Lekh Dothrakisunquan8094 May 21, 2013 Foreword Firstly, I would like to say that this is a work in progress; lessons are still being created and added to this text. This is a written compilation of my YouTube lessons, and as the YouTube tutorials are ongoing at the time of writing, there will be many additions to this text. Next, I have some people to thank. First and foremost, I would like to thank you, the reader, for your continued interest in learning the Dothraki language. You, along with the many others who have obtained this book in one way or another, have encouraged me to step in and help you learn such an interesting language. I wish that you enjoy learning this language. Dothras chek. 1 Contents I Preliminaries 4 5 1 Pronunciation II Grammatical Lessons 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 27 29 31 33 35 37 38 40 2 1 Personal Pronouns and Affirmative Present Tense 2 Negative Present Tense 3 Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns 4 Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns 5 Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I 6 Future Tense of Verbs II 7 Adjectives I: “Being” an Adjective 8 Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns 9 Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 10 Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns 11 Past Tense of Verbs 12 Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns 13 Allative Case of Personal Pronouns 14 Informal Imperative 15 Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns 16 Expressing “Being” a Noun 17 Numbers 1-10 18 Negating Adjectives . 1. . . . . . . .19 Comparing with Adjectives 20 Yes-and-No Questions 21 Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns 22 Prepositions I: Over and Under 23 Modal Auxiliary Verbs 24 Vocal Auxiliary Verbs 25 Creating New Adjectives 26 Numbers 11-19 27 Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs 28 Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns 29 Prepositions II: Front and Behind 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 III Conversational Lessons 62 63 64 65 1 M’athchomaroon 2 Hash Yer Dothrae Chek? 3 Aena Vezhvena IV Appendix . . 1. . . . . 1. . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . .1 Declension Table . . . .4 Relative Pronoun Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Adjectives . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . .1 Conjugation Table .1 Degree of Comparison Table .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 66 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 70 1 Grammar Reference 1. . . .4 Prepositions .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . 1. .2 Personal Pronoun Declension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Dictionary of Vocabulary 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . .1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. . . . . . . . . .5 Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table 1. . . . .3 Demonstrative Pronoun Declension .1. . . . . . . . . . . . Part I Preliminaries 4 . Chapter 1 Pronunciation Every language has a unique pronunciation scheme. Spanish beber ) • i: [i] (English bean. I have also included the International Phonetic Alphabet letter associated with the sound. Spanish casa ) • e: [e] (English set. For this reason. I have put sound approximations in languages other than English so that one will have a better idea of how the language sounds. Lojban xu do ) • l: [l] (English live ) • m: [m] (English moon ) • n: [n] (English null ) 5 . Vowels • a: [a] (English father. Japanese kirin ) • o: [o] (English cocoa ) Consonants • ch: [tS] (English chafe ) • d: [d] (English dorm ) • f : [f] (English fief ) • g: [g] (English gig ) • h: [h] (English high ) • j: [dZ] (English jive ) • k: [k] (Japanese katakana ) • kh: [x] (Klingon Hol. even though other languages may use some of the same sounds but represent them entirely differently in writing. For the sake of completeness. l. You will need to do this often because of the frequent “dropping” of endings you must do. stress is applied on the first syllable. kkh. 6 . French bonjour ) Epenthesis Epenthesis is the adding of vowels in order to aid pronunciation. If a word ends in a vowel. and ssh are double consonants) • consonant clusters ending in the letters w. r. q. y Stress If a word ends in a consonant. Add the letter e to the end of a word when a word ends with: • the letters w. stress is applied on the final syllable.• q: [q] (Klingon qaw ) • r: [r/R] (Spanish querer ) • s: [s] (English Seuss ) • sh: [S] (English shoe ) • t: [t] (English tat ) • th: [T] (English thug ) • v: [v] (English vest ) • w: [w] (English wow ) • y: [j] (English yay ) • z: [z] (English pizzazz ) • zh: [Z] (English measure. and g • a double consonant (note that cch. Part II Grammatical Lessons 7 . ” There will be exceptions to the rule. it • kisha: we • yeri: you (plural) • mori: they Verbs • thirat: live • nesolat: learn Text Anha thirak. Anha nesok. A conjugated verb often looks differently from its dictionary form. Dothraki has verbs that need to be conjugated. -at verbs are identified as verbs that end in “-at” and not “-lat. yeri thiri. me nesoe. she. There are two conjugations in Dothraki. Grammar As with most languages. At first glance. mori thiri. yeri nesoe. yer thiri.Lesson 1 Personal Pronouns and Affirmative Present Tense Vocabulary Nouns • anha: I • yer: you • me: he. -at and -lat verbs.” while -lat verbs end in “-lat. kisha thiraki. a verb can be categorized into either conjugation almost immediately. but we 8 . yer nesoe. me thira. kisha nesoki. mori nesoe. will cover that in a later lesson. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Anha thirak. therefore the pronouns will be kept in the following tables.” In this lesson. (a) We live. Verb Type -lat -at Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha -k kisha -ki anha -ak kisha -aki Second Person yer -e yeri -e yer -i yeri -i Third Person me -e mori -e me -a mori -i Verb nesolat thirat Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha nesok kisha nesoki anha thirak kisha thiraki Second Person yer nesoe yeri nesoe yer thiri yeri thiri Third Person me nesoe mori nesoe me thira mori thiri Practice 1. (b) He learns. Yer nesoe. we will cover only the affirmative present tense. Conjugate the following verbs in the affirmative present tense. (a) dothralat (b) ifat 2. Me thira. Dothraki has conjugations for affirmative and negative polarity. You all live. For every verb tense. Translate into English. meaning that there are conjugations for verbs in sentences such as “I ate” and “I did not eat. 3. It is worth noting that the subject of the verb cannot be dropped. (b) Kisha nesoki. 9 . They learn. unlike in Romance languages. Me vos vrelo. Kisha vos vreloki. Anha vos ovethok. Yeri vos vreli. Me vos ovetho.” which literally means “not. Me vos zerqoo. Yeri vos zerqoo. Eshina zerqoe. Anha vos zerqok. Kisha vos zerqoki. Kisha vos ovethoki.Lesson 2 Negative Present Tense Vocabulary Nouns • alegra: duck [i] • eshina: fish [i] • hrakkar: lion [a] Verbs • ovethat: fly • zerqolat: swim • vrelat: leap [-at] Text Alegra ovetha. The “+” sign before the ending indicates that you must drop the letter before it.” It has been included in every conjugation in the following tables. Verb Type -lat -at Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First Person anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki anha vos +ok kisha vos +oki Second Person yer vos -o yeri vos -o yer vos -i yeri vos -i Third Person me vos -o mori vos -o me vos -o mori vos -i 10 . Grammar The negative conjugations of all tenses contain the auxiliary verb “vos. Hrakkar vrela. Anha vos vrelok. Yeri vos ovethi. The lion does not fly. Translate into English. Translate into Dothraki. (a) He learns. The duck lives. Me vrela.Verb Type Person First Person Second Person Third Person dothralat Singular Plural anha vos dothrok kisha vos dothroki yer vos dothrao yeri vos dothrao me vos dothrao mori vos dothrao ifat Singular anha vos ifok yer vos ifi me vos ifo Plural kisha vos ifoki yeri vos ifi mori vos ifi Practice 1. (b) Eshina zerqoe. (a) Hrakkar vos zerqoo. 11 . (b) We swim. Me vos ovetho. 2. animate and inanimate nouns.Lesson 3 Accusative Case of Inanimate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • mai: mother [a] • vado: turnip [i] • yalli: child [i] • dranekh: human milk [i] • lamekh: mare’s milk [i] • sewafikh: wine [i] Verbs • adakhat: eat • indelat: drink Text Mai adakha eshin. There is no specific way to figure out a noun’s declension at first glance. which is also its dictionary form. and “-” means “ends 12 . Hrakkar indee lamekh. Therefore. The accusative case of a noun is used when it is a direct object. In the table below. Yalli indee dranekh. “V” indicates a vowel. allative. there are two declensions of nouns. Grammar In Dothraki. the declension of a noun must be memorized right away. is used when it is the subject of a sentence. while animate nouns do. Inanimate nouns do not have plural forms. Each declension of nouns has five cases: the nominative. genitive. accusative. an uppercase “C” indicates a consonant. Hrakkar adakha alegre. The nominative case of a noun. and ablative cases. Yalli adakha vad. Mai indee sewafikh. (b) Children do not drink wine. They drink human milk. (a) Anha indek lamekh. Translate into Dothraki. The dog eats the duck. (a) The duck does not live. Translate into English.” Ending -V -C -CCV Example Noun jano lamekh yalli Declension -+ (epenthesis if necessary) (same) -C Example Declension jan lamekh yal Practice 1. Me vos adakho vad. 13 .with. 2. Mai zhila khales. Lajaki feji khales. when declined in the accusative singular case. and accusative plural of animate nouns. Below is the declension table for the nominative plural. Kosi feji khales. Khal feja koes. Khal feja lajakis. mai declines in the accusative as mayes. Rizhi zhili lajakes.Lesson 4 Nominative Plural and Accusative of Animate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • lajak: warrior [a] • khal: king [a] • rizh: son [a] • ko: bodyguard [a] Verbs • zhilat: love [-at] • fejat: hate Text Mai zhila rizhis. 14 . Khal zhila mayes. all animate nouns have plural declensions. changes to a “y. -C -V khal ko Nominative Plural -i -si khali kosi Accusative Singular -es -es khales koes Accusative Plural -is -es khalis koes It is worth noting that the “i” in mai. Grammar As said in a previous lesson. Lajak feja rizhis.” Thus. accusative singular. Rizhi zhili khales. Khal zhila rizhis. Rizhi zhili mayes. Practice 1. Translate into Dothraki. 15 . 2. Translate into English. (a) The guards love the king. Rizhi indee dranekh. (a) Lajaki adakhi alegri. vosma yer vos zhili mae. like regular nouns.Lesson 5 Accusative of Personal Pronouns and Future Tense of Verbs I Vocabulary Adverbs • silokh: tomorrow Conjunctions • vosma: but • ma: and Text Anha zhilak yera. vosma yer vos zhili mora. decline according to case as well. Yer azhili mora silokh ma mori vos ozhili yera. Me zhila yera. Mori zhili yera. vosma yer vos zhili kisha. vosma yer vos zhili anna. Yer azhili anna silokh ma anha vos ozhilok yera. Yer azhili kisha silokh ma kisha vos ozhilok yera. Grammar Accusative of Personal Pronouns Pronouns. Kisha zhilaki yera. Nominative Accusative anha anna yer yera me mae kisha kisha yeri yeri mori mora 16 . Below is the pronoun declension table for the nominative and accusative cases. Yer azhili mae silokh ma me vos ozhilo yera. -k kisha a. (a) I will learn tomorrow. -lat -at S P S P anha a.-ak kisha a.-i yer a.-o me vos o. (b) He loves us.-o yer vos o. 17 .-i me a.-o mori vos o.-o mori vos o. Translate into Dothraki.-e yer a.-e mori a.-a mori a. (c) The warriors drink wine. 2.-e me a.-o yeri vos o. Translate into English. but we hate him.-i nesolat fejat S P S P anha anesok kisha anesoki anha afejak kisha afejaki anha vos onesok kisha vos onesoki anha vos ofejok kisha vos ofejoki yer anesoe yeri anesoe yer afeji yeri afeji yer vos onesoo yeri vos onesoo yer vos ofeji yer vos ofeji me anesoe mori anesoe me afeja mori afeji me vos onesoo mori vos onesoo me vos ofejo mori vos ofeji Practice 1.-e yeri a.-ki anha a. but the children drink mare’s milk.Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Consonant We will only Verb Type P +/+ 1st + 2nd + 3rd E P +/+ 1st + 2nd + 3rd cover the future tense those verbs that begin with a consonant.-i yer vos o.-i me vos o.-i yer vos o.-aki anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki anha vos o-+ok kisha vos o-+oki yer a. -i yeri vos v.. Kash anha ammemak.-a me vos v. Text Kash anha astak.-oki yeri v.-e mori v..-o yeri vos v. Kash yer ammemi..-o me v.-ki anha vos v.-ak anha vos v. kash kisha vacchakoki.-ok yer v.: while. kash yeri vezhiri.-e yeri v.. kash.-i mori v.-i me v.-k kisha v.-o mori vos v. Kash yeri vos vasti..-e yer vos v.-i 18 .-i yer vos v.. Kash kisha vos vastoki... Grammar Future Tense of Verbs Beginning with a Vowel Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 -lat S P anha v.Lesson 6 Future Tense of Verbs II Vocabulary Verbs • acchakat: be quiet • astat: speak • ammemat: play (musical instrument) • ezhirat: dance Conjunctions • kash.-o P kisha v.-e me vos v.+ok kisha v.. .-o -at S anha v. kash yeri vacchaki. Kash yer asti.-aki kisha vos v.-i mori vos v. kash anha vos vacchakok. kash yer vos vacchaki.+oki yer v.. kash kisha vezhiraki. we learn.Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 - astolat S P anha vastok kisha vastoki anha vos vastok kisha vastoki yer vastoe yeri vastoe yer vos vastoo yeri vos vastoo me vastoe mori vastoe me vos vastoo mori vos vastoo astat S P anha vastak kisha vastaki anha vos vastok kisha vos vastoki yer vasti yeri vasti yer vos vasti yeri vos vasti me vasta mori vasti me vos vasto mori vos vasti Practice 1. (b) While you speak. you will not play a musical instrument. 2. Translate into English. (a) While the dog eats. 19 . Translate into Dothraki. Alegra osta anna. Anha zhokwak ma hajak. 20 . Alegra zheanae. Zhavvorsa sikhtee vorsaes. Vorsa zhokwae ma virzetha ma zheanae. vosma anha vos zheanok. Yer zheanae. Anha zhilak yera. Me zheanae ma virzetha akka.Lesson 7 Adjectives I: “Being” an Adjective Vocabulary Nouns • vorsa: fire [a] • zhavvorsa: dragon [i] Adjectives • haj: strong • virzeth: red • zheana: beautiful • zhokwa: big Verbs • sikhtelat: spit • avvirsalat: burn something • ostat: bite Adverbs • akka: also Text Zhavvorsa zhokwae ma haja. vosma yer vos haji. Vorsa avvirsae alegre. vosma me vos zhokwao. 21 . Translate into Dothraki. 2. and question how this problem is bypassed.Grammar One must sooner or later realize that there is no word for “to be” in Dothraki. It is bypassed by turning the adjective into a verb and conjugating it appropriately. Practice 1. If the adjective ends in a vowel. (a) Alegra virzetha. It is also beautiful. Otherwise. and it bites the child. (a) The dog is big and beautiful. (b) The fire is red. Translate into English. the “-at” ending is attached. the “-lat” ending is attached. Zhavvorsa virzetha akka. Rizhi vichomeri zhili lajakes vezhvena. Mai erin zhila yal imeshi.Lesson 8 Adjectives II: Adjectives That Modify Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • khaleesi: queen [a] Adjectives • erin: kind • imesh: young • vezhven: great • vichomer: respectful Text Khal haj zhila khaleesies zheana. Khaleesi zheana zhila khales haja. Yalli imeshi zhili mayes erina. Zhavvorsa ershe zhila zhavvors imesha. Lajak vezhven zhila rizhi vichomeri. Zhavvorsa imesh zhila zhavvors ershe. 22 . • If the noun ends in a consonant: – If the noun is singular: ∗ If the noun is in the nominative. Follow the instructions below to modify a noun with an adjective. keep it as it is. Translate into English. • If the noun ends in a vowel. ∗ Otherwise. 23 . add the suffix -i. add the suffix -a. regardless of its animacy. keep it as it is. Practice 1. (a) The kind queen loves the great king. 2. – If the noun is plural. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Lajak vezhven zhila rizhes mae.Grammar Adjectives decline according to the case and number of the noun. Arakh kosi haja. Mai rizhi erina. Ko laja zhavvors. Vorsa zhavvorsi vos hajo. Tolorro jani chonga.Lesson 9 Genitive Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • tolorro: bone [i] • jano: dog [i] • lekhi: taste [i] • arakh: curved sword [i] Verbs • lakkhat: chew • chongat: be hard • lajat: fight Adjectives • dis: simple. Lekhi tolorri disa. plain Text Khal haja. 24 . Rizhi khali vichomeri. Jano lakkha tolor. (a) The warrior’s bones are hard. Type An -C An -V In -C In -V In -CCV Genitive -i -si -i +i -CCi Noun rizh ko lamekh alegra yalli Genitive rizhi kosi lamekhi alegri yalli Practice 1.” It is similar to putting “’s” at the end of a noun. Translate into English. (a) Rizhi khali zheanae. 25 . Translate into Dothraki. Below is the declension table.Grammar The genitive case of a noun is used to indicate that something is “of the noun. The genitive case of singular and plural animate nouns are the same. 2. Lesson 10 Genitive Case of Personal Pronouns Vocabulary Verbs • lanat: run Text Jano anni lana. Rizh mae vos vichomero. vosma mai yeri feja yera. Nominative Genitive anha anni yer yeri me mae kisha kishi yeri yeri mori mori Practice 1. 26 . Zhavvorsa kishi haja. Jano yeri vos lano. 2. Zhavvorsa mori vos hajo. Rizh anni vichomera. (a) My king’s warriors and guards are strong. Grammar Below is the declension table. Translate into English. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Mai anni zhila anna. useful Text Anha kem chiories. Mori indesh sewafikh. Yer adakh alegre mae. vosma mori vos indosh virzetha. Anha afejak yeri. Anha akemak chiories esina. Below is the conjugation table. Yeri fejish anna.Lesson 11 Past Tense of Verbs Vocabulary Nouns • chiori: woman [a] • virzetha: red wine [i] Verbs • kemat: marry Adjectives • esina: different • davra: good. Yer vadakhi alegra esina. Grammar The past tense of a verb is used to indicate that the action was done in the past. 27 . Anha vindek mae. vosma anha zhil yeri. vosma me vos davrao. vosma lekhi mae disa. Translate into Dothraki. (a) While you drank red wine.Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 Verb Type P +/+ 1 + 2 + 3 - -at P S P kisha -sh anha -+ kisha -ish kisha vos +osh anha vos -o kisha vos -osh yeri -sh yer -+ yeri -ish yeri vos +osh yer vos -o yeri vos -osh mori -sh me -+ mori -ish mori vos +osh me vos -o mori vos -osh dothralat ifat S P S P anha dothra kisha dothrash anha if kisha ifish anha vos dothro kisha vos dothrosh anha vos ifo kisha vos ifosh yer dothra yeri dothrash yer if yeri ifish yer vos dothro yeri vos dothrosh yer vos ifo yeri vos ifosh me dothra mori dothrash me if mori ifish me vos dothro mori vos dothrosh me vos ifo mori vos ifosh S anha -+ anha vos +o yer -+ yer vos +o me -+ me vos +o -lat Practice 1. Translate into English. 2. the children did not eat their turnips. kash khal kem khaleesi. (a) Kash anha kem chiories. 28 . Mai azh kimikh yallaan. Lajak choma khalaan. An -C An -V Type In -C In -V In -CCV S P S P Allative -aan -ea -saan -sea -aan +aan +aan Type khal khali mai maisi lekh alegra tolorro Allative khalaan khalea maisaan maisea lekhaan alegraan tolorraan 29 . Kosi chomi khaleesisaan. Khal choma lajakaan. Grammar The allative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed toward the noun.Lesson 12 Allative Case of Animate and Inanimate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • rhaesh: land. Below is the declension table. Khaleesi choma kosea. Khal rhaeshi jolin alegre. Yalli adakh kimikh. country • kimikh: date (fruit) Verbs • chomat: respect • jolinat: cook • azhat: give Text Alegra zerqo rhaeshaan. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Anha azh alegre yerea. 2. Translate into English.Practice 1. 30 . (a) You will respect the king. Kisha davraki maan.Lesson 13 Allative Case of Personal Pronouns Vocabulary Nouns • azho: gift [i] Verbs • emat: smile • davralat: be useful Text Anha azhak azh yeraan. Translate into English. Translate into Dothraki. Yer emi anhaan. Mori chomi yerea. Yeri vos chomi morea. 31 . (a) I respected you all. Grammar Nominative anha yer me kisha yeri mori Allative anhaan yeraan maan kishaan yerea morea Practice 1. 2. Me vos davrao kishaan. (a) He will give to me the curved sword. 32 . Translate into English. zhilas yal yeri. 33 . Vo laqos.Lesson 14 Informal Imperative Vocabulary Nouns • hadaen: food [i] Verbs • laqat: to cry Particles • zhey: (vocative particle) Text Zhey Zhey Zhey Zhey mai. Grammar The informal imperative is used to command others of an equal or lower status. Vo fejos mori. zheanas. sikhtes vorsaes. Vo ovethos. rizh. yalli. adakhas hadaen yeri. ma anha azhilak yera. There is no person column because commanding is done in second person. +/-lat -at dothralat adakhat + -s +as dothras adakhas vo +os vo +os vo dothros vo adakhos Practice 1. Vo indos sewafikh. zhavvorsa. (a) Zhilas anna. Below is the conjugation table. respect your king. (b) Do not cry. 34 . Smile. (a) O children. Translate into Dothraki.2. Yeri vigereri kishoon hajinaan me kisha vigereraki yeroa. Grammar The Ablative Case The ablative case of a noun is used when an action is being directed away from it. Khal vigerera kosoon hajinaan me ko vigerera khaloon. Alegra lan yeroon ma zerqo rhaeshoon.Lesson 15 Ablative Case of Nouns and Personal Pronouns Vocabulary Verbs • vigererat: miss (long for) • yanqolat: gather • garvolat: hunger Conjuctions • hajinaan me: because Text Anha yanqo kimikhoon hajiinaan me yer garvoe kimikhoon. 35 . Jano vigerera anhoon hajinaan me anha vigererak moon. Chiorisi rhaeshi vos vigereri moroa. Anha yanqo alegroon hajinaan me yer garvoe alegroon. Ablative of Nouns Type Ablative Noun Ablative An -C An -V In -C In -V In -CCV S P S P -oon -oa -soon -soa -oon +oon +oon rizh rizhi ko kosi lekh jano rizhoon rizhoa kosoon kosoa lekhoon janoon tolorro tolorroon Ablative of Personal Pronouns Nominative anha yer me kisha yeri mori Ablative anhoon yeroon moon kishoon yeroa moroa Practice 1. Translate into English. (a) I hunger for duck and dates. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) I miss you because I love you. (b) The king’s warriors gathered dates and gave them to the king because the king hungered for dates. 36 Lesson 16 Expressing “Being” a Noun Vocabulary Nouns • ave: father [a] • zafra: slave [i] • simonof: grandfather [a] Text Anha khal. Anha lajakoon. Anha vos khaloon. Anha avesaan. Anha vos lajakaan. Yer khaleesi. Yer zafroon. Yer vos khaleesisoon. Yer maisaan. Yer vos zafraan. Me ave anni. Me khaloon. Me vos lajakoon. Me simonofaan. Me vos khalaan. Rizhi kishi lajakea haji. Rizhi kishi vos zafroon. Grammar As said before, Dothraki does not have a word for “to be.” Below is how one expresses “being” a noun. Tense Case of Noun Example Present Nominative Yer lajak. (You are a warrior.) Past Ablative Mori kosoa. (They are guards.) Future Allative Anha khal. (I am a king.) Practice 1. Translate into English. 2. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The warrior’s grandfather was king, but his father was a slave. 37 Lesson 17 Numbers 1-10 Vocabulary There is no vocabulary for this chapter because the text is a literal translation of “The Twelve Days of Christmas,” though some words may look unfamiliar. Text She She She She She She She She She She asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh asshekh ataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan at zir she feshith sovi. akataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan akat zir adrasi. senaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan sen jizis frenchi. toraki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan tor zir kazga. mekaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan mek fire hoshora. zhindaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan zhinda jizis fin azh gal. fekhaki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan fekh zir fin zerqo. oriki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan ori zafre fin nirri lamekhoon. qazataki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan qazat chiories fin ezhiri. thiki Christmas, mai anni azh anhaan thi khalis fin vreli. Grammar Ordinal Numbers Like every language, Dothraki has a counting system. Below is a table of Arabic numerals and the English and Dothraki words associated with them. 38 Practice 1. 39 . Translate into English. (a) Zhinda yalli adakh ori alegre. use the suffix -k. (a) My grandfather was the first king of this land.Numeral 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 English one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Dothraki at akat sen tor mek zhinda fekh ori qazat thi Cardinal Numbers To construct cardinal numbers. The newly formed word is treated like a regular animate noun. Translate into Dothraki. attach the suffix -ak if the number ends in a vowel. 2. otherwise. Practice 1. if the adjective begins with a consonant. follow the instructions below. vosma me vos imesho. (a) Rizh lajaki ohaja. Translate into Dothraki. Anha ovezhvena. vosma me vos hajo. Khal osimesha. Grammar If an adjective is negated. vosma anha vos otokok. (a) The queen is not beautiful. Khal dika. 40 . add the prefix os-. haj would become ohaj. it means that the noun it modifies is not what the adjective describes. • If the adjective begins with a vowel. Anha tokik. Rizhi ozhokwae. Translate into English. Khaleesi ohaja. • Otherwise. vosma me vos odiko. Therefore. Thus. Rizhi vichomeri. vosma mori vos ovichomeri.Lesson 18 Negating Adjectives Vocabulary Adjectives • dik: fast • toki: dumb Text Khaleesi zheanae. add the prefix o-. • The negated adjective is treated like any other adjective. 2. vosma me vos ozheanao. vosma mori vos zhokwao. To negate an adjective. vosma anha vos vezhvenok. esina would become osesina. Lekhi sewafikhi odisana lekhoon lamekhi. zheana and imesh would become azheanan and asimeshan. Mai ozheanana. Adjective Degree Inflection • To express a higher degree of an adjective: – If the verb begins with a vowel. Text Chiori azheanana. Therefore. Rizh asimeshana yalloon. zheana and imesh would become ozheanan and osimeshan. Chiori azheanana maisoon. Rizh asimeshana. attach the prefix a-. Yalli osimeshana rizhoon. attach the prefix as-. Lekhi lamekhi adisana. respectively. Grammar There is no word that corresponds to the English word “than” in Dothraki. Khal avezhvenana lajakoon. If it ends in a vowel. Translate into English.Lesson 19 Comparing with Adjectives Vocabulary All words in the text should look familiar to you. Practice 1. Lekhi lamekhi adisana lekhoon sewafikhi. Lajak ovezhvenana. attach the suffix -n. Lajak ovezhvenana khaloon. 41 . Yalli osimeshana. Otherwise. The adjective inflects in order to express its degree. Otherwise. • To express a lesser degree of an adjective: – Negate the adjective. attach the suffix -an Thus. respectively. Mai ozheanana chiorisoon. Khal avezhvenana. Lekhi sewafikhi odisana. Then place the suffixes -an and -n appropriately. (a) Lekhi sewafikh ahajana virzethoon. Translate into Dothraki.2. (a) The slave is more beautiful than the queen. 42 . Hash chiori khaleesisaan? Vos. To ask a yes-or-question. Hash anha zhilak yera? Sek.” 43 . Hash zafra garvo hadaenoon? Sek. For instance. anha zhilak yera. rizhi mae vos haji. Make your question in English a statement. Translate your statement into Dothraki. chiori vos khaleesisaan. Hash chiori maisaan? Sek. lajak haja. khal vos vazho hadaen zafraan.Lesson 20 Yes-and-No Questions Vocabulary Particles • hash: (yes-and-no question word) Interjections • sek: yes • vos: no Text Hash yalli imesha? Sek. zafra garvo hadaenoon. yalli imesha. Hash anha fej yera? Vos.” meaning “no. mai mae vos imesho. For example. Hash rizhi mae haji? Vos. anha vos fej yera.” 3.” or “vos. Hash lajak haja? Sek.” turn it into “you are okay. if you want to ask “are you okay. Grammar As in other languages. there are two types of questions in Dothraki: yes-or-no questions and openended questions. follow the process below: 1. Hash mai mae imesha? Vos. Therefore. chiori maisaan. Hash khal vazha hadaen zafraan? Vos.” translate it to “yer jolin alegre.” meaning “yes.” 2. Add “hash” to the beginning of the statement and change the punctuation mark at the end appropriately. if your statement is “Yer cooked the duck. the above statement would become “Hash yer jolin alegre?” One must answer such a question with either “sek. (a) Did you cook and eat the duck? 44 .Practice 1. Translate into Dothraki. (a) Hash mori yanqo kimikhoon ma azh mora khalaan? 2. Translate into English. 45 . Anha shilo yal fini neso anha hake. Anha jolin hadaen fini davra. Anha tih zafra fin zhil anha.Lesson 21 Relative Clauses with Inanimate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • hake: name [a] • krazaaj: mountain [i] Pronouns • fin: (begins a relative clause) Verbs • tihat: see • shilolat: meet • verat: travel Text Anha zhilak yal fini zhili zhavvors. Mai anni jolin hadaen finoon garvok anha. Khal tih arakh fini azh anha yallaan. Anha zhilak krazaaj finaan averaki kisha. Zhey yalli. A mother loves a child whom she respects. chomas maisaan fini indee yeri dranekh. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The duck which I ate was red. Inanimate Relative Pronoun Declension Table Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative Declension fini fin fini finaan finoon Example Anha zhilak alegre fini zerqoe. all relative clauses begin with the relative pronoun fin. is Verb-Subject-Object. 46 . The order of the relative clause. I love ducks that swim. (a) Zafra finoon azheanana krazaaj zhila anna. Khal feja koes fin kem zafra. In Dothraki. O children. (b) The warrior whose name I did not learn was not dumb. Krazaaj finoon if anha zheanae. 2.Grammar Relative Clauses A relative clause modifies a noun similarly to how an adjective modifies a noun and how an adverb modifies a verb. This pronoun declines according to the subject’s animacy and its role in the clause. Mai zhila rizh finaan chomas me. Practice 1. The mountains I came from are beautiful. Translate into English. The king hates the guard whom the slave married. respect the mother whose milk you drink. regardless of the noun. Feso thira torga rhaeshi. The prepositions oleth and torga would be classified as genitive prepositions. Feshith thira oleth rhaeshi. Grammar Prepositions in Dothraki Dothraki prepositions are classified based on the specified case of the noun that follows it. animal [u] • feso: carrot [i] • feshith: tree [u] • asavva: sky [a] • sorfo: dirt [i] Prepositions • oleth: over. Asavva oleth kishi. Rhoa torga osolethi. Sorfo torga kishi. above • torga: under Text Anha oleth osolethi. meaning that the noun that follows these prepositions is always in the genitive case.Lesson 22 Prepositions I: Over and Under Vocabulary Nouns • osoleth: bridge [i] • rhoa: beast. 47 . (a) Rhoa thira torga kishi.Practice 1. Translate into English. Translate into Dothraki. (a) The sky over the land is beautiful. 2. 48 . Zhavvorsa vil thiroe.Lesson 23 Modal Auxiliary Verbs Vocabulary Nouns • vosi: nothing Auxiliary Verbs • laz: can. also known in English as “helping verbs. Yer jif azhi hadaen maan. 49 . Rizhi khali eth vos losti avees mori.” aid in the clarity of the meaning of the sentence. Grammar Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs. Lajak vil vos thiroo. to miss (fail to see) Text Alegra laz ovetha. Anha ish zhilak mae. could • vil: manage to • eth: must • ish: might • jif: should Verbs • thirolat: survive • lostat: disappoint. Me ish vos zhilo anna. Me jif vos azho vos yeraan. Rizhi khali eth chomi avesaan mori. Kisha laz vos ovethoki. 50 . 2. which is conjugated as if the auxiliary verb were omitted. must or can do the action.” “shall.” “may. (b) I might eat nothing tomorrow. all auxiliary verbs are placed before the verb. Practice 1. modal auxiliary verbs include “can.” “should. Examples of Modal Auxiliary Verbs In English. (a) He cannot survive because he cannot swim. (a) Anha eth thirak hajinaan me anha khal. Translate into English. but I will not be hungry.” “must.” “could. Translate into Dothraki.” and “might. might.” In Dothraki In Dothraki.Modality The modality of a sentence indicates if the subject may. 51 . vosma alegra nem vos ajolina. Jano nemo osta. and the optional agentive noun is indicated by the preposition ki in front of its genitive declension. Grammar Voice is the relationship between the subject and the verb.Lesson 24 Vocal Auxiliary Verbs Vocabulary Nouns • gezri: snake [a] Verbs • fonat: hunt Auxiliary Verbs • nem: (passive voice) • nemo: (reflexive) Prepositions • ki: by Text Kimikh nem adakh ki anni. There are two known voices in Dothraki: active and passive. Gezri nem vos tiha ki anni. Alegra nem fona ki lajaki khali. Dranekh nem inde ki yalli. Vocal auxiliary verbs indicate voice. The omission of a vocal auxiliary verb in Dothraki indicates that the sentence is in the active voice. while adding nem indicates that the sentence is in the passive voice. Anha nem ostak ki gezrisi. (I hate myself.) Practice 1. (a) Gezrisi osta.) • Alegra nem adakha ki anni. Translate into Dothraki. It is placed before the verb. 52 . Translate into English. 2. (The duck is eaten by me.) The addition of “nemo” to a sentence indicates the reflexive. and the sentence that it is in does not need an object. (I eat the duck.Examples • Anha adakhak alegre. (a) The snake that was hunted by the warrior was cooked by me. • Anha nemo fejak. Translate into Dothraki.” respectively. Practice 1. Me eth laja zhavvors.Lesson 25 Creating New Adjectives Vocabulary Nouns • ver: wolf [i] • lekh: languge [i] Verbs • zorat: roar • astolat: speak Adjectives • sandi: safe Text Khal lajakmen vos sandio. (a) Khal eth sandie. Translate into English. Grammar The suffixes -ven and -men are used to create new adjectives out of nouns. They correspond to the English suffixes “-like” and “-less. Zhavvorsa verven zora. 2. Me laz vos astoo Lekh Dothraki. 53 . but they are not safe. 54 .(a) Wolves are doglike. Lesson 26 Numbers 11-19 Vocabulary Nouns • kolver: eagle [a] Verbs • vekhat: be present. Akat yalli nem qora ki kosi. Fekhthi oma akat mekthi. Zhinda kolveri ovethi feshithaan. exist • yolat: be born • qoralat: seize Adverbs • ajjin: now Prepositions • ma: with • oma: without Text Mek kolveri vekhi she feshith.” hence the alternate name for adolencent ages. Adding a “thi” at the end of a number from 1 to 9 is similar to adding 10 to 55 . Mek ma zhinda atthi. Mekthi yalli she rhaesh kishi ajjin. Fekhthi yalli yol she rhaesh kishi. Grammar The numbers 11 to 19 in English are commonly known as the “teens. Atthi kolveri she feshith ajjin. 56 . 2. Below are the numbers and their readings in Dothraki. (a) Me khal qazatthiki. (a) The warrior saw the fifteenth eagle under the tree.the number Numeral 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 or a “-teen” suffix at the end. Translate into English. Translate into Dothraki. English Dothraki eleven atthi twelve akatthi thirteen senthi fourteen torthi fifteen mekthi sixteen zhindathi seventeen fekhthi eighteen orithi nineteen qazatthi Practice 1. Me essae ki athnithmenari. majin yeri thiri ki athlayafari. The letter z is added before the -ar only when the root word ends with a vowel. Yer lani maan ki athlayafari. How to Spot a Nominalized Word All nominalized words begin with ath.and end with -ar. Yalli ficha azh anni ki athchomari.Lesson 27 Simple Nominalization and Manner Adverbs Vocabulary Adjectives • manimven: anxious • nithmen: painless Verbs • essalat: return • layafat: be happy Text Anha azhak azh yallaan ki athzhilari. Me yofie hajinaan me anha jolin hadaen ki athesinazari. Yer ayoli ki athmanimvenari. The newly turned nouns are then declined like inanimate nouns. 57 . either adjectives or verbs can be turned into nouns. Mai anni asta anhaan ki athyofizari. Grammar Definition of Nominalization Nominalization is the process of turning a word that is not a noun into a noun. In Dothraki. (a) Athostar jani onithmena. 2. the root word is the adjective. Ending -lat -at garvolat zhilat Nominalized ath–zar ath–ar athgarvozar athzhilar Practice 1. (b) And they lived happily ever after. first take the verb’s ending off to get the verb stem (do not apply epenthesis rules). Translate into Dothraki.Nominalizing Adjectives In nominalized adjectives. 58 . Ending -C -V imesh zheana Nominalized ath–ar ath–zar athimeshar athzheanazar Nominalizing Verbs To nominalize verbs. and then nominalize the verb stem appropriately. (a) My fourth child survived with love. Translate into English. Nominative fin fini Accusative fines finis Genitive fini fini Allative finnaan finea Ablative finnoon finoa 59 .Lesson 28 Relative Clauses with Animate Nouns Vocabulary Nouns • ifak: foreigner [a] • chiorikem: wife [i] Verbs • vijazerat: protect • kadat: capture • donat: to shout Text Lajak fin laj zhavvors vezhvena. Khal finnaan azh ifak hadaen inde sewafikh. Ifaki fini astak anha lekhes laz vos lajo. Chiori finnoon vigererak anha chiorikem anni. Rizhi finea chomak kosi eth chomi anhaan. Kosi fini chomi khalaan vijazeri rizhis mae. Grammar Relative clauses with animate nouns are constructed the same way as those with inanimate nouns. Below is the declension table. thus making them finnaan and finnoon. except that fin is declined like a regular animate noun. its allative and ablative forms use a geminate n. Chiori fines zhil anha khaleesisaan. Lajaki finoa yanqoe khal laj ifakis. Rizh fini don anha hakees lan. However. Kosi finis fejak anha kad mae. 2. (a) The son whose name I know is famous. Translate into English.Practice 1. (a) Khal finnaan chomak anha thirak. Translate into Dothraki. 60 . ) from behind Text Khaleesi ma jano hatif khali. the preposition itself would mean “to front of. Lajaki irge zhavvorsi.) to front of. (w/ all. (w/ abl. For instance.) after. ma jano alana hatif khaloon. behind. (w/ abl.) from front of • irge: (w/ gen.) Practice 61 . Lajaki vilda irge zhavvorsaan ma alana irge zhavvorsoon. if a noun in the allative case were to follow the preposition irge. Rizhi khali vee hatif khalaan. (w/ all.) before. facing. their meanings are very obvious once their primary meanings are grasped. Grammar As stated in a previous lesson. prepositions convey different meanings depending on the cases of the nouns that follow them.” (Remember that the allative case of a noun conveys that an action is coming toward a noun. In the case of hatif and irge. opposite.) to behind.Lesson 29 Prepositions II: Front and Behind Vocabulary Verbs • elat: go • ildat: strike Prepositions • hatif: (w/ gen. Part III Conversational Lessons 62 . 63 . Dothras chek. Ma yer? A: Anha (name ). B: Anha layafak akka. B: M’athchomaroon. meaning “with. either by saying who you are or what your name is. there are multiple ways to state your name. Breakdown • The greeting phrase m’athchomaroon. • Like in other languages.” Ma. or just m’ath for short. A: Fin hake yeri? B: Hake anni (name ). Anha layafak shilolat yera.” is contracted to a single letter. literally means “with respect. A: Dothras chek.” and is connected to the following word. “m.Lesson 1 M’athchomaroon Conversation A: M’athchomaroon. Ma yer? B: Sek. unlike in Chinese. Breakdown • The phrase dothralat chek. zhey (name ). B: M’ath. 64 . literally meaning “to ride well. there are words for “yes” (sek) and “no” (vos). anha dothrak chek akka. derived from the Valyrian word. can be used instead. • No words of thanks are exchanged as there is no word for “thank you” in Dothraki.” Asking if someone “rides well” and answering the question is similar to the Chinese ni hao ma? and wo hen hao. the phrase kirimvose. zhey (name ). anha dothrak chek asshekh.Lesson 2 Hash Yer Dothrae Chek? Conversation A: M’ath. Hash yer dothrae chek asshekh? A: Sek. except that.” is the Dothraki equivalent to the English phrase “to do well. However. 65 . Ma yer? Rhaego: Sek. Drogo: Aena vezhvena. There is no native Dothraki word for “coffee.” • In the morning. • In modern western-influenced times. it is better to ask if someone has slept well. vosma anha zin haqak. In this instance. coffee has become an orthodox alternative to traditional Dothraki morning cuisine.” thus koffi is used instead. Drogo: Hash yer zali indelat koffi? Rhaego: Sek. aena vezhvena would be “good morning. zhey Rhaego. Breakdown • To wish someone a happy or good occassion. anha remek chek. hence the phrase remekat chek. zhey Drogo. the Dothraki use the adjective vezhven after the word for the occassion. indelates koffi. Rhaego: Hash yer remek chek? Drogo: Sek.Lesson 3 Aena Vezhvena Conversation Rhaego: Aena vezhvena. Part IV Appendix 66 . When used to refer to an animate object or objects.3 Demonstrative Pronoun Declension Demonstrative pronouns (jin.1. haz. When used to refer to an inanimate object.1. rek) decline like regular nouns when they are used to refer to an object. they decline like inanimate nouns.2 Personal Pronoun Declension Table 1S anha anna anni anhaan anhoon 1P kisha kisha kishi kishaan kishoon 2S yer yera yeri yeraan yeroon 2P yeri yeri yeri yerea yeroa 3S me mae mae maan moon 3P mori mora mori morea moroa Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative 1.1 1.1 Nouns Declension Table An -C An S P S – -i – -es -is -es -i -i -si -aan -ea -saan -oon -oa -soon rizh S P rizh rizhi rizhes rizhis rizhi rizhi rizhaan rizhea rizhoon rizhoa -V P -si -es -si -sea -soa In -C In -V In -CCV Type Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative Noun Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative – – – – + -CC -i +i -CCi -aan +aan -CCaan -oon +oon -CCoon ko dranekh jano S P ko kosi dranekh jano koes koes dranekh jan kosi kosi dranekhi jani kosaan kosea dranekhaan janaan kosoon kosoa dranekhoon janoon yalli yalli yal yalli yallaan yalloon 1. I have thus not included a table. 67 .Appendix 1 Grammar Reference 1.1. they decline like animate nouns. 1 Form Verbs Conjugation Table P 1 +/+ + + + + + + + + + davralat S anha davrak anha vos davrok yer davrae yer vos davrao me davrae me vos davrao anha davra anha vos davro yer davra yer vos davro me davra me vos davro anha adavrak anha vos odavrok yer adavrae yer vos odavrao me adavrae me vos odavrao davras vo davros P kisha davraki kisha vos davroki yeri davrae yeri vos davrao mori davrae mori vos davrao kisha davrash kisha vos davrosh yeri davrash yeri vos davrosh mori davrash mori vos davrosh kisha adavraki kisha vos odavroki yeri adavrae yeri vos odavrao mori adavrae mori vos odavrao astat S anha astak anha vos astok yer asti yer vos asti me asta me vos asto anha ast anha vos asto yer ast yer vos asto me ast me vos asto anha vastak anha vos vastok yer vasti yer vos vasti me vasta me vos vasto astas vo astos P kisha astaki kisha vos astoki yeri asti yeri vos asti mori asti mori vos asti kisha astish kisha vos astosh yeri astish yeri vos astosh mori astish mori vos astosh kisha vastaki kisha vos vastoki yeri vasti yeri vos vasti mori vasti mori vos vasti Present 2 3 1 Past 2 3 1 Future 2 3 Imperative 68 .1.1.2.4 Relative Pronoun Declension Table Animate Singular fin fines fini finnaan finnoon Animate Plural fini finis fini finea finoa Inanimate fini fin fini finaan finoon Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative 1.2 1.1.5 Interrogative Pronoun Declension Table Animate Singular fin fines fini finaan finoon Animate Plural fini finis fini finea finoa Inanimate fini fin fini finaan finoon Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative Ablative 1. 3. along off of across in spite of 69 . because of within over. before after by. above about. in under into onto through.1 Adjectives Degree of Comparison Table imesh zheana + zheana azheanan azheananaz ozheana ozheanan ozheananoz + imesh asimeshan asimeshanaz osimesh osimeshan osimeshanoz Degree Basic More/Less Most/Least 1.4 ha haji Prepositions Nominative Accusative Genitive Allative for to front of to before to behind Ablative from because of from front of from before from behind with out of hatif irge ki ma mra oleth qisi she torga vi yomme facing opposite to. concerning on. upon.1.3 1. plain donat: shout dothralat: ride dranekh: human milk E emat: smile erin: kind esina: different essalat: return eshina: duck eth: must ezhirat: dance F fejat: hate feso: carrot feshith: tree fonat: hunt G garvolat: hunger gezri: snake H 70 .asavva: sky astat: speak sical instrument) astolat: speak anha: I ave: father avvirsalat: burn azhat: give azho: gift Ch chiori: woman chiorikem: wife chomat: respect chongat: be hard D daeni: leaf dahaan: green davra: good.Appendix 2 Dictionary of Vocabulary Dothraki-English A acchakat: be quiet adakhat: eat ajjin: now akka: also arakh: curved sword alegra: duck ammemat: play (mu. useful davralat: be useful dik: fast dis: simple. above oma: without osoleth: bridge ostat: bite ovethat: fly Q qoralat: seize qoy: blood R 71 .hadaen: food haj: strong hajinaan cause me: be.hake: name hrakkar: lion I ifat: walk imesh: young indelat: drink ish: might J jano: dog jif : should jolinat: cook K kadat: capture kash: while kemat: marry kimikh: date (fruit) kisha: we ko: guard kolver: eagle krazaaj: mountain Kh khal: king khaleesi: queen L lajak: warrior lajat: fight lakkhat: chew lamekh: mare’s milk lanat: run laqat: cry layafat: be happy laz: can. it mori: they N nakhok: last navakh: urine nesolat: learn nithmen: painless O oleth: over. could lekh: language lekhi: taste lostat: disappoint. she. miss (fail to see) M ma: and mai: mother manimven: anxious me: he. not vosi: nothing vosma: but Y yalli: child yanqolat: gather yer: you yeri: you (plural) yolat: be born Z zafra: slave zorat: to roar Zh zhavvorsa: dragon zheana: beautiful zhey: (vocative parti.rea: organ reaven: purple rhaesh: land. animal rizh: son S sandi: safe sathomakh: (fruit) sathomakhven: orange ange (color) sek: yes or.zhilat: love cle) zhokwa: big English-Dothraki A 72 . country rhaesheser: world rhoa: beast.sewafikh: wine sikhtelat: spit silokh: tomorrow simonof : grandfather sorfo: dirt Sh shilolat: meet T tih: eye tihat: see toki: dumb tolorro: bone torga: under Th thelis: blue thirat: live V vado: turnip vekhat: be present. exist veltor: yellow ver: wolf verat: travel vezhven: great vichomer: respectful vigererat: to miss vil: manage to virzeth: red virzetha: red wine vishiya: color vorsa: fire vos: no. able to: laz also: akka and: ma animal: rhoa B be happy: layafat be hard: chongat be quiet: acchakat beast: rhoa beautiful: zheanae big: zhokwa bone: tolorro bridge: osoleth burn: avvirsalat but: vosma by: ki C can: laz capture: kadat carrot: feso chew: lakkhat child: yalli color: vishiya cook: jolinat could: laz country: rhaesh curved sword: arakh D dance: ezhirat date (fruit): kimikh different: esina dirt: sorfo disappoint: lostat dog: jano dragon: zhavvorsa drink: indelat duck: alegra dumb: toki E eagle: kolver eat: adakhat F famous: hakeso father: ave fight: lajat fire: vorsa fish: eshina fly: ovethat food: hadaen G gather: yanqolat gift: azho give: azhat good: davra grandfather: simonof green: dahaan great: vezhven guard: ko H hate: fejat he: me human dranekh milk: hunt: fonat I I: anha it: me J K 73 . astolat spit: sikhtelat survive: thirolat T 74 .purple: reaven sical instrument) Q queen: khaleesi R red: virzeth respectful: vichomer return: essalat run: lanat S safe: sandi seize: qoralat shout: donat simple: dis slave: zafra son: rizh speak: astat.kind: erin king: khal L land: rhaesh language: lekh last: nakhok leaf : daeni leap: vrelat learn: nesolat lion: hrakkar live: thirat love: zhilat M manage to: vil mare’s milk: lamekh marry: kemat meet: shilolat see ). vigererat (long mountain: krazaaj might: ish for ) must: eth miss: lostat (fail to mother: mai N never: vossechi no: vos not: vos nothing: vosi now: ajjin O organ: rea over: oleth P painless: nithmen plain: dis play: ammemat (mu. young: imesh yeri (plural ) Z 75 .taste: lekhi they: mori tomorrow: silokh travel: verat turnip: vado U urine: navakh V W warrior: lajak we: kisha while: kash wife: chiorikem wine: sewafikh wolf : ver woman: chiori X Y yellow: veltor yes: sek you: yer (singular ).