1MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Published by Technical Services / PSSR For internal circulation VALUTHUR CCPP MARCH : 2011 VOLUME : 14.10 HIGHLIGHTS KOTHAGUDAM 500 MW, UNIT 11: TG WAS PUT ON BARRING GEAR. ESP GD TEST COMPLETED. UNIT WAS SYNCHRONISED AND COAL FIRING WAS DONE. NEYVELI TS II EXP CFBC, 2 X 250 MW, UNIT 1: CFBC BOILER – EDTA CLEANING WAS COMPLETED. FIRST STAGE STEAM BLOWING WAS COMMENCED. SIMHADRI STAGE II, 2 X 500 MW, UNIT 3: TG WAS PUT ON BARRING GEAR. UNIT WAS SYNCHRONISED. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR 2 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS INSIDE 1. STATUS OF PROJECTS COMMISSIONED / TO BE COMMISSIONED DURING 2009 - 2011. 2. SERVICE RENDERED TO OTHER REGIONS/SAS/PROJECTS AFTER CONTRACT CLOSING/ CUSTOMER TRAINING. 3. APPRECIATION FROM CUSTOMER FOR SERVICES RENDERED. 4. FEED BACK ON EQUIPMENTS FROM SITES. 5. LET US KNOW. NUCLEAR RADIATIONS AND ITS HAZARDS Feed backs and suggestions from all departments of BHEL for improvement of TS TIDINGS are welcome and may please be addressed to ADDL. GENERAL MANAGER (TSX)/BHEL-PSSR/CHENNAI TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR Coal feeders – A. ESP – A & B passes GD test was completed with FD A & B and ID A & B. ESP pass C2:OCC and SCC tests were carried out. CF system flushing. 8 bar system hydro test was completed. C & D was completed.450 MW.03. around 260 . TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Unit under shut down at 07”09 hrs on 30/03/2011 due to economizer tube leakage. C and D calibration was completed. stop and control valves were commissioned. carried out. Station Transformer . The problem is referred to the supplier.2011.A testing was carried out. run was completed. UNIT 11: PA fan – B was run and duct air leak test was carried out. KOTHAGUDAM 500 MW. TG WAS PUT ON BARRING GEAR Steam flushing of drip system was LPBP system – Water injection valve. APH – A air motor trial run was completed. ON 14. Generator PW system hydro test was completed. Condenser flood test for vacuum tightness was carried out.3 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS STATUS OF PROJECTS COMMISSIONED / TO BE COMMISSIONED DURING 2009 – 2011: KAKATIYA UNIT 1 : Unit is running problem. Mill – C – Four hours trial Trial run of Feeders – A. B. One control valve was not operating. Load reduction due to ash evacuation Unit tripped at 07:38 hrs on electrical protection and resynchronized at 14:50 hrs same day. 03. KUTTIYADI UNIT 1: Unit is in service as per the KUTTIYADI UNIT 2: Presently unit is in service at half load due to needle 3 LVDT problem. CEP – A & B – 8 hours trial run was completed. KRL KOCHI: GT was under shut 02. Vacuum pulled and steam dumping to 3000 rpm on 29.2011. Turbine was rolled 25.4 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS R phase Generator Transformer tan delta test was completed and value was found to be alright. Boiler was lighted up on commenced on 26/03/2011. 30. requirement of customer.2011. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . HPBP system was commissioned from remote.2011. system was suction line flushing of over head tank Boiler hydro test and reheater hydro test was completed in the presence of Joint Inspector and protocol was signed.2011. Emergency CW pump motor Emergency CW pump completed.03. ( for CC pump ) trial run was completed.03.UNIT 2 : EDTA chemical received at site and unloaded.03. TDBFP – A centrifuge was commissioned. BELLARY 500 MW . Coal UNIT WAS SYNCHRONISED WITH THE GRID ON firing was done and the unit was loaded to 125 MW. down due to flow divider problem and synchronized on Presently GT is running at 28 MW with 53 TPH HRSG steam flow. 5 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS NALCO . FBHE BC Blower 1C trial run was completed. due to hot air gate Unit was under shut down from 25. 48 hours trial operation of AC system was completed. NALCO – DAMANJODI UNIT 5: TG tripped on 01.2011. Hydraulic testing of lube oil system by running AC JOP was completed.03. Stage – 1A & 1B steam blowing was declared completed on 25/03/2011.03.03.03. BFP – B voith coupling – 2 hours trial run completed. Bunker . 2 X 250 MW. Second hot rinsing of boiler was completed.2011. TG tripped on 31. UNIT 1: TG thermal insulation – HPT & IPT completed.2011. FIRST STAGE STEAM BLOWING WAS COMMENCED ON 16.C outlet gate was commissioned.UNIT 9: Unit is running around 80 – 118 MW. CFBC – EDTA CLEANING WAS COMPLETED ON 10.03.03.2011 due to resynchronized on the same day.2011 due to transformer winding temperature is very high. thrust bearing RTD failure and Boiler Inspector.2011 problem and synchronized on 31. NEYVELI TS II EXP CFBC. MS line hydro test was completed in the presence of BFP – A – 8 hours trial run completed. NALCO – UNIT 10: Unit was running around 80 -116 MW. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . as per the requirement of customer. 6 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Hydraulic completed. Boiler was lighted 25. test of lube oil. RAICHUR – UNIT 8: Unit tripped on 20. jacking ail and seal oil system was SEE panels testing was carried out.6 KV switch gear : OCC. Unit was Unit tripped on 06.UNIT 5: Unit was synchronized mills. 1 & 3 was completed.03.03.2011 and 190 MW. up on 24. UNIT 2: 6.03.2011 due to synchronized on 03. Trial run of hot well make up pump no.2011 and loaded to 180 MW with four on 21. Boiler was lighted up on 30. guide bearing is in progress and support TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .2011. Unit was shut down cable trench.2011 for stage II steam blowing. control oil. New hydro motor was replaced. UNIT 3: Hydro test of 8 bar CF system was completed. 2 X 250 MW. NEYVELI TS II EXP CFBC.2011. 2CA. boiler air flow <30%.2011 due to PA fan – B tripping (Spurious). PAPH – 3A: Lube oil flushing of bearing was completed.03.2011 due to fire accident at AC plant SIMHADRI STAGE II. 2 X 500 MW.03. 2CB breakers testing is in progress.02. OCD. BHEL/Hardwar Engineer was at site to attend to hydro motor problem. unit was synchronized on Presently unit is running around RAYALASEEMA TPP . on 03.03. Seal liners assembly/box-up was completed.03. Seal air fan – B trial run was carried out.2011. trial TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .2011 AND COAL FIRED ON THE SAME DAY AND LOADED TO 150 MW.7 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Mill – A . ON 16. B & C lube oil flushing was completed. LPBP system : Calibration was completed from remote.03. ESP-A pass: Section – 2 – HVRs protection checking was done.03. Generator PW system hydro test was declared completed. solo run was completed. was rolled to 3000 rpm on 28. TG WAS PUT ON BARRING GEAR PAPH-3A soot blowing lines steam blowing was completed. Mill –D – Eight Turbine hours motor trial run was completed. TDBFP – B lube oil lines air blasting was completed.03. HPBP system oil flushing and valves stroking were completed Generator air tightness test was conducted. UNIT WAS SYNCHRONISED ON 29. ESP B pass: EERMs and CERMs uncoupled trial run was completed. TDBFP – 3B coupling. Condenser flood test was carried out. TDBFP 3B was commissioned after Seal air fan – A trial run was completed. FD fan – 3B stage II flushing and mill –D stage ii flushing were completed. PA fan – 3A trial run was completed. Steam blowing of ext-4 to TDBFP-B lines was completed. Seal oil system float assembly was completed. TDBFP – 3B lube oil lines oil flushing was declared completed. Feeder A & B : Four hours trial run and belt tracking was completed. ESP a pass : SCC test of HVRs was completed and CERMs coupled run was carried out.2011. SAPH – B – Soot blower coupled trial run was UNIT REACHED FULL LOAD ON 31.NIL --- CUSTOMER TRAINING & TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTED: --.03.NIL --- APPRECIATION FROM CUSTOMER FOR SERVICES RENDERED : --.2011. SERVICES RENDERED TO CUSTOMER /SAS/MUs: --.NIL --- TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .8 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS SAPH-3B trial run and completed. 2.9 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS FEED BACK NO. 1. Debris (machined chips) was found inside the block. Main control valve not operating consistently with secondary oil pressure. It was found that lever linkage mechanism pin got damaged. it did not open. During commissioning of the governing system of TDBFP B at NTPC Simhadri project unit 3. To improve the trip oil pressure. The following corrective action was taken a) Over speed governor tester in the governing console was dismantled for servicing. speed governor tester lever was manually pressed and released slowly. It is suspected that drain port in emergency trip gear (tripping device) was not getting closed fully or some restrictions at the inlet of the trip oil circuit. the lever of the speed governor tester was kept manually pressed down and stop valve open command was given. The stop valve got opened.Hyderabad. 3. SIMHADRI STPP 2X500MW TDBFP governing system problems 1. I/H convertor of Auxiliary control valve not responding to the current and secondary oil pressure could not be varied even with manual operating knob. various problems were faced and it caused delay in commissioning of TDBFP B. it was replaced. However full load of the unit could be achieved on 31st March 2011 after trouble shooting of the problems with the help of BHEl. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .1 Project: Problem: NTPC. Insufficient trip oil pressure build up for resetting trip device and hence the stop valve could not be opened. Insufficient trip oil pressure builds up and hence stop valve could not be opened: For resetting the emergency trip gear (tripping device located in front bearing pedestal). After full opening of the stop valve. Trip oil pressure build up was less than 4 ksc and on giving command for stop valve open. It was cleaned and assembled back. the lever of speed governor tester was released and found the stop valve tripping due to insufficient trip oil pressure. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . This was rectified. c) The trip oil outlet flange from the tripping device in front bearing pedestal was found having restrictions caused by insufficient hole cut in the gasket provided at site. the pressures are not responding linearly. 2. After these corrective actions the trip oil build and the tripping mechanism were normal. During stroking of control valves. Clearance between control slide and sleeve was very less. Clearance was increased by polishing the control slide with fine emery paper.0 KSC of secondary oil pressure. could not be achieved as per characteristics. It was free to move. Main control valve not operating consistently with secondary oil pressure Pilot valve was dismantled and it was found that pilot piston was very tight and it was tried to take it out but only 30 mm is coming freely then it is very hard to move it out. It starts opening at 1. It was taken out and pilot piston from TDBFP-A was taken and assembled into It was observed that main control valve was operating to full Adjustment pilot valve of TDBFP-B due to emergency of works.10 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS b) Turbine trip gear was dismantled and found that control slide was not moving freely into sleeves. 3.5 KSC of secondary oil pressure and getting full open at 2. Trip gear hand lever was also unable to move the control slide. On thorouogh inspection. range with small pressure increase. Stop valve opened smoothly. The block unit was replaced from other TDBFP and the auxiliary control valve was stroked satisfactorily with I/H convertor. It was observed that the same I/H convertor which was working in the location for main control valve was not responding when mounted in location for auxiliary control valve. it was found that the drain port in the block for auxiliary control valve was not through. I/H convertor of Auxiliary control valve not responding to the current and secondary oil pressure could not be varied even with manual operating knob. it was found that the I/H convertor of Auxiliary control valve was not responding to the current and even in manual mode with operating the knob. The I/H convertor was interchanged from main control valve. Again valve stroking was done. Manager.11 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS It was decided to change the pilot sleeve and pilot piston together from TDBFP-A. The governing components are also to be serviced at site during first commissioning for trouble free operation of the system. TDBFP was commissioned satisfactorily after establishing governing system. Shri. During valve stroking it is found that Valve starts opening at 1. Bikash Mishra.5 KSC of secondary oil pressure and getting full open at 4. Simhadri Site 2. Shri. Courtesy : 1. Conclusion: TDBFP governing system piping are to be thoroughly inspected and cleaned during flushing. RINL Site TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Dy.5 KSC of secondary oil pressure as per characteristics. and assembled after cleaning with servomotor of TDBFP-B. Engineer. Debashish Sheth. The capacity of bed material feeders are 10 T/hr each When we started the fans and found the Combustor DP was not raising more than 25 millibar. Bed material which looks like fine granules of sand was circulated along with flue gas and captured by cyclone separator and returned to combustor. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . 1. From this it was concluded that the feeding of bed material was not taking place properly. CFBC BOILER 2x250 MW. The slope of pipe with respect to horizontal from feeder outlet (up) to combustor (down) is 22. There are two bunkers and four bed material feeders provided for each boiler. For easy flow without external aid we need a slope of more than 45 deg. unit-1 Problem: Inadequate performance of BED MATERIAL FEEDING SYSTEM PROBLEM: Problem detail and analysis: In CFBC boiler the heat transfer is mostly taking place by convection and conduction of bed material/ash.5 degree. Later this issue was discussed and identified causes given below. Later with great difficulty. The matter was taken up with BHEL/TRICHY and got conditional acceptance for light up of boiler and proceeding with commissioning activity up to steam blowing. To get this differential pressure. Refer the enclosed figures for the original and revised feeding system. we need to fill around 600 Tons bed materials above combustor nozzle.12 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS FEED BACK NO. Choking of pipe line with bed material and rotating of feeder without discharging of bed material On further analysis. This bed material is initially getting heated up by oil lance burners which is located at the bottom of combustor and carried along combustor by primary air. 2 Project: NEYVELI TS II Expansion. by providing of compressed air and hitting of pipe the DP was raised to 40 millibar. All four Bed material feeders were started two days before light up for EDTA cleaning. To light up the boiler. Subsequently all other three feeding system were also modified. BHEL/Trichy suggested for using mixing nozzle which is being used for lifting of coal of (-)6 mm size from bottom to top in AFBC boilers using primary air. 2. we need a minimum of 100 millibar combustor differential pressure. First one number of feeding system was modified with mixing nozzle and found the discharge was good. N. JE. Shri. Neyveli Site. Deivasigamani. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Shri. M. Manager. Natarajan.13 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Courtesy : 1. Neyveli Site 2. Usually these energy waves are electromagnetic radiation which are classified into • • • • • • • Radio waves Infrared waves Visible light Ultraviolet waves X-ray Gamma rays and Cosmic rays In 1896 a French scientist. and Gamma radiation Alpha particles These are helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons and are emitted from naturally-occurring heavy elements such as uranium and radium. had penetrated the plates’ covering. some rays. as well as from some man-made transuranic elements (any element whose atomic number is higher than that of uranium). Henri Becquerel found that his photographic plates had become fogged. He concluded that this effect came from compounds that he was working with containing uranium. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . All transuranic elements are produced artificially and are radioactive. What this meant was that another source with properties of light. even though they had been protected from light. The three types of radiation with varying abilities to penetrate objects or bodies are • • • Alpha Beta. so are dangerous only if emitted inside the body. Materials with such properties are called radioactive and include also thorium and potassium. as well as through physical objects. They are intensely ionizing but cannot penetrate the skin.14 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS NUCLEAR RADIATIONS AND ITS HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Radiation is nothing more than the emission of energy waves through space. mostly protons.5-1 mSv per year of gamma radiation from cosmic rays and from rocks. Gamma rays are the main hazard to people dealing with sealed radioactive materials used.15 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Beta particles These are fast-moving electrons emitted by many radioactive elements. the sievert (Sv) is used in setting radiological TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Cosmic radiation consists of very energetic particles. Exposure produces an effect like sunburn. which bombard the Earth from outer space. rock) can be measured with a scintillometer or Geiger counter. so require more substantial shielding. Beta-radioactive substances are also safe if kept in appropriate sealed containers. and hence are seldom encountered outside the core of a nuclear reactor. All of us receive about 0. in industrial gauges and radiotherapy machines. it is necessary to establish a unit of measurement. However. virtually identical to gamma rays. but which is slower to heal. X-rays are also ionizing radiation. since neutrons and alpha particles cause more damage per gray than gamma or beta radiation. but not nuclear in origin. Gamma rays These are high-energy beams much the same as X-rays. The basic unit of radiation dose absorbed in tissue is the gray (Gy).g. They are more penetrating than alpha particles. They are emitted in many radioactive decays and are very penetrating. and in some places. another unit. Units of radiation and radioactivity In order to quantify how much radiation we are exposed to in our daily lives and assess potential health impacts as a result. Neutrons are mostly released by nuclear fission (the splitting of atoms in a nuclear reactor). Gamma activity in a substance (e. but easily shielded – they can be stopped by a few millimetres of wood or aluminium. Fast neutrons can be very destructive to human tissue. Thus they are not normally a problem outside nuclear plants. They can penetrate a little way into human flesh but are generally less dangerous to people than gamma radiation. much more. where one gray represents the deposition of one joule of energy per kilogram of tissue. for example. Radiation dose badges are worn by workers in exposed situations to detect them and hence monitor exposure. one-thousandth of a sievert. A nuclear explosion produces two types of radiation that have lethal effects. The becquerel (Bq) is a unit or measure of actual radioactivity in material (as distinct from the radiation it emits.e. Harmful effects of Radiation Not all radiations are harmful. Non-ionizing radiation includes infrared radiation. with reference to the number of nuclear disintegrations per second (1 Bq = 1 disintegration/sec). radio waves. an activity of 1 Bq. Such radiation does not break chemical bonds. More important. it can heat up tissues. cellphone radiation and the radiation we use to cook food in a microwave. There are two types of radiation: non-ionizing and ionizing.000 Japanese who died at Hiroshima in the first four months after the atomic bombing suffered from this type of radiation. it can accumulate in food.16 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS protection standards. Quantities of radioactive material are commonly estimated by measuring the amount of intrinsic radioactivity in becquerels – one Bq of radioactive material is that amount which has an average of one disintegration per second. which killed them directly or aggravated other injuries suffered in the blast. It is not clear how many Hiroshima residents died of cancer from this source. It is not believed to cause cancer. If it is very intense. This material can collect on skin and clothing. one gray of alpha particles has 20 Sv effect and one gray of neutrons is equivalent to around 10 Sv (depending on their energy). dose to humans is normally measured in millisieverts (mSv). It also produces clouds of radioactive ash that includes cesium-137. or the human dose from that). usually with a lethal or near-lethal dose of radiation. One gray of beta or gamma radiation has one sievert of biological effect. Ionizing radiation is much more dangerous because it does break chemical bonds and thus does cause cancer. it does not have significant effects. milk. water and other products that are ingested. i. Since the sievert is a relatively large value. radioactive strontium and a host of other long-lived byproducts of the explosion -known collectively as fallout. Most of the 166. iodine-131. but some estimates put it at more than 100. The blast itself produces X-rays and gamma rays that irradiate anyone near the site. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . This unit of measurement takes into account biological effects of different types of radiation. gamma rays and the alpha or beta particles emitted by radioactive elements as they decay. where it can emit radiation that pierces the skin. otherwise. Examples of this kind of radiation include X-rays.000. For beta. Thermal radiation is approximately 35-45% of the total energy released in a nuclear explosion or test. The problem can be substantially ameliorated by taking tablets of ordinary iodine. The most important factor is the amount of the dose . It contaminates food. It is absorbed into soft tissues. it can result in permanent damage of the tissues. triggers a thermal radiation. 50 to 150 rad causes alterations in the blood with symptoms like nausea. This is a sufficiently large quantity. Iodine-131 is absorbed preferentially in the thyroid gland. The absorbed dose. For some neutrons. It has a half-life of eight days and is most dangerous to children because it damages rapidly dividing cells. which bind to the thyroid and prevent the radioactive iodine from binding. water and milk and gets into the body when those things are ingested. Most of the radioactivity is in the form of radiocesium and radioiodine. which are byproducts of the fission of uranium in the fuel rods. or alpha particles. Another unit of radation is the rem. Overexposure to these radiations. It is a salt that acts like potassium and goes everywhere in the body. can alter the DNA of animals by the ionizing effect. If the rate of ionization is significantly large. it produces. which has a half-life of 30 years. Kinetic energy released due to the highly penetrating shock waves generated by a nuclear explosion or the use of nuclear weapons. causing sarcomas. is more serious. it is not emitting gamma or X-irradiation.17 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS But in recent Japan Fukushima nuclear plant disaster. this number is generally one. as is evident from the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. the amount of energy absorbed per gram of body tissue.the amount of energy actually deposited in the body. the number of rads is multiplied by a number that reflects the potential for damage caused by a type of radiation. Contamination with cesium-137 is one of the main reasons large areas of land had to be abandoned in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The subsequent generations were found to have several abnormalities. melanoma or different types of cancers are caused by overexposure to nuclear radiations from the Sun or nuclear tragedies. The more energy absorbed by cells. gamma and X-ray radiation. Health physicists refer to the amount of energy absorbed by the body as the radiation dose. To convert rads to rems. Sunburn. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . protons. Burns. to permanently alter the gene structure and introduce hereditary problems. is usually measured in units called rads. the greater the biological damage. or roentgen equivalent in man. Cesium-137. the number is twenty. where it can cause tumors. are the most immediate and primary effects of these radiations. radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels. the blood's lymphocyte cell count will be reduced. a victim may die in 30 days. In case of exposure between 150-1100 rad amount. Brain Since brain cells do not reproduce. For all levels above this. show that symptoms may persist for up to 10 years and may also have an increased long-term risk for leukemia and lymphoma. they won't be damaged directly unless the exposure is 5. In sufficient amounts. For more information. and death may occur in matter of few days or even hours. visit Radiation Effects Research Foundation.000 to 5. Like the heart.18 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS fatigue and vomiting. The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. and can cause seizures and immediate death. Blood System When a person is exposed to around 100 rems. leaving the victim more susceptible to infection. radioactive iodine can destroy all or part of the thyroid.000 rems or greater. the central nervous system of the body fails. and loses control over all bodily functions.According to data from Hiroshima and Nagaski. Early symptoms of radiation sickness mimic those of flu and may go unnoticed unless a blood count is done. Hair The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs with radiation exposure at 200 rems or higher. if not treated immediately. Heart Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1.000 rems would do immediate damage to small blood vessels and probably cause heart failure and death directly. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Thyroid The certain body parts are more specifically affected by exposure to different types of radiation sources. This is often refered to as mild radiation sickness. By taking potassium iodide can reduce the effects of exposure. reproductive and hair cells. the decrease in white and red blood cells lasted for up to ten years after the bombing. exposure is a Lethal Dose to 10-35% of the population after 30 days (LD 10-35/30). some radiation sickness victims will become sterile.19 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Gastrointestinal Tract Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause nausea. These effects. Serious radiation sickness. These including blood. Reproductive Tract Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly. three. and harms their DNA and RNA of surviving cells. there was an increase in anemia among persons exposed to the bomb. and many others. LD 50-70/30. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . Temporary reduction in white blood cells. even ten years later. Mild radiation sickness within a few hours: vomiting. LD 60-95/30. Blood Disorders According to Japanese data. these areas of the body can be damaged at rem levels as low as 200. The radiation will begin to destroy the cells in the body that divide rapidly. bloody vomiting and diarrhea. Acute illness. radiation damage continues to produce a wide range of physical problems. Acute illness. Serious radiation sickness effects as in 100-200 rem and hemorrhage. Dose-rem 5-20 20-100 100-200 200-300 Effects Possible late effects. diarrhea. early death.including leukemia.appear two. fatigue. This is occurs when the victim's exposure is 200 rems or more. LD 100/10. In some cases. GI tract. also marrow and intestine destruction. early death in days. possible chromosomal damage. cancer. reduction in resistance to infection. 300-400 400-1000 1000-5000 Long Term Effects on Humans Long after the acute effects of radiation have subsided. Long-term. 2 miles of the hypocenter.20 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Cataracts There was an increase in cataract rate of the survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Relatively smaller doses result in gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting and symptoms related to falling blood counts such as infection and bleeding. A prevalent type is leukemia. Treatment of acute radiation syndrome is generally supportive with blood transfusions and antibiotics. and cancer of the salivary gland. called keloids. were found in 50 to 60 percent of those burned by direct exposure to the heat rays within 1. is a constellation of health effects which occur within several months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. mainly different types of cancers. The onset and type of symptoms that develop depends on the dose of radiation exposure. however these TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . and a significant correlation between exposure level and degree of incidence has been reported for thyroid cancer. Relatively larger doses can result in neurological effects and rapid death. but some tumor types are more readily generated than others. who were partly shielded and suffered partial hair loss. Keloids are believed to be related to the effects of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as radiation poisoning. Mounds of raised and twisted flesh. breast cancer. Keloids Beginning in early 1946. Radiation exposure can also increase the probability of developing some other diseases. The term generally refers to acute problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period. lung cancer. The cancer incidence among survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is significantly larger than that of the general population. radiation sickness or radiation toxicity. Chronic radiation syndrome has been reported among workers in the Soviet nuclear program due to long term exposures to radiation levels lower than what is required to induce acute sickness It may manifest with low blood cell counts and neurological problems. Malignant Tumors All ionizing radiation is carcinogenic. scar tissue covering apparently healed burns began to swell and grow abnormally. Often a decade or more passes before radiation-caused malignancies appear. This radiation hazard comes from radioactive fission fragments with half-lives of seconds to a few months. headache. Much of this material falls directly back down close to ground zero within several minutes after the explosion. This syndrome typically occurs at exposure doses of 600– 1000 rad (6–10 Gy). 1. loss of appetite. gastrointestinal and neurological/vascular. Signs and symptoms Classically acute radiation syndrome is divided into three main presentations: hematopoietic. bleeding due to low platelets. Nuclear poisons are not related to radiation sickness but are materials which play a role in the functioning of nuclear reactors. but some travels high into the atmosphere. these are generally confined to the locality downwind of the weapon burst point. This syndrome typically occurs at exposure doses greater than 1000 rad (10 Gy). It presents with neurological symptoms such as dizziness. It consists of weapon debris. and abdominal pain are usually seen within one to two hours. Gastrointestinal. vomiting. Hematopoietic. This syndrome is marked by a drop in blood cells which results in infections due to low white blood cells. Fallout particles vary in size from thousandths of a millimeter to several millimeters. radiated soil. Nausea. Neurovascular. in the case of a ground burst. Radioactive Fallout Fallout is the radioactive particles that fall to earth as a result of a nuclear explosion. Most of the radiation hazard from nuclear bursts comes from short-lived radionuclides external to the body. which occurs days or years later. 2. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . or delayed fallout. and anemia due to low red blood cells. Fallout is defined as one of two types: early fallout. and from soil and other materials in the vicinity of the burst made radioactive by the intense neutron flux. within the first 24 hours after an explosion. and. days (and) months. or decreased level of consciousness with an absence of vomiting.21 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS diseases are not included in the term radiation sickness. fission products. These symptoms may or may not be preceded by a prodrome. 3. The speed of onset of symptoms is related to radiation exposure with greater doses resulting in a shorter delay in symptom onset. This material will be dispersed over the earth during the following hours. The radiation can destroy all or part of the thyroid. the yield and design of the weapon. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . For the survivors of a nuclear war. causing it to accumulate in growing bones.22 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Most of the particles decay rapidly. the height of the explosion.400 years. Ingestion of as little as 1 microgram of plutonium. Even so. It is chemically similar to calcium. not all of the plutonium is fissioned. Some of the principal radioactive elements are as follows: Strontium 90 is very long-lived with a half-life of 28 years. Taking potassium iodide can reduce the effects. This radiation can cause tumors. It behaves similar to potassium. Predictions of the amount and levels of the radioactive fallout are difficult because of several factors. Cesium 137 has a half-life of 30 years. When a plutonium weapon is exploded. the nature of the surface beneath the point of burst. is a serious health hazard causing the formation of bone and lung tumors. The beta radiation can cause lung cancer. An air burst can produce minimal fallout if the fireball does not touch the ground. a nuclear explosion occurring at or near the earth's surface can result in severe contamination by the radioactive fallout. Plutonium 239 has a half-life of 24. It has a half-life of 12. How to Prevent From Nuclear Radiations Sheltering Staying in the house is a very effective mode to reduce the radiation exposure. and will distribute fairly uniformly thoughout the body. such as wind direction and speed. Fallout Particles Many fallout particles are especially hazardous biologically. Staying inside with the doors and the windows closed can reduce the radiations by 40%. leukemia. Iodine 131 has a half-life of 8. since it can replace a hydrogen in water. beyond the blast radius of the exploding weapons there would be areas (hot spots) the survivors could not enter because of radioactive contamination from long-lived radioactive isotopes like strontium 90 or cesium 137. This can contribute to gonadal irradiation and genetic damage. These include. and the meteorological conditions.3 years and can be easily ingested.1 days. On the other hand. The amount of tritium released varies by bomb design. Ingestion of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. a barely visible speck. and other blood abnormalities. this lingering radiation hazard could represent a grave threat for as long as 1 to 5 years after the attack. It does not present as large a biological threat as Strontium 90. 23 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS A room from a building is a good shelter. -stop the ventilation system if exists Don’t use the phones although is absolutely necessary. The phone lines must be clear for the Emergency Situations. windows. If you are in a car close the windows and the vent system and leave the affected area. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . If you stay in house. at work or at school do the following: -get in a room. This precaution will remove the radioactive dust particles. -close all the doors. Clean your hair and your body by washing them. If you are outside during the emergency remove your clothes and close them in plastic bags. vents. When you change in other clothes take them from a closed closet. asthma. and it will stop the radioactive iodine accumulation. TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR . The pills must be administrated after a meal with large liquid quantities. he is introduced in your lungs by inhaling and from there to the circulatory system where it will be absorbed by thyroid. Another measure is to remain in your house. The potassium iodide pills also increase the removal of the radioactive iodine from your body and reduces the risk of thyroid cancer. How to take the potassium iodide pills? You should careful read the instructions on your pills. You can repeat the administration several days but not more than 10 days and don’t overcome the limit of 1g. These persons SHOULD NOT take the iodine pills: -persons that are allergic to iodine. Iodine pills don’t protect the human body of other radioactive substances. -persons with thyroid dysfunction. You should take KI pills ONLY in emergency cases.24 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS Protecting the thyroid If in the air is radioactive iodine. An effective measure to prevent this is to take KI pills (potassium iodide). -persons with diseases that can’t be associated with iodine.The stable iodine from those pills will be quick absorbed by thyroid. kidney problems or autoimmune diseases will take iodine pills only if the doctor recommend this. heart deficiencies. 1 & 3 NEYVELI UNIT – 5 . 6 & 7 SIMHADRI UNIT – 1 & 2 TALCHER UNIT – 5 & 6 SIPAT UNIT – 5 VTPS UNIT .5.4 & 5 METTUR UNIT – 4 TUTICORIN UNIT .7 210 MW VIJAYAWADA UNIT – 4 & 5 MUDDANUR UNIT 1 & 4 RAICHUR UNIT – 2 METTUR UNIT – 3 & 4 NORTH CHENNAI UNIT . 6 & 7 TALCHER UNITS – 5 & 6 SIMHADRI UNIT – 1 & 2 SIPAT UNIT – 4 & 5 VTPS UNIT .5 TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .7 210 MW VIJAYAWADA TPS UNIT . UNITS WHICH HAVE ACHIEVED PLF MORE THAN 100% 500 MW RAMAGUNDAM UNITS .25 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS UNITS WHICH HAVE ACHIEVED 100% OA THERMAL 500 MW RAMAGUNDAM UNITS – 5. 2 & 3 TUTICORIN UNITS . 3 & 6 MUDDANUR UNITS – 1. 6 & 7 METTUR UNITS – 1. 3. 3 & 4 RAICHUR UNITS – 2. 2.4. 5. 6 & 7 TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR .26 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS UNITS WHICH HAVE ACHIEVED PLF BETWEEN 90 & 100% THERMAL 500 MW TALCHER UNITS – 2. 2. 3 & 4 250 MW KOTHAGUDAM UNIT – 9 & 10 210 MW VIJAYAWADA UNITS – 1.1. 2 & 4 NORTH CHENNAI UNIT – 1 & 3 NEYVELI UNITS . 88 81.93 94.49 84.89 90.67 92.45 97.27 MARCH 2011 TS TIDINGS PERFORMANCE OF BHEL THERMAL SETS IN SR (210 MW AND ABOVE) FOR THE PERIOD FROM 01/04/2010 TO 31/03/2011 COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING PERIOD IN THE PREVIOUS YEAR.32 77.59 82.50 65.00 2009 .33 77.64 83.10 87.7 Mettur Talcher Simhadri Sipat 120.99 96.97 77.11 100.00 60.00 80.11 81.00 0.60 2010 .00 40.00 N e yv el i R a ic hu r T ut ic R or a in m a gu nd am C he n na i M ud d an K ur ot ha gu da m V ija ya w ad a 7 T al ch er S im h ad ri M et tu r N o rt h V T P S TECHNICAL SERVICES / PSSR S ip at - .10 2010 .98 78.39 90.11 85.5 2009 . ( PLF IN PERCENTAGE ) STATION North Chennai Neyveli Raichur Tuticorin Ramagundam Muddanur Kothagudam Vijayawada VTPS .23 86.38 78.00 20.49 86.80 82.28 95.04 96.91 88.