5/9/12Maratha Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Maratha Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Maratha Empire (Marathi: मराठा सा ा य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta) or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire covered much of South Asia, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km².[2] The Marathas are credited for the re-establishment of Hindu rule in India. The empire was founded and consolidated by Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle. He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital,[3] and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom.[4] The Maratha Empire waged war for 27 years with the Mughals from 1681 to 1707, which became the longest war in the history of India. The Marathas eventually emerged victorious. Shivaji pioneered "Shiva sutra" or Ganimi Kava (guerrilla tactics), which leveraged strategic factors like demographics, speed, surprise and focused attack to defeat his bigger and more powerful enemies.[5] While Venkoji, the younger half-brother of Shivaji, founded the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom. Afterwards, Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji became ruler. During this period, he appointed Peshwas as the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire. After the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu[6][7] in the south, to Peshawar[8] (modern-day Pakistan) on the Afghanistan border in the north and led Expeditions to Bengal in the east. Ahmad Shah Abdali, amongst others, were unwilling to allow the Maratha's gains to go unchecked. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion. After 1761, young Madhavrao Peshwa reinstated the Maratha authority over North India, 10 years after the battle of Panipat. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, semi-autonomy was given to strongest of the knights, which created a confederacy of Maratha states. They became known as Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, Bhonsales of Nagpur. In 1775, the British East India Company intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the First Anglo-Maratha War. Marathas remained the preeminent power in India until their defeat in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars (1805–1818), which left Britain in control of most of India. A large portion of the empire was coastline that had been secured by a potent navy under commanders such as Kanhoji Angre. He was very successful at keeping foreign naval ships, particularly of the Portuguese and British, at bay.[9] Securing the coastal areas and building land-based fortifications were crucial aspects of the Maratha's defensive strategy and regional military history. ← Maratha Confederacy मराठा सा ा य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya 1674–1820 → Flag Maratha Empire in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals. Capital Raigad; Pune Marathi, Sanskrit [1] Hinduism Monarchy Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram Tarabai Shahu Rajaram II June 6, 1674 September 21, 1820 2,800,000 km2 (1,081,086 sq mi) Contents 1 Brief History 2 The Royal Era (1674-1749) 2.1 Chhatrapati Shivaji 2.2 Chhatrapati Sambhaji 2.3 Chhatrapati Rajaram and Maharani Tarabai 2.4 Chhatrapati Shahu 3 The Peshwa Era (1749 to 1761) 3.1 Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar 3.2 Baji Rao I 3.3 Balaji Baji Rao 3.4 Decline 3.5 The Confederacy era (1761-1818) 3.6 Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar 3.7 British Intervention 4 Administration 5 Geography 6 Legacy 6.1 Maratha Navy 7 Personalities 7.1 Royal Houses 7.2 Peshwas 7.3 Chieftains 8 Maps showing the Maratha Empire at different stages of history 9 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom (Tamil Nadu) 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Language(s) Religion Government Chattrapathi - 1674–1680 - 1681–1689 - 1689–1700 - 1700–1707 - 1707–1749 - 1749–1777 History - Established - Ended Area Population - 1700 est. Currency Today part of 150,000,000 Rupee, Paisa, Mohor, Shivrai, Hon India Pakistan Bangladesh Brief History After a lifetime of guerrilla warfare with Adilshah of Bijapur and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Shivaji founded an independent Hindu Maratha kingdom in 1674 with Raigad as its capital. Shivaji died in 1680, leaving behind a large, but vulnerable kingdom. The Mughals invaded, fighting an unsuccessful War of 27 years from 1681 to 1707. Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji, ruled as emperor until 1749. During his reign, Shahu appointed the first Peshwa as head of the government, under certain conditions. After the death of Shahu, the Peshwas became the de facto leaders of the Maratha Empire from 1749 to 1761, while Shivaji's successors continued as nominal rulers from their base in Satara. Covering a large part of the subcontinent, the Maratha Empire kept the British forces at bay during the 18th century, until the Third Battle of Panipat following which Marathas never fought as a single unit. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 1/9 From there. Tarabai. under Madhavrao Peshwa. was released by Azam Shah. Shahuji. now assumed the throne. the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb himself headed south in 1681. son of Sambhaji (and grandson of Shivaji). Gaikwad. Shivaji was inspired by the great Vijayanagara Empire. With the help of Pantpratinidhi. Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi. and Newalkar started to work towards their ambition of becoming kings in their respective regions.[3][4] The Marathas had lived in the Desh region around Pune for a long time. Losses at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 suspended further expansion of the empire in the North-west and reduced the power of the Peshwas. Sambhaji led the Marathas. one of whom was the governor of Allahabad and the other the governor of Patna. the empire gave way to a loose Confederacy. The states of Satara and Kolhapur came into being in 1707. In 1674 Shivaji proclaimed himself king. The victory also set the foundations for the imperial conquests achieved later. where the plateau meets the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Dhanaji Jadhav. he gave a "Hukumat Panha" (King Status) to Pant before leaving. A rivalry between the Sindhia and Holkar dominated the confederation's affairs into the early 19th century. 10 years after the battle of Panipat. Sambhaji was ambushed and captured by Mughal troops on 1 Feb.[11] According to the legend. under the Peshwas.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 2/9 . According to Indian historian Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar. The Mughals lost their eminent position on the Indian subcontinent forever and the subsequent Mughal emperors became titular rulers. The Marathas emerged victorious after a long drawn-out and fiercely fought battle. In 1681. Mukarrab Khan attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by a few men. His widow. In 1713 Farrukhsiyar declared himself Mughal emperor. the title (Chhatrapati). Negotiations between the Saiyids and Peshwa Balaji en. The Royal Era (1674-1749) Chhatrapati Shivaji Main article: Shivaji Shivaji was a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhosle clan who founded the Maratha empire. and an army of about 500.[13] In 1697. To nullify any Rajput-Maratha alliance. known as the Saiyids. Maratha authority in North India was restored.[4] He was crowned as Chhatrapati ("sovereign") of the Maratha empire in 1674. righteousness). Rajaram died in 1700 at Sinhagad. the Marathas freed themselves from the Muslim Turkic sultans of Bijapur to the southeast under the leadership of Shivaji Maharaj. taking Shivaji. administration.000 troops he proceeded to conquer the entire Maratha Empire along with the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. never losing a battle or a fort to Aurangzeb. In 1761. Chhatrapati Rajaram and Maharani Tarabai Chhatrapati Sambhaji Bhosle Rajaram. and the Gaekwads of Baroda. Ganoji Shirke and Aurangzeb's commander. Chhatrapati Shahu After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Then Tarabai heroically led the Marathas against the Mughals. 1689. Most of the former Maratha Empire was absorbed by British India. and Melgiri Pandit. in the western portion of the Deccan. they had crossed the Narmada River and entered Malwa. the Holkars of Indore. the Sindhias (originally "Shinde") of Malwa and Gwalior. Many military chiefs of the Maratha Empire like Shinde. Ramchandra Pant managed the entire state under many challenges like influx of Mughals. as well as the Deccan Sultanates. the Marathas raided the Mughal territory and many forts were captured by Maratha commanders Santaji Ghorpade. the Marathas had expanded their territory to include many parts of central and south India. Rajaram offered a truce but this was rejected by the emperor. Sachiv. The victories of the then king of Mysore. desh (country) and dharma (natural law. assumed control in the name of her son Ramaraja (Shivaji II). However. During the eight years that followed. His bid for power depended heavily on two brothers. Patwardhan. He wrote "Adnyapatra" (मराठी: आ ापञ) in which he has explained different techniques of war. Under their leader Shivaji Maharaj. betrayal from Vatandars (local satraps under the Maratha state) and social challenges like scarcity of food. frequently raiding Mughal territory and ransacking the Mughal port of Surat in 1664 and again in 1670. Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar was a court administrator who rose from the ranks of a local Kulkarni to the ranks of Ashtapradhan under guidance and support of Shivaji. In a meticulously planned operation. However. was defeated by the British in 1818. Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at Sangameshwar to decide on the final onslaught on the Mughal forces. the Bhonsles of Nagpur. after severe losses in the Panipat war. the Peshwas slowly started losing the control of the state. When Chhatrapati Rajaram fled to Jinji in 1689 leaving Maratha Empire. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War.[3][4] Shivaji led a resistance to free the Maratha people from the Sultanate of Bijapur.[12] Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were tortured to death on March 11. and re-establish Hindavi Swarajya ("self-rule of Hindu people"[10]). Pandit of Bhor. Kavi Kalash were taken to Bahadurgad. Shivaji was the first king in India whose vision encompassed the dev (god). Chhatrapati Sambhaji Main article: Sambhaji See also: Marathas under Sambhaji Chhatrapati Shivaji had two sons: Sambhaji and Rajaram. Baji Rao II. was very popular among the courtiers. Kanthirava Narasaraja I against the Sultan of Bijapur also inspired Shivaji. He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Vedant Raigad as its capital. Shankaraji Narayan Sacheev. By Shivaji Maharaja's death in 1680. 1689. Malwa was a decisive battle for the Maratha Empire. He was a great warrior. Sambhaji. This promptly turned the now-spluttering Mughal-Maratha war into a three-cornered affair. The soldiers and commanders who participated in this war achieved the real expansion of the Maratha Empire. he kept the economic condition of Maratha Empire in an appropriate state. With his entire imperial court. because of the succession dispute over the Maratha kingship. although some of the Maratha states persisted as quasi-independent princely states until India became independent in 1947. then in Mughal possession. Pant Pratinidhi. Rajaram fled to Vishalgad and then to Jinji for safety. founder of the Maratha Empire. Aurangzeb had almost lost the campaign but for an event in early 1689. under conditions that rendered him a vassal of the Mughal emperor but his mother was still held captive to ensure good behaviour from Shahuji.Wikipedia. the last Peshwa. Bhosale of Nagpur. He and his advisor. a bulwark against the Muslim invasion of South India. great politician and poet. the next Mughal emperor.[3] and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom. By 1710. with political power resting in a 'pentarchy' of five mostly Maratha dynasties: the Peshwas of Pune. Sambhaji had earlier defeated the Portuguese and Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore. Mughals laid siege to Raigad. After the death of Madhavrao.wikipedia. the elder son. Sambhaji had himself crowned and resumed his father's expansionist policies. and became much more aggressive. eventually confirmed by the Treaty of Warna in 1731.5/9/12 Maratha Empire . Chattrapati Sambhaji's brother. He immediately claimed the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. Holkar. maintenance of forts and administration etc. the brothers had a falling-out with the emperor. the free encyclopedia The Maratha Empire was at its height in the 18th century under Shahu and the Peshwa Baji Rao I. two separate principalities had become an established fact. They had resisted incursions into the region by the Mughal rulers of northern India. by 1705. as did the clashes with the British and the British East India Company in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. India. Pandit and Purandare. was appointed as a Peshwa by Shahuji. Patwardhan. In 1714. and agreeing to pay Rs. Shahuji would have to accept Mughal rule in the Deccan. Vinchurkar. Battle of Palkhed was a land battle that took place on February 28. Nawab of Bengal made peace with Raghuji in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Katak up to the river Suvarnarekha. In return for this help. The Marathas were led by Chimaji Appa. The battle is considered an example of brilliant execution of military strategy. a civilian representative of Shahu. This treaty also released Yesubai. and the now six provinces of the Mughal Deccan. Sachiv. thereby undermining kings authority in due course of time. Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. During their rein. Phadke. Orissa or Katak. prior to the rise of the later Peshwas who controlled the empire after Shahuji. From Damalcherry the Marathas proceeded to Arcot. drew the Marathas into the vendetta against the emperor. Raghuji was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions Peshwa Balaji Bajirao prevailing in Bengal. In 1698. The accumulated wealth of centuries in the vaults of the north. guaranteeing him Swaraj.wikipedia. Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar was a court administrator who rose from the ranks of a local Kulkarni to the ranks of Ashtapradhan under guidance and support of Shivaji. ” Balaji Baji Rao Baji Rao's son. one of the most liberal emperors.5/9/12 Maratha Empire . He is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire especially in north that reached its zenith twenty years after his death. the young new Peshwa Baji Rao is said to have thundered: Baji Rao I “ Let us transcend the barren Deccan and conquer central India. one of his sons Hasan Ali. The Battle of Vasai was fought between the Marathas and the Portuguese rulers of Vasai. poised and confident before Shahu Maharaj and his court. it was the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Empire until 1818. betrayal from Vatandars (local satraps under the Maratha state) and social challenges like scarcity of food.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 3/9 . He wrote "Adnyapatra" (मराठी: आ ापञ Marāṭhī: Ājñāpaña) in which he has explained different techniques of war. During regime of Shahu. The smaller States of Raipur. near the city of Nashik. But owing to his loyalty to Tarabai against Shahuji (who was supported by more local satraps). he received a firman. Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles. was a noted general who served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fourth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu between 1719 until death. in the Maratha homeland. Peshwa Bajirao and his three chiefs Pawar (Dhar). or imperial directive. the Peshwas controlled the Maratha army and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha Empire from 1749 to 1818. 1719. also known as Baji Rao I. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. the Maratha forces came down upon Arcot and invaded the Nawab of Arcot. The Mughals have become weak indolent womanizers and opium-addicts. The Marathas defeated the Nizam. Baji Rao I was appointed as Peshwa by Chattrapati Shahuji. The Peshwa Era (1749 to 1761) During this era. can be ours. Tarabai gave an important position to Pant among senior administrators of Maratha State. The Maratha flag must fly from the Krishna to the Indus. Gaekwad (Dhane). an army of Marathas commanded by Parsoji Bhosale marched up to Delhi unopposed and managed to depose the Mughal emperor. These all houses became hereditary. maintenance of forts and administration etc. Balaji Vishwanath managed to negotiate a substantial treaty. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur. Maratha victory in this war was a major achievement of Baji Rao I reign. The period between 1741 and 1745 was one of comparative calm in the Deccan. Pethe. the free encyclopedia Vishwanath. Then. Dost Ali in the pass of Damalcherry. Malwa. Raste. he never lost a battle. 1728 at the village of Palkhed. Baji Rao I After Balaji Vishwanath's death in April. one Peshwa received the status of imperial regent for eight or nine years. Scindia. 1699 . his son. Let us throw them back over the Himalayas. Ramchandra Pant managed the entire state under many challenges like influx of Mughals. It surrendered to them without much resistance. Bihar and Orissa after the death of their Governor Murshid Quli Khan in 1727. It is time to drive from the holy land of Bharatvarsha the outcaste and the barbarian. He undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741-1748. on the day of Ram Navami. After the successful campaign of Karnatak and Battle of Trichinopolly. He received military help from the Maratha commanders – Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb). 12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar. Standing tall. Shaniwarwada palace fort in Pune. Raghuji Bhosale expanded the empire in East reaching present-day Bangladesh. Shrimant Baji Rao Vishwanath Bhatt (August 18. With the help of Pantpratinidhi. Prior to 1700. and pay an annual tribute. he gave a "Hukumat Panha" (King Status) to Pant before leaving. Shahuji's mother. India between Baji Rao I and the Nizam-ulMulk of Hyderabad. Tarabai. He was one of the prominent Peshwas from the time of Shivaji. and actually caused a social revolution by bringing capable people into power irrespective of their social status. 1740). Shahuji died in 1749 bequething power to peshwa with condition that the dignity of house of shivaji will be maintained and also welfare of subjects will be looked after. This was an indication of a great social mobility within the Maratha Empire. a village lying near Mumbai in the presentday state of Maharashtra. Hindustan is ours. Holkar (Indore) and Shinde (Gwalior) expanded in North. and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. Senapati Dabhade expanded in West. Panse.April 25. Shahuji possessed a strong capacity for recognising talent. On many occasions he himself participated in battles against Mughals and played the role of shadow ruler in absence of Chhatrapati Rajaram. Maharashtra. In the war that followed. But in return. from Mughal prison.Wikipedia. plus rights to chauth and sardeshmukh (amounting to 35 percent of the total revenue) throughout Gujarat. he was sidelined after arrival of Shahuji in 1707. When Chhatrapati Rajaram fled to Jinji in 1689 leaving Maratha Empire. Raghuji invested Trichinopoly in December 1740. Raghuji returned from Karnatak. the Maratha empire reached its zenith ruling most of the Indian Subcontinent. In 1740. en. until its eventual annexation by the British East India Company in 1818. Dost Ali. he happily stepped down from the post of "Hukumat Panha" when Rajaram offered this post to his wife. Pawar. enabling its rapid expansion. They oversaw the greatest expansion of the Maratha Empire around 1760 with the help of Sardars like Holkar. During his lifetime. Pantpratinidhi. furnish forces for the imperial army. Peshwa Bajirao fought over 41 battles and is reputed to have never lost one. Alivardi Khan. Unable to resist. Bhosale. back to where they came from. Chanda Saheb delivered the fort to Raghuji on 14 March 1741. a brother of Peshwa Baji Rao I. or independence. he kept the economic condition of Maratha Empire in an appropriate state. from an Afghan garrison in December 1759.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 4/9 . Thus. He made a treaty with the British in 1805. Bilaspur and Sambalpur belonging to Chhattisgad territory were conquered by Bhaskar Ram.[18] He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. en. the autonomous Maratha states came into being in far flung regions of the empire: Peshwas of Pune Gaekwads of Baroda Pawars of Dhar Holkars of Indore and Malwa Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain Bhonsales of Nagpur (no blood relation with Shivaji's or Tarabai's family) Even in the Maharashtra itself many knights were given semi-autonomous charges of small districts. and in addition there being acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. and the smaller states spreading between Nagpur and Katak. Ahmad Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan have been pursued by our troops. The Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau (referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources) responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by sending a big army to North. In a letter dated 15 February 1806 to Vyankoji Bhosale of Nagpur he states: “ The Maratha state had been grasped by foreigners. The Confederacy era (1761-1818) During this period various chiefs and statesman became de facto ruler. the brother of Nanasaheb. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar. Vishwasrao. ” On 8 May 1758. When I found myself abandoned on all sides. on the Mughal throne. Multan. Bhor. and were placed in charge of Mohansingh.[19] Map showing states of Maratha confederacy in 1795. The Marathas had antagonised the Jats and Rajputs by taxing them heavily. After 1761. Gaikwad and Govind Pant Maratha Court Bundela. Raghuji had conquered the whole of Berar. Ahmad Shah Durrani.800. The combined army of over 100. Miraj etc. as in Delhi. the combined Muslims armies on January 14.Wikipedia. defeating the Afghan troops in the Battle of Peshawar. with defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan. He also became ceremonial king especially after death of Peshwa Madhavrao I. Huge armies of Muslim forces and Marathas collided with each other on 14 January 1761 in the Third Battle of Panipat. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city. Bawda. punishing them after defeating the Mughals and interfering in their internal affairs. the Gond kingdoms of Devgad including Nagpur. Gadha-Mandla and Chandrapur. Thus all have risen against Ahmad who has lost control over the region.[17] He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son. the Marathas captured Peshawar. who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 26 July 1802.5/9/12 Maratha Empire . without a moment’s rest. To resist their aggression. Towards the end of his career. but you did not make your promise good. It is no use of now talking of past things. The defeat at Panipat checked Maratha expansion towards North and Northwest and fragmented the empire. But now we have all become self-seekers. an illegitimate son of Raghuji. His battles were the most remarkable in the military history of India and the title given to him by the Mughal Emperor gave him a prominent position amongst the rulers of India. we could have paralyzed the British Government. He tried to unite the Maratha Confederacy. and their troops completely looted. We have decided to extend our rule up to Kandahar. Thus. as Maratha general Sadashivrao Bhau did not heed the advice to leave soldier's families (women and children) and pilgrims at Agra and not take them to the battle field with the soldiers. the free encyclopedia Ratanpur. The Maratha army lost the battle which halted imperial expansion. the unity of Maratha Confederacy got weakened. It was mutual cooperation and goodwill which enabled our ancestors to build up. Delhi. rejected their cooperation. Phaltan. Jat. young Madhavrao Peshwa tried his best to rebuild the empire in spite of his frail health and reinstated the Maratha authority over North India. Kashmir and other subhas on this side of Attock are under our rule for the most part. Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire. Decline Some Indian Muslim rulers including the Rohillas and the Nawabs of Oudh as well as others like Ahmed Shah Durrani did not want the Maratha expansion go unchecked. then called Rohillas and Nawab of Oudh to assist him in driving out 'infidel' Marathas from Delhi. which led to princely states like Sangli. 4 May 1758:[14][15] “ Lahore. In 1759. 10 years after the battle of Panipat. Their supply chains (earlier assured by Raja Suraj Mal and Rajputs) did not exist. If you had advanced into Bengal as was planned. Raghoba's letter to Peshwa Balaji Bajirao. the flight of Peshwa left the government of Maratha state in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar. The Peshwa was relegated to secondary position. By 1760. Continued expansion saw Raghunath Rao. Aundh. All except Gaikwad chief of Baroda. In Lahore. Nanasaheb encouraged agriculture.wikipedia. I paid a visit to Daulatrao Sindia and explained to him how necessary it was for all of us to join in averting foreign domination. The Marathas were abandoned by Raja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur and the Rajputs who quit the Maratha alliance at Agra before the start of the great battle and withdrew their troops.[16] Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions. The Jats and Rajputs did not support the Marathas. that fulfilled his demands. ” Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar in 1802. Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar After the Battle of Poona. So Ahmad Shah Durrani has returned to Kandahar with some 12-14 thousand broken troops. Scindia. the Marathas were now major players. 1761 decisively defeated the Marathas at the Third Battle of Panipat. I accepted the offer which the British agents brought to me and concluded the war. God knows. Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 2. You wrote to me that you were coming for my support. pushing into in the wake of the Afghan withdrawal after Ahmed Shah Abdali's plunder of Delhi in 1756.000 km² acres. Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle played a crucial role in its result. Yashwant-Rao successfully resolved the disputes with Scindia and the Peshwa. the Subha of Katak. how during the last two and a half years I sacrificed everything. and places which have not come under our rule we shall soon bring under us.000 regular troops had captured the Mughal capital. semi-autonomy was given to strongest of the knights. Pawars of Udgir were also part of confederacy. After the battle. fighting night and day. supported the new regime. Also. But Daulatrao failed me. and brought about a marked improvement in the state of the territory. protected the villagers. the Maratha states. the Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a similar treaty. A comparison was drawn with Napoleon. He started campaigning towards the north to expand his empire in that region. Sarsenapati Ghorpade) Sardar: To manage military forces and administer lands Mazumdar: An auditor to manage receipts and expenditures. the Maratha Empire reached its zenith. Emperor Shivaji created the Peshwa designation in order to more effectively delegate administrative duties during the growth of the Maratha Empire.. This gave rise to the Battle of Poona in which the Peshwa was defeated. Also. from its base in Bombay. to manage foreign affairs and receive ambassadors Pandit: to adjudicate internal religious disputes and promote formal education and spiritual practice (e.. and Nagpur all lost territory. Holkar was defeated on 21 Maratha War.[26] Of the Pindari leaders. He tried to unite the Maratha Confederacy but to no avail. As a military strategist he ranks among the foremost generals who have ever trod on Indian soil. which resulted in the Treaty of Gwailor[21] on 5 November 1817. keep the Crown informed of finances and sign districtlevel accounts Amatya: Chief Mazumdar (Chief Revenue Minister) (e. which became the First Anglo-Maratha War. Yashwantrao Holkar was crowned King. Under this treaty the Holkar state became subsidiary to the British. With all active resistance over. Engraving of a Maratha Soldier by Alken Henry. intervened in a succession struggle in Pune. The Peshwa was exiled to Bithoor (Maratnear Kanpur. In the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805).g. December 1817 and signed the Treaty of Mandeswar[22] on 6 January 1818. and this influence kept the Holkar State secure even after his death for some years. Mutalik: Deputy to the Peshwa.g. Trimbakji Dengale was captured after the war and was sent to the fortress of Chunar[31] in Bengal where he spent the rest of his life. Karim Khan surrendered to Malcolm in February 1818.g. Prime Minister to the Emperor. Indore. That ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war status quo. including Pune. in control of virtually all of present-day India south of the seized from the Peshwa [29] The British acquired large Sutlej River.[24][27][28] The Nassak Diamond was The war left the British. They later became the de facto hereditary administrators of the Maratha Empire from 1749 till its end in 1818. who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 26 July 1802. The Maratha-ruled states of Gwalior. no state or power could venture to commit aggression on his territory. The Emperor's orders bore the Peshwa's seal. Peshwa (Marathi: श ) was the titular equivalent of a modern Prime Minister.Wikipedia. Yashwant Rao rebelled against the policies of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats (listed below).. On May 1802. ruling most of the Indian subcontinent landmass. Melgiri Pandit) Nyayadhish: the highest judicial authority (Chief Justice).g. with the exception of the states of Kolhapur and Satara. Prior to 1749. He made a treaty with the British in 1805. Wasim Mohammad surrendered to Shinde and eventually poisoned himself.wikipedia. and they signed a treaty with the new Maharaja recognizing his independence from the Maratha Empire in return for his acknowledgement of British paramountcy. The various branches of the army were organized on a sound military basis. Peshwas held office for 8–9 years and controlled the Maratha army. political sagacity and indefatigable industry. British Intervention In 1775. to oversee the Crown's correspondence to ensure letter and style adherence (e. So great was his personality that even in those troublesome times. Shinde surrendered Battle of Assaye during the Second AngloRajasthan to the British and agreed to help them fight the Pindaris.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 5/9 . and Setu was killed by a tiger. He was undoubtedly the greatest and most romantic figure on the stage of Indian history.[23][24] Bhonsle was defeated on 26 November 1817 and was captured but he escaped to live out his life in Jodhpur. under the auspices of the British East India Company. Ultimately the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818). the British East India Company.. In 1799. Marathas under Tukojirao Holkar and Mahadaji Shinde had defeated British in the battle of Vadgaon. His heroic achievements shed a noble luster on his military genius. Uttar Pradesh) as a pensioner of the British. It was also under the Peshwas that the Maratha Empire came to its end through its formal annexation into the British Empire by the British East en. Shinde. by the British and sent to chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition. he marched towards Pune the seat of the Peshwa.[20] Yashwant Rao Holkar rose to power from initial nothingness entirely by dint of his personal valour and spirit of adventure.[32] Administration See also: Ashtapradhan The organization of Marathas’ administration was composed of several ministers (pradhaanas):[33] Peshwa : Mukhya (main) Pradhan. In 1802 the British intervened in Baroda to support the heir to the throne against rival claimants. a last-ditch effort to regain sovereignty. Deputy Prime Minister to the Emperor Rajadnya: Deputy to the Crown Sardar Senapati or Sarnaubat: To manage military forces and administer lands (e. resulted in the loss of Maratha independence: it left the British in control of most of India.000 pounds. At the end of the war. concluding a Treaty with Sir Charles Warre Malet. Under this treaty. All except Gaikwad chief of Baroda. for supervising and governing in his absence. After the Battle of Poona.[18] He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. the free encyclopedia He was as clever organizer as he was skillful in war. came under direct British rule. he captured Ujjain.5/9/12 Maratha Empire . offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal: The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British Raj as well. Ramchandra Pant Amatya) Navis or Waqia Mantri: to record daily activities of the royal family and to serve as the master of ceremonies Sur Navis or Sacheev: Imperial Secretary. The famed Nassak Diamond was acquired by the Company as part of the spoils of the war. and came under subordinate alliance with the British Raj as princely states that retained internal sovereignty under British 'paramountcy'. John Malcolm played a prominent part in capturing and pacifying the remaining fugitives. the flight of Peshwa left the government of Maratha state in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar. all of the Maratha powers had surrendered to the British. Shankaraji Narayan Sacheev) Sumant or Dabir: Foreign Minister.[23][25] The Peshwa surrendered on 3 June 1818 and was sent off to Bithur near Kanpur under the terms of the treaty signed on 3 June 1818. The young Malhar Rao was raised to the throne. Yashwant-Rao successfully resolved the disputes with Scindia and the Peshwa. who was confined to a small rock in the south Atlantic and given a small sum for his maintenance. that fulfilled his demands. which retained local Maratha rulers.[30] The terms of surrender Malcolm London. Peshwa Madhavrao II in his court in 1790. The Maratha heartland of Desh. supported the new regime. on behalf of Raghunathrao (also called Raghobadada). The Maratha Empire is also credited for developing many important cities like Pune. son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji) Chhatrapati Ramaraja (nominally. Mysore. Orissa. Uttar Pradesh and Rajput states. either in rank or in pay." However. Until his death in 1729. the Marathas established a Naval force.000 and were led by Timur Shah. grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram and Queen Tarabai) Kolhapur Queen Tarabai (1675–1761) (wife of Chhatrapati Rajaram) in the name of her son Shivaji II en. Attock in the Punjab region and Kashmir. Both in matters of reward and punishment he was so impartial that while he lived he made no exception for any person.[37][38][39] In 1758. the Maratha Empire expanded its boundary till Afghanistan. Hyderabad. Siddi Ibrahim. Punjab. Baroda. In April 1758. Apart from capturing various regions. the free encyclopedia India Company in 1818. A depiction of a British naval attack in 1755 against the fortress of Tulaji Angre of Maratha Navy at Suvarnadurg. capturing numerous vessels of the British East India Company and extracting ransom for their return. the later Marathas are remembered more for their military campaigns.[8][14] The Marathas were requested by Safdarjung. the Marathas maintained a large number of tributaries who were bounded by agreement to pay a certain amount of annual tax. Daulat Khan. Hindu historians have criticized the treatment of Marathas with Jats and Rajputs. Cosme da Guarda says about Shivaji in 'Life of the Celebrated Sevaji':[36] "Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence. Apart from capturing the whole Mughal Empire. Haider Ali Kohari. the Marathas massacred and looted thousands of Afghan soldiers and captured Lahore.[35] He established an effective civil and military administration. a joint attempt by the Portuguese Viceroy Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro and the British General Robert Cowan to humble Kanhoji failed miserably. They extracted chauth from Delhi.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 6/9 . he repeatedly attacked the colonial powers of Britain and Portugal.000-30.”[15] Geography Maratha Empire. On 29 November 1721. He believed that there was a close bond between the state and the citizens. Historian K Roy writes: Engraving of a Maratha Soldier by James Forbes 1813.5/9/12 Maratha Empire . according to their merit. Peshawar. He was naturally loved by all men of valor and good conduct. 1758 (in orange) was the major superpower in the sub-continent at that time. Bihar. capturing the whole of Rohilkhand (present-day northwestern Uttar Pradesh). Their combined fleet consisted of 6.Wikipedia. The Maratha force left Poona and defeated Afghan Rohilla in 1752. in 1752 to help him defeat Afghani Rohilla. known as "Chauth".[40][41] Legacy Maratha Navy The Maratha Empire is credited[42] with laying the foundation of the Indian Navy and bringing about considerable changes in naval warfare by introducing a blue-water navy. at its peak. ruled over much of the Indian Subcontinent (modern-day Republic of India. Nawab of Oudh. except for Janjira which was affiliated with the Mughal Empire.[43] Under that authority. no merit was left unrewarded. The Marathas used secular policy of administration and allowed complete freedom of religion.wikipedia. The dominance of the Maratha Navy started with the ascent of Kanhoji Angre as the Darya-Saranga by the Maratha chief of Satara. and ultimately they had to pay its price in Panipat where Muslim forces had united in the name of religion. Bengal. Shivaji was an able administrator who established a government that included modern concepts such as cabinet. By his people he was exceedingly loved. and he would at once order their promotion. Multan. foreign affairs and internal intelligence. Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as bordering Nepal and Afghanistan). not for their administration. no offence went unpunished. Kanhoji continued to harass and plunder the European ships until his death in 1729. He is remembered as a just and welfare-minded king. and Indore. The 'Pal' was a three masted Maratha man-of-war with guns peeping on the broadsides. Oudh. he was admiral of the Western coast of India from Mumbai to Vingoria (now Vengurla) in the present day state of Maharashtra.Jats and Rajputs was definitely unfair. From its inception in 1674. Jiva Mahal etc. They defeated Afghan forces in what is now Pakistan as well as Kashmir.000 soldiers in no less than four Man-ofwar besides other ships led by Captain Thomas Mathews of the Bombay Marine failed miserably. “The treatment of Marathas with their co-religionist fellows . the Nawab of Oudh. Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of Arcot as well as the Polygar kingdoms of South India. consisting of cannons mounted on ships.[34] There were many notable Muslims in the military and administration of Marathas like Ibrahim Khan Gardi. Personalities Royal Houses See also: Bhosale Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630–1680) Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1657–1689) Chhatrapati Rajaram (1670–1700) Maharani Tarabai (1675–1761) Chhatrapati Shahu (1682–1749) (alias Shivaji II. and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially charged his governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers. Nawab of Bengal. Maratha Empire. the Maratha Empire defeated Sultanate of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani. mentioning in particular those who had distinguished themselves. Aided by Maratha naval commanders Mendhaji Bhatkar and Mainak Bhandari. The Afghans were numbered around 25. Promenade on a Maratha street. d. d. Nana Sahib (1 Jul.1859) Chieftains Holkar Shinde (Scindia) Gaikwad Bhonsale (Nagpur) Maps showing the Maratha Empire at different stages of history Maratha Empire in 1680 (red) Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758 (orange) Maratha Empire in 1760 (yellow) Maratha Empire in 1794 (yellow) Maratha Empire in 1805 (yellow) Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom (Tamil Nadu) Main article: Thanjavur Marathas Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th to the 19th century C.3 Jun.1851) Amritrao (brother of Bajirao II).1734. d.1721. 1745. 18 Apr.1740-23 Jun.1772-30 Aug. Maratha king of Gwalior at his palace. 8 Dec. 18 Nov. 16 Feb. adopted by Madhavrao II's wife) Baji Rao II (6 Dec.1825. A Maratha hunting party. 18 Aug.1796 . Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi.1755.1795) (b.1772) (b. d.1818) (d.Wikipedia.1774. Thanjavur Maratha dynasty : Venkoji Shahuji I Serfoji I Tukkoji Pratap Singh Thuljaji Serfoji II Shivaji II Thanjavur Maratha palace Gallery The Maratha King. 28 Jan.1795) Chimnajee Madhavarao (26 May 1796 – 6 Dec 1796) (brother of Bajirao II. 23 Jun.1773) Raghunathrao (5 Dec.1761) Madhavrao Peshwa (1761-18 Nov. Venkoji was the founder of the dynasty. 24 Sep.1773–1774) (b.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 7/9 .E. 27 Oct. 11 Dec.wikipedia. 30 Aug.1773) (b. 1772) Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec. leaving for hunting from Gwalior Fort. 19 May.1857–1858) (b.1783) Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan (1774-27 Oct. the free encyclopedia Chhatrapati Sambhaji (son of Chhatrapati Rajaram from his second wife) Chhatrapati Shahu IV Peshwas Sonopant Dabir (1640–1652) Shyampant Kulkarni-Ranzekar (1652–1657) Moropant Trimbak Pingle (1657–1683) Moreshwar Pingale (1683–1689) RamchandraPant Amatya (1689–1708) Bahiroji Pingale (1708–1711) Parshuram Tribak Kulkarni (1711–1713) Balaji Vishwanath (1713–1720) Peshwa Bajirao I (1720–1740) Balaji Bajirao (4 Jul. 10 Aug. en. d.1761) (b. Peshwa for a short period during Yashwantrao Holkar's Rule (May 1802 – May 1803).5/9/12 Maratha Empire . d. Bangalore (Reprinted 2002). 40. 9. p. Volume 2 (http://books. NATIONAL BOOK TRUST. 33. p. p243. pp.co. ^ Dutt 1908. William Joseph (2005). Janata Raja (1968). D.in/books? id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA26&dq=maratha+defeated+rohilla&hl=en&ei=Ch8tTsjACMq8rAfx5_yxDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q= ^ Biddulph. 18. "Events leading to the Battle of Panipat".com/books? id=deHZAUDHzYwC&q=Sindhudurg#v=onepage&q=%22review%20in%20short%20the%20organisation%22&f=false) . p. 91. 116 ^ Kamat.bihar&hl=en&ei=b30mTpvkMcS4rAfezomRCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v= ^ http://books. 1932. 37. 262.pdf ^ a b http://books. Cit. G. "Short Bio: Maratha King Shivaji" (http://www. 5.com/books?id=UVFuAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1) . 21. A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present.gov. James Thomson Shotwell (1922).google. ^ Black 2006. 195–196.google.co.co. 26. K. The Development of the British Empire. Orme.C.htm. pp.co.in/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Hindavi+Swarajya%22#v=onepage&q=%22Hindavi%20Swarajya%22&f=false. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.html References James Grant Duff – A History of the Mahrattas.com/books? id=d1wUgKKzawoC&lpg=PA204&dq=nizam%201743%20trichinopoly&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q=nizam%201743%20trichinopoly&f=false) ^ Mackenna. Studies in Mughal History.google. 17. S. 174. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. 9780754639503.in/books? id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA556&dq=maratha+chauth+from+oudh. ISBN 81-7755-286-4. p. Girgaon Book Depot. 173. Ashvini (1983).google. 26. Setumadhavarao S (1993). 77. Ancient and modern India (http://books. ISBN 81-7276-407-1. Marathi book Deshpande. ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1907 ^ http://historion.co. Kamat's Potpourri. 4. Ashgate Publishing. 22. 14.. Allen & Unwin.org/pss/2053980 ^ Purandare.in/books? id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Hindavi+Swarajya%22#v=onepage&q=%22Hindavi%20Swarajya%22&f=false) . "Mogul Empire". Pune: Balwant Printers – English Translation of popular Marathi book. Permanent Black. Retrieved 19 November 2006. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.kamat.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 8/9 . Colonel John. ^ Robinson. Bombay: University of Bombay (1974–75) Desai. Houghton Mifflin. Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707-1813 (http://books. ^ Shivaji. ^ Wheeler 1880. Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature (http://books. The Pirates of the Malibar and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago.in/books? id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA103&dq=maratha+plunder+rohilkhand&hl=en&ei=kh0tTuaaEIjsrQeo3qGyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q ^ a b Roy. Babasaheb.google. p. 12. Vol III pg 194 ^ Sutherlands Scketches pg 64. London.co. and Green (1826) ISBN 81-7020-956-0 Bombay University – Maratha History – Seminar Volume Ranade.261. ^ Majumdar. R. 31. 39. ^ Sinclair 1884. et al.net/j.findthedata.google. 16. p. 30. 192. the great Maratha. 43.google. Ltd. 204. Flowers of Hindostan. J.aspx) Notes 1. 10.rorbhoomi. the free encyclopedia See also Battles involving the Maratha Empire Thanjavur Marathas Marathas and Marathi people Maharashtra Shaniwar Wada List of British Indian Princely States Maratha clan system Military history of India Ror Maratha (Ror) (http://www.wikipedia.com/History. reprint (1999) ISBN 81-7117-181-8 Samant. – Vedh Mahamanavacha Kasar.in/books? id=lugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT94&dq=maratha+capture+mysore&hl=en&ei=an4mToXTNsXVrQet1720CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q ^ <http://books. Longmans. ^ United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 1930. Kaushik. Somerset Playne Op. 495.co.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Medieval/chapter_9.jstor.in/books? id=meN0GwpRWhUC&pg=PA97&dq=maratha+capture+peshawar&hl=en&ei=SH4mToCtMYHirAe65uG8CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepag ^ http://books.in/books? id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA78&dq=maratha+defeated+rohilla&hl=en&ei=Ch8tTsjACMq8rAfx5_yxDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=m ^ http://books. 41.Wikipedia. Elder & Co. p. p.co. ^ a b C A Kincaid and D B Parasnis. ^ http://www. ISBN 81-237-0647-2.R. Setu Madhavrao – Hindavi Swaraj Aani Moghul (1984). ^ Agrawal. 36. A history of the Maratha people.) (2007). Raja Shivachhatrapati. Rise of the Maratha Power (1900). http://books. Rees. 2002. 38. ^ Prakash 2002. 32. 24. SHIVAJI (http://books. 21. ^ Lethbridge 1879.jstor. 28. p.in/books? id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA43&dq=marathas+peshawar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9V0IT5ibFMLorQes6s3ZDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=marathas%20peshawar&f=false ^ Pagadi. ^ a b Dutt 1908.com/books?id=UVFuAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1.609. MCC. L. ^ Dutt 1908. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. p. (ed. 7. 35. 15. ^ a b Lethbridge 1879. Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti.org/pss/4407933 ^ a b c d http://www. Vishwas. p. 25. 38.634 ^ http://empires. – Marathyanchi Manaswini. p. 6.5/9/12 Maratha Empire .com/kalranga/maharashtra/shivaji. p. 19. 396. 3.biddulph-pirates-malabar-englishwoman-india/page-27. 121.co. Sambhaji. ^ Hunter 1907. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. p. Pagdi. P.co. 3 vols. pp. Ranjeet – Shivaji the Great. http://www.google. 172. S.maharashtra. ^ Patil. 2. ^ Suryanath U. 300. 8.google. ^ Mehta. 11. Lalit Publications. The Mughul Empire. Sardesai. Brown. 193.K.google. S. (editor) – Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. 27. pp. ISBN 81-208-2326-5.com/kalranga/maharashtra/shivaji. 1951 ^ http://books.in/books?ei=xywpTvOTGofirAf40eTsBg&ct=result&id=zQ9uAAAAMAAJ&dq) . ISBN 978-81-7755-286-7 ^ Maratha Rule in India By Stephen Meredyth Edwardes. pg 87 ^ Hemchandra Rai. 42. p.google. Mahadev Govind.google. 80–1. http://books. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha supremacy (http://books. Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett pg.google. Howard. London: Smith. 13. India. L. ^ Jackson.com/books? id=sm_71j9KYPcC&dq=chanda%20sahib%20trichinopoly&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q=chanda%20sahib%20trichinopoly&f=false) ^ a b http://books. 20. J.org/q/64/2513/How-large-was-the-Maratha-Empire-at-its-greatest-extent ^ a b c d http://www.google. – Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great. Jupiter books. ISBN 0-7546-3950-9. Marathi book en. 29.. Motilal Banarsidass.B.kamat. Kamath (2001).htm) . B. Mumbai: Manudevi Prakashan (2005) Apte.google. D. H. 23. 34. ^ Russell 1907. additional terms may apply.archive. MCC. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. a non-profit organization. Bangalore (Reprinted 2002). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. OCLC: 7796041.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire 9/9 .wikipedia. 1820 disestablishments Empires and kingdoms of India Historical Hindu empires Maharashtra Maratha Empire en.org/details/historyofmaratha01kincuoft) Vol2 (http://www. Jupiter books. Charles Augustus Kincaid – History of the Maratha People Vol1 (http://www. See Terms of use for details.php?title=Maratha_Empire&oldid=490144802" Categories: Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in South Asia Former empires States and territories established in 1674 States and territories disestablished in 1820 Former confederations This page was last modified on 1 May 2012 at 16:13.archive.Wikipedia.wikipedia.5/9/12 Maratha Empire .. the free encyclopedia Suryanath U.org/details/historyofmaratha03kincuoft) Retrieved from "http://en. Inc.org/w/index.org/details/historyofmaratha02kincuoft) Vol3 (http://www. A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present.archive. Kamath (2001).
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