Maltmalta material culture coleridge.pdfa Material Culture Coleridge

This article was downloaded by: [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] On: 07 February 2015, At: 22:29 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vanq20 Coleridge, Material Culture, and Malta a Russell Palmer a Ghent University Published online: 28 Mar 2014. Click for updates To cite this article: Russell Palmer (2014) Coleridge, Material Culture, and Malta, ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, 27:1, 5-12, DOI: 10.1080/0895769X.2014.880145 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0895769X.2014.880145 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & com/page/termsand-conditions .Downloaded by [University of California.tandfonline. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www. an island that was to be his home and place of work for the next two years (Sultana 142). Finally. bubonic plague. 2014 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group. He was to take up the post of undersecretary to Alexander Ball and later the role of public secretary. A situation. May 18. positing Coleridge as colonial observer. Malta also acted as a central point of quarantine. therefore.2014. and yellow fever during the nineteenth century. such as sounds and religious practices. a British cargo ship sunk by French vessels en route to Malta (Hayter 108). and Reviews. far from certain (Letters 2: 600.1080/0895769X. I shall attempt to construct an account of the physical surroundings and the inhabitants of early nineteenth-century Malta from Coleridge’s recorded observations. when harbored at Gibraltar he heard tales of ships such as the Hindostan. Notes. 27. Kooy 2012)—his observations and characterization of the island’s material environment and its inhabitants have received considerably less attention. the Mediterranean Sea played host to a battle of supremacy between the major European powers. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 Ghent University Coleridge. In fact. While much has been written on Coleridge’s time in Malta—his voyage to Malta (see Hayter 108). sounds and beliefs inform understandings of the world in which we live. and Coleridge notes several ships that were forced back out to sea when trying to dock in Malta’s harbors: “Of the Ragusae All his men dead or dying of the yellow fever & forced out to sea from Malta” (Notebooks 2: 21. 5 . taking captives and bounty where they could. architecture.24) On Friday. he notes. and bodies) and aspects of “invisible” (Upton 52) material culture. Vol. Material Culture. in which central Malta became a strategic pawn. both for goods and for people. Unlike other literati of his day. or the effects the climate had on his bodily and mental state (Cassar 1982. I will situate Coleridge’s accounts within a broader context. The island experienced several epidemics of contagious diseases such as cholera.586). with only a brief description of the quarantine apartments (Notebooks 2: 21. Though ousted from Malta in 1800 by a Maltese and British blockade. 1136).ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles. Notebooks 2:K. As part of the experience of the lived environment. Sultana 1969). 1. French vessels and other privateers were still at large.2 In this article. Drawing on his notebooks and letters for the years 1804–1805. his role in British colonial administration (Hugh and Davies 2010. 1804. and any material narrative is incomplete without their consideration.1 Samuel Taylor Coleridge arrived in Malta. LLC ISSN: 0895-769X print / 1940-3364 online DOI: 10. or quarantine station. 5–12. and Malta “Malta—jack asses—Cats—Cocks—Bells—Day cries—Night bellowings—Guns” (Coleridge. I will thematically cluster those observations that relate to the traditional materialist concerns (objects. such as Lord Byron or Walter Scott (whom Peter Vassallo has studied). No. that continued (Letters 2: 609–10) and necessitated traveling on an American ship from Leghorn (Livorno) to England in June 1806 (Letters 2: 620).496). In the early nineteenth century. Coleridge does not appear to have been significantly affected by his time in the Lazaretto.880145 RUSSELL PALMER Downloaded by [University of California. Coleridge’s successful voyage to Malta was. (Notebooks 2: 10.3). the streets running the width. and wall—a centuries-old tradition born from the lack of other natural resources on the island (Blouet 18). The rooms of both town and country “good” houses have lofty ceilings and are described as being lavishly furnished with wall-hangings and artworks: I met General Valette & delivered my Letter to him a striking room very high. but instantly opens out into a Lake with tongues of Land. . . but yet very impressively & imagination stirringly representing all the events & exploits of the Order—some fine pictures. Coleridge is bewildered at the Maltese use of limestone for every kind of construction—house. Letters 2: 619). “called the Ramp. While walking along the Cottonera Lines. and Reviews Downloaded by [University of California.3).3 Coleridge observes a “rude ascent”—in fact. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 Town and Country Upon his arrival. Valletta is not the only place to come under criticism for its steep terrain. Notes. all none quite level” and “of the steep Streets some [are] all stepped with a smooth artificial Stone. for his notebook entry of that day describes the “Harbour of Malta” as “one of the finest in the world” (Notebooks 2: 10. land drops steeply away to both sides before plummeting to sea level. The buildings around the harbor are the first that Coleridge sees. &c &c” (Letters 2: 1137). Therefore. With an elevated central promontory running the length of the Valletta peninsula. each having from 12 to 50 houses” and that “the good Houses are built with a courtyard in the centre” (Letters 2: 1137). Coleridge was pleasantly impressed with the shining stone structures of the harbor.3). each with its own system of creeks. In a letter to Sara Coleridge. & the 1/4th above a mass of colours. one little Island. The curious shapes of the Grand and Marsamxett harbors. street.23). the planned structure of Valletta and its Renaissance-inspired orthogonal layout give rise to “Streets all strait & at right angles to each other” (Notebooks 2: 10. and divided only by the peninsula on which Valletta stands. the dark holes created by positioning the windowpanes deep within the window recesses draw an unflattering allusion to “a burnt out place” (original italics. some having the footpath on each side in stone steps. And while Bath and other British cities are the result of organic growth over centuries. capes. Slopes. .” caught Coleridge’s eye (Notebooks 2: 17.4) We are furnished with very few passing remarks pertaining to the housing of the non-elite and poor. we learn that Valletta contains “about 110 Streets . Some “pauper houses” in Vittoriosa.3). The extended use of quarried limestone for street surfacing in Valletta contributes to the stark appearance in which street blends into building. is described vividly in a letter to Sara Coleridge: “The Harbour at Valletta is narrow as the neck of a Bottle in the entrance. 3/4ths of its height from the ground hung with rich crimson Silk or velvet.6 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles. However. and Bottoms” (Notebooks 2: 17. of the peninsula are often “exceedingly steep. The lake-like qualities of the harbors often induced Coleridge to draw comparisons with the landscape of the Lake District. pictures in compartments rudely and without perspective of art. As he starts to explore Valletta and the urban environment around the harbors. everywhere seems to be all “Heights.4. “only still whiter & newer-looking” (original italics.23). Letters 2: 1137). His initial impression is that although the freshness of the “Sand-free stone” (local Globigerina limestone) contributes to their neatness. but there is no mention as to the interior living conditions. the middle left for carriages” (Notebooks 2: 10. comparing it favorably to the grandeur of Georgian Bath. and of home (Notebooks 2: 10. rather than length. Notebooks 2: 10. he warms to the environment. including cotton and tobacco. now in the state for picking” (Letters 2: 1157). an array of “foreign residents” and a large number of civil and military British personnel. Senglea. During Coleridge’s time. therefore “the deficit [of food] is procured by the growth and spinning of cotton.454).10. aqueducts. “which are to Valetta [sic] what Borough is to London” (Letters 2: 1137.132). Letters 147). and pipes (Letters 2: 1137). Coleridge manages to distinguish not only between “town” (Valletta) and “countryside. “in contrast to the small number of merchants and sailors. traditional Maltese boats (Muscat. Coleridge notes that fields are enclosed by dry-stone walls “to keep the Soil from the rains” (Notebooks 2: 10.] Of the countryside. so that “everything grows on huge garden Pots.5) or the “Trees loaded with Oranges. there was not a great choice of transport. Built features such as stone balconies and windmills are occasionally deemed noteworthy (Notebooks 2: 21. attention is devoted to listing horticultural features4 in the garden of the country house at St. As compact as Malta is. or were ferried across the harbors in dghajsa. according to Sultana. Although seemingly desolate. was the result of the many frequent trips he had to make from town to country and back in the course of his official duties (Sultana 39). Valletta. & the whole Island looks like one monstrous fortification” (Letters 2: 1138). Those privileged. According to Donald Sultana.7 Coleridge. These early accounts do not record any women (wives and . according to colonial records. traveled longer distances on horseback (Notebooks 2: 2101 10.23). and Vittoriosa. for which corn could not be substituted from the nature of the soil” (The Friend 577).4).000 men—distributed in Valletta and the outlying fortifications” (34). in a letter to Sara Coleridge (Letters 2: 1138): Malta is about 20 miles by 12—a mere rock of free stone in digging out this they find huge quantities of vegetable soil—they separate it with the stones they build their Houses. reservoirs. Material Culture. His disapproving account of the lack of streams—Malta’s semi-arid climate gives rise only to widien. Unpub. such a Coleridge. Coleridge creates an impression of a desolate rural landscape.” but also to recognize the satellite functions of Bormola and Floriana. made up the urban part of the island. Coleridge’s awareness of the topography and urbanization.4 and 2. rather than edible produce.4). all nestled around the Grand Harbour. Collectively. Antonio (Notebooks 2:10. in carriages (Notebooks 2: 10. and vice versa. again. there was a large garrison—about 8. seasonal waterways that run only part of the year (Anderson 112)—quickly turns into a description of water supply. In many instances. The earliest entry in the Malta Blue Books (MBB)—annual British colonial records—details the number of troops as only 3. Cospicua (Bormla). dominated by limestone peppered with fruit-trees and nothing else: “Maltese no Taste but for Stone & Fruit” (Notebooks 2: 15. Floriana. Goods were often transported inland by donkey and cart. The population not only consisted of “native Maltese”5 but also. and Malta Downloaded by [University of California. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 A basic description of the geography and landscape of the island—one of the very few—is to be found.198 (1825). & gardens & field walls—all of enormous thickness—the fields seldom so much as half an acre [square][. the ground is fertile: “you almost see things grow” (Letters 2: 1138). Notebooks 2: 17. The mingling of natural features and the human environment is recurrent.3). The Inhabitants The Malta in which Coleridge arrives has a large population but an economy based on producing cash crops. and in keeping with Malta’s importance as a fortress. such as L. Although Coleridge and others may have considered some of the population very dark-skinned. Dudley Buxton. Notes. the number is likely to be significantly lower than Sultana suggests. As gifted a linguist as Coleridge may have been. Up until 1835. Coleridge makes generalizations relating to physical anatomical characteristics. the population columns “free blacks” and “slaves” were left blank. or nonmilitary personnel in the employ of the army. the fellow will put his Hand like a speaking Trumpet to his mouth & shoot such a Thunder bolt of Sound full at you (Letters 2: 1139) By contrast. later documented as “Persons connected with the Troops not being Soldiers. The number of troops recorded for the years 1823–1835 range from 3. make up between 39 and 58 percent of the British6 population in the years 1828–1835. children. but the language he uses to describe them also invokes a subhuman. the dominant female garb was the faldetto. accounting for the fact that regiments were not stationary and frequently moved from post to post. but straight clean limbed lively active/cannot speak in praise of their cleanliness—Children very fair” (Notebooks 2: 10. Nonmilitary personnel.3). and Reviews nurses) and/or children accompanying the troops. the additional average of 45 percent we may add takes the total of British civil and military personnel to a maximum of 4. broad & bulky noises. swearing in a drunken squabble and exclaiming.719. This means that as soon as Coleridge left the confines of Valletta. racially oriented columns—“whites. as was the replacement column “coloured population” (1837) after this date. sudden and violent” (Notebooks 2: 10. and “shockingly insipid” (Notebooks 2: 10. the earliest years that the Malta Blue Books cover such specific population data. in which Malta served as a central depot and launch point for British forces.331). & Valetta the noisiest place—sudden shot-up explosive Bellows—no cries you ever heard in London would give you the faintest Idea of it—. His comments regarding human utterances not only refer to their loudness.3).” which “from the use of always holding it down to one side of the face. “Population” 1855).000 (MBB 1823–1835. figures far below Sultana’s 8. “or cloak[.” not pretty. Even when you pass by a fruit stall.367.” “coloured population”—were marked “Does not apply to Malta.Downloaded by [University of California.8 Only at the height of the Crimean War. and nonmilitary British residents. contributing to contemporaneous colonial discourses of racialization just as early ethnologists. some almost black. Most soldiers and sailors . Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 8 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles. officers’ servants. almost animalistic quality—“shot up.] hooding their Heads as Women in England in a Shower throw over their aprons.7 Even if we assume that Sultana’s figure did not include the array of nonmilitary personnel. In describing the Maltese people. Coleridge observes that in both town and country. He observes that the Maltese are the noisiest race under Heaven. the sounds of the noise can be categorized as either relating to the human inhabitants or church bells. soldiers and sailors appear audibly clearer.3)—a feature common in the colonial discourse of the day (see Gallant 16–19).198 to 1. “Population”). H. The apparent noisiness of Valletta receives the most comments.” which is recorded in the Malta Blue Books. were to do one hundred years later: “The inhabitants very dark. a distinction was made between dark skin color and being racially “black.” apparently gave women “a permanent languishing way of holding their heads one way”—a look that does not wholly impress him: “picturesque enough.” along with wives. did the number of troops recorded reach Sultana’s estimation (MBB. In 1885 and in all subsequent entries. “Damn your eyes!” (Notebooks 2: 21. his views are likely to be have been influenced by what he did not understand. While it is not impossible that there may have been an especially high population of troops in Malta in the first few years of government. Coleridge is sensible of the sensory as well as the physical environment in which he finds himself.” With regard to dress. he would have been faced with an overwhelmingly Maltese population. (Notebooks 2: 21. In the case of the Maltese. Catholicism may not have been on the same. especially that ghastly look of dead-drunkenness so common in the crucifix Jesuses. and notes that “it is impossible .9 the Catholic religion is better than none/Why. and often used by colonial rulers to compare Mediterranean people with non-Western cultures. the traveller cannot help beholding it—the Sailor sees it the first thing—Contrast these hateful stone caricatures.” (Letters 2: 600. in every chamber. by every bed side. especially Christian. Although some newer additions have occurred. these rascal-faces. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 would have been speaking English. level as Protestantism. whereas local traders and vendors would have communicated in Maltese. however. Religion and Superstition The large number of churches is a key indicator to the centrality of the Catholic faith in Maltese society (Boissevan 16–23). is it. he detaches from mainstream Catholicism. nor totally occidental. After visiting a hospital. both before and after Coleridge (see Bigelow 200). (Notebooks 2: 21.Coleridge.508) To the nineteenth-century British imperialist. Thomas Gallant (15–34) suggests that in the Ionian Islands. He clearly disapproves of some of the practices associated with Catholicism. He complains of the “endless Jangling of these cursed Bells &c &c. many of the churches have pre-nineteenth-century origins and would therefore have been present during Coleridge’s time. a Religion? Sugar of Lead/Well! better that than no Sugar. Some aspects. the British used such unfamiliar cultural practices to construct the inhabitants not as a dichotomous “other. to be sure. with the English Bible and Prayer Book seen in our Houses and Hospitals. but a recognized. a similar position is illustrated by Coleridge’s regurgitation of Alexander Ball’s comment. religion was “better . or feel—or we should be Slaves. and Malta 9 Downloaded by [University of California. viewing them as something more primordial and especially Maltese.585) The superstitious nature of the Maltese and other Mediterranean islanders has been commented on by many visitors. he is moved to write in his journal of the ubiquitous superstition-infused religion: again & again to observe the indefatigable ubiquitarian intrusia of the Catholic Superstition. better than no oil at all—or a fellow vends a poison under the name lf James’s Powders—well! we must get the best we can—better that than none!—So did not our noble ancestors reason. .4).” imposing an identity constructed as neither oriental. on every stair-case. 1139). it is called a Religion: but the ? is.3). including the omnipresent religious pictures and iconography both in churches and in the streets. along roads.38). The sound of bells emanating from Valletta’s more than twenty-five churches is something that no contemporary visitor will fail to notice. . a language we have no evidence of him attempting to master and that he describes disparagingly as “Arabic corrupted with Italian” (Notebooks 2: 10.” but rather to invoke a system of analogies and comparisons with other known groups or “races. Material Culture. superior and more rational. and neither did Coleridge. such as a cross that has been painted: “at the other end in a nitch a Cross Painted! Was it there before? Or was it in some complaisance to Maltese superstitions? (Notebooks 2: 10. to be any where out of the Sound of Steeple Clock & Church Bells” (Notebooks 2: K. Put Oil of Vitriol into my Sallad—well. The main problem seems to be books lost in transit. the Malta Blue Books (1829) record that the importation of cattle was wholly from “Foreign States” (i. “foreign” or unfamiliar. In his notebooks and letters. Ball refers to religious beliefs that do not conform to monotheistic ideals. either on their way to Malta (Letters 2: 600. and yet will not stick to the paper” (Notebooks 2: 21. the two material possessions over which Coleridge expresses greatest concern are books and money. That Coleridge’s emotional concern for his books is more than mere worry over property is clearly revealed in his notebooks when he exclaims. however. he usually limits his description to that which is either aesthetically pleasing or abhorrent. and later tabletop. in some way.. Cattle were not reared in nineteenth-century Malta. “It is often said. Coburn’s insertion). . Once on the island. MBB 1821–1830). Companions!” (Notebooks 2: 21. or the United States). Fasting and celebratory feasts. the kenur. his own hunger often suppressed by opiates. Lost books are of particular concern. In fact. received little attention. which is likely to have been the case in Coleridge’s time.” so hot that “the Thermometer” reached “86 in the Shade” (Letters 2: 604. Occasionally.” By this statement. and the need to borrow money from others (Letters 2:1158) are most common. dear. but occasionally the cost of specific goods are noted. and even the United States in the early part of the century (The Friend 577. and the negligence of the Customhouse officer (Unpub.” which he complains results in a “fat [that] congeals quickly & sticks worse than suet to the roof of the mouth” (Notebooks 2: 21. which is either made of limestone. preferably after dinner (Letters 2: 601). “Coffee at 4 or 5 Shillings a pound” (Notebooks 2: 21. but goats and pigs were kept in both town and country (The Friend 577). tho’ it has been hotter for the last fortnight than at Calcutta. he devotes most of a letter to his wife to articulating his disgust at the loss of a trunk of books at Stangate Creek. several general comments of interest. For instance.569). and most probably unintentionally. or Kingston. although important parts of the religious calendar. Kent. However. save that he often refers to the benefits of drinking a few glasses of port wine a day. very dear. in expressing his views on the climate. Coleridge reflected that at least the bread “is better and cheaper on average than in Italy or the coast of Barbary” (The Friend 570). He notes that it is the custom of the Maltese to “dress their food out at their doors on pots of Fire” (Notebooks 2: 10. and Reviews than none. that Books are companions—they are so. or a more portable. Unfavorable comparisons of Maltese to English food and its makers occur several times and can be seen in the following notebook entry: “The least things how they evidence the superiority of English artisans—now the Maltese Wafers for instance/that stick to your mouth and fingers almost so as to make it impossible to get them off without squeezing them into a little pellet. Some years after leaving Malta. 1139) or on their return. and to that which is. not Britain or any of her colonies.10 There are. The “pots of fire” refer to the traditional Maltese stove. they were “fed on cotton seed. There is very little to learn about drinking habits in Malta from Coleridge.587). ceramic version (kenur tal-fuhhar).478). Notes.7). objects are mentioned in passing when discussing some other topic.506). Unlike the large quantities of dried and salted beef imported from Britain.Downloaded by [University of California. References to his increased or potential salary in Malta. Later records show that many cattle were imported from the Barbary States. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 10 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles. it is unsurprising that he does not provide a detailed account of Maltese cuisine.e. Ireland. As food was not necessarily the most important of things to Coleridge. Moveable Objects Coleridge does not provide many clear descriptions of moveable objects. such as those encountered in many of Europe’s colonies. Letters 156). he declares that “I have never [fe]lt a moment’s inconvenience from the heat. but little information is supplied on how. 2 Exceptions . Irish troops.508).g. his comments regarding urban architecture are positive.17). containing the Three Cities: Vittoriosa (Birgu). not Malta. 4 For instance.447). 9 Coleridge writes “αδι βαλλ. Coleridge conceives of a kind of human/cultural hierarchy in which the Maltese are positioned somewhere below north Europeans and generally below Italians. Senglea (L-Isla). and buildings to an abrupt end. To gain any insight into the material worlds of non-elite communities. even in his letters to Sara the information is often piecemeal and unintentional. including his own. He pays particular attention to fruit-bearing trees.3). through his notebooks and letters we are privy to some objects and occurrences that he found interesting. 1799 (593). suggesting that Coleridge himself did not consider that he was in any way documenting a culture or environment. we must rely on his sensory observations. many nineteenth-century visitors spent only months. or bothersome enough to “go with my Pocket-book. or even days in Malta as part of a Mediterranean tour. noting their finer qualities (Notebooks 2: 21. usually pertain to aspects of the natural world—flora and fauna. & minute its features” (Notebooks 2: 17. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 Coleridge and the Material In general. Coleridge’s perception of these non-elite inhabitants is enmeshed within contemporaneous British construction of the Mediterranean people. 3 The Cottonera Lines are a perimeter of fortifications on the opposite side of the Grand Harbour to Valletta. people. Notebooks 2: 21. However. Coleridge was neither on tour nor writing any kind of a travel journal. Bigelow 1831. he promotes them above the inhabitants of Sicily. The lack of detailed description is at odds with the long time he spent in Malta. give rise to a skewed vision of nineteenthcentury Malta. the fruit and vegetables were prepared and eaten. and Cospicua (Bormla).23).449. Coleridge’s personal and epistolary descriptions. and again by Pluviôse. See Leadbetter. a dangerous life threatened periodically by disease and starvation. His privileged access to many of the finest abodes on offer. Johns 1842. are eclipsed in their fullness by others of his time (e. the detailed study of his recorded observations and experiences provides a historically valuable glimpse of the material world in early nineteenth-century Malta. The considerable parallels with Italian culture (Notebooks 2: K. and Malta Downloaded by [University of California. in which the grandiose living of the imperial elite is brought to the fore.” which I have taken to be a reference to Alexander Ball (Notebooks 2: 21. whether intentional or not. dated February 5.11 Coleridge. His letters to Sara Coleridge are the most informative. in his description of “À la brave garnison de Malte” but invoking battle in Italy. Nevertheless. 8 This figure comes from multiplying the number of troops recorded in the Malta Blue Book of 1823 (3198) by the extrapolated mean percentile of “non-troop” British recorded in the years 1828–1835. 6 “British” here signifies anyone part of the British Empire or her colonies—for instance. but. Instead.24) provide limited atonement as he admits to his notebook that “Italians desire to be English. confirmed to me by the most intelligent” (Notebooks 2: K. Notes 1 Coburn corrects Coleridge’s original entry. The recurrent use of “&c &c” in both letters and his notebooks brings descriptions of landscapes. Beneath the shouting of vendors lies a world of near or complete poverty. or even if. while his letters to Robert Southey contain very little that relate to Malta outside of his own personal engagements and relationships. However.” dated December 26. 7 Sultana relies heavily on Hardman’s History. 10 Many letters and notebook entries mention the produce grown in Malta. and the Defence it is capable of making. in which 8. Scott 1972 [1831] 683–90).000 troops are mentioned twice: in “Observations on the Blockade of Malta. weeks. suggesting the month of May instead of April (Notebooks 2: 10. 5 As described in the population figures contained in the Malta Blue Books. Material Culture. different. 1800 (348).. ” Hyphen: A Journal of Melitensia and the Humanities 3. Print. <http://www. Anderson. 1969. Gregory. Barry and Howard Davies. the ‘Life of Ball’: How Public Service Shaped The Friend. Ed.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute [Man] 52 (1922): 164–211. Earl Leslie Griggs.” The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz. Ewan W. Print. Notre Dame: Notre Dame UP. William. Walter. “The Third Landing-Place.12 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles. Kathleen Coburn. Sultana. Coleridge. “The Wied: A Representative Mediterranean Landform. and Reviews Downloaded by [University of California. London: Faber and Faber. 2013. Essay vi. Web. “The Ethnology of Malta and Gozo. Print. 2002. 1932. Print. Dudley. W. 2 vols. Andrew. Notes. Kooy. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.2 (1997): 111–14. Johns. 1972. Michael John.” The Mariner’s Mirror 77. Unpublished Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. “The First Documented Case of Drug Addiction in Malta: Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Print. <http://books. Leadbetter. Ed. Hendee & Babcock. and Power in the British Mediterranean. with Sketches of Gibraltar in 1827. J. “The Dghajsa—In Memoriam. Upton. Print. Print. Collected Works. Ed. Barbara E. Coleridge’s Laws: A Study of Coleridge in Malta. Print. Print. Oxford: Clarendon. Thomas. Samuel Taylor. Malta. 1973. 1969. Muscat. The Story of Malta. Print. 2013. 24 Aug. “Coleridge’s Lizards in Malta and Sicily: Geraldine under the Sun.2 (1982): 52–61.nso. Print.aspx? pageid=392>. Including Certain Letters Republished from Original Sources. 1962. Beaudry. Boissevan. Print.gov. Print.4 (1991): 389–405.2 (2012): 65–70. Bigelow. E. London: Constable. 1801–1806. Earl Lesie Griggs. Print. Ed. Malta. Jeremy. New edition [online]. Peter. Green.2 (2012): 70–75. Boston: Carter. Print. “Byron. National Statistics Office. ——. Donald. 20 Aug. Valletta: Progress Press. L. “The City as Material Culture. Buxton.” The Friend I (1818). Saints and Fireworks: Religion and Politics in Rural Malta. 1992. Anne Elizabeth Yentsch and Mary C. Oxford: Clarendon. K.” Wordsworth Circle 43. Sketches of the Life of Sir Alexander Ball. Scott. Cassar. 1798–1815. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Print. 1909. A History of Malta During the Period of the French and British Occupations. Print. Gallant. Print.mt/site/page. 2 vols. ——. 1804–1808. Web.2 (2012): 90–94. Print.” Wordsworth Circle 43. Holland Rose. Ed. A Voyage in Vain: Coleridge’s Journey to Malta in 1804. Hayter. Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 22:29 07 February 2015 Works Cited Anderson. Blouet. 1967. Vassallo. Brian.” GeoJournal 41. Richard. Rooke. Ed. Alethea. W. 1956. Blue Books of Malta. Scott. Newman. Print. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hardman. The Journal of Sir Walter Scott.org/obp/353>. 2010. Joseph.” Bentley’s Miscellany 12 (1842): 136–43. Print. Identity. Ed. H. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. . Experiencing Dominion: Culture. London: Faber and Faber. ——.openedition. The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 1993. Travels in Malta and Sicily. Paul.” Wordsworth Circle 43. 6 vols. Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Malta and Sicily. 51–78. “A Visit to Malta. 1831. 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