Limba Engleza

PREFATAAcest curs este destinat studenţilor de anul I, specializarea navigaţie, frecvenţă redusă. Având in vedere particularităţile acestei forme de învăţământ, cursul a fost elaborat pentru studiul individual. Cursul este alcătuit din opt unităţi cu următoarea structură: tema unităţii, vocabularul de specialitate aferent temei; gramatică-teorie; exerciţii de vocabular şi de gramatică cu răspunsuri, test de autoevaluare cu cheie. Exerciţiile şi testele sunt precedate de instrucţiuni clare privind cerinţele pentru rezolvarea sarcinilor (tasks). Obiectivele cursului sunt: dezvoltarea şi perfecţionarea capacităţilor de înţelegere şi exprimare orală, citire şi scriere în limba engleză, dezvoltarea şi perfecţionarea priceperilor şi deprinderilor de folosire corectă, oral şi in scris, a limbii engleze, extinderea vocabularului, însuşirea şi aplicarea normelor gramaticale în exprimarea situativă conform tematicii prezentate în unitatea de studiu; extinderea vocabularului prin însuşirea termenilor tehnicomarinăreşti referitor la nomenclatura navei, aparatură. Echipamente şi instalaţiile de la bord, însuşirea cuvintelor şi expresiilor standard recomandate de convenţia STCW 98 pentru traficul maritim. Vreau să aduc mulţumiri colegelor mele Camelia Alibec şi Ana Ion, care au contribuit la partea de gramatică a acestui curs precum şi doamnei Daniela Ursea de la Centrul de Calcul pentru elaborarea în format electronic al acestui curs. Contents: 1.Unit.1. Ship Structure;The Noun;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;GrammarPractice; Grammar Practice Answer-Key;Self-Test; Self-Test Answer-Key 2.Unit.2. Ship’s Dimensions;Articles and other determiners;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice; Grammar Practice-Answer Key; Self-Test; SelfTest Answer-Key. 3.Unit.3. Directions.Terms Relating to Position in a Ship;Adjectives:kind,position,comparison;Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary practice Answer Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar Practice-Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer key. 4.Unit.4. Propulsion, Steering and the Bridge;Adverbs:kind, position,comparison;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar Practice- AnswerKey;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key 5.Unit.5. NavalEquipment: Ground Tackle;The Simple Present and the Present Continuous;Vocabulary Practice/Vocabulary Practice Answer-Key;Grammar Practice; Grammar Practice Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key. 6. Unit.6. Naval Equipment:Signal Lights, Flags and Bells;The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar Practice-Answer key;Self-Test;Self-Test;Answer Key 7. Unit.7.Seamanship:Different Types of Rope; The Simple Past Tense and Past Tense Continuous; Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar practice-Answer Key; Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key. 8. Unit.8. Manning:The Traditional Organization of a ship’s Crew;The Simple Past Perfect and The Past Perfect Continuous;Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice; Grammar Practice-Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key. Unit 1. SHIP STRUCTURE Objectives: After studying the topic presented in the course book the learners should be able to: identify the main parts of a hull on a layout; recognise, match and label the various decks and name their functions; give Romanian equivalents to the English terms relating to the hull and decks. 1. General Structure of the Ship The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside framework and an outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel. When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forward, amidships and after parts. The forward part is nearest the bow. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in the centre part of the ship. Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below: In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to the sternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hull horizontally and bulkheads divide it vertically. Deck beams support the decks and stanchions support the bulkheads. Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below: Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship. Within the hull, decks are given a special name,i.e. between decks (often called simply tween decks). There may be upper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds. Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally (fore and aft) sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. The bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight. This bulkhead is called the collision bulkhead. Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room, which is situated at the after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeak tank, and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storing fresh water and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the double bottom tank, which is used for storing fuel and water ballast. If you look at the after part of the ship’s hull, you can see small round openings in the ship’s side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crew’s quarters. The openings are called portholes. Now look at the diagram below: The diagram shows you the upper deck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull, and the bulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves. Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line of guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guard stanchions which are linked together by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard. 1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upper deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decks forward and aft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle deck and poop deck. Amidships above the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. In the diagram below the four decks are named. The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the bridge deck. The crew’s quarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck is the upper bridge deck or saloon deck. Hare are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. On the boat deck you can also find lifeboats, which are raised and lowered into the water by davits. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. This is the nerve centre of the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigation bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from. Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to D. What are the decks E and F called ? On which deck are the following found? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Lifeboats Wheelhouse Galley Passenger’s accommodation Crew’s quarters Captain’s cabin. 2. VOCABULARY Hull = coca, corp de nava; osatura, carcasa Keel= chila Bow= prova Stern = pupa Forward = partea din fata a navei, inainta, in prova Amidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru After = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; inapoi Hold = magazie/hambar (de nava) Deck = punte de nava, coverta Bulkhead =perete etans de nava, perete de compartimentare (de regula transversal) Between deck (‘tween deck) = intrepunte (spatiu) Watertight compartment = compartiment etans Collision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic prova Stem post= etrava Sternpost =etambou Porthole =iublou Bulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punte Guard stanchion = baston de balustrada Upper deck = punte superioara Forecastle deck = puntea teuga Poop deck =puntea dunata Superstructure = suprastructura Fore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; in/la prova, dinspre prova Aft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupa Bridge deck = punte de comanda/navigatie Boat deck = punte a barcilor; punte de promenadă (la navele de pasageri) Upper bridge deck= punte superioară Crew quarters = cabinele echipajului Galley = bucătărie (pe nava) Saloon deck= punte de clasa întîia (la navele de pasageri) Lounge = careu Accommodation = cabine, spatiu de locuit pentru ofiteri Lifeboats = bărci de salvare Wheelhouse = camera a timonei Funnel = coş 3. Answer key to questions in unit 1. I. a) stanchions b) deck beams c) bulkheads d) decks II A bridge deck B upper bridge deck C boat deck D navigation deck E forecastle F poop deck relations. natural products (fat. Count nouns refer to things that we can count. government. advice). discovered. April. tree. a mackintosh. family. Common nouns name any one of a class of person. Monday. force. Another important criterion in selecting nouns is their countability. rice. A compound noun can be two individual words (time capsule). jeans). peace. an Oscar. considered to be notions. flowers. place. the War of the Roses. dog. or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we are talking about one item (trousers. ! Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in other languages (information. they have singular and plural forms and can be preceded by the definite article a. team. In this category we have: names of sports (football. . Examples: one (a) cat. compound nouns and collective nouns. which means name. or thing. Nouns are of different kinds: common nouns. THE NOUN What is a noun? A noun is a word that names a person. Uncountable nouns name objects that cannot be counted. the public. place. states. holland. two cats. We have to use a partitive noun with of when referring to a single item (a pair of trousers. milk. therefore they are not written with capital letters anymore. friendship.III. water. days. council. place. homework. city. maize. an item of clothes. Some proper nouns have become common nouns. rain. Bucharest. etc. children families. which we are aware of using our senses. combined words (basketball). phenomena and events. applause. a tommy-private in the army. They are written with capital letters – Bob. They refer to intangible items. birds. no matter the position in the sentence. crew. an. association. oil). marmalade. Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. silver). happiness. tennis. rest. lion. etc. Mars. inspired them (a hovercraft. labour. crowd. etc. material or concrete mass nouns (steam. Here there are examples of: objects named after their place of origin (china. senses. youth). The word noun comes from the Latin word nomen. Proper nouns name a specific person. family. spinach. plants. fruit. Britain. rye. The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters (unlike in the Romanian language) and also the names of nationalities and languages. according to their meaning: Abstract nouns name actions. sensations. John. a watt). Collective nouns name groups of people or things: audience. age. or thing: boy. Examples: moon. proper nouns. or thing. a pair of jeans). a volt. food. congress. hyphenated words (great-uncle). etc. things. vegetables and cereals (corn. a) boat deck b) navigation bridge c) bridge deck d) upper bridge deck e) bridge deck f) boat deck 4. clothes. abstract mass nouns (admiration. greatness. Examples: joy. celery. crowds. they do not have plural form and do not get the definite article. we can divide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns. They refer to tangible items. meat. smoke. rugby). They are divided into the following groups. abstract nouns. oxfords) or objects named after those who invented. love. Concrete nouns name objects. cabbage). According to this. and the absence of gender when speaking about inanimates. landlord. both could be direct objects in the accusative (I asked him a question). Case of nouns Case is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection). sister. or adding suffixes (lion-lioness. writer. which indicates that the noun has a particular function in a clause. This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways: a) lexically . bull. English grammar has 3 types of gender: Gender of personal nouns: . dog-bitch. or predicates (He is a teacher). There can be a distinction male-female: horse (stallion-mare). hostess. There are several types of genitive: a) The ‘s genitive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girl’s dress. If there is only one object in the sentence. king/ queen. for irregular plural nouns (men’s car. heroine. goddess. teacher. this is a direct object in the accusative (Shut the window. musician. names of things (the title of the book). when speaking about animates. parent. etc. Tom cat-she cat. The genitive case – expresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. please). which are neuter. with geographical places (the city of London). strike. bridebridegroom) c) common gender – one form for both masculine and feminine: artist. cook. gander-goose.with the help of different words: brother/ sister. afternoon tea (this type of genitive is used in contemporary English. b) names of small animals. save. Case is used to denote the syntactical functions of nouns. man/ woman. The nominative case – for the nouns which are subjects in a sentence (My boy is waiting for his friend). male frog-female frog. children’s toys). princess. Dickens’ life). which are generally of male gender (horse). person. Ann’s bag. Gender of inanimate nouns – these nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella? It is in my bag/ The truth will emerge. b) morphologically – by adding a suffix to the masculine form (actress. .feminine gender: woman. offer. cow. doctor. or one indirect object in the dative and one direct object in the accusative (I lent her my umbrella). waitress. give.by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow.Gender of nouns Gender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns to show sex difference. b) The of genitive – is used as an equivalent of the ‘s genitive (the plays of Shakespeare). especially in journalism). for emphasizing (the arrival of his grandfather). brother . landlady. actress. student. deer (stag-hind). forgive.widower. . uncle/ aunt. In some cases there are lexical differences: cock-hen. actor. envy. for plural nouns (boys’ cars. it always does. The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask. tiger-tigress). being replaced by it. The accusative case – is the case of the direct object (I ate an ice-cream an hour ago). c) The implicit genitive – no ‘s: audience participation. student hostel. if there are two objects. heroine). sheep (ram-ewe).masculine gender: man. Gender of animate nouns – animate nouns are classified into: a) names of big animals. excuse. teacher’s book). The dative case – is the case of the indirect object. There are also special gender words: he goat-she goat. It is marked by the prepositions to and for (She gave some sweets to the children/ I bought a present for my mother). friend. with names of small animals (the tail of the mouse). cousin. hero. It is used with nouns. tooth-teeth. -ss. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form. spy-spies vowel + y -s examples: boy-boys. . Compound nouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural (a manservant-two menservants.have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the foreign plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/ memoranda. a bookcase-two bookcases). binoculars. a deer-ten deer). they do have a plural form. The regular plural ending of an English noun is –s (cat-cats. Some of them have the same form in the singular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep. -x. princess-princesses. sailor-sailors). scissors) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural (My trousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table). The vocative case – Bob. These are the exceptions to the normal pattern: Singular noun ending Plural noun ending -s. A compound noun formed from a verb and an adverb adds –s to the last word (a take-away/ two take-always). goose-geese. Some nouns form the plural in –en (child-children. When used to mean an indefinitely large number. church-churches. a crisis-two crises. Plural number is used when the noun refers to more than one item. mouse-mice. To talk about one of these items we use the expression a pair of…(John bought a pair of jeans). ship-ships. Mr. play-plays -f -s or –ves examples: thief-thieves. potato-potatoes consonant + y -ies examples: baby-babies. Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding –s to the last word of the compound (a girl friend-two girl friends. To talk about more than one we talk about however many pairs of…(Martina bought five pairs of tights). foot-feet. A few change a vowel to form the plural (man-men.d) The double genitive – ‘s genitive + of genitive with names of people (this joke of Peter’s). louse-lice). thousands. -ch. When used as ordinary numbers. box-boxes. million have no plural form (nine million stars/ two dozen glasses). Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves -fe -ves examples: life-lives. datum-data) .two woman doctors). a stadium-two stadiums/ stadia) . piano-pianos. Foreign plurals Nouns that have come into English from foreign languages can: .keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes. -zz -es` examples: focus-focuses. knife-knives Irregular plurals Some nouns have two plural forms (fish-fish/ fishes).have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to the rules for plural in English (an index-indexes/ indices. but a compound noun formed from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (a passer-by/ two passers-by). key-keys. a formula-formulas/ formulae) The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use. hurry up! / Have you got a minute. ray-rays. leaf-leaves. which can be used as a partitive (There are thousands of people here/ I saw dozens of children in the playground). buzz-buzzes -o -s or –es examples: hero-heroes. woman-women. ox-oxen). a thesis-two theses. a woman doctor. Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together (trousers. roof-roofs. hobby-hobbies. words such as dozen. Brown? Number in nouns Singular number is used when the noun refers to one item. wolf-wolves. a. Fill in the blanks. the hull is attached to the …… b. Use the words below. Is an extension of the hull plating . What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck? 2.. 3. g.. How do you call the windows of the ship? h). At the after end of the ship is the … …. a. e. Where is the cargo stowed? e). b. the main body of the ship.What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ? b). The poop deck is…and the forecastle is…Amidships…the level of the upper deck is the…. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer. The crew’s quarters are in the holds. The….. 6.What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship? c). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull? i). fore. What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called? f). The deck at the top of the hull is called the…deck. d. At the fore end of the ship is the… …. f. tank. How is the hull divided? d). a. the hull. The upperdeck houses the crew’s quarters. the hull the keel into watertight compartments into the holds between decks or tween decks .On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. e. Vocabulary practice -Answer Key T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. b. d. are linked together by either wires or tubes. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. In the stern. c. cargo. h. The superstructure consists of several…each with a different purpose. which rises above the top of the upper deck. above. holds. is divided into…which contain…. Vocabulary practice 1. f. Above the upper deck are the…deck and the …decks. The role of the … …is to seal off the ship if water should break in. aft On the cargo ship. 4. In the bow. c. which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. a). The galley is where the food is prepared.5. forecastle. Poop. decks. Complete the following statements with one or two words. Answer the following questions. d. upper. The upper bridge deck contains passengers’ cabins. superstructure. What are the vertical partitions called? g). c. a. the hull is attached to the…. … …. At the bottom of the ship is the … …. 10. proof. toy. wish. phenomenon. ball. a. atlas. f. h. Swiss. inch. potato. cliff. father. Exercise 3. a room in which you wash. 6. woman. louse. fish.Use them in sentences. aft. g. bulkheads portholes main deck or upper deck the superstructure stempost sternpost collision bulkhead forepeak tank afterpeak tank double bottom tank bulwark guard stanchions Holds. box. Japanese. thief. c. sheep. birth. a.e. wolf. shelf.) F.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals. foot. Decks 4. 3. a) bus. b) brush. handkerchief. loaf. scores of sheep together. b. 2. buffalo. d. a wall made of stone. bamboo. niece. g. cargo. the group of sailors working on a ship or boat. daughter. deer. 8. c. b. means. ox. leaf. a pen containing ink in it. sons and daughters. volcano. superstructure. d. book. a room in which you sleep. mouse. Englishman. a box for holding matches. 2. 2. knife. fore. dynamo. 7. e. 3.) T. f) F 7. 5. e) T. axe. a desk for writing at. forecastle. . half. chief. 4. apple. f. above. upper. fly. h. German. the eleven players in a game of football. life. bee. Chinese. a multitude of persons. 5. Give the plural of the following nouns .) T. safe. Use a collective noun for the following: 1. child. Use a compound noun to illustrate: 1. tooth. donkey. town. an engine driven by steam. piano. key. c) echo. a machine for washing clothes.) F. goose. poop. mother. 9. city. Exercise 2. 4. 3. a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other. Grammar Practice: The Noun Exercise 1. a …of mosquitoes. . 5. a pack of cards: 1. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for several years. strong. The dresses of the shopgirls are the best advertisment. a…of swine. 6.. 8. 12. brother. host. 17. horse. These are the best plays of 0. a… of fish. a… of stockings. o Broad. to bath. lord. it is still at the tailor’s. We’ve run out of orange juice. bridegroom. prince. milkman. 13. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband.. I have been an employee at Ford’s for twenty years. god. nephew. 9. boy. Have you ever seen St. 16. an… at a concert. The parents of all the children are present at the meeting. waiter. a … of lies. 11. 5. ram. Jane doesn’t know the time table of her daughter.. to breathe. 8. Use the saxon genitive (‘s) in the following sentences: 1. . 7. Mr. Exercise 6. 7. manager. vixen. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun: Model: a . 4. 6. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the following adjectives: SUFFIX -ness -ism -th -dom -(i)ty/iety 1 short cruel sane gay free 2 existential foolish social short wide 3 mean childish anxious long strong Exercise 7. a… of wolves. a …of robbers. My husband’s new suit is not ready yet. new. a … of whales. waiter. 2. I dropped into the baker’s where I bought a loaf of . husband. tzar. a …of sheep. deep. to choose. 4. dog.drone. a… of trousers. sportsman. you’d better go to the grocer’s and buy some. 5. 14. hero. 10 Before my coming back home.Exercise 4. of cards. a …of birds. Englishman. 10. nephew. b) widower. wide. to prove. a … of footballers. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300. to live. bachelor. to sing. a …of hounds. They decided to go to the lawyer’s tomorrow at noon. actor. a . When you go to UK don’t miss the chance to go to Madame Tussaud’s. 10. 9. Exercise 5.8. They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocer’s every Monday morning. 12. 8. son-in-law. She won’t say a word about the purpose of her life. The high note of the nightingale can be easily heard. to believe. On your way home you might stop at the tobacconist’s and buy some cigarettes for me. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns: a) man. peacock . James’s? 6. 13. Exercise 9. sultan. The industry of Romania is in full swing. a … of flowers. bull. to feed. father. They all welcomed the protection of the police. a …of cattle. c) duke. chairman. Shaw. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives: o To bleed. 3. I’ll go to the hairdresser’s later. 14. gander. 2. king. 2. to lose. Exercise 8. wizard. poet. long. 4.Translate into Romanian: 1. 9. He knows nothing about the climate of this country. uncle. Do you know the name of the typist of the manager? 3. 11.. You can easily notice die first signs of spring. 3. 7. 15. of boots. widow 12. to perform 11. 4. Housewives have to work very hard. That’s a row of people. to pay 10. Who’s that person? 20. 20. He’s a farmer and this is his wife. 6. 18. piano 7. The face of that woman is attractive. likely 4. There is a match in the box. There are some pictures on the walls. to teach 7. leader 5. Străzile acestui oraş sunt foarte largi. Înainte de a începe orele. child 6.high 12.6. That isn’t my dress. 11. My friends want to study German. Is there a desk in that room? 17. 8. 10. This is a new house. 7. Foxes are animals. 12. 17. 14. Children receive a lot of pleasure from this game. The boys wake up at six. 3. 8. to decide 2. Those boys are good friends. Rewrite in the plural: 1. 2. 10.science 10. They live in small houses. 9.wise 3. 7. 8. 9.5. Use them in sentences: arm sitter bottle pages fast heating Yellow chair lawn directory telephone mower chewing conditioner central bag air opener . Watches are small clocks. 13. 6. That’s a lorry. Căsătoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum două săptămâni. Which book is yours? Exercise 13.to approve 3. 16. Is it your watch? 5. host 11. Exercise 11. music 8. That’s a shoe. deep 11. o călătorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie să fie foarte obositoare. In intervalul de o lună care urmează. These are phonemes.The house isn’t large but it’s comfortable. There’s no child in their family. The children are at school. happy 9.dictator 2.warm • Nouns: 1. Is it a new bridge?13. to discover 6.to limit 12. 3. 5. to betray. Who’s this man? 10. to refer 5. 0 aşteptare de cinci minute nu mai contează. These are my notebooks. Form derivative nouns from the following — • Verbs: 1. 2. Is there a dictionary on his desk? 16. great 6.soft bread and these delicious rolls. to discuss 4. Houses have roofs. 2. waiter. 12. am făcut o plimbare de douăzeci de minute. kind 8. friend 3. 15. terminăm toate examenele. Acesta este noul profesor de matematică al fiului meu. 4. Exercise 12.to grow 9. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multe ştiri interesante. 9. Balls are round. free 5. scholar 4. That’s an old chimney. to weigh 8. Dogs have tails. Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case: 1. These are simple sentences. true 10. • Adjectives: 1. weak 7. Nu trebuie să uităm niciodată de drepturile celor săraci. 7. Match A and B in order to obtain compound nouns. La vârsta lui. Put into the singular: 1.national 2. Exercise 10. 11. Roses are beautiful flowers.15. These aren’t boxes. mathematics 9. Where’s the knife? 4. 18. 19.His brothers work hard all day. 3. Exercise 14. The postmen bring letters three times a day. 19. 14. This is a box. I want to go into the mountains. There are a lot of old (5 church) _____ on the island and I’ve taken lots of (6 photo) _____ of them. What a terrible morning! There have been several accidents on the roads. Many trains between cities in the west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late. (10 orange) _____ and (11 tomato) _____ . They say there are (16 wolf) _____ there. . I don’t think their (22 life) _____ have changed for (23 century) _____. It’s certainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) _____ I’ve ever been to. and for their own safety. Three other people were also injured. Residents are worried about their children’s health and the damage to the environment caused by the explosion. Exercise 17. 2. Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. Sometimes (18 family) _____ come out to say hello when I walk past. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets: My hotel’s a bit primitive. The (17 person) _____ are very friendly. Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road yesterday. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and dozens of (21 child) _____.tea alarm post baby heart burglar fairy credit bus bank contact food gum clock stop tale attack office lenses card alarm account Exercise 15. but the (12 shelf) _____ in the shops are almost empty. There aren’t any (14 bus) _____ so I walk everywhere. thieves = sg. Example: pl. thief Exercise 16. But the (4 beach) _____ are beautiful.Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular: 1. usually (9 peach) _____ . so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) _____ for my lunch. residents have been told not to drink the water. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. Thanks to the courage of the firefighters no one was hurt. Dozens of cars and two buses were damaged. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the explosion at Brislington? An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. They also took several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes. The police were called to the Central car park where there was a fight involving about two dozen young men and women. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32 motorway when two cars crashed near Junction 4. One policeman lost four teeth. Exercise 18. Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _____ of bread and some (8 fruit) _____ . I’ve seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there are (2 fly)_____ everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night.Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report? Hi! You’re listening to GWR Radio. My (15 foot) _____ really hurt. ” he says. Englishmen. bamboos. halves. 2. bathroom. pianos. towns. 5. handkerchiefs. geese. loaves. knives. Exercise 20. fishes. There (is/are) enough money in the drawer. fountain-pen. women. bedroom. 20. volcanoes. stone wall. 8. Japanese. People (7 avoid/ avoids) _____ him in the streets. proofs. donkeys. 13. “I’m not interested in possessions. Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students. lives. 18. All his belongings (4 is/ are) _____ in a bag on his back.The customs (is/are) not far from here. The government (is/ are) trying to keep prices low. Where (is/are) my glasses? 14. steam-engine. dining car. The police often (5 stops/ stop) _____ him and (6 asks/ ask) _____ him questions. He gets 40 pounds a week from social security. means. feet. 1 family. atlases. 6. The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard. balls. Choose the correct verb forms: His clothes (1 are/ is) _____ very old. wolves. Clothes (isn’t/ aren’t) cheap nowadays. Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease. toys. The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck. His earnings (8 are/ is) _____ very small. 19. 7. nieces. The parliament (is/are) voting a new law. The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman. writing-desk. My cousin’s trousers (is/are) very expensive. Exercise 21. . buffaloes. 3. washing machine. teeth. wishes. 4. The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us. chiefs. oxen. Mathematics(is/are) his favourite subject at school. a) buses. Keys of the exercises Exercise 1. The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets: 1. 9. 2 People (doesn’t/ don’t) buy clothes that are too expensive. keys. daughters. People (rush/ rushes) home when the day’s work is over. 2 team. 5 flock. bees. 11. dynamos. phenomena. The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player. 17. 10. For him 40 pounds (9 is/ are) _____ a lot of money. 12. 15. machbox. 3 60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans. c) echoes.. Exercise 2. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) _____ holes in them and his glasses (3 are/ is) _____ broken. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now. deer. 4 crew. Swiss. thieves. lice. cities. The furniture in my daughter’s room (is/are) new and modern. Exercise 3. 16. boxes. Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week. flies. Our football team (plays/ play) this evening. sheep. 3 crowd. cliffs. safes.Noun + verb agreement Exercise 19.” 8. axes. leaves. “mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my passion. books. Chinese. births. Germans. 4. bricklayer. potatoes. apples. inches. shelves. mice. b) brushes. Choose the correct form of the verb: 1. The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack. children. The nightingale’s high note can be easily heard. This is my son’s new teacher of mathematics. anxiety. shortness. 6. Mă voi duce la coafor mai târziu. gaiety. He has been studying Scotland’s folklore for several years. 10. Mrs. width. The marriage of my friends’ children took place two weeks ago. depth. 5.Exercise 4.1.. Romania’s industry is in full swing. De regulă. 4. am trecut pe la brutărie. sanity. The yesterday’s newspaper published many interesting news. She does not doubt the good intentions of her husband’s parents. Înainte de a mă întoarce acasă. 9. song. novelty. strength Exercise 7. All the children’s parents are present at the meeting. tzarina. childishness. school. Ei s-au decis sa meargă la biroul de avocatura mâine la amiaza. strength. belief. 7. Breadth. loss. sister. 3. b) widow. meanness. 7. 2. team. 10. 4. They all welcomed the police’s protection. width. cow. pair. The shop-girls’dresses are the best advertisment. Jane doesn’t know her daughter’s time table. bee. . food. sultana. 10. 3. 4. niece. ei cumpără fructe proaspete de la aprozar in fiecare luni dimineaţa. A five minutes’ wait does not matter any longer. 12. She won’t say a word about her life’s purpose. waitress. heroine. In the next month’s interval we are going to finish all our exams. flight. freedom 2. sa nu pierzi ocazia sa mergi la muzeul Tussaud. sportswoman. pack. 9. 6. James? 6. milkwoman. I took a twenty minutes’ walk. 9. choice.. 8. 1. flock. life. chairwoman. poetess. pair. c)duchess. These are G. length. In drumul tău către casa. waitress. hostess. foolishness. witch. 8.He knows nothing about this country’s climate. proof. daughter-in-law. cloud. wife. Exercise 9. herd. mother. niece. cruelty. manageress. Englishwoman. de unde am cumpărat o pâine proaspătă şi aceste delicioase cornuri. lady. Exercise 5. The new car of his cousin’s friend is a Dacia 1300. pack. Exercise 6. aunt. 2. 5. The streets of this town are very large. 11. 2. se afla la croitorie. actress. bride. mare. 14. breath. Shaw’s best plays . audience. pack. 1. Before starting my classes. length. hen. Sunt angajat al firmei Ford de 20 de ani. princess. bunch. gang. At this age. Ai văzut vreodata palatul St. a ten hours’ travel by train must be tiresome. pair. 13. shortness.B. fox. queen. 5. Do you know the name of the manager’s typist? 3. Exercise 10 1. te-ai putea opri la tutungerie sa-mi cumperi nişte ţigări. You can easily notice the spring’s first signs . goose. The staff of this company is made up of thirty people. bath. girl. mai bine te-ai duce la băcănie sa cumperi. bitch. spinster. Nu mai avem suc de portocale. 7. existentialism. 8. socialism. 3. goddess. sheep. a) woman. blood. Când mergi in Regatul Unit. Exercise 8. Costumul cel nou al soţului meu nu este gata încă. We must never forget about the poor’s rights. herd. shoal. are. payment. limitation. 1 mice. 20. height. Exercise 21.are entering. Are they new bridges? 13. fast-food. 19 men. 19. 13 fish. minutes. performance. betrayal.is made up. Where are the knives? 4. environment. 6. 17. Are they your watches? 5. 8 fruit. 24 countries Exercise 19. 8. officer. 3 are. 23 centuries.play. 5 stop. The faces of those women are attractive. 9. The boy wakes up at six. 7. That boy is a good friend to the other one. bus. 1. scholarship. fairy tale. 7 avoid. 14 buses. The dog has a tail. mathematician. junction problems. The houses aren’t large. 6. box. wisdom. weight. 6 ask. discovery. Those are shoes. hundred. but they are comfortable.was.are listening to. teacher. damage. video. These are boxes. 9. 11. 6 photos. tea bag. 7.are. Exercise 14. This is my notebook. woman. scientist.are. 7 loaves. burglar alarm. 16. 11. Those aren’t my dresses. The ball is round. 12. camera. The rose is a beautiful flower. 9. This is a simple sentence. hospitality. A child receives a lot of pleasure from this game. widowhood.are voting. Those are lorries. 4 beaches. 11. person.. babysitter. There are no children in their family. 1 are. reference. 2. freedom. morning. 13. childhood. heart attack. 18. travellers.was placed. pianist. bus stop.A housewife has to work very hard. people. 18. 4 are. 15. 12. weakness. His brother works hard all day. 4. 14. Exercise 23. 9 is. Exercise 16.rush. Those are rows of people. air conditioner. is. greatness.agree. chewing gum.A watch is a small clock. happiness. These are new houses. This is a phoneme. 17. rail. 7. Exercise 20. The fox is an animal. Are there dictionaries on his desk? 16.is. 14. courage. 1. health. discussion. lawn mower. 17 people. depth. Exercise 12. 9 peaches. 8. motorway. 2 have got. 20 wives. trains. This isn’t a box. 20. Exercise 15. 5 churches. 3. 5. 1. safety. friendship. He lives in a small house. musician. roads. kindness. 18 families. 3.were gathered. o Nationalism. 1. My friend wants to study German. 4 is/ are trying. Are there desks in that room? 17. cassette.is. growth. 4. 15 feet. 16. 3 mosquitoes. 8. radio. 13. Exercise 22. 2 flies. telephone directory. accident. . 19. bank account. 15. 8 are. water. 19.Exercise 11. bottle. man. Which are your books? Exercise 13. They are farmers and these are their wives. armchair. Those are old chimneys.opener. tooth. 2.is. post office. is. approval. car. 6. 14. There are matches in the boxes. 21 children. 22 lives. leadership. contact lenses. central heating. 15.are taken down. cities. air. 3 is. 10 oranges. likelihood. alarm clock. 10 is. truth. 16 wolves. 10. o Decision. credit card. 12. yellow pages. warmth o dictatorship. Who are those persons? 20. 2. smoke. cars. The child is at school. 3. The house has a roof. dozen. 5.are published. 12 shelves. 11 tomatoes. Who are these men? 10. 10. It is a picture on the wall. waiting. shop. accidents. 18. The postman brings letters three times a day. 1 aren’t. 2 don’t. 2. What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship? 5. What is the purpose of the double bottom tank? 7. Good luck! I. After revising the unit. The hull is divided into a number of… …. chance/ luck. How do you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck? 10. 5. If your score is lower than 30p you’ll have to go back to unit 1 and revise the vocabulary or grammar problems you were wrong about. the hull is attached to the… 6. 4. What are the special names given to the decks within the hull? 3. How do you call the deck covering the top of the hull? 8. The bridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead? 4. travel/trip. . The crew’s quarters and the galley are on the boat deck 1. Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. 6. In the stern. The after part is nearest the………. The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck 2. desk/ furniture.support the bulkheads. What is the bulwark? 9. 2. II. Are these statements TRUE(T) or FALSE (F). 3. 9. Draw up two columns and put the nouns into the appropriate column.bag/luggage. 4.. Answer the following questions: 10p 1. Circle the correct answer. In the bow. 10…. the hull is attached to the… 7. …. The forward part is nearest the……. T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 6p IV. Where are cargoes stored? 2. 6. work/ ob. The main body of the ship is called… 2. 5. 8……divide the hull horizontally. What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship? 6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s) 1. trouble/ problem.Unit. go through the test again.. 7.1 Self-Test ! You are awarded one point (1p) for each correct answer.. accommodation/flat. 9. advice /suggestion. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. 3. 1. If your score is above 30p you may pass on to the next unit.fact/information 8. The hull consists of an inside………. 3. The galley is the ship’s kitchen. 5. 10.divide the hull vertically. What are guard stanchions? 10p III. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. 4. 8.RIGHT 3. 12. 10p Unit 1. hour/ time. 7. 11. stanchions II. the check-up was less unpleasant experience than I had expected. We’re late because they’re re-surfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible. If we don’t have up-to-date information. Correct them. Most of these sentences have a mistake in them. Peter doesn’t like milk in his tea. Self-Test-Answer Key I. 13. As an old friend. 5. the hull 2. 12. ……to find cheap accommodation…… 2. I believe it’s very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in London. 5. the bow 4. how can we make sensible decisions? 10. It’s not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space. 14. 1. I’m going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test. bulkheads 10. dollar/ money. may I give you an advice? 8. sternpost 7. scenery/ landscape 14p V. 4. which rises above the top of the upper deck 9. or if there is no mistake. 1.knowledge /capability. stempost 6. Fortunately. the stern 5. 6. 9. news /headline. write RIGHT. He was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of term party. watertight compartments 8. 1. 7. We’re looking for a place to rent………. decks 9. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes . 4. 3. in the holds between decks or tween decks to seal off the ship if water should break in forepeak tank afterpeak tank to store fuel and water ballast upper deck an extension of the hull plating. All the luggages are here in the corridor. 6. 11. I think it’s a pity Rebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much more attractive before. framework 3. 2. 2.T.10. 4……because of bad behaviour… 5……RIGHT 6……Rebecca had her hair cut short 7……the furniture takes up too much space.F.RIGHT Uncountable nouns accommodation furniture luggage work travel trouble information advice money scenery luck capability news .T. 4. 3. 8……I give you some advice?/…a piece of advice? 9…….F..F IV.was a less experience than I had expected 11…. Countable Flat Desk Bag Job Trip Problem Fact Suggestion Dollar Landscape Chance Knowledge Headline V. forecastle deck and poop deck III. 1.RIGHT 10…. 5.the luggage 12…. 3……the traffic is terrible.T. 6. to the after surface of the sternpost. the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. LENGTH A ship’s length is measured in different ways for ship’s officers. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this and similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. for architects and designers.1. and length by ABS rules. width and depth. Can you state which lines show the LOA and the LBP of this vessel? 1.UNIT 2 SHIP’S DIMENSIONS Objectives: After studying the unit in the course book.2. and length on load waterline are discussed as follows. and friction. On a ship with a cruiser stern. A ship is a three dimensional structure having length. the LWL is greater than the LBP Consider the diagram below.1. resistance. and for registry. 1. floodable length. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall. A ship’s size and capacity can be described in two ways-linear dimensions or tonnage. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length. the learner should be able to: define the ship’s dimensions.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP) A ship’s Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forward surface of the stem. identify the ship’s dimensions on a diagram. 1.Length Overall (LOA) A ship’s Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. or main bow perpendicular member. . like length. length between perpendiculars. 1. The dimension is commonly found in lists of ship’s data for each vessel. On vessels with a counter stern. more properly a ship’s breadth is expressed in a number of ways and. tonnage length. Length on Load Waterline (LWL) A ship’s Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed.2. On some types of vessels this is. for a number of reasons. discriminate among the different patterns used for expressing measurements. Each is completely different yet interrelated. or main stern perpendicular member. We mention these terms for familiarization only. a waterline measurement.13. for all practical purposes. WIDTH A ship’s width or. A ship’s measurement is expressed in feet and inches-linear dimensions. depending on its load. Maximum/Extreme Breadth A ship’s maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.2. To stop that from happening there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. The draft of a ship will vary according to the weight with which it is loaded.1. Look at the diagram below and identify the lines which show the freeboard. ordinarily from the bottom of the keel. draft. a large part of it is below the waterline. 1. the stern and amidships.2. 1.3.3. On the side of every vessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities. They have to comply with maritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigable areas. These marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line.1.3.1. There may be a difference between the ship’s draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried. The waterline is the line at which a ship floats in the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it. The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard. to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point. draft marks. DEPTH The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. The vessel’s depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the level of the water.Samuel Plimsoll. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. . These marks are called draft marks. and extreme breadth. 1. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels.3. When giving a brief summary of ship’s measurements there is a tendency to use the term beam for maximum/extreme breadth. Freeboard When a ship floats.2.2. It is called the Plimsoll Line. Draft marks and load lines A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. draft. waterline. height. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draft than when unloaded. They involve terms like freeboard. Beam The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.3. 1. and load lines. 1. Draft/Draught The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ship’s bottom is the draft. A set of marks are painted on the bows. it may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. Sometimes either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be. Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions: 1. When this happens we say that the ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern/down by the head or down by the stern. 3.Trim and List The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. she is said to have a list.înal]ţime a bordului. 1.5. The ship may have a list to port/starboard of….1. so we say it’s in trim. The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.2. breadth.4. The beam is three metres long. 4. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns: 1. The length of the beam is three metres.4. The ship’s overall length (LOA) is 146 metres. The ship in the figure below is horizontal. The beam has a length of three metres. If the ship is out of balance from left to right. 3.degrees.2 and 3. diameter or the circumference of an object you will have to use only the patterns 1. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballast water/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list.4. Words and Phrases Length = lungime LOA(length overall) = lungime maxima LBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei între perpendiculare LWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de încărcare Width = lăţime Breadth = lîţime a navei Beam = lăşime maximă (a navei).4. We can describe the length. 2. depth and height of an object by using four different patterns: 1. If cargo is not properly lashed. In this case you have to move the cargo to correct the list. Then we say the ship is out of trim. In order to describe the radius. traversul navei Depth = adîncime(a apei).3. 2. The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres.3. pescaj .1. 1. The beam is three metres in length. Study the table below Noun length width breadth depth height Adjective long wide broad deep high 1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS 1. the Alps. as representing a whole class: The horse is a useful animal. expressed by a relative clause: The man who is commanding the ship is the master of that ship.that magazine .what/which/ whose book do you want? .the man .the UK. The definite article used with: proper nouns. the window: Close the window.in a room: the door. The definite article: THE Functions: it is used to express a unique reference a) deictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood by the speakers within a context. will you?. înclinare longitudinală Trimmed by the bow/head/stem = (nava) aprovată Trimmed by the stern = (nava) apupată List = canarisire. plural nouns.Freeboard = bordul liber Draught/draft = pescaj Draught /draft forward =pescaj prova Draught/draft aft = pescaj pupa Draught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/încărcare Load lines = marca de încarcare.my/your/his/her/its our/their uniform . d) generic function: the noun is used in a general way. marca de bord liber Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll.a tree. both my children. geographical . c) cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun.the Browns.this newspaper. . either side. half these cadets b) multiplicative numerals: twice the amount. three times the sum c) fractions: one-third the time. the University of Bucharest. the USA. apples . an apple . marca de bord liber Trim = asieta. the next duty station. some books. trees. înclinare transversală permanentă/statică. in a city: Can you tell me how to get to the harbour? b) anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously mentioned: I bought a book yesterday.these/those ships . any officer. diferenţa de pescaj. a se canarisi To have/take a list = a (se) canarisi 2. three quarters the total POSTDETERMINERS a) ordinal numerals: the first three important events b) the other name.each student. the Carpathians. in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves. neither sailor PREDETERMINERS preceed the determiners: a) all the books. no rules. it works as a determiner. unghi de canarisire/a se înclina. every day. the last shipment THE ARTICLE is the part of speech which induvidualize objects and phenomena in a linguistic context.men. the book is interesting. both of these features. it does not have any flexionary forms. THE ARTICLE AND OTHER DETERMINERS DETERMINERS Definite article Indefinite article Zero article DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES . January. 2) for the unique reference of proper nouns and some common nouns in different contexts: Peter and Mary will go to school in autumn. 4. the British Museum. Oxford Street Other determiners: The demonstrative adjective: this/that/these/those It determines a noun. The indefinite article: A. my uniform). if the noun refers to something animate. Answer the following questions. A/one hundred people are on this ship. father. This car is really something. her arm) and clothes items also(his coat. c) generic function: to represent an entire class of objects or beings An officer is a gentleman.names: the Danube. Christmas c) geographical names: Asia. Paris d) proper nouns followed by common nouns: Bran Castle. two blouses. How is a ship’s measurement expressed? What does LOA stand for? What does LBP stand for? What does LWL stand for? What is the ship’s maximum breadth? What is meant by the beam of a ship? How do you measure a vessel’s depth? What is the freeboard? What is the draft of a vessel? . a good day’s work. saying how far or close is from the speaker. 7. the Suez Canal. Functions: 1) generic function: I like coffee/ literature/long walks. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of the other determiners: Sally’s new job. The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending in ‘s or s’. newspapers: the Times. 6. his leg. *the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective (my hand. 3. the Guardian. 9. The possessive adjective –replaces the possessor and determines the name of the possessed object: Peter’s stamp collection is valuable. England. 5.Vocabulary practice I. 1. d) emotional function: (to highlight the determined noun) This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night. His stamp collection is valuable. and an umbrella. the visitors’ room. the Sahara. Lord Nelson. b) numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning of one She bought a dress. Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or. 2. the residents’ dining room. In these situation the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it. Proper nouns used with the zero article: a) names of people: Peter. the Olt. Smith was my teacher when I was a student in the Academy. Functions: a) deictic function (space or time orientation in a context) This is my desk. names of institutions: the Lido (Hotel). to specify a relationship: Mr. 3. her gloves. Dr. uncle b) time divisons: Monday. 8. c) cataphoric function: These little children are very pretty. AN Functions: a) epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentioned previously: There is a young officer waiting for you./ What are those people doing? b) anaphoric function:I saw an English teacher in his new car. *Clothes do not make the name. The zero article: She drinks *tea every day. Smith. the National Theatre. names of ships: the Transylvania. length:12. 1.TANK : depth:3m 3. LBP stands for length between perpendiculars. Nava “Osiris” este stinjenita de pescaj. 10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Answer the following questions A ship’s measurement is expressed in feet and inches. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s). Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible: 1.10.2m. ordinarily from the bottom of the keel. 7. we say the ship is… … … If the ship is out of balance from left to right. 3. The …of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length. When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be.. 4. 4. LWL stands for length on load waterline A ship’s maximum breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship. 8. to the side of any deck that you may choose as reference point. PISTON RING: circumference: 2500m Translate the following sentences into English. Care este lungimea maxima? Care este pescajul maxim actual? Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m Lungimea maxima a navei este de 146m Tancul are o adincime de 3m.Vocabulary Practice-answer key I. Am o inclinare de 10 grade spre babord. width:2. III. Am pescaj maxim 6m. pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare. 6.44m. LOA stands for length overall. she is said to have a… A…is the line at which a ship floats in the water. The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard. IV. LIFEBUOY : inner circumference:229mm. What does in trim mean? II. Nava mea este aprovata. CONTAINER : height:2. 2. The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating0 taken at any position along the length. BEAM : thickness: 10mm 5. The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities is called the…. bord liber 2m si inaltimea 12m. .44m 2. bordul liber 9 picioare si inaltimea 38 picioare. 9. 2. outer circumference:381mm 4. 1. 3. 5. A vessel’s depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull. 5. 4. Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare.Line. 4. 7. Horses are animals. The piston ring has a circumference of 2500mm/The circumference of the piston ring is 2500 mm/The piston ring is 2500 mm in circumference. 1. My vessel is trimmed by the head.2m long The width of the container is 2. 6. 9. Grammar Practice The Article Exercise 1. freeboard 2m and air draft 12m.2m/The container is 12. 2. 2. 5. I have a list to port of 10º/I have a list of 10º to port. freeboard is 9 feet and air draft is 38 feet. 8. Nouns are words. 4. 7. 3. IV. Vessel “Osiris” is a deep draft vessel/a hampered vessel. . 4. The vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest part of the ship’s bottom is the draft. 3. 3. 4.44m high The length of the container is 12. Put the following sentences into singular: 1. 5. The Plimsoll Line beam out of trim list waterline Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible. 1.44m/The container is 2.44m/The container is 2. 5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s). 1. The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. 2. Translate into English My maximum draft is 6m. Cities are big towns. My draft forward is 25 feet. What is your LOA? What is your present draft? The maximum permitted draft is… The vessel’s LOA is 146m. 5. draft aft is 27 feet. 6. 10. III. 5. 2. 8. The tank is 3m deep/The depth of the tank is 3m/The tank has a depth of 3m/The tank is 3m in depth. Roses are beautiful flowers.44m wide The height of the tank is 3m The lifebuoy has an inner circumference of 229mmm/The inner circumference of the lifebuoy is 229mm The outer circumference of the lifebuoy is 381mm/The lifebuoy has an outer circumference of 381mm The beam is 10mm thick/The beam has a thickness of 10mm/The thickness of the beam is 10mm. 3. The height of the container is 2. Tables are pieces of furniture.9 10 II. 10. ... latest.. . teacher gave us. . the into the gaps: 1. shop you told me about? 10... Take . and … matchboxes. good restaurant … yesterday... swimmer was rescued.. 3. last and .. which can be seen through powerful telescope.. 8. cup of . and their distance from earth is so tremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by full moon.. Put the articles a.. 7.. . night. day. .. he said he would come here today if . 2. dinner together at .. 8.. One of them has diameter three hundred times greater than that of our sun... problem . it will do you . . . man I told you about. Danube.. . He came to see me . Out of…sight. autumn of . (The Children’s New Illustrated Encyclopedia) . . Take. answer to . early morning till late at . . 5. . . . lot of good... I drew .. He crossed ........ Exercise 5. . last meal of... is . butter in . HORSE Tommy: Father.. very man. . help came at . way.. . lies.. students.. . 2003 we went on . 4. bed with . 9. He went into . bad drivers are punished by … law. inn and asked for .... little tea. . He works hard by … day and sleeps soundly at night. 3. .. bread and … butter. In . He went to . 5.. .. We had .. Come to see me on .. 6.. teacher does not know what horse is. supper is. But those little pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns. What is … matter? Have you had . bad cold. . ... Smith.. 6.... Rhine and . Tommy? Tommy: You know. . Saturday at . accident? Exercise 6.. . Father: Why do you think so. lake in . . moving at 60 miles hour. There won’t be another train for at least … hour.. Where is . . horse yesterday and showed it to . only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye. Exercise 4.. . Would you like .. butterflies. he said. Exercise 3.. truth than tell . . Of thousands of millions of stars... 8. last week and brought… English handbook with him. record time. morning.. He works every . 7. 9. . It is better to tell .. . and some of them are very much larger and brighter than one which warms our earth. . teacher and he asked me what it was.. 5.. excursion to . bread and . This is . … good dictionary is .. 7. . cake? 2.Exercise 2... Thames are three important European rivers. mind. tea and . . 4 . chair and make yourself at … home.... an. Put the articles into their correct places: Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. sugar in my tea. . out.. . 3. 9. .. I like to eat .. over five years to travel round its circumference. ... day from .. minute.. Little Tommy goes to .. 2. . Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article: 1. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text: LITTLE TOMMY AND . last night I met Tommy. . 10. he will be back in . . Danube Delta.. Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles: 1. It would take train. 6. . stamps.. l like … lot of. where is . By .... He collects . school only in … morning... weather were fine....... hat I bought yesterday? 4. great help to ... . .... 2. We had never before had . laughter... diner at ... little oars and sat . laughter. every time they caught … glimpse of us that their voices rang out over .... please... time. … hay-loft full of . Sundays I like to stay in .. Smith. first time . upper floor of an old house. mixed feelings...... perhaps ..... Sunday papers and magazines. .The Smiths I am talking about live in . large .. If you leave .. 5... 7. lonely old woman who lived in . What is. two fellows could hardly get … back on . Mr. and were caught by . breakfast is ready.. school sometimes to speak to ..... with tears in their eyes...” “Do you mean ..... Fill in the blanks with the right articles: When .. Alps. old man suffering from .. Romanian literature. bearded faces. 12. Ritz.landscapes in .... kitchen. “I’d like to see Mr...... 21. We sat down at ... windows rattle.. outside view of . waves lifted them away and they disappeared and reappeared among … seas. dish and . Danube is Romania’s longest river. 4..What . I shall not forget .... sweet.. sea which lifted us clear. row.. sales manager?” 9.. ... drifting about in .... time reading . On .. taking photographs. noon and spend . Two of us jumped down into . Smith .. two in ..... Up to a point.. They had hardly got clear of … raft when they dropped ..... dozen oranges and . room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is .. My mother comes to .. Exercise 9.. hut in the outskirts of .. 5. 20.. death of my father was .. death but .. which... “boy”? 11. Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... headmaster. cold should be given hot tea three times .. .. .. we began to have . but as ... She is not ... 13.. Eatons have also been invited to .. and saw . day... British Library is one of . going for . 19. Spring is . new Ford. desolate Pacific.There was once . largest libraries all over . morning and plays tennis in .... 8. cat! 6.... 18..... I have never feared . once and roared with .. sea was not too rough we were often out in … little rubber boat . dancing rubber boat.. dining room is just striking 6.. Smith I am looking for. first season of ... home at 7 you can reach . And as .. 3. 2.Exercise 7.. If anyone had come paddling after us at . open sea....Go to the grocer’s and buy .. sunburnt bearded ruffians. greatest loss of my life. Carpathians are not so high as . Ask them to come downstairs when .salad. school in ..English language is difficult... Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary: 1. 10.. French for . 17.... balloon-like little thing into … water and .. begged us just to go and see for ourselves. sea was so calm that two men felt like … putting . clock in . Sunstroke.. lunch at 1 o’clock.... 16.We usually have . and gasping.. Mrs.. as . Mike I was talking about a week before. .. .... Alps... all . wonderful house and drive ... afternoon.. nothing comic but our own ... when . .. world... 14. rule. She goes to school in ..... bath we should have felt . wind blows.. sea in ... year. 15. We looked round us with ... Mr.. Put the indefinite article a or an in the blanks wherever necessary: 1.... Kon-Tiki for sheer laughter. Creangă is Mark Twain of ..... board .. raft looked exactly like … old Norwegian hay-loft lying helpless.. consists of three courses: .. Smith who works in our department or ........ same spontaneous urge to .... laughter. 3. ourselves in… open sea.. name to give to ......... .. (Thor Heyerdahl) Exercise 8. roaring with ... they laughed so loud . pound of coffee beans... suspicion that they had suddenly gone mad. sublime of ..... bed till ... 4. My parents live on . She has always said that . boat should be accustomed to those by now... I have always appreciated .... . hike or take . play or to ..... by the left hand.. 7.... sometime in . Exercise 10.. chap who studied at .. English quite fluently but he has never been to . the skip’s hand. 6...... undertone of . hand in hand.Good .... telephone and changed his day’s appointments to make . to have a free hand. Fill in the spaces with the definite... English literature.. man who had come to visit them.. Snow who claimed to be ..... moment’s peace after such .. His voice was low and carefully modulated — ..... photos of . freedom of .. Waterloo of his career.. at the best hand. at hand.... power and . joke he had heard at his club at .. on the other hand.... Here are some expressions with the noun hand. guests decided. b.. sky was starry...He was puzzled that he should be in his office at . now and then. back look. man self-conscious about . 10.. deer crossed the motorway.. Atlantic 0cean.... few days later we went to . the hidden hand. Cabinet Office. to have/get the upper hand.She needs .. bad piece of news.. coffee. to have a hand like a foot....... 8. 13. a good hand at/in. piano and went to look out of .. book back on .. She put ... all of . 14. few moments later and fled in .. French and .. ... You may go either to .... a picture by the same hand. time to see . 13... sort of ... a hand for.. to take ...... writer we are talking about is . 15. to bite the hand that feeds one... Henry’s dinner at .. to make a (good/ fine/fair) hand. operation was going to be . hour when all of . terrible feeling that . Professor... to take a hand at a game.. the glad hand..... 11.. Argentine?” he asked with . relatives. night.. remark expected of ...... window. 14.. ... newly selected government there may appear many .. joke..... on the one hand. morning . Nick was reminded of . .... He speaks .... indefinite or zero article: a. cigarette. Nick Price.Our friends gave us . with a heavy hand....... not to lift a hand.. 4... time when the General Manager was so busy.. 8.. sudden. 12. That was not . What . He stopped ...... voice of . surprise... 10. Exercise 11.Mr. pity we can’t go for .. a poor/bad hand at.. Capitol Cinema to see . uncle of my wife.. indefinite or zero article wherever necessary: 1.. to take in hand. Ritz where we met .. night was so warm and lovely that all .. 5.. regret in his voice.The youngster was driving with sixty miles . on the right hand.. 3. the matter in hand. right sort of .He was not . 7.. 12. cup of .. Abbot selected .... . boy with . He had . 11.. hot day for November! It’s such ... addicted smoker but. lunch... light in hand.. 9.Jack! . late at .. picture of .. . Prime Minister picked up .. deputy secretary in . to give smb. . preceded by the definite. man who was making .. to be on the growing hand.. uncle.. wonderful supper at the ambassador. Thomson wants to see you at once! 9. Such . by hand.decision had only five times before been given to . From . 15.. UCLA.. film. Mr.. panic without taking .. to have a hand in smth... Most ...... early ‘50.. Mr.. an old hand at.. a cool hand. critics admit that . impression he made. National Theatre to see .. United Kingdom. long walk in the wood... to bind . he was longing for . to have an open hand.During the installation of . Sydney did not appear to be . moon was shining brightly and . American president... 2.. c. cool waves of .town. Let me offer you . friends and .. “Have you ever been to ... new Shaw of .. bath in .. old Mr. said . sudden . large smile on his face.. France or . to have an open hand. .) monster” and started practising on it at once... on this wonderful machine... Choose some of them and make sentences of your own.) Englishman. from good hands.) nearby churchyard.) company not quite to his taste..) high-sounding words that might frighten (10.) valley. . my lord.. both his English and his French being Greek to (8.) Tom Sawyer was (15...) party in (2.) dinner was served at last and (9.) word is (4...... When he brought his “manuscript” to (12.. ....) painful event. you would have more sense... He entered (4. Translate the jokes.. ..) coachman. He brought home (7. ..) house. to have a free hand...) machine he had nicknamed “(8. . . hand and glove... .” That’s what (6. .... ..) dinner just to celebrate (5. . “were you (12.) editor..) coachman drive faster but all in vain. .... sir. explained that (14 ) churchyard being not far from there.) lad. . one of (10. ..) good dinners. ....) Latin for cold?” asked (5. ....) shop-assistant how (6.) machine was (10.... Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces where necessary. . ..) landlord was sitting with his shephard on (2. . hand over. “What is (4. .. . ..) streets of Boston when he noticed in (2. . . “Oh..) latter was delighted. second hand.. was annoyed at (3...... .. .) earthquake engulfed England..” answered (7. (2.. .) whole book on it.) fellow. he observed to his companion........) ruins and organize (4. But perhaps you don’t know that (3..” “Ah. . ..) shepherd. ... ) sheep.. (11.) sheep at (7..) country place. to use (9... E)(1. Durham!” which had (11. . . . Then it occured to (7.) French and their love of (13.. Northumberland. ..) shadiest nook.) dinner being late and(4.. Cumberland. .. (15.. ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. . .. .) English be consulted on (10... I would prefer to lie in(10.) shop window (3... ... .) hill commanding (3. to shake hands....) zero. (9. B. ..) English would manage to meet among (3... A) (1.) surname.. .. . He tried to make (5. Should (9.) mackintosh. (12.) .) slowness of (4. supplies on hand.. Crisp was invited to (1.. . .) fine view of (4.. (5...) flock of (6. clean hands. (6.” B) “If (1..) sun..) Englishman. .. . ...) doctor had not yet returned.. his hands thrust in his trousers’ pockets... .. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own. .. .) moment. .. at first hand. . . . although I have it at my fingers’ ends. it was unusually cold in (3... ..) absence. off hand.. (14.) English.) waterproof coat is often called (2.. ..) guests wondered where he could have gone. . ..) sheep..) man couldn’t understand either his English or his broken French... .. . .) doctor strolled out into (6.. “I can’t tell you for (8. from hand to mouth.. . C) (1.) pace.... who seemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. .) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.. Crisp’s (13.) doctor had gone to visit his former patients. “Westmorland.” retorted (11...) school-master addressing one of his boys. He made Mark Twain promise him to bring everything he would write later on typed. When (8. (3. . “John. A.) same thing about (12..) desired effect... ... out of hand.... .hand and foot. . .. ) people of (7... .. G) You certainly know that (1.. .asked (5.) typewriter and Mark Twain typed (l1. ... F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1.) garden and then to (7. if I were (9..) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2.....) shop.. . . (13.) hackney-coach through France.) machine he had never seen before. .. .) school room.monster” functioned and bought it for 125 dollars. annoyed by Dr. Exercise 12.) master of (12.) others. ... So he roared into his ear.) rest in (8..” D)Dr.. Seeing (5...) coachman taking these words for some terrible threat. . driving in (2... .) subject they would say (11. She earns £ 4. Our hotel manager went to ___ school in England. (19.. . getting (22. We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left. a kilo 7. 3.) town.. 4..) worldwide popularity. .50 hour. Exercise 19. .) name of (2o. Most of his friends and (12.) inventor. Put in a/ an where necessary: 1. . We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.) man whose (8. . Put in the where necessary: 1. Complete the sentences.) year 1823 in (6..In (5. 3 unusual name 4 enormous ice cream 5 holiday. Soon (14. but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. . his rubberized coat protecting him from (11... a week 5.. Lamb is selling at £ 7. 2. .... an hour Exercise 17. then went to ___ university in the States. . . 12 ___ next week 13 ___ weather forecast is 14 ___ same..) climate of his country being rainy. . Match the two parts of the sentences.) rain.) Waterproof coats became all (16.. a day 8. 3.) Scotland there lived (7. ___ bus station was on 38th Street. having some rubber at his disposal. 2. (9. Electric cable costs 50 cents g.. She’s barmaid. The Sunday Mail is published once f..)name was Charles Mackintosh. Then it’s dark again as early as 4 ___ 4 o’clock in 5 ___ afternoon.. a year 4. ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house. After 6 ___ Christmas. 2 union.) skin and heartily disliked it. We're flying home ___ next Thursday. 7 ___ days start to get a bit longer. Put a or an before these words: 1 job. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ last week.) friends of his friends admired (13. 1. he would often get drenched to (10. . though not (21. How much is the oil? ~ £ 2. He was a cleaner at ___ university.) inventor himself. (15.. Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.. She works three evenings week. The car was doing 150 kilometers d.. . 2. Exercise 18. . Exercise 13.. . . One day. a.) fashion and (17. 3. These roses cost $20 c.. he decided to rubberize his coat.) tradesmen took up his invention. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather.50 e. a dozen 2. 1.. Exercise 16..) waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise. . I hate 1 ___ November! It doesn’t get light till 2 ___ 8 o’clock in 3 ___ morning.. . .. ___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.. She works in restaurant in street near the station.50 h.. 3. Exercise 14. ___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway.. a litre 3. For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk. 11 ___ temperature was minus 10 C. Fill in the gaps with the where necessary. I normally go to the dentist once b.) staple product of (18..... using the where necessary. . He'll definitely go to ___ prison. The mail is delivered twice 1.. Exercise 15. 2. ___ car had collided with ___ lorry. The New York police arrested a man for the shooting.. He'll appear in ___ court next week. Any’s friend works in pub.. a metre 6. 6 honest man... a 5. the. the. the. the. the. the 17. a. the 15. I usually go to ___ work by ___ train.A rose is a beautiful flower. . 15.-. 1 . a 7. . the.-.the. the 3.-. a. the. the. a. the. Exercise 21 Complete the sentences with a or an. the. . the. the.-. a.4. 14.Exercise 20. the 5.9. 1.-.-. -. the.a. a. The rocks have helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system. I bought my sister ___ book and ___ bottle of ___ perfume for her birthday but I don't think she liked ___ perfume. c. the. a. an enormous. The words that he said are famous: 'That's one small step for a man. a 2. 8. the 8. -. because the writer is specifying which one. What ___ beautiful face that child's got! 10. -. -.-. Is ___ meat in ___ oven? 6. . a.8.-. -. 6. the.A noun is a word. -. the . an. a. -. -. the 2. in each case?a. the. the. -. ___ Leader of ___ Opposition is in danger of losing her seat at ___ next election. 11. 10. . I went to ___ wonderful concert by ___ London Symphony Orchestra. a diameter. the. by adding extra information. the. a. b. 5.-. the. an. ___ police have had a lot of support from ___ general public over this issue. the 13. -. the.-.A city is a big town. the naked. the earth. ___ British usually have ___ butter on their bread. the 3. the(an) 2.a . Exercise 3: 1. a 10.-. -.Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. the or no article. the. -. -. the. the. Exercise 7. the. a powerful. ___ local school is soon to be closed. the. the 4. a. 3. . Have you ever seen ___ Acropolis in ___ Athens? 17. I think it must have been ___ same one that I saw last week. The flag is probably still there. the 6. . . 3. the thousands. the. Grammar Practice-Answer Key Exercise 1: 1. the 10. the 4.-. Exercise 5: 1. an hour. -. the stars. -. the. an. the.3. a diameter. the 8.a. the 5. the 5.14.-. -.a. a. the. a 6.' He and his co-pilot Buzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. Is this ___ first time you've been to ___ Isle of Man? 7. the 6. Exercise 9. an. -. I like to have ___ cup of ___ tea when I wake up in ___ morning. a. -. the. in the text. a. -. -. Exercise 6. -. an. the. the. d. the 12. a. -. the 7. 12. 13. 2. the 19. a. 5. a. a hundredth. the. a. the one. I saw ___ fox this morning. -. a 2.-. Can I have ___ apple? 16. the.A table is a piece of furniture. -.' 2. the.21. -. -. the 10 .9. the 9. a. Exercise 2: the. ___ people don't like him because of his selfish life. 20. the 18. the. the. the 6. the.a. a . How do you know which thing or person the writer is referring to. There are seven examples of the in this text. -. 19. the. -. -. an. a.-. -. A lot of people give ___ money to ___ charity at this time of the year. the 7. -. a.A horse is an animal. an 9. 2. the. a 4. the. the earth. the. the. 4. the. the 20. the. a 9. 9. the. a. He's ___ art teacher and she's ___ electrician. the 7. 3. a. ___ life is very difficult for ___ unemployed these days.-. the. -. .6. -. because it has been referred to before. Exercise 8.11. one giant leap for the mankind. a. the. 'How much are the leeks?' 'They're 80 pence a pound. the. because it is only one in the immediate situation. Exercise 4: 1. because it is only one anywhere. a train. 18. a 3. a 7. the 5. 4.-. the. ___ shirts on ___ washing-line should be nearly dry now. the. the full. a 8. a 8. -. 1. the. -10. the 4. the 16. 11. an, a, a, a, a, a 12. a 13. a, a 14. a, a 15. an, -, a. Exercise 10. 1. -,-,the, a, 2. the, the, -, a, -, a, the 3. the, the,the 4. the, a, the, the, an, -5. -, the, the,the 6. a, -, 7. -, -, -, the 8. the, the,the , the, a, a, the, the 9. the, -, the, -, -10. the, - 11. the/ a,the, the 12. the, a, the, a 13. the, the, -, the, the 14 a ,the, the, the/an, the/an 15. -, -, , an. Exercise 12 : A)1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.the, 5.the, 6.-, 7.-, 8.the, 9.a, 10.the, 11.the, 12.a. B)1.an, 2.the, 3.the, 4.a, 5.the, 6.-, 7.-, 8.the, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.-. C)1.the, 2.-, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the D)1.a, 2.a, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.-, 14.the, 15.the.E)1.an, 2.a, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.-, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the. F)1.the, 2.a, 3.a, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.the, 10.a, 11.a, 12.the, 13.the, 14.-, 15.the.G)1.a, 2.a, 3.the, 4.a, 5.the, 6.-, 7.a, 8.-, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.the, 14.-, 15.-, 16.the, 17.a, 18.the, 19.the, 20.the, 21.the, 22.a. Exercise 13. 1 -, 2 -, 3 the, 4 -, 5 the, 6 -, 7 the, 8 the, 9 -, 10 -, 11 the, 12 -, 13 the, 14 the, Exercise 14. 1 a, 2 a, 3 an, 4 an, 5 a, 6 an Exercise 15. 1 a restaurant, a street 2 an apple, a glass, 3 a pub, a barmaid, a week, an hour Exercise 16. a-3, b-1, c-8, d-6, e-4, f-5, g-2, h-7 Exercise 17. 1. The, 2. The, 3. The, an, the, A, a. Exercise 18. 1. -, -, 2. the, -, 3. the, -, 4.Exercise 19. 1. -, -, 2. the, 3. -, Exercise 20. d, d, d, c, c, d, b Exercise 21. 1. the, a 2. a, the 3. the 4. -, -, 5. the, the, 6. the, the, 7. an, an, 8. -, -, 9. a, 10. the, -, 11. -, the, 12. the, the, the, 13. a, -, the, 14. a, the, 15. an 16. the, -, 17. the, the, 18. 7.Self-Test I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B. A 1. LOA 2. Trim 3. LBP 4. Beam 5. Draft 6. List B a)The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern b) The vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest part of the ship’s bottom c) It is measured from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme end of the stern. d) It is measured from the forward surface of the stem to the after surface of the sternpost. e) The ship is out of balance from left to right f) The width of the ship(over the plating) taken at any position along the length. 12p II. 1. 2. 3. 4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s). A ship’s --- --- ---is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. The---is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are called--- ---Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or--- ---8p III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. IV. Give Romanian equivalents to the following Standard Marine Communication Phrases What is your draft forward? What is your present maximum draft? I have a list to starboard of 10 degrees. What is your freeboard? The vessel is on even keel. Maximum permitted draft is 20m. The vessel is trimmed by the head. What is your LOA? What is your LBP? Do you have a list? Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with the countable noun ‘vessels’ and the uncountable noun ‘money’. Quantifier several no A lot of few much A little many A large amount some most Countable noun Uncountable noun 20p 10p 8.Self-Test-answer key I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B 1c; 2a; 3d; 4f;5b;6e II. 1. 2. 3. 4. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s) length on load waterline waterline draft marks hampered vessels Give Romanian equivalents the the following standard Marine Communication Phrases Care este pescajul prova? Care este pescajul maxim actual? Am o înclinare spre babord Care este bordul liber? Nava este pe chilă dreaptă Pescajul maxim permis/admis 7. 8. 9. 10. IV. Nava este aprovată Care este lungimea maximă? Care este lungimea între perpendiculare? Eşti canarisit/bandat? Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with the countable noun ‘vessels’ and the uncountable noun ‘money’. Quantifier several no A lot of few much A little many A large amount some most Countable noun vessels vessels vessels vessels vessels vessels vessels money money money Uncountable noun money money money money it’s below. If it’s very high. in amonte Aloft = in gabie. such as on a mast. aproape de pupa. athwartships .2. on the starboard side. Something over him from any part of the ship is above. a is forward a f b g c h d e . spre prova Fore and aft = de-a lungul Abaft = la pupa. in arborada.Unit 3. it’s aloft . on the port side. he goes forward . he watches from the starboard. in exteriorul navei Inboard = interior. la mica distanta (de nava) 1.1. zona de calm ( in bordul de sub vint al navei) . he goes aft. The left side is always called the port side. abeam. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. which means from the bow to the stern. astern. it’s close aboard. aft. If it’s in a lee direction. in interiorul navei Above = deasupra. a veni sub vint (despre nava). it’s leeward. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. la/in pupa. he looks abaft which means further to the rear. in spate. 1. de la travers Athwartships = transversal/travers pe nava. cu mers/mars inapoi Starboard side = tribord Port side = babord Abeam = la travers. la cuplul maestru. he checks fore and aft. in axul navei. spre/catre/inspre pupa Astern = inapoi. abaft. One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different is in the terminology of directions.amidships) e.sub vint. it’s located abeam. it goes leeway. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing outboard. sus pe verga Below = jos. Vocabulary Aft = in spate. Somebody watching him from either side has to face inboard. 1. An object or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port side is said to be athwartships. pozitie zero a cirmei Outboard = peste bord. or astern (behind the stern). compare terms used to express direction and position on board ship with terms used on land. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship. spre pupa Forward = in fata. Something away from the wind is lee. la traversul navei Amidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei.If it moves in a lee direction. He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship. Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions: ( forward. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship. describe a traditional as well as a modern general cargo vessel using terms relating to position and direction on board ship correctly.If it’s under him. If that doesn’t help. He doesn’t go to the back of the ship.g.If he doesn’t find what he wants. DIRECTIONS TERMS RELATING TO POSITION IN A SHIP Objectives:After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to:identify directions on a diagram. If it’s near the ship. sub Lee = bord de sub vint. la adapost de vint Close aboard = foarte aproape. inapoia. mers inapoi. sub vint Leeward = bord de sub vint. Now study this diagram of a traditional general cargo ship and read the description below: A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. Terms describing position in relation to a ship Study the diagram below: As you have noticed. She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff.5. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign right aft. 1. 1. one on the port side amidships another on the starboard side amidships. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. Study the diagram below and read the description of a modern general cargo: A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. .1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of ships around her. There are two lifeboats. There are two lifeboats. There is an ensign staff right aft. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be expressed in the following way: a) Ship A is (dead) ahead.3. abaft the funnel. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea./Ship A is ahead of the tanker. one on the port side aft. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts.4. Forward of No. another on the starboard side aft. Forward of No. abaft the funnel.1. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. THE ADJECTIVE Adjectives are words that modify and describe nouns and pronouns.adjectives formed by one syllable form the comparative and superlative by adding –(e)r or –(e)st: small. green plant) b) proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns ( Mexican food) c) compound adjectives-are formed by more than one word (far-off country./Ship J is on the port beam Ship K is before the port beam. Ship E is abaft the starboard beam. Ship C is before the starboard beam. Superiority. How much?.He is less kind than Jane. Ship D is before the starboard beam. d is astern.smaller.2 a is forward . Inferiority. adjectives ending in –e.most of them were pronouns in their first lives (another. Ship F is on the starboard quarter. Ship H is on the port quarter. more) The comparison of adjectives There are three degrees of comparison: 1) The positive degree-shows the presence of a quality. Ship J is abeam. the words that give your writing and speech flavour. teenage person) d) indefinite adjectives-describe general quantities. • When we compare two notions we use the comparative preceded by the article the. 2) The comparative degree-compares two objects showing the presence of quality in three ways: Equality. wihout making any comparison: He is tall/She is beautiful. or without a direct comparison-the absolute superlative: She is very clever. Ship L is on the port bow. either. Ship B is on the starboard bow. all. • Comparative and superlative. They are the colour commentators of language.ways of formation: The synthetic comparison. 3) The superlative degree – shows that a member of a group possesses the compared quality in its highest extent through a direct comparison-the relative superlative: He is the cleverest of all. able-abler .5. h is athwartships.the smallest Spelling: double consonants before short vowels (big-bigger-the biggest). Ship I is abaft the port beam. free-freer) The two-syllable adjectives obey the same synthetic rules: happy-happier. g is abeam.b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) 1. Answer to task 1. f is on the starboard. They answer the questions: What kind?. each.He is as kind as Jane. Which one?. How many? What kind?………. Ship G is (dead astern)/Ship G is astern of the tanker. e is on the port side. -ee lose the final –e (nice-nicer. adjectives ending in –y (dry-drier-the driest).He is kinder than Jane. both.red nose/gold ring How much?………more sugar/little effort Which one?………second wife/those units How many?………several students/six cadets There are 5 kinds of adjectives: a) common adjectives-describe nouns and pronouns (strong man. i is amidships 2. c is abaft. instead of the superlative: She is the younger and the more beautiful of the two sisters. b is aft. the oldest/the eldest. If your score is above 30p you may pass on to the next unit. one short and one long.the adjective in the positive degree preceded by not so/as and followed by as/less….The analytical comparison.the latest/the latter/the last. If your score is under 30p. much/many. highly. too.is expressed by the help of: very.more.the best. ill-worse. poet laureate . Court Martial.less. Secretary General. 7.later.than: My assignment is not as easy as yours.when a noun is determined by two adjectives in the comparative.the worst.the adjective in the positive degree preceded by as and followed by as: My cabin is as large as his.the most. Syntactical functions: • Attribute. The irregular comparison: good-better. these adjectives follow one after the other in the following order: Sequence of adjectives Article 1 A A A A Size 2 large Shape 3 Age 4 old Colours 5 Participle 6 freezing Nationality 7 English Material 8 black blue leather knitted Noun 9 tree day jacket hat 2.indefinite pronouns ending in –body/one/thing are followed by the adjective: She bought something nice/ He said nothing interesting. • Predicate nominative.This uniform is new.the adjectives formed by two or more syllables form their comparative and superlative using more/the most (careful-more careful-the most careful) The comparison of equality. you’ll have to go back to unit 3 and study the vocabulary or grammar problems you have been wrong about. What does go aboard mean? What is aft? What does forward mean on a ship? What is fore and aft? What is abaft? What is astern? What is starboard? . go to Self-Test and Self-Test Answer Key to evaluate your performance. extremely: It is extremely difficult to reach the top. You’ll be awarded one point (1p) for each correct answer. Good Luck! I.older/elder. Vocabulary Practice ! In order to do these tasks successfully you’ll have to study unit 3 carefully.the least.the nearest/the next. . old. The absolute relative. the short one precede the long one: She was taller and more beautiful. near. 4. 3. Answer the following questions.farther/further the farthest/the furthest. far. late.the attributes precede the noun they determine (a high mountain) *exceptions: Ambassador Extraordinary. After checking your achievement against the answer key at the end of vocabulary practise and grammar practise. 2. little. 1. The place of adjectives in the sentence: .Tom has a new uniform. The comparison of inferiority. . 6. 5.nearer.when more adjectives determine a noun. 5. 2. one on the port side aft.---the bridge and two holds --. portside. 19. Vocabulary Practice Answer-Key I. you go ---and---the ship Fill in the blank spaces using the words provided below. 3. Aft means to the rear. 16. 10.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. abaft the funnel. forward of. Forward of No. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. III. 14. 9. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. 10. Forward of No. starboard side. 20. 4.--When a sailor faces the bow of the ship. There are two lifeboats.8. There is an ensign staff right aft. What is port? Where is an object that’s abeam. II. 4. What does athwartships mean? What is amidships? What does looking outboard mean? What does looking inboard mean? What is aloft? What does above mean in a naval context? What does below mean in a naval context? What is lee? What is leeward? What is leeway? What is close aboard? Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s). right forward. Amidships. 15. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. right aft A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure---. 18. 6. it’s --. 17. abaft. he faces--If you are standing at the center of a ship. An object located amidships off either side of a ship is said to be--Something high above the main structure of a ship is--Something away from the wind is--An object in a lee direction is--An object moving in a lee direction goes--If it’s near the ship.She may have three holds --. 12. 8. 3. . She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. you’re standing--The starboard side of a ship is the--If you go along the ship from stem to stern. aft of.and – when the ship is at sea.---the funnel. fore and aft. another on the starboard side aft. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. 1.1 hold is the forecastle and --. There are two lifeboats. 13.-IV. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign--.----is the jackstaff. 1.---the bridge. 2. They are stowed --. 7. A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. Translate the following ext into Romanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions and position in a ship. 9. 11. It means to get on a ship. one on the ---amidships another on the ---amidships. Forward is always used to mean to the front of the ship. . Check the text in your course book on page---. Moving in a leeward direction.. 11.. 1. There are twelve adjectives in this story. Duneta si suprastructura sunt combinate. 5. Translate into Romanian. I met my wife in Rome. but she isn’t..exam... Looking from the side toward the center of the ship. 6.. Choose from the following adjectives to fill in the sentences below: hungry... about amidships. II... fresh. In a lee direction. Ea poate sa aiba patru mazii in fata puntii de comanda si o magazie in spatele puntii de comanda. 7. It means downstairs or under the speaker.. She looked kind and she offered me a glass of fresh juice... Gold rings are normally expensive. Near the ship.. He looks.. 20. 1. new.... Underline them.. O nava moderna care transporta marfuri generale are sala masinilor si suprastructura spre pupa/in partea din spate a navei. wooden door.. 10.. terrible.In fata magaziei nr. IV. It means at a higher level than the speaker. I don’t think he likes his job. Away from the wind... 2...... Lying across a ship from starboard to port. sad. 5.... 2.... Bigile sunt sustinute de catarge si coloane de bigi. difficult. Grammar Practice: The Adjective 1. and soon I was tired and thirsty.. una in babord iar cealalta in tribord. It tasted great! II.. 14. 6. 12. It was a . and I decided to ask for a glass of cold water. Toward the stern. There was a small house by the side of the road.. 15. abeam aloft lee leeward leeway close aboard III... 4.. Aloft means very high. To the front and rear of a ship/along the ship/from stem to stern Further to the rear. Off either side of the ship... 3.... I rang the bell and an old lady opened the big...4.....! I love fish and chips.sports car. The right side of the ship.. I’m sure I haven’t passed.. 18. Italian. 13.. Exista doua barci de salvare./formeaza corp comun spre pupa. Looking to the side of the ship. 17.... Chiar in pupa se afla bastonul pentru pavilionul national..2. 3. 5.. Ele sunt stivuite/asezate/plasate de-a lungul navei cind nava este in larg/in voiaj/in mars. paragraph 1... I went for a long walk in the countryside yesterday.. It was a hot day. This food smells..1 se afla castelul prova/teuga si chiar in prova se afla bastonul de pavilion prova.. 5... wonderful.. expensive. 9.. in spatele cosului... 4.. 8.. The left side of the ship. In the middle of the ship. 16. I’ve just bought a .... 19.. 7. Are you....................? Shall I buy some sandwiches? 8. This orange juice tastes..................Is it....................? III. Look at these sentences. If you think the adjectives are in the wrong order, change the order. If you think the order is correct, put a tick (√). 1. She lost a gold, small ring at the disco yesterday night. 2. I have an old, Italian painting in my living room. 3. I’m looking for my cotton, green shirt and my brown, leather shoes. 4. George has a Spanish, modern villa near the sea. He goes there every summer. 5. I live in an old, white house near the river. I’ve got a black, large dog! 6. I had an interesting talk with a Polish, young student last week. 7. We are having lunch in a big, Japanese, new restaurant in the centre of town. 8. I left my books in a red, plastic bag on the bus. I was so stupid! IV. Write the comparative form of these adjectives: cold, big, careful, expensive, good, fat, famous, new, modern, young, cheap, delicious, rich, long, hungry, nice, happy, difficult, old, beautiful, friendly, hot, bad, small, sad. V. Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right order to make sentences. 1. (the world – Antarctica – coldest – is – place – the – in) 2. (city – the – Manchester – in England – is – friendliest) 3. (in New York – expensive – restaurant – The Manhattan – the – is – most) 4. (is – river – the world – the – The Nile – longest – in) 5. (town – most – in Spain – Granada – beautiful – is – the) 6. (painting – The Mona Lisa – the – famous – in – is – most – the world) 7. (the – Europe – mountain – in – highest – Mont Blanc – is) VI. Use the words in brackets ( ) to write sentences. Use the + superlative, and the Present Perfect + ever. 1. (It’s/cold/place/I/visit) – It’s the coldest place I’ve ever visited. 2. (It’s/big/shop/I/see) 3. (He’s/rich/man/I/meet) 4. (It’s/difficult/exam/I/do) 5. (It’s/sad/film/I/see) 6. (She’s/happy/person/I/meet) 7. (It’s/modern/ flat/I/see) 8. (It’s/hot/country/I/visit) 9. (It’s/small/dog/I/see). VII. Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets and than. 1. I think that golf is more interesting than (interesting) tennis. 2. This question is......................(easy) the last one. 3. I’m a good player, but Eric is ........................(good) me. 4. The group’s first record was.........................(successful) their second record. 5. We both played well, but he was.....................(lucky) me. 6. Your car is......................(powerful) mine. 7. This computer is....................(useful) that one. VIII. Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in brackets. 1. Anna is the youngest (young) person in her class. 2. We stayed in ......................(bad) hotel in the whole city. 3. People say that it is ...............(funny) film of the year. 4. What is........................(tall) building in the world? 5. Her teachers say that she is ....................(good) student in the school. 6. This is........................(expensive) camera in the shop. 7. Many people say that Venice is..................(beautiful) city in the world. IX. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one above it. Use as + adjective/adverb + as. 1. Sweden is bigger than Britain. Britain isn’t as big as Sweden. 2. The other students learn more quickly than me. I don’t learn....................................the other students. 3. You’re very angry and I’m angry also. I’m........................................you. 4. The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back. The seats at the back aren’t.................................the seats at the front. 5. Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London. Hyde Park in London isn’t........................Central Park in New York. 6. Her last film was very good and her new film is also very good. Her new film is.......................her last film. 7. The other students work harder than him. He doesn’t work........................the other students. X. Join each pair of sentences in brackets ( ), using as much......as, or as many......as. 1. (I’ve got 50 books. Jack’s got about 100.) I haven’t got as many books as Jack. 2. (You’ve done a lot of work. I’ve done a lot of work also.) I’ve done ............................you. 3. (Alan earns a lot of money. Sheila only earns a little.) Sheila doesn’t earn...........................Alan. 4. (George has been to five countries. I’ve also been to five countries.) I’ve been to...............................George. 5. (You’ve had five jobs. I’ve only had two.) I haven’t had...........................you. 6. (Tom has a lot of luggage. Jane has a lot of luggage too.) Lane has............................Tom. 7. (Mary answered most of the questions. I only answered about half.) I didn’t answer.............................Mary. 8. (Ruth spent $50.I also spent $50.) I spent...........................Ruth. XI. Choose the correct adjective in brackets ( ) to put in the gaps. 1. It was a terrible play and I was bored (bored/boring) from start to finish. 2. I’m very..................(excited/exciting) because I’m going to New York tomorrow. 3. Are you................(surprised/surprising) or were you expecting this news? 4. I’m reading a very.................(interested/interesting) book at the moment. 5. I’ve had a very..............(tired/tiring) day at work today and I want to go to bed. 6. Most people were...................(surprised/surprising) that he won the championship. 7. I’m.......................(bored/boring). Let’s go out for a cup of coffee somewhere. 8. Visit our...................(excited/exciting) new shop! 9. His speech was very long and very...................(bored/boring). XII. Complete the sentences using too or enough and the words in brackets ( ). 1. I can’t eat this soup because it’s too hot (hot). 2. We couldn’t buy the tickets because we didn’t have enough money (money). 3. We didn’t buy the car because it wasn’t big enough (big). 4. I couldn’t see her because it was...................(dark). 5. I can’t decide what to do because I haven’t got..................(information). 6. You can’t change the situation now. It’s..................(late). 7. Have you had..................(food), or would you like some more? 8. He did badly in the exam because he was....................(nervous). 9. Slow down! You’re driving ...................(fast). 10. He shouldn’t play in the team because he isn’t.................(good). 11. I haven’t got ................(clothes). I must buy some more. l2. Robert didn’t go to work because he didn’t feel.................(well). 13. I couldn’t lift the suitcase because I wasn’t...................(strong). 14. We didn’t go swimming because the water was................(cold). 15. Mary couldn’t post all the letters because she didn’t have..............(stamps). 6. Answer key: The Adjective I. hot, tired, thirsty, small, cold, old, big, wooden, kind, fresh, great. II. wonderful, difficult, new, Italian, sad, hungry, terrible....fresh. III. small, gold; old, Italian; green, cotton; modern, Spanish; large, black; young, Polish; big, new, Japanese; red, plastic. IV. colder, bigger, more careful, more expensive, better, fatter, more famous, newer, more modern, younger, cheaper, more delicious, richer, longer, hungrier, nicer, happier, more difficult, older, more beautiful. friendlier, hotter, more wonderful, worse, smaller, sadder. V. 1. Antarctica is the coldest place in the world. 2. Manchester is the friendliest city in England 3. The Manhattan is the most expensive restaurant in New York. 4. The Nile is the longest river in the world. 5. Granada is the most beautiful town in Spain 6. The Mona Lisa is the most famous painting in the world. 7. Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Europe. VI. 1. It’s the biggest ship I’ve ever seen 2. He’s the richest man I’ve ever met. 3. It’s the most difficult exam I’ve ever done. 4. It’s the saddest film I’ve ever seen. 5. She’s the happiest person I’ve ever met. 6. It’s the most modern flat I’ve ever seen. 7. It’s the hottest country I’ve ever visited. 8. It’s the smallest dog I’ve ever seen. VII. 1. easier than 2. better than 3. more successful than as much luggage as 5. If something is very high. enough information. the best 5. as expensive as 4. such as on a mast. 1.Circle the correct answer. bored. as quickly as 2. enough stamps. 2. the tallest 4. interesting. too cold. 1. too fast. it goes close aboard. luckier than 5. as many countries as 3. Something away from the wind is leeway. the most beautiful IX. as big as 5. as angry as 3. 3. as hard as X. enough food. Athwartships means along the ship. the most expensive 6. 6. T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 10p Example: aft – at the after end of the ship/at the back of the ship . more powerful than 6. the funniest 3. strong enough. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing Inboard. Give General English equivalents to the following terms used at sea. The lifeboat is abaft the funnel. exciting. surprised. I. surprised. If something moves in a lee direction. 10. the worst 2. 7. 1. boring. as much (money) as 2. Fore and aft means from side to side. 8. XII. well enough. too nervous. excited. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. II. more useful than VIII. good enough. too late. 4. as good as 6. as many questions as 6. 5. 9. 1. enough clothes. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. Self-Test Decide if the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). The right side of the ship is called starboard side. 7.4. tiring. as many jobs as 4. it’s aloft. as much (money) as XI. too dark. athwartships. 9. The cargo space is divided up into a number of tanks.end is the forecastle. 8. II. --. forward of. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town.T. 12.way of getting from here to the station? (quick) Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters……. Self-Test Answer Key I.(large) What’s……………. 3. fore and aft.. right af 10p III. (cheap) The United States is very large but Canada is…………. The engine room is situated at the ---end of the ship to leave more room for cargo. 5. . It was……..mountain in the world.(happy) It was an awful day. 8.T. A wide avenue (long)………………………………………………………… A little village (old/ lovely)………………………………………………….(high) We had a great holiday. 6. Between the engine room and the cargo space is the coffer dam. IV. Complete the sentences. 7. an old house (beautiful)…………………………………………………. (cheap). big clouds (black)……………………………………………………………. 9. It’s…………. An old painting (interesting/French)………………………………………… An enormous umbrella (red/yellow) 12p V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).. Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town.Abaft.sport in your country ? (popular) Everest is……. amidships. fore. 7. At the --.end the bridge superstructure and the poop are combined. 7.holidays we’ve ever had.is 14 years old. 10..than any other mountain. It was one of the…. At the --. In a modern tanker. 2. 3.day in my life..F. 8. 4. 2. 9.T.today.T. 5. 11. 2. 5. port side.T. 6. 8p. 3. the hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and steel bulkheads. 12. 1.river in the world? (long) He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks…….F. 1. 11. abaft=behind forward of =before/in front of amidships =in the middle/centre athwartships =across .It is …. 10. 10.(comfortable) What’s ……….F. black gloves (leather)…………………………………………………… an American film (old)……………………………………………………… a long face (thin)……………………………………………………………. Use a superlative (-est or most…) or a comparative (-er or most…) 1. 6.(bad) What is….F. right forward. (old) 10p 8. Starboard side. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position a beautiful table (wooden/round)………a beautiful round wooden table an unusual ring (gold)…………………………………………………… a new pullover (nice)…………………………………………………….the main deck is the superstructure.F. 13. 4. a sunny day (lovely)…………………………………………………………. (enjoyable) I prefer this car to the other one. At the---and---ends of the hull are the ---peak tanks and the ---peak tanks. 4. the highest….fore and aft =along port side =left side starboard right side fore = t/towards the front of the ship right forward =the extreme front end of the ship right aft=the extreme back end of the ship III. happier 6 the worst 7. larger 4 . at the fore and after ends fore peak tanks and the after peak tanks at the after end above at the fore end at the after end an unusual gold ring a nice new pullover a new green pullover a beautiful old house black leather gloves an old American film a long thin face big black clouds a lovely sunny day a long wide avenue a lovely little old village an enormous red and yellow umbrella 3. the oldest or the eldest IV. the quickest t 12.the longest 5. the most popular 8. most enjoyable 10. V. more comfortable 11. .higher 9. 1. diesel. The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the helmsman. which are wheels free to spin. This is also where the helm is found. which is also called the conn. and intercommunication sets commonly called squawk boxes. and distance travelled. The power for a ship’s engine is usually from a turbine engine. and the combination of equipment used to turn and power them is the steering gear. electric. identify and state the functions of different navigation instruments housed on the navigation bridge. 1. Helm is another word for the wheel used to steer the ship. located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the wheel. The bridge. 1. . to give readings on true direction. There is also a radar repeater which gives readings from the ship’s radar system to locate objects outside of the ship. while the ship is underway. formulate and understand standard wheel and engine orders. which holds the magnetic compass giving the magnetic direction. which measures the depth of the water.Unit 4. free to separately rotate about one or both of two axes. course (direction). The master and the officer of the deck have their main places of duty on the bridge. the ship turns left.1. There is also a fathometer. STEERING AND THE BRIDGE Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learners should be able to describe the component parts of the propulsion system and steering gear. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer the wheel. There are also telephones. The main propulsion engine. Ships are pushed through the water by screws (propellers). A ship with one propeller is known as a single-screw ship. This is the customary name for the sailor who has the job of steering. One of the main tasks performed on the bridge is navigation. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a shaft. These are used for communication to various parts of the ship. is the main point and nerve center of any ship. The steering engines. The officer of the deck is the officer on the bridge who is in charge of the ship for a special period of duty. This is a type of motor with blades that rotate inside and are moved by a steam. There is also a gyro-repeater. One or more screws can work separately or together with the rudder during a turn.2. Around the enclosed bridge there is usually an open platform from which lookouts(observers) and the officer of the deck may determine the position of other ships and objects of interest. All orders and commands come from there. This is finding the position. If the rudder moves right. Communications equipment on the bridge includes an engine order telegraph for transmitting engine orders to the engineers. On-board communication phrases 2. A shaft is a long cylinder that transmits power by rotation. Rudders are turned in the water by steering engines. If the rudder moves left. connected to the gyrocompass below the main deck. Because of this. the ship turns right. This process is known as propulsion. which means to be driven forward. A ship is steered by its rudder and screws. PROPULSION. Some have four propellers and are known as four-screw ships. Standard wheel orders All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch should ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. mentioned in the unit on ship structure. 2. All wheel orders should be held until countermanded. A rudder is a flat. provides a ship with power to move. diesel-electric. The gyrocompass operates by means of gyroscopes. the equipment on the bridge includes the binnacle.1. or nuclear source. vertical structure at the stern of the ship that moves from side to side causing the ship to change direction. One with two propellers is known as a twin-screw ship. often called the main engine. the direction in which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said separately. for example. Port ten 10° of port rudder to be held = babord zece 4. Port fifteen 15° of port rudder to be held = babord cincisprezece 5.2.Starboard fifteen 15° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cincisprezece 11.If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman should be ordered to: “Steer on.Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass heading indicated at the time of the order=tine-o drept asa 20.. the helmsman should repeat it and bring the vessel round steadily to the course ordered./mark/…beacon”.in babord 21.guverneaza trei zero cinci) 305° On receipt of an order to steer. When the vessel is steady on the course ordered the helmsman is to call out: “Steady on one eight two”(Stabil pe unu opt doi) The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsman’s reply.Ease to twenty Reduce amount of rudder to 20°and hold=redu la douazeci 18..Keep the buoy/mark/beacon…on port side = tine geamandura/semnul/baliza.Report if she does not answer the wheel =raporteaza daca nu raspunde la cirma When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass. Starboard ten 10° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord zece 10. Standard engine orders Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph and the officer of the watch should ensure the order is carried out correctly and immediately. Half ahead= Jumatate (viteza) inainte 3. steer zero eight two”(Tribord. Port twenty-five 25° of port rudder to be held = babord douazeci si cinci 7. Full ahead = Toata(viteza) inainte 2.buoy.Starboard twenty 20° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douazeci 12.Ease to fifteen Reduce amount of rudder to 15°and hold=redu la cincisprezece 17.Starboard twenty-five25°of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douazeci si cinci 13. steer one eight two”(Babord.. Port five 5°of port rudder to be held = babord cinci 3.baliza) 2. including zero.Steady Reduce swing as rapidly as possible.guverneaza zero opt doi)082° “Port.guverneaza un opt doi) 182° “Starboard. Starboard five 5° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cinci 9. =drept asa 19.. steer three zero five”(Babord.Ease to ten Reduce amount of rudder to 10°and hold=redu la zece 16.Keep the buoy/mark/beacon on starboard side=tine geamandura/semnul/baliza in tribord 22.ORDER MEANING 1.Hard-a-starboard Rudder to be held fully over to starboard= banda dreapta 14. Midships Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position = mijloc carma 2.Ease to five Reduce amount of rudder to 5°and hold = redu la cinci 15. Slow ahead= Incet inainte .(Guverneaza pe…geamandura/…semnul/. ORDER 1. 182°. Hard-a-port Rudder to be held fully over to port= banda stinga 8. Port twenty 20° of port rudder to be held = babord douazeci 6. for example: ORDER COURSE TO BE STEERED “Port. direct/directly. very etc. There are some spelling rules for adverbs formed with –ly: • y is changed into i: easy – easily. high – highly. the following orders are used: 14. Animals can’t move freely on board (uncontrolled). Do you have to talk so loud/loudly? There are some pairs of adverbs with different meanings: hard – hardly. quick/quickly. . toata/jumatate(viteza)babord 17. long. Bow (stern) thrust stop = propulsor prova/pupa. quick – quickly etc.Bow thrust full (half) to port = Propulsor prova.Stern thrust full ( half) to port =Propulsor pupa.Stern thrust full (half) to starboard=Propulsor pupa. and “Slow astern both”. fair/fairly. and the most common adverbs of this type are: cheap/cheaply. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding –ly e. • le after consonant is changed into ly: probable – probably. 6. this should be indicated. the word “both’ should be added to all orders affecting both shafts. 8. There is a bank near. (adjective) I went to bed early. most – mostly. 7. We’ve nearly finished (almost). When required to manoeuvre twin propellers independently. 5. The plane flew high. a phrase or a whole sentence.e. toata/jumatate (viteza)babord 15. “Full ahead starboard”. If you win. toata/jumatate(viteza)tribord 18. i. “Half astern port”.g. soon. 12. “Full ahead both”. 3. toata/jumatate(viteza)tribord 16. loud/loudly. 13. I had an early night. etc. slow/slowly. Submarines can go very deep. However the form without –ly is more informal. early etc.Bow thrust full ( half) to starboard=Propulsor prova. near – nearly. stop.g. 9. Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives: fast. The theory is highly controversial (very). • ally must be added after -ic: automatic – automatically. free – freely. Dead slow ahead=Foarte incet inainte Stop engine(s)=Stop masina Dead slow astern=Foarte incet inapoi Slow astern=incet inapoi Half astern=jumate(viteza) inapoi Full astern = Toata (viteza) inapoi Emergency full ahead = Toata viteza inainte(de urgenta) Emergency full astern = Toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta) Stand-by engine = Masina pe atentiune Finished with engines = Liber la masina In vessels fitted with twin propellers. e. I’ve got hardly any money (almost no). 10. deep – deeply. tight/tightly. when appropriate. Adverbs Adverbs are words that modify a word. We mostly stay in the engine room (usually). 11. I haven’t heard from him lately (recently). This leg hurts the most. Some adverbs have their own form which is not related to other words: always. He was deeply offended (serious). you can travel free. (adverb) Sometimes the adverb can appear with or without –ly. You’ve worked hard. except that the words “Stop all engines” should be used. I wake up late.4. late – lately. Where bow thrusters are used. Adverbs of degree Adverbs of degree are used when we want to give more information about the extent of an action or the degree to which an action is performed. adverbs of degree. abruptly accurately awkwardly badly beautifully brightly brilliantly briskly carefully carelessly casually cheaply clearly closely clumsily comfortably consistently conveniently correctly dangerously delicately differently discreetly distinctly dramatically easily economically effectively efficiently evenly explicitly faintly faithfully fiercely finely firmly fluently formally frankly freely gently gracefully hastily heavily honestly hurriedly intently meticulously neatly nicely oddly patiently peacefully peculiarly perfectly plainly pleasantly politely poorly professionally properly quietly rapidly readily richly rigidly roughly ruthlessly securely sensibly sharply silently simply smoothly softly solidly specifically splendidly steadily steeply stiffly strangely subtly superbly swiftly systematically tenderly thickly thinly thoroughly thoughtfully tightly truthfully uncomfortably urgently vaguely vigorously violently vividly voluntarily warmly widely willingly wonderfully 3. an adverb or a verb. hour – hourly. There are several types of adverbs: adverbs of time. sentence adverbs. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner give more information about the way in which an event or action takes place. Enough follows the adjective or adverb: . adverbs of manner. linking adverbs. 3.1. They modify verbs and most of them are formed from adjectives. He speaks English fluently. A change of one word can radically alter the meaning of the statement. They are usually placed before the word they modify: I had almost forgotten about maintenance. It comes out monthly (adverb). week – weekly. negative adverbs. He smelled the fuel suspiciously. Here is a list of the most common adverbs describing the way in which something is done. They can modify an adjective. adverbs of place.Some time adverbs are related to nouns and they can be both adjectives and adverbs: day – daily. adverbs of frequency. year – yearly: It’s a monthly magazine (adjective). They are usually placed after the verb or after the object.2. I saw him quite recently. I’m so tired. . Such/so many/so few are used with plural nouns. terribly. fairly. • small degree: a little. to and fro. less. recently. before. off. The most common adverbs of time are: afterwards. lately. forward. quite. backward. They can be placed either in end position or initial position. really. soon. too. round and round. I looked for it everywhere. outward.4. most. round. more. Here it comes.g. Here is a list of words that are used as adverbs to indicate position. back. yet. today. position. somewhat. destination and direction. • across or past something: across. Still is placed after the verb be but before other verbs: He is still in the engine room. left. Adverbs of place Adverbs of place give information about place. absolutely. in and out. It was such good advice. tomorrow. through. totally. It was such a quick meeting. • large degree: very. slightly. overhead. right.g. He lives abroad. • away from someone or something: aside. They can be placed after the verb e. along.g. • medium degree: rather. The office is closed for two weeks. least. by. from side to side. up and down. now. then. on. Some common adverbs of degree are: • full degree: completely. over. So is used with adjectives and adverbs. at the beginning of the sentence e. sideways etc. a bit. • negative: hardly. quite. You have so many friendly colleagues. out. abroad ahead aloft ashore away close to downstairs downstream downtown downwind eastward halfway here indoors inland midway nearby next door northward offshore outdoors out of doors overhead overseas southward there underfoot underground underwater upstairs upstream uptown upwind westward Some adverbs indicate destination or direction in relation to a particular position of the person or thing you are talking about: ahead. awfully. as. eventually. extremely. pretty. scarcely. Such/so much/so little are used with uncountable nouns: The meeting finished so quickly. 3.He didn’t work quickly enough. entirely. after an object e. backwards and forwards.3. Such a is used with adjective + singular noun. • others: so. since. away. 3. Adverbs of time Adverbs of time give information about the duration or the moment an action takes place. Other adverbs can indicate movement: • in different directions: back and forth. immediately. past. Yesterday the main generator failed. We use so and such for emphasis. after the first auxiliary in a compound verb. He is obviously intelligent.7. The linking adverbs are: also. at the beginning or at the end. Normally I tip taxi-drivers. 3. otherwise. honestly. before simple tenses of the other verbs. . I go on long trips sometimes. possibly.He still doesn’t understand. They are usually placed in initial position though the end position is also possible. but inversion of the following main verb then becomes necessary: Hardly ever did they manage to meet unobserved. therefore. in addition. clearly.6. consequently. 3. presumably. scarcely ever can be placed at the beginning of a sentence. obviously. however they can be placed in mid position. nevertheless. as well. rarely. unfortunately. They certainly work hard. Many of them can also be adverbs of manner: Honestly.5. perhaps. Their position in the sentence is different according to the adverb and the meaning. Most adverbs of time are used with certain verb tenses and they are going to be mentioned when discussing about tenses. luckily. at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. surely. They are normally separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. however. fortunately. officially. certainly. too: He was forced to work to support himself. probably. Sentence adverbs Sentence adverbs (truth or comment adverbs) modify the whole sentence/clause and normally express the speaker’s opinion. naturally. frankly. he still found time to review for his exams.000? Other sentence adverbs are: admittedly. likewise. Some sentence adverbs express degrees of certainty: actually. 3. Surely you could pay $ 2. definitely. he didn’t get the money. unluckily etc. undoubtedly. on the other hand. Linking adverbs A linking adverb relates to the previous clause or sentence. apparently. Here is a list of adverbs and adverbial expressions: again and again a lot all the time always constantly continually continuously ever frequently from time to time hardly ever infrequently intermittently much never normally occasionally often once periodically rarely regularly repeatedly seldom sometimes sporadically twice usually Adverbs like: hardly ever. furthermore. However. She never goes abroad. Most often it goes in front position but it can go in mid or end position. They can be placed after be. as a result. evidently. instead. Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of frequency indicate approximately how many times something happens. ………………………… A ship is steered by its………………………. 4. 11. 7.ship.…. A ship with four propellers is a………… …………………. Vocabulary Practice ! In order to be able to do the following tasks you’ll have to revise unit 4.. 12. 5. A ship with two propellers is a ………. 5.by a…………… An engine with blades that rotate inside is called a………engine.4.. II. 13. 12. 2. The steering engines are controlled by the…. Answer the following questions relating to the Bridge. Propulsion and Steering. You will be awarded one point for each correct answer.. 2. The power for a rudder is provided by its…………. 2. …. The screws are connected to the…… ……. III. Good luck! I. 7. 6. 8. 10. 10. you’ll have to turn back to the vocabulary and grammar problems you failed in your answers. If your score is under 30 points. 9. Afterwards try the test again.….. Ships are pushed through the water by propellers. 1. …………………. vertical structure at the stern that causes a ship to turn? What is the source of power to turn rudders? What are the motors and control equipment used to turn and power the rudder called? What controls the steering engines? Who turns the wheel? Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s) Another word for propellers is……………………………………. A ship with one propeller is a………….. 4. 5. …………… The combination of equipment used to turn and power a ship is called its…. Which is turned by a sailor known as the………. 10. 7. 4. you may pass on to the next unit.ship.and screws. 6.ship.. When you finish turn to the key to check your answers and then do the test to evaluate your performance. 1. 9. What do we say about a ship when it’s free to move in the water? What is another word for the bridge of a ship? What is another word for the wheel used to steer a ship? What is the science of finding the position. 3. for the first two tasks and The Bridge for the following ones. 6. 9. What’s another word for propeller? What is the action of being driven forward called? What is a ship with one propeller called? What is a ship with two propellers called? What is a ship with four propellers called? Which engine drives the ship? What is a turbine engine? How are main engines powered? What is the flat. course. 3. 3. Answer the following questions relating to propulsion and steering. 8. 8. 1. Modern ships are powered by …. 11. and distance travelled by a ship called/ What is the course of a ship? What is a binnacle? What is a gyrocompass? What is a gyro-repeater? What is the wheel within a gyrocompass called? What is an engine order telegraph? . …. The process of being driven forward is called……………………. If your score is over 30 points. …………………. keep the buoy/mark/beacon…on port side VI... jumatate inapoi. Another word for engine order telegraph is………………………… Intercommunication sets are commonly called……………………. steady. IV. A twin-screw ship 5.. electric. A gyrocompass is used to determine………………………………. 8. 11. liber la masina. 13. 1. 14. port twenty. Midships. or nuclear power 9. 4.. Give Romanian equivalents to the following standard wheel orders. 3. Steady as she goes. A raised floor around the bridge used for observation is a…………. 15. By steam. 12. 3. screw propulsion single-screw twin-screw .propulsor prova jumatate babord 5.11. V. Give English equivalents to the following standard engine orders. Propulsion 3. incet inainta. Screws 2. The main propulsion engine 7. Steering engines 11. What are intercommunication sets? What is another word for intercommunication sets? What is a fathometer/ What is a radar repeater? What is a platform? What is a lookout? Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s) The course of a ship is its…………………………………………. foarte incet inapoi. diesel-electric. A four screw ship 6. The wheel 13. 10. 5. A seaman who observes the sea from the bridge is called the………. The helmsman II. One with blades that rotate inside the engine 8. 6. 16. hard-a-port. 7. Toata inapoi. 9. 4. Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key I. 2.. Toata viteza inainte. The magnetic compass is housed in the……………………………. A single-screw ship 4. diesel. ease to five. 1.. The gyrocompass reading is seen on the bridge on the……………. The radar reading is seen on the bridge on the……………………… A fathometre measures the……of the water.. The rudder 10. toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta). 2. Steering gear 12. 1. starboard ten. Gyrocompasses contain……………………………………………. 1. A communications device for transmitting orders to the engineers.finished with engines. full astern. drept aşa. babord 20. 11. four-screw main propulsion engine. 10. Answer the following questions relating to the Bridge. Squawk boxes A device for measuring the depth of water. 5. 10. 13. It’s also called an annunciator. redu la 5. 2. It’s underway The conn The helm Navigation Its direction A stand used to house a magnetic compass An instrument used to determine true direction on a ship. 12. bow thrust half to port. 8. Mijloc cârma. 15. 3. Ţine geamandura/semnul/baliza…. helmsman III. direction binnacle true direction a gyroscope gyro-repeater annunciator squawk boxes radar repeater depth platform lookout V. 7. 14.în babord VI. diesel electric. 8. 2.5. emergency full astern. 4. 8. 11. 9. 5. Give English equivalents to the following standard engine orders. 7. A device used to read the ship’s radar system from the bridge. Complete the following sentences with appropriate term(s) 1. A gyroscope. 3. diesel. 12. 6. Communication devices which can be heard in wide areas for sending orders to various parts of a ship. banda stânga. Full ahead. shaft turbine steam. slow ahead. 4. 9. 6. dead slow astern. electric. Give Romanian equivalents to the following standard wheel orders. . A seaman who observes the sea for anything of interest. tribord 10. 6. IV. half astern. An instrument on the bridge from which the gyrocompass is read. 11. ţine-o drept aşa. 17. 10. 7. A raised floor area around the bridge used for observation of the sea. nuclear rudder steering engines steering gear wheel. 9. 16. 5.. bad......(fast) as I could........ She’s a fast swimmer......... I played.. 1........(beautiful) 10. Use an adjective from the following ones: slow...as I can.... A: Is he a bad student? B: No. A: Hurry up! I’m waiting! B: Just a minute........ Have I filled this form in .......... but he didn’t say anything.. Everyone else did the test...................(confident) than he did in the past...... He was playing..................(easy)... She passed all her exams....(cheap) at certain times of the year.. A: Have you finished that book yet? B: No......... 12.......... 3.... She’s a wonderful dancer 7..... IV....... Iran as . I’ve been studying very... He has run the 100 metres..6.(correct)? 13...... A: Did you lose at tennis again? B: Yes......... .... Read the instructions ................. 2... They aren’t quick learners........(quiet) when left.. 5......... A: Have you been working.. 4............. 2. 3...... 4 You can travel........ A: Does she speak English........ 6...... She was working......It takes me a long time to finish a book..... A: Were the questions difficult? B: No...(slow) through the park. I answered them easily............(hard) on his work............(careful).. He plays.... 1. II....... he does all his work very........ 1....... Put in the comparative adverb form of the adjective in brackets. 8. Put in the adverb form of the adjective in brackets ( ).......... 11.and I lost......... so I walked......... Complete the dialogues by putting a suitable adverb into the gaps.....today? B: No.. I closed the door... 2...................(happy) when I came into the room. fast............ .... easy... 4.. she only knows a few words of English....... She swims... 1......................... He was concentrating..... I’m coming as .. 7...... 2..... Martin is a good cook.................. Grammar Practice: The Adverb 1........... 4...................... You must do your work more carefully (careful) in future. .(bad) and that he’ll fail.. She read the message quickly (quick)......(good) than me....... I’m a slow writer..... ..... 8.. 14....... I wasn’t in a hurry.(hard) recently..... He drives........ 3........ Complete the sentences... He’s a dangerous driver............ 6. 3........(angry)........ good (x2).. .............? B: No... He looked at her........... Sheila is a hard worker................... He thinks that he did the test........ Peter is a bad tennis player. 5. .....(busy) when I arrived... Peter plays tennis badly........ 5....... I’ve done nothing all day! 6............. I always read very.... III..........(fast) than any other athlete in the world this year. 9......... hard.. 7.... Rewrite these sentences using an adverb instead of an adjective...... She sang the song.... .. . (usually).. Steve and Jill play golf.............big..... They’re all...... It isn’t a wonderful book.............. Complete the sentences by choosing an ending from the following ones: ...nice....................... (rarely)... 2....... 3.. ...... (sometimes).......... 9..................... . They are at home in the evening.. 7.. My teacher gives me a lot of homework... I’m sorry I’ve made so many mistakes.............. They go to Morroco for their holidays.. 8........ VII. but sometimes makes bad mistakes.. ... 3.(hard) in future..... 4....... .. Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right place in these sentences 1....... but it’s....... She plays.... millions of people watch it.expensive – they cost much more than I expected...... but I am...............(comfortable) in this chair...... I’ll try..... The company that I work for is..... 7.. You will be able to sit... 7. 4. I go to jazz concerts at the weekend.. 4. I’m not a very good tennis player...intelligent students.. 5............ (often). (four times a year)..... 1..Arabic perfectly.......... (often) I often work late at the office.......... 2............... .......................... VI........ The programme is................ (twice a month).......her breakfast slowly..................good at his job...... V.. You must lock the front door when you leave................ 5. You must always cross. (always).....his car fast....... I work late at the office..........good......the road carefully................ 6........ but it wasn’t very good.... He drives. 11... 10....... They speak.... Complete these sentences using really or quite... The tickets were... 2...... (hardly ever)........dangerous to drive fast in such terrible weather conditions. He’s...an hour late 1.... We see our Mexican friends.. but not very cold.. I enjoyed it a lot. The meal was.. 9................. ............. but it’s not enormous. The film was really good. Maria ate........................... 10........... I eat a sandwich for lunch.. 6...cold outside.........good.....their homework well.. It’s....the piano badly.popular in my country................. 3... 5.... (every day). It’s.. Bill and Marie go to the theatre.... 8... and they will all pass their exams easily......6. ... A: I think he’s a good worker... but she sings and dances beautifully... 5. A: This bread tastes awful... hard.. The work that the builders did for us was very.. Green went... 7......(bad/badly) 7... why are you eating it so hungrily? 6. 4..(good/well).. Answer Key: THE ADVERB I.. herder... They live happily together. A: He’s a wonderful skier.. but she dances badly in my opinion...(good/well).... They don’t learn quickly. hard./ They learn slowly. A: She’s very young..... more cheaply..(polite/politely) to give her the money back.. I write slowly. 9.. Jane. Did you cook it correctly? B: If you think it’s horrible.. II.. He buys valuable objects.(quick/quickly) back to her office. II.. slowly.. 3.. B: She’s a wonderful singer. She wrote a ........... B: In my opinion........... dangerously 2. 7........ IV... better.... III... 4. 1....... The journey took a long time because the train went very.(immediate/immediately) answer. 3.. 10... fast 3... She organized the party. correctly..(bad/badly).. angrily.... He lives expensively... Put in the adjective or adverb in brackets ( ). carefully. 1. Miscellaneous I.... 7.... fast.. 6..... He’s a stupid skier..... hard. B: Yes... beautifully. What do you think? B: I’m not sure. and everybody enjoyed it..... A: He’s a rich and powerful man.... They all did.... 6.. old house in Scotland. A: Paul. Mrs...... The plane arrived.... Sheila works hard.. He works carefully. more comfortably. quietly. busily. he skis dangerously. but he spends money carefully....(slow/slowly). Everybody said that the party was very. slowly.... easily.... In these dialogues underline the adjectives and circle the adverbs 1. I need to think about it first.. happily.. but the house is expensive and so they live cheaply 5.. 5....... B: I know they are happy.. but he makes some bad mistakes.. well..... badly... She dances wonderfully... 2.. The train was very slow (slow/slowly) and I arrived late. Diana and Mark live in a big.. 2.. badly. He skis quickly and beautifully. The builders did the work for us very... 4. Martin cooks well.... well. faster.. 8. I’m afraid I can’t give you an .....6.. more confidently...(polite/politely) letter asking the company to give her the money back.... ... She wrote the company and asked them . fast... 9. The power for a ship’s engine is usually from a …. 3. …. located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the…. gyrocompass. really. their homework well 7. wonderful. 8. 2. bad 2. quickly. horrible. II. dangerously. his car fast 2. 8. carefully.. cheaply 5. really. Steve and Jill play golf twice a month. the piano badly 3. They are rarely at home in the evening. correctly. underway. The steering engines. They often go to Morroco for their holidays. bad. 5. young. quickly. good. expensively. 1. really. awful. The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the ……. 8. OOD. powerful. rich. stupid 3. gyro-repeater. badly II. polite. quite. You must always lock the front door when you leave. lookout. slowly.. 3. quite. badly. 9. A ship is steered by its……. 6. 6. A ship with one propeller is known as a……. 7. engine order telegraph 10p . the road carefully 6. quite. I usually eat a sandwich for lunch. her breakfast slowly 4. beautifully.engine. My teacher gives me a lot of homework every day. course. hungrily 6. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a ……. binnacle. an hour late Answer Key: MISCELLANEOUS I. immediate. happy. big. Self-Test I. We hardly ever see our Mexican friends. 7. VI. well. 1. I sometimes go to jazz concerts at the weekend. carefully. 5. really. Bill and Marie go to the theatre four times a year. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s). happily.. quite. wonderful.and screws. beautifully. 2. Arabic perfectly 5. quite. VII. quite. Another word for propeller is……… Give Romanian equivalents to the English maritime terms: Conn. The combination of equipment used to turn and power the steering engines is the… …. valuable 4. Rudders are turned in the water by…. old.1 good. fathometer. 1. politely. 4. expensive. Ships are pushed through the water by……. 10.V. I cooked this meal…. The driver of the car had …. 5. Complete each sentence using a word from the list. She fell and hurt herself quite…. 3. 3. 5. special(ly) 1. 2. Alice and Stan are very…. Monica’s English is very……although she makes a lot of mistakes. I.taught (bad/badly) 9..upset about losing her job (terrible/terribly) 5. 10.married. Another word for engine order telegraph is……………… A fathometer measures the…. There was….. He says he didn’t do well at school because he was…. complete(ly). The time passed very……. 1. Rose is…. 2. What does the term “the ship is underway” mean? What is a helm? What is navigation? What is the conn of the ship? What is the course of a ship? 5p Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms.III. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me…. 1. Answer the following questions and statements with complete sentences.. The driver of the car was…..silence. Everything was very quiet.. I think you behaved very…(selfish/selfishly) 4. 8. 4. Do you usually feel…. so I hope you like it. 3. 1. 9. Self-test. continuous(ly). 4. quick(ly). 2. He’s always………. He looked at me…when I interrupted him (angry/angrily) VI.of the water. 4.injuries (serious/seriously) 3. Gyrocompasses contain………………………………….injured(serious/seriously} 2. 6.fluent(ly) Happy/happily. IV. 4.for you. 7.Answer key screws(propellers) single-screw ship shaft turbine shaft . nervous(ly). 5.(bad/badly) 10. 5. 5p Put in the right word. Everybody at the party was…. financial(ly). There was a …change in the weather (sudden/suddenly) 6. 3. perfect(ly). 2. V. 1. Sue works….dressed (colourful/colourfully) 7. Careful(ly). Our holiday was too short. Tom doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. The magnetic compass is housed in the………………… A gyrocompass is used to determine…………………. Linda likes wearing…clothes (colourful/colourfully) 8. 10p 10p 9.before examination? I’d like to buy a car but it’s……impossible at the moment..She never seems to stop. 10. 2. telegraf de maşină.6. 4. 6. drum. III. 4. om de veghe/observator. 8. repetitor girocompas. 1. 5. 7. The conn of a ship is the bridge from where the ship is controlled. steering engines steering gear wheel helmsman screw Punte de comandă. 4. II. 6. A helm is a wheel used for steering the ship The science of finding the position. 7. 5. 1. 10. 3. sondă ultrasonoră. 9. 2. 5. 10. 2. 1. 9. ofiţer de cart. Free to move in water. girocompas. 3. 3. 8. A course of a ship is its direction. 7. habitaclu. in marş. IV. V. seriously serious selfishly terribly sudden colourfully colourful badly badly angrily quickly careful continuously happily fluent specially complete perfectly nervous financially . 8. course and distance travelled by a ship. 9. Unit 5. label the items studied correctly on a diagram. An anchor is hoisted (raised) and lowered by a windlass. which is the wheel that takes up the chain. 1. NAVAL EQUIPMENT: GROUND TACKLE Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to: identify pieces of equipment used for anchoring and mooring. Below the windlass room is the chain locker where the chain is kept. recognise definitions of ground tackle items. and stoppers necessary for these operations. This equipment is located in the windlass room. Anchoring means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a rope. Ground tackle includes the anchors. The chain travels below through a hawsepipe. shackles. . chains. Ground tackle is the term used to include all equipment used for mooring and anchoring ships. Mooring means to tie or make fast a boat or ship to the land or a mooring buoy. match the term with the illustration. This is a motor that turns a shaft on which is mounted a wildcat or chain grab. . The capstan is a powered item of equipment used for handling mooring lines (ropes and chains) and for other functions requiring strong power. mainly used to handle cargo which consists of supplies and materials being transported. Cleats are found throughout ships on decks and bulkheads. Winches are pulling machines. and on piers. legatura Cargo = marfa 3. Wires and lines used for many purposes are belayed to them. depending on their functions. a zavori Windlass = vinci de ancora Wildcat = barbotin Chain grab = barbotin Chain locker = put al lantului de ancora. Among the deck fittings (tools and machinery found on the deck) are capstans and winches. The shipboard (on the ship) ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts. magazie de lanturi Windlass room = compartiment al vinciului de ancora Hawsepipe = manson al narii de ancora Pelican hook = cirlig cu cioc de papagal Turnbuckle = intinzator metalic/cu filet Deck fittings = instalatii/mecanisme de punte Winch = vinci Capstan = cabestan Mooring lines = parime de acostare/legare. cheie de impreunare/tachelaj Stopper = stopa. the chain is held with one to three stoppers consisting of a pelican hook and a turnbuckle in a short length of chain. Each pair is mounted on a footing (base). 2. The turnbuckle can be set to make the stopper tight or loose. Figure 2 shows a pair of bitts. a lega cu lant Shackle = cheie de lant (unitate de lungime pentru lantul de ancora).When a ship is anchored. a amara Mooring buoy = geamandura de legare Chain = lant de ancora. or by welding (united metals by heat). or to piers (landing places). Figure 1 shows a cleat. they are made of metal. These are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel. Vocabulary Ground tackle = instalatie de ancorare Mooring = ancorare. legare la cheu. Deck fittings Deck fittings include a number of devices that lines or wires can be belayed (attached or secured) to. The stopper helps the chain to hold. A pelican hook is a hinged hook held in place by a ring. usually steel. Deck fittings are attached to ships’ decks and bulkheads. The footing is attached to the deck by bolts. acostare To make fast = a volta. a bloca. a lega o nava la cheu. On modern ships. This mooring line from the ship is attached to it. Much of his work will involve them. A seaman needs to be able to recognise and know the functions of all of these fittings. dig spargeval cleat = tachet.Figure 1. – Cleat Figure 2. Figure 4 is of a closed chock . Figure 3 shows an open chock. They are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing (ship pulling) operations. and 5 show a series of chocks. binta de lanţ footing = suport welding = sudură shipboard = la bordul navei . Figure 6. Figure 3 – Open chock Figure 4 – Closed chock Figure 5 – Roller chock Figure 6 is of a bollard. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led. There are three types. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads. baba de lemn.It is closed by metal at the top. which is open at the top. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. Mooring lines are run from bitts on deck through chocks to the pier. – Bitts Figures 3. Vocabulary deck fittings = instalatii/mecanisme de punte to belay = a lua volta (la tachet sau cavila). and cargo blocks and tackles. – Bollard Figure 7. They are also used with chain stoppers. – Padeye 4. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction. 4. a amara pier = mol. Figure 5 is a roller chock. pană bitt = bintă. Figure 7 shows a padeye. It is used as a narrative device for dramatic effect in certain situations: • In commentaries: He passes the ball to Clark. şpraiţ ( de fixare a încărcăturii). This tense is used to denote truths: • Habitual truth: He smokes forty cigarettes a day. Habitual present tense with adverbs of frequency (always. • Eternal truth: Jesus lives/ The Koran says… • Recurrent truth: The sun rises in the east. negative form: I do not walk. negative form: I am not looking. • In headlines and captions: Putin meets G.chock = ureche de ghidare. aren’t you?/ Aren’t you looking. aims and scores. It is used for giving instructions. cavalet de barcă. tag question: You are looking. do you? Meaning and function. PRESENT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS In this section we are going to talk about tenses usually referred to as “present” in grammars and reference books. palanc.colţar scurt de stringher open chock = ureche de ghidare deschisă closed chock î ureche de ghidare închisă roller chock = ureche de ghidare cu turnichet/ şomar (la barcă) bollard = baba de cheu. are you?/ I’m looking. I’ll make tea. or actions encapsulated in a single instant (with no reference to past or future).tachelaj 5. These tenses are discussed in their relation to present time. knows French. has a car. In formal speech it is possible to use what we call the “historic present” to describe past events. or generally true. Bush In describing feelings and senses (sudden ones): I feel sick (suddenly)/ I hear bells.m. It is used after when to form a time clause: When I get home.full form: I’m looking. directions. • General truth: English people drink a lot of tea. don’t you?/ You don’t walk to school. • Mathematical and scientific truth: Two and two make four/ Water boils at 100C. demonstrations (often with the impersonal you): (You) beat the eggs and then (you) add the flour/ (You) turn to the left and walk straight ahead.00 p. pană. nară de parâmă. often. Present simple . sometimes.this tense is a timeless tense for actions which are always. especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic: “…so then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says…” Present continuous. repeatedly. question form: Do you walk to school?/ Don’t you walk to school?. or like apples-there is little he can do to . Another form of present tense is the present emphatic and is important to make the distinction between this and the normal form of the present simple.some verbs rarely take the present continuous form at all: these are verbs that describe a state of affairs beyond the person’s immediate active control (If someone is a man. question form: Are you looking?/ Aren’t you looking?. the present simple and the present continuous.tac. hears music. • Permanent human truth: I like sweets. bolard padeye = placă cu ochi towing = remorcare block = macara ( scriprte ) tackle = greement. usually): They never smoke when they are aboard ship/ He always sings when he takes a shower. With a future time marker the tense gives a timetable future usually for schedules: My bus leaves at 3. never.full form: I walk. aren’t I? State and dynamic verbs. tag question: You walk to school. but again there are some exceptions where the continuous form is used. Meaning and function: a) Temporary action. What is ground tackle? What is mooring? . It is created as the ordinary tense. hope.are usually in the present simple. d) Future action. Present emphatic. b) Temporary habit.used to express contradiction./ I do like icecream. like. is continuous across it. as distinct from dynamic ones.that began before the time of speaking. strong feeling: I do hope I can come. The most common state verbs are the following: • To be.rarely occurs in the present continuous form except with adjectives of behaviour: You are being silly (suggests a temporary and deliberate action) • To have. we’re leaving tomorrow. and is not yet complete: I’m walking at this moment. b) To express contradiction: You do break the speed limit. Good luck! I.course book. Meaning and function a) To express reassurement of reaffirmation that action occurs: I do turn off the lights. 1.Pay special attention to the terms relating to the ground tackle and deck fittings. These verbs are often called state verbs.not necessarily engaged in at the moment of speech. but they mean something different. dislike) can sometimes occur with the present continuous for a polite and tentative meaning: I am hoping that you will take the part of Hamlet. expect) sometimes take the continuous form when thinking is an activity. but I think he is at home now (think = believe) • Other state verbs (belong to. matter. • Emotion and wishing verbs (intend. hear. you’ll have to revise the information in Unit 5. for example to emphasize temporary meaning: God knows what this meal is costing me! / He is resembling his father more and more.change this at the moment).for plans and arrangements: I’m picking her up at 6.In order to assess your performance turn to the self-test and key to check your answers. where the person is actively doing something./ I do want to see that film.I’m having a bath/ a drink (it implies present enjoyment or experience) • Verbs describing involuntary sensations (smell. • Thinking verbs (think. c) Regrettable habit (always): I’m always losing my keys (the speaker is constantly in a state of having lost the keys). surprise or insistence and rely on stress and intonation for their function. 2. with the addition of stress on the auxiliaries.00. but temporarily contracted for: I’m watering his plants while he is away./ I do love Chopin. cost. Even verbs which are usually state. c) To express enthusiasm. Vocabulary Practice ! In order to be able to do the following tasks. 6. concern. contain. but they also take the present continuous for particular effect: I’m seeing him to the station (change of meaning). can take the present continuous. Answer the following questions. keep on) are usually in the present simple. d) To express enthusiastic reinforcement: I do like your hat. resemble. wish. e) To express invitation: Do you play chess?/ I do want to see that film. not a passive state of mind: Be quiet! I am thinking / The police are expecting trouble./ He does live here. see). I’m smelling roses (pretence). 5. 19. 8. 13. 4. The equipment known as _______ _______is used for mooring and anchoring ships. 16. 4. 9. 7. 11. Tying a ship to the land or a buoy is known as_________________________ Keeping a ship in place at aea with a weight and chain is_________________ Another word for tying is to________________________________________ A heavy weight at the end of a chain to keep a ship in place is called an______ A series of metal rings joined together form a __________________________ A U-shaped metal ring for connecting tackle is a________________________ A short length of rope or chain used for holding a line or chain is a_________To raise or lift is to_______________________________________________ A motor that pulls in an anchor is a __________________________________ A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain up is the______________ Another word for wildcat is_________________________________________ The compartment in which the windlass is located is the__________________ The anchor chain is kept in the______________________________________ The part of a stopper consisting of a hinged hook held in place by a ring is called a________________________________________________________ The opening through which the anchor chain moves is the________________ The metal device used to make a stopper tight or loose is the______________ Tools and machinery found on the deck are known as____________________ The powered equipment used to handle mooring lines is the_______________ Ropes and chains used to moor a ship are called_______________________ Pulling machines used to handle cargo are_____________________________ Answer the following questions: What are deck fittings? What does belay mean? What does shipboard mean? What is welding? What is towing? What devices do deck fittings include? How would you say that the sailor attached a line to a cleat? What would you call the end of mooring line that is on a ship? . 14.3 4. 6. 15. 20. 15. 5. 18. 3. 8. 16. 12. 10. 17. 3. 9. 2. 7. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate term(s): 1. 11. 10. What is anchoring? What does make fast mean? What is a mooring buoy? What does hoist mean? What is a windlass? What is a chain grab? What is a windlass room? What is a wildcat? What is a chain locker? What is a hawsepipe? What are deck fittings? What is a capstan? What are mooring lines? What are winches? II. 8. 7. III. 21. 5. 13. 1. 6. 6. 2. 14. 12. A motor used to pull in (hoist) or drop the anchor. A large floating device to tie a ship to.Answer key I. 11. Identify the following objects. A is a____________________________________________________________ B is an___________________________________________________________ C is a____________________________________________________________ D is a ___________________________________________________________ E is a____________________________________________________________ F is a____________________________________________________________ G is a____________________________________________________________ 7. Tools and machinery found on the deck. . 6. The compartment below the windlass room where the anchor chain is kept. 1. 7. Pulling machines mainly used to handle cargo. 2. 8. Tying a ship to the land or mooring buoy. 3. Another word for wildcat. A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain in and out. 5. 12. All equipment used for anchoring or mooring ships. 16. 10. Vocabulary Practice. The opening through which the anchor chain goes between the chain locker and the deck. Ropes and chains used to moor a ship. To tie one thing to another.IV. 15. Keeping a ship in place at sea with a chain and heavy weight called an anchor. To raise or lift. 13. The compartment in which the windlass is located. 9. 4. 14. An item of powered equipment used to handle mooring lines. 5. pelican hook 16. c)roller chock.. ground tackle 2. Deck fittings include cleats. g) bollard 8. wildcat 12. On the ship. f) cleat. 2. capstan 20. Shipboard ends. Use am/ is/ are + one of these verbs building coming cooking playing standing studying swimming 1. turnbuckle 18. hoist 10. bitts. windlass room 14. I ‘m sorry”. “Oh. chocks. c)turnbuckle. He belayed it. ”You……………on my foot”. and padeyes. 8. e)anchor. winches III. V. make fast 5.II. anchoring 4. Label the following items correctly. chain 7. shackle 8. 6. To attach a line or wire. b) open chock. . To the cleat. … in the river. a) shackle. 4. deck fittings 19. Complete the following sentences by filling in the spaces with appropriate term(s) 1. Complete the sentences. Grammar Practice: Present Simple and Present Continuous Exercise I. They…………. a) bitts.a new hotel downtown 3 Look! Somebody ………. Devices that lines or wires can be attached to.. Answer the following questions. Listen! Pat is playing the piano. chain locker 15. Hurry up! The bus …………. chain grab 13. 7. Pulling another ship. hawswpipe 17.bollards. 4. 5. d) closed chock e) padeye. windlass 11. anchor 6. mooring lines 21. mooring 3. Identify the following objects. 3. 2. Uniting metals by heat. f) stopper IV. b) chain. 1. d) pelican hook. stopper 9. . love………. (I/ wash/ my hair). 7. I am / No. 5. repair……. I ………. 7. to the movies with friends. do………. 7. 11. four cups of coffee a day . etc. Can I speak to Ann please?” “ She ………. 3. . Water …………… at 100 degrees Celsius. 10.. Write positive or negative short answers (Yes. buy………. 9. watch………. Exercise V. Are you watching TV? No.movies. 2. 5.6. She speaks four languages. go….”Where are you Sam?” “In the kitchen . read …. at 5 o ‘ clock on Saturdays. have………. Is your teacher watching you? Exercise IV. I often ……………. Steve …………... cost cost drink go have have like meet open speak teach She’s very smart. I’m not. (it / snow) (I / sit / on a chair) (I / eat) (it / rain ) (I / do /this exercise). Is the sun shining? 8. 12.” 7. 8. Are you feeling all right? 7. 5. Are you wearing a hat? 4. push……….reads 2. Dinner at 7 o’ clock. 1. Can she call you back later?” Exercise II. 6. 10. I’m not washing my hair. (on the phone) “ Hello. 3.for an exam right now. The City Museum …………….. think………. I …………. 3.. We usually…………. Write the he / she / it form of these verb: 1. 9. Complete the sentences. 8.) 1. What’s happening right now? Write true sentences. listen………. 2. kiss……. it isn’t. 6. at 9:00 in the morning. dinner. Is it raining? 5. 4. 4. 4. (I / listen / to the radio) (the sun / shine) (I /wear / shoes ) (I / read / a newspaper) Exercise III. Use the correct form of these verbs. Are you wearing shoes? 3. boil close wash 1. 2. In my home town the banks ……………. 6. Are you eating something? 6. How about you? ………………….. ……….... These questions begin with Where/ What/How ……? 1. Sue is a teacher. He lives next door. (where /you?) Where …………………. I know the answer. I get up at 7:30. a lot of money. him very often. She doesn’t drive. 5. ……………. They ……………. I wash my hair every day. He loves her. They ………… newspapers in that store. thanks.. My father drinks coffee. …………. but she ……………. very often. Ann …………. An insect ………. 1. 8.. I ……………. How about you? Do you work hard? 1. (positive or negative). How about you? ……………………….? 7. but we…………. She doesn’t want them. ………. She ………… math to young children. 9. but he ………… very often. 4.My car is usually dirty because I …………. I …………. a ring. I like plays.? 3.. 2.How about you? …….” I don’t smoke. Your job is very interesting. I play tennis. How about you? ……………. much about politics.? . You are asking somebody questions.. 12.any money. I exercise every morning.? 6. ( how often/you ?) How often do you wash your hair? 2. I like hot weather. 6. 3.? Exercise IX..” Have a cigarette”.? 5. “ No.. 5. Write the opposite. I always have eggs for breakfast. She drives. I have lunch at home. I go the movies a lot. (how often/you?) How …………. ……………… Exercise VII. six legs. Write questions with Do/ Does…. Use don’t/ doesn’t + one of these verbs.” Exercise VIII.. a lot of money. I don’t want it. 2.. 13.. (how/you?) ……………..(what time/ you?) …………………. cost drive go have know play see sell smoke wash wear 1. Food is expensive.to the theatre very often..? 5.. (what/ you?) ……………………. Complete the sentences.? 2. He likes soccer. 8. you ……………. It ……………. 7. (how often/ you?) ……………? 7.? 4. I live in Mexico City. Exercise VI. She’s married.. “Can you lend me five dollars?” “Sorry. I understand. He lives in Taiwan.8. 11. but …………. I watch TV every day. 3. much to stay there. it very often. It’s a cheap hotel. 10. They know. his hair every day. the answer? 4. I speak English. How about your friends? …………….. but I ………. 6. How about Ann? ……. I want to be famous. 4. All of them are negative. Peter ………….(where/ you ?) ……………………. 7.? Example: I work hard . I go to work by bus. You ………… a lot of people. 10. They ………. play tennis . 11. 9. ? 3.. It …………. Shoes are expensive.? 8. I don’t understand. They speak English. She has a car.. How about you? ……………….? 8. How about your father ? ………………? 6. Yes. 12... it is/ No it isn’t. Excuse me. 3. You can turn off the radio.. 6. Excuse me. open. 3. Yes. 3. listens. they don’t know 4.is swimming 4. It is/ it is not raining 6. go. I am / No I’m not. 5.It is/it is not snowing 3. (sing). loves. (you/ speak) English? 2. Listen! Somebody ……………. Yes. closes. She doesn’t live in Taiwan Exercise VII. do you speak ……. (read). I…………. She usually ………………. but it …………….are standing 5. Tom (is taking) …… (take) a shower at the moment. 10. (not/ rain) now.. she is/ No she isn’t. 2. I am / No. don’t have .are cooking 7. I am / No. “Where are you Dan?” “ I’m in the living room.I am / I am not reading a newspaper Exercise III. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do) 1. (not/ watch) television very often. (try) very hard in every game that he (play). 7. doesn’t wear 10. don’t go 5. Yes. Exercise IV. I leave (leave) home at 7 o’ clock every morning. I’m not. 6. (bake) a cake. 8. She’s tired. I’m sorry.He ……………. 2. (they/ drive) on the left in Britain? 8.(you/ smile) ?………. doesn’t play 8. 3. It usually …………. (you/ listen ) to the radio very often? 6. (sit) in my place.” 8. Yes. (not /listen) to it. does.” Oh. I ……….2. She ……………. 9. don’t sell 3. 10. washes. teaches.I am /I am not sitting 4. How often ………….(I/do) something wrong? 9. 4. 5. 7. He……………… ( not/ usually/ drive) to work. 7. Please speak more slowly.. “Excuse me. costs. don’t wash 6. 11. 3. He doesn’t love 5. have.Exercise X. (write) an important letter. Exercise XI. 4. buys. (she/ finish) work every day? 11. 2. Why ………….. 3. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple (I do) or the Present Continuous (I am doing)`. Present Simple and Present Continuous-Answer Key Exercise I. (rain) here a lot. 9. 2. doesn’t drive 4. 5. I am / I am not listening to the radio 8. Exercise VI.. 4. I ……….pushes. 7.is coming 6. (you/ read) the newspaper. kisses. like. 9. 6. What time …………. has. 2. Exercise V. I want it 7. (work) in the sales Department in London. 7. The sun is/ the sun isn’t shining 9.. Why…………. A: What are you doing? B: …………. (not/ understand). I am / I am not wearing shoes 10. They don’t watch …. 11. I am / I am not doing the exercise 7. I’m sorry.. 1. 2. but at the moment she (do) a training course in Bristol. 8. 4. 8. 10. He usually ………… (walk). 4. They don’t speak English 6. Don’t talk to me now.watches. 13. I think you ………… (sit) in my seat. doesn’t cost 7. She wants them 8. meet.. I …….is studying Exercise II. don’t know 9. I am /I am not eating 5. 12. has.Yes. drinks. but you ………. goes. I am / No I ‘m not. thinks. I’m not. Yes. 6.are building 3. 5. (want) to go home now. 5. it is / No it isn’t. 10. 12. It …………… (not/ get) dark at this tome of year until about 10 o’ clock. repair. 9. ………. cost. 8. plays 4. 6. 2.include a number of devices that lines or wires can be……. 4. does she finish 11. How often do you go to the movies? 7.. 3. 4. thank you. tries. 10p . There are three types of chocks: open chock.. It….…. do you read 7. Excuse me. 6. 9. Works..means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a rope. 7. 4.necessary for these operations. III. is singing 5.He doesn’t usually drive Exercise X.you come from?” “From Canada” How much…. are you smiling. How do you go to work? 8. the chain is held with one or three stoppers consisting of a….play very often. 9.” I…. and…. 2.and a …… in a short length of chain.. 2. 4. 10. II. are reading 10.. Am writing 7. 7.and…. What time do you get up? 6.…. 8. 5. I……drink coffee. is the term used to include all equipment used for…. When a ship is anchored.want to go out..……chocks and …chocks. 1. Do you listen 6. 7.to..am not listening 12. Rains. 1.ships. 9. What do you usually have for breakfast? Exercise IX.” “No. Doesn’t get 9.. is not raining 10. Where can you find cleats? What are bitts? What do we attach to the bitts/ What are chocks? What is a bollard? What are padeyes? What are padeyes used for? What is welding? What is footing? Why do roller chocks contain round cylinders? 10p Put in am/is/are/do/don’t/does/doesn’t. 2. tries.you laughing at me? “What ……she do?” “She’s a dentist.raining. I can’t talk to you right now. do you live? 3.……you speak English? “Have some coffee. … …. …. Where do you have lunch? 5. 3. Ground tackle includes the…. I’m baking. 20p Answer the following questions.. 2. Self-Test Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s) ….. 6. 3. “Where…. 8. 5. …. The chain travels below through a……………………………………………. Mooring means to tie or… … a ship to the land or…… ………………. 5. 1. are sitting 8.” Why…….working.it cost to send a letter to Canada.. is doing3. 10. I…. wants 6. And lowered by a…………………………………………… Below the windlass room is the…… ……where the anchor chain is kept. often do you watch TV? 4.. Am I doing 10. I. Bob is a good tennis player.Exercise VIII. don’t understand 9.. An anchor is…. 3. but he…. are sitting 5. Do they drive 8. …. dan?” “I’m in the living room. anchors. do 2. does 5.Please speak more slowly. 1.(read) What time………………. 5. turnbuckle 9. 9. Self-test-Answer Key I.. 1. doesn’t . 10. 7. I……………………. am 9. United metals by heat. 1. 2. make fast. 2. 9. Throughout ships on decks and bulkheads and on piers. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. mooring buoy 3. and stoppers 5. I…………….” “Oh.(you /speak) English? Tom…is taking…………………(take) a shower at the moment. “Where are you. The shipboard ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts. She’s tired. Listen! Somebody…………………. are 7. pelican hook. “Excuse me. III. roller II.(sit) in my place. 1. chains.. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do) Excuse me. 4. do you speak………………. hawsepipe 8. Ground tackle. 12. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led. closed. but you…………….. belayed 10. She……………………. I’m sorry” I’m sorry. 11. windlass 6. He usually…………(walk) 10p 11. 8. He…………(not/usually/drive) to work.(want) to go home now. are 4. hoisted. 4. 6. mooring. 5. anchoring 2.(not/listen) to it. How often………………………. Padeyes are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing operations. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads.(you/read) the newspaper? 7. anchoring 4. shackles. Base. does 8. It’s 6. don’t 3.(not/understand). I…………. They are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel 3.(sing). chain locker 7.IV. 6. don’t.(she/finish) work every day? You can turn off the radio. 3. They…don’t watch…………………………(not/ watch) television very often. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction. 10. 8. is singing 5.IV. wants 6. 4. does she finish 11. doesn’t usually drive. don’t listen 12. am reading 10. He usually walks . do you read 7. don’t understand 9. are sitting 8. Using the bell is an old navy custom. FLAGS. 1. They are read from top to bottom. numbers. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the signal bridge on the superstructure of the ship. On or near the signal bridge are signal searchlights. These are flags representing letters of the alphabet. There are six watches. 1 bell is struck 15 minutes before each watch is due to change. AND BELLS Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to: identify the equipment on the signal bridge and explain the functions of the items identified. expressed in “bells” on a ship. 1600-1800 First dog watch 1800-2000 Second Dog Watch Each watch is in the charge of an officer. On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm blinkers used for sending messages over short distances. This is mainly used to notify personnel on the ship of the time. Bells are struck throughout each watch as follows: After ½ hour After 1 hour 1 bell After 2 hours 4 bells After 3½ hours 7 bells 8 bells 2 bells After 2½ hours 5 bells After 4 hours 6 bells After 1½ hours 3.m. They are bent on (attached) to the halyards and hoisted to the yard. Time is. Deck Engine 12-4 Middle Watch Afternoon Watch Second Officer Third Engineer 4-8 Morning Watch Evening Watch Chief Officer Second Engineer 8-12 Forenoon Watch First Watch Third Officer Fourth Engineer Traditionally the passage of time at sea is marked by bells. On them are found signal flags. These are hand-operated blinking lights which send code messages.1. . Midnight –0400 0400-0800 0800-noon Middle Watch Morning Watch Forenoon Watch Noon-1600 1600-2000 2000-midnight Afternoon watch Evening Watch First Watch The evening Watch can be divided into two short watches. discriminate between the signal flags and pennants and their functions within the International Code of Signals 1. NAVAL EQUIPMENT: SIGNAL LIGHTS.m. Another signalling device is the ship’s bell. or complete meanings. If they are not square they are called pennants. These are operated by a special switch called a key similar to a telegraph key. p. The traditional pattern is as follows: a.bells After 3 hours During the Second Dog Watch the bells strike 1 2 3 8.Unit 6. Traditionally time at sea is divided into 4-hour periods called watches. to this day. Lines called halyards extend from the yardarm. saula de pavilion Yardarm = capat de verga Signal flags = pavilion de semnalizare Pennant = flamura To bend on = a fixa.2.(negatives) . Present perfect simple – is formed with the auxiliary verb have in the corresponding form for the subject of the sentence. have you? Meaning and function. already. (so it’s still wet) He has just left. For safety during peacetime. and a red one on the port side. this can also indicate the attitude of the speaker: I have just washed the floor.(and remember it). yet. The explanations presented here aims to provide the student with a clear guide to when to use. Abaft and above the masthead light is a white range light located either on the foremast or mainmast. arborele trinchet Range light = lumina de aliniament. followed by the participle of the main verb. It’s important for the seaman to become familiar with all of these items. tag question: You have walked. (so you are too late to speak to him) Have you painted my fence yet?(questions) I haven’t painted the fence yet. but still relates to the present: I’ve studied French. 2. lumina de catarg pupa Sidelights = lumini distinctive din borduri (rosie sau verde) Searchlight = proiector cu fascicul dirijat Mainmast = arbore mare. question form: Have you walked?/ Haven’t you walked?. These consist of a white masthead light usually on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast. Often a searchlight used to view nearby objects is found in the signal bridge area./ I read a book this morning. catarg principal 3.shows the present situation in relation to past action. To either side side lights are found. full form: I have walked/ drunk/run/ I haven’t walked. how the past is relevant to now. e) With the time markers just. haven’t you? You haven’t walked. but whose results are still present (present perfect of result): I’ve spilt the milk (it is still on the floor). still. d) For an action(single or repeated) which took place in the past. a) For uncompleted action where both action and results remain/unfinished past/ with a time marker showing past reference: London has stood beside the Thames for hundreds of years/ My mother has always played tennis. There is a green one on the starboard side. Vocabulary Signal bridge = punte de semnalizare Halyard = funga. It should not be confused with signalling equipment. a atasa Yard = verga Running lights = lumini de mars/navigatie Masthead light = lumina de catarg(la navele cu propulsie mecanica) Foremast = catarg prova. and when not to use this tense. PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ! The present perfect tense is one of the most difficult English tenses to use well or even correctly. b) For an action which took place in an identified period of time which is not yet over: I’ve read a book this morning.1. all ships that go to sea are required by international law to have running lights. c) For an action which took place in the past. in both the simple and continuous form. haven’t you?/ You haven’t been eating. . you must use present perfect. have you? Meaning and function. (excuse for failure) c) it is used to draw attention to the repeated or continuous nature of an action or habit resulting in present expertise or knowledge: I have been learning French for 10 years /I have been living here since1970. English prefers the present simple with still) Have you ever lived in London? (present perfect of experience) I have never lived in Paris. (my hands are covered in flour).this tense focuses on continuous or repeated activity engaged in before the present. I’ll come) Present perfect continuous – is formed with the auxiliary verb have in the corresponding form for the subject of the sentence. but relevant to it and on the continuous duration of that action. which may or may not be completed: I won’t shake hands. I have been repairing the car all morning. e) it is often used in talking about health to describe new and developing symptoms: I have been getting/having headaches. the tense shows a recognition that the speaker has failed in his duty: I have been meaning to visit you. g) with mean/intend. Examples: Tom has been having his car for two years. it does not matter whether something has been finished or not).(there is none left) Hasn’t the train gone already? (that is surprising) He still hasn’t left. a) used as an explanation for the present situation or the appearance of the speakercaused by the recent and ongoing nature of the activity. Correct * Comparison between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous: • The present perfect simple: He has painted the room. not in the action itself) • The present perfect continuous: He has been painting the room.when clauses: I’ll come when I have written this letter. temporary habits. d) it is used for new. The action is seen as temporary and may or may not have completed at the time of speaking. followed by the participle been of the auxiliary verb be. Not correct Sam has had his car for two years.(negatives) Have you still got that hat? (Amer. tag questions: You have been eating. (I’ll write this letter first and when that is complete. (I’m exhausted) b) to account for a period of time now finishing-the tense indicates that the action filled the time: I didn’t iron your shirt.He has already eaten it. question form: Have you been eating?/ Haven’t you been eating?. To express the idea of present perfect continuous with these exception verbs. (we are interested in the result of the action. Important – it is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. f) with verbs of wishing/hoping-the tense is a polite device. full form: I have been eating/ He has been eating. I’ve been cooking all morning. suggesting that the wish or thought was constantly in the speaker’s mind: I have been looking forward to meeting you.(remembered experience) f) Future uses. which have become constant or continuous: He has been seeing a lot of her lately. followed by the –ing form of the main verb.(we are interested in the action. I’ve been baking. 5. turn to the self-test and answer key at the end of this unit. • We can use for and since with both present perfect simple and continuous: He has talked about her for years/ He’s been talking about her for years. Answer the following questions. 13. 8. 6. If you score below 30 points you’ll have to go back to Unit 6 and revise the vocabulary or grammar problems you have failed in your test If your score is above 30 points you may pass on to the next Unit. II. 11. • We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity still happening): How long have you been reading that book?/ Mary has been writing letters all day. Good luck! I./ They have played tennis three times this week. You will be awarded one point for each correct answer. 1. 7. Write your answers in the lettered spaces: . 3. 10. 2.6. Where is most of the equipment for signalling short distances located? What are the lines extending from the yardarm called? What are the square flags called which are used to send messages? What are the flags that are not square? What’s another word for bend on? What are the signal lights located on the signal bridge called? What are the signal lights located on the end of the yard called What are the switches used to operate yardarm blinkers? What is the signalling device used to sound out the time? What is the general term for safety lights found around the signal bridge? What is the running light called which is usually found on the upper part of the bridge superstructure? What running light is found above and abaft the masthead light? What are the red and green lights found on the starboard and port sides called? What is a searchlight? Identify all numbered equipment on the signal bridge and explain the functions of the items you list. 9. 4.• We use the simple to ask or say how much. 14.7. 4. 12. Vocabulary Practice ! Please revise Unit 6 in your course book and then do the following tasks. To evaluate your performance./I’ve played volleyball since 9 o’clock/ I’ve been playing volleyball since 9 o’clock. how many or how many times: How many pages of that book have you read?/ Mary has written 10 letters today./ They have been playing tennis since two o’clock. It shouldn’t be confused with signalling equipment. . 4. 3. 7. Sidelights. 9. On them are found signal flags c) signal searchlight-These are hand-operated blinking lights which send code messages’ d) ship’s bell-another signalling device used to notify personnel on the ship of the time.All ships that go to sea are required by international law to have____ _______ 8. 11. Running lights consist of a white____ ____ usually on the upper part of the bridge superstructure. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on the___ ___ 2. 9.a. 5._____ ______is mainly used to notify personnel on the ship of the time. 6. They are called_______________________________________________ 5.On or near the signal bridge are ________ _____________ 5.___________________________________________________________________ b. Running lights A masthead light The range light.Lines called _____ extend from the yardarm.or_________ 4. 2. It’s a light used to locate nearby objects at night. 13. 3. There is a green light on the starboard side.Abaft and above the masthead light is a white ____ ____ located either on the foremast or mainmast. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s 1. 12. On the signal bridge.___________________________________________________________________ d. a) yardarm blinker lights-used for sending messages over short distances b) signal halyards-lines which extend from the yardarm. 8.___________________________________________________________________ e. 7.____. II. e) searchlight-used to view nearby objects at night. and a red one on the port side. 1.___________________________________________________________________ c. f) green sidelight-is placed on the starboard side and must be exhibited at night whether the vessel is underway or at anchor. Vocabulary Practice-Answer key I. 14.___________________________________________________________________ g.___________________________________________________________________ III. Signal flags represent____.On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called______ _________ 6. 10. 10.___________________________________________________________________ f. Halyards Signal flags Pennants Bend on Signal searchlights Yardarm blinkers Keys The ship’s bell. never. 7. numbers or complete meanings signal searchlights yardarm blinkers ship’s bell running lights masthead range light sidelights 6.. (play/ golf?) . Yes. Dear Chris. Have……………… 4. 6. He………………………. No. (New York?)…………………………. never. signal bridge halyards letters of the alphabet. Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. Yes.. Charles and Sarah/ go / to Brazil………..(lose /your passport?) ………………. 5. 9. III. You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever……?Write questions. once No.Complete the sentences.I’ve bought a new car. 7. once. (Australia?). No. 8. Do you want to read the newspaper? 6. my father / start/ a new job…………. 4. Grammar practice. 1.You are writing a letter to a friend. 9. 6. The present perfect and the present Perfect continuous .. 2.I/ buy/ a new car….Have you ever been to London? 2. 5. (drive / a bus?)…………………. Use the words to make sentences.g) Masthead light-it’s a white light on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast.. Suzanne/ have/ a baby…………….Have you ever played golf? 3. This light must be exhibited at night. (eat/ Chinese food?)…………………. Do Sue and Bill want to see the film? 3. ( fly/ in a helicopter?)……………………. many times. never. What time is Paul arriving? 2. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Yes. (New York) ……. twice.. they………………. 5. (Look at her answers in exercise III ) 1. No. Use the present perfect. (break/ your leg?)………………………. (Australia)…Helen……………………………… . never. When does Linda start her new job? He’s already arrived. Yes... I………………………. Write sentences about Helen. a few times.. 2. Don’t forget to phone Tom. I………………………… She ……………………. IV. 3. 1. 2. Yes. 10.. No. When is Martin going away? 5.Helen has been to New York twice. 8. II.. 4. Use already+ present perfect simple 1. I / give up/ smoking…………… 4.(London?)…. 1. 3. III. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. 6. 5. VII. He’s gone to Italy.. 4. She……………. (New York) I……………. I’m late. 4.Put in been or gone . 5.to the bank. (be / late for work or school)……………. V.You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Complete the sentences. You are eating in a restaurant. Linda and Frank are married. 1. Now write about yourself. Jane is a good friend of mine. He ……………. 2. 8. (Chinese food)…………………………… 4. …………. I …have known…her for a long time.English for six months. 2.(do).ill for the last few days.in a bank for ten years. She…has been… in hospital since Monday. 3. Mark is / has been in Canada since April..3. Somebody asks “Is Ann still at the bank?” You say: No. 5. Jim is on holiday. I know / have known her very well. thank you. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. . but a few minutes ago she returned. VI..? (find) 6. He’ll be back in about an hour.it. I…………. Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. 7. I’ve just ………. Joe goes out. 6.a headache since he got up this morning. She’s …………to the shop to get a newspaper. I know Sarah. We…………there for ten years. Jill is in hospital.out. 3. How long are you/ have you been waiting?” 5.(have lunch) 2.. She says “Would you like something to eat?” You say: No. You say :Wait a minute!………………(not /finish) 4.I’ve just had lunch…. “Sorry. Alan has a headache. 7.. You are going to a restaurant this evening. 8. You phone to reserve a table. Hello. How often have you done these things? 5. We live in Scott Road. He………………. Five minutes later. Jane is a good friend of mine. Tom has…………. Catherine works in a bank. Perhaps she has been successful. has been is right 2. (drive /a bus)…………………………. “Are you going to the bank?” “No. They……………married since 1989. . I know / have known her for a long time. He is / has been there for the last three days. already. I’ve already ………. 1. Read the situations and write sentences with just.. the phone rings and the caller says” Can I speak to Joe?” You say: I’m afraid ………………………..…………….(come back). I’ve bought lots of things. Alice isn’t here at the moment. Martin works / has worked in a hotel now.(go out) 3. He likes his job very much. I’m learning English. VIII . Which is right? 1. 3. Ask her: You say:……………. Later your friend says “Shall I phone to reserve a table”? You say: No..to the shops. 4.. 1. 6. Brian is ill. Ann went to the bank. (play /tennis)………………… (fly/ in a helicopter)……………. or yet. 5.Ed and Jennifer started their journey around the world three months ago. 6. . talk. ( most beautiful place / ever / visit ?) What………………. You ask: : …. ( walk / in the field )…………. XII. Have you ever ridden a horse? 2.Emma’s shoes are dirty. 1.Sue is riding a horse.( always / live / in this town ?)…………………………. 6. It’s been playing for two hours.(ever/ ride /horse). Tracy worked hard at school last term but…………………. 2. . She doesn’t look very confident and comfortable. 6.Maria is in London. 2. 1. X. Add a sentence with the present perfect continuous ..The video began two hours ago.The girls are tired. James went into the water ten minutes ago. 5.. Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples.. She has just arrived and it’s very new for her. 3. XIII. The Dobsons left on holiday four weeks ago and they’re not back yet. swim. I haven’t seen him today. 3. Joe has no money left.Robert picked up a book an hour ago. travel. You ask:……………………………………………… She says:………………………………………… XI .. 3. No. 3. Alice rang Peter half an hour ago.Sue got to the office early this morning. Last year the company made a profit but this year………………. work. 1.He’s been digging in the garden... this is the first time I’ve driven a car. You ask: Have………………………………………………………….Jack is driving a car but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do . They’ve gone about halfway now……………………………………. You ask:………………………………………………………………… She says:…………………………………………………………………. read. Make questions for the words in brackets.(ever / run / marathon )……… 4. 4... They took their tent………. 3. Complete these sentences using today/ this year/ this term etc 1. 4.You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. (dig / the garden)…. I saw Tom yesterday but ………. 1. He hasn’t put it down yet……………………………. He doesn’t want to come out yet…………………………. . Ten hours later she’s still there………………… 7. (sunbathe ) 5. Use these verbs: camp. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we…………….Len is playing tennis. I read a newspaper yesterday but I…………………………today. (ever/ be / California)………. and they’re still on the phone…………… 4.Mr Davis has a backache. Write a sentence with the present perfect continuous and for to describe each situation. (shop )………………….IX.Have you driven a car before? He says :…. He’s not very good and he doesn’t know the rules. 2. Use the words in brackets. He says: No.( ever / speak / famous person?)………………… 5. and it hasn’t finished yet. (work / hard )…………………… 4. play.The boys have got a suntan. It snowed a lot last winter but ………………………… . 2. this is the first ……………………………………………. Tim has some washing up to do (bake / cakes )…………. present perfect simple( I have done ) or continuous ( I have been doing ) 1. ………….The ground is wet.( read ) the book you lent me . He has been reading for two hours.Jimmy is a tennis player. so you can have it back now.”” That’s all right.since December. ………….”………………. We…………….” “ Oh. 4. How long have you been learning Arabic? . 3. I……………. …………………( you / work ) hard ? 4. It . He…………….We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago.( you / play) tennis? 2.Jane and Neil look annoyed.for years.Tom started reading a book two hours ago. ( make / films since they left college ) XVI. ( make / ten films since they left college ).You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?).I………. She began her tour three months ago.( appear ) in several films.. ( win / the national championship four times )…………………….“Sorry I’m late.. 11.Where have you been? . 1.The rain started two hours ago.I…………………..I …………. XVII. has been raining … for two hours.for six months. 6..( you / see ) it anywhere? 10.I started Spanish classes in December. 2. XIV. She is travelling round Europe at the moment... ( argue )…………….Years ago you started writing to a penfriend. I…………………..( stop )” 9. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old.“Is it still raining?” “ No. Mary and Sue started making films together.. ( visit / six countries so far )………………. it ………………. For each situation. ( read/ for two hours ). XV.My brother is an actor. I’m still learning Spanish now. 3. 7. They still make films. Look!. She’s still working there now. ask a question using the words in brackets.(read) the book you lent me but I ………………(not / finish ) it yet. They……………………. 1.Ann began looking for a job six months ago. Read the situations and complete the sentences.( you / ever / work ) in a factory?” “ No. (travel / for three months ) She……………. 5.“ Jane is away on holiday. Somebody…………………{break ) that window.since 18 January.(lose ) my address book.( not / wait ) long”..6.Mary started working in London on 18 January. is she ? Where …………… ( she / go ) ? 6. (read / 53 pages so far ) 2.You have a friend who is learning Arabic. It’s still raining now. (rain )………………… 8. 3. We’re still waiting now.When they left college. Put the verb into the more suitable form. We……………….for 20 minutes. She’s still looking now…………………. never “ 5. Linda is from Australia. Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets. 1.You look tired. This year he is national champion again – for the fourth time. ( play / tennis since he was ten ) 4.Have you been playing…. You still write to each other regularly now. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. 7. 8. Use the words given to complete the sentences. beginning in the way shown. ( how long / write books ?) 7. 8.This cassette recorder is broken. My father…………………………………………………. Where have you been born? 9. Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the meaning.Your Italian is very good ( you / study ) it long? 7. She’s gone shopping. You ask: ( how long / teach ?) 6. John’s not here.You haven’t tidied this room for weeks. You ask: ( how many fish / catch ?) 4.A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday.We haven’t been to a concert for over a year. 5. You may need to use the present perfect or the simple past. . Put the verbs in the present perfect simple or continuous.You meet somebody who is a writer. How many plays has Shakespeare written?.Your birthday party was the last time I really enjoyed myself.(he / go ) the dentist…………( he / have ) trouble with a tooth.WRONG: The Chinese invented…… 3. 4.2. 10. I…………………………………………………………………. I haven’t ………………………………………………………. It’s …………………………………………………….( you / have ) an accident? 4.You see somebody fishing by the river. 5. James has……………………………………………….. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.What’s that dent in the side of the car?…………. I’m not surprised………….he’s been …(he / be ) in Africa. My grandparents have got married in London. II Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. It’s bleeding. 7. She is waiting for you. ……. Mary isn’t at home. You ask: ( how long / save ?) XVIII. 6. 1. but ……( I / forget ) it all. The Chinese have invented printing. …He’s broken … ( he / break ) off his engagement to Megan.Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity. 4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. 1. You ask: ( how many people / invite ?) 5. 3.? 6. 1..It’s nearly twenty years since my father saw his brother.. 7.Can you translate this note from Stockholm? I understood Swedish when I was a child.When did you last ride a bike? How long is it …………………………………. AND SIMPLE PAST I.Do you mind if I clear the table? …………( you / have ) enough to it ? 8. The last time . You ask : ( how many books / write ?) ..( he / fail ) that exam. Do you know about Sue? She’s given up her job. 2. 2.James went to Scotland last Friday and is still there.we went to a concert was over a year ago.A friend of yours is a teacher. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. Have you read any of Shakespeare’s plays? 5. 3. ………( you/ play about ) with it? 6. I’m sorry.The last time I went swimming was when we were in Spain.You have just arrived to meet a friend..RIGHT 2.John’s terribly upset.Some friends of yours are having a party next week. Apparently …she’s been seeing…( she / see ) someone else while . You ask : ( how long / wait ?) 3. is. have already phoned 4. 3.has had 8. 8. I have already read it 6. 7. Have you ever been to Australia? 4.I have / I have never played tennis. Have you ever been to… 8. been 3.works 6.has been working 7. have already seen it 3. He has already gone 5. V. gone . has started 3 . 6.She has just come back VIII.I have / I have never flown in a helicopter. Helen has eaten Chinese food a few times 4.have you been waiting 5. Have you ever lost… 5. 2. know 3.8. Helen has never been to Australia 3.Have you found a job yet? 6. has been VII. 3. Have you ever driven… 9.. 7. have been 4. Have you ever eaten.has been living 6.have given up 4 have gone II. I have already done it 5. 2. I have not finished yet 4. Have you ever flown…. 2. Have you ever broken… IV.I have / have never been late for work or school.have been living VI.I have /I have never been to New York. have known 4. 6. has been ill 5. 2. She has already started III. The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous –Answer Key 2. Helen has never driven a bus 5. he has just gone out 3. 2. Where is located most of the equipment for signalling short distances? Where can you find signal flags? How are signal searchlights operated? How do you call the two small lights on the outboard end of the yard? What device do you use to tell the time at sea? What lights must be exhibited according to the international laws? Where is the range light located? Is the searchlight a signalling equipment? What colour is the masthead light? What colour is the starboard side light? What about the port side light? 10p 10p .4. Signal flags. range lights. 6. 6. 7. …. signal bridge. 7.light is usually placed on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast. 10. she hasn’t worked very hard this term 5. gone 5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s) 1.are found. Self-Test I. Give complete answers to the following questions. this is the first time I’ve ridden a horse. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the…. On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm….. signal searchlights. pennants.haven’t won many / any games this season X. …. 1. running light. 2. 4. No. masthead light. 5.Have you ever visited London before. this is the first time I’ve played tennis 3. yardarm blinkers. 4. Above and abaft the masthead light is a white…. To either side of the ship …. A white …. it hasn’t made a profit / it has made a loss 4. 2.to the halyards and hoisted to the yard. All ships that go to sea are required by international law to have …. 9. 8. this is the first time I’ve visited London. 5. 3.represent letters of the alphabet. haven’t read one 3. Have you ever ridden a horse before? No. On or near the signal bridge are signal…………………………………. 10p II. 7.located either on the foremast or mainmast.. Have you ever played tennis before? No. … …. 10. numbers. 9.been IX. 2. …. halyards. Flags and pennants are…. side lights III. 4. 2. 8. or complete meanings.it hasn’t snowed much 6.extend from the yardarm. 3. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms. Lines called…. …. For each situation. Mary and Sue started making films together. 9. 7 You meet somebody who is a writer. Your friend is writing letters. (read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far. 1. 8. She began her tour three months ago. Linda is from Australia. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. 6.. Jimmy is a tennis player. 2.IV.. (read /for two hours) He has been reading for two hours. 10. You have just arrived to meet a friend. (win/the national championship four times)……………………………………………. You ask: (how many people/invite?)………………………………………………. flamură. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. 1. She is waiting for you. A friend of yours is a teacher. When they left colledge. saulă de pavilion signal bridge halyards signal flags bent on signal searchlights blinkers running lights masthead range side lights ... (make/ten films since they left college)They……………………………………………… (make/films since they left college)………………………………………………………. You ask: (how many books/write?)…………………………………………………. ask a question using the words in brackets. II. proiector de semnalizare. 1. This year he is national champion again-for the fourth time. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. 2. 5. You see somebody fishing by the river. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. (visit /six countries so far) 3. 6. 8. 5. 6p V. You ask: (how long/teach)…………………………………………………………. Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets. Self-Test-Answer Key I. 7. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. (how long/write/books?)…………………………………………………. 3. You ask: (how long/write letters)………………………………………………… 3. They still make films. Pavilion de semnalizare. You ask: (how long/learn/Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic? 2.. You ask: (how many fish/catch)…………………………………………………. fungă. (travel/for three months)She……. 4. (play/tennis since he was ten)…………………………………………………………… 4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week..You ask: (how long/wait)………………………………………………………… 4. 3. eclipsă de catarg. lumină de marş. . 5. Range lights are placed/located either on the foremast or mainmast. 4. 2. 2. 4. He has won the national championship four times He has been playing tennis since he was ten They have made ten films since they left college They have been making films since they left college. 4. 6. de catarg pupa. How long have you been writing letters? How long have you been waiting? How many fish have you caught? How many people have you invited? How long have you been teaching? How many books have you written? How long have you been writing books? She has been travelling for three months She has visited six countries so far. lumini distinctive din borduri. III. 6. 7.lumină de aliniament. To tell the ti me at sea we use the ship’s bell. IV. 3. 10. The two small lights on the outboard end of the yard are called yardarm blinkers. 2.Punte de semnalizare. 1.lumină cu licăriri. V. 9. lumină de catarg. The masthead light is white. 7. 3.It is used to view/ locate nearby objects at night. 8. Signal flags are bent on halyards Signal searchlights are hand-operated. The starboard side light is green and the portside light is green. A searchlight is not a signalling light. Running lights must be exhibited according to international laws. 5. Most of the equipment for signalling is situated/located on the signal bridge. Because manila rope is expensive. Cotton rope is both strong and flexible. If there is another line already on the bollard.. and a backspring aft. Natural fibre ropes have now largely been replaced by synthetic fibre ropes. Terylene rope has the highest melting point. Sisal comes from a plant which grows in the USA and Russia. but it is very expensive and therefore not used on merchant ships.7 SEAMANSHIP. the eye of the second line should be taken up through the eye of the first line before placing it over the bollard. Europe and North America as well as in China and India. but they rot very easily when they are wet. Because of this it is used on sailing boats. Another type of synthetic fibre ropes is polypropylene rope. Manila rope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the Philippine Islands of the Pacific. It is used for moorings and lashings. It is used for a number of jobs connected with cargo-handling and mooring. It is also strong and elastic. which is made from strands of steel wire. it is often used on yachts and pleasure boats. Coir ropes are made from coconut fibres. a breastline. This makes it possible for either line to be let go first. sisal rope is often used in its place. The cotton plant grown in the southern part of North America.Unit. but it is cheaper. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROPE Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book. Mooring Ropes A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring line. the learner should be able to: classify different types of rope according to their nature. but not as flexible as other types of rope. identify the mooring ropes on a diagram. A well-known rope of this type is Manila. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. Because it looks nice. mooring lines and cargo-handling. It is very strong and elastic. Another type of rope is hemp rope . They are sometimes used for mooring and towing lines. Wire rope is made of steel. First let us look at the different types of natural fibre rope. characteristics and use. Identify the mooring ropes described above in the diagram below: . Any of these lines may be doubled. 1. A large number of different types of rope are used on board ship. It has the lowest melting point of all synthetic fibre ropes and is used for log lines and halyards. which is made from the fibres of different plants.Hemp comes from a plant which grows in Russia. synthetic fibre rope. 2. It is mainly used on yachts. which is made from materials such as nylon. a breastline and a backspring forward. They consist of a headline. Synthetic ropes have many advantages. and it is important for every sailor to know their characteristics so that the right rope can be used for the right job. It is less strong and less flexible than manila rope. and wire rope. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. They are very buoyant and very elastic. It is strong and flexible and does not shrink or swell after contact with water. a stern line. It is used for mooring and handling cargo. but rather expensive. Large wire ropes are very heavy. Wire rope has many uses on board ship. The standard mooring lines are shown below. It is usually galvanized to stop it from rusting. It is strong and flexible. Nylon rope is the strongest and the most elastic of all the synthetic fibre ropes. Ropes can be divided into three basic types: natural fibre rope. particularly for standing rigging. It melts at a temperature of 260° C. They are strong and elastic and they are resistant to the action of water. . To evaluate your performance. If you score under 30 points you’ll have to go back to unit 7 and revise the vocabulary and/or grammar problems you have failed. You’ll be awarded one point for each correct answer. flotabil. Good luck! . If you score above 30 points you may pass on to the next unit.3. legare lashing =amarare (a marfii) hemp rope =parima din cinepa to shrink-shrank-shrunk =a intra la apa to swell = a se umfla coir ropes = parime din nuca de cocos buoyant = plutitor. you’ll have to revise unit 7 in your course book. turn to the self-test and answer key at the end of this unit. saula de pavilion to rust = a rugini wire ropes = parime metalice standing rigging = manevre fixe headline = parima prova breastline = traversa backspring forwrds = spring prova stern line = parima pupa backspring aft = spring pupa spliced = matisat (despre parime) bollard = baba quayside = cheu 4. Vocabulary Practice ! In order to do the following tasks successfully. Past Tense and Past Tense Continuous 5. amarare. Vocabulary ropes = parime lines =parime cargo-handling =manipularea marfii mooring =acostare. care pluteste to rot = a putrezi towing lines = parime de remorcaj merchant ships = nave comerciale melting point = punct de topire mainly = in special log lines = saula de loch(cu gradatii speciale) halyards = funga. Coir ropes do not shrink or swell after contact with water. Hemp rope is used for s and lashings. mooring lines. Read carefully the text on different types of rope in your course book and then fill in the table below with appropriate information. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2. 3.Then use these terms in sentences of your own. backspring aft. quayside. Manila rope is strong and flexible. 1. Sisal rope is less flexible and less strong than manila rope. Make fast. Nylon rope is the most elastic of all synthetic fibre ropes. breastline.Circle the correct answer. (a) II. T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F . 2. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms. to let go III. Decide if the following statements are TRUE(T) or FALSE(F). 6. Basic types Names Characteristics Uses 1. sternline. bollard. 4. but rather expensive. 5. headline. (a) (b) (c) 3.1. backspring forward. Cotton rope is used on yachts and pleasure boats. but rot easily when they are wet Strong. IV. Polypropylene rope is used for log lines and halyards.the highest melting point The lowest melting point Strong. Wire rope is made of steel.elastic. Why is cotton rope mainly used on pleasure boats? 7. 8. What are the uses of wire ropes? 6. Terylene rope has the lowest melting point. Why is hemp rope mainly used on sailing boats? 5.wire (a) On yachts and pleasure boats Mooring and handling cargo Mainly on yachts Log lines and halyards Standing rigging. T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key I. very elastic. elastic. 10.: Basic types 1.synthetic (a)nylon (b)terylene (c)polypropylene 3. Why are wire ropes galvanised? 10. Why is sisal rope often used in place of manila rope ? 4. What is the disadvantage of coir ropes? 6. does not shrink or swell after contact with water Buoyant. is usually galvanized to stop it from rusting Uses cargo-handling and mooring Moorings and lashings On sailing boats (d)coir Mooring towing lines and (e)cotton 2. flexible. mooring lines and cargo-handling .7.Wire ropes rot easily when they are wet. What are the characteristics and uses of manila rope? 3. Why have natural fibre ropes been replaced by synthetic ropes? 8. flexiblebut very expensive The strongest and the most elastic Strong. Answer the following questions. What is special about the terylene and polypropilene ropes? 9.natural Names (a)manila (b)sisal (c)hemp Characteristics Strong and flexible but rather expensive Less strong and less flexible but cheaper Strong. Why is it important for every sailor to know the characteristics of different types of rope? 2. 9. mooring lines and for cargohandling. 7. 3. Because it’s cheaper. difficult/ your/ exam/ was? 3. spring pupa. Where…you? Exercise II. a acosta. 2. parîme de amarare.F. 6. 2.F. Wire ropes are used particularly for standing rigging. pay 5. 8. He’s better now.. flexible. 1. 9. Parîmă pupa. last week/ Ann and Chris/ were/ where? 4.” 6. 3. get……got 2. and looks very nice. Because it is strong.at work last week because he…. 5. 5 T. Manila rope is strong and flexible and it is used for mooring and cargo-handling. elastic and resistant to the action of water. Put the words in the correct order to form questions. Wire ropes are galvanized to prevent rusting.T. Yesterday……a public holiday so the shops…. 1. 7. see 3. F. nice/ the weather/ last week/ was? Exercise III. 4. 9.Sue and Bill at the party?” “Sue…. angry/ you/ yesterday/ why/ were? 6. Write the past simple of these words. The former has the highest melting point and the latter has the lowest melting point. We weren’t happy with the hotel. T. go 8. Grammar Practice: Past Tense and Past tense Continuous Exercise I Put in was/ were or wasn’t/ weren’t 1.at home last night. Our room was very small and it wasn’t very clean. spring prova. babà. 6. IV 1. Because synthetic ropes are strong. flexible and does not shrink or swell after contact with water. 4. think . 3.T.F. play 4. traversă. 10. They rot easi.T. parîmă prova. a se lega.F. buy 7. 8.” 5.y when they are wet. a mola III. “Where are my keys?” “I don’t know. visit 6. cheu. They…on the table but they’re not there now.ill. 7. 1 late/ you/ this morning/ were/ why? Why were you late this morning? 2. 10. You…. George…. 4. our new camera/ how much/ was? 5. So that the right rope can be used for the right job.closed. A amara. “….II. 2.there but Bill………. Cotton rope is used for pleasure boats because it is strong. 1.up at six o’clock in the morning and (3) (have) a cup of coffee. she……(not/ go) to work. Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon/ And what were they doing? Use the cues below and write two sentences. 4.(not/ drive) very fast..(hit) the window. 11. 10. A: ………(you/ see)Jenny last night? B: Yes. it was a nice day. Last Tuesday Lisa (1) (fly) flew from London to Madrid. she………..(your team/win) the football match yesterday? B: No. Put the verb in the correct form-positive.” (rain) The party wasn’t very good.. 3. 2..(come) while I……(have) breakfast.. 1.(study) 3. (stay) It was very warm in the room.(not play) 7.. Tom/ his car/ drive. and Mrs.a window. Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. 7. A: What were you doing (you/ do) when the phone rang (ring)? B: I was watching (watch) television.yesterday?” “No. A: How…. 5. 2. so I……. 4. She (2) (get)….. so we…. Catherine/ the station/ wait for a train. Mr.. .(you/ drive) when the police……. Put the verbs in the correct form. A: …….. She was watching TV Carol and Jack/ the cinema/ watch a film. Exercise VII. 3. The plane (12) (depart) on time and (13) (arrive) in Madrid Finally she (14) (take) a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid. When she (6) (arrive). Exercise V. 5. Then she (10) (go) through passport control and (11) (wait) for her flight.30 she (4) (leave) home and (5) (drive) to the airport. A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her? B: Yes.some new clothes yesterday-two shirts. 6. 2. a jacket and a pullover. Ann/ home/ watch TV………………. so we………long. Hall/ the park/ walking. (enjoy) Tim….” “How…. negative or question.. she…(wear) a very nice jacket. I….that?” (do) Exercise VI. Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple 1. A: Was Margaret at work today? B: No.. 6. 12.Ann was at home. (open) “Did you go to the bank this morning?” “No. A: What….(you/ do) at 2 o’clock this morning? B: I was asleep... At 6. (buy) “…. I….time. A: How fast….(kick) the ball and it….(the post/ arrive) this morning? B: It……. the weather was very bad. 4. 8.(stop) you? B: I don’t know exactly but I……. She was ill 5. copy know put speak Exercise IV. A: What time….(you/ break ) the window/ B: We….9.” (have) “I cut my hand this morning. We didn’t enjoy it..(play) football. 9. We went to the cinema but the film wasn’t very good. she (7) (park) the car and then (8) (go) to the airport café where she (9) (have) breakfast. whenever he (14) had/ was having time..(study) chemistry. He joined a library and (5) read was reading every single book in it. The child’s father was so grateful that he (12) offered/ was offering to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Exercise IX.. they rarely (140…. There were long periods with nothing for him to do so he (2) build/ was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he (3) didn’t/ wasn’t selling things to passengers. A: I….(lose) my key last night. He (16) went/ was going on to invent the electric light bulb. Colin (10)……. It was while we (6) were staying/ stayed with her family in Scotland.(have) a meeting with the headmaster when he (4)……(hear) Colin practising.(go) to college to study engineering. (2) I’m looking/ I look at flats around here. the manager of several successful musicians. Mandy and I (4) are getting/ get married.. Everyone (19)……(be0 amazed to hear how good they (20)……(be).(invite) Colin to appear in one of the concerts he (7)……(organize) that year.. ADAM: Flats? (3) Are you wanting/ Do you want to move? MIKE: Yes. selling newspapers and snacks. He continued to read and experiment..(refuse) Leaf’s invitation.. (3).(contact) Colin’s teacher and (6)…. One day in 1987. unaware that a train (9) approached/ was approaching.(serve) customers. After a year.Six months later they (21)…. Edison (10) ran/ was running out and (110 grabbed/ was grabbing the child just in time.. When (5) were you deciding/ did you decide? MIKE: Only last week. actually. because just then he(9)…. using the verbs given.. ADAM: Hello. Thomas Edison (1) started/ was starting work on the railway when he was twelve. Choose the correct form of the verbs. Exercise X. B: How…. Colin. Their success has continued ever since. In 1983 he became seriously ill.(decide0 to leave college because they (22)…. the manager (17)…(announce) that there would be no live music in the restaurant that night as regular band could not come. while Colin and Kim (16)…. the phonograph and the movie camera. ADAM: It’ll be great to have you as neighbours. believe it or not. Use either the past simple or the past continuous. Ireland. One evening in April 1992. Now (7) we try/ we’re trying to find a suitable flat.. Edison accepted the offer and soon he (13) had/ was having regular lessons. He enjoyed playing and practised at school every day after lessons.(pass) his exams and (11)…. ... in fact. when he (6) waited/ was waiting at a station he (7) noticed/ was noticing a small boy who (8) played/ was playing by the track. he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph office..(prepare) for some important school exams.. What (1) are you doing/ do you do in this part of London? MIKE: Well. ADAM: That’s great! Congratulations. Kim was also a keen amateur musician. Colin Boyle was born in 1973 near Dublin. At twenty-one he (15) left/ was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time to being an inventor..(you/ get) into your room? A: I……(climb) in through a window. however. At college he (12)….(earn) so much money as musicians. (8)….(persuade) him to let them play to the customers. Another way that he (4) occupied/ was occupying himself was by reading. One day. I hope you manage to buy one soon. Mike.(work) as waiters at weekends.(have0 much money and they usually (15)…. Being students. Exercise VIII. Colin and Kim (180…. Complete the description of the life of a musician. While he (1) was recovering (recover) his uncle (2) gave (give) him an old violin. He immediately (5)…. who (13)….(meet) Kim O’Malley... Choose the correct form of the verbs.10. John Leaf. (10) We’re wanting/ We want to find somewhere to rent. 2. were you doing 10 lost…did you get…climbed. Did you see…was wearing 9. MIKE: Oh. Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. and Mrs. Was the weather nice last week? Exercise III. did the post arrive…came…. Now. weren’t…were Exercise II. was playing 9. yes. Were…was…wasn’t 5. read 6. That’s hoe we (13) were managing/ managed to buy ours. played 4. Catherine was at the station. got 3. opened 6. Let’s go. 5.was……. Put the words in the correct order to form questions 2. Actually. visited 6. The Past tense Simple and Continuous Answer Key Exercise I. were you driving…stopped…wasn’t driving 6. arrived 7. 2. wasn’t…was 3. Took Exercise V. what about a coffee? There’s a good place just round the corner. Exercise VIII. put 12 spoke Exercise IV. ADAM: That’s not a bad idea. thought 9. She was waiting for a train. drove 6. arrived 14. in the end. negative or question. They were watching a film.MIKE. was studying 3.had 4. did your team win…didn’t play 7.was having 4. We (9) aren’t having/ don’t have enough money yet. Carol and Jack were at the cinema. didn’t go 5. built 3. Hall were in the park. Where were Ann and Chris last week? 4. Why were you angry yesterday? 6. didn’t 7. my brother (12) was lending/ lent us some money. 8. left 5. did you break the window…were playing…kicked…hit 8. How much was your new camera? 5. Put the verb in the correct form-positive. notice 8. Mr. My family (15) gave/ were giving us quite a lot of helpful advice. Put in was/ were or wasn’t/ weren’t 2. I (16) looked/ was looking for somewhere to sit down when I bumped into you. occupied 5. was approaching 10 ran 11 grabbed 12 offered 13 was having 14 had 15 left 16 went . was waiting 7. did it rain 4. wasn’t selling 4. That’s what we (11) did/ were doing at first. parked 8. Put the verbs in the correct form. bought 7. Tom was in his car. did you do Exercise VI. Exercise VII. saw 3.were 4. didn’t stay 5. copied 10. went 9. Oh we (8) aren’t looking/ don’t look for one to buy. bought 3. He was driving 4. of course. went 8. Was your exam difficult? 3. were 6. ADAM: Yes. paid 5. knew 11. Write the past simple of these verbs 2. 2. had 10 went 11 waited 12 departed 13. 2. 3. MIKE: Really? Perhaps I’ll talk to my family before (14) we choose/ we’re choosing a flat. They were walking. 2. Sisal ropes are used for mooring and…………………………………………………. don’t have 10. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive). were 21 decided 22. …. she……(wear) a really nice dress. o traversă. cargo-handling.Exercise IX. 6. 8.point Polypropylene rope is used for log lines and…………………………………………. we choose 15. gave 16 was looking 9. 4.(you/go)out last night?” “No. mooring. passed 11. contacted 6. Ochiul se trece peste o baba de pe cheu. refused 9 was preparing 10. Do you want 4. Coir ropes are used for mooring and … ….rope is used in its place. 6. 5.Oricare din aceste parîme poate să fie dublată. 2.” “…………….(take) a photograph of me while I….(not/look). were staying 7. 8. 5.standing rigging. was studying 14. “What …………(you/do) this time yesterday?” “I was asleep. lashing. did you decide 6. past simple or past continuous. went 12 met 13. hemp rope.. managed 14. II.” How fast……(you/drive) when the accident…….log lines. 1.. Ele constau dintr-o parîmă prova. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. he……. announced 18. 3. o parîmă pupa. we’re trying 8. 3. 2. 10p .. to swell. 7. did 12.(not/know) what to do. aren’t looking 9. Manila rope is used for a number of jobs connected with cargo-handling and… Because manila rope is expensive. 3. had 15. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms: ……rope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the Philippines. ……. 7. Fiecare parîmă la capăt un ochi matisat. invited 7. 1.(happen)? John…. O navă se leagă la cheu cu ajutorul parîmelor de amarare. Europe and North America as well as China and India. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms. Coir ropes are very ……and elastic. lent 13. 9. are getting 5. backspring aft 10p IV. was organizing/organized 8.We want 11.” “Was Carol at the party last night?” “Yes. When I last……(see) him. We…. was having 4. We were in a very difficult position. I was too tired. 4.to shrink.(try) to find a job in London.. 3. worked 16 were serving 17. were earning/ earned Exercise X. heard 5. Ropes. persuaded 19. un spring prova. Terylene rope has the highest…. was 20. Wire ropes are usually galvanised to prevent them from……………………………… 10p Translate into English.. 10p III. 10.comes from a plant which grows in Russia. Put the verbs into the correct form.o traversă si un spring pupa. Self-Test I. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. 10. parîmă de cînepă. Any of these lines can be doubled. 1. 9. Were you doing Did you go Was wearing Were you driving…. Use only the past simple or past continuous. They consist of a headline. log lines. 7. 8. acostare. 6. 3. to swell. 2. 6. Do not change the order of the words. III. Cathy/phone/the post office/when the parcel/ arrive Cathy phoned the post office when the parcel arrived. a stern line. 2. 7. A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring lines. when Don/arrive/we/have/coffee When Don arrived we were having coffee. 10. and a backspring aft.happened Took…wasn’t looking Didn’t know Saw …was trying manila mooring sisal hemp lashings buoyant towing lines melting halyards rusting . 5. II. 11. 10. 5. 3. 12. amarare. 6. manipularea mărfii. a breastline and a backspring forward. Parîme. 9. 4. 2. 5. Self-Test Answer Key I. a nreastline. standing rigging IV. 3. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. 1. 10p. amarare ( a mărfii). 1. legare. Use the words given to make sentences.. to shrink. 8. while he/walk/ in the mountains/ Henry/ see/ a bear the students/ play/ a game/ when the professor/arrive Felix/ phone/ the fire brigade/ when the cooker/ catch/ fire when the starter/ fire/ his pistol/ the race/ begin I/ walk/ home/ when it/ start/ to rain when Margaret/ open/ the door/ the phone/ ring Cora/ read/ a letter/ when Jimmy/ phone/ her Andy/ come/ out of the restaurant/ when he/ see/ Jenny Charlie/ cross the street/ when he/ see Mary She/ leave/ the house/ when the phone/ start/ to ring. 4.V. 4. 7. 6. The students were playing a game when the professor arrived. 11. Cora was reading a letter when Jimmy phoned her. the race began. She was leaving the house when the telephone started to ring. 7. When Margaret opened the door. When the starter fired his pistol. the phone was ringing. 12. 8. . 5. Henry saw a bear. 9. 3.V. Andy came out of the restaurant when he saw Jenny. 4. Charlie was crossing the street when he saw Mary. Felix phoned the fire brigade when the cooker caught fire. While he was walking in the mountains. 10. I was walking home when it started to rain. in common with the deck officers from which department he is promoted. and bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of his vessel and for the efficient loading. if they constitute a nuisance during the voyage. but it is still customary to find Deck. or First Mate as he is often called. The Master is the person who is in absolute charge of the vessel. He is assisted by a Second Officer (Mate). 2. and he has the power to call on persons on board to render assistance. and sometimes a Fourth Officer (Mate). Although his correct title is the Master. direction finder. He is responsible for the ship. petty officers and ratings. The Master may arrest members of the crew or passengers. steering gear. There are other grades of seamen. Each department is made up of a varied number of officers. In certain circumstances. He is assisted by a Second. radar. echosounding device. etc. 1. On some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training purposes. and position-fixing device.2. He is also a petty officer. Catering and Radio Departments in ships of a reasonable size. refrigerating machinery. a Third Officer (Mate). which is obtained by examination. To hold the position of a Master. maintenance and repairs. he is addressed as “Captain”. There may also be Engineer Cadets. ventilating system. The traditional organisation of a ship’s crew. Ordinary Seaman (OS) and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hand (EDH). the master may place the individual under restraint. her cargo and the safety of the crew. 2. formulate correctly the functions of the crew members. and a Carpenter. Furthermore. The Chief Officer. any act of the master is regarded as one entirely of self-defence. The Master is required to hold a Master’s Certificate. who is responsible to the Master both for the main propulsion machinery and for auxiliaries comprising electrical plant. In the event of any mutiny. The man in charge of a ship is the Master. cargo winches. Furthermore. . and a number of ratings. he has the power to act as lawyer. The Deck Department includes a Boatswain (Bosun). and issued by the Department of Transport. both petty officers. is the Master’s chief officer and head of the Deck Department. The engine room petty officers are the Storekeeper and Donkeyman. Fourth and sometimes Fifth Engineer. stowage and discharge of cargo. Third. use correctly the patterns expressing the functions of a person as well as of an object. These are made up of Able Seaman (AB).Unit. He must be well qualified and an experienced navigator.1. he must be thoroughly competent in navigation matters including the use of such navigational aids as the gyrocompass. especially on a large passenger liner. Several companies employ a First Officer as well as a Chief Officer. He is also responsible for fuel. He is the owner’s personal representative. Engine. varied and extensive. The Engine Department is the charge of the Chief Engineer. a doctor and even to bury people. On tankers there is also a Pumpman. is the culmination of years of sea experience. The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing. 2. particularly if the person is dangerous to other members of the ship. the Master may call upon all persons on board to give assistance. His duties and responsibilities are many.8 MANNING The Traditional Organization of a Ship’s Crew Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book the learners should be able to: enumerate the crew members of a traditional cargo vessel. Similarly. if the ship is imperilled in any way. The engine room ratings are Firemen and Greasers. An Electrical Officer may also be carried. An officer is always on watch on the bridge. He also looks after the general day-to-day running of the department and deals with any problems. bakers and assistant stewards. In a tanker the cargo tanks are washed out during ballast passages and freed of gas. when the anchors are being raised or lowered. He is helped by the Second and Third Officers. In deep sea passenger ships and those engaged in multi –purpose passenger tonnage in the short sea trades.3. three or more mates on larger vessels.1. Study these examples: . Overall the role of the radio officer has changed significantly following the emergence of GMDSS. The Second Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for looking after all the equipment used for navigation. He is assisted by two. As such it is usually in charge of the Purser. or Catering Officer. when the ship is not fully loaded. who is responsible for catering and galley. In ships where a Chief Mate and a First Mate are carried. painting and repair work. A person’s function. The Catering Department is under the control of the Chief Steward.This outlines the need for a valid certificate of competency. The stowage of cargo is the responsibility of the Chief Officer. 4. much of the Deck Department’s time is spent maintaining the ship and her equipment in good condition. The Deck Department is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from port to port. for galley stores and for the ship’s linen. The Carpenter is usually a qualified shipwright. It is also the job of the Deck Department to see that the cargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage. For keels laid before February 1995 the radio station should be either a radio telephone station ( only applicable for ships of 300 to 1599 gross tonnage). On ships where continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief. The running of this department is the responsibility of the First Mate who supervises the handling of the cargo and is responsible for the upkeeping of the ship and her equipment. The Boatswain and the Carpenter are directly responsible to the Chief Officer. 2. He also operates the windlass. He is a man with a lot of knowledge and practical experience in seamanship. Statutory provisions stipulate under SOLAS 1974 that all cargo vessels of 300 tons gross and upwards must be fitted with a radio station. The different appliances must be complete and in good working order. His most important regular job is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check the depths of liquid in them. this is a very large and important department. In addition. the First Mate is the watch keeping officer. a radio telegraph station or a Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) for operation in specific sea areas. The Deck Department.2. Second and Third. He is assisted by cooks. FUNCTION 4. he also acts as a semi-chief of staff to the Master. the First Mate must see that the holds are cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. 3. He no longer works only with wood as his name suggests. The Third Officer is in charge of the life-saving equipment. can be expressed in terms of his/her responsibility. In addition. This is done by ratings under the supervision of the Boatswain (Bosun).4. This means constant cleaning. At sea. excluding the engine room and auxiliary power gear. For keels laid after 31 January 1995 a GMDSS must be fitted. A programme of maintenance for each day is worked out by the Chief Officer. The Radio Department often consists of only one man: the Radio officer. or what he/she does. The Bosun sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew. Many passenger vessels are now manned as floating hotels. The radio officer requirements are contained in the Merchant Shipping (Radio Installations) Regulations 1992. He is the Master’s representative and answers to him for the safety of the ship during his watch. The Deck Department is also responsible for keeping watches. • Read the text on the deck department again and underline the patterns which are used to express function. 3. The function of a crane is to lift heavy objects.g. By using a prepositional phrase introduced by with.g. 2. Vocabulary Captain/master = comandant de navă comercială/pasager Stowage = stivuire (a mărfii) Nuisance = comportare necuvincioasă . A crane lifts heavy objects. a măsura adîncimea Bilge = santina Watchkeeping = serviciu de cart Ordinary seaman = marinar stagiar/necalificat Able seaman = marinar brevetat Efficient deck hand = marinar brevetat Storekeeper = magazioner Donkeyman = mecanic de auxiliare Greaser = gresor Fireman = fochist Catering Department = compartiment bucătărie-deservire Purser = administrator (pasagere) Lookout = veghe 5. 3. Now it’s your turn to use the other three patterns. The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master. marangoz To sound the tanks = a sonda. faptă condamnabilă To place under restraint = a pune sub interdicţie Mutiny = răscoală.2. By using the phrase: The function of…is to…. Can you find them? When you find them try to state the kind of pattern (1.g. The Master is responsible for the safety of the ship. e.1. .2.g. By using a verb expressing the function. By using the verb to use+for-ing e. can be expressed in a number of ways: 1. The function of a thermometer is to measure time. or what it is used for. A crane is used for lifting heavy objects. 2. • How would you express the function of a thermometer by using the patterns above? e. e. The Master is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship. There are five examples. răzvrătire To be imperilled= a pune in pericol Thoroughly competent = foarte competent Direction finder = radiogoniometru Boatswain (bosun)= nostrom/şef de echipaj Carpenter = maistru lemnar Shipwright = lemnar constructor naval.or 3) used. 4. The function of a thing. e. 4. We lift heavy objects with a crane.g. The values of this tense are the same as for the present perfect continuous. Past perfect simple. For example. had you? Meaning and function: a) Relative to another past time and used with a real or implied time marker. Ram says to you: “I’m angry.” Later you tell your friends: “ Ram was angry. question: Had you walked/run?.” Past perfect continuous. c) to show the sequence and relationship of past actions with no time marker in the past perfect clause: He had got dressed before the post arrived.g. The meaning of this tense is “past-in-the-past”. Sentences with a past perfect often contain words like: after. hadn’t you?/ You hadn’t been eating. before.g.(I realize you can’t) g) in reported speech and after if when direct speech is in present perfect: “Have you seen her?.full form: I had walked/run. I phoned him yesterday/ I had phoned him yesterday before I left the office. the later action has the simple past. had you? Meaning and function: a) used for actions previous to and affecting a nominated time in the past: By one o’clock he had cooked lunch. e) used as a narrative device to give background: It had been a good year for Martin…(setting for a story in the past simple) f) conversation marker with verbs of thinking. hoping-a request suggestion now abandoned: I had wondered if you could give me a lift. she had a cup of tea. The action took place in the time leading up to the identified moment. negative: I hadn’t been eating. with the difference that the time of reference is not the time of speech. although): I ran home because/since/as I had missed the train. tag question: You had walked. The past perfect covers an area of meaning equivalent to both the past and perfect. If there are two activities in the past (one happened before the other). tag question: You had been eating. the past perfect is used for the oldest activity: e./ I wondered if you had seen her. THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS The Past Perfect Simple is formed with the past form auxiliary verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb. ! Difference between the past tense and the past perfect tense: the past tense is usually used for one activity in the past. He had been waiting for two hours. It is primarily used to describe one event following another in the past. hadn’t you?/ You hadn’t walk. question: Had you been eating?. the earlier action has the past perfect. being capable of referring to both indefinite and definite time. as soon as to indicate succession: e. They elected him President. after his party had nominated him.6. when. but some point in the past. I wondered. I have been waiting for two hours. as in the case of the simple past perfect. the point of reference is in the past and the event takes place before this point in the past. d) to show causal relationship between past actions (because. . • To explain the action of the main verb: He could understand the film because he had been studying French at school. negative: I hadn’t walked/run. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is formed from the past perfect of the auxiliary verb to be (had been) + the present participle of the main verb (-ing form).full form: I had been eating. imagine that you meet Ram at 11 am. and was temporary or expected to be temporary.(it was prepared but not eaten) b) used to express sequence and relationship of past actions with a time marker: It was Thursday before I had read it/ After she had done the washing. verbs of the senses. Vocabulary Practice ! In order to be able to do the following tasks successfully. turn to the self-test and answer key at the end of this unit.).it suggests that the idea was repeatedly in the mind: I had been meaning to visit her.When we state how often something had happened we use the past perfect tense rather than the past perfect continuous: He had rung at least five times before they arrived. continuous nature of an action. you should revise unit 7 in your course book. If personnel exist only on some ships. again. put their names in brackets ( ). (the reading will be interrupted) I had been reading for an hour when my roommate returned. etc. which led up to the past moment in time: He had been cleaning the car for over an hour before he realized it was the wrong one. verbs of reasoning. but whose results were still evident at that moment: When he came I had been baking. • To convey an action which was ongoing but over when interrupted by the main verb.Read the carefully the text on the traditional organisation of a ship’s crew in your course book and use the information to expand the diagram below. If your score is under 30 points.( I thought many times about it. Your diagram should show how each department is made up. - Certain verbs are not usually used in the continuous tense (verbs referring to mental and emotional states. “for two weeks” or “since Friday”. Compare the examples below: I was reading when my roommate returned. Good luck! I . 7.• To convey the ongoing. when the direct speech uses the present perfect continuous: He said he had been thinking about it. • In reported speech . There is also a difference in meaning. b) With verbs of thinking/feeling-introduces an idea now abandoned. . (the reading stopped just before my roommate returned) Past perfect or past perfect continuous? . To evaluate your performance. many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous tense instead the Past Perfect Continuous. You will be awarded one point for each correct answer. but now it’s too late) Important: If you do not include a duration such as “for five minutes”.If you score over 30 points you don’t have to go back to Unit 8. you’ll have to turn back to Unit 8 and revise the vocabulary and/or grammar problems you failed to give a correct answer . Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternative ways.To do this task correctly you should turn to unit 8. 4. A fire extinguisher is used for putting out fires. 4. using whichever pattern is appropriate. 3. We measure time with a chronometer. 7. IV. 4. 7. . 6. 9. The sounding of tanks and bilges-Carpenter. Second Officer and Third Officer? Who sees that the orders are carried out by the crew? Who sounds the tanks and bilges? What are the grades of the deck ratings? In ships where a Chief Mate as well as a First mate are carried. 8. The function of a thermometer is to measure temperature. 8. Chief Officer-Master-the Deck Department. 2. 3. section 3 in your course book. 10. 1. 2. 1. 2. 5. Radio Officer-radio communications. A windlass raises and lowers the anchors. 3. Third Officer-the life-saving equipment. 6.II. The loading and unloading of oil-Pumpman. Link the following (do not change their order). 1. who is the watch keeping officer? III. Chief Steward-Master-the Catering Department. The preparation of food-Ship’s Cook. Chief Engineer-the efficient running of his department. 5. Who is in charge of a ship? What are the four departments that are still customary found in ships of reasonable size? What is the structure of each of the four departments? What are the responsibilities of the deck department? Who is running the deck department? What are the responsibilities of the Chief Officer. 8. Answer the following questions. Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key I. 9. 2. There was sadness in his eyes. 4. AB(able seaman).. The loading and unloading of oil is the responsibility of the Pumpman. The boatswain The carpenter. The chief steward is responsible to the Master for the Catering Department. engine department.II. OS(ordinary seaman) The First Mate... 3. The responsibilities of the deck department are:navigation. The Chief Officer/Mate The Chief Officer is responsible for the general day-to-day running of the deck department. (a) A thermometer is used for measuring temperature. loading. 9. The wind had almost blown the tree down. deck maintenance and watchkeeping. (d) The function of a chronometer is to measure time. We measure temperature with a thermometer. The old man looked at the broken tree. Grammar Practice Past Perfect Simple And Continuous I.. The Second Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for looking after all the equipment used for navigation. A windlass is used for raising and lowering the anchors. There had been a very bad storm during the night. 6. 6. The preparation of food is the responsibility of the Ship’s Cook’ The Chief Engineer is responsible for the efficient running of his department. 8. (b) A fire extinguisher puts out fires. 3. 4. 7. Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternative ways. IV. 10. He thought back to the day when he had planted it. The Third officer is responsible for the life-saving equipment. A chronometer measures time. The tree had grown taller year by year until it had reached almost as high as the roof. We put out fires with a fire extinguisher. The function of a windlass is to raise and lower the anchors. EDH(efficient deck hand). Branches lay around. Answer the following questions(suggested answers) 1. He remembered the day his son had climbed up and hidden in the . III. Link the following using whichever pattern is appropriate 1. A thermometer measures temperature. 8. 5. Officers. The Master The deck department. The radio Officer is responsible for radio communications.many years ago. the white wood like open wounds without the blood. 7. The function of a fire extinguisher is to put out fires. 5.. The Chief Officer is responsible to the Master for the Deck Department. A chronometer is used for measuring time. 2. Underline all the 3rd forms of the verb in the following passage. catering department and radio department.. The sounding of tanks and bilges is the responsibility of the Carpenter. (c) We raise and lower the anchors with a windlass.The third Officer is in charge of the life-saving equipment. petty officers and ratings. stowing and unloading the cargo. ...................... Supply reasonable previous cases in the past for these consequences.............. Use the Past Perfect and try to find more than one previous cause for each sentence..................... I wished I’d never agreed to be Martin’s partner.................. 4....... 5......... effects or interest.......... We asked her to sing the song again… 4.. But the tree had survived........ (ski) ..... The tramp had a three days’ beard… 16........ The man was out of breath… 7...... My knees were knocking as I stood up at the wedding. The president arrived half an hour late… .... 5........ 1............................ We didn’t meet yesterday after all… 12......... 4.... He remembered how the war had come and taken his wife and son from him....... 8.......... EXAMPLE: She knew how to bake a cake because… (a) her mother had taught her..... As I changed into my tennis things....... 3. (c) she had read about it in a book......................... 12........................... It was very cold outside in the garden… 10... The house had burnt down.............. 6. What could an old man do now? Now write the words you have underlined.......... Number 1 is done for you................. I wanted to die............... 7. 9............. Father tipped the waiter very well… 6...... Until last night.. (give a speech) ... II............. results. I couldn’t eat the food at lunchtime… 13............................... I was terrified as we waited for the plane.......... John looked very smart at his sister’s wedding… 15. 11..... 6.... (play tennis) . Complete these situations........ 10.. He gave his horse a lump of sugar… 2.. She asked me to repeat my name… 3......... I was nervous as I sat in the car waiting for my driving instructor................................. Peter didn’t know the answer to the question… 14.... 2....................... If only I had refused to go to the choir practice! (sing in public) . 2.... Use as and because as links where necessary........ 3.................................................... (fly) . 1..... (drive) I had never driven before..branches – and wouldn’t come down. 1........ We gave the patient first aid… 11..... III......... They called the boy Moses… 5...... It had reminded him of all those other things....... I sent my watch to the watchmaker’s… 8.................... (b) she had learned at school.. When I reached the top of the ski lift................ Our visitor was very tired… 9.................................... 13. 12. Peter (forget) to fill up with petrol so his car (stop) just outside the garage. 8. 8. 11. Telefonul sună. After the children (go) to bed the house (be) very quiet. 16. I (can’t) read because I (forget) to fetch my glasses. We (finish) our work so we (sit) down to talk. 2. Transate into English using one of the following tenses: Past Simple. We (never be) in Athens before so we (want) to see the sights. 10. Vântul se mai domolise iar luna strălucea deasupra mării liniştite. 14. … he (become) angry when you (accuse) him for stealing? As we (not have) notice of the general’s arrival. 9. 15. …he (refuse) to see me because I (not write) for an appointment? She (not go) out in the rain because she (not have) an umbrella. 11. 3. Peter (have) dinner in town that evening as his wife (go) to visit her mother. 5. so Mary (go) to the cinema alone. He (feel) disappointed. The policeman (put) up his hand and the traffic (stop). 6. 5. We (not eat) much for breakfast so we (feel) hungry at lunchtime. Susan’s dinner (go) cold so Alan (warm) it up for her. The sky (be) black for some time before the rain (begin) to fall. Mary (not be) abroad before so everything (seem) strange to her. naturally we (not expect) him. Professor Smith (heat) a metal bar and it (expand). Supply the Simple Past for the effect. 4. result or interest and the Past Perfect for the previous cause. We called a doctor… Peter wasn’t very happy when we met him… The Colonel had great experience of men… The children were late for school… IV. 20. I (give) you the work to do again because you(do)it badly. consequence. O auzi cum oftează în timp ce el citea. 13. The doctor (hope) for a quiet night. 19. 18. Supply the Simple Past to show cause and immediate effect or the Past Perfect to show previous cause. 14. 3. Something heavy (strike) me on the head and (knock) me out. Peter (sunbathe) too long and (get) blisters on his back. The child (lose) his money so he (cannot buy) sweets. VI. 1. Past Continuous. His firm (give) him a better position last year because he (earn) it. 7. When I (thank) my hostess I (leave) the house and (go) home. 2. Ultima dată l-am văzut acum zece ani. . 9. 18. Mr. 12. 6. în timp ce domnişoara Marple se îmbrăca. 10. 20. 15. 17. 7. As we (miss) the express from London we (travel) on a slow train. 19. Brown (just return) so they (give) him the message. 1. 4. V. The Simple past expresses the later consequence. He (press) the switch and the engine (start). Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous 1. They always (live) in a small village and (not understand) the city people. Brown whom I (not meet) before. John (not arrive) by seven thirty. …she (find out) for herself or … someone (tell) her? We (wake up) late because the alarm clock (not ring). 2. One of his patients (break) his leg and (need) a doctor at once. Yesterday my wife (tell) me about a beautiful hat she (see) a few days earlier. Dr.17. They (spend) all their money and (not know) where to find any more. 4. Smith (misunderstand) the question because he (not hear) it well. 3. Our host (introduce) me to Mrs. ... had gone.......felt 10. Ce s-a întâmplt după ce a plecat? 11.. 6. 5. 2. A variety of previous causes may be produced for each item e...went 6. 4. told..wanted 15.. 3..... mă lua în fiecare dimineaţă cu maşina. had finished..began 4.needed 9.did not undersatnd 12. 1... had. I had never driven before. had hoped.. 9. had lost. scoase un plic vechi şi se aşeză în fotoliu.... 12..sat 3.. 4. 1. Ca elev era un băiat timid şi sârguincios.g. had been. I had never flown before....started had forgotten. 2. I had never skied before.. Îl aşteptam de o oră.... dar era încă foarte emoţionată. Primise florile cu o oră în urmă... had always lived. 1. gave.went misunderstood. 3. Despre ce vorbeau când i-ai întâlnit 10.. 8.had gone 5...expanded ... because it had jumped so well/ because it had a fright/ as it had always liked sugar 2.. 10.had forgotten 13. 5.did not know 2..stopped had not eaten.. 1 been 2 blown 3 planted 4 grown 5 reached 6 climbed 7 hidden 8 come 9 taken 10 burnt 11 survived 12 reminded II.. Când predam la şcoala aceea. când telefonul sună şi o voce ciudată îmi spuse că Richard a avut un accident.. 7..left.. had broken. I hadn’t played tennis before.could not buy V. had never been. had spent.. I had never sung in public before... III..had gone 14. had thanked.. În zilele acelea venea să mă vadă în mod regulat şi de fiecare dată îmi aducea un mic dar. De trei ani locuia în satul acela mic de lângă graniţă. had just returned.. Mereu mă suna noaptea târziu... 1. 14.. Ce făcuse oare în tot acest timp? 15. Answer Key: Past Perfect Simple and Continuous I..had seen 7.. examinându-l atent. pressed.5...had not heard heated... I had never given a speech before.. because she hadn’t heard it well/ because I hadn’t spoken clearly/ because she had never heard such a name before/as she had forgotten to write it down… IV.. 6.. could not..felt had no arrived. Deschise sertarul...gave 8.. 13. 6.was 11. ..did someone tell /had someone tpld.. The master is required to hold a….. efficient loading. sunbathed... woke up. struck.had not met 10. did he go. 3... took out an old envelope and sat down in the armcahir inspecting it closely..did not have 14. 2. VI.... 6. and even to bury people. Each department is made up of a varied number of officers. The wind had fallen and the moon was shining over the quiet sea. had gone out.. the master may place the individual under…. a doctor.. 2. He had been living/had lived for three years in that small village near the border..accused 15. 5.. I had been waiting for him for an hour when the phone rang and a strange voice told me that Richard had had an accident..travelled 9. 4. 9. The master has the power to act as a…..knocked 17.. When I taught at that school he gave me a lift every morning.... 7. gave. 5...had not rung 19. Did he refused. Self-Test I.... had not seen. The phone rang when Miss Marple was dressing. Did he become . 6...representative.did not expect 16.. and Radio.. 10...which is obtained by examination. He pulled the drawer open. 1. 8. If the ship is ……. had no had. The master bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of his vessel.. The traditional organisation of a ship’s crew consists of four departments:…. 4. 3..had not written 13. He heard her sigh as he was reading for her. had missed.. 10p 1. In those days he came to see me regularly and every time he brought me a small present..warmed..competent in navigation matters including navigating techniques and instruments.. What happened after he had left? 11. introduced. 13.... …. She had got the flowers an hour before but she was still very excited. and discharge of the cargo.. The man in charge of a ship is the…………....... As a pupil he was a timid hard-working boy. 9. petty officers and ratings.. 7. 10..stopped 20. 8. If a person is dangerous to other members of the ship. Whatever had he been doing all that time? 15. She last saw him ten years ago.Engine.. put.. 12. Did she find out.had earned 8... the Master may call upon all persons on board to give assistance.. The Master must be…. Catering. .7....personal .got 11.in any way.. 14. He was always ringing me up late at night. 18.seemed 12. The master is the……. What were they talking about when you met them? 11. ….. Firemen. 4. Purser. 2. 9. Carpenter. 5. Second Officer. Boatswain. Use whichever pattern for expressing function you prefer. Select the officers. Ship’s Cook. Second Steward. Write the responsibilities of the officers and petty officers belonging to the deck department. 8. 10. 3. AB. Fourth Engineer. I. EDH. OS. Donkeyman. 7. 6. Fourth Engineer. Deck Department Chief Officer Engine Department Chief Engineer Catering Department Chief Steward Radio Department Chief Radio Officer 10p III. Second Engineer.II. 10p 11. Greasers. Storekeeper. Self-Test-Answer Key Master Owner’s Stowage lawyer restraint imperilled Master’s Certificate Thoroughly Deck Petty officers . Electrical officer. 1. Third Engineer. Storekeeper. Second Radio Officer. petty officers and ratings listed below and place them under the appropriate heading hierarchically: Third Officer. The Boatswain is directly responsible to the Chief Officer. Deck ratings are responsible for deck operations. 2. He sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew. 4. Deck Department Chief Officer Second officer Third Officer Engine Department Chief Engineer Second Engineer Third Engineer Fourth Engineer Electrical Officer Storekeeper Donkeyman Pumpman Firemen Greasers Catering Department Chief Steward Radio Department Chief Radio Officer Second radio Officer Third Radio Officer Boatswain Carpenter AB(able seaman) EDH(efficient deck hand) OS(ordinary seaman) Second steward The purser III. The Second Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for looking after all the equipment used for navigation.The Chief Officer is responsible to the Master for the running of the Deck Department. 1. . 3. The sounding of tanks and bilges is the responsibility of the Carpenter 5. 6.II. The Third Officer is responsible for the life-saving appliances. a bate a (se) sparge. a (se) defecta a creşte. a lansa a zbura a interzice a prevedea a prezice . a plonja a face a trage. a năvăli. a crăpa a cumpăra a arunca a prinde a alege a se agăţa a veni a costa a se târî.) did drew dreamt drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forecast foresaw arisen awoken been borne beaten become begun bent bet bid bidden bound bitten bled blest blown broken bred brought broadcast built burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamt drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forecast foreseen a se ridica a (se) trezi a fi a purta a bate a deveni a începe a (se) îndoi a paria a ruga. a desena a visa a bea a conduce. a adresa (o invitaţie) a porunci a lega a muşca a sângera a binecuvânta a sufla. a şofa a locui a mânca a cădea a hrăni. a se ocupa de a săpa a (se) scufunda. a alimenta a (se) simţi a (se) lupta a găsi a fugi a arunca. a educa a aduce a emite (radio. TV) a construi a arde a izbucni. a se furişa a tăia a trata.LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed bless blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forecast foresee arose awoke was/were bore beat became began bent bet bid bade bound bit bled blest blew broke bred brought broadcast built burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dove (Am. a se ridica a fugi a tăia cu ferăstrăul a spune a vedea a căuta a vinde a trimite a potrivi. a fixa a coase a scutura. a răni. a aşeza a conduce (oameni) a (se) apleca. a cultiva a atârna a avea a auzi a (se) ascunde a lovi a ţine a lovi. a obţine. a păstra a îngenunchea a tricota a şti. a lăsa a da cu împrumut a lăsa.) given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met misled mistaken mown overcome paid put read rent rid ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set sown shaken a uita a ierta a îngheţa a primi. a merge cu… a suna a răsări. a şlefui a creşte.forget forgive freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mislead mistake mow overcome pay put read rend rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met misled mistook mowed overcame paid put read rent rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook forgotten forgiven frozen got (gotten Am. a (se) sprijini a sări a învăţa a pleca. a durea a ţine. a tremura . a permite a sta întins. a sfâşia a se descotorosi de a călări. a ajunge a da a merge a măcina. a cunoaşte a pune. a se afla a aprinde a pierde a face a însemna a (se) întâlni a induce în eroare a confunda a cosi a depăşi a plăti a pune a citi a rupe. a monta. a răsfăţa a (se) răspândi a izvorî. a petrece timp a vărsa a se învârti în jurul axei a scuipa a despica a strica. a înjura a mătura a se umfla a înota a (se) legăna a lua a învăţa (pe cineva) a rupe. a povesti a (se) gândi. a sfâşia a spune (cuiva). a filma a arăta a intra la apă. a crede a arunca a înfige a călca. a înfige a înţepa a mirosi urât a merge cu paşi mari a lovi a înşira a se strădui.) split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust trodden/trod undergone understood undertaken a tunde oi a vărsa (lacrimi. a năzui a jura. a (ră)sări a sta în picioare a fura a (se) lipi. a păşi a suferi (schimbări) a înţelege a întreprinde . sânge) a străluci a potcovi a trage. a se strânge a închide a cânta a (se) scufunda a sta jos a ucide a dormi a aluneca a arunca a despica a mirosi a semăna a vorbi a accelera a ortografia a cheltui. a împuşca.shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slit smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw thrust tread undergo understand undertake sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slit smelt sowed spoke sped spelt spent spilt span/spun spat spit split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw thrust trod underwent understood undertook shorn shed shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slit smelt sown spoken sped spelt spent spilt spun spat spit (Am. L. EASTWOOD.V. 1994. 1994. ANDREI. BLAKEY. All About Ships-Amazing Maritime Facts.. Grammar Spectrum 1.B.wake wear weave wed weep wet win wind withdraw wring write woke wore wove wed wept wet won wound withdrew wrung wrote woken worn woven wed wept wet won wound withdrawn wrung written BIBLIOGRAPHY a (se) trezi a purta a ţese a se cununa a plânge a (se) uda a câştiga a răsuci.J. OXLADE. 2001 ENGLISH FOR NAUTICAL STUDENTS . Editura TEORA. 1992. MARTINET. London. Oxford University Press.English for Maritime Studies. New York. ISBN 0-19-431348-4 THORNBURY. ROBERT. Oxford University Press. N. ISBN 0-19438624-4 T.. L. Harper Collins Publishers.. Longman Group UK Limited. Defense Language Institute English Language Center. ISBN 0-19-431-351-4 *** Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2. ISBN 0-19-431185-6 TAGGART. Bucureşti. ISBN 0-00-375025-6 COE.. ISBN 0-02-861956-0 SWAN. Essential English – Limba engleza in liste si tabele. 4.. John. 2000. NORMAN. London. 1994. SCOTT. Constanta. RONALD. 1995. a răsuci a scrie • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ALEXANDER. Prentice Hall International English Language teaching. Lackland Air Force base.N. ISBN 1-84215-015-4 ROZAKIS. Oxford University Press. Practical English Language. Natural Grammar. 1993. `Longman Group UK Limited. ISBN 0-00-710135-X HEATON. Southwater. Institutul de Marina “Mircea cel Batran”.ISBN 0-13-281379-3 . Ship Design and Construction. Alpha Books. GEOFFREY. Oxford University Press. 1983. 1994..D. English Grammar. Hong Kong. 2004. G. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. London. ISBN 973-601-032-5 *** Collins Cobuild English Grammar. A. 1992. 1997. Oxford University Press. MICHAEL. Dictionary of Common Errors. Texas. Grammar and Style. a şerpui a (se) retrage a stoarce. HARDIE. C. 1980 THOMSON. Longman English Grammar. A. A Practical English Grammar. E. 3.Note de curs.J. 1987. 1991. ISBN 0-17-556292-X NAVY TERMINOLOGY-SEAMANSHIP. An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage. Oxford University Press. 5 English Rules and Practice. ISBN 0-582-96410-5 LEECH. HarperCollins Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0-582-55892-1 BANTAS.G. TURTON. 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