu. broad: (wide) rund; (thick) jad. Butcher: khatik (M). broken-down: brekdaun. Butter: loni (N); (spread) makhan (N). Broker: dalal (M). Butterfly: phulpakhru (N). brooding (of a hen) khuduk. Buttermilk: tak (N). Broom: jhadu (M); kersuni (F); Button: batan (N); gundi (F). kharata (M). *buy: (wikat) ghe-; kharedi kar-. Brother: bhau (M). by (near): jawal, bajune; -jawal. Brother-in-law: mehuna (M). by means of: -ne/ni; -tun. Brother’s wife: wahini (F). C brown: tapkiri; chakaleti. Cabbage: kobi (F). *brush: jhad-. Cabinet: kapat (N). *brush off: jhatak-. Cafeteria: mes (F). *brush (one’s teeth): dat ghas-. Cage (for food storage etc): pinjara Bucket: badli (F). (M). Cake: kek (M). *carry: gheun ja-; wahun ne-; ne-; Calamity: sankat (N). wah-. Calculation: hishob (M); ganit (N). *carry around: balag-. Calculator: kælkyuletar (M). Cart: gadi (F); (pushcart) gada (M). Calf: wasru (N); khond (M); kalwad Case (matter) prakaran (N). (F). case (in that case): tar mag; tya Call: hak (F). babatit. *call: bolaw-, hak mar-; (name) mhan- Cash: rokh rakkam (F); rokh paise (M . Pl). Camel: unt (M). *cash: (T) wataw-. Camera: kæmara (M). Cash memo: rokhichi pawti. Camp: (encampment) chhawni (F). *cashed, to be: (I) wat- *camp: tal de-. Cashew: kaju (M). Campaign: mohim (F). Caste: jat (F). Can: daba (M). casually: sahaj. *can (be able): shak-. Cat: manjar (N); billi (F); boka (M). Canal: kalwa (M); kænal (M). *catch (grab): pakad-; dhar-. *cancel: radd kar- Cattle (beasts): gure (N Pl). cancelled: radd. *caught, be: sapad-. Candidate: umedwar (M). Cauliflower: phulkobi (phulwar) (M). Candle: menbatti (F). Cause: karan (N); nimitt (N). Canister: daba (M). cautiously: sawadhpane. Cantonment: lashkar (N). Cave: (natural) guha (F); (temple) lena Cap: topi (F); (of a pen) topan (N). (N). capable: karyaksham; samarth. Ceiling: chhat (N); adhe (N). capable: -yogya, -jogte, -joge. *celebrate: sajare kar-. Capital: celebrated: prasiddh. 1. (city) rajdhani (F). Celebration: samarambh (M). 2. (funds) bhandwal (N); muddal Center: madhya (M); kendra (N). (N). Center (shopping etc): sentar (N). Capitalist: bhandwaldar (M). centered: kendrit. Car: motar (F), gadi (F). Century: shatak (N). Caraway seed: shaha jire (N). Ceremony: Card: kard (N); (playing card) patta 1. samarambh (M). (M). 2. (religious) karya (N). *cards, to play: patte khel-. certainly: jarur; awshya; nakki. Cardamom: ilachi (F). Certainty: khatri (F). care: kalji. Certificate: dakhla (M); pramanpatra *care for: pos-. (N). * care of, take: sambhal-; kalji ghe-. Chain: sankhali (F); (series) malika Career: kariyar (F). (F). carefree: nishchint. Chair: khurchi (F). carefully: japun; sambhalun; Chalk: khadu (M). kaljipurwak Chance: daiwyog (N). careless: nishkalji; bephikir. Change: Carelessness: nishkaljipana (M). 1. badal (M). Carpenter: sutar (M). 2. (money) mod (F), sute paise (M Carpet: galicha (M); satranji (F). Pl) Carrot: gajar (N). *change: badal-. Chapati: chapati (F); poli (F). Chappal: chappal (F). Circumstances: paristhiti (F). Chapter: prakaran (N). Citizen: nagarik (M). Charge: City: shahar (N); nagar (N). 1. (accusation): arop (M). Claim: dawa (M). 2. (expense) kharch (M); (fare) *claim: dawa kar-; hakk sang-. bhade (N). Class: warg (M); (in school) iyatta (F). *charge (accuse): arop thew-. classical: shastriya. Chase: pathlag (M). Clause: mudda; kalam. *chase: pathlag kar-. clean: swachchh; saph. *chat: gappa mar-. *clean: swachchh kar-; saph kar-. Chatting: gappa (F Pl). *clean grain: niwad-. cheap: swast; (common) sawang. *clean house: jhadlot kar-. Cheating: phaswaphaswi (F). *clean a vegetable: nis-. Check: (bank, bill) chek (M). Cleaning: saphsaphai (F). *check: (examine) tapas-; chek kar-. Cleanliness: swachchhata (F). *check: (contain) thambaw-; thopaw- Clerical work: karkuni (F). Checkbook: chekbuk (N). Clerk: karkun (M); klark (M). checkered: chauktiche. clever: hushar; chalakh, shahana. Cheek: gal (M). Cliff: kada (M). Cheese: chij (F); (cottage) paner (F). Climate: hawa (F), hawaman (N). Chess: buddhibal (N). Climb: chadh (M). Chest: *climb: chadh-. 1. (breast) chhati (F). *climb down: utar-. 2. (box) peti (F), sanduk (F). Clippers: katri (F). Chicken: kombdi (F). Clock: ghadyal (N). Chickpea (gram) flour: besan (N) close: jawalche; close by: jawal. Chief: pramukh (M); (chieftain) nayak *close: (shut) law-, band kar-; (eyes) (M). mit-. chief: (main) mukhya; pramukh. closed: band; lawlele; mitlele. chiefly: mukhyatha. Closeness: jawalik (F); apulaki (F). Child: mul (N); bal (N); por (N); lekru Cloth: kapad (N). (N). Cloth: Childhood: balpan (N); lahanpan (N). 1. (rag) phadke (N). childish: porkat. 2. (floor cloth) pochara/potere (N). Chili pepper: (lal/hirwi) mirchi (F). Clothes: kapde (M Pl). Chili powder (spicy): tikhat (N). Clothing: Chills: thandi (F). 1. (item) kapda (M). *chills, to get: thandi wajun ye-. 2. (set of) poshakh (M). Choice: niwad (F); ichchha (F); Cloud: dhag (M); abhra (N). pasanti (F). cloudless: nirabhra; cloudy: dhagal. *choose: niwad-; niwad kar-. Clove: lawang (F). *chop: Club: 1. (fine): barik kap-. 1. klab (M); mandal (N). 2. (into pieces) tukde kap- 2. (sports) jimkhana (M). Church: charch (N). Clutter: pasara (M). Cigarette: sigaret; sigret (F); (beedi) Coal: kolsa (M). bidi (F) Coat: kot (M). Cinema: sinema, chitrapat (M); philm Cobra: nag (M). (F). Cockroach: jhural (N). Cinnamon: dalchini (F). Coconut: naryal (M); (dried) khobre 2. (being together) sahawas (M); (N). sobat (F). Coffee: kaphi (F). *compare: tulna kar-. Coin: nane (N). Comparison: tulna (F). Cold: Competition: spardha (F); ahmahmika 1. thandi (F), gartha (M). (F). 2. (headcold) sardi (F), padse (N). Competitive event: spardha (F). cold (feeling): gar; thand, thandi *complain: takrar kar-. *cold, to feel: (R) thandi waj-. Complaining: orada (M); takrar (F). Collar: kalar (F). complaining, given to: radka. Colleague: sahakari (M). Complaint: takrar (F). *collect: complete: 1. (I) jam-; gola ho-; sach-. 1. (entire) sabandh; sampurn. 2. (T) jamaw-; jama/gola kar-; 2. (finished) purn. sachaw-. *complete: sampaw-; pure/purn kar-. 3. (demand payment) wasul kar-. completely: purnpane; sampurn; purte. collected: jama; gola. par; agdi; ajibat. College: kalej (N). Complication: guntagunt (F); bhangad Collision: takkar (F). (F). Colony: (housing) kalani (F); wasahat Compromise: tadjod (F). (F). Compulsion: sakti (F). Color: rang (M). Computer: kampyutar (M). *color: rangaw-. *conceal: (T) lapaw-. colored: rangit. *concealed, to be: (I) lap-. Comb: kangwa (M); phani (F). *concentrate (mind): ekagra kar-. *comb: winchar-. Concert: maiphal (F). *come: ye-; (come back) parat ye-. Concession: sawlat (F). *come down (descend): utar-. Conclusion: nishkarsh (M). *come off/out: nigh-. *conclusion, to draw a: nishkarsh *come on: chala. kadh-. *come undone: sut-. Condition: sthiti (F); at (F). Comfort: aram (M. Conference: parishad (F); sabha (F). *comfort: (console) santwan kar- Confidence: khatri (F); wishwas (M). comfortable: aramshir. Confluence: sangam (M). comfortably: aramat. Confusion: ghotala (M); gondhal (M). comic (funny): winodi. Congratulation: abhinandan (N). coming: yete. *connected, to get: lag-. Command: hukum (M); adnya (F). Connection: (relationship) sambandh Committee: samiti (F). (M). common: *conquer: mat kar-; jink-. 1. samanya; sarwasamanya; sumar. Consciousness: shuddhi (F); janiw (F). 2. (in poor taste) sawang. Consent: manyata (F). commonly: samanyatha. *consider: wicharat ghe-. commonplace: samanya; sumar. constant: sarkhe, nitya. Community: (society) samaj (M). constantly: sarkhe. Companionship: sangat, maitri, sobat Constitution: (of country etc) ghatna (F). (F). company: Constraint: sankoch (M). 1. (firm) kampani (F). Construction: bandhkam (N). Consumer: grahak (M). Contact: sampark, sparsh, sambandh Copy: prat (F); kapi (F); nakkal (F). (M) Coriander: kothmir (F); (seed) dhane *contact, to come in: (I) lag-, sparsh (M). ho-. Cork: (stopper) buch (N). *contact, to make: (T) law- sparsh kar- Corn (maize): maka (M). . Corner: kopra (M). Contention: wad (M); bhandan (N). correct: thik; barobar; achuk; shuddh. Contest: spardha (F); ahmahmika (F). *correct: Continent: khand (M). 1. durust kar-. continually: waramwar, rahun rahun. 2. (check, as exam papers) tapas-. continuous: satat. correctly: barobar. continuously: sarkhe; eksarkhe. corroborative: poshak. Contract: kantrat, kantrækt (N); karar Cost: (N) 1. (price) kimmat (F); Contraction: sankoch (M). 2. (expense) kharch (M). Contractor: kantratdar, kantræktar *cost: paise pad-. (M). costly: mahag; bhari. contrary (on the contrary): -ulat. cosy (warm): ubdar. Contribution: wargni (F). Cot: khat (F). Control: Cottage: bangla (M). 1. (regulation) niyantran (N). Cotton: 2. (power to control) taba (M). 1. (crop) kapus (M); kapashi (F). *control: niyantran thew-; taba thew-. 2. (thread) sut (N); dora (M). *control, keep under: tabyat thew-. cotton (material): suti. *control (keep within limits): ala (M) Cough: khokla (M). ghal-. *cough, to have a: (R) khokla ye-. Convenience: soy (F). Council: (village) panchayat (F). convenient: soyiskar; soyiche. *count: moj-. Conversation: sanwad (M); Country: desh (M); (nation) rashtra sambhashan (N) (N). *convince: (T) pataw-. country (all over the cou.): deshbhar. *convinced, to be: (R) pat-. Courage: himmat (F); dhairya (N); Cook: saipaki (M), saipakin (F); achari dhir (M). (M). courageous: shur; dhairyawan. *cook: Court: (legal) kort (N); (royal) darbar 1. (I) shij-; (T) shijaw-. (M). 2. (cook by boiling) ukhad-. Cover: jhakan (N); (sheet) panghrun 3. (do cooking) saipak kar-. (N). cooked: shijle. *cover: jhak-; panghrun ghe-; panghar- Cookie: biskit (N). . Cooking: saipak (M). Cow: gay (F). Cooking stove: stowh (M); chul, cowardly: bhitre. shegdi (F). Cowdung: shen (N). cool: gar. Crack: tada (M); chir (F). *cool down: niw-. *crack: tadak-; tada ja-. Coolie (porter): kuli (M); hamal (M). Cracker: biskit (N). *cooperate: sahakarya kar-. Craftsman: karagir (M). cooperative: sahakari. *cram in: komb-. Cooperation: sahkarya (N); sahkar Cramp: kal (F); phetka (M). (M). Crate: khoke (N). crazy: wede; wedgal; wed laglele. Customer: girhaik (N); grahak (F). Cream: Cut: (wound) jakham (F); (blow) war 1. (milk) say, malai (F). (M). 2. (cold cream) krim (F). *cut: kap-; chir-. Cremation: dahan (N). *cut down (pluck): tod-. Cricket: kriket (N). D Crime: gunha (M); gunhegari (F). daily: roj, darroj; (of the day) rojache. Criminal: gunhegar (M). Dal (cooked pulse): waran (N). crippled: Dam: dharan (N); bandhara (M). 1. apang. Damage: nuksan (N); hani (F). 2. (lame) langde. *damage: nuksan kar-. 3. (paralyzed) lule. damp: ole; damat. crisp: kurkurit. Dampness: ole, sardi (F); damatpana *criticise: tika kar-. (M). crooked: Dance: nach (M); nritya (F). 1. (bent) wakde. *dance: nach-; nach kar-. 2. (slanting) tirke. Danger: dhoka (M), sankat (N). 3. (scheming): labad. dangerous: dhokyache. Crop: pik (N). Daring: dhadas (N); dharisht (N). cross: (ill-humored) chidkat. dark: Cross: (“x”) phuli (F). 1. andhar. *cross (go across): oland-; kras kar-. 2. (color) gadad. *cross (to mark with a): phuli kar-. *dark, become: andhar pad-. *cross out: phuli mar-. darkish: kalpat. Crow: kawla (M). Darkness: andhar (M). Crowd: jamaw (M); (& crowding) *dash, dash down/against: adal-; apat-. gardi (F). Date: crude: kachche. 1. (calendar) tarikh (F); dinank (M). cruel: dusht. 2. (by lunar calendar) tithi (F). *cry: rad-; (do a bird/animal cry) orad- 3. (fruit) khajur (M). . Daughter: mulgi (F); lek (F). crying (given to crying) radke. Daughter-in-law: sun (F). Cuckoo: kokil (M), kokila (F). Dawn: pahat (F). Cucumber: kakdi. Day: diwas (M); (of week) war (M). Culture: sanskriti (F). Sunday: rawiwar; cultural: sanskritik. Monday: somwar; Cumin seed: jira (M). Tuesday: mangalwar; Cup: kap (M); (metal) pela (M). Wednesday: budhwar Cupboard: kapat (N). Thursday: guruwar; Curds: dahi (N). Friday: shukrawar; *cure: (make well) bare kar-. Saturday: shaniwar . Currency note: not (F). day (all day long): diwasbhar. Current: (flow) prawah (M). day (during the day) diwsa. current (ongoing) chalu. day (every day): roj. currently: sadhya; halli. day (in the day): diwashi. Curry: bhaji (F); kalwan (N); rassa day after day: diwasendiwas. (M). day (after tomorrow/before yest.): Curtain: padda (M). parwa. Custom: chal (F); rit (F); riwaj (M) dead: melele; mrit; (killed) thar. Customs (manners): (FPl) chali-riti. deaf: bahire. Deal (bargain): sauda (M). Desert: walwant (N), osad pradesh Dealings: wyawahar (M). (M). dear: priy. *deserve: patrata as-; layki as-. Death: maran (N); nidhan (N); mrityu Design: nakshi (F); dijhain (N). (M). *designate: mhan-. Debt: karj (N). Desire: ichchha (F). Decade: dashak (N). Desk: tebal (N). *decay: nas-; kuj-. Despair: nirasha (F). Deception: phaswaphaswi (F). despairing: nirash. *decide: (T) tharaw-; nirnay kar-/ghe-. *destroy: nasht kar-. *decided, to be: thar-. destroyed: nasht. Decision: nirnay (M). Destruction: nash (M). *decrease: kami ho-; kami kar-. Detail: tapshil (M). deep: khol; (of color) gadad. Determination: nirdhar (M). Deer: harin (N); bhekar (N). Development: wikas (M); pariposh Defeat: parabhaw (M). (M). *defecate: hag-; sandas kar-. Devotee: bhakta (M). *defecate, go: sandasala ja-. Devotion: bhakti (F). Defecation: sandas (M). Dhoti: dhotar (N). Deficit: Diagnosis: nidan (N). 1. (shortage) tutawda (M). Dialogue: sanwad (M). 2. (shortfall) tut (F). Diaper: langot (M). definite: pakke; nishchit. Diarrhea: julab (M Pl). definitely: nakki; jarur; nishchit. *diarrhea, to have: julab ho-. Degree: Dictator: hukumshaha (M). 1. (measure) ansh (M). Dictatorship: hukumshahi (F). 2. (academic) padwi (F); digri (F). Dictionary: shabdakosh (M); Deity: daiwat (N); dew (M). dikshanari (F). *delay: ushir kar-. *die: mar-; war-; maran paw-. deliberately: janunbujun; muddam. *die(be killed) thar ho-. delicious: swadisht. died: mele. delicate: najuk. Diet: ahar (M). delightful: ramya. Difference: pharak (M); antar (N). *deliver: pochaw-. different: delivered (a child): balant. 1. wegle, nirale. Delivery (of a child): balantpan (N). 2. (various) wegwegle; nirnirale. Demand: magni (F); (obstinate) hatt difficult: kathin; awghad. (M). Difficulty: adchan (F); tras (M). Demon: rakshas (M). *dig: khan-; khod-. *deny: nakar-. *digest: (R) pach-; (T) pachaw-. Department: khate (N); wibhag (M). dignity, without: lachar. *depend on: awlamb-; awlambun as- dim: mand; aspasht. /rah-. *dine: jew-; jewan kha-/ghe-. Deposit: thew (F). Dinnertime: jewaychi wel (F). *deposit: thew-; bhar-. direct: saral. deprived: wanchit. directly: thet; paraspar. *descend: utar-. Direction: disha (F). *describe: warnan kar-. Director: Description: warnan (N). 1. sanchalak (M); sanchalika (F); 2. (movie) digdarshak (M). Dirt: ghan (F); mal (M). *divorce: ghatsphot ghe-. dirty: ghan; ghanerde; malkae; malkat. Dizziness: chakkar (F). *dirty: (T) malaw-. *dizzy, to feel: chakkar ye-. *dirty, to get: (I) mal-. *do: kar- *disappear: disenase/nahisa/gadap ho-. Dock: dhakka (M). disappointed: nirash. Doctor: daktar (M). Disappointment: nirasha (F). Dog: kutra (M); kutri (F); kutre (N). Disciple: shishya (M). Doll: bahuli (F). Discipline: shist (F). domestic: gharguti. Discontent: asantosh (M). Domestic life: prapanch (M); samsar Discount: sut (F). (M). Discourse: (religious) prawachan (N). Donation: denagi (F). *discover: shodh law-. *done, get: (I) urak-; atap-; samp-. Discovery: shodh (M). *done, get: (T) urak-; atap-; sampaw-. *discuss: charcha kar-. Donkey: gadhaw (N). Discussion: charcha (F); wadwiwad Door: dar (N); darwaja (M). (M). Doorbell: ghanta (F); bel (F). Disease: rog (M). Dormitory: hastel (N); wastigrih (N). Disgust: double: dabal; duppat. 1. (revulsion) kilas (F). Doubt: shanka (F), sanshay (M). 2. (contempt) titkara (M). doubtful: sashank. Dish: down: khali. 1. (vessel) bhande (N). *down, get: utar-. 2. (food) padarth (M), jinnas (M). Dowry: hunda (M). *dismiss: kadhun tak-. Dozen: dajhan (M). *dispatch: pathaw-. Draft: Dispensary: dawakhana (M). 1. (bank) drapht (M). Display: pradarshan (N). 2. masuda (M). Disrepair: nadurusti (F). 3. (breeze) wara (M). Dissemination (of info): prachar (M). *drag (pull): odh-. *dissolve: (I) wirghal-; (T) wirghalaw- Drain: mori (F); gatar (N). . *drain: (I,T) nithal-. distant: dur, durche. Drama: natak (N). Distance: antar (N). *draw: kadh-. distinct: spasht. Drawer: drawhar (M); kappa (M), distressed: duhakhi; hawaldil. khan (M). distribute: (T) wat-. Dream: swapna (N). Distribution: watap (N); watni (F). *dream: swapna pah-. District: jilha (M). Dress: phrak (M); jhaga (M); poshakh *disturb: tras de-. (M). Dive: sur (M). *dress: kapde ghal-; chadhaw-. *dive: sur mar-. Drink: pey (N). *divide: bhag kar-. *drink: pi- Division: *drink, to give to (suckle): paj-. 1. wibhagni (F); phut (F). *drip: gal-. 2. wibhag (M); tukdi (F). *drive: chalaw-. 3. watni (F). Driver: draywhar (M); chalak (M). 4. (math) bhagakar (M). Drop: themb (M). *divide: (math) bhag-; wibhagni kar-. *drop: (I) pad-.. Divorce: ghatsphot (M). *drop: (T) tak-; sod-. *drown: budun mar-. Edition: awritti (F). *drowse; peng-. educated: sushikshit. Drum: damru, dhol, tabla, dagga (M); Education: shikshan (N). pakhwaj, mridang (M). Effect: parinam (M). Drumstick (food): shewga (M). efficient: karyaksham. dry: suke; korde; wallele; ruksh. Effort: *dry: (I) suk-; wal-. 1. yatna, prayatna (M); *dry up: (I) at-; (T) ataw-. 2. (strenuous) atapita (M). Duck: badak (N). effort, without: ayte; sahaj. Dues: wargni (F). Egg: ande (N). dull: Eggplant: wange (N). 1. (boring) kantalwane. either: (suff) hi; (... or ...) ... kiwa ... 2. (in color) majid; malkhau. elder: thorle. 3. (dull-witted) mandbuddhi, murkh. elderly: wayask; wayaskar. dumb: *elect: niwad-; niwadun de-. 1. (mute) muke. *elected, to be: niwadun ye-. 2. (doltish) adani; murkh. Election: niwadnuk (F). Dust: dhul (F); phupata (M). electric: wijeche. Duty: kartawya (N). Electric light: wijecha diwa (M); lait E (M). each: pratyek. Electrician: wayarman (M). each other: ekmek; paraspar. Electricity: wij (F). eager: utsuk Elephant: hatti (M). Ear: (hearing) kan (M); (grain) kanis else: dusre. (N). else, or (otherwise): nahi tar. earlier (previously): agodar, tyapurwi. else, someone: dusra koni. earlier (in a series): adle; -adhiche. Embrace: mithi (F). early: lawkar. *embrace: mithi mar-. *earn: kamaw-; milaw-. Embroidery: bharatkam (N). Earnings: milkat (F); utpann (N). Emotion: bhawna (F). Earth: Emperor: badshaha (M). 1. (planet) prithwi (F); jamin (F); Emphasis: jor (M); bhar (M). 2. (soil) mati (F). *emphasize: jor de-; bhar de-. Earthquake: bhukamp (M). Empire: rajya. (N) easily: sahaj. Employee: nokar (M). East: purwa(F). Employment: easy: sope. 1. kam (N); nokri (F); *eat: kha-; (eat a meal) jew-. 2. (daily) rojgar (M). eccentric: wikshipt. Emptiness: pokli (F). Eccentricity: wikshiptpana (M). empty: rikame; mokle. Eclipse: grahan (N). *encourage: uttejan de-. economic: arthik. Enemy: shatru (M). Economy: End: 1. (thrift) katkasar (F). 1. shewat (M); akher (F). 2. arthik paristhiti (F). 2. (point) tok (N). Edge: end (in the end): akher; akheris; 1. (knife) dhar (F). shewti. 2. kad (F); kath (M). end (at the end of): *edit: sampadan kar-. -shewti; -akher; -chya tokala. Editor: sampadak (M). *end (finish): (I) samp-; (T) sampaw-. engaged: kamat; (phone or taxi) every year: darsal; darwarshi. engejd. Everybody: saglejan, sarwajan (M Pl). Engagement: sakharpuda (M). Everyone: sarwa/sagle lok (M Pl). Engine: enjin (N). everything: sagle; sarwa. Engineer: (not RR) injiniyar (M). everywhere: saglikade, sarwatra. English: ingraji (N). Evidence: purawa (M). *enjoy: (R) maja wat-. Examination: *enjoy (to enjoy oneself) maja kar- 1. pariksha (F). /mar-. 2. (medical) tapasni (F). Enjoyment: gamat (F); maja (F). *examine: tapas-; pariksha ghe-. enormous: prachand. Example: udaharan (N); (ideal) adarsh enough: pure; bas; purese; kamapurte. (M). Enquiry: chaukshi (F). example (for example): udaharanarth . *enter: shir-; at ja-, prawesh kar-. excellent: uttam; mast. Entertainment: karamnuk (F). except with: -shiway. Enthusiasm: haus (F); utsah (M). excessive: phar; jast; ati. enthusiastic: utsahi. Excitement: gadbad (F); khalbal (F). entire: sabandh; sampurn. Excreta: gu (N); wishta (F). Entry: prawesh (M); shirkaw (M). Excuse: sabab (F); nimitt (N). Envelope: pakit (N). *excuse: maph kar-. Environment: watawaran, paryawaran *excuse me: sari! (N). Exercise: wyayam (M). Environs: parisar (M). *exercise: wyayam kar-. Envy: hewa (M). Exertion: shram (M Pl). *envy: (R) hewa wat-. exhausted: damlele; thaklele. equal: sarkhe; -barobar. *exhausted, to be: (tired out) dam-; equal (of equal standing etc) thak-;. barobariche Exhaustion: thakwa (M); shin (M). Equality: barobari (F); samta (F). Expansion: *erase: khod-. prasaran (N); wistar (M); wadh Eraser: rabar (N); dastar (M). (F). especially: wishesh; wisheshtha. *expect: apeksha kar-. Essay: nibandh (M). Expectation: apeksha (F). *establish: sthapan kar-. Expense: kharch (M). Estate: istet (F); malmatta (F). expensive: mahag; bhari. Estimate: andaj (F). Experience: anubhaw (M). *estimate: andaj kar-. *experience: anubhaw-. etcetera: wagaire; ityadi. Experiment: prayog (M). even: -suddha, -dekhil; -hi. *experiment: prayog kar-. even if ... then: jari ... tari. Expert: tadnya (M). Evening: sandhyakal (F). expert (skilled): patait; kushal; sarait. evening (in the eve.): sandhyakali. expertly: saphaine; saraitpane. evening (this eve.): aj sandhyakali. Expiation: parimarjan (N). Event: ghatna (F). Explanation: spashtikaran (N). ever: (in yes/no questions) kadhi. Explosion: sphot (M). evergreen: sadaharit; suchiparn. Export: niryat (F). every: sarwa, sagle; pratyek. *export: niryat kar-. every day: roj, darroj; rojache. exported: niryat. every month: darmahina. Express: (train or bus) ekspres (F). every other day: ek diwasad. *express: wyakt kar-. expressed: wyakt. Fashion: phæshan (F); paddhat (F). *extend: wadhaw-; lambaw-. Fast (abstention from food): upas (M). *extinguish (put out): malaw-. fast: jaldi; phataphat; jorat; wegane. extra: jada. *fasten: law-; basaw-; adakaw-. Eye: dola (M). Fat: charabi (F). F fat (plump): lathth; dhole; jad. Face: tond (N); chehara (M). Fate: daiw (N); nashib (N). *face, make a: tond kar-. Father: bap, wadil, pita (M). Facility: Father-in-law: sasra (M). 1. (convenience) soy (F). Fatigue: shram (M Pl); shin (M). 2. (ease in performance) saphai (F). Faucet: nal (M). Fact: khari gosht (F); wastusthiti (F). Fault: fact (in fact) khare mhanje. 1. chuk (F), dosh (M); Factory: karkhana (M). 2. khod (F); uniw (F). Factory owner: karkhanadar (M). fault, at: doshi; apradhi. *fail: ayashaswi ho-; napas ho-. faultless: nirdosh. Failure: apyash (N). Favor: marji (F). faint: phikat, phike; aspasht. favor (in favor of) anukul. *faint: beshuddh pad-. favorite: awadte; ladka. Fair: jatra (F); mela (M). Fear: bhiti (F); bhay (N). fair: (just) nyayy; (pale skin) gore. *fear (something): (R) tyachi bhiti Faith: wishwas (M);shraddha (F). wat-. *faith, put (in): wishwas thew-. fearful (afraid): bhitre; bhyaylele. *fall: pad-; (crash down) kosal-. fearless: nirbhay. *fall off (sink) gal-, galun pad-. fearsome: bhayanak; bhitidayak. fallen down: padke. Feast: mejwani (F); jewan (N); parti fallow: padik. (F). false: khote. Feather: pis (N). *falter: adakhal-. Feces: gu (N); sandas (M); wishta (F). familial: kautumbik. *fed up, become: waitag-, kantal-. Family: kutumb (F); (joint) ekatra Fee: phi (F); shulk (N). kutumb. *feel: (R) wat-, bhas-. famous: prasiddh; suprasiddh. *feel afraid: (R) ghabar-, bhiti wat-. Fan: pankha (M); (admirer) chahata *feel bad (about ...): (R) wait wat-. (M). *feel cold: (R) thandi waj-. far: dur; lamb. * feel hungry, thirsty:(R) bhuk/tahan far (how far) kuthparyant; kiti dur, lag-. lamb. Feeling: bhawna (F). far (as far as): -paryant. Felicitation: abhinandan (N). far-fetched: odhuntanun anlele. Female: madi, stri (F). far-fetched manner, in a: odhuntanun. Fennel: (N) badishep. far-reaching: durgami. Fenugreek: Farce: phars (M); tamasha (M). 1. methi bhaji (F). Fare: (charge) bhade (N); (food) ahar 2. (seeds) methi dane (M). (M). fertile: supik; kasadar. Farm: shet (N). Fertilizer: khat (N). Farm produce: shetmal (M). Festival: san (M); utsaw (M). Farmer: shetkari (M). Fever: tap (M). Farming: sheti (F). *fever, to get a: (R) tap ye-. *farming, to do: sheti kar-. few (a few): thode. Field: shet (N), wawar (N); maidan Flesh: mãs (N). (N). flexible: lawchik. Fig: anjir (M). Flight: uddan (N). Fight/fighting: maramari (F); ladha *float: tarang-. (M). Flood: pur (M). *fight: marmari kar-; ladha de-, ladh- Floor: jamin (F); (tiled) pharshi (F). *fill: (I) bhar-; (T) bharaw-. Flour: Filth: ghan (F); mal (M). 1. (general) pith (N). filthy: ghan; ghanerde. 2. (wheat) kanik (F), maida (M); ata final: shewatche; akherche. (M). finally: shewti; akher. Flow: prawah (M). financial: arthik; sampattik. *flow: wah-. *find: (R) sapad-; adhal-, adhalun ye-. Flower: phul (N); pushpa (N). *find out: shodhun kadh-. *flower: phul-. Fine (penalty): dand (M). Flu: phlyu (M). fine: (small) barik; (in texture) talam. fluent: saphaidar. Finger: bot (N). fluently: askhalit; saphaidarpane. Fingernail: (N) nakh. Fly: (insect) mashi (F). *finish: sampaw-; purn kar-; urak-; *fly: (I) ud-; (T) udaw-. atap-. Foam: phes (M). *finish up: sampawun tak-. *foam: (R) phes ye-. *finished, be: (I) samp- Focus: kendrabindu (M). finished, done: sample. *focus: kendrit kar-. Fire: ag (F); jal (M); wistaw (M). focused: kendrit. *fire (to dismiss from job): kadhun Fodder: wairan (F); kadba (M). tak-. Fog: dhuke (N). *fire, to light a: wistaw ghal-; petaw-. Fold: ghadi (F). Firecracker: phataka (M). *fold: ghadi kar-, ghadi ghal-. Firewood: sarpan (N); jalan (N). Folk: lok (M Pl). firm: ghatt, dridh; pakke, tham. *follow: firmly: ghatt; nakki; tham. 1. magun ye-/ja-; pathlag kar-. first: pahile; agodar; adhi; pratham. 2. (advice, orders etc) pramane kar-. first, at: purwi, suruwatila. following: pudhle;(according to) First aid: prathamik upchar (M). anusarun Fish: masa (M). Food: ann, ahar (M); jewan, khane Fisherman: koli (M); masemar (M). (N). Fissure: bheg (F). foolish: murkh; wede. *fit: (I) jul-, bas-; (T) julaw-, basaw-. Foolishness: murkhpana; wedepana. *fit (as a garment): (R) bas-. Foot: pay (M); paul (N). *fix: (repair) durust kar-; (decide) Foot (of a hill): (M) paytha. tharaw-. foot (on foot): payi. *fixed, to be: (I) durust ho-; thar-. for: -sathi, -karita/-karata. Flag: jhenda (M); dhwaj (M). Force: Flame: jwala (F). 1. shakti (F); bal (N), jor (M); Flashlight: (F) bætri. 2. jabardasti (F). Flat: (tire) pankchar (N). *force: lad-; (to do, etc) karayla law-. flat (level): sapat. forced (in a f. manner): odhuntanun. *flat tire, to fix a: pankchar kadh-. Forehead: tapal (N). Flaxseed (linseed): jawas (M). foreign: parakiy; wideshi, paradeshi. “edible” Foreign country: paradesh (M). Foreman: mukadam (M). *frightened, to become: ghabar-; bhi-. Forest: jangal (N); wan (N). Frock: phrak (M); jhaga (M). Forest fire, range fire: wanwa (M). from: -hun, -un/tun, -pasun, -kadun. *forget: wisar-. from above, over: -warun. *forgive: maph kar-; kshama kar-. from inside: -atun. Forgiveness: kshama (F). front: samorche. Fork: front (in front of): samor; -samor. 1. (eating utensil) kata (M). Fruit: phal (N). 2. (in a tree) belke, bechke (N). Fruitvender: phalwala (M). 3. (in a road) phata (M). *fry (deep-fry): tal-. fork, for a road to: phata phut-. Function: (ceremony) samarambh (M). Form: *function: (run) chal-. 1. akar (M); akriti (F); rup (N). functioning, going: chalu. 2. (document) pharm (M). Fuel: jalan (N); indhan (N). *form: (to shape) akar de-; ghadaw-. -ful: (suff) bhar. formal: aupcharik. full: bharlele. Fort: killi (M); (hill fort) gad (M). Fun: maja (F); gammat (F). Fortnight: pandhrawda (M). *fun, to have: maja mar-; (R) maja ye- fortunately: nashibane. . Fortune: funny: majeshir; (odd) chamatkarik. 1. (fate) nashib (N); daiw (N). Furniture: pharnichar (N). 2. (future) bhawishya (N). Future: bhawishya (N); bhawishyakal 3. (wealth) sampatti (F). (M). *found (establish): sthapan kar-. G *found, be: sapad-. Gain: phayda (M); labh (M). Foundation: paya (M); adhar (M). *gain: (T) milaw-; (R) mil-. four (of persons): chaughe. Game: (sport) khel (M); (quarry) fourth: chauthe. shikar (F) fourth (1/4): paw; (1/4 of pie etc) Gang: toli (F). chatkor. Garage: gærej (N); warkshap (N). Frame: chaukat (F). Garbage: kachra (M); ker (M). frank: manmokla; spasht. Garden: bag (F). free: Gardener: mali (M). 1. (unhampered) mokle. Gardening: bagkam (N). 2. (independent) swatantra. *gargle: gulnya kar-. 3. (no charge) mophat; phukat. Garland: *free: sodaw-. 1. har (M); Free time: sawad (F). 2. (flowers in hair) weni (F); gajra Freedom: (M). swatantrya (N); mubha, moklik Garlic: lasun (F,M). (F). Garnish (chutney): chatni. freely: moklepanane. Gas: wayu (M); (cooking) gæs (M). French beans: phansi sheng (F). Gas station: (M) petrol pamp. fresh: taje. Gasoline: petrol (M). *freshen up: (I) fresh ho-. Gate: phatak (N); (town-) wes (F). fried: tallele. *gather: (T) gola kar-; jamaw-. Friend: mitra (M), maitrin (F); dost *gather (I) gola ho-; jam- (M). gaudy: bhadak. friendly: maitripurn. general: samanya; sadharan. frightened: ghabarlele; bhyaylele. generally: sadharanpane; Goldsmith: sonar (M). samanyapane. Golf: (M) galph. generally (not generally): sahasa nahi.. Good: (benefit) hit (N); kalyan (N). Generation: pidhi (F). good: changle; bare; bhale; sajjan. generous: udar. Good God: bapre! gentle: saumya; komal; haluwar; good-looking: sundar; dekhne. mand. Good luck: sudaiw (N). Gentleman: grihasth (M). Goodies: khau (M). gentlemanly: sabhya. Goods: mal (M); saman (N). gently: haluwarpane; algad. Government: sarkar (N); shasan (N). genuine: assal; khare. governmental: sarkari. Geography: bhugol (M). Grade: Gesturing (w. arms, hands) hatware (M 1. (quality) prat, pratwari (F); darja Pl) (M). *gesture: hatware kar-. 2. (class) iyatta (F). *get: (R) mil-; (T) milaw-; (take) ghe-. gradually: haluhalu; kramakramane. *get around: hind-; phir-. Grain: *get down/out: utar- 1. dhanya (N); (individual grain) *get up: (I) uth-; (T) uthaw-. dana (M). Ghee (clarified butter): tup (N); ghi 2. (particle) kan (M). (N). Grammar: wyakaran (N). Ghost: bhut (N). Grandchild: natwand (N). Giant: rakshas (M). Granddaughter: nat (F). Gift: bakshis (N); bhet (F). Grandfather: ajoba (M). Ginger: (green) ardrak (M); (root) ale Grandmother: aji (F). (N). Grandson: natu (M). Girl: mulgi (F); por, porgi (F). Grant: denagi; (F) grænt (F). *give: de-. granted: grihit. Give and take: dewghew (F). *granted, to take for: grihit dhar-. *give back: parat de-. Grape: draksh (N). *give up: sodun de-. *grasp: dhar-; pakad-. Glance: najar (F); drishti (F). Grass: gawat (N). *glance: bagh-; pah-. *grate: kis-. Glass: kach (F); (tumbler) glas, pela grave (serious): gambhir; siriyas. (M). Gravel: khadi (F); (sand) walu (F). glass, made of: kacheche. Gravity: (attitude) gambhirpana (F). Glasses: chashma (M). gray: rakhi; karade. Glue: dink (M). *graze: (I) char-; (T) char-. *go: ja-. great: (big) mothe; (illustrious) mahan. *go back (return): parat ja-. Greed: lobh (M); hawratpana (M). *go out: baher ja-/pad-. greedy: lobhi; hawrat. Goat: bakra, bokad (M); bakri, sheli green: (F). 1. (color) hirwe; parwe; popati. *gobble up: khaun tak-. 2. (unripe) kachche; hirwe. God: dew (F); ishwar, parameshwar 3. (inexperienced) (M). nawkhe;ananubhawi. *God knows: dew jane. Green gourd: dudhi bhopla (M). Goddess: dewi (F). Green onion: hirwa kanda (M). Gold: sone (N). Green pea: hirwa watana (F). -golden: soneri; (of gold) sonyache. Green pepper: 1. hirwi mirchi (F). Hall (large room): hal (M); 2. (capsicum) bhopli mirchi (F). diwankhana (M). *grew up: mothe jhale; wadhle. *halt: thamb-; (stay) utar-. Grief: duhakh (N). Hamlet: wadi (F). *grieve: duhakh kar-; shok kar-. Hammer: hatodi (F). Grill (screen): jali (F). Hand: hat (M). *grind: dal-; wat-. handful: muthbhar; onjalbhar. *groan: wiwhal-. Handkerchief: (M) rumal. Groceries (exc. fresh produce): kirana Handle: danda (M); muth (F); hændal (M). (N). Ground: jamin (F); (sports) maidan *handle: hatal-. (N). handsome: dekhne; sundar. Group: gat (M); grup (M); mandal Handwriting: akshar (N); hastakshar (N). (N). *grow: (I) wadh-; (as a crop) pik-. *hang: tang-; (execution) phashi de-. *grow: (T) wadhaw-; (crop) pikaw-; *hanged, to be: phashi ja-. law-. *happen: (I) ho-; ghad-. grown-up: mothe. Happiness: anand (M); sukh (N). Growth: wadh (F). happy: anandi; sukhi. Guarantee: hami (F); gæranti (F). *harass: chhal-; tras de-. Guard: paharekari (M); wachman (M). *harassment: chhal. *guard: rakh-; rakhan kar-. Harbor: bandar (N). Guarding: rakhan (F). hard: kathin; awghad. Guava: peru (M). hard (forcefully): jorat, jorane. Guess: andaj (M); tark (M); anuman hardworking: kashtalu; kamasu. (N). harmful: ghatak. *guess: andaj kar-; kalpna kar; olakh-. harmless: ahimsa. Guest: pahuna (M). Harshness: kathorpana (M). Guidance: margdarshan (N). Harvest: pik (N); kapni, todni kadhni Guide: watadya (M). (F). *guide: margdarshan kar-. *harvest: tod-; kap-; kadh-. Guilt: apradh (M). Harvest season: sugi (F). guilty: apradhi; doshi. Haste: ghai (F); gadbad (F). Gulp: ghutka (M); ghot (M). Hat: topi (F); hæt (F). *gulp: gil-; (to take a gulp) ghot ghe-. *hate: dwesh kar-. Gum (glue): dink (M). Hatred: dwesh (M). Gun: banduk (F); pistul (F). *have: (R) as-. Guts: himant (F). Head: Gymnasium: talim (F); wyayamshala 1. (skull/brain) doke (N). (F). 2. (chief) nayak (M). H Head man (of village): patil (M). Habit: saway (F). Health: *habit (for habit to form): (R) saway 1. (of individuals) prakriti. (F); lag-. 2. (in general) arogya (N). Hair: (a hair) kes (M). healthy: sashakta; nirogi. *hair, to do one’s: weniphani kar-. Heap: dhig (M); dhigara (M). half: ardhe; nimme. *hear: aik-; aiku ye-. half, one & one- (1-1/2): did. Heart: hriday (N); man (N). half-done: ardhawat. Heat: ushnata (F); ukada (M). *heat: (I) tap-; (T) tapaw-. Heater: (M) hitar. *home, to go: ghari ja-. Heater, water: bamb (M). honest: pramanik. Heaven: swarg (M). Honey: madh (M). heavens: bapre! Honor: man (M); sanman (M); abru heavy: jad; bojad; awjad. (F). heavy (rain): musaldhar. *honor: man de-. Height: unchi (F). Hoodlum, hooligan: gund (M). Hell: narak (M). Hook: khunti; huk. Help: madat (F); hatbhar (M). Hooliganism: gundgiri (F). *help: madat kar-; hatbhar law-. Hope: asha (F). Helper: madatnis (M). *hope: asha kar-; (R) asha wat-. helpless: agatik; asahayy. *hope, cherish: balag-. Hen: kombdi (F). hopeful: ashadayak. here: ithe; (this way: hither) ikde. horizontal: adwe. here, from: ithun; ikdun; ithapasun. Horn: (animal) shing (N); (vehicle) here, up to: ithaparyant. harn (M). here and there: madhunmadhun. Horoscope: patrika (F); kundli (F). hereditary: (genetic) anuwanshik. Horse: ghoda (M). Hermitage: ashram (M); math (M). *horse, to ride a: ghodyawar bas-. Hero: Hospital: haspital (N). 1. (brave man) wir (M); Host: yajman (M). 2. (of a story) nayak (M). Hostel: bording, hastel (N); wastigrih Heroine: (of a story) nayika (F). (N). *hesitate: pudhe mage kar-. hot: garam; ushna; (pungent) tikhat. Hiccough: uchki (F). *hot, to feel: (R) ukad-. *hide: (I) lap-, dad-; (T) lapaw-, *hot, to get: (I) tap-; garam ho-. dadaw-. *hot, to make: (T) tapaw-. high: unch; (-priced) mahag, bhari. Hot season: unhala (M). higher (education): uchch. Hotel (restaurant): hotel, upahargrih Hill: tekdi (F); (big) dongar (M). (N). Himalayas: himalay (M); himgiri (M). Hour: tas (M); ghanta (M). Hindi (language): hindi (N). hour (at the hour of): wajta. hindu: hindu. House: ghar (N); bangla (M); (big) Hint: suchna (F). wada (M). *hint: suchaw-; suchit kar-. Housewife: grihini (F). *hire: kamawar ghe-; nokri de-. Housework: gharache kam, gharkam historical: aitihasik. (N). History: itihas (M). how: kase., kontya ritine. *hit: mar-. how big/small: kewdhe. Hoarding: sathebaji (F). how come (why): kashane, kashamule. Hobby: chhand (M); nad (M). how do you do: kase kay (challe). *hold, hold on to: dhar-; pakad-. how many/few: kiti. Hole: bhok (N); bil (N); (pit) khadda how much: kiti, kewdhe. (M). how much is it? kewdhyale ghetle? Holiday: however: matra; parantu; tathapi. (festival) san (M); (vacation) sutti huge: prachand. (F). human: manwi. hollow: pokle. Human being: manus (M); manaw holy: pawitra. (M). Home: ghar (N); (at/to home) ghari. Human race: manawjat (F). Humanities: arts (N). imitation: (bogus) nakli; khote. humid: damat. immediately: tabadtob; lagech; tatdine. Humidity: olawa (M); damatpana (M). immediately after: -pathopath. Humor: winod (M). immense: prachand. humor, in good: khushit. *immerse: budaw-. humorous: winodi. *immersed, to be: bud-. hundred: (100) shambhar. Impetus: prerna (F). hundred (with preceding numeral): - Implement (tool): awjar (N); hatyar she. (N). hundred, group of (per hundred): Import: ayat (F). shekda. *import: ayat kar-. hundreds: shekdo. Importance: mahattwa (N). Hunger: bhuk (F). *importance, to give: mahattwa de-. hungry: bhuklele. important: mahattwache; mothe. *hungry, to feel: (R) bhuk lag-. imported: ayat. Hunt: shikar (F). *impose: lad-. *hunt: shikar kar-. impossible: ashakya. Hunter: shikari (M). *impress: chhap pad-; sangun thew-. Hurly burly: dhumdhadaka (M). Impression: Hurry: ghai (F); gadbad (F). 1. chhap (F); parinam (M). *hurry: ghai kar- 2. (lasting) sanskar (M). *hurry, to be in a: ghai as-; (R) ghait *improve: sudhar-. as-. Improvement: sudharna (F). *hurt: (I) dukh-; (T) dukhaw-, dukh impure: ashuddh; bhesal kelele. de-. Impurity: ashuddhata (F); bhesal (F). *hurt, to be (as accident): (R) lag-. in: at; -at/t, -madhe, -madhye (written). Husband: nawra, pati, mistar (M). in that: tyat. Hut: jhopdi (F); khopat (N); khop (F). Inauguration: udghatan (N). hypocritical: bhondu. *inaugurate: udghatan kar-. I inauspicious: ashubh. Ice: barph (N). Incantation: mantra (M). Ice cream: aiskrim (N). Incense: Idea: kalpna (F); wichar (M). 1. ud (M); dhup (M); idiotic: murkh. 2. (stick) udbatti, agarbatti (F). Idol: murti (F). Inch: inch (N). if: jar (if ... then: jar ... tar). Incident: ghatna (F). *ignite: (I) pet-; (T) petaw-. Inclination: kal (M). ignorant: adani. *incline: kal-. *ignore: durlaksh kar-. *include: samawesh/samawisht kar-. ill: ajari; (seriously ill) siriyas. Income: utpann (N); milkat (F); prapti Illness: ajar (M); dukhne (N). (F). Image: Inconvenience: gairsoy (F); adachan 1. murti (F). (F). 2. (reflection) pratibimb (N). inconvenient: gairsoyache. 3. (idea) kalpna (F). incorrect: chukiche. 4. (likeness) pratima. Increase: wadh (F). imaginary: kalpnik. *increase: (I) wadh-; (T) wadhaw-. Imagination: kalpnashakti (F). indefinite: anishchit; mogham. *imagine: kalpna kar-. indefinitely: mogham. Imitation: (mimicry) nakkal (F). Independence: swatantrya (N). independent: swatantra. intellectual: bauddhik. India: bharat (M); hindustan (M). Intelligence: buddhi (F); (brain) doke Individual: (N). wyakti (F); manus (M, N in Pl); intelligent: hushar; dokebaj; asami (M). buddhiwan. individual: waiyaktik. intense: tiwra. *indulge: lad kar-. Intensity: tiwrata (F). Indulgence: lad (M Pl). Intention: bet (M); uddesh (M). industrial: audyogik. intentionally: muddam; buddhya. Industrialist: udyogpati, karkhandar Interest: (M). (liking) ras (M); (premium) wyaj industrious: udyogi, mehnati. (N). Industry: udyog (M). *interest, to take: ras ghe-. infectious: sansargik. interest, at: wyaji. inferior: kami pratiche; gachal. interesting: manoranjak; Influence: manowedhak. 1. (effect) prabhaw (M). *interfere: (I) madhe pad-. 2. (personal inf.) wajan (N); washila *interfere: (T) dhawladhawal kar-. (M). Interpreter: dubhashya (M). *inform: kalaw-. Interruption: wyatyay (M). informal: anaupacharik. *interrupt: wyatyay an-; madhe bol-. Information: mahiti (F). Intersection: (of streets) chauk (M). Injection: injekshan (N). interval, in the: darmyan. Injustice: anyay (M). Interview: mulakhat (F). Ink: shai (F). *interview: mulakhat ghe-. inland: antardeshiy. intimate: jawalche; ghanisht. Inlet (of the sea) khadi (F). *introduce: olakh karun de-. inner: atil. inured: nirdhawlele. innocent: nishpap; nirdosh; nirparadh. *inured, to be: nirdhaw-. *inquire: chaukshi kar-; wichar-. Invasion: akraman (N). Inquiry: chaukshi (F); wicharna (F). *invade: akraman kar-. Insect: khida (M); kitak (M); (worm) *invest: guntaw-. ali (F). Investment: guntawnuk (F). Insecticide: kitaknashak (N). *invite: bolaw-; amantran de-. inside: at, atmadhe; -at/t, -madhe. Invitation: amantran, nimantran (N). Insistence: agrah (M). irascible: ragit. *insist: agrah kar-; thasun sang- Iron: (Ferrum) loh, lokhand (N); Inspection: pahni (F); tapasni (F). Iron (appliance) istri (F). Inspiration: prerna (F); sphurti (F). iron, made of: lokhandi. *install: basaw-. *iron clothes: istri kar-. Installment: hapta (M). irresponsible: bejababdar. instead of: -aiwaji. *irrigate: bhijaw-; pani de-. Institution: sanstha (F). irrigated (under irrigation): bagait. Instrument: *irrigated, to be: bhij-. 1. shastra, hatyar, upkaran, sadhan *irritated, to be: chid-. (N). Island: bet (N). 2. (musical) wadya (N). Itch: khaj (F); kand (F). Insult: apman (M). itself: swadd. *insult: upman kar-. itself (by itself): apoap; apsukh. Intellect: buddhi (F). J Jaggery: gul (M). *kill: mar-; thar kar-, thar mar-. Jail: (M) jel. *killed, to be: thar ho-. Jar: barni (F); batli (F). Killing: hatya, himsa (F); himsachar Jaw: jabda (M). (M). jealous: matsari. Kiln: bhatti (F). *jealous, to feel: (R) matsar wat-. Kilogram: kilo (M). Jealousy: matsar (M). kind: (sort) prakar; jat; tarha. *jeer: tar udaw-; upahas kar-. kind (kindly): dayalu. Jerk: hisaka (M). kind, of a: tarheche; prakarche. *jerk: hisak-. kind (what kind of): kase, kasle. Jewelry: King: raja (M). 1. dagdagine (M Pl); Kingdom: rajya (N). 2. (piece of) dagina, dag (M). Kiss: Job: kam (N), nokri (F). 1. chumban (N); muka (M); *job, hold a: nokri kar-. 2. (childish) papa (M); papi (F). *join: (I) mil-; samil ho-. *kiss: chumban ghe-; papa/papi ghe-. *join together: (T) jod-. Kitchen: saipakghar (N). Joint: sandha (M). Kite: patang (M); (bird) ghar (F). Joke: winod (M); maskari (F). *kite, to fly a: patang udaw-. *joke: winod kar-. *knead: mal-. Jolt: dhakka (M). Knee: gudgha (M). Journey: (M) prawas. knew: kalle. Jowar: jwari (F); jondhla (M); shalu Knife: (M). 1. (pocket) chaku (M); Joy: anand (M); harsh (M). 2. (kitchen) sura (M), suri (F). Judge: nyayadhish (M); nyaymurti Knock: thap (F). (M). *knock on a dar: darawar thap mar-. Judgement: nirnay; nikal. Knot: gath (F). Juice: ras (M). *knot: gath mar-. Jump: udi (F). *know: (T) jan-. *jump: udi mar-. *know: (R) mahit as-, thauk as-, kal-. Jungle: jangal (N). *know by sight (recognize): (R) olakh- junior: kanisht. . just: Knowledge: 1. (fair) nyayy; (of a person) nyayi. 1. (learning) dnyan (N); widya (F); 2. (only) phakta; nuste. 2. (information) mahiti (F); olakh just now: atta; atach. (F). just recently: nukte. known: mahit; thauk. Justice: nyay (M). L K Labor: kam (N); shram, kasht (M Pl). *keep: thew-; rakh-; thewun de-. *labor: kam kar-; shram/kasht kar-. *keep on -ing: -un rah-. Laborer: gadi (M); bai (F); kamgar *keep a pet: pal-. (M). Kerosene: rakel (N). Lack: abhaw (M); uniw (F); kamtarta Kettle: kitli (F). (F). Key: chawi (F); killi (F). Ladder: shidi (F). Khadi: khadi (F). Ladle: pali (F). Kick: lath (F). Lady: stri (F). *kick: lath mar-. Lake talaw (M); tala (N); sarowar (N). *kidnap: palaw-; palawun ne-. lakh (one hundred thousand): lakh. lame: langde; apang. left over: urlele. Lamp: diwa (M). *left over, to be: ur-; shillak rah-. Land: jamin (F); sheti (F); bhumi (F). leftwards: dawya bajula; dawikade. Lane: galli (F); ali (F); patti (F). Leg: pay (M). Language: bhasha (F). legal: kaydeshir. Lap: mandi (F). Leisure: sawad (F). large: mothe; (huge) wishal. Leisure time: phawla wel (M). last: gele; magche; (final) shewtche. Lemon: limbu (N). *last: tik-, pur-. Lemonade: limbache sarbat (N). late: ushira; let. *lend: usne de-. *late, to be: (R) ushir ho-. Length: lambi (F). lateness: ushir. *lengthen: lambaw-. later: nantar; magun. Leopard: biblya (M); bibla wagh (M). Laugh: hasya (N). Leper: kushtrogi (M). *laugh: has-. less: kami. laughable: hasyaspad. *lessen: kami ho-. Laundryman: dhobi (M). Lesson: Law: kayda (M). 1. dhada (M); lawful: kaydeshir (unlawful: bekayda). 2. (study) abhyas (M), path (M). Lawn: hirwal (F). *let (permit): parwangi de- Lawsuit: khatla (M); dawa (M). *let it go: jau de-, sodun de-. Lawyer: wakil (M). *let me know: mala kalaw-. Laxative: julab (M). Letter: patra (N). *lay out: mand-; thew-. Level: patli (F); payri (F); sapati (F). Layer: thar (M). level (flat): sapat. Lead (metal): shise (N). Liberation (final): moksh (M); nirwan *lead: ne-; netritwa kar-. (N). Leadership: netritwa (N). Library: laybrari (F), granthalay (N). Leader: neta (M); pudhari (M). License Leaf: 1. (permission): parawana (M); 1. pan (N); 2. laysens (M). 2. (leaves) pala (M); (fallen) pachola *lick: chat- (M). Lid: jhakan (N). *leak: gal-. *lie: khote bol-. Leap: jhep (F); udi (F). *lie down: nij-, pad-; kaland-; jhop-. *leap: udi mar-; jhep ghe-; jhepaw-. Life: *learn: shik-; atmasat kar-; (R) kal-. 1. jiwan (N); (lifespan) ayushya (N); learned: widwan. 2. (living matter) jiw, pran (M). Learned man: pandit (M). Life, worldly: samsar (M); prapanch Learning: dnyan (N). (M). Leather: chamade (N); katade (N). Lifestyle: rahni (F). leathery: chamat. *lift: uchal-. Leave (leave of absence, etc): raja (F). Light: *leave: (I) ja-, nighun ja-; (T) sod-. 1. (illumination) ujed (M); prakash *leave (set out): (I) nigh-. (M). *leave (of a train etc): sut-. 2. (sunlight) un (N). Leavings (of food) ushte (N). 3. (lamp) diwa (M); lait (M). Lecture: wyakhyan (N); lekchar (N). light (pale color): phikke; phikat. left: (direction) dawe; (remaining) light, lightly: halke, halkech. shillak. light: (rain) jhimjhim. *light a lamp: diwa law-. local: sthanik; deshi. Lightning: wij (F). Lock: kulup (N). lightweight: halke. *lock: kulup law-; kulup ghal-. like: -sarkhe, -pramane. Lodge: laj (N). like that: tase; tyapramane. lonely: ekte; ekaki; (desolate) nirjan. like this: ase; hyapramane, asha ritine. *lonely, to feel: (R) ekte wat-. *like: (R) awad-, ruch-, pasant as-. long: lamb; (time) dirgh. liked: pasant. long (-long): -bhar. Liking: haus (F); awad (F). long, too: jast, phar wel. Lime: limbu (N). *long for: asus-. Limit: maryada (F); hadd (F). longterm: dirghkalache. *limit: maryadet thew-. *look: limited: maryadet; maphak. 1. (look at) bagh-; pah-. limited extent, to a: maphak pramanat. 2. (look for) shodh-. Limits (as of a town): hadd (F). 3. (appear to) (R) dis-. limp: (flaccid) wiswishit. Looks (appearance): rup (N). *limp, walk with a: langad-. Loom: mag (M); (handloom) hatmag Line: (M). 1. regh (F); resh (F). loose: 2. (queue) rang (F). 1. sail; dhile. 3. (of business etc) lain (F). 2. (baggy) dhagal. lined: (ruled) akhiw; (wrinkled) 3. (disconnected) sute. surkutlele. Loose change: mod (F); sute paise (M Lion: simha (M). Pl). Lip: oth (M). *loosen (come loose): nisat-; sail ho-. Liquid: draw (M). Loot: lut (F). Liquor: daru (F). *loot: lut-. List: yadi (F); suchi (F). Lorry: lari (F); trak (M). *listen: aik-. *lose: (I) muk-; (T) haraw-, har-. Listener: aiknare (N); shrota (M). Loss: tota (M); nuksan (N). Liter: litar (M). *lost, to be: (R) haraw-. Literacy: saksharata. lots of: barech; pushkal; khup; phar, literate: sakshar. lai.. Literature: sahitya (N); wadmay (N). loud: mothe. Litter (animals): win (F). loudly: mothyane; jorane, jorat. *litter, to bear a: wi-. Louse: u (F). little: Love: prem (N); maya (F). 1. (small, young) lahan; chhote. *love: prem kar-; maya kar-. 2. (small amount) thode; jarese. Lover: premkar (M), preyasi (F). little, just a: thodese. loving: premal; mayalu. little, too: kami. low: live (alive): jiwant. 1. (in status) khalchya darjache. *live: (to be alive) jag-; (stay) rah-. 2. (low-lying) sakhal. Livelihood: nirwah (M). 3. (in intensity or volume) mand. Load: ojhe (N); boja (M); bhar (M). 4. (of price) kami. *load: bhar-; chadhaw-; lad-. 5. (in height) thengne; baithe. Loaf (of bread): paw (M); bred (M,F). 6. (without dignity) lachar. Loan: usne (N), karj (N). lower: khalche. *loan: karj de-; usne de-. *lower: kami kar-; khali kar-; khali *loan, to take out a: karj kadh-. sod-. *lower (the fire) dhima kar-. many: pushkal; khup; anek/kityek; loyal: wishwasu; imani. barech. Luck: nashib (N); bhagya (N). many (how many): kiti. lucky: nashibwan; bhagyawan. many times: pushkalda, pushkal wela. Luggage: saman (N). Map: nakasha (M). Lump: gola (M); gath (F). Marathi (language): marathi (N). Lunch: Marble: (plaything) goti (F). duparche jewan (N); (packed) daba Mark: (sign) khun (F); chinha (N). (M). Market: bajar (M); (vegetable) mandai Luster: tej (N). (F). lustrous: tejaswi. Market area: (F) bajarpeth. Luxury: chain (F); chhanchhoki (F). Marketing: bajar (M). M *marketing, to do: bajar kar-. Mace: jaypatri (F). Marriage: lagna (N); wiwah (M). Machine: yantra (N). married: wiwahit. mad: wede. *marry: lagna kar-. made: banawlele; banlele. *married, get: lagna ho-. Madness: wed (N). Mason: (M) gawandi. Magazine: (monthly) masik (N). Massacre: kattal (F). Magic: jadu (F). *massacre: kattal kar-. Maharashtra: maharashtra (M). Master: mastar (M); swami (M); maharashtrian: marathi; maharashtriy. malak (M). Maidservant: molkarin (F). Masur: Mail: dak (F); tapal (N). 1. (black lentil): akha (whole) masur *mail: postat tak-. (M). main: mukhya; pramukh. 2. dal (split skinless): masurachi dal mainly: mukhyatha; pramukhyane. (F). Maize: maka (M,F). Match: major: mukhya. 1. (sports) mæch (F); samna (M); Majority: bahumat (N). 2. (lighting) kadi (F). majority of (most): bahutek. *match: (I) jul-; (T) julaw- *make: kar-; banaw-;(create) nirman Matchbox: kadyapeti (F); agpeti (F). kar- Material (cloth): (N) kapad. *make (cause to): law-. Materials: saman (N); sahitya (N); mal *make: (get done) karun ghe- (M). *make: (prepare) tayar kar-. Mathematics: ganit (N). Male: purush (M); nar (M). Matter: gosht (F); babat (F); prakaran Man: manus (M; N in Pl); purush (M). (N). Manager: mænejar, wyawasthapak Matter: mamla (M); padarth (M). (M). Mattress: bichhana (M), gadi (F). Mango: amba (M); (green) kairi (F). mature: (adult) praudh; pragalbh. Manner: paddhat (F); rit (F); tarha (F). maybe: kadachit. Manners: shishtachar (M); mænars (M Meal: jewan (N). Pl). *meal, to prepare: saipak kar-. Manual labor: majuri (F); molmajuri Meaning: arth (M); ashay (M). (F). meaningful: arthpurn. Manufacture: utpadan (N). meaningless: nirarthak. *manufacture: banaw-; utpadan kar-. Means: sadhan (N). Manure: khat (N); shenkhat (N). means (that is): mhanje. Manuscript: hastlikhit (N). meanwhile: darmyan. meanwhile (in the m.): madhyantari. Mind: man; (state of) manasthiti (F). *measure: map ghe-; (count) moj-. *mind (pay heed): laksh de-; aikun Measure(ment): map (N). ghe-. Meat: matan (N); mãs (N). Mine (gold-, coal-, etc): khan (F). Meat-eating: masahar (M). Minister: mantri (M). Mechanic: mekænik (M). minus: une. medical: waidyakiy. Minute: (time) minit (N). Medicine: aushadh (N). minute: (small) kichkat; sukshma. *meditate: dhyan kar-. Mirror: arsa (M). Meditation: dhyan (N). miscellaneous: kirkol; awantar; Meet: (sports) spardha (F Pl). sankirn. *meet (accidentally): gath ghe-; gath miserable: duhakhi; bichare; hawaldil. pad-. Misfortune: durdaiw (N); durbhagya *meet: (deliberately) bhet-; bhet kar-. (N). Meeting: *miss (fail to catch etc): chuk-; huk-. 1. baithak (F); sabha (F); miting (F). *miss an app’t etc: budaw-, wel 2. (encounter) gath (F); bhet (F). chukaw-. *melt: wital-.; paghal-. *miss (someone): (konachi) athawn Member: sabhasad, sadasya, ghatak ye-. (M). Mist: dhuke (N). Membrane: padda (M). Mistake: chuk (F). *memorize: path kar-.; tondpath kar-. *mistake, to make a: chuk kar-; chuk-. Memory: *mistaken, be: chuk-. 1. (recollection) athawn (F). misty: dhusar. 2. (retentive ability) smaranshakti Misunderstanding: gairsamaj (M). (F). Mixture: *mend: durust kar-. 1. mishran (N); Mention: ullekh (M). 2. (hodgepodge) khichdi (F). *mention: ullekh kar-. Mixup: ghotala (M). Menu: bet (M); menyu (M). modern: adhunik; nutan; abhinaw. Merchant: wyapari (M). modest: Merit: gunwatta (F); (religious) punya 1. (not arrogant) namra; winayashil. (N). 2. (proper, chaste) maryadshil. Mess (dining hall): mes (F). Modesty: namrata (F); laj (F). Message: nirop (M); sandesh (M). moist: ole; damat; olsar. Meter: mitar (M). Moisture: ol (F); olawa (M); Metal: dhatu (M). damatpana (M). Method: paddhat (F); tarha (F); rit (F). Molasses (jaggery): gul (M). methodical: paddhatshir. Mold: (fungus) burshi (F); (form) middle: madhya; (in the middle) sacha (M). madhe. moldy: buraslele. middle (in the m.): -madhe; -madhun. *mollify: samajaw-; samajut ghal-. midnight: madhyaratra. Moment: kshan (M); ghatak (F). mild: saumya; kowle; mand. Monastery: math (M). Mile: mail (M). Money: paisa (M); (plural) paise. Milk: dudh (N). Moneylender: sawkar (M). Milkman: dudhwala (M), gawali (M). Monkey: makad (N); wanar (M,N). Mill: girni (F); chakki (F); dhane (N). Monsoon: pawsala (M); mansun (M). Millet (pearl): bajri (F). Month: mahina (M); mas (M). Millionaire: lakhpati, lakshadhish (M). Monthly period: masik pali (F). Monthly periodical: masik (N). much (as m.... that m.): jewdhe... monthly (every/per month): tewdhe darmahina. much (for how much): kase; Mood: manasthiti (F); mud (M). kewdhyala. Moon: chandra (M); chandoba (M). much (how much): kiti; kewdhe. Moonlight: chandne (N). much (not very m.): pharse/titkese moral: naitik. nahi. Morality: niti (F). much (so/this much): itke, ewdhe. more: ankhi; adhik; jast. much (that much): titke, tewdhe. more than: -peksha, -hun. much (too much): jast/jasti, phar. moreover: shiway; parat. much (very much): atishay. Morning: sakal (F); (early hours) pahat Mud: chikhal (M). (F). Mug: (M) mag. morning (in the morning): sakali. Multiplication: gunakar (M). morning (this morning) aj sakali. *multiply: gun kar-. Mosque: mashid (F). Mung bean: akha (whole) mug (M). Mosquito: das (M); machchhar (M). Mung dal (split skinless) : mugachi dal Mosquito net: machchhardani (F). (F). most: (the majority of) bahutek. Murder: khun (M). most (at the most): phar tar. *murder: khun kar-. most (whatever) of all: saglyat, sarwat. Muscle: snayu (M). most of the time: bahutek weli; Museum: myujhiyam (M). bahudha. Music: sangit (N). Mother: ai (F); mata, may (F). Music (classical): shastriy sangit. Mother-in-law: sasu (F). Musician: Mother tongue: matribhasha, mayboli 1. (composer) sangitkar (M). (F). 2. (singer) gayak (M); gayika (F). Motive: hetu (M). 3. (player of an instrument) wadak Motor car: motar (F). (M). Motor scooter: (M) skutar. musical: surel. Motorcycle: phatphati, motarsaykal Musical note: swar (M); sur (M). (F). Musical instrument: wadya (N). Mountain: dongar (M), parwat (M). Muslim: musalman (M). Mountain range: parwat (M). Mustard: mohri (F), rai (F). Mouse: undir (M). *mutter: phutphut-. Mouth: tond (N); mukh (N). Mutton (goat/chicken meat): matan Mouthful: ghas (M); (liquid) ghot, (N). ghutka (M). mutual: paraspar; ekmek. *move: (I) hal-, chal-; (T) halaw-. myself: mi swatha. Movement: mysterious: gudh. 1. (activity) halchal (F). Mystery: rahasya (N). 2. (agitation) andolan (N); chalwal Mystery story: rahasya katha (F). (F). N Movie: chitrapat, bolpat (M); sinema Nail: (finger/toe) nakh (N); (spike) (M). khila (M). Mr: shri; Mrs: shrimati; Miss: kumari. Name: naw (N). much: khup, pushkal, bharpur, barech. 1. (given name) swathache naw (N). much (about so much): itpat. 2. (surname) adnaw (N). much (as much): -itke, -ewdhe. *name (appoint): nem-. namely: mhanje; nawache. Napkin: (M) næpkin. Nirvana: nirwan (N). narrow: arund. no: nahi; (don’t!) nako/naka; (interj) Nation: rashtra (N). chhe! national: rashtriy. nobody: koni nahi. Native place: (N) gaw. nobody else: dusre koni nahi. natural: nasargik, swabhawik. *nod: man halaw-; (drowse) peng-. naturally: sahajik. Noise: Nature: 1. (sound) awaj (M). 1. (natural world) nisarg (M). 2. (din, racket) gondhal (M); gadbad 2. (essential character) swarup (N). (F). 3. (temperament) swabhaw (M). non-vegetarian: masahari. naughty (of a child): wede. Non-veg food: nan-whej (N). near: jawal, -jawal; nearby: jawalche. North: uttar (F). nearly: bahutek. Nose: nak (N). neat: nitnetake; wyawasthit. not: nahi; (it’s not that) ase nahi. neatly: nit; nitnetake; nitnetakepanane. Note: Neatness: nitnetakepana (M). 1. (message) chiththi (F); necessary: awshyak. 2. (noting) nond (F). Neck: man (F); gala (M). 3. (currency): (F) not. Necklace: mal (F). *note down: Neckline: gala (M). 1. nond kar-. Need: jarur (F); garaj (F); awshyakta 2. (take notes) nond ghe-. (F). Notebook: wahi (F). *need: (R) jarur as-, garaj as-, lag-. Notes (musical): swar (M); sur (M). Needle: sui (F). nothing: kahi nahi. needlessly: nishkaran; winakaran.- Notice: dakhal (F). negative/negatively: nakararthi. *notice: dakhal ghe-. Neglect: durlaksh (n); haygay (F). Nourishment: *neglect: durlaksh kar-; haygay kar-. 1. poshan (N); Neighbor: shejari (M), shejarin (F). 2. poshak ann (N); poshak ahar (m). Neighborhood: shejar (M). Novel: kadambri (F). neighboring: shejarche. now: ata; (just now) atta, itkyat. neither ... nor: na ... na. now (by now): ewhana. Nest: gharte (N). now & then: adhunmadhun; Net: jale (N). kadhikadhi; never: kadhi nahi. kadhimadhi; madhunmadhun. nevertheless: tarisuddha/taripan; nowadays: halli; alikade; ajkal. tathapi nowhere: kuthehi nahi. new: nawa; nawin. Nuisance: updraw (M); katkat (F). News: (-item) batmi (F); (gen.) Number: batmya. 1. akda (M); sankhya (F); Newspaper: wartmanpatra (N); pepar. 2. (rank) nambar (F). next Nurse: (F) nars. 1. (coming): pudhche; pudhle; yete. Nutmeg: jayphal (N). 2. (near) shejarche. nutritious: sakas; poshak. next to (next-door to): -shejari. O nice: changle; chhan, god. Oar: walhe (N). Night: ratra (F). Oath: shapath (F). night (at night): ratri. obedient: adnyadharak. night (tonight): aj ratri. *obey: adnya pal-, adnya aik-. Object: (thing) wastu (F); (goal) dhyey *omit: gal-; wagal-; sod-. (N). omniscient: sarwadnya. *object: harkat ghe-; akshep ghe-. on: -war. Objection: harkat (F); akshep (M). once: ekda. Objective: dhyey (N). once in a while: kwachit. Obligation: bandhan (N). oneself: swatha. oblique: tirke. one’s own: swathache. *observe: pah-; nirikshan kar-. Onion: kanda (M). Observation: pahani (F), nirikshan (N). only: phakta; kewal; nuste; (alone) obstinate: hatti. ekte. *obstruct: adaw-; adthala an-. only child, an (unique): ekulte. *obstructed, to be: ad-; nad-. open: ughade; khule; manmokle. *obtain: (R) mil-; (T) milaw-, prapt *open: ughad-. kar-. Operation: shastrakriya (F); apareshan *obtained, be: mil-. (N). Occasion: prasang (M). Opinion: occasionally: adhunmadhun; 1. mat (N); kadhikadhi; 2. (diff. of opinion) matbhed (M). kadhimadhi; madhunmadhun. Opponent: wirodhak (M); pratispardhi Occupation: udyog (M); wyawasay (M). (M). Opportunity: sandhi (F); (scope) waw *occur: (M). 1. (happen): ho-; ghad-. *oppose: wirodh kar-. 2. (as an idea): (R) such-. opposing: wirodhi. Ocean: mahasagar (M). opposite: -wiruddh. o’clock: wajta. opposite (facing): samorche; -samor. octroi: jakat. Opposition: wirodh (M). of course: arthat; arthatach. or: kiwa; ki. *offer: de-; deu kar-; (in worship) Orange: mosambi (N); (see tangerine). wah-. orange (color): naringi. Office: aphis (N); karyalay (N); Orchard: bag (F); phalbag (F). kacheri (F). Ordeal: diwya (N). Office worker: karkun (M); shipai, Order: pyun (M). 1. (command) hukum (M); Office worker (clerical): (M,F) klark. ardar (F); adnya (F). Officer: adhikari (M). 2. (sequence) kram (M); anukram Official: adhikari (M). (M). official (authorized): adhikrit. 3. (orderliness) nitnetkepana (M). often: pushkalda; khupda; barechad. *order: Oil: tel, (edible) gode tel (N); (motor) 1. hukum de-; adnya kar-; ordar de-. oil (N). 2. magaw-. Ointment: malam (N). *order, to go out of: bighad-. okay: bare, thik; (that’ll do) chalel. order, out of: bighade, bighadlele. Okra: bhendi (F). order to, in: -sathi. old: orderly: wyawasthit. 1. (of things) june. ordinary: samanya; sadharan. 2. (of biological age) mhatare. *organize 3. (tough) jun; nibar. 1. (as a group) sanghatit kar-. Old age: mhatarpan (N). 2. (arrange) wyawastha kar-. older (elder): thorle; mothe. organized: sanghatit. Origin: mul (N). 1. (black lentil): akha (whole) masur original: mul. (M). *originate: udbhaw-. 2. (masur dal): masurachi dal (F). Orphan: anath mul (N). . other: itar; dusre; (alien) parke. Papaya: papai (F); papaya (M). otherwise: erwi; nahi tar. Paper: kagad (M). out of: -tun. paper (made of paper): kagadache. Outcasting: bahishkar (M). paralyzed: lule. *outcaste: bahishkar tak-. Parcel: parsal (N); pudke (N). outer: baherche. Pardon: maphi (F); kshama (F). outside: baher; -baher. *pardon: maph kar-; kshama kar-. Oven: bhatti (F). Parents: aibap, aiwadil (M Pl), over: war; -war; -warun. matapita (N) *over/finished, to be: ho- (ie, jhale); Park: bag (F); udyan (N). samp-. Parrot: popat (M). overseas: paradeshat; paradeshi. Part: bhag (M); wibhag (M). Owl: ghubad (N). *part, take: bhag ghe-. own: aple, swathache. *part one’s hair: bhang pad-. Owner: malak (M). particular: wishisht. Ox: bail (M). Partner: bhagidar (M). P Party (feast): parti (F); mejwani (F). Paan (spicy chew): pan (N); wida (M). *pass *pacify: samajaw-; samajut ghal-. 1. (an exam): pas ho-; pas kar-. Packet: puda (M), pudi (F); pakit (N). 2. (overtake): pas kar-. Page (book etc): pan (N). Passenger: utaru (M). Pail: badli (F). Past: bhutkal (M). Pain: kal (F); dukh (N). past (gone): gele; magche, magle. *pain: dukh-. Path: wat, paywat (F); path (M). Paint: rang (M). Patient (sick): rogi (M); rugna (N). *paint: rangaw-; rang de-. Pause: khal (M); khand (M). Painter: *pause: thamb-; thabak-. 1. rangari (M); pentar (M); *pay: paise de-; pagar de-. 2. (artist) chitrakar (M). *pay: bhar-, phed-, de-. Painting (picture): chitra (N). Pea: watana (M). Pair: jod (N); jodi (F). Peace: shantata (F); (mental) shanti Paisa: paisa (M). (F). Pajama: payjama (M); salwar (F). Peak: shikar (N). Palace: mahal (M); rajwada (M). Peanut: sheng dana (M). pale: Pebble: khada (M); gota (M). 1. phike, phikat; nistej; peculiar: wichitra; chamatkarik. 2. (sunlight) kowle. Peel: sal (F). Palm: *peel: sol-. 1. talhat, talwa (M), panja (M); *peep in or out: dokaw-. 2. (tree) tad (M). Peepul tree: (M) pimpal. Pamphlet: patrak (N). Peg: khunti (F); mekh (F). Pan: bhande (N); (frying) tawa (M). Pen: pen (N); lekhni (F). Pane: tawdan (N). Pencil: pensil (F). Pants: pænt (F); (loose) lenga (M). *penetrate: shir-. Papad (pulse flour wafer): papad (M). Penknife: chaku (M). Pension: penshan (N). People: lok (M Pl); manase (N Pl); Pilgrimage: wari (F); yatra (F). janta (F). Pill: goli (F). Pepper: Pillar: khamb (M). 1. (black pepper-corn): miri (F). Pillow: ushi (F). 2. (black): kali miri (F); (chili) Pin: tachni (F). mirchi (F). Pineapple: ananas (N). 3. (pepper powder) mirpud (F). pink: gulabi. Percent: takka (M). Pipe: nal (M); paip (M). Percolation tank: pajhar talaw (M). Pit: khadda (M). Performance: (play etc) prayog (M). pitiable: bichare. perhaps: kadachit. Pity: kiw (F); daya (F). Period (time): kal (M); (term) mudat *pity: kiw kar-; daya kar-. (F). Place: jaga (F); thikan (N); sthal, sthan Permanence: shashwati (F). (N). permanent:kayam/kayamche;shashwat place (in a place/places): thikani; jagi. permanently: kayam. place (of this/that place): ithle/tithle. Permission: parawangi (F); anumati place (of which place): kuthle. (F). place (at whose place): konakade. Person: manus (M); wyakti (F); purush place (at which place): kuthe. (M). place (in place of): (its) baddali. personal: khajgi; waiyaktik. Plain (level land): maidan (N). Personality: wyaktimattwa (N). plain (simple): sadhe; saral. Perspiration: gham (M). plainly: spasht; spashtpane. *perspire: (R) gham ye-. Plan: bet (M); yojna (F). Pet (adj.): *plan: bet kar-. 1. (favorite) ladke, awadte. Plane: wiman (N). 2. (animal) pallele. Planning: niyojan (N). *pet (indulge): lad kar-. Plant: wanaspati (F); rop (N). Petticoat: parkar (M). *plant (a crop): law-; lagan kar-. Petrol: petrol (N). Planting: lagan (F); lagwad (F). Philosophy: tattwadnyan (N). Plantation: mala (M). Photograph: photo (M). Plastic: plastik (N). *photograph: photo kadh-. Plate: Photography: photographi (F). 1. tat (M), tatli (F). physical: sharirik. 2. (saucer) bashi (F). *pick: Plateau: pathar (N). 1. (harvest) tod-; wech-. Platform: phalat (M); (lectern) 2. (choose) niwad-. wyaspith (N). *pick through (grains): niwad-. Play: khel (M); (drama) natak (N). *pick up: uchal-. *play: khel-; (musical instr.) wajaw- Pickle: lonche (N). Playground: maidan (N); graund (N). Picnic: sahal (F); wanbhojan (N). please: kripa karun. Picture: chitra (N). pleasant, pleasing: sukhad; *picture, to draw: chitra kadh-. alhaddayak. Piece: tukda (M); (portion) bhag (M). pleased: khush, khushi. *pierce: toch-. *pleased, to be: khush ho-. Pig: dukkar (N). *pleased with, to be: (R) pasant as- Pile: (heap) dhig (M); (stack) gaththa /pad-. (M). Pleasure: sukh (N). Pilgrim: warkari (M); yatrekaru (M). plenty of: khup. Pakad: cooking pincers (F). 1. dak (F), tapal (N); Plumber: plamar, plambar (M); phitar 2. chauki (F), thane (N). (M). *post (a letter): tak-. plump: gubgubit. Post office: post aphis (N). plunder: lut. Postcard: post kard (N). *plunder: lut-. *postpone: pudhe kar-; pudhe dhakal. plus: adhik. Pot: Pocket: khisa (M). 1. bhande (N); (flanged) bagula (M). Pod (of a legume): sheng (F). 2. (earth) madke (N); dera (M); math Poem: kawita (F). (M). Poet: kawi (M). Potato: batata (M). Poetry: kawya (N). Pothole: khadda (M). Point: mudda (M); (geom) bindu (M). Potter: kumbhar (M). *point out: dakhaw-. *pour: ot-. Poison: wish (N). Poverty: garibi (F); daridrya (N). poisonous: wishari. Powder: pud (F); pawdar (F); kut (N). Police: polis (M); hawaldar (M); Power: kotwal (M). 1. (physical) shakti (F); bal (N). Police station: polis chauki (F). 2. (political) satta (F). Policy: dhoran (N). powerful: balwan. Polish: powerless: durbal; hatbal. ujla (M); chakaki (F); (skill) saphai practical: (F). 1. (of something) wyawaharik. *polish: ujla de-; palish kar-. 2. (of a person) wyawahari. polished: chakchakit; saphaidar. Practice (exercise): talim (F); saraw polite: sabhya. (M). Politics: rajkaran (N). *practice: talim kar-; saraw kar-. Pollution: Praise: stuti (F); tariph (F); wahwa (F). 1. (environmental) pradushan (N). *praise: stuti kar-; tariph/wahwa kar-. 2. (ritual) wital (M). *prattle: badbad-. Pond: tale (N); (puddle) dabke (N). Prayer: prarthna (F). Pool: tale (N); talaw (M); kunde (N). precise/precisely: nemke. poor: garib, daridri; (pitiful) bichare. Predicament: pech (M). Popcorn: makyachi lahi (F). Prediction: Poppyseed: khaskhas (F). 1. (estimate) andaj (M); popular: lokpriy. 2. (future) bhawishya (N). Popularity: lokpriyta (F). *prefer: pasant kar-. Pork: dukarache mas (N). pregnant: garodar; garbhar, potushi. Port: bandar (N). Prejudice: purwagrah (M); wait mat Porter: kuli, hamal (M). (N). Position: (place) sthan (N); (post) Preparation: hudda (M). 1. tayari (F). *possess: malakiche as-. 2. (food) padarth (M). Possession: malakichi wastu (F). *prepare: banaw-; tayar kar-. possession, in one’s: tabyat. Presence: hajeri (F); upasthiti (F). Possibility: shakyata (F); sambhaw present: hajar. (M). present, at: sadhya. possible: shakya ahe. Present: (gift) bhet (F); bakshis (N). possible, as far as: shakyatowar. present (at present): sadhya; halli; turt. Post: present (in attendance): hajar. *present (make presentation) sadar Profession: wyawasay (M); udyog kar-. (M). Preserve: (jam) muramba (M). Professor: pradhyapk, prophesar *preserve: rakh-; jatan kar-. (M,F). President: adhyaksh (M). Profit: napha (M); phayda (M). Pressure: dab (M); dadpan (N); dabaw Program: (M). 1. karyakram (M); progræm (M). *pretend: song kar-; dhong kar-. 2. (plan) bet (M); yojna (F). pretty: surekh; sundar. Progress: pragati (F). *prevent: tal-. progress (in progress): chalu. previous: adle, magche. *progress: pragati kar-. previously: purwi. *prohibit: bandi ghal-; manai kar-. Price: kimmat (F); bhaw (M); mulya Prohibition: bandi (F); manai (F). (N); Project: prakalp (M); yojna (F); dar (M); akar (M). prajekt (M). Price-rise: bhawwadh (F). *prolong: lambaw-. Prick: boch (F). Promise: ashwasan (N), (word) *prick: (R) toch-, boch-. wachan (N) Pride: *promise: ashwasan de-; kabul kar-. 1. abhiman (M); promising: hotkaru. 2. (self-respect) swabhiman (M) Promotion: wadhati (F). Priest: bhataji (M); pujari (M). prone (horizontal): adwe. primary: prathamik. *pronounce: uchchar kar-. Principal: Pronunciation: uchchar (M). 1. (school) pracharya (M); prinsipal Propaganda: prachar (M). (M). proper: barobar; yogya. 2. (investment) muddal (N). properly: barobar; wyawasthit; nit, principal (main): mukhya; pramukh. thik. Principle: tatwa (N). Property: malmatta (F). Print: chhap (M). Proportion: praman (N). *print: chhap-. Prose: gadya (N). print, in: chhapil, chhaplele. *protect: rakshan kar-; sanrakshan printed: chhapil; (pr. material) printed. kar-. Prison: turung (M); jel (F). Protection: sanrakshan (N). Prisoner: kaidi (M). *prove: siddh kar-. private: khajgi, praywhet. Proverb: mhan (F). Prize: bakshis (N). Province: prant (M). probable: shakya; sambhawaniy. Protest: nishedh (M); (march) morcha probably: bahutek; bahudha. (M). Problem: prashna (M).; samasya (F). *protest: nishedh kar-. Process: kriya (F); prakriya (F). *provide: puraw-. *process: prakriya kar-. Provision: Processing: prakriya (F). 1. (providing) purawtha (M). Procession: mirawnuk (F). 2. (proviso) tartud (F). *procure (as a ticket): kadh-. Provisions: saman (N). Produce: *proviso, to make a: tartud kar-. 1. utpadan (N); nirmiti (F); public (common): sarwajanik. 2. (agric) shetmal (M). public (known): jahir. *produce: utpadan kar-; nirmiti kar-. Publicity: jahirat (F); prachar (M). Producer: utpadak (M); nirmata (M). *publish: prasiddh kar-; prakashan Queen: rani (F). kar-. Question: prashna (M). Publisher: prakashak (M). *question (ask): wichar-; prashna kar-. *puff: dhapa tak-. Questionnaire: prashnawali (F). Puffed rice: murmura (M). Queue: rang (F). Pull: odh (F). quickly: lawkar, jaldi; chatkan; *pull: odh-. patkan. Pulp: lagda (M); (flesh of fruit) gar quiet: shant. (M). Quilt: rajai (F). Pulse (dried split beans): dal (F). Quire: dasta (M). Pump: pamp (M). *quit: sod-; sodun de-. Pumpkin: lal bhopla (M). quite: agdi. Puncture: pankchar (N). quite a lot: barechase. *puncture, to get: pankchar ho-. R *puncture, to repair: pankchar kadh-. Rabbit: sasa (M). pungent: tikhat; (of smell) ugra. rabid (an animal): pisallele. *punish: shiksha kar-. Race (contest): sharyat (F); spardha Punishment: shiksha (F). (F). Purchase: kharedi (F). Racket: gadbad (F); gondhal (M). *purchase: karedi kar-; wikat ghe-. Radio: redio (M). pure: shuddh; niwwal. Radish: mula (M). purely: niwwal; kewal. Rag: chindhi (F). Purity: shuddhata; (ritual) sowle. ragged: phatke; phatketutke. purple: jambhle. Raid (by police): chhapa (M). Purpose: nimitt (N); hetu (M). *raid (police): chhapa ghal-. purpose, for what: kashasathi. Railroad: relwe (F). purpose of, for: -nimitt, -nimittane. Railway: (F) relwe. Purse: pishwi (F). Rain: paus (M). *push: dhakal-. *rain: paus pad-. *put: thew-. Rainy season: pawsala (M); mansun *put in: tak-; ghal-. (M). *put on (as garment): ghal- Raincoat: renkot, pausali kot (M). *put on (as wraparound garment): nes-. Raise: (pay) pagarwadh (F). *put on (light): law-. *raise (lift) uchal-; war kar-. *put up: utar-. Raisin: manuk (F). *put in order: law-. ramshackle: khilkhile; dabde. Q Range: (mountains) parwat (M). Quality: Rank: 1. (property) gun; (M) gundharm 1. darja (M); nambar (M); (M). 2. (position) hudda (M). 2. (grade) prat (F); darja (M); kwaliti Rape: balatkar (M). (F). rapidly: bharabhar. 3. (merit) gunwatta (F). rarely: kwachitach. Quarrel: bhandan (N). Rate: *quarrel: bhand-; bhandan kar-. 1. bhaw (M); dar (M); akar (M). quarrelsome: bhandkhor. 2. (interest) wyajacha dar (M). quarter (1/4): paw. raw: kachche. quarter after one: sawwa, sawwa ek. Ray (beam): kiran (M). quarter to one: paun, pawne ek. *reach: poch-, ye-. *queasy, to feel: (R) malmal as- *read: wach-. Reader: wachak (M). regional: pradeshik. Reading: wachan (N). *register: nond kar-; rajistar kar-. Reading room: wachanalay (N). regular: niyamit. ready: tayar. regularly: niyamitpane. readymade: redimed; tayar; ayte. Regulation: niyam (M). real (genuine): khare; assal. Rehearsal: talim (F). realistic: wastaw. *rehearse: talim kar-. *realize: (R) kal-, umaj-, lakshat ye-. *reject: nakar-; nakar de-. Reality: wastaw (M). Relationship: sambandh (M); nate (N). really: khare, kharech; kharokhar. Relative: nate (N); natewaik (M). really (Is that so?): ase ka? Relative by marriage: soyara, pahuna Reason: karan (N). (M) reason, without: ugech; nishkaran. *relax: aram kar-. reasonable: Relaxation: aram (M). 1. (able to understand) samajutdar. *release: sod-. 2. (fair) yogya. Religion: dharm (M). 3. (limited) maphak. religious: dharmik. *rebel: band kar-. Religious observances: dewdharm Rebellion: band (N). (M). Receipt: pawti (F); poch (F). Reluctance: nakhushi (F); khalkhal *receive: (T) ghe; (R) mil-. (F). received: milale. *remain: recent: alikadche. 1. (stay) rah-. recently: alikade; nukte; madhyantari. 2. (be left over): ur-. Recital: maiphal (F). remaining: shillak; baki. reckless: bephikir; awichari. Remedy: upay (M); ilaj (M). recklessly: bepham; bephikirpane. *remember: (R) athaw-, athawn ho- Recognition: olakh (F); manyata (F). *remind: athawn kar-. *recognition, give (sanction): manyata Rent: bhade (N). de- *rent: bhadyane ghe-. *recognize: (R) olakh pat-. *rent, to pay: bhadyane de-. recognized: olakhle. *repair: durust kar-. Recollection: athawn (F). repair, out of: nadurust. *recommend: shipharas kar-. Repairing: durusti (F). Recommendation: shipharas (F). *repairing, to do: durusti kar-. Record: rekard (F). *repeat: Records: kagadpatra (M Pl). 1. (say again) parat/punha mhan- red: lal; (rusty) tambde. /sang- *reduce: kami kar-. 2. (do again) parat/punha kar-. *refer to: ullekh kar-. replete: tript. Reference: ullekh (M); sandarbh (M). Reply: uttar (N). *reference, to give: sandarbh de-. *reply: uttar de-; uttar-. Reform: sudharna (F). Report: riport (M). Refrigerator: shit peti (F). *report: riport kar-; sang-. Refusal: nakar (M). Reporter: patrakar (M). *refuse: nahi sang-; nakar-; nakar de-. Representative: pratinidhi (M). regarding: -babat; -babatit; -baddal. Reputation: naw (N); kirti (F); Regime: (rule) rajya (N). pratishtha (F) Region: pradesh (M); mulukh (M); Request: winanti (F). bhag (M). *require: (R) lag-, garaj as-. Research: sanshodhan (N). 2. (well-endowed) samriddh. *research: sanshodhan kar-. Rickshaw: riksha (F). *reserve: rakhun thew-. Rickshaw driver: rikshawala (M). reserved: rakhiw. *ride (on, in): bas-. Reservoir: (lake) talaw (M). *ride a horse: ghodyawar bas-. *resign: rajinama de-. ridiculous: hasyaspad. Resignation: rajinama (M). Right: (just claim) hakk (M). Resolution: nishchay (M). right (correct): barobar, yogya. Respect: man (M); adar (M). right (direction): ujwe. *respect: man de-. right away: lagech. respectable: pratisthit; mananiy. rightwards: ujwya bajula; ujwikade. respected: pratisthit. Rind: sali (F). *respond: uttar de-; dad de-. Ring: (ornament) angthi (F). Response: uttar (N); dad (F). *ring (bell): (I) waj-; (T) wajaw-. Responsibility: jababdari (F). Riot: danga (M); dangal (F). responsible: jabadar. ripe: piklele; tayar jhalele. Rest: aram (m); wishranti (F). *ripen: (I) pik-; (T) pikaw-. rest: (remaining) baki; rahilele; urlele. *rise: (get up) uth-; (as the sun) ugaw-. *rest: Ritual: widhi (M). 1. aram kar-; wishranti ghe-. ritual, according to: widhipurwak. 2. (lean against) (I) tek-; (T) tekaw-. River: nadi (F). Restaurant: restarant (N); hotel (N). Road: rasta, rod (M); marg (M); path *restrain: thopaw-; ala ghal-. (M). Restriction: bandhan (N); nirbandh *roam: bhatak-; hind-. (M). *roast: bhaj-. Restroom (public): swachchhtagrih. *rob: chori kar-; hirawun ne-; daroda Result: ghal- 1. (outcome) nikal (M). Robber: darodekhor (M); chor (M). 2. (consequence) parinam (M). Robbery: chori (F); daroda (M). result (as a result): parinami. Rock: (mass) khadak (M); (stone) *result, to be declared: nikal lag-. dagad (M) *retire: niwritt ho-; ritayar ho-. Role: bhumika (F). retired: niwritt. Roll: (of cloth) taga (M). Retirement: niwritti (F). *roll out: lat-. *retreat: parat-, mage ye-. Rolling pin: latne (N). *return: parat-; parat ye-; parat kar- romantic: romæntik; pranayramya. /de-. Roof: chhappar (N). Revenge: sud (M). Room: kholi (F). *revenge, to take: sud ghe-. Root: mul (N). Revengefulness: sudbuddhi (F). *root, to take: ruj-; mul dhar-. *review: ujalni kar-. Rope: dori (F); dor (M). Revision: ujalni (F). Rose: (bush & flower) gulab (M). Reward: bakshis (N). *rot: nas-; kuj-. Rice: rotten: naske; kujke; kharab. 1. (grain) tandul (M). rough: khadbadit; kharbarit. 2. (cooked) bhat (M). Roughneck: gund (M). 3. (puffed) murmura (M). round: gol. Rice plate: rais plet (F). Route: marg (M). rich: Row: (line) rang (F), ol (F). 1. (wealthy) shrimant. *row (propel a boat): walhaw-. *rub: chol-. saltless: alni. Rubber: rabar (N). salty: kharat. rudimentary: prathamik; thaturmatur. Salvation: moksh (M). Ruin: nash (M). same: tech; ekech. ruins, in: padik. Sample: namuna (M). Rule: *sanction: manjur kar-. 1. (regulation) niyam (M); sanctioned: manjur. 2. (reign) rajya (N). Sand: walu (F); reti (F). *rule: rajya kar-. Sandal: sændal (M); (strapless) ruled (lined): akhiw. chappal (F) Ruler (foot-): phutpatti (F). Sanskrit: sanskrit (N). Run: Sari: 1. (cricket) dhaw (F); 1. sadi (F); patal (N); 2. (musical notes) tan (F). 2. (traditional) lungde (N). *run: Satchel: bæg (F); (schoolbag) daptar 1. dhaw-; pal-. (N). 2. (function) chal-. Satisfaction: samadhan (N). 3. (manage) chalaw-. satisfied: khush; samadhani; tript. running (going; in progress): chalu. *satisfy: samadhan kar-. Rupee: rupaya (M). Saucer: bashi (F). rural: gramin. *saute: parat-. Rural area: gramin bhag (M). savage: ranti. Rust: ganj (M). *save: (T) wachaw-; rakh; thew-. *rust: ganj-. *saved, to be: (I) wach-. Rut: chakori (F). Savings: shillak (F); bachat (F). S savory: khamang. Sack: pote (N). Savory fritter: (M) wada. sacred; pawitra. Saw: karwat (F). sad: duhaki; (saddening) *say: mhan-, sang-. duhakhdayak. say!: aga; aho; are, re. *sad, to feel: (R) wait wat-. Saying: mhan (F). Sadness: duhakh (N). Scale: Sadhu: sadhu (M). 1. (weighing) kata (M); taraju (M). Safe: (strongbox) tijori (F). 2. (portion) praman (N). safe: surakshit; khushal. 3. (of fish) khawla (M). safely: sukhrup. *scale (climb): (I,T) chadh-. Safflower: kardi (F). Scar: wan (M). Saffron: keshar (N). Scarcity: tanchai (F); tutawda (M). saffron-colored: keshari; naringi; Scarf: skarph, maphlar (M); galpatta shendri. (M). Sago (tapioca): sabu dana (F). *scatter (throw about): wiskat-. said: mhanale. scattered: turlak; wikhurlele. Sail: shid (N). Scene: *sail: botine ja-. 1. thikan (N); sthal (N). Saintly person: sant (M). 2. (sight) drishya (N). Salad: koshimbir (F), salad. 3. (narrative) prasang (M); dekhawa Salary: pagar (M); wetan (N). (M). Sale: wikri (F). Scenery: dekhawa (M). Saliva: thunki (F). Schedule: karyakram (M); progræm Salt: mith (N). (M). Scheme: yojna (F). chitnis (M); sekretari (M,F); scheming: labad. sachiw (M,F) School: shala (F); widyalay (N). Sect: panth (M). school, in/of the: shaletle. Section (of city): (F) peth. Science: shastra (N); widnyan (N). Security: surakshitata (F); adhar (M). scientific: shastriy. *see: (T) bagh-, pah-; (R) dis-. Scissors: katri (F). Seed: bi (F); (food) dana (M). *scold: ragaw-; dam de-. Seeds: (NPl) bi-biyane. Scooter: skutar (F). Seeing: darshan (N). Scope: waw (M). Seedling: rop (N). Scorn: tuchchhta (F); titkara (M). *seem: (R) dis-, bhas ho-. *scorn: tuchchh lekh-; seldom: kwachitach. titkara kar-; (R) titkara wat-. *select: niwad-; pasant kar-. Scorpion: winchu (M). self: swatha. *scour: ghas-. Self interest: swarth (M). Scrap:. Self respect: swabhiman (M). 1. (piece) tukda (M); (paper) chithore self-respecting: swabhimani. (N). self-willed: hatti. 2. (of plastic, metal, etc) bhangar selfish: swarthi. (N); *sell: wikat de-; wikri kar-. 3. (scrap paper) raddi (F). Semolina (wheat grains): rawa (M). Scratch: orkhada (M); bochkara (M). *send: pathaw-; dhad-. *scratch: khajaw-; orkhad-; bochkar-. *send away: ghalaw-; ghalawun de-. Screen: jali (F); (curtain) padda (M). senior: siniyar; warishth. Screen door: jali darwaja (M). Sense: akkal, buddhi (F); shahanpana Screw: skru (M). (M). Script: (writing) lipi (F). sensible: shahane; samajutdar. *scrub: ghas-. sensitive: halwe; sanwedanshil. Sculpture: shilp (N). Sentence: Sculptor: shilpkar (M). 1. (words) wakya (N). Scythe: wila (M). 2. (legal) shiksha (F). Sea: samudra (M); sagar (M). *sentence: shiksha de-. Search: shodh (M). separate: *search: shodh-. 1. nirale; wegle; nirnirale. Seashore: samudrakinara (M). 2. (loose) sute. Season: *separate: wegle ho-/kar-; wibhakte 1. ritu (M); sijhan (M); ho-. 2. (of harvest: fruit, etc) bahar (M). separately: nirale; wegle; nirnirale. Seat: (place) jaga (F); baithak (F). Series: malika (F). *seat (install): basaw-. serious: gambhir; (ill) siriyas. Second: (unit of time) sekand (M). Seriouness: gambhirpana (M). second: dusre Sermon: prawachan (N). Second class: sekand klas; dusra warg. Servant: nokar, gadi (M); bai, second time: dusryanda. molkarin (F). secondary: gaun; duyyam. *serve sewa kar-; (a meal): wadh-. secondary (of education): madhyamik. Service: nokri (F); sewa (F). Secret: gupit (N); rahasya (N). Sesame seed: til (M). secret: gupt. Session: baithak (F); satra (N). Section: bhag (M); wibhag (M). Set: (group) sanch (M); set (M). Secretary: *set: 1. (set forth) mand-. Ship: jahaj (N); bot (F). 2. (set up, display) mand-; that-. Shirt: sadra (M); shart (M); kudta (M). 3. (as the sun) mawal-. shiver: tharthar. *set out (leave) : nigh-; chal-. *shiver: kap-; kudkud-; (R) hudhudi *settle: bhar- 1. (a dispute) mitaw-. Shock: dhakka (M); shak (M). 2. (take up residence) sthayik ho-. *shock, to get a: (R) dhakka/shak bas-. *settled, to be (a dispute): (I) mit-. Shoe: but (M), joda (M). Settlement: wasahat (F); (small) wasti Shoemaker: chambhar (M). (F). *shoot: goli mar-; goli ghal-. several: kityek. Shop: dukan (N). severe: kadak; tiwra. Shopkeeper: dukandar (M). *sew: shiw-. Shopping: Sewing: shiwankam (N); shilai (F). bajar (M); shaping (N); kharedi Sewing machine: shiwanache mashin (F). (N). *shopping, to do: bajar kar-, shaping Shade: sawali (F); (of color) chhata kar-. (F). Shore: kinara (M). Shadow: sawali (F); chhaya (F). short: *shake: (T) halaw-; (tremble) kap-. 1. (in length) akhud. *shake out: jhatak-. 2. (in height) butke; thengne. shallow: uthal. short, in: thodkyat. Shame: laj (F); sharam (F). Shortage: tanchai (F); tutawda (M). shameless: nirlajj; besharam. Shorts: chaddi (F). Shampoo: Shoulder: khanda (M). shampu (M); (-ing pods) shikekai Shout: aroli (F). (F). *shout: orad-. Shantytown: jhopadpatti (F). Shouting: orda (M); orda-orda M). Shape: akar (M). *shove: dhakal-. *shape: (T) ghadaw-; (to give) akar Show: (performance) prayog (M). de-. *show: dakhaw-. *shape, to take: akar ghe-. Shower (rain): sar (F). Share: bhag (M); wata (M); hissa (M). *shower, for there to be a: sar pad-. *share: watun ghe-; watni kar-. Shrew (musk rat) chichundri (M). sharp: shrewd: dhurt; chatur. 1. (a knife) dhar. *shrink: at-; akunchan paw-. 2. tiwra. *shut (fastened): (I) lag-. *sharpen: dhar law-. *shut: (T) band kar-; law-; (eyes) mit-. Sharpness: dhar (F); tiwrata (F). shy: lajre; bujre. *shatter: phut-; phod-. *shy, to be: laj-; buj-; sankoch kar-. *shave: dadhi kar-. Shyness: laj (F). Sheep: mendhru (N); mendhi (F). Sibling: bhawand (N). Sheet: (bedcover) chadar (F). sick: ajari. Sheet metal: patra (M). *sick, to be: ajari pad-. sheet metal, made of: patryache. sickly: rogat. Shelf: shelph (N); ghadwanchi (F). Sickness: ajar (M). Shell: (egg, etc) tarphal (N); kawach Side: baju (F). (N). side, on this: alikade. Shelter: niwara (M). side, on the far: palikade. Sherbet: sarbat (N). side (on the far side of): -palikade. Sieve: chalni (F); (screen) jali (F). *skip (leave out): wagal-; gal-. *sieve: chal- Skirt: parkar (M); skart (M). Sigh: suskara (M); nihashwas (M). Sky: akash (N). *sigh: suskara sod-; suskara tak-. slack: sail; dhile. Sight: slanting: tirpe; tirke. 1. najar; drishti (F). Slate: pati (F). 2. (scene) drishya (N). Slave: gulam (M). Sign: Slavery: gulamgiri (F). 1. chinha (N); khun (F). Sleep: jhop (F); nidra (F) 2. (board) pati (F). *sleep: jhop-; nij-, jhopi ja-. Signature: sahi (F). *sleepy, feel: jhop ye-. Significance: Sleeve: bahi (F). 1. (meaning) arth (M); ashay (M). slender: radpatal; barik. 2. (importance) mahattwa (N). Slice: tukda (M); phod (F). Silence: *slice (dice): ubhe kap-. 1. (quiet) shantata (F). *slide: (I) ghasar-, sark-; (T) sarkaw-. 2. (refraining from speech) maun slightly: kinchit; jarese. (N). Slingshot: gophan (F). *silence, to observe: maun pal-. *slip off: (I) nisat-., sut-. silent: gapp, muke. Slope: (down) utar (M); (up) chadh *silent, to remain: gapp bas-. (M). silently: gapchup. sloppy: gabale. Silk: reshim (N); silken: reshmi. slow: mand. Silver: chandi (F). slowly: sawkash; haluhalu; mand. silver, made of: chandiche. Slum (crowded hutment): jhopadpatti similar: -sarkhe. (F). Similarity: samya (N); sarkhepana small: chhote; lahan. (M). smart: hushar, chalakh; (burning) ag similarly: tyachpramane; tasech. ho-. simple: (plain) sadhe; (easy) sope. smeared (with food leavings) : Sin: pap (N). kharkate. since: pasun. Smell: *sing: ga-; mhan- (also means “say”). 1. was (M); gandh (M). Singer: gayak (M), gayika (F). 2. (good) suwas (M); sugandh (M). Singing: gayan (N). 3. (bad) durgandh (M). single: ekulte; ekte; (unmarried) Smile: smit (N); smit hasya (N). awiwahit *smile: has-; smit kar-. *sink: (I) bud-; (T) budaw-. Smoke: dhur (M). Sister: bahin (F). *smoke: (I) dhumas-; (cigar etc) odh-, Sister-in-law: mehuni (F). pi-. *sit, sit down: bas-. smooth: Situation: sthiti, paristhiti (F). 1. (even, level) sarkhe; saph; sapat. Size: akar (M); saij (M). 2. (not rough) gulgulit; nital. Skeleton: sangada (M); sapla (M). 3. (polished speech/manner) Skill: kaushalya (N); saphai (F). saphaidar. skilled: kushal; tarbej; patait; kaslele. smoothly: suralit. Skin: *smuggle: chorti ayat/niryat kar-. 1. katdi (F); (animal) katde (N); Smuggler: taskar (M); smaglar (M). 2. (rind) sal (F). Smuggling: chorti ayat/niryat (F). skinny: hadkule; rod. Snack: pharal, khau (M); nyahari (F). *snack: pharal kar-; khau kha-. Sorghum: jwari (F); jondhla (M); shalu Snake: (Cobra: nag) sap (M). (M). *snatch: hiskaw-; (pick a pocket) mar-. Sorrow: duhakh (N); khed (M). Sneeze: shink (F). sorry (interj.) sari. *sneeze: shink-. Sort: jat (F); prakar (M); tarha (F). Snow: barph (N); him (N). Sound: awaj (M); nad (M). *snow: barph pad-; himwarshaw ho-. *sound: (I) waj-. snow-white: pandhre shubhra. Soup (juice): ras (M). Snowfall: himwarshaw (M). sour: ambat. so (therefore): mhanun. Source: ugam (M). so much: ikte. South: dakshin (F). *soak (clothes, food): (I) bhij-.; (T) Sowing: perni (F). bhijaw-. Soybean: soyabin (N). Soap: saban (M). Space: jaga (F); (of time) awkash (M). Soap-bar: Space, outer: awkash (M); antaral (N). sabanachi wadi (F); sabanbar (M). Spare time: phawla wel (M); sawad Sob: hundka (M). (F). *sob: hundka de-. sparse: turlak. Soccer: phutbal (M). *speak: bol-. social: samajik. special: khas; wishesh. Society: samaj (M). specially: wishesh; wisheshkarun. Sock: moja (M). Species: jat (F). soft: mau. specific: wishisht. Soil: (earth) mati (F); (dirt) mal (M). Spectacles: chashma (M). soiled: malke; malkat. Speech: *soiled, to get: mal-. 1. bolne (N); bhashan (N). Soldier: sainik (M); shipai (M); jawan 2. (power of) wacha (F); wani (F). (M). Speed: weg (M); jor (M). Sole: talwa (M); talpay (M). *spend: kharch-; kharch kar-. solemn: gambhir. Spice: masala (M). solid: ghan, ghatt; (strong) majbut. spiceless (plain): phikke. Solution: todga (M); uttar (N). spicy: tikhat; masaledar. *solve: sodaw-. Spider: koli (M). some: kahi; (unspecif. person etc) *spill: sand-. ekhade. *spin: somebody/someone: konitari. 1. (turn) (I) phir-; (T) phiraw. somehow: kasatari. 2. (spin thread) sut kadh-. something: kahitari. Spinach: palak (M). sometime: kadhitari; kewhatari. Spine: kana (M). sometime or other: pudhemage. Spirit (methylated): spirit. (N) sometimes: kadhikadhi; kadhimadhi. Spit: thunki (F). somewhat: kahise; jara; thodephar. *spit: thunk-. somewhere: kuthetari. spoiled: somewhere (from s.) kuthuntari. 1. (gone bad) kharab; (rotten) nasle. somewhere else: dusrikade. 2. (of a child) ladawlele. Son: mulga, lek (M). spontaneously: apoap; sahaji. Son-in-law: jawai (M). Spoon: Song: gane (N); git (N). chamcha (M); (teaspoon) chamchi soon: lawkar. (F). sooner or later: magunpudhun. Sports: khel (M Pl), krida (F). Sports club: jimkhana (M). Statement: widhan (N); jabab (M). Spot: timb (N); thipka (M); (stain) dag Station: (M). 1.steshan (N); *sprained, to be: murgal-. 2. (police) chauki (F); thane (N). *spray: phawar mar-. Stationery store: (N) steshanariche Spread-out things: pasara (M). dukan *spread: Statistics: (figures) akdewari (F). 1. (bedding etc) pasar-; anthar-. Statue: putla (M). 2. (as ink on paper) phut-. Status: *spread out: (I) pasar-; (T) pasaraw-. 1. darja (M); sthan (N); Spread-out things: pasara (M). 2. (high-) pratishtha (F). *sprinkle: shimpad-; shidkawa kar-. *stay: Sprout: phut (F); komb (M); mod (M). 1. rah-; mukkam kar- *sprout: phut-; mod ye-. 2. (settle, of a group) wasti kar. Spy: her (M); guptaher (M). Staying: mukkam (M). *spy: hergiri kar-. *steal: chori kar-; chor-. Spying: hergiri (F). Steam: waph (F). Square: chauk (M). *steam: waph ukad-; waph kar-. *squeeze: (press) dab-, awal-; (wring) steaming: waphalate. pil-. Steel: polad (N); (stainless steel) stil Squirrel, chipmunk: khar (F). (N). Stability: sthairya (N). steel (stainless), made of: stilche. stable: sthir. steep: ubhya chadhache. Stack: gaththa (M). Step: paul (N); (of staircase) payri (F). Stage: payri (F); tappa (M). *step: paul tak-. Stain: dag (M). Stick: kathi (F); (small stick) kadi (F). Stair: payri (F). *stick: (I) chikat-; (T) chikataw-. Staircase: jina (M). sticky: chikat. stale: shile. stiff: (erect) tath; (not soft) kadak. Stamina: dam (M); takad (F). still: Stamp: 1. (yet) ajun; ajunparyant. 1. (post) tikit (N). 2. (nevertheless) tari; tarisuddha. 2. (imprint) shikka (M); chhap (M). 3. (quiet) shant. *stand: (I) ubhe rah-; (T) ubhe kar-. 4. (unmoving) stabdh; sthir. Standard: still yet: tarihi. 1. (level) darja (M); 2. (grade) iyatta *stir: halaw-; dhawal-. (F). Stitch: taka M). standing: ubhe. *stitch: shiw-. Stapler: (M) steplar. Stomach: pot (N). Star: tara (M); chandni (F). Stomachache: potdukhi (F). *stare: tak lawun pah-. *stomachache, to have a: pot dukh-. Start: surwat/suruwat (F). Stone: dagad (M); (small) khad,; gota *start: (M). 1. (T) chalu kar-; suru/surwat kar-. stone (made of): dagadi. 2. (I) chalu ho-; suru ho-. Stool: (N) stul. 3. (of a train, bus etc) sut-. Stop: (for bus) stap; thamba. State: *stop: (I) thamb-; (T) thambaw-, 1. rajya (N). adaw- 2. (condition) sthiti (F); awastha (F). Stopper: buch (N). State transport (bus line): es ti. Store: dukan (N); bhandar (N); satha *study: abhyas kar-; shik-. (M). Stuff: mal (M); saman (N). *store: satha kar-; sathaw-. *stuff: komb-. Stored materials: satha (M). *stumble: adkhal-. Storey (floor): majla (M). Stump: khunt (M). Story: stupid: murkh; bawlat; dha. 1. hakikat (F); gosht (F); katha (F); Stupidity: murkhpana, bawlatpana 2. (short) laghukatha (F). (M). Storm: wadal (N). sturdy: sashakta; balkat; dankat. Story: katha (F); gosht (F). Style: stout: jad; lathth. 1. (fashion) phæshan (F); paddhat Stove (earth): chul (F). (F). straight: saral; saralsot. 2. (elegance) dimakh (M). straightforward: saral. 3. (literary) shaili (F). Strain: tan (M). Subject: wishay (M). strange: *submerge: budaw-. 1. (peculiar) wichitra; chamatkarik. *submerged, to be: bud-; panyakhali 2. (unknown) anolakhi; parke. ja-. Stranger: anolakhi manus (M). Subscription: wargni (F). Stream: prawah (M); (brook) odha Success: yash (N). (M). successful: yashaswi. Street: rasta, rod (M); marg (M); path such a: ase, itke. (M). such a big: ewdhe. Strength: shakti, takad (F); bal (N); jor *suck: chokh-; shosh-, shoshun ghe-. (M). *suckle: (T) paj-; (I) (angawar) pi-. Stress: (emphasis) jor (M); (strain) tan suddenly: ekdam; ekaeki; achanak. (M). *suffer: duhakh bhog-. *stretch (I) lamb-; (T) lambaw-. sufficient: purese; purte; -potapurte Strike: samp (M). *sufficient, to be: bhag-; (R) pur-. *strike: Sugar: sakhar (F); (coarse brown) gul 1. (beat) mar-; han-; war kar-. (M). 2. (go on strike) samp kar-. Sugarcane: us (M); (-trash) pachat (N). String: dora (M), dori (F); sutli (F). *suggest: suchna kar-, suchaw-. Strip: patti (F). Suggestion: suchna (F). Stripe: patta (M). *suggestion, to make a: suchna kar-. *stroll: phir-, phirayla ja-. Suit (of clothes): poshakh (M); sut strong: (M). 1. (physique) dankat; balkat, *suit (find to one’s liking): (R) balwan. manaw-. 2. (of a structure) majbut; bhakkam. Suitability: yogyata (F); patrata (F). 3. (of a drink) kadak. suitable: yogya; -yogya, -joge, -jogte. 4. (of language) kadak; jordar. Suitcase: peti (F); bæg (F). Struggle: dhadpad (F); chalwal (F). *sulk: rus-. *struggle: dhadpad kar-; chalwal kar-. Sum: berij (F). Stubble: khunt (M Pl). Summer: unhala (M). *stuck, to get: chikat-; (obstructed) Summit: shikhar (N). adak-. Sun: surya (M). Student: widyarthi (M), widyarthini *sun (for sun to shine): un pad-. (F). Sunflower seed: suryaphul dana (M). Study: abhyas (M). Sunlight: 1. suryaprakash (M); Syrup: pak (M). 2. (heat/glare) un (N). System: paddhati (F). Sunrise: suryoday (M). T Sunset: suryast (M). Table: mej, tebal (N). superficial: warwarche; thaturmatur. Table tennis: pingpang (M). *supervise: dekhrekh kar-. Tablet: goli (F). Supervision: dekhrekh (F). Tag: (game) shiwashiwi (F). Supervisor: suparwayjhar (M). *tag: shiw-. Supply: purawtha (M). Tail: shepti (F). *supply: puraw-. Tailor: shimpi, telar (M). Support: *take: ghe-. 1. adhar (M); paya (M); *take away: gheun ja-; ne-. 2. (backing) pathimba (M) *take a photo: (photo) kadh-. *support: *take back: parat ghe-. 1. adhar de-. *take carre of: sambhal-. 2. (supply maintenance) pos-; *take off (clothes): kadh-; (plane) ud-. sambhal- *take out: kadh-. 3. (back up) pathimba de-. *take place: ghad-, ho-. sure (for sure) nakki; (surely) khatrine. Talent: gunwatta (F); kaishalya (N); *sure, to be: khatri as-. kala (F). Surname: adnaw (N). Talk: bolne (N); bhashan (N). Surprise: ashcharya; nawal. *talk: bol-. *surprised, be: (R) ashcharya/nawal talkative: badbade; gappishth. wat-, tall: unch. ashcharyachakit/thakk ho-. Tamarind: chinch (F). *surrender: sharan ja-/ye-. Tangerine: santre (N). surrounding: bhowtalche. Tangle: gunta (M). Surroundings: parisar (M). Tank: Survey: pahni (F). 1. taki (F); haud (M); *survive: wach-, jag-; (of things) tik-. 2. (artificial lake) talaw (M). *suspect: (R) shanka wat-, sanshay Tap: nal (M). wat-. Tape: phit; (measuring/recording) tep Suspicion: shanka (F); sanshay (M). (F). *swallow: gil-. Tape recorder: (M) tep rekardar. Sweat: gham (M). Tariff: tæriph (M). *sweat: (R) gham ye-. Taste: chaw (F). Sweater: swetar (M). *taste: chaw ghe-; chakh-. *sweep: jhad-, jhadlot kar-, jhadu mar- taut: tath; tanlele. . Tax: kar (M). Sweeping: jhadlot (F). *tax: kar basaw-. *sweeping, to do the: jhadlot kar-. Taxi: tæksi (F). sweet: god; madhur. Tea: chaha (M,F). Sweets: mithai (F); khau (M). *teach: shikaw-. *swell: (inflate) phug-; (edema) suj-. Teacher: shikshak (M), shikshika (F). Swelling: suj (F). Teak: sag, sagwan (M). swiftly: bharabhar. Team: sangh (M). *swim: poh-. Tear (drop) ashru (M). Swing: jhopala (M); jhoka (M). *tear: (I) phat-; (T) phad-. Sword: talwar (F); tarwar (F). *tears, to shed: ashru dhal-. Sympathy: sahanubhuti (F). *tease: tingal kar-; cheshta kar-. Teasing: tingal (F); cheshta (F); thatta Theator: thiyetar (N); natakgrih (N). (F). Theft: chori (F). technical: tantrik. then: tewha; mag; (later) nantar. technically: tantrikdrishtya. then (since then): tewhapasun. Technique: tantra (N). then (till then) tewhaparyant. Telegram: tar (F). then (just then) tewdhyat. *telegraph: tar kar-. there: tithe; (that way: thither) tikde. Telephone: phon (M); teliphon. there, from: tithun; tikdun; tithapasun. Telephone call: (M) phon. there, up to: tithaparyant. *telephone: phon kar-. therefore: mhanun. Television: tiwhi, teliwhijan thereupon: tewdhyat. *tell: sang-. Thesis: prabandh (N). Temper: swabhaw (M); ragitpana (M). thick: dat; ghatt; jad. Temperament: swabhaw (M). Thickness: jadi (F). Temperature: Thief: chor (M). 1. tapman (N); ushnataman (N). Thigh: mandi (F). 2. (fever) tap (M). thin: *temperature, to get a: (R) tap ye-. 1. (consistency, breadth, density) Temple: deul (N); mandir (N). patal. temporary/temporarily: tatpurte. 2. (sheer) jhirjhirit; (threadbare) Tenant: bhadekaru (M). wirwirit Tendency: kal (M). 3. (skinny) hadkule; rod. tender: kowle; premal. 4. (fine) barik. Tenement: chal (F). Thing: tense (taut) tang; tanlele. 1. wastu (F); gosht (F); dag (M); Tension: tan (M); tanaw (M). jinnas (M); Tent: tambu (M); (small nomadic) pal 2. padarth (M); (things) saman (N). (N). *think: (T) wichar kar-; (R) wat-. Term: (fixed period) mudat (F). third: tisre. Terrace: gachchi (F). Thirst: tahan (F). terrible: bhayankar; bhayanak. thirsty: tahanele. terribly: bhayankar; atishay. *thirsty, to feel (R) tahan lag-. Terror: this (like this): ase, (this sort) asle. dahashat (F); (fear) bhay (N), bhiti Thorn: kata (M). (F). though: jari. Terrorism: dahashatwad (M). Thought: wichar (M). Terrorist: dahashatwadi (M). thousand: hajar. Test: chachni (F); pariksha (F). Thread: dhaga, dora (M); (cotton) sut *test: chachni ghe; pariksha ghe-. (N). *test, to take a: pariksha de-. Threat: dhamaki (F). Testimony: saksh (F). *threaten: dhamaki de-. Textbook: kramik pustak, tekstbuk three (of persons): tighe. (N). three-fourths (3/4): paun. Textile: kapad (N). *thresh: mal-. th (ordinal number suffix after 4th): - Threshing: malni (F). we. Threshold: umbartha (M). than: -peksha. thrice: tinda. thanks: thenkyu; (much) dhanyawad. Thrift: katkasar (F). thanks (I’m grateful): abhari ahe. *thrive: pos-; bharbharat ho-. that is: mhanje. Throat: gala (M); (inside) ghasa (M). *throat, to have a sore: ghasa dukh-. together: ekatra; -barobar. Throne: gadi (F); (“lion-thr.”) Toilet: sandas, bathrum, toylet (M). simhasan (N). Tomato: tamato (M). through: -madhun, -tun. tomorrow: udya. through the agency of: -marphat. Ton: tan (M). *throw: tak-; phek-. Tone: swar (M); sur (M). *throw off: phekun de-; jhugarun de-. Tonga (horse-carriage): tanga (M). *throw out: ghalaw-, baher kadh-. Tongue: jibh (F). Thumb: angtha (M). tonight: aj ratri. *thumb through: chal-. too: -suddha, -hi. thus: tase. Tool: awjar (N); hatyar (M). Ticket: tikit (N). Tooth: dat (M). *tidy: nitnetake awar-. Toothbrush: (M) tuthbrash. Tie: bandhan (N). Toothpaste: (F) tuthpest. *tie: bandh- torn: phatke; phatlele. Tiger: wagh (M). Total: berij (F). tight/tightly: ghatt. totally: par; purnpane. *tighten: awal; ghatt kar-. Touch: sparsh (M). Time: *touch: shiw-; sparsh kar-. 1. (duration) wel, kal (M). tough: nibar; jun. 2. (occasion) wel (F). Tour: phirti (F); daura (M). Time (free time): sawad (F). *tour, to go on: phirtiwar ja-; daura time (all the time): rahun rahun. kar-. time (at that time): tya weli. towards: -kade. time (from time to time): Towel: tawel (M). adhunmadhun; Tower: manora (M). kadhikadhi; kadhimadhi. Town: nagar (N); gaw (N). time (on time) welewar. Toy: khelne (N). time (what time is it?): kiti wajle? Tractor: træktar (M). time (at what time?) kiti wajta? Trade: dhanda (M); wyapar (M). times (follows a number, ekda: ‘once’): Tradition: parampara (F). -da. traditional: paramparik. Timetable: welapatrak (N); taimtebal Traffic: rahadari (F); wahatuk (F). (N). Trailer: trali (F). timid: bhitre. Train: aggadi, gadi (F); (express) Tip: (end) tok (N); (fee) bakshis (N); ekspres (F) tip (F). *train: shikaw-; shikshan de-. *tip: (fall) kaland-. trained: shiklele; kushal; kaslele. *tire (become tired): dam-; thak-. Training: shikshan (N); trening (N). tired: damlele. Tranquility: shanti (F). *tired of: (R) kantala ye-. Transfer: badali (F). to: -la, -war, -at, -kade, -pashi. transparent: paradarshak. to (eg, from one to ten: ‘ek te daha’): Trash: kachara (M); ker (M). te. Translation: bhashantar (M). *toast: bhaj-. *translate: bhashantar kar-. today: aj. Transport: wahatuk (F). Toe: *transport: wahatuk kar-. 1. payache bot (N); Trap: sapla (M); (snare) phas (M). 2. (big) payacha angtha (M). *trap: saplyat pakad-; kondi kar-. Toenail: (N) nakh. Travel: prawas (M). *travel: prawas kar-. two or three (a few): dontin. Traveller: prawasi (M). Type: prakar (M); tarha (F). Treasury: trejhari (F); khajina (M). type (of a type): prakarche, tarheche. Treat (“eats”): (M) khau. Typewriter: taipraytar (M). *treat: U 1. (behave towards) wagaw-. ugly: kurup. 2. (as a doctor) upchar kar-. Umbrella: chhatri (F). Treatment: ilaj (M); upchar (M). Umpire: panch (M). Tree: jhad (N); wriksh (M). unbroken: (whole)akhand; tremendous: prachand. (intact)shabut. Trial: chachni (F); (court) khatla (M). Uncle: Tribe: toli (F). 1. (father’s brother) kaka (M); chulta *trim: kap-; chhat-. (M). Trip: 2. (mother’s brother) mama (M). 1. sahal (F); trip (F); wari (F); uncomfortable: (uneasy) aswasth. prawas (M). unconscious: beshuddh. 2. (fruitless) helpata (M); kheta (M uncontrolled: bepham; anirbandh. Pl). uncultivated (fallow): padik. triple: tippat. under: -khali, khalun. trivial: phaltu; kshullak; mamuli. under supervision: hatakhali. Trouble: tras (M); katkat (F). underneath: khali. Trousers: pænt. Underpants: chaddi (F). Truck: trak (M); lari (F). Undershirt: ganjiphrak (M); baniyan true: khare; satya. (M). truly: khare; kharokhar; kharekhure. *understand: (T) samaj-; (R) samaj-, Trunk: trank, peti (F); (tree) khod (N). kal-. Truth: satya (N). *undertake (take in hand): hati ghe-. Try: prayatna (M). underway: suru; chalu. *try: prayatna kar-. unemployed: bekar. Tube: nali (F); tyub (F). Unemployment: bekari (F). Tuition: shikawni (F). unengaged: mokle; rikame. *tumble down: dhasal-; kosal-. uneven: khadbadit; wisham. Tune: chal (F). unexpected: anapekshit. Tunnel: bogda (F). unexpectedly: anapeksjhitpane; Turban: achanak. mundase, pagote (N); pheta (M); unfinished: apurn. pagdi (F). unfortunate: durdaiwi. Turmeric: halad (plural: haldi) (F). unfortunately: durdaiwane. *turn: (I) wal-, phir-; (T) walaw-, unhappy: duhakhi. phiraw-. unimportant: phaltu; jhullak. *turn away: ghalaw-. uninteresting: kantalwana; noras; *turn on: law-. ruksh. *turn off: band kar-. uninterruptedly: akhand; khal na *turn over: ulat-; ulath-. padta. twice: donda. unirrigated: jirait; kordwahu. Twig: kadi (F); (dry twig) katki (F). Unity: ekya (N); eki (F). Twin/twins: jule/juli (N). Universe: wishwa (N). *twist: (I) murgal-; (T) murgal-, University: yuniwharsiti (F); pirgal-. widyapith (N). two (of persons): doghe. unmarried: awiwahit. unnecessary: anawshyak. Valley: dari (F). unnecessarily: winakaran; Value: ugach/ugich. 1. mulya (N); unoccupied: rikame; mokle. 2. (price) mulya (N), kimmat (F). unorganized: asanghatit. Variety: jat (F); prakar (M). *unravel: ulgad-; ukal-. various: nirnirale; wegwegle. unrealistic/unreasonable: awastaw. Veda: wed (M). unripe: kachche. vedic: waidik. *unroll: ulgad-. Vegetable: bhaji (F); (leafy) palebhaji until: -paryant, -war. (F). until then: toparyant; towar. Vegetable curry: bhaji (F); rassa (M). untouchable: asprishya; dalit. Vegetable seller: malin (F); bhajiwala unusual: wilakshan. (M). unwieldy: bojad. vegetarian: shakahari. up: war, -war. Vegetarian food: shakahar. up to (until): -paryant, -war. Vehicle: wahan (N). *up, get: uth-. Veranda: wharanda (M); osari (F). Upbringing: sanskar (M Pl); sangopan very: pushkal; phar; khup; atishay; (N). agdi. upper: warche. very much: atishay. Upper storey: madi (F); warcha majla Vessel (cooking) bhande (N). (M). via: -marge, -tun. upright: ubhe. Vice (addiction): wyasan (N). Ups and downs: chadhutar (M Pl). vicinity, in the: -aspas, -jawalpas. upside down: ulate. Victim: bali (M). upstairs: war; warti; warchya Victory: jay, wijay (M); (success) majlyawar. yash (M). urban: shahari. Viewing: darshan (N). Urge: (desire) ichchha (F). Vilification: ninda (F). *urge: agrah kar-. *vilify: ninda kar-. Urging: agrah (M). Village: khede (N); khedegaw (N). Urinal: (F) mutari. Villager: gawkari (M). Urine: mut, mutra (N); laghwi (F). Villain: (of a story) khalnayak (M). *urinate: laghwi kar-; mut-. Vine: wel (M,F). *urinate, go to: laghwila ja-. Vinegar: siraka (M). Use: upyog (M); wapar (M). Violence: himsachar (M). *use: wapar-, upyog kar-. *visible, be: (I) dis-. *used up, be: samp-. Vision: drishti (F). useful: upyukta. Visit: bhet (F). useless: nirupyogi. *visit: bhet-; bhet de-. usual: nehmiche. Voice: usually: bahudha/bahutek; awaj (M); (singing voice) gala, samanyapane usually (not usually): awaj (M). sahasa nahi. Volunteer: swayansewak (M). *utter: uchchar-. Vomiting: ulti (F); wanti (F); okari (F). V *vomit: (R) ulti ho-; okari ho-. Vacation: suti (F). Vote: mat (N). Vaccine: las (F). *vote: matdan kar-. Vacuum: pokli (F). Voting: matdan (N). vague: mogham. Vow: wrat (N); pratidnya (F). W way (in that way): tyapramane. Wages: weak: pagar (M); (for manual labor) 1. (lacking vitality) ashakta. majuri (F). 2. (powerless) dubale; durbal. Waist: kambar, kamar (F). Weakness: ashaktapana, dublepana *wait: thamb-. (M). *wait for someone: wat pah-. Wealth: paisa (M); shrimanti, sampatti *wake up: (I) uth-, jage ho-; (T) (F) uthaw-. Weapon: hatyar (N); shastra (N). *walk: chal-; chalat ye-; chalat ja-. *wear (put on): ghal-; (wraparound) *walk, to go for a: phir-, phirayla ja-. nes-. Walking: chalne (N). *wear out: (I) jhij-. Wall: bhint (F). *wear down: (T) jhijaw-. Wallet: pakit (N); paishache pakit (N). Weather: hawa (F); hawaman (N). *wander: bhatak-; hind-, phir-. *weave: win-. *want: (R) pahije, ichchha as-, hawe Weaver: winkar (M); koshti (M). as-. Wedding: lagna (N). *want (not to want): (R) nako/naka. Wedding invitation card: lagna patrika War: ladhai (F); yuddh (N). (F). warm: garam; ubdar; (lukewarm) Week: athawda (M). komat. weekly: saptahik. Warmth: ub (F); ushnata (F). *weed: khurap-; khurpan kar-. *wash: dhu-; (dishes) ghas-. Weeding: khurpan (F). *wash the floor: pochara mar-. *weigh: wajan kar-; wajan as-. *wash one’s hair: nha-. Weight: wajan (N). Washerman: parit (M); dhobi (M). Welcome: swagat (N). Washing: dhune (N). *welcome: swagat kar-. *washing, to do the: dhune dhu-. Well (water storage): wihir (F). Waste: kachara (M); (-paper) raddi well: (F). 1. (in a good manner) changle; *waste: udaw-, ghalaw-; phukat chhan. ghalaw-. 2. (without a hitch) suralit. wasted: phukat; waya. 3. (in good health) bare; khushal. Watch (timepiece): ghadyal (N). well arranged: wyawasthit. *watch: pah-, bagh-. well cooked: purn shijawle. Watchman: rakhandar (M); wachman well done: shabas! (M). West: pashchim (F). Water: pani (N). western: pashchattya. *water: pani de-; bhijaw-. wet: ole. Waterfall: dhabdhaba (M). *wet: (T) bhijaw-. Water heater: bamb (M). *wet, to get: (I) bhij-; ole ho-. watery: panchat; (thin) patal. Wetness: olawa (M); ol (F). Wave: (ocean etc) lat (F). what: kay; (which) konte. *wave: hat kar-, hat halaw-. what (of what): (what sort) kashache. Way: what kind of: kasle. 1. (road, path) wat (F); marg, rasta Wheel: chak (N). (M). when: kadhi; kewha. 2. (manner) paddhat (F); rit (F), when ... then: jewha ... tewha. tarha (F). where: kuthe, kuthun. way (in the way): -ad. where ... there: jithe ... tithe; jikde ... Wisdom: shahanpana (M), dnyan (N). tikde. wise: shahane. where (from where): kuthpasun; Wish: ichchha (F); marji (F). kuthun. with: -kade; -jawal; -shi; -pashi; - where (up to where) kuthparyant. sakat. which: konte, kuthle; konkonte with (along with): -sobat, -barobar. (plural). *withdraw (take out): kadh-. While (long/short): barach/thoda wel *wither: (I) komej-, galun pad-. (M). within: at, -at. while, in a little: thodya welane. without: (except with) -shiway, - while, once in a: kadhikadhi. wachun. while ... then: jar ... tar. Woman: bai (F); stri (F). *whine: radgane ga-. Wonder: nawal (N). Whining: radgane (N). Wood, piece of wood: lakud (N). whining, given to: radya. wooden: lakdache. Whip: chabuk (M). Woods: jangal (N). Whisper: kujbuj (F). Wool: lokar (F). *whisper: kujbuj-. woolen: lokri; lokriche. Whistle: shitti (F). Word: shabda (M). *whistle: shitti wajaw-, shitti mar-. Work: white: pandhre; saphet. 1. kam (N); karya (N); (job) nokri whitish: pandhrat. (F). who: kon. 2. (on daily wages) rojgar (M). whole: 3. (hard) shram (M Pl). 1. (entire): sagle; sampurn. 4. (hard physical) kasht (M Pl). 2. (unbroken) akhand. *work: kam kar-, mehnat kar-. 3. (intact) shabut. Worker: whole (the whole ... full): -bhar. 1. kamgar (M); (servant) nokar. whole (on the whole): ekandar; ekun. 2. (clerk) karkun, klark (M). wholesome: sakas; arogyadayak. World: whose: konache. 1. jag (N); duniya (F). why: ka; kashasathi; kashala. 2. (temporal) samsar (M). Wick: wat (F). Worm: ali (F); (parasite) jantu (N). wide: rund. wormy: kidke; kidlele. Widow(er): widhur (M); widhwa (F). worn out: jhijlele. Width: rundi (F); (of cloth) panha (M). *worn out, to get: jhij-. Wife: bayko (F); patni (F). Worry: kalji (F); chinta (F). wild: jangli. worry, free from: nishchint. wildly: bephampane. *worry: kalji kar-; chinta kar-. *win: jink-. Worship: puja (F); (Muslim) namaj Wind: wara (M). (M). *wind a clock: killi de-. Worthiness: layaki (F); patrata (F). Window: khidki (F); (small) jharoka worthy: layak; patra. (M). Wound: jakham (F). Wing: pankh (M). *wound: ghayal kar-; dukhaw-. *winnow: pakhad-; waraw-; wadhaw-. wounded: jakhmi; ghayal. Winter: hiwala (M). *wrap around: gundal-; lapet-. *wipe: pus-. Wrestler: mall (M); pahilwan (M). *wipe off with fingers: nipat-. Wrestling: kusti (F). Wire: tar (F). *wrestle: kusti khel-; kusti kar-. *wring: pil-. yes: ho; hoy; (yes indeed!) ho ki! Wrinkle: surkuti (F). yesterday: kal. *wrinkled, to get: surkut-; churgal-. yet: ajun. *write: lihi-. yet (not just yet): ajun nahi. Writer: lekhak (M), lekhika (F). Yield: utpann (N). Writing: lekhan (N). *yield: utpann de-. written: lekhi. Yogurt: dahi (N). wrong: chukiche. young: tarun, lahan. Y younger: dhakte; lahan. Yard: (of house) angan (N); (3 feet) Youth: jawan, tarun (M); tarunya (N). war (M) Z Year: warsh (N); sal (N). Zeal: utsah (M). year (in this year): hyawarshi. zealous: utsahi. year (this year): yanda. Zero: shunya (N). yellow: piwle. Zoo: pranisangrahalay (N). Irregular verbs: special stem forms with past tense. bagh- (baghitle); bhi- (bhyale); de- (dile); dhu- (dhutle); ga- (gayle); ghal- (ghatle); ghe- (ghetle); ho- (jhale); ja- (gele); kar- (kele); kha- (khalle); lih/lihi- (lihile); mag- (magitle); mar- (mele); mhan- (mhanale/mhatle); mil- (milale); nigh- (nighale); pah- (pahile); pal- (palale); pi- (pyale); poh- (pohole); rah- (rahile); sang- (sangitle); wah- (wahile); ye- (ale). Pronoun Table Straight Object Possessive mi ‘I’ mala majhe tu ‘you’ Sing.* tula tujhe to (M) ‘he, that’ tyala tyache ti (F) ‘she, that’ tila tiche te (N) ‘it, that’ tyala tyache amhi ‘we’ exclusive amhala amche apan ‘we’ inclusive aplyala aple tumhi ‘you’ Plural tumhala tumche te(M), tya(F), ti(N) tyana tyanche ‘they, those’ ha(M/N) ‘he/it, this’ hyala hyache hi(F) ‘she, this’ hila hiche he(M) hya(F) hi(N) hyana hyanche ‘they, these’ jo (M), je (N) jyala jyache ji (F) ‘the one who’ jila jiche je(M), jya (F), ji (N) jyãna jyanche ‘the ones who’ koni ‘someone’ konala** konache** kon ‘who’ konala** konache** kase ‘what kind of’ kashala kashache swatha ‘oneself’’ swathala swathache *For 2nd person sing, the familiar form is tu; the respectful form is tumhi (plural). **kunala and kunache may also be used. Numbers: 1/4 paw 1/2 ardhe 3/4 pawne 1-1/4 sawwa 1-1/2 did 2-1/2 adich ek (1), don (2), tin (3), char (4), pach (5), saha (6), sat (7), ath (8), nau (9), daha (10), akra (11), bara (12), tera (13), chauda (14), pandhra (15), sola (16), satra (17), athra (18), ekonis (19), wis (20), ekwis (21), bawis (22), tewis (23), chowis (24), panchwis (25), sawwis (26), sattawis (27), aththawis (28), ekontis (29), tis (30), ektis (31), battis (32), tehtis (33), chautis (34), pastis (35), chhattis (36), sadatis (37), adatis (38), ekonchalis (39), chalis (40), ekkechalis (41), bechalis (42), trechalis (43), chawwechalis (44), panchechalis (45), shehechalis (46), sattechalis (47), aththechalis (48), ekonpannas (49), pannas (50), ekkawan (51), bawan (52), trepan (53), chopan (54), panchawan (55), chhappan (56), sattawan (57), aththawan (58), ekonsath (59), sath (60), eksast (61), basasht (62), tresasht (63), chausasht (64), pasasht (65), sahasasht (66), sadusasht (67), adusasht (68), ekonsattar (69), sattar (70), ekkahattar (71), bahattar (72), tryahattar (73), chauryahattar (74), panchyahattar (75), shahattar (76), sattyahattar (77), aththyahattar (78), ekonainshi (79), ainshi (80), ekkyaainshi (81), byaainshi (82), tryaainshi (83), chauryaainshi (84), panchyaainshi (85), shahaainshi (86), sattyaainshi (87), aththyaainshi (88), ekonnawwad (89), nawwad (90), ekkyannaw (91), byannaw (92), tryannaw (93), chauryannaw (94), panchannaw (95), sahannaw (96), sattyannaw (97), aththyannaw (98), nawwyannaw (99), ekshe shambhar(100), ekshe ek (101), ekshe don (102), donshe (200), donshe ek (201), etc.
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