HISTORY OF ENGLISH MANGLISH A POST-COLONIAL ENGLISH Professora Heliana Mello Aluna: Andressa Rodrigues Gomide 20100337301. INTRODUCTION Throughout Malaysia’s History, the country has been influenced of different cultures, peoples and especially, different languages. Although it is still possible to see the impact of this influence, English remains as the most important language in terms of diplomacy, technology and business. It is also present in the daily lives, in which there was not a complete switch to English, but an assimilation of languages. This paper aims at presenting a brief overview of how the Malaysian community uses the English language both in formal and informal situations as a consequence of being a multicultural society. 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Malay, or Bahasa Malaysia as it is known in Malaysia, is spoken by about 40 million people and it is also the National language in Singapore and Brunei – where it is called Bahasa Melayu - and in Indonesia, where it is called Bahasa Indonesia. The oldest inscription of the language dates from the late 7th century and it had a great influence of Sanskrit, the Lingua Franca of Hinduism and Buddhism. It remained influent up to the 14th century, when the Islam began to heavily impact on the Malaysian society. At this time, Malay was used as a trade language and incorporated a mixture of Hindi, Arabic, Sanskrit and Tamil vocabulary. The European influence came only later on the 16th century with the Portuguese and the Dutch colonizers, bringing words such as ‘limau’ (lemon), ‘meja’ (table) and ‘rokok’ (cigarette). Since the English Empire came to Malaysia only on the 17th century, its major influence was on more recent vocabulary, especially those related to technology, like ‘komputer’. Although the English impact on the lexicon was not as high as the previous languages, it is constantly used in the country and works as a bridge to the three main different cultures that coexist: the Malay, the Chinese and the Indian. It is also possible to notice the population uses on their daily lives some words that are consider old-fashioned or very formal by the British. To verify this, research on online corpora was carried according to the following procedures. Firstly, the word ‘afterwards’ was searched on the WebCorp Live (http://www.webcorp.org.uk/) within the Malaysian domain. Only entries in which spoken characteristics prevail were considered. Later, the same word was used on the British National Corpus (http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/), a corpus composed of 100 words and collected between 1980 and 1993, which proved that ‘afterwards’ is more common in Written than Spoken language (Figure 2). Finally, using Samuel Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and they are not marked for tense as well. which contains terms that were used when the British Empire was in Malaysia. newspaper and school.. the same procedure was made. adverbs such as ‘tomorrow’ or other indicators. not everybody has complete knowledge of the language and then. Grammatical gender does not occur in Malay. They were all found in http://www.tripadvisor. such as belum (not yet). sudah (already) and akan (will) are used as in the examples from WebCorp: 1: I already eat halve before I took this picture . and so it happens in Manglish. to express themselves in English. To express tense.my Figure 2 3. It revealed to be often used. Since there is no difference for she or he. is the most common choice of speakers. as we find afterwards it did. 1: Reviews in 76 cities 39 helpful votes “Dont say afterwards I didn't tell u” Reviewed 6 March 2012 best 2: in 2 cities 2 helpful votes “walking on air afterwards” Reviewed 16 February 2012 these guys are 3: Reviewed 5 August 2011 Hotel stay was nice. Although English is present in songs.com/).(http://johnsonsdictionaryonline. GRAMMAR ASPECTS A great part of Malaysian society knows how to use the so-called Standard English.com. they resort on their national language. or non-standard English. L'Estrange.but afterwards was horrible! The hotel inadvertently took out 4: cities 2 helpful votes “We had a party there and afterwards we spent the night” Reviewed 21 July 2011 5: Reviewer 3 reviews 2 helpful votes “Fell Ill afterwards but okay food” Reviewed 23 January 2012 2 people Figure 1: Results from WebCorp. as the example bellow demonstrates: (1) Should the want of a cap or a cringe so mortally discompose him. or her or his. This can be observed by analysing the many Malay characteristics present in Manglish. Manglish. TV. Malay.. you may listen to Malaysian people saying he when they are actually referring to she. Malay also does not make use of verb inflection for person and number. however. cannot change anymore. I'll be right back. Today I not yet eat lo. Since we have not yet eat... picking wifey fr bigbadwolf books 3: Reply: akibat makan sushi =...bat still u like that oredi? la.lizard .=" dun scare crocroach.. Most of the time this construction uses the modal ‘can’.....2: The waitress look at my plate and said:" you already eat. it is used as an intensifier. 4: this sotfware????how can i get this software. we went to the portuguese resturant on the 2: .. this feature is not preserved in Manglish for plural. And if you think you’re a pro at The way questions are done in Malay is also reflected in Manglish.. even when it is not referred in the main part of the sentence. as in the examples from Webcorp below: . y wait until supper? i not yet eat dinner. There is no inversion and the chunk ‘or not’ at the end of the sentence is used instead.. we already eat. Jom! We go eat some more. She said that our order is begining to be 4: sorry we already booked our attraction trips. Since it is easier to add a letter 's' to the word..but i The plural in Malay is made by repeating a word.. be patient. now lar. I am still alive and kicking. as it can be observed in the entries from WebCorp bellow: 1: for this item?maybe can reach here very fast. i bought one just like it yesterday with a 1: try to find out more the next day.it can or not???even have online or audio streamming. u not yet eat 4: gathering I want go buy Mcd awhile. Then the plural of ‘cikgu’ (teacher) is ‘cikgu-cikgu'. However.. can or not? Azizan has a sharp tongue and can be snappish 3: i buy “shou wu wan”? if order it with e-store can or not? Chinese physician asnwer: Dear Chole Tam.XD #920 Big Medium Small 1: Go Eat Out Official Blog Let's go eat out! We're so passionate about bringing all the 2: vote “Love the pizza! It's the first place I go eat when I come back to CA for a visit!” 3: got like that one? I also hungry what.supper. " Please dont even try 3: order and that the two tables that came after us already eat.can or not? 2: yet.. the h-dropping and the consonant-cluster reductions do not occur in Manglish. LEXICON As for the vocabulary. So while American English pronounce ‘part’ as [pɑːtr]. there is “a potential factor in distinguishing colonial varieties from their home counterparts in all levels of language: phonology. Tobi Stayed 3: Israel 1 review 7 helpful votes “Do your self a big big favor and dont fo there” Reviewed 6 September 4. especially among American Speakers. . Chinese. PHONOLOGY As for the pronunciation and intonation. therefore its lexicon is much closer to British English than American English. but has also ‘lend’ some words to English. Manglish differs from Standard English and sometimes may affect communication. the word ‘those’ [ðəʊz] in Manglish is pronounced as [doz]. Many words then are accepted in both forms as ‘lift ‘ and ‘elevator’. This can be explained by the different times of colonization. it has incorporated words from American English. 5. Hence. syntax. semantics and lexis” also known as Colonial lag. Manglish [pɑːt]. Manglish is closer to British pronunciation than to the American one. Big. Manglish has plenty of words and expressions from Malay. The English language was set in Malaysia by the British colonizers. ‘lorry’ and ‘truck’. When Malaysia was colonized. due to the influence from the mass media. in the past few years. The language in Malaysia has not only been influenced by English. morphology. ‘diaper’ and ‘nappy’. the fricatives [θ] and [ð] are pronounced as [t] and [d] respectively and the diphthongs [əʊ] and [oʊ] become [o] and the diphthong [eɪ] becomes [e]. and likewise in British English. As Laurier Bauer (2002) points. For instance. is also used in words like ‘better’ instead of the American flapped form. the British English had already evolved from what it had been during American colonization. However. Also differently from the American English. Tamil and other languages and even a compound with words from different roots. The [t] can also be pronounced as a glottal stop in words like ‘cat’. which is an evidence that Malaysian colonization happened after the Received Pronunciation was established. ‘chips’ and ‘crisps’.1: WorldTraveller London 1 review 9 helpful votes “A big big lie! Avoid it if you look for a decent place to 2: diving) or go for golf or just enjoy the area. ‘fries’ and ‘chips’. So words like ‘herbal’ are pronounced as [ˈhɜːbl] and not as [ˈɜːbl] and ‘new’ is [njuː] and not [nuː]. big thank you for the very nice time. It. very nice” We can also find many non-English words in Manglish. and many other words. (4) on Facebook “muz tries are the duck rice and the ice kachang here . which is a meal where pieces of uncooked food are put into a pot of boiling water (3) our stay in this hotel especially the fabulous steamboat dinner that came with the hotel package. ‘tuition teacher’. ‘agar’. we can also infer that some of them are still a vestige of the old usage.Some words from Manglish come from English but present a different meaning like ‘to cut’. FINAL REMARKS Manglish is spread in Malaysia and Singapore. Other words like ‘ice kachang’ show a mixture between English (ice) and malay (kachang). and is considered by many as a creole language and also as ‘bad english’. By analysing these English words with different meanings. Besides being a trademark. especially those related to food and beverage. like the word ‘photostat’ that is used in Manglish as ‘photocopy’. Although Manglish is not encouraged at schools. where is know as Singlish. It is also important to notice the different expressions from Manglish like ‘lah’ (emphasis’ marker or solidarity). (questioning marker). hah (asking for confirmation) and ah (asking for attention) that are present even in forma occasions. like ‘typhoon’. malu (shy) and lepak (go out with friends). A last group of vocabulary to be observed is the ones that have already been incorporated to Core English. 6. you can hear students using it and sometimes even by teachers. after cut the car I will back to middle lane back. (1) not stay on the right lane for so long. meaning ‘after overtaking the car’. ‘orang-utan’ and cheongsam’. like songkok (a Malay hat). ‘photostat’ was an early projection photocopier created in the 1900s. ‘sari’. leh (wonder marker). as in (2) Contract Search Ads Home » Part Time » Part time tuition teacher Needed! and ‘steamboat’.. It is interesting to notice that even though Manglish . Asmah (2004). History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics: Mouton de Gruyter Samuel Johnson. An Introduction to international varieties of English: Edinburgh University Press Omar. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature: Editions Didier Millet Rissanen et al (1992). A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) http://johnsonsdictionaryonline. REFERENCES Bauer.com/ (accessed 7 June 2012) . Laurie (2002).may vary according to the regions and races. there is no intolerance to linguistic differences and everybody can understand each other. related to buddhism boek bhūmi "land" chādar " ررﺩﺩﺎﭼcloak" cháwǎn (茶碗) '“tea homage. service etc. "pump". "fireman". key cupboard grape outer space. Sanskrit bucket port/town stool/chairs flag monastery rice vermicelli violin biscuit ball fire brigade doll do reason. lit. leftover From Language Arabic Sanskrit Arabic Arabic Sanskrit Portuguese Persian Sanskrit Sanskrit Tamil Arabic Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic Word abjad agama/dharma al-Ahad ahlil akṣara armário /ﮕﻧارا ر ﻮangur ākāśa "sky" anugraha अन "favour" #$ह apam / ﺮﮑﺴﻋash'kar smara bhāṣā bhaya भय"risk.APPENDIX Word Abjad Agama Ahad Ahli Aksara Almari Anggur Angkasa Anugerah apam Askar Asmara Bahasa Bahaya Baki Bakti Baldi Bandar Bangku Bendera Biara Bihun Biola Biskut Bola Bomba Boneka Buat Budi Buku Bumi Cadar English translation alphabet/alefbet religion Sunday community alphabetic letter. devotion. virtue book earth bed linen Portuguese Persian Portuguese Portuguese Sanskrit Hokkien Portuguese English Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Dutch Sanskrit Persian . peril" baqiyah ﻘﺑﺔﯿﯿ bhakti balde /ررﺪﻨﺑbandr banco bandeira bihara mi-hun viola bola bomba. blessing kind of cake or Hoppers soldier love. passion language danger remainder. sky (literary) award. "pumper" Boneca wuat boddhi. or bombeiro. punishment Countryside hall Goddess Mandarin Sanskrit Mandarin Mandarin Arabic Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Persian Sanskrit bowl” candana chu gou tái chèng 台秤 da'wah decano dálima "pomegranate" danda deśa "country" /ﻥﻥااﻮﯾﯾﺩﺩdiwan "administration" devi Dirgahayu Duka Dunia Durjana Erti (Indonesian variant "arti") Falsafah Fitnah Gajah Gandum Garaj Garpu Gereja Gratis (mainly in Indonesian usage) gulai Guru Had Halal Haram Hasta Hina Hisab Huruf Ilmu Istana "long live" (Dirgahayu Tuanku! .Long Sanskrit live the King!) sadness world evil. malicious Sanskrit Arabic Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic (derived from Greek) Arabic Sanskrit Persian English Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese (From Latin) Tamil Sanskrit Arabic Arabic Arabic Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic Arabic Arabic Sanskrit dirghayu duhkha dunyā durjana arta falsafah fitnah "upheaval. scandal" gaja /ﻡﻡﺪﻨﮔGandm garfo igreja meaning philosophy slander elephant wheat garrage fork church for free kind of curry teacher limit permitted forbidden hasta (unit) lowly.Cawan cendana Cukup Dacing Dakwah Dekan Delima Denda Desa Dewan Dewi cup sandalwood enough scales sermon dean pomegranate. ruby fine. inferior counting/arithmetic word character/letter knowledge/science palace gulambu guru hadd hásta hīnna / ببﺎﺴﺣhisāb Hurf alm/ilmi ásthána assembly/audience hall . wicked. Jawab Jelata Jendela Kamus kapal Kaunter kedai Keju Kelas Kemeja Kepala Kerana (Karena in Indonesian) Kereta Khamis Kismis Kolam Koma-koma to answer the masses window dictionary boat "counter" or "desk" foodstall cheese class shirt head because carriage. jewel. gem" manuṣyá masjd mi mesa mālatī kong-si 公司 Qur-ban Kottai gu-chai 韭菜 kudda goe 粿 /ﺎﻣﺮﺧKhurma limão "lemon" lubba 蘿蔔 longkang 流失 Maff maha . semen human being mosque noodles table jasmine (jasminum grandiflorum) kuṅkuma The pronunciation (lack of the "s" phoneme) suggests that this was borrowed compromis from French (perhaps via Dutch) English Hokkien Arabic Tamil Hokkien Sanskrit Hokkien Persian Portuguese Cantonese Hokkien Arabic Sanskrit Arabic Tamil Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic Hokkien Portuguese Sanskrit mangai maṇi "bead. car Thursday raisin Pool of water saffron Arabic Sanskrit Portuguese Arabic Tamil English Tamil Portuguese English Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Portuguese Arabic Persian Tamil Sanskrit jawāb janatá "community" janela qāmūs kappal kadai queijo class camisa kapāla "skull" karaṇena carreta al-khamis /ﺶﻤﺸﮐkishmish kulam Kompromi Komputer Kongsi Korban Kota Kucai Kuda Kuih Kurma Limau Lobak Longkang Maaf Maha Makmal Mangga Mani Manusia Masjid Mee/mi Meja Melati Compromise computer share sacrifice fort chives horse cake date lemon/orange carrot drain sorry great laboratory mango Sperm. the "um" suffix is Latin) Sanskrit Arabic Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit manteiga māraṇa "death" Maharddhika mṛdu "soft" message domingo (Domingo means Sunday. prosperous and powerful melodious. nav(a). "Dom" meaning "Lord" in Latin) miskeen mufls mūla origin munafq nāḍī "artery" njis naam nagara "city" naraka nīla "blue" nīla "blue" compound nau-.Mentega Merana Merdeka Merdu Mesej Minggu Miskin Muflis Mula Munafik Muzium Nadi Najis Nama Negara Neraka Nila Nilam butter suffering. lifeline excrement name country hell indigo dye sapphire Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit English Portuguese Arabic Arabic Sanskrit Arabic English (Derived from Greek. wasting away rich. the Malay Archipelago) priest (Christian) divine reward hero/warrior Sanskrit Arabic Javanese Portuguese Sanskrit Persian padre phala / ﻥﻥااﻮﻠﮩﭘbahlwān pañca "five" + rāga "melody/tune /musical note" bāzār ررااززﺎﺑ bao 包(another plausible source may be Portuguese pão) pradhānamantrin Pancaragam Pasar musical band market."nine" + bah "combination" = "combination of nine (musical instruments)" al-njum Nobat Nujum Nusantara Paderi Pahala Pahlawan royal ensemble music astrologer archipelago (esp. tuneful message week poor bankrupt to start. bazaar Sanskrit Persian Pau steamed bun Chinese Perdana menteri Perkasa prime minister mighty Sanskrit Sanskrit prakáśa "enlightened" base word "pustaka" is the . to begin hypocrite museum pulse. motherland party map cup (in the sense of a trophy) tape fasting idolize.Perpustakaan Pertama library first Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit word for "book" prathama pṛthivī /pṛthvī "Prithvi". from the Latin "Rota" Dutch Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic Sanskrit quote. form. worship possessive verb Hindu temple. "sempurna" putra "royal son" rahasya "mysterious" rādja rākṣasa / demon rasa ratna renda risico roda roken "to smoke" verb. ronda rutti rūpa śabda "word" sàbuun sahaja "natural" ) Pertiwi Pesta Peta Piala Pita Puasa Puja Punya Pura Purba Purnama Putera Rahsia Raja Raksasa Rasa Ratna Renda Risiko Roda Rokok Ronda Roti Rupa Sabda(of Muslim prophets) Sabun Sahaja native soil.cf. relaxed (eg duduk bersahaja "seated casually") . rondar or noun. deserving pura city/walled enclosure purva/poorv meaning past root pūrṇa . city ancient (of the moon) full prince secret king monster taste jewel. to patrol bread shape. say soap casual. appearance Sanskrit Portuguese Telugu Persian Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Portuguese Dutch Portuguese. gemstone lace risk wheel cigarette verb. mother goddess of the earth festa Paṭaṁ ( piyāla ()ﮫﮫﻟﺎﯿﯿﭘ fita upavasa pūjā punya merit. splendor. enemy lion system soldier clean. complete Suffering banner shoe wolf adversary.Sains Salji Sama Samseng Sejarah Sekolah Seks Selamat Sempurna sengsara Sepanduk Sepatu Serigala Seteru Singa Sistem Soldadu (obsolete) Suci Suka Sula Supir (dialectal/Indonesian) Suria Syariah Syor Syukur Syurga Takhta Tali Tangki Tarikh Taugeh Tauhu Teh O Teja (archaic) Teko Teksi Televisyen science snow same gangster history school sex safe. pike salamat. well-being perfect. radiance teapot taxi television English Arabic Sanskrit Hokkien Arabic Portuguese English. "purnama" samsara spandoek sapato śṛgāla "jackal" śatru singam thalji samma saⁿ-seng 三牲 syajarah/tawarih escola chauffeur surya shāri`ah shuo shukr swargam[1] takht ﺖﺨﺗ talli tanque at-tārih tao-geh tao-hu tê-o 茶烏 tejas te-ko . etc sampūrṇa complete(d) . pure happiness to impale driver sun Islamic law recommendation thankful heaven throne string tank date beansprouts beancurd black tea magnificence.cf. spear. from Greek Arabic Sanskrit Sanskrit Dutch Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Tamil English Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit French Sanskrit Arabic Mandarin Arabic Sanskrit Persian Sanskrit Portuguese Arabic Hokkien Hokkien Hokkien Sanskrit Hokkien English English. from Greek tāmra (Sanskrit) or tumbaga soldado śuci / clean sukha śūla / stake. used for greeting phrases as 'selamat pagi'. The Spanish word rather refers to a copper-gold alloy. race" . from the Latin "Tempus" tuppi toalha trocar ushtra uttama "principal" (adj.) uttar(a) waqt vaṃśa "lineage. tempo time.cf. "bangsa" vanithai(Vanita in Telugu. also thought of came from Spanish word Juanita means women) varna vārttā zarafh Tempoh Topi Tuala Tukar Unta Utama Utara Waktu Wangsa Wanita Warna Warta Zirafah period hat towel to exchange camel main north time dynasty women colour news giraffe Portuguese Sanskrit Portuguese Portuguese Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic Sanskrit Tamil/Telugu Sanskrit Sanskrit Arabic .Tembaga copper possibly Sanskrit or Spanish (Spanish).