Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Investigator-Driven Research Division I – Humanities and Social Sciences Research Proposal Urban Transformations and Local Political Elites. A Comparative Study among four Swiss Cities Main Applicant: Prof. Dr. Oscar Mazzoleni University of Lausanne Other Applicants: Dr. Andrea Pilotti University of Lausanne Prof. Dr. André Mach University of Lausanne 1 1. Summary of the research plan Under the pressure of globalization and Europeanization, European States, including Switzerland, are experiencing an increasing transformation of sub-national forms of democratic life, enhancing the importance of local and especially urban political participation and governance (John 2001; Le Galès 2011; Mossberger et al. 2012). Whilst scholars and the public tend to suppose that the differences between now and the first decades after World War II are very strong, few systematic analyses are available. Our research project aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the profile of urban elected representatives over time in connection with the transformation of the urban context, and especially in the period since the 1980s. A number of questions arise: Who are these representatives in charge of local decision-making, both in legislative and executive power, and in what ways are they different from their colleagues of the past? Our main research questions are twofold: To what extent do social, institutional, and political changes affect the profile of the elected representatives? And is it possible to observe an increasing democratization and professionalization of the urban political elite? Assuming sub-national legacies are crucial in the evolution of urban political elites, our project simultaneously adopts a comparative approach and a prosopographic perspective able to take into account change and persistence over time in a detailed manner at the individual level. Our research will focus on the evolution of four cities in Switzerland (Lausanne, Lucerne, Lugano, and Zurich), which represent different legacies among the main urban Municipalities, in terms of demographic, institutional, economic, and political points of view. For each of the municipalities, we will analyze the evolution of the elected representatives (age, education, profession, gender, and political longevity) in legislative and executive institutions in the period between 1946 and 2016, in relation to urban, institutional, and political transformations. More precisely, we want to verify the impact of demographic and socioeconomic settings, local party system changes, institutional and partisan rules, and the role of the municipalities in public policies on the evolution of the profile of local political elites. The project will systematically collect data about every elected representative in each election year, data that is stored in municipal archives and so far remains largely unexploited. An initial harvesting of the data concerning Lausanne and Lugano has revealed the richness of these holdings and allows a systematic examination of the elected representatives, permitting a systematic quantitative analysis. An important goal of the project is to support the recent revitalization of urban research on the political elite and thereby contribute to it catching up with national and international counterparts, where this sub-field has seen a considerable renewal in recent years, bridging with the statewide political elite studies. The organization of an international conference at the end of the research will give the opportunity to bring together leading scholars in the study of the urban political elite and to present the results of the research. Moreover, the research project integrates two PhD studies and therefore contributes to the advancement of young academic careers. Since questions about the political relevance of urban municipalities to Swiss governance, especially in the major cities, have excited more interest in Switzerland in recent years, the proposed research project also seeks to achieve the wide diffusion of its findings, and to reach out not only to the scientific community, but also to the general public. 2 the division of labor. we will discuss the main results of these different research fields. several studies have investigated the role of local councilors. 2008) already observed. and urban transformations. The transformation of urban contexts is not only reflected in terms of their institutional organization. etc. 2012. Reynaert et al. Research Plan 2.1 Current state of Research in the Field In order to focus on political elites in urban municipalities through a comparative and dynamic approach in Switzerland. especially in relation to urban policies and the changing patterns of the executive (Jouve & Lefèvre 2004. 2009.e.2. the processes of suburbanization. Emerson 2002. Mouritzen & Svara 2002. In recent decades. our research project considers different sub-fields: local elected representatives. 2008). Hoffmann-Martinot & Sellers 2005. 2006. the relations with the parties. while also underlining some of their limitations. Le Galès 2011). business. the large majority of current studies on local 3 . On the one hand. Heinelt & Kübler 2005. an increasing professionalization favored by the direct election. Lees et al. Brenner 2004. and metropolitan segregation (i. Kazepov 2005. Sellers et al. highlights how—according to the national context— different political and institutional factors can influence the profile of local councilors. and public administration). They also identified. Atkinson & Bridge 2005. such as the increase in residents with higher levels of education. Local and urban governments have implemented many important institutional and administrative changes during the last forty years with regard to at least three domains: decentralization. Heinelt & Kübler 2005). Borraz & John 2004. Hambleton & Gross 2007. and the evolution of remuneration (see Berg & Rao 2005). including elected representatives and their political parties (Jouve & Lefèvre 2004.g. According to Hoffmann-Martinot and Sellers (2005). and demographic longevity (Crouch 1999. like other scholars. Copus et al. Hoffmann-Martinot & Sellers 2005. and participatory reform (Kersting et al. to find systematic analyses of this trend that take into account both the institutional and the social changes in linking with the evolution of political elites. high technology. permanent jobs in favor of flexible forms of employment. Several studies of urban geographers and political scientists have shown how the new territorial and administrative planning of urban areas has led to a new governance of these areas by political actors.e. Sweeting. a decrease in stable. Crouch et al. statewide political elites. Pasquier et al. see also Smith 1996. the book edited by Egner. Le Galès 2011. with a focus on both executive and legislative powers. thanks to the reforms introducing directly elected mayors in several European cities. Apart from a few exceptions (Guérin & Kerrouche 2006. however. and in particular in Western cities. and Klok (2013). geopolitical fragmentation. 2013). have now become widespread phenomena in post-industrial cities. In the following sections. in particular the social base of recruitment. 2009). the increasing presence of the tertiary sector (i. Verheul & Schaap 2010. Urban changes and local political elites in the international literature Scholars recognize the huge relevance of the transition from the industrial towards a post-industrial society and its impact on urban landscape and governance. 2013. the increasing power of the municipal executive. and the councilors’ perceptions of their office. On the other hand. Borraz & John 2004. services. which deals with several aspects of local councilors. especially in the United States. Bäck et al. has attracted widespread scholarly interest (e. Copus 2004. increasing attention has been devoted to the local and urban elite in European countries. but also in terms of social changes. 2001. political and administrative reforms. the professional profile. Kazepov 2005). It is difficult. urban gentrification. Recently. see especially chapter 6. Geser et al. In other words. The latter create a new political environment. Plüss & Rusch 2012). Linfort & Closset 1989. Bassand & Fragnière 1976. Kübler & Schwab 2007. Some seminal works were realized in the 1970s by Bassand and Fragnière and were devoted to some municipalities in Western Switzerland (Bassand 1974. but they don’t really allow for historical depth. on the one hand. because of its essentially synchronic character. and their perceptions about the elective office. We can also mention three studies that are characterized by a 4 . Geser et al. focused on the profile of local councilors in a synchronic perspective and their political recruitment patterns. 1996. Since the literature does not consider in a systematic manner the long-term evolution of local political and urban elites. but that there is also a lack of in-depth knowledge. 2014. while the comparative perspective tends to be excluded. 2012).political elites adopt a synchronic approach. the existence of divergent profiles (in terms of gender. which affects the urban political elites’ identity. Vodoz et al. see chapter 9. Geser 2010. some studies have been published that have adopted a synchronic perspective on local elected representatives. where a long tradition of research on local and urban politics is provided. see chapters 5 and 6). though we are certainly informed on some current trends in Switzerland (Guéranger & Kübler 2004. 2005. the development of new forms of metropolitan governance (Kübler et al. and. roles. We are lacking information providing a long-term perspective on the changes and continuities in the profile of local councilors. Urban transformations and Swiss political elites Regarding the urban transformations in Switzerland. 2002. Thanks to these different studies we have somehow a “snapshot” of Swiss municipalities and the socio-professional features of their local councilors. and educational and professional background). and the perception of their role behavior and their political influence (Plüss 2013. Bergère 1996). many studies have illustrated the deep changes in the urban context characterized by the passage from urbanization to metropolitanization. it neglects to address the question of how the transformation of urban contexts has affected the sociological profile of local legislative and executive bodies. The few studies on the Swiss case that privileged a diachronic dimension were realized forty years ago and they were focused on a number of small Swiss municipalities and did not include the main Swiss cities. or that the evolution of their profile is a result of the transformations that have affected the cities? What causal relationship can be established? In our opinion. In other words. Bassand 2004. we observe a lack of comparative analyses on the evolution of the urban political elites. and routines. 2012). is it the case that the local political elites were first to change. 2013. we have only limited information or no information at all about the evolution over time of the profile of urban political elites called to manage the urban changes. age. Since the 1990s. Geser et al. Even in France. 2012. practices. Kübler & Scheuss 2005. on the other hand. only a few studies have included a diachronic dimension (see: Agulhon et al. the existence of significant differences in the respective political recruitment and political career patterns of female and male Swiss city councilors (Plüss & Rusch 2012). have also shown. even though sociological traits were not considered in great depth (Ladner 1991. 1986. the literature on local political elites does not allow this to be answered in a satisfactory manner. Bassand & Fragnière 1978. These works are undoubtedly very interesting and their scientific contribution is also significant. Some studies. Considering the literature on local political elites in Switzerland. 1994. Souchon- Zahn 1991. Finally. according to the municipality’s size or the language area in Switzerland to which it belongs (Geser 2010. we should recognize that some advance has been made. influenced by new trends in the international literature. current urban research does not provide a systematic answer with regard to these questions. 2013). 2015). with its own procedures. Likewise. their notion of democracy. especially the executive members. or that of Bermeo (1987). and Bailer et al. Secondly. German. about the MPs in the European Parliament. Turkey. the existence of some form of specific profile depending on the party affiliation of elected representatives. profession. Finally. South Korea. scholars have often highlighted the role of political parties. While Gallagher and Marsh (1988) provide an analytical framework based on the party system and internal 5 . These studies do not all adopt the same unique methodology: some of them favor a “societal” approach which considers Parliament as a reflection of society and tries to describe its composition. statewide political elites have continued to be the subject of many studies. and in an attempt to go beyond its weaknesses.). mainly about Great Britain. on the United States. Loewenberg and Kim (1978) present a typology of different relationships between MPs and their constituencies in six countries (Kenya. and Switzerland). on the political decision-making processes. Since the 1920s and 1930s. Verzichelli & Cotta 2014 and Best & Semenova 2014 about the European MPs). (2002) made a comparison on the composition of different Western legislatures. First of all. other studies focus on an approach that tries to take into account the impact of changes in the socio- institutional context on the recruitment process for MPs. Other research included more than two countries: Putnam (1976) examined the evolution of ministers’ social background in Germany. and Navarro 2009. Verzichelli 2010. which analyzed the effects of the process of democratization on the composition of ruling elites in Spain and Portugal. Loewenberg and Patterson (1979) focused on the functioning and the composition of the US. the paper of McDonnell and Mazzoleni (2014) focused on the relations between the respective mayors and their parties in two cities in Italy and Switzerland (Genoa and Lausanne). while Loewenberg et al. about Italy. we argue that literature on the statewide political elites would be useful. Tavares de Almeida et al. Italy. such as that of Eliassen and Pedersen (1978) about Norway and Denmark. France. The sociographical study of national MPs is a classical topic for field research at the international level (Costa & Kerrouche 2007. Dowding and Dumont (2009) studied the recruitment of ministers in many European countries (see also Dumont & Verzichelli 2014). 1996) focused on a comparison of the city government in two municipalities of the canton of Vaud (Lausanne and Yverdon-les-Bains) and two municipalities in the French region of Franche-Comté (Besançon and Pontarlier) during the period of 1977–1989. Case studies and comparative studies on statewide political elites highlight several elements. Several of them have also included a prosopographic approach to elected representatives (Norris & Lovenduski 1995. The study’s aim was to illustrate the impact of urban changes on the political and administrative institutions. the works of Borraz (1994. and on the emergence of new urban elites in the four municipalities. 2013. Guéranger and Kübler (2004) realized a comparison about the socio-political characteristics of elected representatives within the metropolitan areas and their neighboring municipalities in France and in Switzerland. the literature on statewide political elites provides some studies with a comparative approach (Patzelt 2002). Focusing on the question of political careers and recruitment. such as the importance of certain resources (social and educational background. More recently. In addition to several case studies. and the impact of historical conditions and constitutional changes on parliamentary recruitment. an important amount of studies have been devoted to the members of legislative and executive powers in Western countries. and English parliaments. 2014. and finally. Golsch 1998. on France. Belgium. (2003) focused on ministers’ recruitment in the countries of Southern Europe in the period of 1850–2000. Some studies made a comparison between two countries. Costa & Kerrouche 2007. and the United Kingdom since the late-nineteenth century. Narud and Valen (1999) analyzed the social background of MPs in the countries of Northern Europe. about Germany.comparison between a number of Swiss municipalities and their French or Italian counterparts. Davidson et al. Insights from statewide political elites In order to enhance the study on urban and local political elites. etc. about France). Rouban 2011. More recently. The two processes appear contradictory. in recent years and in connection with the SNF project “The Swiss Elites in the 20th century: an unachieved process of differentiation?” at the University of Lausanne. He is a member of the Swiss Elite Observatory at the University of Lausanne (Obelis). McDonnell & Mazzoleni 2014). He has also published articles and books on Swiss urban and local political elites in changing institutional and social patterns. Mazzoleni 1999. 2005. He is currently preparing a book based on his PhD thesis on Swiss parliamentary recruitment and the reforms of the Federal Assembly. political parties. this literature tends to exclude the local and urban scale. on the one hand. and social standing.2016. 2003. 2010.functioning of political parties that influence the choice of candidates for elections to the national parliament. Mazzoleni et al. Pilotti et al. Historical and International Studies. Pilotti 2011. paying also attention to a diachronic and historical approaches (Burgos et al. new approaches (comparative and historical). thus restricting access to the parliamentary arena” (Cotta and Best 2000b: 495). Andrea Pilotti (first co-applicant) is a senior researcher at the Institute of Political. Mazzoleni et al. Mazzoleni et al. 2007). 2011. constitute the most ambitious attempt to improve the literature on the comparative study of statewide political elites. Mazzoleni & Meuwly 2013. in particular on national parliamentary elites (Mach & Pilotti 2008. and their evolution over time (Mach & Pilotti 2008. and in urban and regional politics. Best and Cotta identify two main processes involving parliamentary recruitment. how political recruitment cannot be interpreted in a linear and convergent manner and. 6 . legal status. 2010. and 2016. adopting a comparative perspective (Mazzoleni et al. He currently co-directs a project funded by the SNF on Swiss political parties at the regional level. 2. He is a political scientist specializing in the study of parliamentary recruitment (where he adopts a prosopographic approach). income. 2010. among other dimensions. which focus on the evolution of the composition of national parliaments in eleven European countries from 1848 to 2000. and new empirical knowledge. professionalization refers to the process whereby those recruited tend to establish area-specific standards and routines which increase their own control over legislative careers. 2010. 2015). since “while democratization refers to an opening of the channels for political participation and legislative recruitment to more social groups. democratization and professionalization). With regard to the Swiss case. following some seminal studies in the 1960s and the 1970s (Frei 1966. The case studies and comparative analyses edited by Best and Cotta clearly show. He is also an associated member of the Swiss Elite Observatory at the University of Lausanne (Obelis). professeur titulaire) at the Director of the Research Observatory for Regional Research at the University of Lausanne. Alongside these. 2010. Unfortunately. namely democratization and professionalization. 2013. He has published different contributions about the study of the profile of political elites. Pilotti et al. 2012. the works led by Best and Cotta (2000a. is a Maître d’enseignement and recherche in Political Science (from 1. especially on Swiss MPs. regional and national level. the study of Swiss MPs has experienced an important renewal both in terms of new theoretical issues (e.2 Current state of our own research Oscar Mazzoleni (main applicant). Gruner 1970). University of Lausanne. 2012). Norris (1997) emphasizes. 2011. and consequently the MPs’ profile in Western countries. on the other hand. and political elites at local. Pilotti 2011. Mazzoleni & Wernli 2002). the role of the electoral system. that societal changes have only an indirect impact. Mazzoleni et al. He has been involved in several research projects on Swiss politics and he has published a large number of papers and books on the Swiss party system.g.1. PhD in Modern History. almost non-existent. 2012. Thanks to the diachronic approach. the two processes show contradictory trends. while on the other.” At the same time. David et al. professionalization also refers to an exclusive process that creates a division between insiders and outsiders to the political field (Cotta & Best 2000: 523). According to Borchert (2008: 273). the Swiss literature on the profile of urban political elites in a dynamic (e. On the one hand. the four-year research project funded by the SNSF. competition policy.e.unil. while democratization is an inclusive process. the concepts of democratization and professionalization are also perfectly suitable for the study of members of executives and the legislatives of Swiss cities. The concept of professionalization allows us to consider how local public office becomes a true remunerated profession that requires some specific resources. Mach et al. and political changes affect the profile of the elected representatives? In order to answer the first question. He recently directed. The two-fold analytical concept of Best and Cotta can be very useful and relevant for our study on local political elites in the Swiss cities. Our main research questions are the following: (1) Is it possible to observe a process of increasing democratization and professionalization of the elected representatives of Swiss urban municipalities since the Second Word War? (2) To what extent do social. His areas of specialization include Swiss politics. 2012. cultural. gender. University of Lausanne. Indeed. and economic resources among local representatives and their evolution over time. we will be able to analyze the continuities and changes that have taken place over a very long period.g. based on the concepts of democratization and professionalization (Best and Cotta 2000a. “Les élites suisses au 20e siècle: un processus de différenciation inachevé?” One important output from these research projects was a systematic database on Swiss economic. 2. Our goal is to show how it is possible to fill this gap focusing on the case of the members of the executives and legislatives in Swiss municipalities. Swiss elites. Historical and International Studies.3 Detailed Research Plan As already shown in the state of the art. Bühlmann et al. The realization of a study of local councilors in a diachronic perspective allows us to illustrate the presence (or not) of some social. professionalization has a dual status. and academic elites through the twentieth century (see: www. organized interests. institutional. political. thanks to the payment of allowances and salary. 2015). in particular in urban areas.ch/elitessuisses). our research project adopts a theoretical framework of analysis inspired by statewide political-elite research. profession) in the urban political elite.André Mach (second co-applicant) has an education in political science and is Associate Professor in comparative political economy and Swiss politics at the Institute of Political. it is a necessary condition to ensure access to a political career to people from different social backgrounds. The battle over legislative compensation [is] basically one about democracy and the social opening of the political sphere. rather common in elite research. He has published on these different topics in Swiss and international journals (Mach 2002. political. 2011. administrative. From a methodological point of view. 2015. and more generally. Our framework for analysis allows us to investigate in depth whether and how the urban transformation undergone by Swiss cities has had an impact on the sociological profile of their elected representatives. education. we operationalize the concepts of democratization and professionalization thanks to a prosopographic approach (i. industrial relations. these two processes are interrelated: “professionalization [is] both a result of democratization and a prerequisite for its further extension into the parliamentary sphere. 2000b). in collaboration with Thomas David. the impact of globalization on national policies. In order to analyze these evolutions. which implies a 7 . one of collective biography). Swiss corporate governance. historic) perspective is very marginal. The concept of democratization helps us to analyze the degree of inclusiveness of various social groups (according to age. the mayoral power in Swiss municipalities remains relatively low (Ladner 2005.systematic collection of biographic information. Four indicators allow us to measure the evolution of the profile of local elected representatives in terms of democratization: (a) age allows us to verify which category is predominant and to what extent the political authorities of Swiss cities were and are representative of the entire population. professional background and political career. particularly since a university degree is a more or less decisive pre-requisite for being elected to the executive or legislative councils. the ability to continuously fulfill a political function for a period of several years will be useful for observing whether or not there is also a process of professionalization based on the acquisition of specific knowledge and specific skills related to elective office. namely the time spent in the exercise of office. the abandoning of the primary profession in favor of elected office. (c) education. McDonnell & Mazzoleni 2014). especially the members of executives. Figure 1 A model of Recruitment to Swiss Urban Political Elites 8 .) will provide inspiration. and the political longevity.e. and (d) professional background allows us to verify if there are one or more professional groups that seem to “dominate” the local elected representatives. Regarding the process of the professionalization of elected representatives. The indicator of political longevity. i. the highest level of education in connection with the growing complexity of duties. which is observable as a regular trend in many Western countries (Mouritzen & Svara 2002. we can verify the impact of the changes in the local party system on the length of political careers. Moreover. does or does not favor the increasing professionalization of Municipal executives. (b) gender permits us to understand to what extent the introduction of women’s suffrage at the local level has or has not changed the profile of local political elites. thanks to this indicator. we seek to demonstrate the extent to which the empowerment of executives. Berg & Rao 2005). the four indicators identified by Guérin and Kerrouche (2008: 191ff. allowing us to identify the changes and continuities in the profile of local political elites over time (Lemercier & Picard 2011). especially in terms of education. Although. e. may affect the profile of urban political elites in the main Swiss cities (Hypothesis 3). For instance. such as. especially the members of national parliaments. the processes of industrialization and de-industrialization in the period after the second world war. we can assume that: The profile of Swiss urban political elites changes in connection with the legal context in which the municipal elections are held.. of a higher rate of public servants and elected representatives with a university degree (Cotta & Tavares de Almeida 2007. Moreover. In this regard. changing party system. and public-office remuneration). the presence of blue-collar workers. Gaxie & Godmer 2007).e. In this regard. the electoral system chosen for municipal elections (majoritarian vs. Hypothesis 2) The institutional and partisan rules Our second independent variable concerns the impact of the institutional rules that may (directly or indirectly) affect the recruitment of the local elected representatives. and public employees).. the professionalization of parties and their 9 . for example. eligibility of women and foreigners. We also expect that social changes. For every category. we expect that the reforms of the institutional rules (i. that have shown the existence of a connection between. We made this third hypothesis by taking into account the results of many studies on political elites. the democratization of access to higher education. proportional). the loss in importance of the primary sector and the development of the industrialization process and. we distinguish four categories of independent variables that can affect the evolution in the profile of local representatives. As our second question is focused on the grounds of change and persistence. introduction of the direct election of the mayor. Rush & Cromwell 2000: 471ff. the growth of the service sector. Best et al.e. division of labor in favor of executive members.). and increasing state intervention) may have an impact on the composition of executive and legislative bodies (i. In this regard. the presence of farmers and blue-collar workers among the elected representatives (Best & Gaxie 2000: 124ff. Therefore. on the one hand. we assume that: The profile of Swiss urban political elites reflects the changes of the society from which the local elected representatives have emanated. or the increasing role of women in society. our project will combine a sociological and institutional perspective. three issues are in stake: To what extent do the profiles of local political elites reflect the social transformations in the urban electorate. In particular. other studies have clearly demonstrated how the development of state intervention and the democratization of access to universities have had an impact regarding the presence. among European MPs. entrepreneurs. and new institutional rules (i. and evolution of remuneration). we can also make at least four hypotheses about the impact of these variables that we want to verify in our research project (see above Figure 1). 2000: 149ff. on the other hand. we expect that the transformations that affect the economic structure (decrease of the primary sector. Hypothesis 1) Demographic and socioeconomic impact to constituencies The third independent variable in our research project refers to the impact of demographic and socioeconomic transformations that affect the population of Swiss cities and consequently their constituencies. introduction of women’s suffrage. direct election of mayors. By contrast. both on Federal Parliament (Pilotti 2012) and in the Swiss municipalities (Geser 2010. by the adoption of the direct election of the mayors. for instance. Guérin and Kerrouche (2006. and a significant improvement in the remuneration for the elective functions. Cotta & Best 2007). Hypothesis 4) Impact of the role of the city in the development and implementation of public policies Our fourth independent variable concerns the impact of the role played by the city in the development and 10 . This second assumption is especially based on at least three different findings. in terms of professional background and education. It will be interesting to verify what occurs in Switzerland (which was not included in Guérin and Kerrouche’s analysis). First of all. despite this specific feature. 1996. This assumption is based on the finding that many studies about parliamentary recruitment have already shown. a more important division of labor among the members of the executive bodies. Pilotti 2012). Secondly. This finding is also true for the members of Swiss municipalities (Geser 2010. a nation historically characterized by the extent to which laymen are directly engaged in policymaking (Geser et al. internal rules (limitation of elective mandates and the limitation of the accumulation of elective mandates. the changes are minor when the balance of power between the main political parties remains stable (Hypothesis 1). Geser et al. 2011: 77ff. Finally. Geser et al. we want to verify the nature and extent of change in the balance of power in the main Swiss cities. Geser 2010). Our analysis will also allow us to verify whether or not and in which way the increase in the extent of polarization in local elections and in the local party system in the Swiss municipalities (Ladner 2008: 57. At the same time. 2012). including the Swiss Parliament (Gruner 1970. Ladner 2005). 2000.e. Ladner 2005). In this regard. we also observe in Switzerland an enhancement in recent decades of the mayoral role and an increasing professionalization in the biggest municipalities (Ladner et al. Hypothesis 3) Changes and continuities of local party system The first independent variable refers to the stability of the political balance in the composition of executive and legislative bodies. Considering this remark and given the increasing presence of women in the Swiss municipalities (Ladner 2008: 68. among other things. we can hypothesize that: The profile of Swiss urban political elites changes when the balance of power between the main political parties faces important transformations (i. some recent studies have shown the existence of a divergent profiles for female elected representatives in Switzerland. Geser (2012) finds that election rules (majoritarian vs. However.. characterized by the passage from a center-right-wing majority at the executive and legislative to a left-wing majority (Socialdemocrats and Greens) (Seitz 2006: 13–14). 2008) highlighted a trend toward an increasing professionalization of local elected representatives in Europe favored. proportional) have a significant impact on the local party systems and the recruitment of members of executives. the change from a majority of right-wing parties to a majority of left-wing parties). namely that the profile of elected representatives varies depending on their party affiliation within the European national parliaments (Best & Cotta 2000a. Geser 2011) has had an impact on the profile of local elected representatives. 2012). we therefore expect that the profile of Swiss urban political elites is becoming a little more differentiated. female quotas) affect the sociological composition of the executive and legislative bodies of Swiss municipalities (Hypothesis 2). For instance: Zurich and Lausanne had a similar party system in the period between the 1950s and the 1970s (with the FDP and SP as the main parties). in the past. Lucerne which is located in the central Switzerland has a large sector machine and also an important tourism and travel-related services.e. We expect that these evolutions favor the recruitment of elected representatives with a professional and educational background that allows them to have the skills to face more complex and technical issues that affect the city governance (Hypothesis 4). Taking into account a combination of 4 different dimensions referring to demographic and economic indicators. since the 1980s. we select four cities: Zurich. Case selection and data availability Assuming that Swiss urban political elites follow different paths of evolution. these four party systems have shifted in divergent ways: 11 . the executive was elected by the legislative (Lausanne). including the Swiss municipalities (Geser et al. with the increasing complexity of local government over time. Zurich (1st). the development and the strengthening of the role of local public administration and. 1996. on the one hand. Gaxie and Godmer (2007) have also shown how the new types of state regulations require new types of skills among the European MPs in order to handle them adequately. there are direct elections of the legislative and executive. electoral system. our project needs to adopt a comparative approach involving a set of cities based on various characteristics. Lugano have undergone an important growth in population (becoming the 9th biggest city) that is largely explained by amalgamation reforms (Mazzoleni et al. 2008). or spatial planning issues) favor the emergence of local elected representatives with more specific knowledge (in terms of educational and professional background). 2013. 3) in all four cities. Lugano shows a very significant stability (FDP and CVP). thanks also a new university (since 1996). financial. It will be interesting to verify whether and how the diversification of the issues in the Swiss city governance (i. Meanwhile. cultural. we assume that: The profile of Swiss urban political elites changes in connection with. Lausanne. Lausanne. Lugano and Lucerne: 1) demographically. Mazzoleni & Pilotti 2014). Lausanne is the second main city in the French-part of Switzerland with also two academic institutions (university since 1890 and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology since 1969) and with international business. Since the early 2000s. With regard to this variable. economic. Ladner 2005). Zurich is the place of two major academic institutions (university since 1833 and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology since 1855) and large corporations. on the other hand. the city has a new university since 2000. and party system. 2) as the financial and economic capital of Switzerland. Lausanne (4th) and Lucerne (7th) are historically among the seven biggest Swiss cities. Lugano since the 1960s has been the third financial center in Switzerland living an important economic growth. social. This fourth assumption is based on some findings about the increasing specialization and professionalization of the local public administration in European cities (Guérin & Kerrouche 2006. this occurs according to two different electoral systems: majoritarian (Zurich. 4) party systems are characterized by some convergences and many divergences over time. More in details. as is usual in Switzerland. Today. Lucerne) and proportional (Lugano).implementation of public policies. these cities represent the main trend within Swiss urban municipalities towards left-wing majorities (Seitz 2006: 13-14). which contributes significantly to changes in the local party system (Lugano).119 The evidence relating to these locally elected representatives will be collected from a variety of existing sources and databases.650 6. CVP. as the members of executive and legislative bodies were (and are) also public figures it is comparatively easy to find data. to a “large” left-wing majority at the executive (6 out 7) and at the legislative (62 out of 100) (Lausanne). especially for members of executives. The main source will be the official city archives which provide legislative documents. . 1002 Lausanne). From a “small” left-wing majority at the executive (4 out of 7) and at the legislative (53 out of 100. are already collecting biographical data of all executive and legislative members of Lausanne and Lugano (except obviously for those members who will be elected in 2016). it is important to underline that the Research Observatory for Regional Politics at the University of Lausanne (Ovpr-Unil). From a center-right-wing majority at the executive (FDP and CVP) in the 1990s to a multiparty government in the 2000s. 8001 Zürich). Secondly. 6900 Lugano). From a phase of marked stability to one that sees the rise and the success of localist and regionalist party. 29 out 48) (Lucerne). and Lucerne (Stadtarchiv Luzern.482 Lausanne 1949–2016 119 1. IEPHI. Neumarkt 4. namely the Lega dei ticinesi. 27 out 40). Lugano (Archivio amministrativo Città di Lugano. and biographical files for each member of the executive and the legislative bodies of Zurich. From a multiparty city government and a left-wing majority in the city parliament. Green Liberals) in the legislative (Zurich). electoral lists. of which the first two applicants for this proposal are members.819 Lugano 1948–2016 98 940 1.250 2. via Trevano 129. which are in large extent never analyzed by scholars. and Lucerne (Archives communales de Lausanne. the members elected since 1946 include 469 members of the executives and 5650 from the legislatives (see table 1). Thirdly. SVP. Table 1 Members of executive and legislative bodies in four Swiss cities since 1946/1948 Period Executive Legislative TOTAL Zurich 1946–2014 162 2. We will also take data. Although our sample size may represent a challenging issue in terms of the feasibility of the project. and Zurich (Stadtarchiv Zürich. at the Legislative: from a center-right-wing majority based on two main parties (FDP and CVP. As our project includes the whole of the period after the Second World War until today. . 1015 Lausanne). which will also reduce the total sample. to a more fragmented party system (FDP. Université de Lausanne. 6005 Luzern). to a left-wing majority at the executive (5 out of 9) and a majority of center-right parties (FDP. SVP. we will apply some statistic 12 . SP. a certain proportion of locally elected representatives have been in office in more than one legislature. Greens and POP) in the 1990s. Lausanne. Industriestrasse 6. rue du Maupas 47.700 1. from the Swiss Elite Database (The Swiss Elite Observatory. Lugano. In order to reach our research goals.038 Lucerne 1948–2016 90 760 850 TOTAL 469 5. In order to answer our research questions and verify our hypothesis. and Green Liberals. we want to build a systematic database on the urban political elites of four Swiss cities since the second postwar period until today. Géopolis. . . such as multivariate regressions. workshop with external experts Research Schedule and Milestones Second phase (August 2016 – July 2017) Field work I: city archives in Zurich.4. Research Schedule and Milestones First phase (April 2016 – July 2016) Consolidation and evaluation of existing studies. exchanges of preliminary findings Research Schedule and Milestones Third phase (August 2017 – June 2018) Creation of a complete database of urban political elites and systematic analysis of main political changes and continuities in local party systems Systematic analysis of main demographic and economic changes and continuities in the four cities Third internal workshop in April 2018 (exchange and evaluation of findings. refinement of source collection) Fourth internal workshop in November 2018 (comparative evaluation of the four case studies) Milestones: Comparative evaluation of the four case studies 13 . conceptual and theoretical clarification Overview of the historical transformations (demographic. workshop with external experts Research Schedule and Milestones Fourth phase (July 2018 – December 2018) Integration of complementary sources and data (additional field work. as well as presenting their findings in the four planned internal workshops. 2. adaptation of research-guiding hypotheses) Workshop with external experts in July 2016 (integration with current Swiss and international research) Milestones: Fine-tuning of concepts and methodology. The second PhD student will focus on the urban political elite recruitment in executive bodies. economic. In addition to their close collaboration in the cities’ archives. and Lucerne Field work II: exploration of media sources at the Swiss National Library in Bern Establishment of a comprehensive inventory of sources and documents Second internal workshop in April 2017 (exchanges of preliminary findings) Milestones: Comprehensive body of sources. Schedule and Milestones Two doctoral students will be employed as part of the proposed research project. in which the applicants will also take part.procedures. the researchers in the two sub-projects will meet regularly and exchange their research results and experiences. Lausanne. starting preparations for an international conference) Workshop with external experts in June 2018 (review and discussion of findings) Milestones: Creation and systematic analysis of a complete database of urban political elites. systematic analysis of main political. Lugano. and political) in the 4 Swiss cities First internal workshop in June 2016 (positioning in current research debate. economic and demographic transformations in the cities. that will allow us to identify more precisely which variables have the main impact on the profile of Swiss urban political elites. The first PhD student will concentrate on the study of the urban political elite recruitment for legislative bodies. including political representatives. validation of findings for comparative research) Completion of final report Milestones: International conference. and the media will therefore play an important role in the diffusion of our research findings. Scientific Importance and Impact The scientific importance of the present research project contains two basic dimensions. More broadly. including that which is focused on the Swiss case. We will also edit and produce the papers presented at this conference as a scholarly volume and we will submit them to high-ranking peer-review journals (e. to reflect on their own activities and careers. Experts in local political elites will be solicited to review our results and research output (e. the scholarship achieved through the present project will be integrated into the teaching courses and academic work of the three applicants at the institutions at which they are teaching.g. research papers.5 Importance and impact We expect that the project will have a significant impact in the scientific community. final report. lectures. and bring together leading scholars in the field. and the supervision of term papers and masters’ theses. Moreover. Moreover. an overview of the current state of research. This conference will give us the opportunity to present the final results of our project. it will allow citizens and media to consider the significance and implication of the transformation of the local political landscape. First. At the end of our research. The conference will focus on a variety of questions related to the history of political elites and political elites recruitment. conference papers. We will also organize two workshops with external experts at which the approaches and findings of our research in progress will be discussed (see milestones in the first and third phase). by integrating two doctoral theses into our research. aiming in this way to pursue collaboration and knowledge exchange with scholars from Switzerland and abroad. as a crucial part of the Swiss political 14 . It should provide. Local Government Studies. We will also enrich the existing networks of scholars in the field. preparation of conference volume 2. This unity of research and teaching ensures effective knowledge transfer via seminars. the academic background of the three applicants will make it possible to join various debates in the international research community and to bring together various scientific cultures and traditions.Research Schedule and Milestones Fifth phase (January 2019 – March 2019) Integration of assessments relevant to cross-national perspectives International conference in February 2019 (presentation of research papers. the project is a contribution towards recent efforts to enrich historical research on political elites in Switzerland. The workshops will be an important opportunity to evaluate and test the approaches and findings of our research. the project will contribute to the advancement of young academic careers. European Urban and Regional Studies). We will also seek to address the general public. we will organize an international conference and apply for funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (see milestones in fifth phase). Finally. especially amongst scholars and researchers specialized in Swiss political elites and urban studies. our project will allow empirical evidence helping practitioners. furthermore. journal articles). We also expect a broader impact of our results upon political parties and other political actors and policy-makers. We will attend conferences and contribute articles to peer-reviewed journals in order to ensure the dissemination of our results among international scholars.g. Second. Michel and Jean-Pierre Fragnière (1978). Urbanisation et pouvoir politique. Bassand. Etude prosopographique des élus. 15 . Beyond the media coverage generally focused on national trends. Irresolvable Linkage and Inherent Tensions. St-Saphorin: Editions Georgi. Borchert.) (2005). Heinrich and Elena Semenova (2014). 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