Latin Translation

Project Gutenberg's Helps to Latin Translation at Sight, by Edmund Luce This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhereat no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Helps to Latin Translation at Sight Author: Edmund Luce Release Date: May 20, 2009 [EBook #28890] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HELPS TO LATIN TRANSLATION *** Produced by Louise Hope, Marcia Brooks, Steven Giacomelli and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department Digital Library) [Transcriber's Note: This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding. The most common are: ὠkύpteroV ĀĒĪŌŪ āēīōūȳ ĂĬŎŬ ăĕĭŏŭy̆ Ö \ [Greek, usually in word derivations] [letters with macron or ªlongº mark] [letters with breve or ªshortº mark] [ªrootº and ªthereforeº symbols] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader's ªcharacter setº or ªfile encodingº is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a last resort, use the latin-1 version of the file instead. Except for [Linenotes] and [Footnotes], all single brackets [ ] are in the original. Double brackets [[ ]] and braces { } were added by the transcriber. In some passages, individual letters or syllables within a word were printed in boldface. These are shown with braces as f{a}cio. Elsewhere, boldface is shown with +marks+. Other aspects of formatting, including line numbers, are detailed at the end of the e-text.] HELPS TO LATIN TRANSLATION AT SIGHT by the REV. EDMUND LUCE With an Introductory Note by the REV. THE HON. E. LYTTELTON, M.A. Headmaster of Eton `Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento; Hae tibi' ¡un¢ artes; pacisque imponere morem. Parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos.' VERGIL, _Aeneid_, vi. 851 3 `Fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam, Profuit iniustis te dominante capi. Dumque offers victis proprii consortia iuris, Urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat.' RUTILIUS, i. 63-6 ETON COLLEGE SPOTTISWOODE & CO., LIMITED 1908 All rights reserved INTRODUCTORY NOTE Whatever controversies may be astir as to the precise objects of a classical training, it will hardly be disputed that if that teaching has been successful the pupils will sooner or later be able to make out an ordinary passage of `unseen' Latin or Greek. It is a test to which the purely linguistic teacher must obviously defer: while the master, who aims at imparting knowledge of the subject-matter must acknowledge, if his boys flounder helplessly in unprepared extracts, that they could have learnt about ancient life better through translations. In, addition to the value of unseen translation, as a test of teaching it constitutes an admirable thinking exercise. But so numerous are the various books of extracts already published that I should have seen nothing to be gained from the appearance of a new one like the present volume were it not, as far as I know, different in two important respects from others. It contains six Demonstrations of _how_ sentences are to be attacked: and further, the passages are chosen so that if a boy works through the book he can hardly fail to gain some outline knowledge of Roman Republican history. As to the Demonstrations, their value will be evident if it is realised that failure in this sort of translation means failure to analyse: to split up, separate, distinguish the component parts of an apparently jumbled but really ordered sentence. A beginner must learn to trust the solvent with which we supply him; and the way to induce him to trust it is to show it to him at work. That is what a Demonstration will do if only the learner will give it a fair chance. In regard to the historical teaching contained in the extracts, there can be little doubt that the present tendency of classical teaching is towards emphasising the subject-matter as well as the language. It is felt that as training in political principles the reading of Greek and Roman authors offers unique advantages, such as many English boys can appreciate, who are deaf to the literary appeal. The choice therefore of historical extracts in chronological order is an attempt to recognise both the two great aims of classical teaching at once. At any rate there is no reason to suppose that the linguistic exercise is in any way impaired by being combined with a little history. I should like to direct attention also to the notes given on the extracts, and the purpose they are meant to serve. If no notes had been given some of the passages which are important or interesting historically would have been found too difficult for the boys for whom they are intended. Moreover, most of the notes concern the historical aspect of the extract to which they belong, and are part of the scheme by which the subject-matter of the passage is emphasised. Although the passages themselves are not strictly graduated, the help given in translation becomes less and less as the boy goes through the book; and it is obvious that those extracts which illustrate the later periods of Roman History will be found more difficult than the legends and stories which belong to an earlier age. In cases where no help at all is desired, the Miscellaneous Passages (which are without notes) may be used. E. LYTTELTON. ETON: _April 1908_. EDITOR'S PREFACE The aim of the present book is to help boys to translate at sight. Of the many books of unseen translation in general use few exhibit continuity of plan as regards the subject-matter, or give any help beyond a short heading. The average boy, unequal to the task before him, is forced to draw largely upon his own invention, and the master, in correcting written unseens, has seldom leisure to do more than mark mistakes--a method of correction almost useless to the boy, unless accompanied by full and careful explanation when the written work is given back. Now that less time is available for Latin and Greek, new methods of teaching them must be adopted if they are to hold their own in our public schools. When Lord Dufferin could say, `I am quite determined, so far as care and forethought can prevent it, that the ten best years of my boy's life shall not be spent (as mine were) in nominally learning two dead languages without being able to translate an ordinary paragraph from either without the aid of a dictionary;' and Dr. Reid could write, `It is not too much to say that a large number of boys pass through our schools without ever dreaming that an ancient writer could pen three consecutive sentences with a connected meaning: chaos is felt to be natural to ancient literature: no search is made for sense, and the Latin or Greek book is looked upon as a more or less fortuitous concourse of words;' when Dr. Rouse can assert, `The public schoolboy at nineteen is unable to read a simple Latin or Greek book with ease, or to express a simple series of thoughts without atrocious blunders: he has learnt from his classics neither accuracy nor love of beauty and truth'--i¢ is obvious that, for the average boy, the system of perfunctorily prepared set-books and dashed-off unseens is a failure. The experience of every teacher who is also an examiner, and who has had to deal with public schoolboys, will confirm this; but during twenty-five years' teaching and examining of boys in almost every stage, I have found that translation at sight, taught upon the plan of this book, not only produces a good result, but teaches a boy how to grapple with the bare text of a Latin author better than the habitual practice of translating at sight without any help at all. If the average boy is to be taught how to translate, his interest must be awakened and sustained, and the standard of routine work made as high as possible. The clever boys are, as a rule, well provided for; but, even for them, the methods of this book have been found to be the shortest road to accuracy and style in translation. Moreover by this means they have gained a firsthand acquaintance with Latin literature and the sources of Roman history. It is impossible here to enter into `the question of the close and striking correspondence between the history, the literature, and the language of Rome. It was not until the history of Rome threw its mantle over her poetry that the dignity of the poet was recognised and acknowledged. . . . In the same way the life of the Roman people is closely bound up with the prose records, and the phenomena of the Roman Empire lend a human interest to all representative Roman writers.'[1] C£nsid ¡a¢i£ns of this kind form a sufficient justification of the method here adopted of employing the historical records of Rome as a basis of teaching. In this book the Introduction (pp. 1-14) is written to teach a boy how to arrive at the meanings of words (_Helps to Vocabulary_, pp. 1-5); how to find out the thought of a sentence through analysis and a knowledge of the order of words in Latin (_Helps to-Translation_, pp. 5-12); how to reproduce in good English the exact meaning and characteristics of his author (_Helps to Style_, pp. 13-14). In the Demonstrations (pp. 15-58) the boy is taught to notice all allusions that give him a clue to the sense of the passage, to grapple with the difficulties of construction, to break up sentences, and to distinguish between the principal and the subordinate thoughts both in prose and verse. The Passages have been carefully selected, and contain accounts of nearly all the important events and illustrious men of the period of history to which they belong. They are chronologically arranged and divided into six periods, covering Roman history from B.C. 753 to B.C. 44, leaving the Augustan and subsequent period to be dealt with in a second volume. The translation help given in the notes is carefully graduated. The notes to Parts I., II., III. (marked D, pp. 60-107) are thus intended to help younger boys to deal with passages which would in some cases be too difficult for them; less help in translation is given in Parts IV. and V. (marked C, pp. 108-159); while the notes to Part VI. (marked B, pp. 160-236) are mainly concerned with historical explanation, illustration, or allusion. The Miscellaneous Passages (pp. 238-271), chosen for me by my brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart (Assistant Master at Eton College), are added to provide occasional passages in which no help is given. It is hoped that these, which deal with subjects of general interest, and include a somewhat wide range of authors, may give variety to the book, and supply more verse passages than the historical character of the rest would admit. For the sake of variety, or to economise time, some of the passages may be translated _viva voce_ at the discretion of the master. The Appendices (pp. 274-363) may be referred to when a boy finds himself in doubt about the value of a Conjunction (I.), the force of a Prefix (II.), the meaning of a Suffix (III.), the Life and Times of his Author (VI.), or the historical significance of a date (VII.). In Appendix V. a Demonstration is given to show how a boy, after sufficient practice in translation by the help of analysis, may to some extent learn to think in Latin, and so to follow the Latin order in arriving at the thought. The important question of what maps should accompany the book will be best solved by providing each boy with a copy of Murray's Small Classical Atlas, edited by G. B. Grundy, which will be found to be admirably adapted to the purpose. By the kindness of Mr. John Murray, two plans (Dyrrachium and Pharsalus), not at present included in the Atlas, have been specially drawn to illustrate passages on pp. 216 and 218, and are placed opposite the text. As far as possible I have acknowledged my indebtedness to the Editors whose editions of the classics have been consulted. For the historical explanations I am under special obligation to the histories of Ihne and Mommsen, to the `Life of Cicero' by the Master of Balliol, and to the `Life of Caesar' by Mr. Warde Fowler. I have also to thank Messrs. Macmillan for allowing me to quote from Dr. Potts' `Aids to Latin Prose,' and from Professor Postgate's _Sermo Latinus_. For the prose passages the best texts have been consulted, while for Livy, Weissenborn's text edited by Müller (1906) has been followed throughout. As regards the verse passages, the text adopted is, wherever possible, that of Professor Postgate's recension of the _Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_. For the Short Lives I have found useful `The Student's C£m¤ani£n to Latin Authors' (Middleton and Mills), but I owe much more to the works of Teuffel, Cruttwell, Sellar, Tyrrell, and Mackail. The Head Master of Eton, besides expressing his approval of the book, has kindly offered to write an Introductory Note. He has also given me an exceptional opportunity of testing more than half the historical passages by allowing them to be used in proof, until the book was ready, for the weekly unseen translation in the three blocks of fifth form, represented by the letters, B, C, D. The criticisms and suggestions made by Classical Masters at Eton, who have used the passages week by week, have been very valuable, and, in particular, my thanks are due to Mr. Impey, Mr. Tatham, Mr. Macnaghten, Mr. Wells, and Mr. Ramsay. My thanks are also due to the Lower Master, Mr. F. H. Rawlins, for kindly reading the MS. of the Introduction, Demonstrations, and Appendices I.-IV., and for giving me the benefit of his wide experience. To my brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart, I owe it that I undertook to write the book; without his advice it would never have seen the light, and he has given me most valuable help and encouragement at every stage. As regards the choice of type and style of printing, I owe a special debt of thanks to Mr. W. Hacklett (manager of Messrs. Spottiswoode's E¢£n branch), whose unceasing care and attention has been invaluable in seeing the book through the press. I must also acknowledge the patience and skill of Messrs. Spottiswoode's London staff in carrying out the many alterations which I have found to be inseparable from the task of bringing each passage and its notes into the compass of a single page. In conclusion I should like to say that it has been my aim throughout to adhere to what is best in Roman literature, and to omit passages the choice of which can only be justified by regarding their literary form apart from their moral value. Latin literature contains so much that is at once excellent in style and noble in thought that it seems a grave mistake to exalt the one at the expense of the other. _Maxima debetur puero reverentia._ EDMUND LUCE. WINDSOR: _April 1908_. [Footnote 1: The late Professor Goodhart.] CONTENTS Introductory Note Editor's Preface List Of Passages For Translation Index Of Authors INTRODUCTION. HOW TO TRANSLATE AT SIGHT I. Helps to VOCABULARY II. Helps to TRANSLATION III. Helps to STYLE DEMONSTRATIONS IN UNSEEN TRANSLATION PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION AT SIGHT (1) _Illustrating Roman History._-Part I.--Regal Period, B.C. 753-509 Part II.--Early Republic, B.C. 509-366 Part III.--The Conquest of Italy, B.C. 366-266 Part IV.--Contest with Carthage, B.C. 264-202 Part V.--Formation of Empire beyond Italy, in Europe and Africa, B.C. 200-133 Part VI.--Period of Civil Strife in Italy, and Foreign Wars, ending in Revolution, B.C. 133-44 (2) _Miscellaneous Passages_ PAGE v vii xv xxiii 1-14 1-5 5-12 13-14 15-58 59-236 60-66 67-88 89-107 108-146 147-159 160-236 237-271 543 Cicero. 19 Vergil. IV.--The Early Republic. _Aen. _Georg. 19 Livy i. _B. +DEMONSTRATIONS. The Passing of Romulus B. ¹ ¹ 63 The Sibylline Books 64 A. 21 Livy ii. 3 Vergil. 16 Ovid. 32 Livy ii. _Aen. 10 Livy ii. 753-509 B. 509-366 B. 490 Cicero. _Fasti_ ii. III. _de Rep. The Gate of Janus B. i._ ii. 64 +Part I. 83 Livy xxv.APPENDICES:-I. ¹ ¹ 70 Battle of Lake Regillus 71 Tribunes of the People 72 Coriolanus 73 Destruction of the Fabii Vergil._ ii. Horatius B. 777 Livy i. 19 Livy xxv. _Fasti_ ii. _Tusc._ i. 175 Vergil. The Fall of Gabii 65 The Position of Rome 66 The Praise of Italy +Part II. 10 Livy ii. 23. _Aen._ v._ ii.C.+ 60 The Vision of Anchises 61 A. 20 Livy ii. 646 Livy ii._ viii. 54 Ovid. G. 40 Ovid. VII. Gellius i. 607 A. Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii B. 136 .C._ vii. ¹ 68 Horatius 69 A. VI.+ PAGE 16 24 32 40 48 54 Fierce encounter with the Germans The Music of Arion A rash promise rashly believed Rashness justly punished The Happy Life The Tomb of Archimedes Caesar. 12 Martial. 379 Livy i. _Fasti_ ii. INDEX PLAN OF DYRRACHIUM PLAN OF PHARSALUS List of Important Conjunctions List of Important Prefixes List of Important Suffixes Groups of Cognate Words How to Think in Latin Short Lives of Roman Authors Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature 274-276 277-281 282-286 287-288 289-292 293-345 347-363 365-368 _opposite page_ 216 ¹ ¹ 218 LIST OF PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.--The Regal Period.+ 67 A. Mucius Scaevola B. 52 Ovid. _Georg. The Mystery explained 62 A. V. _Fasti_ ii. 19 Vergil._ vi. II. Migration to Veii abandoned B._ iii. _de Sen. 30 Livy ix. _Fasti_ iii._ Livy v. Naval Victory near Mylae Vergil. Parens Patriae 86 A. 59 Propertius v. ¹ ¹ ¹ 106 In Praise of Tarentum 107 The Praise of Italy Cicero. 44. _Aen._ ii. 5 Cicero. 28 Justinus xviii. 78 Horace. 18. Juno forbids Rebuilding of Troy 87 First Plebeian Consul 88 Origin of the Floralia Florus i. _de Sev.C. _Od. 29 Livy vii. _de Off. The Rise of the Alban Lake 80 The Conquest of Veii 81 The Battle of the Allia 82 A. XII. _Aen. 112 Livy vii. a Dies Nefastus 83 Roman Dignity and Courage 84 A. 27 Cicero. Cincinnatus B. 729 Livy iii. _Aen._ i. _de Off. 21 Livy v. 652 Val. 419 Cicero. ¹ ¹ ¹ C. Valerius Corvus 92 A. 41 Verg. 9 Florus i. 10. Battle of Heraclea 101 Fabricius the Just 102 Appius the Blind 103 A. `In the brave days of old' 75 The Decemvirate. Manius Curius Dentatus B. July 18th._ ii. 11. 49 Livy iv. vi. 155 +Part IV. _de Somn. 1 Cicero. 99 (Adapted) . Max. iii._ iii._ 16._ vii. _de Off. 3. 37 Florus i. The Dream of the Consuls 93 The Battle of Mt. 33 Propertius._ i._ vi. 32.C. 5 Cicero.+ 108 The Vision of Anchises 109 The Foundation of Carthage 110 Aeneas views the Building of Carthage 111 Regulus. The Fate of Manlius 85 Camillus. 55 Horace. 109 Livy ix. 18._ iii.+ 89 Manlius and his son Torquatus 90 An Important Epoch 91 Battle of Mt. 264-202 B. The Battle of the Allia B. 35 Ovid. 86 Cicero. 366-266 B. _de Sen. 19 Livy iv. Tables 76 Verginia's Death not in vain 77 Cossus wins the Spolia Opima 78 First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers 79 A. _de Div. 12 Ovid. 6. The Battle near Beneventum 104 In Praise of Pyrrhus 105 A. 38 Livy v. Manlius Capitolinus and the Sacred Geese B. Lament over Veii B. 49 Livy v.--The Conquest of Italy. 9 Vergil. _Georg. 38 Lucan. 5 Vergil. 2 Livy ix. 34 Livy iii._ i. 57 Livy vi. 10 Livy viii. xviii. 11. 41 Horace. 836 Justinus. _Od. _de Off. _Fasti_ v._ iii. 237 +Part III. a Roman Martyr 112 A. i. Self-sacrifice of Decius Mus B._ viii. Vesuvius 94 The Dictator and his Master of the Horse 95 The Caudine Forks 96 ¹ ¹ The Yoke 97 Rome repudiates the Treaty 98 Battle of Bovianum 99 Battle of Sentinum 100 Aims of Pyrrhus. Gaurus. 44 Livy x. 11 Justinus xxv. _Od. Max. 100 Livy v._ 55 Juvenal xi. _Phars.74 A. M. 12. 407 Livy v._ iii. The Battle of Asculum B.--The Contest with Carthage. 63 Val._ Livy viii. 29 Livy xxii. iii. _Od. The Interpretation 120 From the Pyrenees to the Rhone 121 From the Rhone to Italy 122 The Descent of the Alps 123 A. Ital. _in Verr. The River bars the Retreat The Battle of Lake Trasimene ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ The Death of Flaminius Q. 49 Livy xxii. 4 Livy xxii. Capua aspires to rival Rome B. 1 Horace. 4. _de Sen. D. _Od. 39 Horace. The Dream of Propertius A. `Capua became Hannibal's Cannae' B. 34 Livy xxv. Rome's Heroes B. 23 Sil.C. Destruction of the Roman Infantry Cannae. The Punishment of Rebel Capua Marcellus at Nola Cicero's Description of Syracuse Engineering Skill of Archimedes Marcellus laments over Syracuse The Death of Marcellus Character of Scipio Africanus Maior Scipio takes New Carthage Nero's March to the Metaurus The Metaurus Hannibal leaves Italy Zama. Lutatius' Victory off Aegates Insulae B._ i. 117 Livy xxiv. 1 Juvenal x. 51 Frontinus._ ii. 49 Sil._ xvi. 16 Livy xxiii. The Dream of Hannibal B. in Europe and Africa. 7 Nepos._ ii._ i. Sil. 3. Oath of the Boy Hannibal 116 `The paths of glory lead but to the grave' 117 Character of Hannibal 118 The Siege of Saguntum 119 A._ ii. 21 Livy xxvi. _Strat. _Strat. 28 Livy xxi. Maharbal urges Hannibal to march on Rome B. _de Div. 5. 29 Livy xxx. 47 Livy xxii. 45 Livy xxvii. 4._ iv. _Hamilcar_ i. 43 Horace. Scipio forbids Nobles to abandon Italy A. Importance of Second Punic War B. vi.+ 147 Battle of Cynoscephalae 148 Flamininus proclaims Freedom of Greece Livy xxxiii. Honour conferred on Duilius 113 Carthaginian Victory off Drepana 114 A. 147 Livy xxi. 653 Livy xxi. 5 Sil. 16 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 +Part V. 198 Livy xxi. 30 Livy xxi. 24. The Battle at the Trebia 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 B. 19 Livy xxx.B. _Epod. 4 Livy xxi. 644 Cicero. 1 Livy xxi. Before the Battle Zama.--Formation of Empire beyond Italy. 6. _de Sen. Decius Magius defies Hannibal A. 3. 7. 32 . 7 Cicero. The Order of Battle Cicero. Ital._ ii. 31 Frontinus. 27 Livy xxvi. ¹ ¹ ¹ 115 A. 3._ iv. `Paulus animae magnae prodigus' A. 12._ 10 Livy xxii. v. 19 Livy xxvi. 16 Cicero. 9 Livy xxxiii. Ital. _N. 24 Livy xxvii._ 44 Cicero. 37 Propertius iii. _Strat. iv. 200-133 B. Ital. 570 Livy xxii. 36 Frontinus. Fabius Maximus Cunctator Fabius and his Master of the Horse Cannae. 10 Florus ii. 1 Livy xxiii. --Civil Strife in Italy. _in Cat. 8. Arpinum. 18. Paterc. ii. 18. 41 Florus ii. 237 Cicero. Paterc. B.149 A. _Od. 13 Florus iii. The Battle near Asculum 170 Sulla's Character and Bearing 171 A. Cicero's first and only Campaign D. Sulla Felix Vell. Marius' Flight from Sulla B.C. 11 Vell._ 42 Cicero. _Iug. Battle of Magnesia 150 Deaths of Three Great Men 151 M. Paterc. Paterc. _Strat. 134 ¹ ¹ ¹ Vell._ ii._ iii. 48 Cicero. 4. Livius Drusus 168 A. 3 Juvenal xiv. 23 Battles of Sacriportus and the Colline Gate Lucan. 3. _Cato_ ii. _Phars. B. ii. Birthplace of Cicero and Marius B._ 113 Juvenal viii._ ii. Gracchus as an Orator 162 The Betrayal of Jugurtha 163 A. 15 Livy xliv. Cicero on Marius 164 Teutones annihilated at Aquae Sextiae 165 A. _de Off. 41 Livy xliv. Mithridates' Youth and Early Training B._ ii._ iv. C. _Tusc. Battle of Thermopylae B. 10 Vell. 15. 3._ iii. 176 A. 51 Nepos. 24 Livy xxxix. _Brutus_ 125 Sallust. 3. 18. On Lex Frumentaria of C. On the Death of Tiberius Gracchus B. B. Outbreak of the Social War at Asculum B. Paterc. Horace. Sulla appointed Dictator Vell. _Strat. _Iug. Defeat and Death of Rutilius B. _Fasti_ vi. 49 +Part VI. 7 Cicero. C. Gracchus C. _Phil. _Iug. _Phars._ i._ 77 Death of Sulla Val. Florus i. _Phars._ xii. On C. 13 Florus ii. 179 Ovid. i. 563 Cicero._ iii. Paterc. 20. 76 Cicero. 27 The Sullan Proscriptions Lucan. 175 A._ iv._ ii. _Od. The Sabellian father's advice to his sons 169 A. 2 Justinus xxxvii. 27 Florus iii. 17. 174 A. Sallust. _Strat. ii. _Marius_ Florus iii.+ 160 The Gracchi 161 A. 28 Sulla lays down his Dictatorship Suetonius._ ii. 14 Sallust. 3 Lucan. 11 Horace. 12 Peace of Dardanus Vell. Max. 278 Cicero. Porcius Cato 152 ¹ ¹ 153 Pydna (Aemilius Paulus) 154 ¹ ¹ ¹ 155 Destruction of Carthage 156 Destruction of Corinth 157 The Lusitanian Hannibal 158 Destruction of Numantia 159 Rome the Invincible Frontinus. 27 Death of the Younger Marius. ii. 9. 177 A. 67 Juvenal x. 133-44 B. 4 Frontinus. ii. 13 Florus ii. ending in Revolution._ 95 Justinus xxxvii. 4. 11. The Lex Plautia Papiria C. 23 Battle of Orchomenus Frontinus. His Preparations for Conquest 172 The Battle of Chaeronea 173 A. ii. B. 22 . and Foreign Wars. _Iul._ ii. _de Leg. ix. Marius outlived his fame 166 Cicero on Civil Strife 167 Tribunate of M. Paterc. _pro Arch. 17 Capture of Athens and the Piraeus Vell._ ii. 8 Limitation of Tribune's Right of Veto Cicero. Battlefields of Pharsalus and Philippi Vergil._ viii. 40 183 Spartacus and his Gladiators Florus iii. 50 202 Siege of Alesia Caesar. 213 212 Caesar's defence before the Senate Caesar. _Phars._ ii. _in Verr. 21 211 Caesar crosses the Rubicon Lucan. 2. 1 194 The End of Catiline Sallust._ ix. _pro L. 98 ¹ ¹ Horace._ vii. _Hist._ v. A Sumptuary Law 178 Speech of Lepidus against Sulla Sallust._. 14 201 Siege of Gergovia Caesar._ 4 188 A Roman Citizen maltreated Cicero._ i. The Wealth of Lucullus Horace._ ii. Paterc. 3 184 Lucullus Ponticus Cicero. Lep. Pompeius' Dream Lucan. _ad Att. Caesar Propraetor in Further Spain Suetonius. 1 207 Carrhae: after the Battle Lucan. 14 198 Caesar's Bridge across the Rhine Caesar._ vii._ 20 185 Pompeius' Character and Career Cicero. _Phars. _pro L. 5. 489 220 How Pompeius died Caesar. Paterc._ i._ v. ii. ii. 2 B. Paterc. Lep. 397 B. G. Abolition of Corn Distributions C. _B. 190 222 The Grave of Pompeius Lucan._ iii. _Or. Paterc. _Ep. _Phars. 26 B._ ii. 32 A. xv. _B. 31 190 Pompeius clears the Seas of Pirates Cicero. _Iul. _Ep. Gellius. Siege of Massilia Lucan. 5._ i. _B. A Soldier of Lucullus Horace._ 179 Sertorius and his Fawn A._ 18 193 Cicero declaims against Catiline Cicero._ ii. Cons._ vii. 11 Sallust. ii. 7 218 Pompeius ill-advised at Pharsalus Caesar. _Phars. C. M._ iii. Judicial Functions restored to Senators D. 388 B. _B. 14 215 The Death of Curio Lucan. G. Paterc. Man._ iv. 5 ¹ ¹ Ovid. _B. 84 203 Cicero's Banishment Vell. _in Cat._ 34 191 Pompeius subdues Mithridates and Tigranes Vell. _pro L._ 61 195 Caesar forms First Triumvirate Vell. Caesar Curule Aedile Suetonius._ iii. 25 197 Naval Battle with the Veneti Caesar. ii. _Fasti_ vi. 465 208 Cicero's humane Administration Cicero. C. prius dementat' Florus iii._ iv._ 45 187 Caesar and the Pirates Suetonius. 44 196 `That day he overcame the Nervii' Caesar._ i. 1 205 In Praise of Caesar Cicero._ iii. ii. 19 200 The Gallic uprising. 92 219 A. _Phars. 32 213 The Campaign round Lerida Lucan. 167 214 A. _Od. G. Vercingetorix Caesar._ 33 206 `Quem deus vult perdere. 20. Man. _B. _ad Att.B. ii. _Phars. 22. G. C._ iv. _Hist. _Cat. _Georg. C. _Phars. _B. 1 182 A. _B. C._ 10 B. 62 189 The Lex Gabinia Vell. _Acad. _Iul. G. Paterc. A New Hannibal Florus iii._ iii. 103 221 Cato's Eulogy on Pompeius Lucan. _Phars. 30 181 Lucullus' Character and Early Career Cicero. _B. 47 217 Eve of Pharsalus. 6._ iii._ iv. 24. M. ¹ ¹ Caesar._ vii. _Phars. The Death of Sertorius Vell. 37 192 A._ ii. _B. 11. _de Prov. G. Gellius ii. Pharsalus and Cannae compared Lucan. _Iul. _Or. _B._ i. 45 204 Cicero's Return Cicero._ vii. 799 216 Dyrrachium Caesar._. G. _Iul. 789 . _B._ 29 186 The Man Caesar Suetonius._ Vell. 22 180 A._ i. 17 199 Cassivellaunus Caesar. Man. _ ii. 45 Lucan._ vi._ iv. 150 Prudentius. Afr. 19 Ovid._ i. The Roman Satirists B. Usurpers of Equestrian Privileges 247 A. 1 Juvenal i. Cicero as Orator and Poet B._ xiii. _Phars. 583 +Miscellaneous Passages. 22 Claudian._ viii. In Praise of Caesar B. 10 Ovid. _Sil. 8 Seneca. Virtue defined B. Statius. _Epit. The Passing of Romulus C. 671 Ovid. _Phil. Seneca B. Stil. _Met. On the Murder of Cicero 231 A. The Monster approaches Andromeda B. _Epit._ iv. Cicero as Advocate 232 The Death of Cicero 233 A. _Ep. _Iul. _Aen. 595 . _Met. _fr. _Arg. 493 Pacuvius _ap. _Tr. The Web of Fate B. 10. 114 Catullus xlix._ 48 Suetonius _ap. 143 Suetonius._ ii. The Pastime of Circe 248 A. Paterc. 41 Ovid._ 82 Cicero. Objections to a permanent Theatre B._ 99 Horace. 1 Statius. In Praise of Cicero B. A Criticism of Lucilius C. _Phars._ iv. Lesbia's Sparrow B. 567 Manilius. The Awnings D._ Juvenal xi. _Medea_ 920 Horace. iii._ ii. Scenic Arrangements C. Andromeda B. _Astr._ i. an obtrusive bird' C.+ 238 A. 90 Persius v. _Astr._ 88 Cicero. The Death of the Monster Horace. 3 Statius. ¹ 241 A. ¹ ¹ Terence C. How Perseus won his Bride 249 A._ ii. Poor men of mighty deeds C. _Ep. 11 Catullus lxiv._ i. _Od. Cato Uticensis B. Serv._ xv. 109 Quintilian x. _de Cons. 1. 4. 66 Livy _fr. Propempticon Maecio Celeri B. _Phil. 19 Livy. Symm. 2. 75 Livy. 46 Martial. 2. `My Parrot. 721 Manilius._ Vell. _fr. _ap._ iv._ v. _Sil._ ii. _Met. 1. Pollio._ iii._ 88 Vell. Livy. ¹ ¹ C._ Ovid. Juvenal's Subject 245 A. _Iul._ vii. _Tr. _Sat._ v. A Storm at Sea B. Sueton. 3 Horace. 328 Catullus iii._ ii. ¹ ¹ 240 A. 66 Juvenal x. ii. Fl. _Fasti_ ii. _Sil._ i. 19 Vergil. 52 Suetonius. 374 Cicero._ Val. 2. The Skill of Arachne C. _ad Att. Why Juvenal wrote Satire D._ i._ ii. Persius in praise of his Tutor 246 A. Apotheosis of Caesar 230 A. ¹ ¹ 239 A. Propempticon Vergilio B. 81 Lucilius. 50 Caesar. The Argo in a Gale 243 A. Ovid on his Contemporaries 242 A. _c. The Lap-dog and its Portrait 244 A. 311 Ovid. ii. Peroration of Second Philippic B. _Od.223 `Atrox Animus Catonis' 224 A._ ii. _Epod. ¹ ¹ 225 Caesar dines with Cicero 226 The Death of Caesar 227 A. 35 Lucan. Criticism of Poets B._ Lucretius iv. Thunder and Hail D. Paterc. 19 Juvenal i. 42 Seneca._ Propertius iii. _B. ¹ ¹ 234 Laus Italiae 235 Laus Romae 236 `Quod cuncti gens una sumus' A. 4 Martial i. The Law of Otho E. Cic. 93 Horace. _de Re Rust. Britain: its Climate and Products A. 1. _Agr. Cicero on Terence C. 68. _Met. The Song of the Nightingale B. ¹ ¹ IX. ¹ ¹ VII. Cicero. 6. _App. _Haut. 84 Ter. 58 Terence. N. 83 Livy xxi. 129 Martial iv. 110 Tacitus. _Arg. C. ¹ ¹ IV. 1 Tibullus iii._ iv. 9 261 262 263 264 265 266 ._ v. ¹ ¹ XI. K. _vit. ¹ ¹ VIII. 6 Pliny. _Agr. Or._ vii. 41 Terence. ¹ ¹ A. Hylas B. ¹ ¹ V._ i. 223 Quintilian i. _Aen. 95 Vergil. _Her. 3. _B. 1. _Aen. The Hunting Party A. 2._ i. 585 Ovid. _Ep._ ii._ x. Ter._ vi. 71 Ovid._ iii. _Ph. _de Brev. Plagosus Orbilius 251 A._ x. _Aen. C IV. De Simonide Mons Parturiens Truth will out The Golden Age Birthday Wishes On the delights of Hunting with a Note-book B. _Eun. _Met. 222 Martial xiv. 32 Plautus. 81 Pliny. Maurus Plautus. `Humani nihil a me alienum puto' B. `Whom the gods love die young' Horace._ 555 Caesar. 35 Tibullus ii. ¹ ¹ XIII. 10. 4. 14 Pub. 2 Tacitus._ iv. Importance of Concentration 258 A. 79 Martial i. _Ep._ v. Early School E._ 22 Tibullus i. 1. 614 Propertius i. Q. The Simple Life A. 9 Martial i. _Sat. ¹ ¹ I._ iv. 40. ¹ ¹ III. 3. 24 Phaedrus.250 A. _Ep. 9 Quintilian._ iii. _Phil. B. 36 Terence. Helps to Style B. The School of Flavius B._ 30 Varro._ 12 Petronius 50 Petronius 51 Quintilian i. Arethusa B. _Inst. B. The Schoolmaster's Life D. ¹ ¹ X. 27 Cicero._ v. U I. ¹ ¹ XVI. _H. A Roman Day B. ¹ 254 The Portmanteau Fish 255 A. 2. 20. _Tr._ iii. _Ep. Books B. A Street Cry III._ i._ i. Proverbial Expressions II._ i. 5. Or. Vit. Defence of Contaminatio 256 A. 40 Juvenal ii. _Div. 10 Lucretius ii. 461 Quintilian._ i. ¹ ¹ XII. 260 A._ ii._ i. 2 Pliny. 2. 2 Ovid. 23 Martial ix. 20 Catullus lxxxiv._ i._ ii. 6 Ovid. Pronunciation: H ¹ H II. ¹ 253 A. Trimalchio's Supper B. Fl. _Rud. 1 Vergil. ¹ ¹ VI. Syrus Seneca. 5 Horace. Homogeneous Divisions F. 1. _Sat. 17 Val. 28 Phaedrus iv. _Inst. 17 Vergil. C. 581 Plautus._ prol._ xii. 8 Horace. A Corinthian Statuette 257 A. _Men._ i. _Bacch. 15 Suetonius. Oenone Paridi C. Ovid at School C. 259 A._ vi. In Praise of Agricola B. _Haut. 16 Pliny. 6. ¹ ¹ XV. _Tr. 3. ¹ C._ 46 Tacitus. _Agr. ¹ ¹ XIV._ 34 Terence. 1 Ovid. ¹ 252 A._ prol. 15 Juvenal vii. 23 Phaedrus iv. 134. 113. _Epit._ iii. 215. 265. On Plautus V. 70. 143. 183. On Ennius III. 190. 166. 120. 169. 133. 163. 146. 871 Martial iv. 154. 171 Juvenal. 225. 246. 40. 106. 117. 101. 150. 165. 265 . _Am. 100. 96. 54. 231._ xv. 98. 185. 270 Claudian. _Tusc. Mors Tibulii 268 Apophoreta 269 ¹ 270 Epitaphs and Inscriptions. 69. 80. 265 Lucan. 90. Horace B. 222. 67. 101 Horace. 221. 93. 144. 42. 246. 134. 130. 193. 103. Ovid C. 136. 227 Lucilius. In tumulo hominis felicis VII. I. 74. 105. 127. 175. 76. 216. 94. 64. 97. 82. 182. 238. 214._ i. 155. 245 Lucretius. 270 Florus. 172. 205. 102. Cornelia's Plea to her Husband D. 165. 246. 200. 122. 116. Thermopylae 271 Epilogue. 181. 77. On Tibullus VI. 119. 173 Horace. 87. 158. Servius Sulpicius to Cicero. 89 INDEX OF AUTHORS Asinius Pollio. 141. 267 A. 243. Martial Cicero. 196. 81. 149. 86. 86. 121. 133. 219. 250. 153. 71. 174. 72. 104. 129. 79. 218. 206 Frontinus. 91. 267 Cicero. 78. On Pacuvius IV. 168. 138. 163. 168. 232. To Calvus on his Wife's Death C. 16. 149. 63. _Od. 140. 142. 217. 233. 62. 147. 270 Ennius. 235 Domitius Marsus. 161. 241. 169. 9 Martial Martial Naevius Ennius Pacuvius Plautus Domitius Marsus Ausonius. 109. 148. 99. 261. 220. 135. 265 Catullus. 270 Caesar. 265 Livy. 230. 105. 271 Justinus. 105. 184. 198. 224. 131. 266. 246. 131. 204. A. 250. 82. 61. 208. 85. 139. 207. 30 Ovid. 212. 177. 128. 247. 264. 199. 145. 180. 197. 112. 118. 164. 125. 132. 115. 201. 223 Aulus Gellius. 211. 1 Ovid. 111. 264. 241. 68. 244. 11. 159. 179 Ausonius. 95. 265. 123._ iv. 188. 244. 89. 213. Catullus xcvi.B. 75. 152. 157. Propertius iv. 214._ iii._ 36 Cicero. 5 Catullus ci. 202. 227. 177. On Naevius II. 124. 32. Catullus at his Brother's Grave B. _Met. 83. _ad Fam. 137. 231. 207. 65. 176 Varro. 243 Suetonius. 207. 249 Martial. 173. 192. which will give you a useful clue to the meaning of the passage. 293-345. 219. 264 Tibullus. 269. 264. you will find it a valuable exercise to endeavour to arrive at the context for yourself. 67. Also. 69. 244. 110. 254. you should pay attention to the +Heading+. The short Lives. 250. 66. 226. 126 Statius. 132. 230. 265. 270 Nepos.+--When you see the author's name. 255. try to remember what you know about him. 250. 189. 84. 247. pp. 257. 260. 242. 195. 191. 180. you will gain . 267. 265 Pliny the Elder. 79. 242. 167. 177. Author. In cases where this is not so. 60. 253. For example. 263 Phaedrus. 265 Silius Italicus. the historian of Rome and friend of Augustus. 114.+--The selections in this book are in most cases intelligible apart from their context. 61. 186. 233 Vergil. 248. 88. +2. 261. 160. 170. +Livy+. 259 Valerius Flaccus. 270 Persius. 239. 156. 48. however. 251. 236 Publilius Syrus. 266 Sallust. 253 Valerius Maximus. 251. if you refer to Appendix VII. 107. 265 INTRODUCTION +1. 260. 169. 84. 252.Manilius. 258 Plautus. will tell you the chief facts about the authors from whom the selections are taken. 242. 62. 74. 92. 92. 264. pp. 108. 175. 268.. 227. 262. 256. 241. 174. Heading. 347-363. 250. 177. 247. 73. 203. 176. 224. 234. 178. 245 Petronius. 24. 260 Propertius. 162. 243. 64. 187. 123. 256 Pliny the Younger. the contemporary of Vergil and Ovid. 265 Velleius Paterculus. 271 Pacuvius. 271 Naevius. 265 Quintilian. 114. 119. 267 Prudentius. and will give you a brief summary of their chief works. 176. 246. 240. 265 Terentianus Maurus. 265 Terence. 251. 151 Ovid. 194 Seneca. 255 Tacitus. In all cases. 257. II. Notice. (2) +Pay special attention to the opening sentence.+--As you read-(1) Notice all +allusions+ and +key-words+ that may help you to the sense of the passage. +3. The reason why you must generally +not+ translate the Latin word by the derived English word is that. You must take care to let it suggest to you the original or root-meaning._ _F. +sē-cūr-us+ does not mean _secure_.+--English derivatives._ .some idea of the time in which the authors lived and of their contemporaries. `This happy night the Frenchmen are _secure_. whether the same as the English word or not. (3) Notice especially the connectives which introduce sentences and clauses +marked off by commas+. carefully._ Part 1. a French word that you know will help you to the meaning of the Latin. how often in the case of verbs the +supine stem+ will suggest to you the meaning of the Latin through some English derivative. For example. _false_ ¹ ¹ _deceive_. _Hen. or from Latin words not found at all in classical Latin. may give you valuable help in inferring meanings. as you probably know. 11. on the other hand.' SHAKESPEARE. VI. 274-276. (For List of Conjunctions see Appendix I. Having all day caroused and banqueted.+ In translating a passage much depends on getting the first sentence right.) HELPS TO VOCABULARY. and +im-plācā-bilis+ by _implacable_. leaving the correct meaning of the Latin. +4. For example:-_L. Through French Derivatives. but (like _secure_ in Shakespeare and Milton) _care-less_. +5. pp. _culture_ ¹ ¹ _till_. For example:-+pingo+ +caveo+ +colo+ +fallo+ +pictum+ +cautum+ +cultum+ +falsum+ _picture_ suggests _to paint_. if used in the proper way. too. In this way you will be able to distinguish between a +Principal Sentence+ and a +Subordinate Clause+.+--Sometimes. Read the Passage through. _caution_ ¹ ¹ _beware_. often cannot be better translated than by _incredible_. when you cannot think of an English derivative. Through English Derivatives. +In-crēd-ib-il-is+. to be determined by the context. which the present stem conceals. i. Yet in such cases the English word may be far from useless. many English derivatives have come from Latin words which had wholly or in part lost their earlier classical meaning. bearing in mind the caution given you. _thick_. For example:-+cérv-um+ +cerf+ _stag_._ _Popular Latin. +bataille+ _battle_. _neck_. in order to make know something of the rules that govern the French. +bouche+ _mouth_. In fact. _deed_._ +bête+ +fait+ +épais+ +cou+ _beast_. Without going that-- (1) +French+ has taken many words from +colloquial Latin+. if a compound. it may help you to remember But. +Suffix+._ +bestiam+ +fact-um+ +spiss-um+ +coll-um+ _F. . Then from the meaning of its root or stem and from the force of the prefix and suffix. +bonitátem+ +bonté+ _goodness_.g. con-d{e}mn-o. +Stem+.+--When you come to a word which you cannot translate. and by the help of the context. For example:-_Literary Latin. For example:-_L. +boire+ ¹ _to drink_._ +equus+ +pugna+ +os+ +caballus+ +batalia+ +bucca+ +cheval+ _horse_. +tel+ ¹ _such_. d{a}mn-o. +6. +goût+ ¹ _taste_._ s{a}cr-o.+pontem+ +gustum+ +prātum+ +tālem+ +bĭbĕre+ +pont+ suggests _bridge_. (2) +Unaccented+ syllables are usually dropped. which in the days of Cicero was very different from classical Latin. (3) The general tendency of French is towards smoothness and contraction. try to arrive at an English word to suit the sense. con-s{e}cr-o. French derivatives a real help to you. and in regard to which English and French derivatives do not help you. In order to be able to do this you should have some knowledge of-(1) A few simple rules for the +vowel changes of verbs in composition+. Compound Words. into its simple elements of +Prefix+. _E._ _French. +break up the word+. Thus: +a+ before two consonants (except +ng+) often changes to +e+. you must origin of the French language and of the chief pronunciation (and therefore the spelling) of too much into detail. +pré+ ¹ _meadow_. it is an excellent rule to try to think out the meaning of the Latin by the help of English and French derivatives. _E. _E. +ĕ+ changes to +ĭ+ (but not +e+ before two consonants) and +ae+ to +i+.g. Thus from the Öag = _drive. or similar to.g. A knowledge of the most important suffixes will often help you to the correct meaning of a Latin word. ac-c{i}d-o. course_. qu{ae}r-ere. ef-f{i}c-io. ag-gr{ĕ}d-ior. in-qu{i}r-ere. _agent_._ {per}-terrere = to +thoroughly+ frighten. t{a}ng-o. c{ă}d-o._ cl{au}d-ere. doer_. +-men+ (= _acts or results of acts_)._ {ad}-scendo = {a}-scendo. _E. Thus:-(i. see Appendix II.) +The final consonant of a prefix is often dropped before two consonants. notice these simple euphonic changes. sometimes the prefix has a somewhat +literal prepositional+ force. _line of march_.g. {ob}-pono = {op}-pono. all of which result in making the pronunciation smoother and easier. Notice also that the prepositional prefixes to verbs express different ideas in different combinations.g._ t{e}n-ere. pp.+ _E. In all such cases you must be partly guided by the context.g. 277--281. the root of which is familiar to you._ s{a}lt-are. &c. _E.g. move_. But gr{ă}d-ior. {com}(={cum})-tendo = {con}-tendo._ {ad}-fero = affero. +a+ before +l+ and another consonant changes to +u+.g. we have-by addition +actor+ = ¹ ¹ +agmen+ = of _a ¹ _a +-tor+ (= _agent or doer_ of an action).g. (2) +Prefixes:+--To help you to detach the prefix more readily.) (3) +Suffixes+ (other than grammatical inflexions). in-s{u}lt-are. _E. (For List of Important Prefixes. con-t{i}ng-o._ f{a}c-io. _E.+a+ before one consonant and before +ng+ often changes to +i+. the first consonant of the stem._ {per}-currere = to run +through+.+ _E. (ii. Thus. But sometimes an +intensive+ force. . +au+ changes to +u+. ob-t{i}n-ere. in-cl{u}d-ere.) +The last consonant of a Latin prefix is often made the same as. Object. words +related in meaning+ through a common root. General Rules. and group round its Subject. Predicate. we have-+gna-rus+ = _knowing_. see Appendix IV. _famous_. all you have to do is to group round Subject. see Appendix III. Begin then to translate the opening sentence.+--(1) Underline the +Principal Verb+. For example:-+At GERMANI celeriter. +i-gno-sco+ = _not to know_. and +Object+ (if any). IMPETUS gladiorum EXCEPERUNT. (2) If the sentence contains +only one finite verb+. _agile_. 287-8. and thought out the vocabulary to the best of your ability. Do this mentally.e. Then return to the sentence as a whole. and pay great attention to these +7. To group together in this manner words of common origin and words closely associated in meaning is one of the best ways in which you can increase your vocabulary. and adding to each its enlargements. gno+ = _know_. You have now read the passage through carefully. or Verb. of the Romans with drawn swords). finding out its Subject. and then deal with each clause as if it were a principal sentence. +agito+ = _put in action_.) HELPS TO TRANSLATION.) (4) +Cognates+. that is. as was their custom. pp. +i-gnarus+ (= +in + gnarus+) = _ignorant_. able to_). and Object the various subordinate clauses which belong to . +no-bilis+ (= +gno-bilis+) = _that can be known_.¹ ¹ ¹ +-ilis+ (= _belonging to. (For additional Examples of Cognates. +agilis+ = _easily moved_. and received the attacks of the swords_ (i. (5) If the sentence contains one or more subordinate clauses. ¹ ¹ ¹ +-ito+ (= _forcible or repeated action_). without writing it down. pp. Thus from the Ö+gna. or Object the words and phrases that belong to each of the three. (4) Then write down the best translation you can. consuetudine sua phalange facta. Verb. _pardon_. +nos-co+ (= +gno-sco+) = _to get a knowledge of_. _agitate_. (For List of Important Suffixes. 282--286. (3) Translate the sentence literally. +Subject+ (if expressed).+ _But the Germans quickly formed into a phalanx. +no-men+ (= +gno-men+) = _a name_. +consider each subordinate clause as if it were bracketed off separately+. You will find it very useful to make for yourself lists of cognate words. _noble_. _--The more you know of the principles of scansion. and is _long_ in abl. especially in translating long and involved sentences. but do it +always in your mind+.+ +EX CONSUETUDINE SUA exceperunt.+ +Publius Crassus QUI EQUITATUI PRAEERAT. When analysing. 1st Decl.+--A knowledge of this is indispensable in translating verse. and 2nd Imperat._--You know that final +-a+ is _short_ in nom. You need not always analyse on paper. Thus in Demonstration II (p. sing.+ Crassus ADULESCENS. in VI +cervă+. Help through Analysis. and in neut. the better able you will be to understand and appreciate the skill with which a great poet varies his metre and chooses his words.+ +TERTIAM +Publius +impetus +nostris aciem. Thus in Demonstrations III and IV notice how the subordinate clauses are for the most part enclosed in commas.+ LABORANTIBUS.+ +PHALANGE FACTA exceperunt. Publius Crassus misit.. +10. In Sentence V +umbrā unā+ are long and abl. in agreement.each. plural. +8. and a knowledge of metre will enable you to grasp the poet's meaning as conveyed by the position which he assigns to the various words. and voc. 1st Conj. 47. . sing. 1st Decl.+--Very often analysis will help you to find out the +proper relation of the subordinate clauses+ to the three parts of the Principal Sentence. (2) _A help to the poet's meaning. and the varying emphasis which results from variation of metre. 24) you can easily determine the grammatical form of finals in +-a+. Help through Punctuation. 23. the punctuation marks which are now used in all printed texts should be carefully noticed.+ GLADIORUM. in VIII +iunctă columbă+. notice carefully that:-(1) An enlargement of a Noun may be (a) (b) (c) (d) An adjective A noun in apposition A dependent genitive A participle or participial phrase (e) An adjectival clause (2) An enlargement of a Verb may be (a) (b) (c) (d) An adverb A prepositional phrase An ablative absolute An adverbial clause +CELERITER exceperunt. You will find an example of a simple method of analysis at the close of Demonstrations I and IV. sing. To scan the lines will help you to determine the grammatical force of a word. in IX +Cynthiă+ are all short and nom.+--Though only the full-stop was used by the ancients.+ +ID CUM ANIMADVERTISSET. sing. pp. Help through Scansion and Metre. In Sentence IV +agnă+.+ +9. For example:-(1) _A grammatical help. that of _the ignominious return of the Volscians to their homes_.] A +PERIOD+ then is a sentence containing only one main idea (the Principal Sentence) and several Subordinate Clauses. and there is thus formed a single harmonious whole. while the English contains eighty-one. iniquiore ad fugam. The Periodic style is generally used for History and Description. ad preces a certamine versi. _Hints_. alia undique abscissa. +round one main idea are grouped all its accessory ideas+. sub iugum missi. round the inserted clauses.+--One great difference between English and Latin Prose is that.'[2] `Latin possesses what English does not. a mode of expression by means of which. and holds the climax in suspense until the delivery of the last word.+ _The +VOLSCIANS+ found that now they were severed from every other hope. because the reader.] [Footnote 3: Postgate. must make a _circuit_. _Sermo Latinus_. rogitantibus Arvernis ut populi Romani māiestātem ostentāret suīque simul imperi monumentum eis relinqueret. in order to collect together the words of the Principal Sentence. Help through a Study of the Period in Latin. Latin +expresses the sense by the passage as a whole+. detached sentences. and with one garment each +WERE SENT+ to their homes covered with disgrace and defeat. (2) The rest describes the attendant circumstances of the surrender and of the causes that led to it. there was but little in prolonging the conflict. cum singulis vestimentis ignominiae cladisque pleni DIMITTUNTUR.'[3] [Footnote 2: Potts. dedito imperatore traditisque armis. they passed under the yoke. p. and is best seen in Cicero and Livy. cum tentassent. MŪRUM laterīcium. 45. while modern English is to a great extent a language of short. called the +PERIOD+. After surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms. p._ [Footnote 4: Potts. p.' p. . praeter cetera adversa loco quoque iniquo ad pugnam congressi.] Notice here that (1) There is only one main idea. 85. Professor Postgate (`Sermo Latinus. The following is a good example of the PERIOD in Latin:-[4]+VOLSCI exiguam spem in armis. dux clārissimus et multis mihi beneficiis carus. 45) gives the following example of the way in which a Latin +PERIOD+ may be built up:-+BALBUS vir optimus. _Hints_. Cut to pieces on every side they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter. In addition to other disadvantages they had engaged on a spot ill-adapted for fighting and worse for flight. so to say. cum ab omni parte caederentur. `This mode of expression is called a +PERIOD+ (a +circuĭtus+ or +ambĭtus verborum+). (3) In English we should translate by at least four separate sentences. (4) The Latin contains only forty-eight words. 82.+11. 1-5. but its effect is better seen in poetry... (3) In English we must translate by at least three separate sentences.+ _+BALBUS+. placed. and at the same time to leave behind him a memorial of his own government... by many of the earlier writers of English prose. therefore.. nēdum aliis persuāderes. carus+. placed. non sine adverso suo rūmore ut qui principātum adfectaret AEDIFICAVIT. still less induce others to believe it. which far Outshone the wealth of Ormuz and of Ind. where necessary. (2) The rest consists of-(a) Enlargements of +BALBUS+--+vir optimus . sometimes with great skill and beauty. and. relinqueret+ = the _cause_ of the building of the wall. (c) Enlargements of +AEDIFICAVIT+ +rogitantibus . Satan exalted sat.. It was imitated. _Paradise Lost_. sixty high. sexāginta altitūdine et ita in immensum porrectum ut vix tuis ipse oculis crēderes tantum esse. Help through a Knowledge of the Order of Words in Latin. as in the following passage:-ªHigh on a throne of royal state. directly _after_ +MURUM+. and extending to such a prodigious length that you could hardly trust your own eyes that it was so large. _before_ +AEDIFICAVIT+. Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. But he did not escape the malign rumour that he had designs upon the imperial crown. who had endeared himself to me by numerous kindnesses. +BALBUS MURUM AEDIFICAVIT+. +12. and change dependent clauses into independent sentences. therefore. an excellent man and most distinguished commander.vīginti pedes lātum. He accordingly +BUILT+ a +WALL+ of bricks. as in the previous example. twenty feet wide. +(murum) non sine .. (b) Enlargements of +MURUM+--+laterīcium . was requested by the Arverni to make a display of the power and greatness of Rome._ Here.º' MILTON. . therefore.+--If you study the examples already given of the Period you will see that the +Order of Words in English+ differs very much from the +Order of Words in Latin+. adfectaret+ = the _attendant circumstances_ of the building of the wall. It has been well said: `An English sentence does not often exhibit the structure of the Period.. persuaderes+. placed. (1) There is only one main idea. translate participles as finite verbs. ii. directly _after_ +BALBUS+. if we take the English sentence.] Notice here the following special points of order:-- . _Sermo Latinus_. as enlargements of Subject. which stand second). we cannot invert the order of _Caesar_ and _Gauls_ without entirely changing the meaning. (4) Adverbial enlargements of Predicate (though an Ablative Absolute must generally stand first). (6) Direct Object (if any) and its enlargements. p._ [Footnote 6: Demonstration VI.' Thus.+ _When I was Quaestor.+ _+LIVIUS+. phrases.] To take another example:-[6]+Archimedis EGO quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis. +I WAS ABLE TO TRACE OUT+ the +TOMB+ of Archimedes. imperator fortissimus. (2) Subject. _e. +quidem+. cum esse omnino negarent. we may write (since each Latin word has its own proper inflexion.Dr. In Latin. (7) The Principal Verb. 55. serving almost as a label) +Caesar vicit Gallos+: +Gallos Caesar vicit+: +Caesar Gallos vicit+. Sent. and the _emphasis_ mainly on the _voice_. while in Latin the _meaning_ depends almost entirely on the _inflexions_. The usual order of words in a Latin Prose Sentence may be said to be (1) Particles. INDAGAVI SEPULCRUM. or phrases of connection (with some exceptions. easily +ESCAPED+ the +DANGER+ by his well-known daring in perilous positions. without any change of meaning except that of shifting the emphasis from one word to another. however. clauses. saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis. _Caesar conquered the Gauls_. a most excellent commander. Abbott writes as follows: `The main difference between English and Latin is that in English the _meaning_ depends mainly on the _order_ of words. and the _emphasis_ upon the _order_. p. although the enemy's arrival was not reported when it should have been. To take a simple example:-[5]+LIVIUS._ +vero+. PERICULUM illa sua in rebus dubiis audacia facile EVASIT.g. (3) Words. +enim+. 1. and denied its existence. (5) Indirect Object (if any) and its enlargements. quamquam adventus hostium non ubi oportuit nuntiatus est. +autem+. overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood. The Syracusans knew nothing of it. 38._ [Footnote 5: Postgate. . (3) In the middle of the sentence the arrangement is such that the words most closely connected in meaning stand nearest together.+ _The most exalted genius is frequently overborne by envy. E. . .g. . . and let the context guide you to the appropriate English word.g. For example:-+Liberas aedes coniurati sumpserunt. dumetis+ is all logically connected with the object +sepulcrum+._ (4) Use great care in translating Latin +Participles+.+ _As the +FACT+ showed . . 19:-[7]+Ut RES docuit .g. +docti+ } +viri summo ingenio praediti. For example:-- . E. +ignoratum .+ _An empty house had been occupied by the conspirators. . saepe invidia opprimuntur. .] In translating +RES+. 34. +13. animo gestienti REBUS secundis . which for the sake of emphasis is put in an unusual position at the end of the sentence. p. here. E. and make clear in your translation the relation of the participial enlargements to the action of the main Verb.-+ingeniosi+ (men of genius) = _genius_. spirits running riot from +PROSPERITY+ . the various uses of the word +RES+ in the following passage of Livy.+--(1) Remember that Latin is often +concrete+ where English is +abstract+.. for example. . +avoid at all costs+ the word +THING+. (2) Special emphasis is expressed by placing a word in an unusual or prominent position. he restored what was almost a lost +CAUSE+ . .(1) The two most important positions in the sentence are the beginning and the end. . Latin prefers the Active because it is more direct and vivid. . speculator RERUM quae a fratre agerentur . by saying that kingdoms grow by various +MEANS+. REM prope prolapsam restituit . +eruditi+ } (learned men) = _learning_. . (3) You may often translate a +Latin Active by an English Passive+.+ _The world regards ingratitude with hatred. the unusual position of +Archimedis+ and +sepulcrum+. _Sermo Latinus_. ._ +omnes immemorem benefici oderunt._ (2) The same Latin word may stand for different English words. Additional Hints._ [Footnote 7: Postgate. to watch the +COURSE+ pursued by his brother . Take. . xlv. . . aliis alia regna crevisse REBUS dicendo. here. or +THINGS+. or receiving an answer from anyone. and setting spurs to his horse. after saluting the enemy's general.+ _The Greeks returned home after the capture of Troy. Though Style cannot perhaps be taught. without either waiting for his staff._ +Nescio quem prope adstantem interrogavi. try to bring out the exact force of the +Ablative Absolute+._ +Haec dixit moriens+ _He said this while dying. therefore.+ _I questioned someone who was standing by. Maelius +for aiming at+ the royal power. Roma urbs erat parva. he hastened to the territory of the Nervii._ Notice also:-+Pontem captum incendit+ _He took and burned the bridge. subditis equo calcaribus. The Ablative Absolute is an adverbial enlargement of the Predicate. +though they were not asked+._ +Exercitu collecto in hostes contenderunt. neque expectatis legatis. offer help.+ _Fortune sometimes raises the proud.+ _S._ HELPS TO STYLE. ad suos conversus. Your best plan will be to consider carefully what the Ablative Absolute seems to suggest about the action of the Principal Verb._ +Nondum hieme confecta in fines Nerviorum contendit._ final: +Fortuna superbos interdum RUITURA levat.e. Ahala Sp. Rome was a small city. called +absolutus+ (i. auxilium offerunt. rode past the ranks of the Germans. Germanorum ordines praetervectus est. only +to dash them down+._ +Regnante Romulo.+ _The Romans. by which a Latin writer shows the time or circumstances of the action expressed by the Predicate. It is._ +Nuntiata clades+ _The news of the disaster.+ _Thereupon._ (5) In translating. nec respondente ullo. It should very seldom be translated literally. _freed from_ or _unconnected_). non ROGATI.+ _Though the winter was not yet over._ +Tum salutato hostium duce.+ _They collected an army and marched against the enemy.+ _When Romulus was reigning._ causal: +S. he turned to his companions. Ahala killed Sp. Maelium regnum APPETENTEM interemit. it can certainly be formed and .concessive: +Romani. and is not grammatically dependent on any word in the sentence. Graeci domum redierunt. For example:-+Capta Troia. +15.improved.+--With clearness goes simplicity--that is. Though you may not be able to attack the complete works of any great author. You will find that every language possesses its own special Metaphors in addition to those which are common to most European languages. and to express this in as good and correct English as you can. of Macaulay and Tennyson. Be Clear. use no word you do not understand. +avoid fine epithets+. Through good Translations. For example:-(1) Metaphors +identical+ in Latin and English-+Progreditur res publica naturali quodam itinere et cursu._ +rex factus est+ _he ascended the throne. Pay attention to Metaphors. You will thus learn eventually to suit your style to the Author you are translating.+--The subject of Metaphor is of great importance in good translation.+--Study a few +good English Versions+ of passages from the best Latin writers. to say what you mean and to mean what you say. not to give a mere general idea of the sense. `there is a reason assignable not only for every word. Avoid Paraphrase. Be Simple._ . The more you read the greatest Authors the more you will see that. What you have to do is to +think out the exact meaning+ of every word in the sentence. not that the reader may understand if he will. +18.' +17. but for its sense. +19._ +ardet acerrime coniuratio+ _the conspiracy is at its height. There are several ways of improving your Style. +16. of Shakespeare and Scott. as Coleridge says. but that he _must_ understand whether he will or not. but for the position of every word. and to this you should pay great attention. the best English Authors in prose and verse. and do not choose a phrase for its sound alone. For example:-+14.+--Remember that the first characteristic of a good style is +clearness+--that is.+--You are asked to translate. says that the aim of the translator should be._ +conticuit+ _he held his peace.+--+Read good Literature+. Through the Best English Literature. You will know something. As you become familiar with Latin Authors you must try to +distinguish the Metaphors common+ to English and Latin and those +belonging only+ to English or to Latin._ (2) Metaphors +differing+ in Latin and English-+cedant arma togae+ _let the sword yield to the pen. the great critic. Quintilian. while at the same time you render the passage closely and accurately. you ought not to have any difficulty in finding good books of selections from the English Classics.+ _The State advances in a natural path and progress. You may often have a good version of the passage you translate read to you in your Division after your mistakes have been pointed out to you. perhaps. +--In conclusion. _Fierce encounter with the Germans. ex consuetudine sua. however. phalange facta. Careful Translation a Help to Style.+20.' DEMONSTRATIONS in UNSEEN TRANSLATION NOTE The use of a personal mode of address in the following Demonstrations is explained by the fact that they are written primarily for the use of boys. and to +avoid repeating the same mistakes+. It is hoped._ (a) Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est. et desuper vulnerarent_. {V} [_Id cum animadvertisset +Publius Crassus+ adulescens. _Fierce encounter with the Germans.] {IV} [_Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in IV fugam conversa esset. that they may be found useful to masters also. |VI| Ita proelium restitutum est._ (b) Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis +pugnatum est+. Besides. |III| Reperti sunt complures nostri milites. et scuta manibus revellerent. impetus gladiorum exceperunt. {II} At +Germani+ celeriter. For example. The Latins themselves knew the value of translation as a help to style. Pliny the Younger says:-`As useful as anything is the practice of translating either your Greek into Latin or your Latin into Greek. quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur. ex consuetudine sua. Nothing will help your style more than to +do your translations as well as you possibly can+. phalange facta. a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. power in description. and that the fulness with which each passage is treated may supply some helpful suggestions. qui equitatui praeerat. tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. || CAESAR. what may escape you when you read. et desuper vulnerarent. cannot escape you when you translate. |II| At Germani celeriter. and gain in the imitation of the best models a facility of creating such models for yourself. et scuta manibus revellerent. an abundant choice of the beauties of style. DEMONSTRATION I. {III} +Reperti sunt+ complures nostri +milites+ [_qui in phalangas insilirent. +impetus+ gladiorum +exceperunt+._] a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram +aciem premebant+. |V| Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens._] [_qui equitatui praeerat. qui in phalangas insilirent. |IV| Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset. By practising this you will acquire propriety and dignity of expression._] . and cf. The context will tell you which is the better meaning for +re-+. and therefore the subject must be sought from the verb itself in connection with the context._-+Reiectis+ = +re + iacio+ = _throw back_ or _away_.+ +At Germani celeriter. notice all allusions and key-words that help you to the sense of the passage.) You can now translate the whole sentence--_(and so) the Romans threw away their javelins and fought hand to hand with swords_. see pp. {VI} Ita proelium +restitutum est+. Here. _Read through the passage carefully. CAESAR. called in by the Gauls in their domestic quarrels. 281.--In composition _a_ often becomes _i_._ N. _Reiectis pilis . Notice the force of all prefixes in composition._ an incident in a battle between the Germans and the Romans) that you may begin to translate sentence by sentence.+ +Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est. _B. [[Appendix II.B. i. Thus you can see here that the Roman soldiers had no use for their javelins. and the principal one. (The context tells us that the Roman soldiers had no time to hurl their javelins against the foe. CAESAR. phalange facta. Let the principal verb and the sense generally guide you to the force of the phrase.+ (i. restitutum est. The only finite verb in the sentence.II: Separable Particles]] +pilis+ = the +pīlum+.g._ +con (= cum) + manus+ = _hand to hand. +re-icio+. the distinctively _Roman_ missile weapon. +cominus+ tells us _how_.e.) _Vocabulary. the chief of the Germans. The general sense of the passage should now be so plain (_i. who conquered and ruled them until he was himself crushed by the Romans. _e.e. impetus gladiorum exceperunt.e.[_quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur. DEMONSTRATION I._--As you do this. and so threw them away as a useless encumbrance. +Publius Crassus+. even if you do not remember the outline facts of Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus. you must translate _the battle was fought_. G. But do not translate this literally _their javelins having been thrown away_. whether separate or inseparable as here. 52. _hand to hand_. For +re-+. You will recognise this as an _ablative absolute_ phrase. +cominus+ = +comminus+: _i. ex consuetudine sua. clearly. +I. +iacio+._] tertiam +aciem+ laborantibus nostris subsidio +misit+..+ . 280. cf. for this is not English._ _Heading and Author._--This tells you enough for working purposes.) _Translation. +nostri milites+. The form shows you it is a so-called impersonal verb. +reiectis pilis+. (ii. +II. +e-minus+ = _at a distance_._-+PUGNATUM EST+.._ i._ +Germani+. (i.+ +Reperti sunt complures nostri milites. though. Received _what_? +IMPETUS+ = _the attacks_. Cf.) _Translation. serves as a sure signpost. +III. The commas in . underline the principal verb. qui in phalangas insilirent._-+ex consuetudine sua + = _according to their custom_. If you forget the meaning of +vello+. which is a subordinate conjunction as well as a relative pronoun. +impetus+ = _attacks_ = +in + peto+ (= _aim at_). _con-vulsion_--will probably help you to the root-meaning. so your bracket includes all from +qui+ to +vulnerarent+. (ii. For this use of +ex+ cf. Our own word _custom_ comes from it through the French _coutume_.) _Vocabulary. +phalange facta+ } modify the action of +exceperunt+._-+insilirent+ = +in + salio+ = _leap-on_. +celeriter+ } 2.g. and bracket +qui+ to +vulnerarent+._--This sentence contains four finite verbs. +ex consuetudine sua+ } 3. You will probably have met with +consuetudo+. for reasons that are explained to you in the Introduction. you will readily think of the famous Macedonian phalanx. § 4. for +qui+. Also +revellerent+ and +vulnerarent+ are joined by +et--et+ to +insilirent+. +EXCEPERUNT+ = _(they) received_. +gladiorum+ belongs to +impetūs+. 2. Now translate the whole sentence. et desuper vulnerarent. Notice the usual phonetic change of vowel from _a_ to _i_. the supine +vulsum+ through some English derivative--e. you must let them lead you up to the _root-meaning_ of the Latin word rather than to an exact translation. clearly +REPERTI SUNT+.e. (English derivatives will often help you to the meaning of a Latin word. our _insult_. You cannot doubt which verbs to include in your bracket. 1.) +revellerent+ = +re + vello+ = _pluck-away_. or +consuesco+. (ii. et scuta manibus revellerent. the principal one. our _impetus_. or +suesco+. telling us _when_ and _how_ they received. _re-vulsion_. +phalange+ = _phalanx_. _Who_ received? Clearly +GERMANI+ = _the Germans_. If you learn Greek. As you read it through.+ (i. Of these 1. All you now have to do is to assign to their proper places the words and phrases that remain. _impetuous_. +ex voluntate+. And cf.) _Translation.) _Vocabulary. Plur. and received the attacks of the swords_ (i. +ex sententia+. pp. _of the Romans with drawn swords_)._--This sentence contains only one finite verb. as was their custom. and 4. _But the Germans quickly formed into a phalanx. +impetūs+ must be Acc. +cornu+ = _horn_. quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur.e._-+animadvertisset+ = +animum + ad + verto+ = _to turn the mind to. must be identical with the subject of +premebant+. _where_ ¹ ¹ _how_ ¹ ¹ _how or why_ ¹ ¹ N.the passage will often help you to the beginning and end of a subordinate clause. and bracket +cum+ to +conversa esset+. Underline +PREMEBANT+._--This sentence contains three finite verbs. tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. it is implied in +premebant+--i. +qui . vulnerarent+. Ö+ac+ = _sharp_ (cf. _many of our soldiers were found_. so. Thus you have as the backbone of the whole sentence:-_They (the Germans) were pressing our line. on their right wing.) _Vocabulary. . reflexive._ +V. Now begin with the principal verb +REPERTI SUNT+ and its subject +complures nostri MILITES+.. _they_._ All the rest of the sentence will now take its proper place. +IV. so that +qui = tales ut+--i. perhaps thought of as the _edge_ of a sword. (ii.+ +Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens. Next find the subject of +premebant+: obviously no word from +a dextro+ to +aciem+ can be the subject. as in some way modifying the action of +premebant+.e. to observe_. conversa esset+ +a dextro cornu+ +vehementer+ +multitudine suorum+ tells ¹ ¹ ¹ us ¹ ¹ ¹ _when_ they were pressing. a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Here the signpost is the subordinate conjunction +cum+.) _Translation. _brave enough to leap upon the phalanxes. they were pressing hard upon our line. which as context shows = +Germani+. Now translate _{Though}{When} the enemy's line had been routed and put to flight on their left wing.B.._-+ăcies+ = _line of battle_. _the character_ of these +complures nostri+. +ācer+). Now find the object = +nostram aciem+ = _our line_.--+suorum+. _the wing of an army_.. and pluck away the shields (of the Germans) and wound them from above_..) _Vocabulary.+ +Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset. qui equitatui praeerat.+ (i. This subordinate clause describes. Thus:-+cum . owing to their great numbers. figuratively.+ (i. clearly the principal verb. just as an adjective does. clearly +P. so +verso-r+ dep. analyse separately all subordinate clauses--_e. praeerat+ +3.. so +impeditus+ = _hampered_. (ii.) _Translation. CRASSUS+. +versabantur+--(+verso+ frequent. Next underline the principal subject. _Vocabulary.+ +qui . 23.g. as he was more free to act than those who were engaged in action.+ +Ita proelium restitutum est.+ +quod . Then. 23.._ Remember that +one passage mastered+ is worth a great many hurriedly translated._ A1. Help through a Study of the Period in Latin.] [[Introduction 11. +expeditior+ = _more free_ (+ex + pes+ = _foot-free_. A2. as on p.+ _In this way the battle was restored. bracket the subordinate clauses thus:-+1. Marcus Crassus the triumvir. the only possible object is +ACIEM+: underline this. (b) Place alongside these their proper enlargements. these will often help .. to distinguish him from his father._--This sentence is more involved. Underline this. _hindered_).) Any words that are quite new to you. Look them out in the dictionary.+ +Id .. 23 how much help can be given by a more detailed analysis. _engage in_._-(i..+adulescens+ = here like our _junior_. which is also the subject of clause 1. if you do not do this you will find the same word new to you the next time you meet with it. only take care to arrange the enlargements so as to make the best sense and the best English. _outside the brackets_._--As you have seen.) _English Derivatives. [[Demonstration I: Table]] [Footnote 8: See Introduction. he sent the third line to the help of our men who were hard pressed. +ACIEM+. had observed this. _be_. So before you leave this passage notice carefully in the I. [[Demonstration I: Table]] (a) Write down +CRASSUS+. and notice their derivation and use._ +VI. who was in command of the cavalry. +MISIT+. A3 in example on p. = _turn oneself_.. adulescens+ +2.]] Now. pp. 7-9. `periodic'[8] in style. (ii. according to the context. (c) If necessary. as before. Now analyse. § 11. You will see on p._ _Final Hints. Thus: _When Publius Crassus the younger. You should now be able to translate without any difficulty. of +verto+) = _turn this way and that_. versabantur+ and then the only principal verb is +MISIT+. B.g. _pugnacious_. _sinister_. (v._--Notice especially the force of prepositions and inseparable particles in composition. or from Latin words not found at all in classical Latin. +impedimentum+ = hindrance. _military_. (iv.:-+a+ to +i+ in +insilirent+. jump on_ and in the case of verbs.g. +expeditior+ Ö+ped+ = _tread. lost their classical meaning. +impedio+ = entangle. +ăc-utus+. _hostile_. vol. Read. (iii.e. (an admirable edition).) Froude's _Caesar_. . _Some Authorities. N. +re-vellerent+. is related to +ăc-er+. +in-+ in +impetus+. is related to +pes+. (with) _celerity_.--This must be done very carefully. +tertiam aciem+--_i._-(i. _manual_. iv. the usual Roman order of battle. (ii.) _Groups of Related Words. _phalanx_. +restitutum+. e.) Read a summary of Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus. kept for just such emergencies. +insilirent+. the distinctively _Roman_ infantry weapon.) Mommsen's _History of Rome_. +expeditior+._ Thus +acies+ Ö+ac+ = _sharp_. 295. (iii. sharp. _vulnerable_.) _Simple Phonetic Changes in Composition_. +ăc-ervus+. _super_-sede. if necessary.:-+re-+ in +re-iectis+. because many such English derivatives have come from Latin words after they had wholly. a foot. go_.you to the root-meaning of a word. and many others. +cominus+ (+con + manus+). or in part.) _Prefixes._ the line of reserves._-(i. _Historical and other Allusions. II. a heap. derivatives are most easily found from the _supine_ stem. &c. p. as these two examples show. some short account of the +triplex acies+. published by Ginn & Co. 50. Thus:-+reiectis+ = _reject. (ii. etc. uni-_corn_. the Roman +testudo+. _except_._--Thus notice:-+pilum+. p. cf.g. A great many other English words are derived from the Latin of this passage--e. +ex-+ in +exceperunt+. sharp. III. throw away_ +insilirent+ = _insult. e. _fact_.) _Caesar_. and see a good illustration. Allen and Greenough.) _Terms relating to War. ii.. qui . _B.. tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. laborantibus .. subsidio (= _how_) +ACIEM+ tertiam A1._' SENTENCE Kind of Sentence CONNECTIVE SUBJECT _Simple_ _Enlarged_ PREDICATE _Simple_ _Enlarged_ OBJECT _Simple_ _Enlarged_ A.. Id cum . PRINCIPAL (complex) +CRASSUS+ 1. 405. vol. 52: `_Reiectis pilis .) Napoleon's _Caesar_. CAESAR. qui equitatui praeerat Subordinate _adjectival_ to +CRASSUS+ in +A+ qui qui (= Crassus) -praeerat equitatui --- . 4. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens..... Publius 2. and vol. DEMONSTRATION I. ii._ i. adulescens (= _when_) 2. G.. cap. restitutum est. versabantur (= _why_) 3.. quod . p.(iv. adulescens 3. qui equitatui praeerat. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens Subordinate _adverbial_ to +MISIT+ in +A+ cum Crassus Publius animadvertisset -id -A2. quod expeditior rat quam hi ui inter aciem versabantur. praeerat +MISIT+ 1. OVID. OVID.._ (a) Quod mare non novit. IX Tamquam fraternis +obstupuisse+ modis. || et accipitri iuncta columba fuit. _Heading and Author. will lead you to expect a beautiful version of the legend._--Scan[9] as you read. Saepe. hi versabantur --DEMONSTRATION II. and mark I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 4 8 10 . and the name of the author.. Cynthia saepe tuis fertur. +lupus est+ a voce +retentus+. notice all allusions that help you to the sense of the passage. sequens agnam. III Saepe avidum fugiens +restitit agna+ lupum. IV 4 Saepe +canes leporesque+ umbra +cubuere+ sub una. Saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum. _The Music of Arion. 10 OVID. et accipitri +iuncta columba fuit+. _The Form of the Passage: Elegiac Verse._--As you read. Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una. Tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis. VIII 8 +Cynthia+ saepe tuis +fertur+. sequens agnam._ (b) Quod +mare+ non +novit+. quae nescit Ariona tellus? Carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas. 83-92 (Hallam's Edition). Thus the first line (which you can no doubt translate at once) tells of the fame of Arion. DEMONSTRATION II. vocalis Arion. _Fasti_ ii. _The Music of Arion. II Saepe._--The heading will probably suggest to you the well-known story of Arion and the Dolphin. and the succeeding lines describe the charm of his music. vocalis Arion.A3. Ovid. V Et +stetit+ in saxo proxima +cerva+ leae: VI Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite +cornix+ VII +Sedit+. Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae: Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite cornix Sedit. quae +nescit Ariona tellus+? I Carmine currentes +ille tenebat aquas+. lupus est a voce retentus. _Read the Passage carefully. quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur Subordinate _adverbial_ to +MISIT+ in +A+ quod (Crassus) -erat expeditior quam . _--This sentence contains no subordinates.. and notice also the important cognates from the Ögno-. but observe +nōvit+ = _knows_. I have learned_. . +-gna+. are both principal. Help through Scansion and Metre]] You can now begin to translate. 4 each form a complete sentence. (ii.) _Translation. in sense. Next. _ken_.) _Vocabulary.B.) _Vocabulary. (ii. gnw-. (c) The only expressed connective is the simplest link-word +et+.+ (i. the form of the sentence. _without any connective_. (b) In the whole passage there is not _one_ subordinate conjunction.--Try to render this line a little more poetically. The principal verb is +tenebat+. our _know_._ N.] [[Introduction 10._--You will know all these simple words. cf._--Here again there are no subordinates. +nescit+. where Latin has +-em+. our _re_-tain. +-gno+. so translate:-_He used to stay the running waters by his song. as you translate. the two finite verbs.e. what land is ignorant of Arion?_ N. quae nescit Ărīŏnă tellūs?+ (i. clearly subordinate to another. not _knew_.+ +Carmine currentes ille tenēbat aquās._--Before you translate.+ (i. pp.the quantity in the verse of all finals in +-a+. § 10. _can_. 3. +I. _con_--nό-oV (_m¥¦d_). (ii. with the question-mark at the end. taking one complete sentence at a time. for the suffix +-a+ is the usual Greek 3rd decl.+ +Saepe. notice Ovid'§ frequent use of _parataxis_. shows that +mare+ must be the subject of +nōvit+.) _Translation. and +tellus+ of +nescit+. +III. for +nōvi+ means _I have become acquainted with. +II. +-gna-rus+ = _know-ing_. gi-gnώ-skw = _I learn to know_. You will see the value of this. sequens agnam._--You will know all the words here. 7. +nōvit+.B. and many examples of it are to be found in Ovid'§ best elegiac verse. Acc. [Footnote 9: See Introduction. and \ _I know_. +no-sco+ (= +gno-sco+). lupus est a voce retentus.+ +Quod mare non nōvit. As you look through this passage you will find: (a) Lines 1. This is one of the ways in which all great poets _heighten the effect_ of what they say. _i. 6. Sing._ placing one thought side by side with another thought._--All you need notice here is the force of +re-+ in +retentus+ = _held back_. 2. even although one thought is.) _Translation. (+Ărīŏnă+ cannot be nominative.) Also +quod+ and +quae+ are clearly interrogative and adjectival. the subject +ille+.--Notice force of Imperfect in +tenebat+.) _Vocabulary. and the object +aquas+. so translate:-_What sea does not know. cf. ἵ-sth-μi. = _stand firm_ or _be left_. +fugiens avidum lupum+ enlarges the subject +ăgna+.--Notice the _parallelism_ in this couplet.: Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita.B. +re + si-st-o+. (ii._-- .' Is. _Amores_ ii. v. The metre shows that +umbrā+ must be taken with +sub unā+:-_Often have the dogs and the hares reclined beneath the same shade. _Fasti_. and _cub_-icle. you are not likely to confuse it with +lĕpor+ (+lepos+. when fleeing from the hungry wolf. the subject +lupus+. (ii._-+Restitit+ = _stood still_.) _Translation._ from Östa-. Ovid. and our _recumbent_. 6. cf. _i. Contrast carefully meaning of +re-sto+. and is frequently employed by Ovid.g. +-cumbo+ in composition.+ +Et stetit in saxo proximă cervă leae. and +saepe+ and +a voce+ tell us _when_ and _why_ the wolf _was stayed_. Cp. This is a characteristic feature of Hebrew poetry. As this is closely connected by +-que+ with +cănes+. Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides.) +IV.+ +Saepe cănes lepŏresque umbrā cŭbuēre sub unā. 655 [V. e._--Another simple sentence about which there can be no doubt.[10] [Footnote 10: E.] +V._ N.+ (i. 6. and +saepe+ tells us when the lamb _stood still_. 13-14.+ +Saepe avidum fŭgiens restitit agnă lupum._--Again a very simple sentence. _Often has the lamb. +Sequens agnam+ describes +lupus+.) _Translation.+ (i._ (For this use of +a+ or +ab+ to express _origin_ or _source_ cf.) _Vocabulary. strengthened by reduplication. _Often has the wolf in pursuit of the lamb been stayed at the sound.g._-+Lepŏres+ = _hares_. The principal verb is +restitit+.) _Vocabulary. lv. cf. +Cubuere+ = _lay down_. _succumb_. lάμpw) = _a charm_. where the parallel lines express the same idea. stood still (stopped short in its flight).e. the subject +agnă+.: `Seek ye the Lord while He may be found: Call ye upon Him while He is near.) _Vocabulary.The principal verb is +retentus est+. 709]: _Pectora traiectus Lynceo Castor_ +ab ense+. _grace_.+ (i._ +VI. So +accipiter+ = +ac + pĕt-+. cf. in Delos. while _the hind very close to the lioness_ makes good sense. +Loquax+ = _talkative_. and renders +leae+ untranslatable. clearly connected with +lŏq-uor+. ὠkύpteroV = _swift-winged_. so called from Mt. though for the time in close company._ +IX.+ +Et sĭne līte lŏquax cum Palladis ālite cornix sēdit. the virgin goddess of war and of wisdom.+ (i. +Cornix+ = _a crow_. our _croak_.+ (i._--The metre shows +proximă+ must be taken with +cervă+. cf. under the spell of Arion'§ music. pέt-oμai = _fly about_. probably from Öpet-._--The force of the illustration lies in the strong contrast between the chattering. and _loq_-uacious. Two such opposites. where she and Apollo were born. (ii. +āl-a+.) _Translation. silent owl sacred to the goddess of wisdom. _winged_._ +VIII._-+Cynthia+ = _Diana_ (_Artemis_). forget to quarrel. To _litigate_ = contest in law (+lit + agere+) may help you to the root-meaning.) _Vocabulary._-+Līte+ = _strife_.+ +Cynthia saepe tuis fertur. _And the chattering crow has without strife sat in company with the bird of Pallas. +Lea+ (poetical form of +leaena+) suggests +leo+. cf._-+Accipitri+ = _hawk_ (a general name for birds of prey).) _Vocabulary.+ +Et accipitri iunctă cŏlumbă fuit. But to translate _the nearest stag (hind)_ makes nonsense. +pĕt-o+ = _fall upon_. _swift + flying_._--The metre shows that +columbă+ and +iunctă+ must be taken together:-_And the dove has-been-joined-to (has consorted with) the hawk. cf. a _wing_. probably from Ökar. tale-bearing crow and the wise. and kόrax.+ (i._ +VII. +c£¡-vu§+.) _Vocabulary. . _And the hind has stood still on the crag close beside the lioness. lit.+Leae+ = _lioness_.) _Translation. +Alite+ = _a bird_. +pet-+ = _move quickly_. Cynthus. (ii.) _Translation. (ii. a _raven_. _seek_. Tamquam fraternis obstŭpuisse mŏdis. +Palladis.+ You have no doubt heard of PallὰV Ἀqήnh. _attack_. vōcalis Ărīōn. ) _Translation. _factum_. and +obstupuisse saepe tuis modis tamquam fraternis+ completes the predicate. [Footnote 11: Notice this word. _O tuneful Arion. cf. 1-8. _Charm_ (_Song_) _Lamb_ _Wolf_ _Stag_ (_Hind_) and notice that where the English word.g. as by those of her brother (Apollo). _feat_ from Fr. +vŏc-o+. as here. often is Cynthia said to have been spell-bound by thy strains. _fait_ = L. T¨¥§ sentence takes up a whole couplet. Apollo'§ own sister. is also the god of music and of poetry. mistakes Arion'§ playing for her brother'§._ under +nōvit+._--In verse these are often numerous and important. _strike dumb_. (iii._--You will remember that Apollo._ _Final Suggestions.+Fertur+ = _is said_. from +rĕgo+.) _English Derivatives.ii]] (ii. where you cannot think of an English derivative.._ related words--as pointed out to you in the vocabulary. e. or. +fĕrunt+ = _they say_. some very familiar _French_ word will help you to the root-meaning of the Latin. +Vōcalis+ = _tuneful_. _charm_. but you must do more before you can master it. Thus +fertur+ is the incomplete predicate.] (ii. &c. Cf.) _Allusions and Parallel Passages. [[Demonstration II. but even if you know the meaning of the words study their _cognates_--_i. the god who brings back light and sunshine in spring. +Vōcalis Ărīon+ is clearly vocative. xii.e.[11] +Mŏdis+ = _measures_. _i. +rēgis+. for ll. especially of verse. _Charme_ _Agneau_ _Loup_ _Cerf_ English. which is often employed to express the ideas of _entránce_. _amaze_._ You have now learnt how to translate this passage. p._--Remember that often. and borrows from many sources. +stŭp-idus+. +stŭp-eo+. +Obstŭpuisse+ = _to have been spell-bound_. +Carmine+ +Agnam+ +Lupus+ +Cerva+ French.e. _asserted_. Thus:-Latin. _stupid_ will suggest the root-meaning. or nominative of address._ tells us all that is said of the subject +Cynthia+. _e. of music. +rex+. and our _stupefy_._--This is easy and familiar._ I. differs in spelling from the Latin. _enthrall_. it is because it comes to us through a French channel.g. Ovid skilfully implies that Arion'§ playing was so beautiful that even Diana. compare Hor. of our _vocal_. For change of quantity cf. 25. 5: `Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris . Thus.) _Vocabulary. sentence I. clearly from same root as +vox+. Thus in these simple but beautiful lines notice:-(i. Poetry is naturally full of imagery. but is in form quite simple. _Od. learn it by heart. (The Arion story as told by Ovid is well worth a place in any collection of _Ediscenda_.' DEMONSTRATION III. _Line 2._--Ovid is the acknowledged master of elegiac verse. . . . _Her. Is fit for treasons. whenever you have a passage of his elegiacs to translate. `Quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meum?' (Dido to Aeneas. animate and inanimate.:-_Line 1.) If you cannot do this.) _The Poem as Literature._--A question._--+Vocalis Arion+. insignis inter primipili ._--Cf. £¡ read Tennyson'§ poem `Amphion. and spoils.' ©¦d Verg.) _Lines 3. Ov. PART I. Centenius fuit cognomine Paenula. . 4. VIII. 510: `Mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus._ III.: `Orpheus with his lute made trees. 164. if possible. Shakespeare refers to the love of music as a test of character:-`The man that hath no music in himself.. and a little child shall lead them. Cf._ Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est. (v.g. . and even over nature. And the mountain-tops that freeze. 6._--Simplicity.' _L¥¦ § 5. alliteration._ iv. where no answer is expected. where greed dominates all the feelings. apostrophe. Bow themselves when he did sing'. notice useful phrases and turns of expression. stratagems. _A rash promise rashly believed.' (¥v._--Ovid here depicts in language purposely exaggerated the power of music over the hearts of men. This gives point to the strong contrast in the lines which follow. you should. Therefore. Isaiah xi. |I| M. _Hen. 6: `The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb. and the leopard shall lie down with the kid. Arte materna rapidos morantem Fluminum lapsus . and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together. i.) _Hints for Verses. _Line 9. _G._--Parataxis and repetition of idea._ vii. e.' S¨©  §¤. instead of a bare statement. Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds. _Read the passage through carefully. {IV} +Id+ non +promissum+ magis stolide. nequiquam secutus Claudium. insignis inter primipili centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo. substiterat. brevi operae pretium facturum et._ Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei +fortuna oblata est._-- .g. _A rash promise rashly believed. and may begin to translate sentence by sentence. iis adversus inventorem usurum_.) _Vocabulary. tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent! |V| Data pro quinque octo milia militum. iis adversus inventorem usurum. +Hannibali+ suggests an episode in the Second Punic War._ As you read-(i. {II} +Is+ perfunctus militia. Thus. petit a Patribus. nequiquam secutus Claudium. in Lucanos +pervenit+. {VI} +pars+ dimidia cives. [quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent]..) Make all the use you can of your previous knowledge of History. xxv. +pars+ socii. substiterat+ helps to fix the date as later than +Cannae+. 216 B. petit a Patribus. 19. per P. |VI| Et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit.) Observe carefully all phrases that will require special care in translating--_e. {I} M. LIVY. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus.+ (i. quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent. +in Lucanos . You will now have a sufficient general idea of the form and general sense of the passage. and Antiquities.C.._ +bene gerendae rei+--+inter primipili centuriones+--+perfunctus militia+--+operae pretium+--+ad id locorum+. Centenius+ is clearly the unfortunate subject of the episode. Geography. brevi operae pretium facturum: et. uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur: |III| se peritum et hostis et regionum. [ubi Hannibal. substiterat]. |VII| LIVY. pars dimidia cives. +I. ubi Hannibal. (ii. per P. quam stolide +creditum+: [tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent!] {V} +Data+ pro quinque octo +milia+ militum. |IV| Id non promissum magis stolide. |II| Is perfunctus militia. {III} +Centenius dixit+ _se peritum et hostis et regionum. ac prope duplicato exercitu in Lucanos pervenit.+ +Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est. quam stolide creditum. Centenius fuit+ cognomine Paenula. DEMONSTRATION III. Et +ipse aliquantum+ voluntariorum in itinere ex agris +concivit+.centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo. ac prope duplicato exercitu. +M. LIVY. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus. pars socii. [uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur]. _--The principal verb is clearly +petit+. epithet._-+primipili+ = the chief centurion of the +triarii+ (the third. introduced by +ut+. The subject is +M. and +gerendae rei+ is dependent genitive. telling us the object of his request.' where +res+ = _victory_. with which +introductus+ agrees.] [[Introduction 13 (2)]] +II. _i. _There was a certain M. As a writer well says. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus.+ +Is perfunctus militia. by surname Penula. There is one subordinate clause. a blank cheque._ +co-nomen+. _He having discharged completely his . per P. _function_. But you must not be satisfied with this.e. veteran line of the legion). petit a Patribus._--The form of this sentence is quite simple. _ob-lation_ = _an offering_ and _of-fer_. (ii.+ (i. Centenius+. 41. Here notice especially the use of the word +res+. cf. `+Res+ is. and +is+ is the only possible subject (= +Centenius+). so to say. insignis inter primipili centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo. with which +alia+ must agree. the +primipilus+. Centenius fuit cognomine Paenula.[12] a remarkable example of the tendency of Roman writers to employ the ordinary and simple vocabulary wherever possible _instead of inventing a new word_. and notice force of +per+ = discharge _completely_. p.' Cf.) _Translation._ +III. designating his +gens+. +Scipio+ = +nomen+._: +Publius+ = the distinctive +praenomen+. Introduction. Centenius. `+Consilium erat quo fortuna rem daret. `+primus centurio erat. for though literally correct it is neither good History nor good English.) _Vocabulary. So Livy vii. distinguished among the first-rank_ (or _chief_) _centurions_ (of the Triarii) _both for his great bodily size and courage. with which +insignis+ agrees.' +c£¦£m¥¦ +. _e. a title. So render: _In this district Hannibal had another chance presented to him of achieving a success_._-+perfunctus+. quem nunc (centurionem) primi pili appellant+. So you may at once translate literally _Another fortune (chance) of carrying-on the matter well in these parts was offered to Hannibal_. 11. or +primus pilus+. a name _added_ to the +nomen+.+ +M. uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur. +Africanus+ = +cognomen+.+ (i. cf.) _Translation. first literally.+oblata+.) _Vocabulary._-+oblata est+ shows that the subject must be +fortuna+. Translate. to be filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning.) _Translation. [Footnote 12: Cf.g. (ii. (ii. eo inclinare vires+. etc. and the logical common-sense rules for the conversion of Or..+ Ö+ar+ = _fit_. _i. _Jugurtha_. _artist_..' _i. 63 _Tamen is_ +ad id locorum+ _talis vir_ = _Such was his character up to this time_.] (ii. being introduced into the Senate by P.e. iis adversus inventorem usurum. Thus:-_After he had completed his term of service._ +IV. +per-+. Sallust._--The form of the sentence shows that it is _reported speech_.. so._ Notice that the long relative clause +quibus artibus . he petitioned the Fathers that 5000 soldiers should be given him. and change the _asks_ into the past tense of narration. the principal verb. Obliqua explain the mood of the verb +capti forent+ in the subordinate clause introduced by +quibus+. asks the Fathers that 5000 soldiers should be given him_. _understood_.military service. brevi operae pretium facturum: et. and had been introduced to the Senate by P. Change this to some more suitable military term--e. and +dixit+. and would employ against their originator those very tactics by which both our leaders and our armies had up to that time been baffled. usurum+ the object of +dixit+. Now improve this: get rid at all costs of the _having_ and _being_. in sense of a _trial_. and +se peritum . experienced in both the enemy and the districts. Thus:-(a) +Use Oratio Recta+--more graphic and better suited to our idiom. and not the actual words of the speaker +Centenius+. quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent. +ad id locorum+[13] = _to that point of time_. the Praetor. _pierce_. and would shortly make it worth their while. _He was well acquainted (he said) both with the enemy and the country. Recta into Or._ worth the _time_ (or _labour_) spent upon it. so. +artibus--ars. Ö+par-+. Corn. Sulla. which are not English. _go through_._ . _artisan_. +in loco+ = at the right _place_ or _time_. _tactics_.) _Translation.. who is still the principal subject. _artifice_.) _Vocabulary. +per-iculum+. You will readily see that this must be improved in several points. [Footnote 13: Cf. C. The ideas of _place_ and _time_ readily interchange. _ex-peri-enced_. You should now be able to translate without any difficulty.+ +Se peritum et hostis et regionum. worth while_. would soon make it worth (their) while: and that he would use against their inventor those arts by which up to that time both our leaders and our armies had been overcome. +operae pretium+ = lit.+ (i. Sulla. so. Literally: _Centenius said that he._-+peritum+.g. (b) _arts_. _join_ = skill in joining something.e. +ex-per-ior+. `_what will pay for the trouble_. skill in producing. the Praetor. forent+ is in Latin placed before the antecedent +iis+. cf. sentence iv.+ +Et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit. omitted._ +VII. so +dimidius+ = +dis + medius+. (ii.+V. stirred up. Cf. +tamquam--essent!+ is a subordinate clause modifying the two principal verbs. `+tamquam clausa sit Asia. and expressing contemptuous wonder._--The principal subject is clearly +ipse+. too. Cf. +concivit+ = _raised_.) _Translation. and the subject is +id+. quam stolide creditum: tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent!+ (i. pars socii. (ii._-+dimidia+ Ö+med-+. Thus:-_The folly of the promise was not greater than that of the credit it received. +parum+. +sunt+ and +erant+ are omitted. _in-cite_.) _Translation. _Eight thousand soldiers were given him instead of five: half were citizens. and our _ex-cite_. lit.) _Vocabulary. [[Demonstration II:iv]] (ii. etc. ac prope duplicate exercitu. substiterat. ἵsthμi) with a causal force. Just as though the qualities of a soldier and of a general were the same!_ +VI. +mid-+ = _middle_. the two principal verbs are +promissum (est)+ and +creditum (est)+ linked by the comparative particles +magis--quam+. with a partitive genitive +voluntariorum+. Cf.+ (i. just as if the arts of a soldier and of a general were the same. sic nihil perfertur ad nos+. Cf.+ +Data pro quinque octo milia militum. roused. used in the neuter as a noun. ubi Hannibal._-+stolide+. use of +satis+. cf.) _Translation. as often. nequiquam secutus Claudium. in Lucanos pervenit. +si-st-o+ is only a form of +sto+ strengthened by reduplication (cf._--This sentence is very simple: notice that here.+ +Id non promissum magis stolide. p.+ (i.) _Vocabulary._--The finite copula +est+ is. +restitit+.) _Vocabulary._-+aliquantum+ = _considerable_. +ci-eo+. foolish. and use a better term than _arts_. +substiterat+ = _had halted_. half allies. avoid the repetition of _foolishly_._ Here you can make several improvements. _stolid_ = dull. pars dimidia cives.' Y£u can now translate Literally: _That was promised not more foolishly than it was foolishly believed. there are . and perhaps break up the sentence into two short ones. 27. substiterat+. II. to be avoided. he added. very fair. He said that he was well acquainted both with the enemy'§ tactics and the district round about. on the whole fair. +concivit+ and +pervenit+._ _Sentence IV.) He translates +data pro quinque . Cornelius Sulla.. darentur. had halted. Marcus Centenius.+ He uses too many participles. however. after having accomplished his years of military training.. and in a short time _would convert the engagement into a prize for the State_: moreover. +ubi . be of carefully the following I. Contrast the rendering given under Sentence IV. after his fruitless chase of Claudius. The style is._-(iii. coupled by +ac+. instead of breaking it up into two at least._-(ii. where Hannibal. of course._ The following version was shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship examination: `Hannibal in _carrying on his successful campaign met with some different luck in this district_. use to you as an object lesson: so notice points:-- .. on being introduced into the Senate by the Prætor P. and the rendering generally accurate. _Style. and modifying +pervenit+.) The Oratio Obliqua of the original he renders partly as Reported Speech and partly as Oratio Recta._-(i. Contrast version under Sentence III. whose cognomen was Penula. VII. and so. _Sentence III. This was _faithfully_ believed as it was _faithfully_ promised: the tactics of the soldiers and of the commanders were so much alike! He received 8000 men instead of 5000: half of them were Roman citizens.two principal verbs.) +Is perfunctus .. with his numbers nearly doubled.. had taken up his position. I will employ the same tactics against the _enemy_ as those by which our generals and troops have been captured in these parts._ _Sentence IV. he reached Lucania. _Sentences VI. was famous among the centurions of the first rank for his huge limbs and great courage. This is. half allies: moreover he himself _got_ some volunteers while on the march in the country districts and so almost doubled his army: he thus reached the territory of the Lucani._-bad nor good... substiterat+ by one long sentence. introduced by +ubi+. and one subordinate clause. requested the Patricians to give him 5000 soldiers.' T¨¥§ version is neither knowledge of vocabulary It will. where Hannibal after a fruitless pursuit after Claudius. The sense is so clear that you may translate at once into good English:-_Moreover he himself raised a considerable number of volunteers in the country during his march. This man. _Vocabulary. |III| Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum. _Sentence V. _Construction. extemplo instructae acies. Romana acie. He should have been familiar with the phrase +operae pretium+. III. |IV| Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis.+ He confuses +pretium+ with +praemium+. sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris. . _Rashness justly punished._-+concivit+ he renders by _got_. as if the word were +inimicum+ (which after all does not = +hostem+). ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint. alterum novum totum.+Se peritum . ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint. DEMONSTRATION IV. usurum. _Sentence IV._-+brevi operae pretium facturum. |II| Pugnatum tamen. duas amplius horas._-This is very bad._ _Sentence I. |I| Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt. though he might not see that +in his locis+ must be closely connected with +oblata est+. alterum vincendo veteranum.. magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem. fusa extemplo est Romana acies. He fails to bring out the root-meaning of +cieo+ = _to stir up_. obiectans se hostium telis cecidit._ Haud dubia res est. si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset. exercitusque. |V| LIVY. quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem. +operae+ with +rei publicae+ (?). concitata et. donec dux stetisset. You will now see that a strict attention to analysis and to the root-meanings of words really familiar would have enabled this candidate to send up a good version. vague and inappropriate. et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam. ut in nulla pari re._-+stolide+ he renders by _faithfully_.+ Very bad: due probably to not carefully weighing the meaning of each word. +inventorem+ he renders by _enemy_. PART II. _Analysis_ would at once have shown him that the logical order of the sentence was +Alia fortuna bene gerendae rei oblata est Hannibali in his locis+.. _Sentence VII. A moment'§ thought given to the English word _stolid_ should have put him on the right track. perhaps a careless mistake. _either_. _disorderly_. as this piece is a continuation of Demonstration III. alterum vincendo veteranum. the other wholly new. the use of +quippe+. 19. +tumultuarium+ (cf. magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem. +alter--alter+ = _the one_. exercitusque. (ii. +alterum+ (comparative of +al-ius+). In distributive clauses. so. none the less. the various uses and meanings of +ut+. [si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset]. the one grown old in victory. +nempe = nam-pe+ = indeed) = _since of course_. extemplo +instructae acies+. _Read through the Passage carefully. Romana acie. concitata et. You can now begin to translate.] {I} [Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt. and between armies. ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint]..+ (i. et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam]. alterum+. magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem. xxv. read the passage through very carefully. sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris. +tumultus+). alterum vincendo veteranum. +I.+ +Haud dubia res est. +alii alia+. _the other_. +alterum ..) _Translation. ut in nulla pari re.] +Haud dubia res est+. {II} +Pugnatum+ tamen. used of troops brought _hurriedly_ together. _other_._--This sentence is quite simple._--The context will be familiar to you. [donec dux stetisset]. DEMONSTRATION IV.) _Vocabulary. since.. _alternate_. LIVY. _Literally:_ `The affair was not doubtful. alterum novum totum. exercitusque. of course. . for example. cf. duas amplius horas. +Haud dubia res est+.. obiectans se hostium telis cecidit}._-+quippe+ = +qui + pe+. but. [quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem. +pe+ = a form of +que+ (cf. +alter+. {IV} Sed adeo ne fugae quidem +iter patuit+ omnibus viis ab equite insessis. and an explanatory subordinate statement of fact introduced by +quippe+. Notice. alterum novum totum.' T¨ ¡  are several points in which this rendering must be improved. quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem. Notice that the influence of +inter+ extends over the whole of the subordinate clause. [ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint.º clause are in the original. it was between Hannibal as general and a centurion. consisting of one main statement. and for the most part also hurriedly raised and half-armed. {V} LIVY. +fusa+ extemplo +est Romana acies+. {III} {Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum._ [Transcriber'§ Note: The braces around the ªPostquam._Rashness justly punished. Notice-(a) +Pugnatum (est).) _Vocabulary. tέμnw = prop. +extemplo+ = _immediately_. Thus:-`_The +result+ was not doubtful. a _temple_. So (a) a _space marked_ out.). _+ex-cite+_. consisting of one main statement. +con + ci-eo+.) _Translation. draw-off). the one grown old in victory.e. (b) You must try to express more strongly the contrast in generalship between Hannibal and a mere centurion. Romana_m_ acie_m_. duas amplius horas. and an introductory subordinate statement of _time_ introduced by +ut+ = _when_. a _section_. _roused_. (ii. the ranks were at once drawn up in fighting order. pp. 33. cf. (ii. donec dux stetit. +extemplo instructae acies+. 34. _+incite+_. ut in nulla pari re. extemplo instructae acies. referring the assertion +pugnatum duas amplius horas+ to the particular circumstance--_i. _neither of two_.] (i. +tempulum+). _swift_. the other consisting entirely of raw recruits. and for the most part undrilled and half-armed. _`When the armies came in sight of each other._' +II.+ [Footnote 14: Weissenborn and Müller read:--Pugnatum tamen. a consecrated place._-+neuter+ = ne + uter (+uter = eu-ter+ or +quo-ter-us+ = comparative in form of +quis+)._--This sentence again is quite simple (in form very similar to Sentence I. considering that the contest was between a general such as Hannibal and a (mere) centurion.+ +Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt.+ +Pugnatum tamen._--This sentence is not quite so simple and needs care.'_ [14]+III. cf. +cĭ-tus+ = _put in motion_.+ (i. _extempore_. ut in nulla pari re. et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam.) _Vocabulary.+ +ut+ is here not a _conjunction_ but a relative _adverb_ of manner._-+concitata+ = _stirred-up_.+ The Impersonal Pass. and between two armies.) _Translation. _diu_: duas amplius horas con_stitit pugna spe con_citante. and neither side declined battle. +Ex + templum+ (dimin. +detrectavit+ = _declined_ (+de + traho+. &c. (b) +ut in nulla pari re. Romana acie. of Part I. (b) a _portion of time_._ of a battle fought . donec dux stetisset. You will remember what was said about +res+ in Sentence I.Thus:-(a) _Affair_ for +res+ is too vague. serves as the principal subject and predicate. +templum+ Ö+tem+ = cut. cf. concitata et. ._ You can remedy this by taking +postquam . Notice here the strictly accurate use of the Pres. you may consult the detailed analysis on page 47.+ (i.) _Vocabulary. participle in Latin. ªut in re trepidaº]] (c) +concitata Romana acie+ is clearly ablative absolute. 124. _e. _caused_.. our inexact idiom `_he promised to come_' (Lat. _un-_. also p. exposing himself to the weapons of the enemy fell._ +IV..g. (c) `+future+' may be omitted. To make quite sure that you understand the logical connection of the thought conveyed by this sentence. and +fusa . he . 19. It would perhaps be well to translate at first literally:-_After that he.+ +Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum._ needless repetition (taὐtὸ lέgein = to say the same thing).. for +de+ in composition = separation. if he should survive a disaster brought about by his own rashness. +con + traho+ = _bring about_. is not English.. fusa extemplo est Romana acies. _cause_. the Roman army (as well as [+et+] the enemy'§) b ¥¦ roused (to great exertions) so long as their leader survived. Cf. `_that he would come_'). though verbally correct. the Roman army was at once routed. Cf. (b) _Exposing himself. l. Cf. and (b) that +Postquam . sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris. not only out of regard for_ (+pro+) _his old fame. acies+ as another. obiectans se hostium telis cecidit.under very unequal conditions.. [[Selection C17.g._ +consultissimus vir ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat+ (Livy). (ii._--The meaning of this sentence should be quite plain to you if you notice carefully that (a) the principal verb is +fusa est+. the battle was maintained for more than two hours.] _At last._-+dedecoris+ = of _dis-grace_._ Better _exposed himself to . _In spite of its being such an unequal match. _dis-_. and the principal subject +Romana acies+.. but also from fear of future disgrace._ +dis-par+ = _un_-equal.) _Translation. and must be considerably altered before it can be called a good translation. si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset.e. +contractae+ = _brought on_. cecidit+ is a subordinate clause of _time_ modifying the action of the principal verb +fusa est+. [Footnote 15: _i. and_._ You will see that this rendering. cecidit+ as one complete sentence. as tautological[15] in English. This use of +ut+ = _considering_ occurs frequently--_e. both for the sake of his old renown and from the fear of disgrace should he survive a disaster brought on by his own rashness. and so _removal_ of the fundamental idea. Thus:-(a) _It is too long.. The Roman army was routed in a moment. _related words_). formed from +passus+ (+pando+).+ (i..+ +Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis. several_ _other of two_ _elsewhere_ English Derivative. derivative and cognate English words. +passim+ = _hither and thither_._--Besides carefully noticing _new_ words. ambition. +ALIUS+ +ali-enus+ +ali-quot+ +al-ter+ +ali-bi+ etc. The rest perished as they fled. Thus:-_So completely closed against them was every chance of escape. some by one death and some by another. _far and wide_. where you can. ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint. +ut .. a Count +ITER+ = (+i-tiner+) = _a going_ +amb-it-io+ = _a going round. +SENATUS+ +sen-ex+ +sen-ior+ +sen-ile+ +sen-ectus+ etc.threw himself among the enemy'§ darts and was slain. +in + sed-eo+ = _sit upon_--so.) _Vocabulary. aliquot (parts). +insessis+ = _occupied_. (ii. absumpti sint+._ --Church and B. One of the best ways to enlarge your vocabulary is to group together _words of common origin_. _expand_. alternate. you should pay attention to the following points:-(i. = _belonging to old people_ sen-ile. To take a few examples from this passage:-Word.. alien. by beginning a new sentence with +Ceteri+. = _old age_.) _Translation. alter. _that belong to another_ _some. ._--This sentence resembles in form Sentence IV. all the roads being beset by cavalry. of the Elders_ = _old_ = _older_ senior. _patent_. _occupy_. itin-erant.) _Vocabulary.e. alienate. _spread out_. and a principal subject +iter+. with one principal verb +patuit+. You may conveniently break up this sentence into two. English. that out of so numerous a host hardly a thousand escaped. +păt-ulus+ = _open_. Cf. sir. flat dish_. sire. alibi. canvassing_ +comes+ = _a comrade_. +păt-era+ = _a broad. and a subordinate clause of _result_. modifying the action of the principal verb +patuit+. and to add to each. ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint. = = = = = Meaning. +V._ Before laying aside these two passages. +păte-facio+ = _to make open_. try to form groups of _cognates_ (i. _another_ (of many)._-+pătuit+ = _was open_. = _the Council Senate. A good and simple plan is to have a special note-book for this purpose. sedition_ sedition._ +ut in nulla pari re._ +alii alia peste.) +HANNIBAL.+ (iii. Latin. from this passage you might collect the following:-English. statesman. (ii.+ _The result was not doubtful. Mark in the text as you read useful phrases. SENTENCE Kind of Sentence CONNECTIVE SUBJECT _Simple_ _Enlarged_ PREDICATE _Simple_ _Enlarged_ OBJECT _Simple_ _Enlarged_ _Sentence III.+ _After completing his term of service.+--Read some good short estimate of Hannibal as a patriot. = _a going apart. Romana acie._ +operae pretium facturum.+ _Though the fight was so unequal. Complex tamen . ut in nulla pari re. and in your note-book write the Latin on the right-hand page and a good idiomatic rendering on the left. a beginning_ initial._ +haud dubia res est. If you have time. (Fr._ +ad id locorum.+ _Some by one death and some by another. you will find much to interest you in the _Hannibal_ (`Heroes of the Nations') by O'C£¦¦£¡ M£¡¡¥§. You will find this much more useful to you than any ready-made collection.) _Useful Phrases for Latin Prose._--You should try gradually to put together your own phrase-book.(+cum + eo+) +in-it-ium+ +sed-it-io+ etc.+ _Up to that time. = _a going in. donec dux stetisset. duas amplius horas. _A chance of achieving a success._ +perfunctus militia._ +fortuna bene gerendae rei. For example. and soldier--such as may be found in Mommsen'§ or Ihne'§ _History of Rome_. Comte)._ Pugnatum tamen. DEMONSTRATION IV.+ _Would make it worth their while. concitata et. Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro.. fusa extemplo est Romana acies. Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum Subiecit pedibus. Nymphasque sorores! || Illum non populi fasces. sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris. I I II 5 III IV 10 . si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset. deos qui novit agrestes. _The Happy Life. || neque ille Aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti. extemplo (_time_) 2.. perituraque regna. +OBIECTANS+ telis cecidit A2. non purpura regum Flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres. (qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. Non res Romanae. qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas.... _The Happy Life. Postquam is . si sua . Postquam is . Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum.. cecidit (_time_) A1. Silvanumque senem._ (b) +Felix+.. cecidit Subordinate _adv. strepitumque Acherontis avari! || Fortunatus et ille._ to +OBIECTANS+ in A1 si (he) superesset cladi sua temeritate contractae DEMONSTRATION V. concitata ._ to +FUSA EST+ in A Postquam is non pro vetere ._ (a) Felix. Romana acie (_manner_) _Sentence IV. Panaque. Complex Postquam +ACIES+ Romana +FUSA EST+ 1.+(THE BATTLE)+ +PUGNATUM (EST)+ 1._ A.. obiectans se hostium telis cecidit... duas amplius horas (_time_) 2. superesset Subordinate _adv. ut in nulla pari re (_manner_) 3. || VERGIL. nor wars.._ +I.._--Notice as you read the many allusions and key-words in the passage. +strepitum+ = _roar_. +Acherontis+ = _Acheron_ = (a) a river in the Lower World. For +oro+ cf. _speak_. a wild. +Felix+ is the only word outside the subordinate clause from +qui . Aut coniurato descendens +Dacus+ ab Histro. +fatum+ = _fate_.e. +non flexit+. perituraque regna+. din of any kind. non +purpura+ regum +Flexit+ et infidos agitans +discordia+ fratres. 490-499.) _Translation. +for+ (+fā-ri+). as the common lot of all men. VERGIL. of these lines is clear. +fā-bula+.You cannot be in doubt about the principal subject and predicate. +ōs+ = _mouth_. so you may translate at once. cf. +Pana+. +rerum causas+.+ +Felix. _obstreperous_. strepitumque Acherontis avari!) +Fortunatus+ et +ille+. +Acheron+ = ὁ ἄcea ῥέwn = the stream of woe. _that cannot be moved by entreaty_. The sense._ of _death_. Ö+fa+. +orator+ = _speaker_. Perh._-+inexorabile+ = _relentless_. _report_. nor envy. (ii. too. +fā-ma+. the decree of nature. but you must take special care to use dignified and appropriate language:-- . +fatum+ = _that which is said_. cf. _e. _eloquent_. prophetically. _that cannot speak_. Non +res Romanae. +res Romanae+. espec. These._-. lit. will readily suggest to you the main thought of the passage:-_Happy is Nature'§ bard who knows and fears not: happy he too who knows the gods of the country. nor pain. Panaque. _i. confused noise. (deos qui novit agrestes._ ii. +Nymphas+. Nymphasque sorores!) +Illum+ non populi +fasces+. +Dacus ab Istro+. +neque doluit+. +fortunatus+.) _Vocabulary._ +Acherontis+. strepitumque Acherontis avari!+ (i. qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. fa. neque ille Aut +doluit+ miserans inopem aut +invidit habenti+. _a story_.g. +oratio+ = _speech_. KwkutόV = _Cocytus_. Cf. Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum Subiecit pedibus. taken in connection with the main predicates +felix+. Silvanumque senem. VERGIL. DEMONSTRATION V. _Georg. river of _wailing_. lit. II 5 III IV 10 _Read the Passage carefully. +Silvanum+. +in+ (_not_) + +ex+ (_easily_) + +orabilis+ (_entreated_). avari+. He is not distressed by ambition. and +populi fasces+. +in-fans+. +fā-cundus+.Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum Subiecit pedibus. +aut invidit+. (b) the Lower World itself. of wood. _moving_. _conferred by the people_. et infidos agitans discordia fratres. and the sisterhood of the Nymphs. Pan. non purpura regum Flexit. cf. deos qui novit agrestes. akin to the Thracians. +populi+._ +II.) _Vocabulary._ +III. _He too is blest who knows the gods of the country. +discordia+ = _discord_. _i. _sworn confederate_. (ii. +dis-crimen+. +fasces+ = _the lictors' rods_ (_rods_ + _axe_ in certain cases) carried before the highest magistrates. 25. espec._--This sentence closely resembles in form Sentence I.e.e. _impelling_. Notice force of +dis-+ = separation.e._Happy the man who has availed to know the causes of things.e. +treiben+ = _drive_). Nymphasque sorores!+ (i. and so trampled under foot all fears and fate's relentless decree. +agrarius+. i. +Dacus+. _honours_. Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro.+ +Fortunatus et ille. of Danube. as an emblem of authority. +Silvanum+ = _Silvanus_ = Latin god of fields and woods (+silva+). Cf. Perhaps to be traced to the same root as +ag-o+ = _drive_. and old Silvanus. +ager+ and ἀgrόV being so named +a pecore agendo+ (cf. [16]`+Purpura Pompeium summi velabit honoris. conquered by ._-+agrestes+ = _of the country_. Germ. +Ille Fortunatus+ being the principal subject and predicate. the Dacians. +coniurato+ = _united by oath_. i. _sylvan_.'] +ai¢ans+ = _driving_. _travel over_. +dis-par+.+' OV. i. _agrarian_. Silvanumque senem. +peragro+ (+per + ager+). and the roar of insatiate Acheron.) _Vocabulary. negation. Non res Romanae. perituraque regna. [Footnote 16: `The purple (the insignia) of the highest office shall clothe Pompeius.) _Translation. _Ex Ponto_ IV._ the _purple_ robe worn by kings and magistrates. +purpura+. +fascis+ = a _bundle_._-+fasces+ = _fasces_. Panaque.+ +Illum non populi fasces. +ager+ (ἀgrόV). +trift+ = _pasturage_. iv. cf.+ (i. N. nor by _the affairs_ of Rome.B. _He never felt the pang of pity for the poor.) _Vocabulary. and the realms about to perish._ OR (b) _He is not (1) moved by honours that the people confer. _envy_. +flexit+ (or +flexerunt+). nor by the great Roman State and the death-throes of subject kingdoms. +miserans+ ¹ ¹ +miser+. +discordia+. +purpura+. and those sisters. nor the Dacians swarming down from the leagued Danube. _miser-able_. aut invidit habenti. Pan and old Silvanus.' |IV| . _op-ulent_.) _Translation. +perituraque regna+. that make (2) brothers swerve from brothers' duty. Thus the meaning of-+doluit+ is suggested by +dolor+.Trajan. Cf. +coniurato+. Cf._--You have here two principal verbs. Cf._ N. +invidit+ ¹ ¹ +invidia+. Notice that +inopem+ must be the object of the participle +miserans+. or realms destined to decay.+ +neque ille Aut doluit miserans inopem._--You will probably know the meanings of the words in this sentence. his sworn (2) ally. +inopem+ ¹ ¹ +in + ops+. no. modern _Roumanians_. |III| He neither _grieves for nor pities the helpless_. and a principal subject +ille+. (ii.--(b) is superior to (a) in-(1) the use of Passive for Active. nor does he envy the rich. +infidos+. nor by discord that rouses brothers to _distrust_ each other. the nymphs! |II| He is not moved by _the people's axes_. not the Roman State. You may therefore translate at once:-(a) _Him fasces of the people or purple of kings sway not. not maddening discord among treacherous brethren. or civil feuds. or of envy for the rich. +res Romanae+. +doluit+. (ii. or the Dacian coming down from the Hister. and the _groaning_ of greedy Acheron! |I| Blessed also is he who knows the rustic gods. Cf. (2) the predicative use of +agitans+.+ (i. joined by +aut+. and that +habenti+ is used as a noun. with several principal subjects. +Histro+ = the Lower Danube. +invidit+. +fasces+. and no subordinate clauses. and _controls_ under his feet all changes and inexorable destiny. nor by the regal purple.) _Translation._--You will see there is only one principal verb. He is not moved by _Dacus_. coming down from the _sacred_ Danube._ Copy of a rendering shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship examination:-`Happy is the man who _is able_ to discern the reason of things. or the purple of empire. +IV. ) See-(i. +Felix qui potuit ._-_grieves for nor pities_.) Munro's _Lucretius_. `by the honours that the people confer.] [[Appendix VI]] II. Before you put aside this passage.). and inadequate rendering._-_is able . (iii. +strepitum+ = _roar_. (ii. _Relation of Lucretius to the Georgics. Notice in this connection the opening lines of the passage. and Book iii. [Footnote 17: See Short Lives.' _sac¡ed_.-19 B. This suggests quite a wrong idea. line 449.. pp. III. (ii. _For the Georgics. _Sentence IV. p. Poems on Husbandry. _Sentence III. pp.--The chief facts of his life and the subject of his great poems are clearly and shortly given in the _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_ (a useful and convenient book of reference). pp.C. pp. 199-243. _For the Poet Vergil_[17] (70 B. contrast the version. which aimed at checking the depopulation of the country districts. try to avail yourself of some of the following suggestions. 37-45.' _¡oanin_--_i. line 78. which may be summarised as follows: `Happy he who knows the laws of Nature. and has therefore ceased to fear natural phenomena and has learnt to despise the fabled terrors of Hades. 343. so commonly met with in a town. but notice the following points:-_Sentence I. Vergil says that a country life.._ (i. _the affairs of Rome_. with its absence of poverty.) Nettleship's _Vergil_. +con-iurato+ = _allied by oath_. A very weak.' Munro says: `I feel that by his +Felix qui+ Vergil does mean a .) Sellar's _Vergil_. Notice especially the _political purpose_ of the _Georgics_--to help the policy of Augustus._ lines 490-499.e._ +gemitum+. 174-198. Compare the alarming migration from the country to the towns in England at the present day. This quite obscures the point. _din_..C. Thus:-I.The above version is fair.) _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_.. The connection in thought is not shown: `He is happy because he _knows_ and \ fears not. and controls_. saves a man from the necessity of feeling a pang of pity for the poor. Notes on Book i. 157-8. Acherontis avari+._ (The passage for translation is taken from _Georgic II.) Sellar's _Vergil_._-_by the people's axes_. This is quite wrong. [cum omnia collustrarem oculis]--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--+animadverti columellam+ non multum e dumis eminentem. +indagavi sepulcrum+. or for worldly state. 64. exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum. [quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam]: [qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro._ v. cum esse omnino negarent.' DEMONSTRATION VI. who can only be Lucretius._ (b) {I} Archimedis +ego quaestor+ ignoratum ab Syracusanis.g. indagavi . saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis. exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum. _The Tomb of Archimedes. saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis. dimidiatis fere. accessimus: |VII| apparebat in sepulcro epigramma. |IV| Atque ego statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse quod quaererem. cum esse omnino negarent. [in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri]. His address to Epicurus. |V| Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum. quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro. +accessimus+: {VII} +apparebat+ in sepulcro +epigramma+. iii. Wordsworth's _Happy Warrior_-`He therefore does not stoop. {V} +Immissi+ cum falcibus multi +purgarunt locum+. in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri. or honours. _The Tomb of Archimedes. {IV} Atque +ego+ statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--+dixi+ me illud ipsum arbitrari esse [quod quaererem]. +I. _Read the Passage through carefully. 23. +ego quaestor+._ (a) Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis. _Tusc. For the thought. cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem.' Cf. 1-30. DEMONSTRATION VI.+ +Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis. |II| Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos. cf. {II} +Tenebam+ enim quosdam +senariolos+._--As you read you will notice many allusions and key-words.] saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis. _e. |III| Ego autem. [cum esse omnino negarent. |VI| Quo cum patefactus esset aditus. CICERO. +Syracusanis+. {VI} [Quo cum patefactus esset aditus]. also _Lucretius_. indagavi sepulcrum. || CICERO. nor lie in wait For wealth.poet-philosopher. +sepulcrum+. etc. These. CICERO._ +Archimedes+.] {III} +Ego+ autem. will suggest to you the main subject of the passage--the finding of the Tomb of Archimedes by Cicero. taken in connection with the heading and the author. dimidiatis fere. i. and entirely denied its existence.' (ii. and are encircling the coverts with nets._ (b) A better rendering: _When I was Quaestor I was able to trace the tomb of Archimedes. The principal verb is +indagavi+. transferred to the Tribunes). negarent+ emphasises +ignoratum a Syracusanis+. `Dum trepidant alae.+ +Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos. +II. _fence_.) _Vocabulary. especially of the _iambic senarii_. from +quaesītor+--+quaero+). not known of by the Syracusans.) _Vocabulary. saltusque indagine cingunt. Cf. and the subordinate clause +cum .) _Translation. hedged in on all sides and covered with brambles and brushwood.. `While the scouts (beaters) are all busy. The Syracusans knew nothing of it.' Verg. originally two main functions:-(a) The preparation of evidence in public prosecutions (this about 240 B. A metaphor from hunting._--The form of the sentence is quite simple.sepulcrum. You may now translate (a) literally: _I.. traced out the tomb of Archimedes._-+senariolos+ = _some lines_.e. +dumetis+ = _with brushwood_. _i. dumetis+ describes +sepulcrum+. (b) Treasurers of State.+ (i.e._-+Quaestor+ (contr. with subject +ego quaestor+. _Aen. when Quaestor.. _globe_--sfaῖra. while the +Quaestores provinciales+ or +militares+ acted as financial assistants to the _Consuls_ or _Praetors_ for the provinces. _investigator_. overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood. +sphaeram+ = _a sphere_. +saeptum+ = _hedged in_..+ (i. +saepes+ = _a hedge_. +vepribus+ = _with bramble-bushes_. From +ignoratum ._ Notice here the improvement made by breaking up the one long sentence into two. and object +sepulcrum+. quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro. +indagavi+ = _I traced out_. 121._ iv.C. Of these the +Quaestores urbani+ stayed at Rome. of +senarius+ (+seni+) = _consisting of six each_. +cy. for they said it was not there at all._ of poetry--dimin. _--The only principal verb is clearly +tenebam+ (with .¥¦d¡£+ = _a cylinder_. (ii.) _Translation. kύlindroV. and which set forth that his tomb was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder. following closely the thought and the order of the Latin:-_Well. oculis+ modifies the principal verb +animadverti+ and is an adverbial clause of _time_._ [Footnote 18: Var.subject contained in the verb).) _Vocabulary.+ +Atque ego statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse.) _Translation. in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri.._--With the practice you have now had. +ex-cello+.) _Translation. +versus+). +farc+.. but notice carefully that-(a) the parenthetical clause +erant .. +freq-uens+ = _repeated_. cf. dimin. +con-fer-tus+ = _crowded_. sepulcrorum+ explains +collustrarem+.. cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem. cylindri+ is an adjectival clause enlarging +columellam+. with subject +ego+ and object +columellam+. as I was surveying the whole place (there is a large number of tombs at[18] the Agrigentine gate) I perceived a small column just showing above the undergrowth. +il-lustris+ = _lighted up_. cf. mecum+ enlarges +Syracusanis+. _culminate_._--This sentence is apparently not quite so simple. Notice next that-(a) +cum . (ii.. _The fact is. _frequent_. +col-umen+ (= +cul-men+) = _the summit_._-+collustrarem+ = _I was surveying on all sides_. and the principal object +senariolos+ (sc. on which appeared the figure of a sphere and a cylinder.) _Vocabulary. +frequens+. but if you carefully bracket the subordinate clauses you will see that the only principal verb is +animadverti+.. From +quos . . of +columen+. so. quod quaererem.. +frequentia+ = _a large number_. cylindro+ we have two subordinate adjectival clauses enlarging +senariolos+.. cf. frάg-μa = _a fence_._ +III. +cel-sus+ = _lofty_.+ (i. +lu-men+. (ii. +columellam+ = _a small column_.._--The words of this sentence present no difficulty.+ (i.. +farc-io+ = _pack close together_. I remembered some iambic lines which I had been told were inscribed on his monument. perhaps akin to +luc-eo+.] +IV. you may translate at once. +lustro+. (c) +in qua . so.+ +Ego autem. Öcel. cf. Öfrak. cf. lect. +con (cum) + lustro+. _illustrious_. +ad portas Achradinas+. You may now translate into your best English. (b) The parenthetical clause +est enim . Cf. akin to +flect-o+ = _bend_. from its shape. _ed-ible_. 163. (ii._ _Note._' _Thus it was that one of the most renowned of Greek cities. dimidiatis fere.+ +Quo cum patefactus esset aditus.. from +pur-igo+ = +purum + ago+ = _purge_. Cf.+ (i._-+patefactus+ = _laid open_: +pateo + facio+.and (b) +quod quaererem+ describes +illud ipsum+. +pur-us+. if it had not learnt it from a man born at Arpinum. +ex + edo+._-+falcibus+ = _with bill-hooks_. an idiom foreign to our language except for example in the so-called nom. p._-+epigramma+ = _inscription_. +exesis+ = lit. +dimidiatis+ = _halved_ = +dis + medius+. +purgo+. contr. sui civis unius acutissimi monumentum ignorasset.+ (i.) _Translation._ +VII._-_Some men sent in with bill-hooks cleared out the space.+ (i. _So I immediately said to the Syracusans who were with me (some people of importance) that I thought that was the very thing I was looking for. nisi ab hoimine Arpinate didicisset. +purgarunt+ = _cleared_. `_eaten out_'.) _Translation. Introduction. _epi-gram_. Cf.+ +Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum. would have remained ignorant of the monument of the greatest genius it ever produced._ +V. (ii._-_As soon as the way was open. accessimus. exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum. quondam vero etiam doctissima. of Milton.] . [[Introduction 13 (5)]] Cicero adds the following reflection:--`_Ita nobilissima Graeciae civitas._--_There was the inscription on the tomb: the latter part of each line was gone. +falx+ perh._ +VI. Cf. i. p. we went up to it. 12 (5). and in ancient times one of the most enlightened. Cf. Cf. _falcon_ (from its _hooked_ claws). _divided into halves_._--Notice here the rendering of the Lat. absol. abl. (ii._[19] [Footnote 19: Also the birthplace of Marius.) _Vocabulary.+ +Apparebat in sepulcro epigramma. Cf.e.) _Translation. absol. nearly half the verse. _patent_.) _Vocabulary.) _Vocabulary. Viden' ut geminae stant vertice cristae. and if possible consult _some_ of these authorities:-(i. where reference is made to this incident. Felix prole virum. . 75 B.C._ Forsyth's. _e. (v. . Book xxv. and to the still extant work of Archimedes on the Sphere and the Cylinder.C. nate.C. 23-31. (iv.) For _Cicero's Quaestorship in Sicily_. Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces._ Before you leave this passage. caps.) For the _Tusculanae Disputationes_ (conversations between Cicero and a friend at his Tusculan villa._ The _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ supplies a good short life and refers to Cicero's finding the Tomb of Archimedes.--The Kings that are to be. animos aequabit Olympo. 38-58. Press._ in Church and Brodribb's translation) Livy's account of the siege of Syracuse by Marcellus. . Camb. . Notice especially the admirable plan of Syracuse illustrating the siege by Nicias. Or _Sicily_--`Story of the Nations' Series. the subject of which is the chief essentials of happiness) consult the admirable introduction to the edition by T. try to notice some of the following points. Book xxiv. auspiciis illa incluta Roma Imperium terris. Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae Sacra ferens? Nosco crines incanaque menta 780 .) Freeman's _History of Sicily_. W. 214-212 B._ Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Romulus. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION AT SIGHT REGAL PERIOD.[[Selection B4]] _Some Suggestions and Authorities. . pp.) _Some good Life of Archimedes. Et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore? En huius. 34.) Read (_e.. cap. 753-509 B. (ii.g.g. . consult some Life of Cicero. (iii. D1 _The Vision of Anchises. Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater Educet. Dougan. .. primam qui legibus urbem 810 Fundabit. pacem precibus exposcunt. ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit.e.e._ vi. +operuit+ = _enveloped_ (+ob + pario+ = _get for_.C. 778. i. Superbus.. a man of war. opposite +a-per-io+ = _get from_. _lazy_ (_re + sedeo_). the father of the Vestal Rhea or Ilia. 817-818. Quem iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus.) Tarquinius Priscus (616-578 B. expelled by Brutus.C. whom the Romans regarded as the founder (+fundabit+. _Aen. +ad Caprae paludem+ = _near the Goat's pool_.C. 817. (ii. Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis Agmina. a distinction of Mars. qui proxumi steterant. subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo. destroyed Alba.Regis Romani. +ille+ = Numa Pompilius (716-673 B. tamen velut {10} orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit._ His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet. +superum+ = _for the world above_.C. etsi satis credebat patribus.] D2 ROMULUS. Romana pubes. .). +qui+ = Tullus Hostilius (673-640 B.). 753-716 B. receptos. +Avo+ = _grandsire_.C. cf. 813. old and poetic name for Mars.) Tarquinius Superbus (534-509 B. Vis et Tarquinios reges animamque superbam Ultoris Bruti fascesque videre receptos? VERGIL. Acc. nephew of T. 815. Deinde a paucis initio facto deum deo natum. _The Passing of Romulus.). +geminae cristae. 780. 777-784. Sing. regem parentemque urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum iubent. +resides+ = _sluggish_. [Linenotes: 777. --Sidgwick. {15} LIVY. Curibus parvis et paupere terra Missus in imperium magnum. +Assaraci+: King of Phrygia and grandfather of Anchises. +Tarquinios reges+ = (i. 4. 808-818.+ Brutus.C. 808. conqueror of the Latins. 815 Nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. _cover_). uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. i. +Mavortius+ = child of Mavors.).. +Ancus Martius+ (640-616 B. nec {5} deinde in terris Romulus fuit.+ The double-crested helm. _put upon_.C. Cui deinde subibit. A. Numitor. sedato tandem pavore. roused Rome to expel the Tarquins and found the Republic: and thus the +fasces+ (the sign of power) were _recovered_ (+receptos+) by the people. +animamque .) of Tarquinii in Etruria. 779. sublimem raptum procella. as a god. 16. 811) of their religious and legal institutions. Vergil omits Servius Tullius (578-534 B. postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit. [Linenotes: 2-3.). _uncover_. ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit. i. a native of Cures (811) in Sabine country. ] B. 503-508] [Linenotes: 1-6. (Prob. +Sēd-o+ = _cause to sit_. and our _seat_. +Quirinus+ = the deified Romulus) = lit. +Qui+ = Numa Pompilius. 19. 7. cf. Romulus appears as a god to Proculus Julius.E.' Hor. open in war but shut in peace. quippe efferari militia animos. animos+ = _since_ (he thought that) _men's tempers were made savage_ (brutalised) _by warfare_. an ellipse of _et_. circ. 1. = the clayey ground.e. 238 B. _preserve_. Cf. _The Gate of Janus. +orbitatis+ = _of orphanhood_. part of Numa's thoughts.. cf. _spearmen_. _The Mystery explained. 6.) 8. and practise valour and all warlike virtues. apertus ut in armis esse civitatem. Qui regno ita potitus urbem novam. +quippe . +volens propitius+. Argiletum+ = (a temple of) Janus at the foot of the Argiletum. The event is regarded simply as past. +orb-us+ = _bereaved_. used of Roman _citizens_ as opposed to Roman _soldiers_. conditam vi et armis. by a cessation from the use of. +sēdato+ = _settled_.. Et dixisse simul: `Prohibe lugere Quirites. iure eam legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat. +sospes+ = _safe_.. +sospitet+ = _he may keep safe_. LIVY.. the second king of Rome.. 3. `Quirinus | Martis equis Acheronta fugit. 379-384._ Pulcher et humano maior trabeaque decorus Romulus in media visus adesse via. 11. Nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. +sēd-es+. +Quirites+ (cf. _optimus maximus_. 716-673 B. cf. an honourable man._ A. +Ianum . a slope to the N. Connected with _Cures_ and _curis_ (Sabine word for a _spear_). but to worship him as Quirinus. of the Forum.] D3 NUMA POMPILIUS. 5-6. bidding him tell his people not to mourn for him. _calmed_._ iii. +clausus. H. Et patrias artes militiamque colant. and our _orphan_. +nec deinde .' OVID. 15. _de-docēre_ = _unteach_.C. +trabea+ = _in the (striped) robe of state_. ii. [II. from _argilla_ = white clay. +desuetudine+ = _by disuse_.5. i. Tura ferant placentque novum pia turba Quirinum. cf. cf.C. clausus pacatos circa omnes populos significaret. fuit+.. _settle_. +efferari+ = orat. 15.. without reference to other past events. +abstulerit+ = _auferret_. obl. mitigandum ferocem populum armorum {5} desuetudine ratus Ianum ad infimum Argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit. and 4 . Quibus cum inter bella adsuescere videret non posse. 3-5. 4-5. i. _Od.+ It was closed for a short time. [Linenotes: 1. _Fasti_. D. ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae. Has. +reserat+ = _un-bars_. 293-4. _F. Cf._ iv. quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos velle venundare. [Linenotes: 609.again by Augustus 29-25 B.) A§ Romulus was the founder of the State and of political and military order. _Od. . Hor. 115-132. Libri tres in sacrarium conditi Sibyllini appellati. Aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco. cf. Ipse vocat pugnas.] B. Tum illa foculum coram eo cum igne apposuit. Religione sacrae et saevi formidine Martis: Centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri Robora. 19. prob. et. atque attentiore animo fit. atque id ipsum denuo placide interrogavit. +numerus+. D4 TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. quasi ad oraculum. sic nomine dicunt. an tres reliquos eodem pretio emat._ i. +vectes+ = _bolts or bars_. 143 A. (For _Numa_ cf. the striped robe of state. +Quir. _Aen. nec custos absistit limine Ianus. 534-509 B. purple. _vect-īgal_. derisit. VERGIL. 607-615. quasi anus aetate desiperet. novem libros ferens. Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit. AULUS GELLIUS (fl. et tres libros ex novem deussit. quindecimviri {20} adeunt. +nummus+. 15. 613. Ipse Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino Insignis reserat stridentia limina Consul. our _series_. i. . Tarquinius ore iam serio. from Öveh = carry. Cf. Ad eos. _The Purchase of the Sibylline Books._ i.e. Mulier ibidem statim tres libros alios exussit. For _sĕro_ = _join_. 9.+ `The name of Numa is significant. +cinctu Gabino+ = _with the Gabine girdle_. and denotes an organiser or _lawgiver_.C. Rex. trabea+ = _in the state robe of Romulus_. 610 . 612.' --Ihne. so the legend regards Numa as the founder of the national religion. cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt. nόμoV.C.] +Parallel Passages._ In antiquis annalibus memoria super libris Sibyllinis haec prodita est. .+ Ovid. Tarquinius pretium percontatus {5} est: mulier nimium immensum poposcit. i. ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet._ vii. Sunt geminae Belli portae. Sed enim {10} Tarquinius id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare.). sequitur tum cetera pubes. with white stripes across. +Numa Pompilius. eam {15} constantiam confidentiamque non insuper habendam intelligit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio. _Aen. regem interrogavit. formed by girding the toga tight round the body by one of its loose ends. Verg. 54. 5.e. quibus plerumque Gabina res superior esset. +libris Sibyllinis+. and our _vendor_. _The Sequel: the Fall of Gabii. quid ageretur.C._] B. +Gabina res+ = _the cause of Gabii_. after the tale he told of his father's cruelty had gained credit with the men of Gabii. Tarquinium dono deum sibi missum ducem credere. . LIVY. [Linenotes: 1. p. 534-509 B. _Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii. a college of priests who had charge of the Sibylline Books.' --Ihne. i. 8. 19. 82 B. +The Sibylline Books. the Capitol. dux ad {5} ultimum belli legitur. for the Cumaean Sibyl. a collection of prophecies uttered by the legendary prophetess who lived at Cumae. Lit. +Inde+. A. proelia parva inter Romam Gabiosque fierent.+ `There existed also Etruscan +libri fatales+ (_Books of Fate_). Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. Cf. who built that temple. . 2. 4 ._ Inde in consilia publica adhiberi. Ita cum sensim ad rebellandum primores Gabinorum incitaret. Historic Infin. 42-101. were kept in the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter._ Iamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico. praedam munifice largiendo tanta caritate esse. {10} Apud milites vero obeundo pericula ac labores pariter. 4-5. tum certatim summi infimique Gabinorum Sex.+ Verg. [[Introduction 13 (2)]] 11.. 12. i. i. ll. Perdendi Gabios quod sibi monstret iter.. +delirare+ = _to be out of her mind_. _ven-eo_ (= _venum + eo_). and deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine. . i. to make a crooked furrow in ploughing. espec.] +Parallel Passages. but a fresh collection was made by Augustus._ vi. 20. +ad rebellandum+ = _to renew the war_.C. _Aen. D5 TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. +adhiberi+ = _he was admitted_. and these.e. For +res+ cf.e. 2. _ven-do_. purchased also the sacred books of the Sibyl. +quindecimviri+ (_sacris faciundis_). Nothing seemed more natural than to suppose that Tarquin. ipse cum promptissimis iuvenum praedatum atque in expeditiones iret. near Naples.. ut non pater Tarquinius potentior Bomae quam filius Gabiis esset.[Linenotes: 1. together with the Sibylline Books. et dictis factisque omnibus ad fallendum instructis vana accresceret fides. +sacrarium+ = _the place for the keeping of holy things_. +venundare+ = _to sell_. i. +obeundo pariter+ = _by facing alike . Ibi cum inscia multitudine. The original Sibylline Books were burnt in the fire on the Capitol. 11 (2).e.. Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis. _de + lira_ (a furrow). +ad fallendum instructis+ = _were framed to deceive_. +coloniam+. Locumque delegit {20} et fontibus abundantem et in regione pestilenti salubrem. Neque enim ad mare admovit--quod ei fuit illa manu copiisque facillimum.. quem in locum multis post annis rex {5} Ancus coloniam deduxit. D6 _The Position of Rome. quo posset urbs et accipere ex mari. quo redundaret: ut mihi iam tum divinasse ille videatur. 701-710] 8 [Linenotes: 1..+ Hor. +Historic Parallel.. [Linenotes: 3-6. the harbour of Rome and chief naval station. 12-13.. Turnus their King. +ducibus suis+.+ `The amphitheatre of seven hills which encloses the meadows (afterwards the Campus Martius) in . which enabled him to betray Babylon to his master Darius.. +definitus+ = _bounded_. 1. CICERO. Urbis autem ipsius is est tractus ductusque muri cum Romuli tum etiam reliquorum regum sapientia definitus ex omni parte arduis praeruptisque montibus. +summa+ = _the tallest_. _Ep. ii. H. Horace refers to the treaty made by Tarquinius with Gabii. +non esse opportunissimos+. +quo redundaret+ = _its own superabundance_. +arduis praeruptisque montibus. 6 (selected). 7-8._ ii. Itaque urbem perennis amnis et aequabilis et {10} in mare late influentis posuit in ripa..] +Reference. ut in agrum Rutulorum Aboriginumve procederet.. 17-18.+ Compare the extraordinary self-sacrifice of Zōpy̆rus. Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis. Ostia. +genitorem appellat .--sed hoc vir excellenti providentia sensit ac vidit. 19. +Rutulorum.+ = lit. of Rome. 3. 6.+ S. [II. iii. et virga lilia summa metit. so that . non esse opportunissimos situs maritimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diuturnitatis conderentur atque imperi. the future Mistress of the World. _De Rep.g._ Urbi autem locum Romulus incredibili opportunitate delegit. which he might very easily have done with that band (of men) and those forces. Nuntius ut rediit. quo egeret. hanc urbem sedem aliquando et domum summo esse imperio praebituram: nam hanc rerum tantam {15} potentiam non ferme facilius alia in parte Italiae posita urbs tenere potuisset. Nec mora: principibus caesis ex urbe Gabina. i. Capital. 10.Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati Accipit. abl._ ii. 6. et reddere. 5. after _nuda_ = _deprived of_. Filius `Agnosco iussa parentis' ait. aut in ostio Tiberino. +quod ei fuit . as exposed to sudden attacks.. _Fasti_.e.+ = _he calls on his father (to tell him)_ . 4. +is tractus ductusque+ = _the plan and direction_. 23-27. and likely to contain a too large foreign element. decussaque lilia dixit. +virga+ = _with a switch_. 20. Herod. OVID. e. 153-158.. urbem ipse conderet. Ardea. 543-552. of Afghanistan. i. Nec galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis. White cattle were required for the sacrifices of the Triumphs. Campania.'_ Sed neque Medorum silvae ditissima terra.the bend of the Tiber. i. Sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus umor Implevere. +haec loca+) = _fill it all_.e. +The Position of Rome._ ii. offered heights sufficiently elevated and abrupt for fortification. +silvae ditissima+ = _most rich in forests_. nec miseros fallunt aconita legentes. bis pomis utilis arbor. of Umbria. --Sidgwick. 140 145 150 . Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert. +Clitumne. neque tanto Squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis. 149. non Bactra. Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri.. Massicus in N. Arabia.. +Massicus umor+ = _Massic juice_. +Bactra+. saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro. auriferous river of Lydia.+ `There was no place better fitted for an emporium of the Tiber and sea traffic. greges. Pactolus. and for a maritime frontier fortress than Rome. Romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos.e. _a water-snake_. _`Salve. Bis gravidae pecudes. in months properly belonging to winter. D7 THE PRAISE OF ITALY. neque Indi Totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis harenis. the R. _Georg.W. of Mt. 136-154.+ R. cf. +bis gravidae pecudes+ = _twice the cattle give increase_. famous for its wine.e. periodic sentences by two or more separate sentences in English. 152. modern Balk. Hic ver assiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas. 139. 137. famous for its white cattle. +hydri+ (ὕdroV). +Panchaia+.'] N.' Mommsen. Clitumne.B. +implevere+ (sc. [Linenotes: 136. +satis . 143. yet without difficulties for the builder or cultivator. lit. +alienis mensibus+ = _in months not her own_. the Falernian. 150. 141. et maxima taurus Victima. +Hermus+.[20] 146-148. varying from 120 to 180 feet above the stream. i. 144. the Eldorado of the Old World. hydri+ = _where the enormous dragon's teeth were sown_. magna parens frugum. Conington. VERGIL. Hinc albi. At rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum Semina. It combined the advantages of a strong position and of immediate vicinity to the river. 151. 138. Nec rapit immensos orbis per humum. tenent oleae armentaque laeta.--I¦ this passage be careful to translate Cicero's long. Nec pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus Laudibus Italiae certent. N. espec. Saturnia tellus. 146. +saeva leonum semina+ = _the fierce lion-brood_. insignisque inter {20} conspecta cedentium pugnae terga. quacunque vi possint. ut pontem ferro. quantum corpore uno posset obsisti. VERGIL. [Footnote 20: Cf. Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis. Qui positus forte in statione pontis. Itaque monere. reprehensans singulos. 154. _Venus brings Aeneas his new armour: he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of Rome to be. pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles.' --Macaulay. 651. the Chillingham `Wild Cattle. 8) describing its source. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit. +in ferrum ruebant+ = _were flinging themselves on the sword_. praedicere. igni.+ Compare Pliny's beautiful letter (viii. +Cloelia+. iam plus hostium in Palatio {15} Capitolioque quam in Ianiculo fore. {10} trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere. 648._ viii. 153.] +R. 509-366 B. obsistens obtestansque deum et hominum fidem testabatur nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere.e. se impetum hostium. Horatius Cocles. (1) `_How well Horatius kept the Bridge In the brave days of old. _Aen. Illum indignanti similem. Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. excepturum. obversis 650 . .] B. . the snakes in Italy are not so large as elsewhere. D8 ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA. Clitumnus. . cum captum repentino impetu Ianiculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset. +Porsenna. a deadly poison--_monkshood_._' A._ [Linenotes: 646. interrumpant. ingentique urbem obsidione premebat.'] EARLY REPUBLIC. similemque minanti Aspiceres.C. 646-651. +neque--anguis+ = _nor with so_ +vast+ _a sweep gather himself into a coil_. si transitum pontem a tergo reliquissent.--Mackail. 507 B. --C. a Roman hostage. who escaped by swimming the Tiber. Nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebat Accipere. Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.+ `Lars Porsena of Clusium By the nine gods he swore That the great house of Tarquin Should suffer wrong no more.C. i. +aconita+. ni unus vir fuisset. reliquissent+ = _if they left the bridge free for the enemy to cross by_. [Linenotes: 7. . use of participle. i. 507 B. 8. [Linenotes: 7. multisque superincidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit. 10. suae libertatis immemores alienam oppugnatum venire. 8. +ingenti gradu+ = _with mighty (heroic) stand_. cum simul fragor rupti pontis. +trepidamque turbam+ = _panic-stricken and in disorder_. in Livy.. 8-9. 11. et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. _citato equo_. LIVY. 9.. +obversis armis+ = _as he faced about_. +servitia+ = _the slaves_ = _servos_. +reprehensans+ = _seizing them by the arm one after another_. Tum Cocles `Tiberine pater.' 18. +transitum+ = noun. _procērus_ = tall. neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti {15} pontem obtineret gradu. 14-15. cedere in tutum coegit. Adj. 15-16. +ad proceres+ = _on the chiefs_. Cf.' Ita sic armatus in Tiberim desiluit. parumper sustinuit. {10} Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt. ut proelium incipiant. Sp. +plus famae .. `firm as a rock. Circumferens inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare. freq. +si transitum . +obiecto+ = _presented_. built by Ancus Marcius to connect Rome proper with the Janiculum-hill. Herminium. Larcium ac T. dum alius alium. increpare. circumspectant. Abstract for concrete. For _prŏcer_ cf. Pudor deinde commovit aciem. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae erat. haec arma {20} et hunc militem propitio flumine accipias. +Cocles+ = _the one-eyed_. +provocare ._ ii. +alacritate perfecti operis+ = _from joy at the completion of the work_. revocantibus. deinde eos quoque ipsos. nunc increpare omnes: servitia regum superborum. _Od. (_servitus = servi. 10. in appos. cf.e._' Du£s tamen cum eo pudor tenuit. ii. 21-22. Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent. ambos claros genere factisque. 18. exigua parte pontis relicta. 10. +Pons sublicius+ = _the pile-bridge_. to the enemy. or ridge. 12. pavore subito impetum sustinuit.C. Hor.. {5} qui rescindebant. rem ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei. simul clamor Romanorum alacritate perfecti operis sublatus. LIVY. +citatos+ = _at full speed_. `te sancte precor.] D9 ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA. iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum. to +pontem+..' i¦quit. 24. fidei+ = _destined to win more fame than credit with posterity_. Cf. from loss of an eye in battle.._) 14.cominus ad ineundum proelium armis.+ Historic Infinitives = Indic. ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostes. ii. (2) `_How well Horatius kept the Bridge In the brave days of old. ne. 7-8. primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra constituit. +ingessit+ = _thrust into_ (_in_ + _gero_).. `an avenger in turn on') _our plunderers_. to have killed Porsena would have been less glorious 5 . dein metuens. the scribe or secretary of Porsena. xxi. And with his harness on his back. +non praedo . abdito intra vestem ferro proficiscitur. Plunged headlong in the tide. 7-8. affirmante+ = (_a charge which_) _the present condition of the city would confirm_ (_substantiate_). `patres. LIVY. (3) _How C. cum C. Mucius. sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem spem Porsena habebat.. +fortunā . maius. +tam saeva miracula+ = _such a miracle of stern fortitude_.. Urere quam potuit contempto Mucius igne. non praedo nec populationum {10} in vicem ultor. MARTIAL. Obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa caritate inopia. si di iuvant.+ From this incident surnamed Scaevola = _the left-handed_. senatum adit. . but won a Name. ultor+ = _not to plunder nor to retaliate on_ (lit.C. Sed tam saeva pius miracula non tulit hostis Et raptum flammis iussit abire virum. [Linenotes: 1. 12. `Transire Tiberim. fecerat illa minus._ A. _Ep.`Oh Tiber! father Tiber! To whom the Romans pray.] B. as opposed to _unnatural_. in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit.' i¦quit. and speaking sheathed The good sword by his side._ I. a frequent surname in the Gens Mucia. --S. +sătellite+ = _the attendant_. A Roman's life. +sedendo+ = _by sitting down before_. +cum summa caritate+ = _involving_ (+cum+) _a very high price_. Maior deceptae fama est et gloria dextrae: Si non errasset. 3. Mucius lost his Hand. adulescens nobilis. i. in animo est facinus. [Linenotes: 1. +Mucius. si possim.. si consulum {5} iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret. et intrare. a Roman's arms. 2. 2. Ubi eo venit. After his time. Take thou in charge this day!' So he spake.' Approbant patres. Hanc spectare manum Porsena non potuit. +pius+ = _feeling_. ii.e. --Macaulay.] D10 ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA. 3.. 507 B. 10-11. forte deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ut transfuga.. Cum peteret regem decepta satellite dextra Ingessit sacris se peritura focis.e. i. fortuna tum urbis crimen affirmante. of a besieging army. castra hostium volo. i. inter primam curationem exspiraverit. 10. provolant in primum. Dicto paruere. Tum ad equites dictator advolat obtestans. quam paulo ante magister equitum.] +Porsena. Hos agmine venientes T. one of `the dauntless Three. son-in-law of Tarquin. +magister equitum+. _The Battle of Lake Regillus_. 15. 1-2. was nominated by the Dictator. et pro antesignanis {15} parmas obiciunt. ubi cohortem exulum a dictatore Romano prope circumventam vidit. +inter proceres. tanto vi maiore.C. i. +Imperator Latinus+. Herminius+. Herminius legatus conspicatus. +dictator+. D12 FIRST SECESSION OF THE PLEBS. +in primum = in primam aciem.+ Macaulay.] +Reference. perculsaque inclinavit acies.+ The Battle of Lake Regillus was. [Linenotes: 1.' who kept the bridge. Imperator Latinus. revealed to him that 300 Roman youths had sworn to attempt the same deed that he had undertaken.e. ut et uno ictu transfixum per latus occiderit Mamilium. The Dictator (_magister populi_ = _master of the army_) was appointed by one of the two Consuls (= _colleagues_) in a time of national danger to avoid the possible want of unity between the two consuls in time of war. cf. i. the first line fighting _in front of the standards_. +T. Whereupon Porsena feared to distress the Romans any longer. and made peace with them.C. i. ex subsidiariis manipulos aliquot in primam aciem secum rapit. interque {5} eos insignem veste armisque Mamilium noscitans.+ +antesignanis+. 7. _The Dictator and his Master of the Horse. 494 B. {20} LIVY. BATTLE OF LAKE REGILLUS._ Ibi alia inter proceres coorta pugna. desiliunt ex equis. a Homeric battle of single combats between the opposing chiefs. i. 5. --Rawlins. Aebutius. et ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis veruto percussus. in the main. T. 20. D11 LATIN WAR. {10} cum victor in castra esset relatus. The Master of the Horse. Recipit extemplo animum pedestris acies. ut fesso iam pedite descendant ex equis et pugnam capessant. cum hostium duce proelium iniit. in gratitude for the magnanimity of Porsena. 11-12. +inter primam curationem+ = _at the first attempt to dress his wound_. +veruto+ = _with a javelin_. --Stephenson.e. _veru_ = _a spit_. Mamilius of Tusculum. Aulus Postumius. 498 B. the cavalry are not only the younger men (in Livy often = +iuvenes+) but also patricians. 13. the second in command. ii. 17.e.+ Livy tells us that Mucius. . postquam iuventutis proceres aequato genere pugnae secum partem periculi sustinentes vidit. +iuventutis proceres+ = _the young noblemen_.e.e. Tum demum impulsi Latini.than to display such heroism. 32. i. 493 B. 13.. ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosancti. omnia. quo vivimus vigemusque. sed singulis membris suum cuique consilium. +Pavor ingens . neve cui patrum capere {25} eum magistratum liceret. 20. cf. Cf.. ne manus ad os cibum ferrent. +inde+. by their right of veto on the official actions of all other magistrates. nec magis ali quam alere eum.e. indignatas reliquas partes sua cura. ipsa una membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem {15} venisse. and threatened to secede from Rome altogether. quae te genuit atque aluit? Non tibi. _legatum_) = _spokesman_. 19-20. Inde apparuisse ventris quoque haud segne ministerium esse. and 1 Corinthians. omnia in unum consentientia._ Pavor ingens in urbe. and so aid digestion. . Albinus. nec dentes conficerent. as official protectors of the Plebs. Placuit igitur oratorem ad plebem mitti Menenium Agrippam. +maturum confecto cibo+ = _brought to perfection only when the food is digested_. 10-11. [Linenotes: 1-2. captiva mater-ne in castris tuis sim. xii. entrenched itself on Mons Sacer.+ One of the Roman armies (mainly recruited from Plebeians) refused to obey orders. nec os acciperet datum..e. ii. 24-25. --R. flexisse mentes hominum. `ad hostem an ad filium venerim. Ita tribuni plebei creati duo. Comparando hinc. LIVY. D13 WAR WITH THE VOLSCIANS._ Coriolanus prope ut amens consternatus ab sede sua cum ferret matri obviae complexum. suus sermo fuerit. Is intromissus in castra prisco illo dicendi et horrido modo nihil {5} aliud quam hoc narrasse fertur: Tempore. _Veturia and her son Coriolanus. maturum confecto cibo sanguinem. --Rawlins. +ventrem . +quibus . . conspirasse inde. quam {20} intestina corporis seditio similis esset irae plebis in patres. ventrem in {10} medio quietum nihil aliud quam datis voluptatibus frui. from the Plebs.e. +confecto+ l. facundum virum et. deinde hostem viderem? Potuisti populari hanc terram.. divisum pariter in venas. reddentem in omnes corporis partes hunc. metuque mutuo suspensa erant omnia. ut exulem te. Licinius et L. priusquam complexum accipio. i. +conficerent+ = _grind_. ut nunc. Seneca _de Ira_ ii.] +For the Fable+.C. C. suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri. 2. Tribunes of the People. 4. Hac ira dum ventrem fame domare vellent. quod inde oriundus erat.. plebi carum. 31. quamvis . In {5} hoc me longa vita et infelix senecta traxit.. 24. ._The Fable of the Belly and the Members. 33. quietum+ = _whereas the belly resting calmly in their midst_. Agi deinde de concordia coeptum concessumque in condiciones. sciam' inquit. mulier in iram ex precibus versa `Sine. quo in homine non. charged with a _verbal_ message. 12-27. esset+. +sacrosancti+ = _consecrated and inviolable_. quibus auxili latio adversus consules esset. +oratorem+ (i. Per sata perque vias fertur. perfida tela cave.infesto animo et minaci perveneras..' Ihne. Shakespeare. i. Riparum clausas margine finit aquas: 8 Sic Fabii vallem latis discursibus implent. 483-474 B._ Campus erat. advised that the corn obtained elsewhere should not be distributed. C.C. and of the great authority exercised in olden times by Roman matrons over their sons and husbands.' . succurrit: Intra illa moenia domus ac penates mei sunt. 4 Ecce velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus Aut nive. cum in conspectu {10} Roma fuit. `The germ from which the whole legend sprang is the story of the filial love of Coriolanus. 20. Abductis deinde legionibus ex agro Romano invidia rei oppressum perisse tradunt alii alio leto. `stretched on the ground. +consternatus+ = _in strong emotion_--lit. libera in libera patria mortua essem. nisi filium haberem. Quid faciant panci contra tot millia fortes? . +Coriolanus. generosa domus? male creditis hosti: Simplex nobilitas.+ Cic.E. +potuisti+ = _had you the heart to_--question indicated by _tone_ of the voice.g. _Coriolanus_. ingredienti fines ira cecidit? Non. quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit. 477 B. After this. of Rome). ii. +non . mater.. iii. Uxor deinde ac liberi amplexi. Cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. Quodque vident sternunt. iii. _The Destruction of the Fabii at the Cremera. _Coriolanus_. nec metus alter inest. [Linenotes: 1. e.' 7. Quo ruitis. +alii alio leto+. unless the Plebeians would give up their Tribunes.C. succurrit+ = _did it not occur to you_? 19-20.] +References. V. (compared to Themistocles). coniunx liberique? Ergo ego nisi peperissem.. ii. nec. lived to old age in exile. 12 Fraude perit virtus. put to death by the Volscians. In apertos undique campos Prosiliunt hostes. For this he was impeached and went into voluntary exile among the Volsci. 40. _Brutus_ x. In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt. fletusque ab {15} omni turba mulierum ortus et conploratio sui patriaeque fregere tandem virum. {20} LIVY.. in a time of famine at Rome. et latus omne tenent. campi claudebant ultima colles Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras.+ Gaius Marcius received the cognomen of Coriolanus for his bravery at the capture of the Volscian town of Corioli (S. 10-11. D14 WAR WITH VEII. ipse retro ab urbe castra movit. by a voluntary death. Roma non oppugnaretur. Complexus inde suos dimittit. +invidia rei oppressum+ = _overwhelmed by the unpopularity of his action_. ut ante solebat. Plutarch. +campus. of soldiers dispersing to plunder. _Cincinnatus called from the Plough. 48. +silvis Laurentibus. Gracchus Cloelius. 215-236] 16 20 +Context. qui obsessa et paene iam capta L. Algidus. boundary of Latium. the E. `The story probably came from the Chronicles of the Fabian Clan. ii. Cf. +Aequos+. +Fulmineo ore+ = _with flashing tusk_. xi. vi.+ To protect their territory from the constant raids of the Veientines. Mox tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti Vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. {10} prorsus ut festinasse. ne quid a rustici operis imitatione cessaret. recuperavit. quod in misero tempore restet. the noble house of the Fabii offered to undertake the war themselves. Cremera (a tributary of the Tiber). Minucius. the first Roman annalist. vol.+ `Ovid here paints from fancy: there are. spur of the Alban range. had defeated the consul.+ The Aequian general. FLORUS. blockades in turn the . Sic expeditione finita redit ad boves rursus triumphalis agricola. followed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring people. [Linenotes: 1.+ `The true type of primeval virtue. and blockaded him in his camp on Mt. 458 B. deep hollows admirably calculated to conceal an ambushed foe.' Rawlins.' --Ramsay.+ Livy. +qui . [Linenotes: 1. H. 2-4. D15 WAR WITH THE AEQUIANS. dictator ad relictum opus videretur. Wild boars are still found in the swampy thickets. A.+ Laurentum on the coast of Latium between Ostia and Ardea. He erected a fortified camp near the R. i. Inde in aciem profectus. Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes. 49.e. OVID. perhaps through _Fabius_ Pictor.] +Parallel Passage. 9. L. 10. +metus alter+ = _fear of a second enemy_. adest? Sicut aper longe silvis Laurentibus actus Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes. Cincinnatus makes a wonderful night march from Rome of 20 miles. 17. [II. --Hallam. +discursibus+ = _runnings to and fro_. however. Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. Minuci consulis castra egregia victoria recuperavit. ii. abstinence. 18.C. The consul Kaeso Fabius marched out of the city at the head of his clan. Ihne. I.. cum patricium virum innixum aratro suo lictor in {5} ipso opere deprehendit. +Cincinnatus. i. 175-196.Quidve. and from this spot plundered Veientine territory. and patriotism. of one in ambush. Intra quindecim dies coeptum peractumque bellum. cap.' --Ihne. Medium erat tempus forte sementis.. ille dictator ab aratro. 12-15. more pecudum victos sub iugum misit. mountaineers (closely allied to the Sabines) who lived in the mountains forming the E. _Fasti_._ Sed Aequos praecipue Quinctius Cincinnatus domuit. . Versarent in animis secum unamquamque rem. 4. iii. {5} ingentique hominum expectatione propositis decem tabulis populum ad contionem advocaverunt et. Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem: Sed dis. LIVY. Placet creari decemviros sine provocatione. . Here poet. . +lucifero+ = lit.). +sementis+ = _of the seed-time_. _sero_. quid in quaque re plus minusve esset. +cum Atticis legibus+. +sed . _free_ from the restraints of boyhood. . ut tandem scribendarum legum initium fieret. THE TWELVE TABLES. [III. Cincinnatus. Nec crimen duras esset habere manus. . ut inveniam. Se.g.C. summis infimisque. _Lībera_ (_līber_). `_In the brave days of old. and compels an unconditional surrender. Iam redierant legati cum Atticis legibus. .. 32. 34. iii. ipsis liberisque eorum esset. was the chief object of the visit to Rome. Formed from _semen_. cf. who was called to be _Dictator_. Tum legibus condendis opera dabatur.] B. iura aequasse. Ovid says one reason why the _toga libera_ was assumed at the Liberalia (the Feast of Bacchus--the vintage. Et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro. with a copy of the Laws of Solon (the great Athenian Lawgiver. quod bonum. candide Bacche.investing Aequian force.. plus pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. i.. . . +Eo intentius . Eo intentius instabant tribuni. . cum colerent prisci studiosius agros. i. 3-8. Cum ad {15} rumores hominum de unoquoque legum capite editos satis correctae viderentur. festival) was because it was the most crowded festival of the year. ille dabatur honor. conferrent.e. 26-28. not amusement. [Linenotes: 1. honor+._' Restat. _morning-star_. qui nunc quoque in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum cumulo. tuo. iii. for +die+.+ Livy. Et patrio faceret rure senator opus. non studiis.. 5. 594 B. fieret+. _Fasti_. OVID.e. i. the man's dress of unornamented white wool.. . 8. 771-784] [Linenotes: 1. e. An quia. ire et legere leges propositas iussere. quare toga libera detur Lucifero pueris. et ne quis eo anno alius magistratus esset . 729-742. vol. 451-449 B. +toga libera+ (or +virilis+). D16 THE DECEMVIRATE. v. faustum felixque rei publicae. cap. . quantum decem hominum ingeniis provideri {10} potuerit.] +References. because up to this time the 2 4 8 . in `the good old days' worship. 1-3. +consul+. H. centuriatis comitiis decem tabularum leges perlatae sunt. omnibus. 2. Ihne. fons omnis publici privatique {20} est iuris. agitarent deinde sermonibus atque in medium.C. . +per occasionem+ = _by such a favourable opportunity_. --Rawlins.). Cf. seeing no way of saving his daughter from disgrace and dishonour at the hands of Appius Claudius. `challenging. ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta.' 4-5. decemviro obstrepitur. and _De Legibus_ ii. The people (Patricians and Plebeians alike) voted by centuries. +ad rumores hominum+ = _in accordance with_ (+ad+) _public opinion_. [Linenotes: 2. iii. cum fractis animis Appius vitae metuens in domum se propinquam foro insciis adversariis capite obvoluto recipit. according to the value of their property. +In contionem+ = _to the rostra_ (the platform for speakers)..+ The Decemvirs were to supersede temporarily both Consuls and Tribunes.. In contionem Appius escendit. partim spe per occasionem repetendae libertatis. LIVY. 33-37.T. Fundata deinde et potestate tribunicia et plebis libertate tum tribuni aggredi singulos tutum {15} maturumque iam rati accusatorem primum Verginium et Appium reum deligunt. Verginius. 49. M. Lit.) +Context+. sequuntur Horatius Valeriusque. but as 98 centuries (and \ 98 votes) were allotted to the richest class and only 95 to the other four classes. Appius mortem sibi conscivit. +sine provocatione+ = _without appeal_. priusquam prodicta dies adesset. should contribute to the public good) _any faults of excess or defect in the several articles_. 3-4. Haec omnia ut invitis. die dicta damnatus ipso remittente Verginio ultimam poenam {20} dimissus Tibur exulatum abiit. M. Eos contio audit._ Concitatur multitudo partim atrocitate sceleris. D17 SECOND SECESSION OF THE PLEBS. +The Twelve Tables. 3-4. 448 B. conferrent+ = `_Should point out in the interest of all_ (lit. +ne quis . the Scribes of the N. 55. Claudius assertor Verginiae.C. 58 (sel. This could only be remedied by writng the laws down and making them public.] +Parallel Passages.+ Servius Tullius divided the people into five classes. manesque Verginiae. 17. qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset quique magistratum {10} sine provocatione creasset.+ Cic. 14-15. killed her before the judgment-seat of the tyrant and before the eyes of the people. Spe incisa.' --Stephenson.knowledge of law and its interpretation was confined to the Patricians (cf. +centuriatis comitiis. Duillius deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit. esset. the influence of wealth was decisive in the elections..+ `They were essentially only a written embodiment of the existing public and private law. _The Death of Verginia not in vain. 3. 15-17. 56.' --Mommsen. +quid . Iam pro imperio Valerius discedere a privato {5} lictores iubebat. tergo ac capite puniretur. 23. mortuae quam vivae felicioris. quia nondum in quemquam unum saeviebatur. per tot domos ad petendas poenas vagati nullo relicto sonte tandem quieverunt.+ The first Consuls after the abolition . _De Republica_ ii. Magna Carta. +Horatius Valeriusque. a man of energy and ability. +prodicta+ = _adjourned_._ +repetitum+ = _piercing him again and again_. i. in alliance with Fidenae (about 5 miles N. 15.. Tolumnius is associated with their crime.e. +plebesque scivit+ (scisco) = _and the people approved_ (i.' --Ihne. --S. and had as frequently revolted. Tum exsangui detracta spolia. quae una fecerat anceps certamen._ 13-14. of Rome). When the Romans sent four ambassadors to Fidenae to demand satisfaction for this last revolt. Is cum ad impetum Tolumni. +par+ = _equally distinguished by_.of the Decemvirate in 449 B.e.] The +spolia opima+ (_spoils of honour_) were the arms taken on the field . +Hicine . iv. +Tolumni+ = Lars Tolumnius. quod amplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit posteris. 19.C. `Hicine est' inquit `ruptor foederis humani violatorque gentium iuris? Iam ego hanc mactatam victimam.+ Fidenae had frequently been colonised by Rome.._ Erat tum inter equites tribunus militum A. Lit. the sentence of the Consul should be subject to an appeal to the people._ 8-11. usurping the authority of a magistrate. +Dictator+ = Mamercus Aemilius. +assertor V. 18. +hasta . 19. --S. animo ac viribus par memorque generis. when the life of a citizen was at stake. King of the Veientos. voted for) it. 11. equal. by the second of which it was ordained that in criminal trials. --R. Ita equitum quoque fusa acies. legatorum manibus dabo. _Cossus wins the Spolia Opima. +umbone resupinat+ = _he throws him back with the boss of his shield. confestim et ipse hasta innixus se in pedes excepit.+ = _who claimed V. Adsurgentem ibi regem umbone resupinat repetitumque saepius cuspide {15} ad terram affixit. [Linenotes: 3. `The Valerian Laws. quacumque se intendisset.' Calcaribus subditis infesta cuspide in unum fertur hostem. as his slave_. 5. {5} trepidantes Romanas videret turmas insignemque eum regio habitu volitantem tota acie cognosset. that is. to his beauty.] +quacumque se intendisset+ = _wherever he directed his charge. manibus dabo. si modo sancti quicquam in terris esse di {10} volunt. eximia pulchritudine corporis.E. `resting on his spear caught himself on his feet.. 12. Dictator legionibus fugatis instat et ad castra compulsos {20} caedit. excepit+ = _with the help of his spear leapt to the ground_. D18 WAR WITH THE ETRUSCANS OF FIDENAE AND VEII. +infesta cuspide+ = _with couched lance. +pro imperio+. +provocatione+ = _right of appeal_. caputque abscisum victor spiculo gerens terrore caesi regis hostes perfudit. from the first hearing.' --Stephenson.] +Results of the Secession+. 5. This Valerian Law of Appeal was the Roman Habeas Corpus Act. Cornelius Cossus. 437 B. the people of Fidenae murdered them.. LIVY. 19. 9.C. quem cum ictum equo deiecisset. of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general. They were won on only three occasions:-i. by +Romulus+, ii. by +Cossus+, iii. by +Marcellus+ (the Conqueror of Syracuse), who in his first consulship, 222 B.C., slew with his own hand Viridomarus, King of the Insubrian Gauls. Cf. Prop. V. x. D19 THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (1) _First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers, 406 B.C._ Additum deinde omnium maxime tempestivo principum in multitudinem munere, ut ante mentionem ullam plebis tribunorumve decerneret senatus, ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet, cum ante id tempus de suo quisque functus eo munere esset. {5} Nihil acceptum umquam a plebe tanto gaudio traditur. Concursum itaque ad curiam esse prensatasque exeuntium manus et patres vere appellatos, effectum esse fatentibus, ut nemo pro tam munifica patria, donec quicquam virium superesset, corpori {10} aut sanguini suo parceret. Cum commoditas iuvaret, rem familiarem saltem acquiescere eo tempore, quo corpus addictum atque operatum rei publicae esset, tum quod ultro sibi oblatum esset, non a tribunis plebis agitatum, non suis sermonibus efflagitatum, {15} id efficiebat multiplex gaudium cumulatioremque gratiam rei. . . . Et lege perlata de indicendo Veientibus bello exercitum magna ex parte voluntarium novi tribuni militum consulari potestate Veios duxere. {20} LIVY, iv. 59, 60. [Linenotes: 1. +tempestivo+ = _seasonable_ (_timely_), in view of the coming struggle with Veii, and the necessity for winter campaigns. 2. +munere.+ Livy tells us (cap. 60) that the Senate did _not_ provide the pay as a present, but simply paid punctually their proper share of the _war-tax (tributum) in accordance with their assessment (cum senatus summa fide ex censu contulisset)_. 4. +de publico+ = _out of the Public Treasury_. 9. +fatentibus+ = _while men admitted_. --R. 11-12. +Cum ... acquiescere+ = _While the comfortable thought_ (_commoditas_ = lit. _advantage_) _pleased them_ (namely) _that their private property at least was undisturbed_-- i.e. that they paid no war-tax while they were in the field. --Rawlins. 12-13. +quo corpus ... esset+ = _when they were impressed (devoted to) and actively employed in the public service_. --S. +addictus+, properly of an insolvent debtor made over to his creditor = a _bondman_. 16-17. +id ... gratiam rei+ in apposition to +quod ... efflagitatum+. 19. +tribuni ... potestate.+ Military tribunes with consular power instead of Consuls were elected occasionally from 444 to 367 B.C. 20. +Veios.+ The capture of Veii by Camillus (396 B.C.), in consequence of the introduction of military pay, was enormously important to Rome.] +Reference.+ Ihne, _Hist._ vol. i. pp. 243-4. D20 THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (2) A. _Lament over Veii._ Heu, Veii veteres, et vos tum regna fuistis, Et vestro posita est aurea sella foro: Nunc intra muros pastoris bucina lenti Cantat, et in vestris ossibus arva metunt. PROPERTIUS, IV. (V.) x. 27-30. [Linenotes: 27. +Veii+ (Isola Farnese) on R. Cremera, Rome. 28. +aurea sella+, i.e. the official seat Curulis at Rome, introduced from Etruria. 29. +bucina+ = _horn_. 30. +et ... metunt+ = _and reapers gather (+metunt arva+) _enriched by the bones of ossibus vestris+).] B. _The Rise of the Alban Lake._ Quid, quod in annalibus habemus, Veienti {5} bello, cum lacus Albanus praeter modum crevisset, Veientem quemdam ad nos hominem nobilem profugisse, eumque dixisse, ex fatis, quae Veientes scripta haberent, Veios capi non posse, dum lacus is redundaret: et, si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad {10} mare profluxisset, perniciosum populo Romano: sin autem ita esset eductus, ut ad mare pervenire non posset, tum salutare nostris fore? Ex quo illa admirabilis a maioribus Albanae aquae facta deductio est. Cum autem Veientes bello fessi legatos ad {15} senatum misissent, tum ex his quidam dixisse dicitur, non omnia illum transfugam ausum esse senatu dicere: in iisdem enim fatis scriptum Veientes habere, `Fore ut brevi a Gallis Roma caperetur:' quod quidem sexennio post Veios captos esse factum {20} videmus. CICERO, _de Divinatione_, I. xliv. 100. [Linenotes: 5. +in annalibus+, e.g. in Livy, v. 15. 6. +crevisset+, perh. partly due to the excessive snows of the preceding winter, 397 B.C. 7. +profugisse.+ Livy says he was treacherously made prisoner. 8-9. +ex fatis ... haberent+, i.e. the Etruscan +Libri fatales+, _Books of fate_, cf. the +Libri Sibyllini+ = the Roman Books of fate. 10. +lapsu et cursu suo+ = _in its natural course and stream_. 14. +deductio+ = _draining_ (lit. _a leading off_). The tunnel then cut still carries off the superfluous waters of the lake. 20. +sexennio post+ = _six years after_, i.e. 390 B.C. For the 10 years' siege of Veii, cf. the Trojan War.] +Reference.+ Plutarch, _Camillus_, iii.-v. Livy, v. 15. D21 about 12 miles N.W. of of the King. Cf. the Sella the harvests from fields_ your buried heroes_ (+in 30 THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (3) _The Conquest of Veii._ Veientes ignari se iam a suis vatibus, iam ab externis oraculis proditos, iam in partem praedae suae vocatos deos, alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos hostium templa novasque sedes spectare, seque ultimum illum diem agere, nihil minus timentes {5} quam subrutis cuniculo moenibus arcem iam plenam hostium esse, in muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt mirantes, quidnam id esset, quod, cum tot per dies nemo se ab stationibus Romanus movisset, tum velut repentino icti furore improvidi currerent ad {10} muros. . . . Cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore plenus in aedem Iunonis, quae in Veientana arce erat, armatos repente edidit, et pars aversos in muris invadunt hostes, pars claustra portarum revellunt, pars, cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a mulieribus ac {15} servitiis iacerentur, inferunt ignes. Clamor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus mixto mulierum ac puerorum ploratu complet. Momento temporis deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii agmine irruerent, alii {20} desertos scanderent muros, urbs hostibus impletur; omnibus locis pugnatur; deinde multa iam edita caede senescit pugna, et dictator praecones edicere iubet, ut ab inermi abstineatur. LIVY, V. 21. [Linenotes: 1. +a suis vatibus+, i.e. by the captured Etruscan soothsayer (_haruspex_). 1-2. +ab externis oraculis+, i.e. by the Delphic Oracle. 2-3. +iam in partem ... (alios) deos.+ Camillus had vowed to give to Apollo the tenth part of the spoils of Veii. 3-4. +alios ... spectare+, i.e. Juno. `It was a Roman practice to invite the patron deity of a place or country to leave it, and to promise a more honourable worship at Rome.' --Whibley. 5-6. +subrutis cunīculo+ = _undermined_. Camillus had a tunnel (_cuniculum--rabbit-burrow_, cf. _cony_) cut from the Roman camp under the wall to the Temple of Juno on the citadel of Veii. 7. +discurrunt+ = _run every man to his post_, cf. _ad arma discurritur_. 15. +tēgulae+ = _tiles_, _roof-tiles_ (_tĕgo_). 23. +senescit+ = _abates_, lit. _grows old_, _becomes exhausted_.] +Results of the War.+ `By the Conquest of Veii, Rome's territory, wealth, and population were largely increased. Rome was now emerging from the position of a federal capital of the Latins to become the mistress of a large country, when she was suddenly and unexpectedly overtaken by a disaster (+the Invasion of the Gauls+) which threatened not only her growth but her life.' --Ihne. D22 THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (1) _The Battle of the Allia._ Ibi tribuni militum non loco castris ante capto, non praemunito vallo, quo receptus esset, non deorum saltem, si non hominum, memores, nec auspicato nec litato instruunt aciem diductam in cornua, ne circumveniri multitudine hostium possent; {5} nec tamen aequari frontes poterant, cum extenuando infirmam et vix cohaerentem mediam aciem haberent. Paulum erat ab dextera editi loci, quem subsidiariis repleri placuit; eaque res ut initium pavoris ac fugae, sic una salus fugientibus fuit. Nam Brennus, regulus {10} Gallorum, in paucitate hostium artem maxime timens, ratus ad id captum superiorem locum, ut, ubi Galli cum acie legionum recta fronte concurrissent, subsidia in aversos transversosque impetum darent, ad subsidiarios signa convertit, si eos loco depulisset, {15} haud dubius facilem in aequo campi tantum superanti multitudine victoriam fore; adeo non fortuna modo sed ratio etiam cum barbaris stabat. In altera acie nihil simile Romanis, non apud duces, non apud milites erat. Pavor fugaque occupaverat animos et {20} tanta omnium oblivio, ut multo maior pars Veios, in hostium urbem, cum Tiberis arceret, quam recto itinere Romam ad coniuges ac liberos fugerent. LIVY, V. 38. [Linenotes: 4. +nec litato+ = _without obtaining favourable omens_ (= kalliereῖn). 4-5. +diductam in cornua+ = _extended (drawn out) towards the wings_. 6-7. +cum ... haberent+ = _though they made_, concessive subjunctive. 8. +Paulum ... editi loci+ = lit. _a little piece of rising ground_. 10. +Brennus+ = lit. _King of the army_. Cf. the Saxon _Heretoga_. 13. +recta fronte+ = _front to front_. --Whibley. 14. +in aversos transversosque+ = _on their rear and flank_. 16-17. +superanti multitudine+ = i. _(the victory) would be (easy) to him superior_ (+superanti+) _in point of numbers_, or ii. abl, of cause--_as he was so much superior in numbers_. 21-22. +Veios, in hostium urbem.+ An exaggeration as Veii was in ruins. 22. +cum T. arceret+ = _though the Tiber stood in their way_.] +The Invasion of the Gauls.+ `The most advanced tribe of the Gauls were the Senones who had settled on the Adriatic to the E. of Central Etruria. While the Romans reduced S. Etruria to a state of subjection, these Gauls suddenly crossed the Apennines, threatened Clusium, and then marched on Rome. +Thus for the first time the Gallic race was brought to the knowledge of the civilised world.+ The two armies met on July 18 at the small R. Allia, only 15 miles from Rome.' --Ihne. D23 THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (2) A. _The Battle of the Allia_ (cont.) Parumper subsidiarios tutatus est locus; in reliqua acie simul est clamor proximis ab latere, ultimis ab tergo auditus, ignotum hostem prius paene quam viderent, non modo non temptato certamine sed ne clamore quidem reddito integri intactique {5} fugerunt; nec ulla caedes pugnantium fuit; terga caesa suomet ipsorum certamine in turba impedientium fugam. Circa ripam Tiberis, quo armis abiectis totum sinistrum cornu refugit, magna strages facta est, multosque imperitos nandi aut invalidos, {10} graves loricis aliisque tegminibus, hausere gurgites. Maxima tamen pars incolumis Veios perfugit, unde non modo praesidii quicquam, sed ne nuntius quidem cladis Romam est missus. Ab dextro cornu, quod procul a flumine et magis sub monte steterat, {15} Romam omnes petiere et ne clausis quidem portis urbis in arcem confugerunt. LIVY, v. 38. [Linenotes: 2-3. +simul (= simul ac) ... auditus+ = _as soon as the shout was heard, by those nearest on the flank, by the most distant in the rear_. `+Proximi+ denotes the Romans on the right wing, who were the first to be attacked; the Gauls after routing them pressed on to the rear of the Romans and attacked the centre and left wing (+ultimi+) from behind.' --Whibley. 7-8. +suomet ... fugam+ = _as they hindered their own flight by their struggling with one another in the crush_.] 11. +graves+ = _weighed down with_, equivalent to a pass. partic. +hausere gurgites+ = _the currents sucked down_. --W 15. +sub monte+, i.e. the Colles Crustumini, which run parallel to the South bank of the Tiber.] B. _July 18th, a Dies Nefastus._ Pharsalia tanti Causa mali. Cedant feralia nomina Cannae, Et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis. LUCAN, _Phars._ vii. 407-9. [Linenotes: 407. +Pharsalia+, Battle of, 48 B.C. Caesar signally defeated Pompey. 408. +feralia+ = _fatal_ (= +funesta+). 409. +fastis+, i.e. _Fasti consulares_, the registers of the higher magistrates. Cf. the Saxon Chronicle.] +The Battle.+ `The defeat of the Allia was never forgotten by the Romans. The panic (due to the strange appearance of the barbarians and their unwonted method of fighting) which alone had caused the defeat, struck so deep into their minds that for centuries afterwards the name and the sight of Gauls inspired them with terror.' --Ihne. D24 THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (3) _Roman Dignity and Courage._ Romae interim satis iam omnibus ut in tali re ad tuendam arcem compositis turba seniorum domos regressi adventum hostium obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. Qui eorum curules gesserant magistratus, ut in fortunae pristinae honorumque ac {5} virtutis insignibus morerentur, quae augustissima vestis est tensas ducentibus triumphantibusve, ea vestiti medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere. Galli autem ingressi postero die urbem patente Collina porta in forum perveniunt; ubi eos plebis aedificiis {10} obseratis, patentibus atriis principum, maior prope cunctatio tenebat aperta quam clausa invadendi; adeo haud secus quam venerabundi intuebantur in aedium vestibulis sedentes viros, praeter ornatum habitumque humano augustiorem maiestate etiam, {15} quam vultus gravitasque oris prae se ferebat, simillimos dis. Ad eos velut ad simulacra versi cum starent, M. Papirius, unus ex eis, dicitur Gallo barbam suam, ut tum omnibus promissa erat, permulcenti scipione eburneo in caput incusso iram {20} movisse, atque ab eo initium caedis ortum, ceteros in sedibus suis trucidatos; post principum caedem nulli deinde mortalium parci, diripi tecta, exhaustis inici ignes. LIVY, v. 41 (sel.) [Linenotes: 1. +ut in tali re+ = _considering the circumstances_. 3. +obstinato ad+ = _firmly resolved on_... --Rawlins. 4-5. +curules magistratus+ = _curule magistracies_, i.e. of Dictator, Censor, Consul, Praetor, Curule Aedile, who possessed the right of using _sellae curules_ (_the ivory chairs of State_), originally an emblem of kingly power. 5-6. +in fortunae ... insignibus+ = _in the emblems of their old rank_ (+fortunae+) _and office_ (+honorum+) _and prowess_ (+virtutis+ i.e. prizes for valour; e.g. _phalerae_ = _bosses_, _coronae_ = _crowns_). 7. +tensas+ = _state cars_ in which the statues of the gods were drawn in solemn procession to the Circensian games. 11. +obseratis+ = _shut up_, lit. _barred_, +ob + sera+, cf. _sĕro_ = join. 14. +vestibulis+ = _entrance-courts_, only found in large houses. 14-15. +praeter ornatum habitumque+ = _not only in their garb and bearing_. --Whibley. 19. +ut tum ... erat+ = _worn long_ (+promissa+) _as was then the custom with all_, or _worn long in accordance with the fashion of the time_. --R. 20. +scipione eburneo+ = _the ivory staff_, one of the _insignia_ of the _triumphator_. 23. +exhaustis+ (sc. _aedibus_) = _when completely pillaged_.] +Reference.+ Plutarch, _Camillus_, xxi. xxii. D25 THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (4) A. _Manlius Capitolinus and the Sacred Geese._ In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis Stabat pro templo et Capitolia celsa tenebat, Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo. Atque his auratis volitans argenteus anser Porticibus Gallos in limine adesse canebat; Galli per dumos aderant, arcemque tenebant, Defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae; Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis; Virgatis lucent sagulis; tum lactea colla Auro innectuntur; duo quisque Alpina coruscant Gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis. VERGIL, _Aen._ viii. 652-662. +Context.+ Venus brings Aeneas his new armour: he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of Rome to be. [Linenotes: 655 660 quo se ex fuga contulerant.] `Thus ended the life of Manlius.+ Manlius in reality fell a victim to his sympathies with the Plebeians. in whose temple on the Arx money was coined. 20-21. _native_) _javelins_. 384 B. +quia ._ M. 18. _De Severitate_. 654. Ibi caedes omnia obtinuit. Cf. providit. +in summo+ (sc.' Huius supplicio aeternae memoriae nota inserta est: propter illum enim lege sanciri placuit ne quis patricius in arce aut Capitolio habitaret. eiusdem ductu auspicioque Camilli vincuntur. 661-662. in semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali. _The Fate of Manlius. quia domum eo loco {20} habuerat. quia fortiter defensam libertatem nefarie opprimere conatus fuerat. +Romuleoque . Cum {5} illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese..C. _and the palace was stiff freshly covered_ (+recens+) _with the thatch of Romulus_. postquam ipse dictator creatus esset.652. the fate of Sp. D26 THE INVASION OF ROME BY THE GAULS.. restored 69 B. ut {10} loci natura patiebatur. negat eam pactionem ratam esse. quae arte belli secunda suis eligi praepararive poterant. quam ad Alliam vicerant.+ His house on the Capitol was razed to the ground. Primo concursu haud {15} maiore momento fusi Galli sunt. porticibus+ = _the gilded colonnades_ of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus of Vergil's day. habuerat. +Alpina gaesa+ = _Alpine_ (i.] B. Galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt. +clipeo+).' --Ihne. vi. VALERIUS MAXIMUS... +aedem Monetae+. culmo+ = lit. per altercationem nondum omni auro appenso dictator intervenit auferrique aurum de medio et Gallos submoveri iubet. Cf.e.C. 655-656. 21. ubi nunc aedem Monetae videmus. +virgatis sagulis+ = _with striped cloaks_--+virgatus+ = with bands or bars like shoots (_virgae_)--an effect produced by inlaying. 660. Iustiore altero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem Gabina via. postquam imitari coepisti. Dictator . Cassius 485 B._ Sed diique et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Romanos. as held in position. iraque magis quam consilio in Romanos incurrunt. a surname of Juno. inde ipse praecipitatus est.. cum praecipites agebas Senones. [Linenotes: 13-14. _on the top of the shield_. our Mint. denuntiatque Gallis. Instruit deinde aciem.C.. the humane friend of an oppressed people. Manlius. Cuius iustae ultionis nimirum haec praefatio fuit: `Manlius eras {15} mihi.. unus factus es ex Senonibus. C. ut se ad proelium expediant . unde Gallos depulerat.. +quia . Nam forte quadam. the deliverer of Rome. 390 B. castra capiuntur. Parens Patriae. et omnia. (5) _Camillus. +nota+ = _a mark (brand) of infamy_. condemned by this very people to die the death of a traitor.. fuerat.C. priusquam infanda merces perficeretur. iniussu suo ab inferioris iuris magistratu facta esset. et ne {20} nuntius quidem cladis relictus.. +auratis . quae. _unpolished_. ne nimium pii Rebusque fidentes avitae Tecta velint reparare Troiae.C. LIVY. Brennus in derision threw his sword into the scale and said _Vae victis!_ 13-14. 55. +incondītos+ = _rough_.] D27 THE INVASION OF THE GAULS. v. 17._ Movisse eos Camillus cum alia oratione tum ea. _The Migration to Veii abandoned.+ The Romans on the Capitol. -- W.' --Macaulay. +Antiquata deinde lege+ (= _rogatione_) = _the proposed law was then rejected_. [Linenotes: 1. `Troiae renascens alite lugubri 60 . +haud maiore momento+ = _with no greater difficulty (effort)_. 15-16. hic manebimus optime. +cum alia tum+ = _especially_ +ea+ = _ea parte orationis_. {25} LIVY. +antiquare+ = _to leave in its former state_._ `Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus Hac lege dico. quae ad religiones pertinebat. 390 B. v.recuperata ex hostibus patria triumphans in urbem redit. [Linenotes: 3. Antiquata deinde lege promiscue {10} urbs aedificari coepta.] B. Camillus appeared at the head of his troops. sed rem dubiam decrevit vox opportune missa. 10. 23. cum senatus post paulo de his rebus in curia Hostilia haberetur. Romulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis haud vanis laudibus appellabatur.) +Context. `The Gaul shall come against thee From the land of snow and night: Thou shalt give his fair-haired armies To the raven and the kite. et plebs circumfusa approbavit. maxime dicitur. (6) A. +Iustiore altero proelio+ = _in a second and more regular engagement_. --Whibley. despairing of outside help.' Qua voce audita et senatus accipere se omen ex curia egressus conclamavit. _Nondum omnni auro appenso_. +vox opportune missa+ = _a phrase seasonably let fall_. When the Consular Tribune Sulpicius complained that the Gauls used unjust weights. quod. interque iocos militares. quos inconditos iaciunt. +per altercationem+ = _owing to the dispute_. 49 (sel. agreed with Brennus that Rome should be redeemed by a ransom of 1000 pounds of gold. cohortesque ex praesidiis revertentes forte {5} agmine forum transirent. centurio in comitio exclamavit: `Signifer. statue signum. 3. +nova re+ = _at the change in their fortunes_. _Juno forbids the Rebuilding of Troy. 61-62. Cf. i.' --Ihne.C.. _Iul. ne quis plus quingenta {15} iugera agri possideret. Horace. that Rome should always be the capital.+ This. the Consulate. ut deducto eo de capite. id. conando agendoque iam eo gradum fecisse plebeios. . ne tribunorum militum comitia fierent. 366 B. pervenire ad summa et patribus aequari tam honore quam virtute possent. Livy. +The Speech of Camillus. v. _shall be repeated in an overthrow as sad as before_.] `The Burning of Rome by the Gauls involved the destruction of all the existing records. Ducente victrices catervas Coniuge me Iovis et sorore. Ita ab diutina ira tandem in concordiam redacti sunt ordines.C. +in summo imperio+.e. iii.+ Its object was to show the growth of Rome under the guidance of Providence.. (1) _First Plebeian Consul. prob.. the other to the plebeian Licinius Stolo. the Speech of Camillus.Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur. {5} si porro annitantur._ 79) that he meant to migrate to Alexandria or Ilium. tertiam. 1-2. [Linenotes: 1. . {20} LIVY. was the jealousy between the Fabian sisters. --Wickham. the purpose of the _Aeneid_. D28 THE LICINIAN LAWS. quo in magistratu sibimet ipsi viam ad ceteros honores aperirent.' HORACE. +Troiae .+ There was a rumour. +ne . In praesentia tribunes plebis fieri placuit. and to reassert their commanding position among their allies and neighbours. +hac lege+ = _on this condition_. +Occasio. Caes. . _Odes_. Sextius promulgavere {10} leges omnes adversus opes patriciorum et pro commodis plebis. 3.. iterabitur+ = the _fortunes of Troy. quod usuris pernumeratum esset. unam de aere alieno. 51-54.. Creatique tribuni C. the one married to the patrician Sulpicius. Suet. quod superesset. . alieni. reparare Troiae. so Livy tells us. even in Caesar's time (v. i. 64 [Linenotes: 58. 58-60. to rebuild the City. 376-366 B. III. 35. Cf. +nimium pii+ = _too dutiful_ to their mother-city Troy. cuncta ingentia et quae sine certamine maximo obtineri non possent. consulumque utique alter ex plebe crearetur. 57-64. cuius levamen mali plebes nisi suis in summo imperio locatis.. Yet in spite of all the damage done. the Romans set to work to establish the state anew. +propter .e. with the sanction of Augustus.+ The old Roman law of debt was very harsh and severe. nullum speraret: accingendum ad eam cogitationem esse. triennio aequis pensionibus persolveretur. alteram de modo agrorum. vi. unde. Licinius et L. if with evil omen it is called to life again_ (+renascens+). sets himself to discourage it._ Occasio videbatur rerum novandarum propter ingentem vim aeris alieni. and great loss of property. (2) _The Origin of the Floralia. _feudal_. Iamque in privato pascere inertis erat. 17. persolveretur+ = `_after deducting from the amount of the loan_ (+capite+ = _principal_) _what had been paid in interest..4. +locuples+ (_locus + plenus_) = _rich in lands_. +accingendum+. rettulit illa mihi: `Cetera luxuriae nondum instrumenta vigebant: Aut pecus. +tam honore quam virtute+ = _in official rank as (they were already) in merit_. the Roman goddess of Flowers and Spring. +illa+.C. (Cf. Plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis Publicios: animus defuit ante viris. _Flora_. Multa data est ex parte mihi. 3. aut latam dives habebat humum. the ager publicus. _cattle_ being in olden time the chief form of wealth and the chief medium of exchange. and only two after that date. --Rawlins. poenaque nulla fuit. 237-254. +si porro annitantur+ = _if they +now+ make a further effort_. in Or.C. --R.' respondi. H. Subj. Rem populus recipit: multam subiere nocentes: Vindicibus laudi publica cura fuit. 15. `ludorum quae sit origo. [V.' --Ihne.' Vix bene desieram. i. 238 B. 6. +de modo agrorum+ = _relating to the limitation of land-holding_. cf. 7. esse+ = _they must brace themselves to the execution of that idea_... This use of Pres. +tribunorum militum+ (sc. 376-366 B. 4 8 12 16 . dea.+ `The principle was established that Patricians and Plebeians were both citizens of the State.. +Venerat . Idque diu licuit. D29 THE LICINIAN LAWS. +accingendum . 5. i. +iam eo+.. v.' --Cluer and Matheson.C. Obl. Vindice servabat nullo sua publica vulgus. 5.] +Result.' OVID.. 7. _cum consulari potestate_) created 444 B. 12-14. Publiciumque vocant. +pecunia+ from +pecus+. created 444 B.) --H. _fee_. reflexive here. _Fasti_._ `Dic.C. Venerat in morem populi depascere saltus. 16-17.C.e. qui tunc erat ardua rupes: Utile nunc iter est.. magnoque favore Victores ludos instituere novos. Sed iam de vetito quisque parabat opes.e. +luxuriae instrumenta+ = _appliance of luxury_. hinc ipsa pecunia dicta est. Hinc etiam locuples. +ut deducto .. and equally eligible to the honours and dignities of the Republic. Parte locant Clivum. saltus+ = _it had grown into a custom to feed (cattle) on the public forest-pastures_. but no plebeian obtained that honour till 400 B. frequent in Livy. +utique+ = _one at any rate_. _fief_. the balance should be paid in three equal instalments_. to the office of Consular Tribune. For +pecus+. 277-294] [Linenotes: 2. e. cuius tertio consulatu Latini ad Veserim fusi et fugati. called the Clivus Publicius. iussisset.. 12. _Manlius and his son Torquatus. i. surrexit e {10} lectulo remotisque arbitris ad se adulescentem iussit venire. Manlio. +vulgus+ here = _the commons_..e. D30 SECOND INVASION OF THE GAULS. Atque hic T. not the _plebs_ as opposed to the _populus_. nisi ius iurandum sibi dedisset se patrem missum esse facturum. +animus . appointed Dictator 363 B. 14. Cui cum esset nuntiatum. a sloping road. 13. Publicius Malleolus. 241.[21] plebeian aediles.. Charles Martel of France. `The Hammer' circ. Quod cum audivisset adulescens filius negotium exhiberi patri._ L. their interest in the public land.+ L.' 2. i. B. confestim gladium destrinxit iuravitque se illum statim interfecturum.C. CICERO. 361 B.C. quod Titum filium.+ Livy. {15} rem ad populum detulit. viris+.e.C. _muniendum_) +Clivum+ = _with the (other) part they contract for (the making of) the Clivus_. _de Officiis_. +Parte locant+ (sc. cf.e. because written documents were rare in those times. vii. +publica cura+ = _their public spirit_. [Linenotes: 1. information had before been given but no aedile dared to act upon it. --H. ab hominibus relegasset et ruri habitare {5} iussisset. Cf. and M. docuit cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset. +ludos novos+ = _the Floralia_. quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam gerendam addidisset. § 112. M. 10. 4. Manlium missum fecit. to mulct = to fine. +multam+ = _a fine_... Pomponius tribunus plebis diem dixit. +sua publica+ = _their common property_. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus.] THE CONQUEST OF ITALY. qui postea est Torquatus appellatus.D. 4-6.. a new Temple was built to Flora near the Circus Maximus. to mark the number of the year. quem ab eo provocatus occiderat. torque detracto cognomen {20} invenit. 689-741 A. +inertis erat+ = _it was the mark of a man wanting in spirit_. Manlio+. ut ingressus est. At ille. `to drive in a nail (_clavi figendi causa_) on the right side of the Temple of Jupiter. iii. +diem dixit+ = _named a day (for his trial before the Comitia)_. +multa . Manlius is est. +Publicios. i.C. Tantum temporibus illis ius iurandum valebat. Iuravit hoc terrore coactus Pomponius. 366-266 B. criminabatur etiam. mihi+. accurrisse Romam et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. cum dictator fuisset. i.] [Footnote 21: For Malleolus. L. +L. qui illum iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur. which led up to the Aventine. says `And for . qui ad Anienem Galli. 15.9. +recipit+ = _takes up the charge at the Comitia_. 16. +quod Titum filium . their second invasion. 6. Horace. Tifata. _arbiter pugnae_.. 10. cum societate amicitiaque iuncti essent.+ On this. and three times Consul. 11. Quanta rerum moles! quoties in extrema periculoram ventum. +qui arbitraretur+ = _inasmuch as he thought_.e. descendunt inde quadrato agmine in planitiem. --Holden.C.e. 4. +longinquitate . Namque Samnites. non orta inter ipsos est. unde aeque facilis victoria. +remotis arbitris+ = _when he had put out of the room all witnesses_.] +Parallel Passage. adversoque proelio Campani intra moenia compulsi. 6-7. Samnites Sidicinis iniusta arma. Samnitium bellum ancipiti Marte gestum {5} Pyrrhus hostis. i. [Linenotes: 1.C. gentem opibus armisque validam. 343-341 B. 10. Livy tells us that after the death of their champion the Gauls fled under cover of night. cum intulissent. +cum societate+. i. +negotium exhiberi patri+ = lit. the Gauls advanced as far as the Anio.C. coacti sunt ab Romanis petere auxilium. i. in Campania near Mount Vesuvius.e. temporum+ = _the distance of the theatre of war_ (+regionum+) _and the length of the campaign_ (+temporum+).+ Livy. Ibi rursus acie dimicatum. +cuius . i. Namque eo anno adversus Samnites. 19. . 21-22. _bibendi_. omissis Sidicinis ipsam arcem finitimorum Campanos adorti. in the reign of Augustus.. D31 FIRST SAMNITE WAR.e.--Rawlins. 9-10. Campani magis nomen ad praesidium sociorum quam {15} vires cum attulissent. by the Veseris.] [Footnote 22: Cf. {10} extrinsecus venit. (1) _An Important Epoch in Roman History. _that his father was in trouble_. quia viribus plus poterant. i. vii. causal clause. a R. cum praesidio firmo occupassent. --H. fluentes luxu ab duratis usu armorum in Sidicino pulsi agro. 343-266 B. LIVY.C.. Adject. quibus bellatum est. in se deinde molem omnem belli verterunt. +missum facturum+ = _would set at liberty_. the great battle of Vesuvius fought 340 B. which established for ever the supremacy of Rome over Latium. Pyrrhum Poeni secuti. fugati+.. _that trouble was being brought upon his father_. cum robore iuventutis {25} suae acciso nulla propinqua spes esset. 14-15.e. 5. erigi imperium posset! Belli autem causa cum Samnitibus Romanis. dicentur. from 354 B. 2.what offence? Because he was a little slow of speech and not ready with his tongue.. +iam hinc+. 8. praedae atque gloriae {20} plus esset. +quanta rerum moles+ = _What stupendous exertions!_--R. +Torquatus+.C.' 4._ Maiora iam hinc bella et viribus hostium et longinquitate vel regionum vel temporum. ut in hanc magnitudinem. +in hanc magnitudinem+. coacti inopes ad opulentiorum auxilium confugere Campanis sese coniungunt. +ad Anienem Galli. vii. quae Capuam Tifataque interiacet. Dictator 353 and 349 B. mota arma. 29. imminentes Capuae colles. 9. umpire. quae vix sustinetur. +arbiter+[22] = (ar = ad + bito = eo) = spectator. dictis haud minus libertatis alienae quam suae dignitatis memor. cum velocitatis viriumque inter se aequales certamina ineunt.12. 16. 12-13. on the Samnite border. Gaurus. 15. a Sabellian people N. 21. vii.+ The battle was fought on the volcanic range . _relaxed_) by luxury. _strive + against_). 23.] +The Battle of Mt. adeo morte sola vinci destinaverant animis. nom. +familiarior+ = _on better terms with_. a mountain range N. +fluentes (luxu)+ = _enervated_ (lit.] +The Cause of the War. stant obnixi Samnites. The story is confessedly false.). Itaque universus exercitus incredibili alacritate adhortationem {10} prosecutus ducis castris egreditur. +pro re+ = _to suit the occasion_. 22-23. +artibus iisdem+ = _in the same spirit_. obtruncat. _collato pede_ = _fighting foot to foot_. cum et fluere iam lassitudine vires sentirent et diei {20} haud multum superesse. Aliquamdiu iam pugnatum erat. +comiter facilis+ = _he was courteously good-natured_. qui se offerret. Gaurus. +obnixus+ (+ob + nitor+. _attending_. Tum primum referri pedem atque inclinari rem in fugam apparuit. +stant obnixi+ = _stand their ground firmly_.. 2. nec superfuissent multi._ Non alias militi familiarior dux fuit. _dirimo_ (_dis + emo_) = _take apart_. +occidi+. lit. what it had always been. . 6-7. [Linenotes: 1. accensi ira concitant se in hostem. atrox caedes circa signa Samnitium. of Capua. +cum . Primus omnium consul invadit hostem et. {25} LIVY. quamquam {15} plura accipiunt quam inferunt vulnera. lit. 343-341 B. --Cluer and Matheson. Livy admits this. Historic Infinitives.E. --Weissenborn. nec quemquam aspernari {5} parem. for Capua remained. _well-matched_. Valerius Corvus. +diremisset+ = _had broken off_. vincere ac vinci vultu eodem. Itaque Romani.' --R.. of Campania. . sing. +aequales+ = _competitors_. factis benignus pro re. fuga ab nulladum parte erat. 33.C. Plur.+ `The interference of Rome was a breach of the Treaty with the Samnites. and as a subject state claimed her protection. gradum+ = _with whom he happened to engage_. M. comiter facilis. (2) _Battle of Mt. quibus artibus petierat magistratus. iisdem gerebat. +Sidicinis+. but asserts that Capua had formally surrendered to Rome. 9. 4. +Tifāta+ (neut. tum capi. et. so that the whole army formed a parallelogram. +Samnis+. . ni nox victoriam magis quam proelium diremisset. +capi+. In ludo praeterea militari. +quadrato agmine+ = _in regular order of battle_. 11. quo nihil popularius est. omnia inter infimos militum haud gravate munia obeundo. +prosecutus+ = _welcoming_. _resolute_. occidi Samnis. Hoc spectaculo accensi dextra laevaque ante se quisque memorandum proelium ciet. Cf. Compare Sallust's description of Marius and Sulla. an independent town. D32 FIRST SAMNITE WAR. +haud gravate+ = _without reluctance_ (_ungrudgingly_). cum quo forte contulit gradum. 25.W. M. si posset averti. Manlius Torquatus Latino bello gravi ac periculoso non procul a Vesuvi montis radicibus {10} positis castris viderunt. [Linenotes: 13. (1) _Self-Sacrifice of Decius Mus. i. VALERIUS MAXIMUS. {20} Quae neutro reformidante Decium depoposcerunt. +Dis Manibus+ = _the deified souls of the dead_._ Curtius expletis statuit monimenta lacunis. utrius autem dux copias hostium superque eas sese ipsum devovisset. exsecuturis. Livy. salvo Caesare.e. i. victricem abituram.C.. ut is capite suo fata patriae lueret. +deorum etiam monitu+ = _by the warning of the gods also_.e. _chasm_. [Linenotes: 63. l.) xi. the hero of Mt._ A. because when serving as a military Tribune under Camillus in 349 B. +semita+ (_sed + meo_ = _go + aside_) = _a path_. convenitque inter eos. M. vii. hostiarum exta somnio congruerunt. ex altera exercitum dis Manibus matrique Terrae deberi. quod eadem nocte duo consules P. cuius cornu prius laborare coepisset. _with Caesar_ (_Augustus_) _safe_. Decius Mus et T. he defeated the Gallic champion by the aid of a raven. See p. Cocles. 15.C.. haec di quoque moenia servant: Vix timeat. scarce Jove himself. _lacus_) = _a hole_. _The Dream of the Consuls on the Eve of Battle. vel. apparently. 6. III. _Rome's Empire safe in the keeping of Augustus. Id {15} luce proxima consulibus sacrificio vel expiaturis. i. See next page. 68 PROPERTIUS. +cui+. _road_. Roma Iovem. Utrique enim quaedam per quietem species praedixit ex altera acie imperatorem. +lacuna+ (cf.) 63-68. 91. 17. si certum deorum etiam monitu visum foret. (IV. _aciem_. . gave his name to the street running up from the bridge which he `kept so well.of mountains between Cumae and Neapolis. 340 B. nay. Valerius. lacunis+. 65. _De Somniis_. 66.C.e. Valerius Corvus.' --Ramsay. obtained the surname of Corvus (Raven). At Decius misso proelia rupit equo. +victricem+.. +Curtius . A. (x._ Illud etiam somnium et magnae admirationis et clari exitus. in allusion to the spot called _Lacus Curtius_ (marked by a circular pavement) in the Forum which served as a memorial (_monimenta_) of his heroic sacrifice. 4. 340-338 B. Rome has none to fear. i. _pool_. 64 Coclitis abscissos testatur semita pontes: Est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit. Haec di condiderunt. sc. [[line 66]] D33 THE LATIN WAR. usually looked upon as beneficent spirits. Flattery can go no further than this!] B. The Consul in command. Gaurus. [[previous selection]] 67-68. +excitaverunt+ = _surgere iusserunt_. . refulgentibus armis. viii. [Linenotes: 3-4.. {5} Accensos ab novissima acie ante signa procedere iubet. and Decius accordingly devoted himself to death. +ante signa+.+ Livy says `The Triarii were posted crouching by the standards. ut vix quartam partem relinquerent hostium. nova ex improviso exorta acies. +hebetassent+ = _had blunted_. originally supernumeraries to take the place of those who fell in battle. so that their line bristled as if enclosed by a rampart. The dispute was chiefly about a right to share in the privileges of the full Roman citizenship (espec.+ The _Accensi_ (_ad + censeo_). esset. +antepilanis+ = _prop._ Procedente deinde certamine cum aliis partibus multitudo superaret Latinorum. 19.] +The Cause of the War. i.. clamore sublato principia Latinorum perturbant hastisque ora fodientes primo robore virorum caeso per alios manipulos {20} velut inermes prope intacti evasere tantaque caede perrupere cuneos.+ The war was almost a civil one. 18. viii.. +cuius cornu . memores consulis pro vestra victoria {15} morte occubantis. i. D34 THE LATIN WAR.. integri.+ Livy.C.' 6. +Accensos. the right to vote and to hold office). {10} pellerent vi tamen hostem. = _levis armatura_. Manlius consul audito eventu collegae paulisper addubitavit.' Ubi triarii consurrexerunt. coepisset. an consurgendi iam triariis tempus esset. Vesuvius. deinde melius ratus integros eos ad ultimum discrimen servari. 9. (2) _The Battle of Mt. their left leg extended forwards. LIVY.e. and by prohibiting commercial intercourse between them. debellatum iam rati perventumque ad extremam aciem. of the Hastati and Principes. 10. 22. holding their shields resting on their shoulders. 340 B. tamquam idem adversarii fecissent. 340-338 B.e. +an consurgendi .+ The left wing led by Decius was repulsed by the Latins. 19-20. now the Triarii of the Latins. receptis in intervalla ordinum antepilanis. +principia+ = _the front line_. qui aliquamdiu pugna atroci cum et semet ipsi fatigassent et hastas aut praefregissent aut hebetassent. +cuneos+ = _columns_ (lit. memores patriae parentumque et coniugum ac liberorum._ both the Hastati and Principes who were drawn up before the Pilani or Triarii who formed the third line. 8.] +Parallel Passage. extemplo Latini. Qui ubi subiere. triarios suos excitaverunt. a body of soldiers drawn up in the shape of a wedge. and their spears fixed in the ground with the points erect. _wedges_).+ Rome broke up the Latin Confederation by making separate treaties with the Latin towns.C. tum consul triariis `Consurgite nunc' i¦quit `integri adversus fessos. 6. --Weissenborn.by the auspices as well as by the dream. 10. +Result of the War. Livy uses it of the phalanx. Ita certe Dictator id factum accepit. These. 7. secutus pedes impetum equitum turbatis hostibus intulit signa. {5} detraxit frenos equis atque ita concitatos calcaribus permisit.C. quo.C. multis potitus spoliis congesta in ingentem acervum hostilia arma subdito igne concremavit.] +The Cause of the War. _hostilia arma_) = _on them_. accepit+ = _so_ (+ita+) _no doubt the Dictator interpreted his_ (Fabius') _action_. the _arms_ taken from the fallen. Cominio tribuno militum. to avoid all collision with the enemy during his absence.+ The actual _casus belli_ was a dispute between Rome and the Samnites for the possession of Palaeopolis (= _old city_) near Neapolis (= _new city_). {10} ut ex tanta caede. seu credere libet Fabio auctori eo factum. _or whether one prefer to credit the authority of Fabius that it was done on this account_ (+eo+) . Papirius Cursor.. the First Punic War. ut laetis aliis victoria parta prae se ferret iram tristitiamque. 281 B.. xxii. qui aliquotiens impetu capto perrumpere non poterat hostium agmen. non dux militi. non miles duci defuit. Cf. ne suae gloriae fructum Dictator caperet nomenque ibi scriberet aut {15} spolia in triumpho ferret. ut sustinere eos nulla vis posset. 326-304 B. Cf. D36 SECOND SAMNITE WAR.. ut nihil relictum sit. Magister equitum. --Livy. viii.C. 11. would have been borne in the triumphal procession. set up as a trophy with the victor's name inscribed. and the war with Pyrrhus. 13-14. +ibi+ (sc. Viginti milia hostium caesa eo die traduntur. auctore L. +permisit+ = _gave them their heads_. 15. 24-30.. {20} LIVY. +Fabius Pictor+. non ad Dictatorem missae argumentum fuere minima cum eo communicantis laudes. At this time he had gone to Rome to take the auspices anew (_ad auspicium repetendum_) and had given strict orders to his Master of the Horse. factum+ = lit.. per arma. res melius geri potuerit. 326-304 B. Q. Eques etiam._ Ea fortuna pugnae fuit. for the possession of Tarentum. 30. (1) _The Dictator and his Master of the Horse. the earliest Roman historian. 9. [Linenotes: 2. 19. Fabius Rullianus. +Historic Parallel.. noted for the strictness of his military discipline.+ Fabius Cunctator and Minucius. (2) _The Caudine Forks. Litterae quoque de re prospere gesta ad senatum. +turbatis . signa+ = _attacked the enemy_ (dative) _when in confusion_.C. seu votum id deorum cuiquam fuit. wrote in Greek and served in the 2nd Punic War. due to the struggle for the possession of Messana.. per viros late stragem dedere.e. +seu credere .. +spoliis+. 241 B. +Dictator+ = L.D35 SECOND SAMNITE WAR. i.. +Ita certe . 321 B.C. _immittere habenas_. si adfuisset Dictator._ .. tanto fere longior. `_a barrier lying in the way (formed) by the throwing down of trees and large pieces of rock_. intrandae primae angustiae sunt.e. the capital of the Caudine Samnites. between Beneventum and Capua on what was afterwards the _Via Appia_.. +artiorem impeditioremque+ = _more narrow and more difficult_ (i. 13. and now threatened by the Samnites. +citati+ = _hurriedly_ (in hot haste). +deiectu . sine ferro. i.--Rawlins. altera praeter oram superi maris. qua te insinuaveris. LIVY. et aut eadem. sine acie victos: sibi non stringere licuisse gladios. +insinuaveris+ = lit. _have wound your way_. (3) _The Caudine Forks. when . retro via repetenda. 2. +sua obice+ = _with a barrier of its own_ (i.e. praesidium etiam in summo saltu conspicitur. angusti silvosique sunt. 16. through the Frentani into Apulia. +cum fraus .. montibus circa perpetuis {5} inter se iuncti.. sed quanto tutior. +demisso agmine+ = _with their troops led down_ (the descent). evadendum. two _fork-shaped_ defiles near Caudium. per quem medium iter est.] D37 SECOND SAMNITE WAR. +fere+ = _just_. +protinus+ = _straightforward_.C. patens apertaque. saeptas deiectu arborum saxorumque ingentium obiacente mole {15} invenere. the Adriatic. 5-6.. and S. campus herbidus aquosusque. inde foedi agminis miserabilem viam {5} per sociorum urbes. contemplari arma mox tradenda et inermes futuras dextras obnoxiaque corpora hosti. Saltus duo alti. +per cavam rupem+ = _through an overhanging rocky defile_. iuncti+ = _united by a continuous ring_ (+perpetuis circa+) _of mountains_. per alium saltum. _felling_). 14. clausus in medio. maris+ = _along the coast of the upper sea_. 10. +ad Luceriam+ = _in the direction of Luceria_. proponere sibimet ipsi ante oculos iugum hostile et ludibria victoris et vultus superbos et per armatos inermium iter.. 11-12. aut. specially prepared). [Linenotes: 1. Taking this route. qua venerant. +montibus ..e. +praeter . pergunt repetere viam._ 17. 3-4. through the Peligni. intuentesque alii alios {20} diu immobiles silent. Iacet inter eos satis patens... Cum fraus hostilis apparuisset. Partic.' +mole+ = an _abattis_ (a _knocking down_. brevior.Duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae. a town in Apulia on the borders of Samnium. mole+ = lit. non manum cum hoste . artiorem impeditioremque. they would go N.+ = _no sooner had . The Yoke. 19. --Stephenson. sed antequam venias ad eum. _steeper_). used adverbially... Citati inde retro. +Furculas Caudinas+. reditum in patriam ad parentes. 326-304 B. ix. quo saepe ipsi maioresque eorum triumphantes venissent: se solos sine vulnere. si ire {10} porro pergas. sed ita natus locus est. 1-2. Sistunt inde gradum sine ullius imperio. In eum campum via alia per cavam rupem Romani demisso agmine cum ad alias angustias protinus pergerent. 14-15... eam quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt._ Alii alios intueri. of Samnium. 3. altera per Furculas Caudinas. cum iterum consules assent. dediti sunt. ut pax Samnitium repudiaretur. 82. etsi velut ab inferis {20} extracti tum primum lucem aspicere visi sunt. . --Lee Warner. Quod idem multis annis post {10} C. Pompeius. quae . per hostium oculos. 326-304 B. Q. +praeceperant+ = _they had anticipated_. Veturius et Sp. (4) _Rome repudiates the Treaty. The Kyber Pass. qui tum tribuni plebis erant. iniussu enim populi senatusque fecerant. quia. _Capua_. quam L. LIVY. Cf. qui dedebatur. Atque huius deditionis ipse Postumius... 17. dederetur. suasor et auctor fuit. p. legionibus nostris sub iugum missis pacem cum Samnitibus fecerant. +per sociorum urbes+. The Capitulation of Metz.. cum e saltu evasissent.--Rawlins. sibi nequicquam animos datos. quibuscum sine senatus auctoritate foedus fecerat. +intueri. ita ignominiae obiectus.+ Livy's account of Trasimene. 12.] +The Caudine Forks. 2. [[Selection D23 B]] +Historic Parallels.' --Stephenson. deprecante accepta lex non est. 18. dediti sunt eis. Primi {15} consules prope seminudi sub iugum missi. 6. [Linenotes: 1-10. Maelius. `By the side of those names (the Allia and Cannae) there was yet a third in the list of evil days--the name of the Caudine Pass. ix. Ita traducti sub iugum et. +experiundo+ = _by experience_. quod paene gravius erat. Numicius. Furius. By a string of infinitives the picture of a series of actions is put before the reader without the actions being thought of singly. 5.conferre. +obnoxia+ = _at the mercy of_ . 22-23. {15} cum in eadem causa esset. Postumius. quo. qui ut Numantinis. Honestius hic quam Q. 1870. tum deinceps singulae legiones. +seminudi+ = _with only their tunics on_. fuit+ = _the very light was to them as they gazed on so hideous a line of march more gloomy than any form of death_. tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat. quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta. Mancinus.. +ipsa lux . +traducti+.C.' --Ihne. omnia tristiora experiundo factura. Atilius ex senatus consulto ferebant: qua accepta est hostibus deditus. Sex. +fatalis ignominiae+ = _destined for their disgrace_. `always used in this sense of _disgraceful_ exhibition or parade.g. {10} Haec frementibus hora fatalis ignominiae advenit. tamen ipsa lux ita deforme intuentibus agmen omni morte tristior fuit. . Hic ea. rogationem suasit eam. et primi traditi obsides atque in custodiam abducti. quam quae praeceperant animis. D38 SECOND SAMNITE WAR._ At vero T. cum male pugnatum apud Caudium esset. Iam primum cum singulis vestimentis inermes extra vallum exire iussi. 6. B. 11. contemplari . .+ Other writers state that the Romans were entrapped only after a severe defeat.. 1842.+ = _There they are looking one on another_. 16.. +gradu+ = _in rank_. e. Eodemque {5} tempore Ti. tum Postumius integris legionibus defessam iam aciem hostium improviso invadit. et Postumium.e. but it is equally clear that they were bound by their promise to do what was in their power to cause the treaty to be ratified. and Mancinus. {20} occidione occisi hostes.+ `It is clear that Postumius and his brother officers could not bind the Roman Senate and people by the promise they had made in Caudium.C.C.e. had made a degrading peace with the Numantines. ix.+ `The Senate considered it in the light of a _sponsio_.C. CICERO. Alii {5} haud dubie Samnites victos ac viginti milia hominum capta tradunt.e. expeditas legiones ad collegam. the law_ (i. 18-19. +C. +Hic+ = _in this case_. iii. +apud superiores+. Tifernum Postumius. 109.. +quo .C.. 15. i. Peace made.. +tribuni plebis+. as Mancinus._ Eodem anno in campum Stellatem agri Campani Samnitium incursiones factae. cum anceps proelium in multum diei processisset.' --Holden. relicto firmo praesidio de vigilia tertia.C. 11. 304 B. Veturius. qua[23] proxime potest. alii Marte aequo discessum. 17. and Rome was to give up her conquests and colonies on Samnite territory. 15-17. nocturno itinere clam in montes copias abduxisse. hostes secutos duo milia inde locis munitis et ipsos consedisse. by which Rome and Samnium were to acknowledge each other as free peoples with equal rights and privileges. Itaque ambo consules in Samnium missi cum diversas regiones. 305 B. +Q. 326-304 B.. non est+ = _through his begging to be let off. apud superiores utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est. 44. Mancinus+ commanded against Numantia in Spain. _De Officiis_. i. . i. 5.. Itaque cum lassitudo ac vulnera fugam quoque praepedissent. et ipsum adversus alios sedentem. rather than a _pactio_ or _foedus_. --H. 16. a convention made on personal responsibility.] +The Repudiation of the Treaty. ducit. LIVY. _a military convention_. +utilitatis species falsa+ = _the false semblance of expediency_. {15} Ibi auctore Postumio Minucius cum hostibus signa confert. prob. 6.e.. 137 B. a public treaty. that of Pompeius.videbatur utilitas.e. postquam et munimentis castra firmavit et omni apparatu rerum utilium instruxit. +pacem .. Postumius. signa unum et viginti capta. +iniussu . fecerant+. (5) _Battle of Bovianum. only tribunes-elect (= _designati_). +cum in eadem causa esset+ = _though he was in the same case_. for delivering him up to the enemy) _was not passed_. D39 SECOND SAMNITE WAR. Postumii prius ductu ad Tifernum pugnatum. Pompeius+ commanded against Numantia. deprecante . et. metum simulantem. [Linenotes: 4. senatusque.' --Ihne. i. for the tribunes could not leave Rome even for one night.. plus valuit quam honestas. Consul ut {10} stativa tuta copiosaque petisse videretur. 140 B. Bovianum Minucius petisset. 18. [Footnote 23: qua _duci_ proxime potest. In 304 B.+ P. 20. and M. +Bovianum+. Cf. +In campum Stellatem. Consuls 305 B. D40 THIRD SAMNITE WAR. 28. _Battle of Sentinum. --W.C. +occidione occisi.g. sternit inde ruentes equos virosque improvida fuga.g. the Romans renewed their ancient Treaty with the Samnites (as Livy tells us) by which they were left in possession of their independence. +Postumius . of Luceria (in Apulia). [Linenotes: 1. Delivering I will deliver = I will surely deliver. Gallica acies nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit. equitatum in pugnam concitat et ipse fortissimae iuvenum turmae immixtus orat proceres iuventutis. iterum longius evectos et iam inter media peditum agmina proelium cientes novum pugnae conterruit genus: essedis {10} carrisque superstans armatus hostis ingenti sonitu equorum rotarumque advenit et insolitos eius tumultus Romanorum conterruit eqnos. `Novum pugnae genus. si ab laevo cornu et ab equite victoria incipiat. lit. (2) By their plan of fortified colonies (e.. +Why the Romans conquered. Luceria) they retained their hold on the conquered territory. +et ipsum . +praepedissent+ = _hampered_.+ (1) Their conduct of the war was more systematic. _to entangle the feet_ (_prae_ + _pes_). of Capua). _stativa castra_ = _a stationary camp_. N. 298-290 B. Et quia lentior videbatur pedestris pugna. a part of the Campanian plain. in hostem {5} ut secum impetum faciant: duplicem illorum gloriam fore. in Hebrew. Consul with Q. --S. Tifernus.. W.] +Results of the Second Samnite War. Fregellae. 15. Minucius+. sedentem+ = _also lying encamped_ (+sedentem+) _in the face of another army_. {20} LIVY. 295 B.'_ Fe¡£ci£¡ Decius et aetate et vigore animi quantumcunque virium habuit certamine primo effudit.+ Roman influence became supreme in Campania and Apulia. +Decius. Bis avertere Gallicum equitatum. {15} turbata hinc etiam signa legionum multique impetu equorum ac vehiculorum raptorum per agmen obtriti antesignani.+ This has the force of _a superlative by the repetition_. of Bovianum on the R. simul territos hostes vidit.C. (3) The diplomatic skill of the Senate secured the friendship of the neighbours of the Samnites (e. in Samnium. 21. Cales. of Mt. where he was . commanded the left wing at the Battle of Sentinum.+ Stellas.. Fabius Maximus Rullianus. the Apulians and Lucanians). Tifata (E. --Stephenson. Ita victorem equitatum velut lymphaticus pavor dissipat. x. +Tifernum+. E.] [Footnote 24: E.g. et insecuta. and the Samnites were confined to their own mountains. Decius Mus.C. 4. +stativa tuta+ = _safe quarters_. 11..C.] [Linenotes: 1. a common idiom in Oriental[24] languages. The Romans peremptorily ordered the Samnites not to interfere in Lucania.. and war broke out anew. {20} Nec hostibus incruenta victoria fuit.] +The Cause of the Third Samnite War. [Linenotes: 1. In quam rem inclinatum semel {5} animum praecipitem agere coeperant exempla maiorum.. 281-275 B. fatigaretur.+ The democratic party among the Lucanians made overtures to the Samnites. on two wheels. et magna pars militum eius caesa. ut prius cum eo congrederetur. 10. JUSTINUS. +fatigaretur+ = _was importuned_. an arrogant command which the Samnites declined to obey._ Pyrrhus rex Epiri cum iterata Tarentinorum legatione additis Samnitium et Lucanorum precibus. as the most noticeable feature in an army. fuerant. maioremque gloriam eius victoriae quam laetitiam habuit. 93. signa legionum+ = _the ranks of the legions were thrown into disorder_.C.C.+ Pyrrhus was acknowledged to be the first general of the school of Alexander. quo defensore idem Tarentini adversus Bruttios usi fuerant. +proceres iuventutis+ = _the flower of the young men_. +avertere+ (= +se avertere+) = _to retire_ (lit. Cuius audito adventu consul Romanus Valerius Laevinus festinans. non tam supplicum precibus quam spe invadendi Italiae imperii inductus venturum se cum exercitu pollicetur. D41 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS.) when he was cut off by the hand of an assassin.+ After an obstinate struggle peace was concluded in 290 B.C. inductus. +essedis+ = _war-chariots_. 280 B. pp.. 8. +Signa+ is frequently used of military movement. +non tam . quam auxilia sociorum convenirent. (1) _The Aims of Pyrrhus.+ Alexander of Epirus had almost succeeded in uniting the whole of Magna Graecia (332-326 B. 16. +magno Alexandro..] [Footnote 25: Cf.C. and drawn by two horses. 3-4. and when his troops began to give way before the Gaulish chariots (+essedae+) he. but closed behind. 92. +patruo suo Alexandro .. like his father at the Battle of Vesuvius. _turn away_). aut minores animos magno Alexandro habuisse. 14. 1. 340 B.. Nec rex. 9.C. certamini moram fecit. exercitum in {15} aciem educit. the Samnites retaining their independence.. devoted[25] himself with the hostile army `to the gods of earth and of the grave. Battle of Heraclea.+ Pyrrhus aimed at founding a western Grecian Empire in Italy and Sicily. 3. used also by the Britons. +Results of the War.opposed to the Gauls. mox cedere proelio coegit. tametsi numero militum inferior esset.. victoresque iam nova Macedonum repente monstra vicerunt. xviii. +lymphaticus+ = _mad_. ne aut inferior patruo suo Alexandro videretur. _frenzied_. +iterata legatione+ = _by a second embassy_. qui tam longa a domo militia Orientem subegerat. {10} Igitur relicto custode regni Ptolemaeo filio annos xv nato exercitum in portu Tarentino exponit. and Hannibal (so Plutarch tells .' 5. Sed Romanos vincentes iam inusitata ante elephantorum forma stupere primo. 7-9. Nam et Pyrrhus ipse graviter vulneratus est. open in front. +turbata . +magna pars militum. {20} CICERO.. _unprovoked_. [Linenotes: 1-2. iii. 86. where he could not easily replace the loss of his tried old warriors.'_ . with whom the struggle lay for glory. --H. qui numquam utilitatem a dignitate {15} seiunxit. 22-23. (in defiance of the treaty of 301 B. qui difficilius ab honestate quam sol a cursu suo averti potest. 87. in quo non potest esse gloria: sin ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo.] +Cause of the War. +sed magnum . Atqui.C. --H.) a Roman fleet appeared before the Harbour of Tarentum. +Aristides Athenis.] +Parallel Passage. 8-9. (2) _Fabricius the Just.. cumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac potenti.. +bellum ultro intulisset+ = _had begun an aggressive_ (+ultro+) _war_. se. Florus and Eutropius. Utrum igitur utilius vel Fabricio.+ Eutropius ii._ Cum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset. qui talis in hac urbe qualis Aristides Athenis fuit. non poterunt utiles esse cum infamia. vel senatui nostro.+ Aristides the Just. `a serious matter to him in a foreign country. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum idque eius factum laudatum a senatu est. and the war began. --H. +speciem utilitatis opinionemque+ (sc. 7. sed magnum dedecus et flagitium. Cf. 18. 8. +inusitata ante . +atqui+ = _and yet_. _De Officiis_. 8. eum non virtute sed scelere superatum. 14: _Tum Pyrrhus admiratus eum dixisse fertur: `Ille est Fabricius. with the exception of Tarentum.us) considered him the greatest military genius. _quacumque ratione_. si praemium sibi proposuisset.C. perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii eique est pollicitus.+ Pyrrhus is said to have lost 4000 men. A naval battle ensued in which the Tarentines were victorious. 3. In 282 B. `Sans Peur et sans Reproche. Rome had taken possession of Magna Graecia. --Holden. +ultro+ = lit. scelus absit. a physician of Pyrrhus.. armis cum hoste certare an venenis? Si gloriae causa imperium expetendum est. si speciem utilitatis opinionemque quaerimus. to have been overcome by an act of wickedness and not by valour_.C. 11-13. a friend of Pyrrhus. +perfuga+ = _a deserter_. a more emphatic +at+. D42 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. 14. superatum+ = _but it would have been a lasting disgrace and scandal for a general. +de imperio+ = _uter imperaret_. Aulus Gellius says the traitor was Nicias. hence = _beyond expectation_. forma+ = _the unfamiliar appearance of_.' 19.' --Ihne. Honesty before Expediency. +quoquo modo+ = _in any way_.+ By 282 B. _to a place beyond_. magnum illud bellum perfuga unus et gravem adversarium imperi {10} sustulisset. 2. ut clam venisset. quicum laudis certamen fuisset. sic clam in Pyrrhi {5} castra rediturum et eum veneno necaturum. +utilitatis+) = _the semblance and (popular) opinion of expediency_. + For the substance of the Speech. +Appi Claudi. --J.C. tantas clientelas Appius regebat et caecus {15} et senex. tantam domum.. clientelas+ = _a large household_. Cf. 4. {10} cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque ante superiorem consulatum fuisset. quinque filias. _see_ Plutarch. +clientelas = clientes+. the envoy of Pyrrhus. §§ 16. opposite _remissus_. . D43 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. yet all held him dear. notum enim vobis carmen est. quae versibus persecutus est Ennius: {5} _Quo vobis mentes. and the +Aqua Appia+. Curius Dentatus. S. tamen is. exstat oratio..] +The Speech of Appius Claudius. cf. +haec ille egit+ = _he made this speech_. +versibus persecutus est+ = _has followed out in the lines_. ex quo intelligitur Pyrrhi bello grandem sane fuisse. his children stood in awe of him. _a large number of dependents_. cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum. dementis sese flexere viai?_ ceteraque gravissime. 14-15. [Linenotes: 1. 16. _De Senectute_. +viai+ (= _viae_ old genit. +intentum+ (_in + tendo_) = _on the stretch_.. +tamen is . a Greek genitive. like Cincinnatus and M'. xi. 37. in him ancestral spirit and principles_ (+disciplina+) _were strong_. D44 . vigebat in illo animus {20} patrius et disciplina.. 312 B. carum omnes habebant. an aqueduct which brought water to Rome a distance of eight miles. intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languescens succumbebat senectuti. 280 B. et tamen ipsius Appi exstat oratio. he had himself led into the Senate-house to make the speech which turned the scale against the invader. R. Atque haec ille egit septemdecim annis post alterum consulatum. and also for his measure (corresponding to a Parliamentary Reform Bill) admitting freedmen as full citizens by enrolling them in Tribes.. _Pyrrhus_. or ii. sed etiam imperium in suos: metuebant servi. +tantam . rectae quae stare solebant Antehac. _sese flexere viae_. Tenebat non modo auctoritatem. verebantur liberi. 19-21.+ This was the Appius Claudius whose Censorship..+ When the Senate was about to yield to the persuasive eloquence of Cineas. (3) _Appius the Blind. _quo viae_..+F©b¡icius+. non dubitavit dicere illa. was famous for his great public works. J.C. Reid. the great South road of Rome.) = i. 7. Quattuor robustos filios. CICERO. S. +metuebant . 9-10._ Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset. _ubi terrarum_. disciplina+ = _his slaves feared him. the +Via Appia+. . . 2-9. is the representative of the purity and honesty of the good old times. 275 B. Exitum. Nec alius cladi finis fuit quam nox dirimeret. 17-20.+ Pyrrhus. mater agnovit et quasi vindicaret exsiluit.THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. secundam parem {20} fecerunt.C. Nam provectis in primam aciem rursus elephantis unum ex his pullum adacti in caput teli {15} gravis ictus avertit. _The Battle of Asculum. and so lost fewer men than at Heraclea. xviii. Iam quippe terror[26] beluarum exoleverat. postremusque fugientium rex ipse a satellitibus umero saucius in armis suis referretur. perhaps from _male + ventus_ on account of its unwholesome air) in Samnium on the Via Appia. in his attempt to storm the entrenched camp of Curius Dentatus. E. 279 B. FLORUS. Itaque in ipsas pila congesta sunt {5} et in turres vibratae faces tota hostium agmina ardentibus ruinis operuerunt. {10} [Footnote 26: Cf. 6. but the Romans were able to retire into their fortified camp.. sed tum tota victoria. avertit+ = _the heavy stroke of a weapon driven home_ (+adacti+) _into the head of a young elephant_ (+pullum+) _made it turn aside_. D45 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS.+ The Battle was fought near Beneventum (orig. tertiam sine controversia tradiderunt. Ac sic eaedem ferae. of Capua. _had grown out of use_).. +Lucaniae . quos vocant. elephantorum formaº] [Linenotes: 1.C. 100. [Linenotes: 11-12. p.] [[Selection D41: ªinusitata . 15-16. +The Battle of Beneventum. +Asculum+.] B.. et Gaius Numicius quartae legionis hastatus unius proboscide abscisa mori posse beluas ostenderat._ Lucaniae suprema pugna sub Arusinis. 19. campis. ll.. +dirimeret+ = _separated_ (the combatants).. +gravi mole+ = _with her unwieldy bulk_. and no choice was left him but to give up the unequal contest. 3. +unum ex his . casus dedit. between Beneventum and Canusium._ In Apulia deinde apud Asculum melius dimicatum est Curio Fabricioque consulibus. The result was a total defeat. qui cum per stragem suorum recurrens stridore quereretur.+ It is clear that Pyrrhus was again victorious. campis ducibus isdem quibus superius. 9-13. (4) A. I. (5) . tum omnia circa quasi hostilia gravi mole permiscuit. 8. +Male-+_ventum_. _The Battle near Beneventum. quem datura virtus fuit. quae primam victoriam abstulerunt. was obliged to fight on unfavourable ground. +exoleverat+ = _had grown less_ (lit.] +The Battle of Asculum. +in turres vibratae faces+ = _firebrands hurled against their towers_. a town in Apulia on the borders of Samnium.. + Plutarch._ Repulsus ab Spartanis Pyrrhus Argos petit: ibi. 12. qui victoria mitius usus filium eius Helenum {5} cum Epirotis sibi deditum in regnum remisit. Caput eius Antigono refertur. About 286 B. _Pyrrhus_.. +Siculorum bellis.' --Ih¦e. +Re e¡e¦ce. 5. and worthy of our sympathy and respect. +Why he failed. qui patriam certe suam angustam ignobilemque fama rerum gestarum et claritate nominis sui toto orbe {20} illustrem reddiderit. +Repulsus ab Spartanis . bella gesserit.+ During the years 280-276 B. xxv. JUSTINUS.] [Footnote 27: Cf. Antigonum. saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Here was the great error in his calculation. the death of Abimelech before Thebez. Pyrrhus undertook and failed in a desperate attack on the city. D46 . ut cum adversus Lysimachum._Death of Pyrrhus. surnamed _Poliorcetes_ (_stormer of cities_). and was hit _by a tile thrown from a roof by a woman_.+ At the invitation of Cleonymus. Demetrium. an error for which he can hardly be held responsible. tantos reges. 8. 53. occiditur. to wrest it from Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia.+ `From lack of accurate information he wholly underestimated the power of Rome. _tested_) _justice_. Satis constans inter omnes auctores fama est. King of Asia (one of Alexander's generals). inter confertissimos violentissime dimicans. aut vitae sanctioris aut iustitiae probatioris visum fuisse: scientiam certe rei militaris in illo viro tantam fuisse. 14. Siculorum Romanorumque et Carthaginiensium bellis numquam inferior. +Satis constans fama+ = _a tolerably unanimous opinion_. +Lysimachum+. King of Macedonia and Asia Minor.+ `He was not only one of the ablest generals and princes._ _In praise of a great General. Judges ix. nullum nec eius nec superioris aetatis regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse. Pyrrhus made himself master of all Sicily with the exception of the Carthaginian stronghold of Lilybaeum. dum Antigonum in urbe clausum expugnare conatur.C. +iustitiae probatioris+ = _of more eminent_ (lit.] +Character of Pyrrhus.' --Ihne. but amiable also as a man. who had been excluded from the throne of Sparta. +Demetrium+. raroque non inter reges {10} tantum. verum etiam inter illustres viros. [Linenotes: 1-4. invictus {15} semper fuerit: Illyriorum quoque.. 16-17. plerumque etiam victor exstiterit. son of Antigonus. eique insepulti patris ossa in patriam referenda tradidit. one of Alexander's generals. He then turned against Argos.C.C.[27] As he lay helpless on the ground he was recognised and murdered. 272 B. JUVENAL.] C. 79. 11-13. sed eis qui haberent aurum imperare. CICERO. xii. Possum persequi permulta oblectamenta rerum rusticarum. +Context. 4.' --Duff. Curius parvo quae legerat horto Ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula. +disciplinam+ = _morals_ (lit. Ignoscetis autem. I.] B. Hunc et incomptis Curium capillis Utilem bello tulit et Camillum Saeva paupertas et avitus apto Cum lare fundus. --J. sed ea ipsa quae dixi sentio fuisse longiora. repudiati sunt: non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit. +Hunc+ = Fabricius.THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. 11. et senectus est natura loquacior. 41-44. [Linenotes: 78-79. +holuscula+ (dimin. 44 . +a me+ (= +a mea villa+) = _from my country-house_. [Linenotes: 1. §§ 55-56. consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis. +extremum tempus aetatis+ = _the closing season of his life_.C. Curius was one of Milton's `Men so poor | who could do mighty things. cuius quidem ego villam contemplans. [Linenotes: 41. cum de Samnitibus.. nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum. 8. de Sabinis. +Possum persequi+ = _I might follow out_. _de-lecto_. tells the story. is still extant. +oblectamenta+ = _amusements_ (cf. the founder of Latin Prose. S. of +hŏlus+) = _small herbs or vegetables_._ A. an old-time Roman. Plutarch. admirari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam {10} vel temporum disciplinam. +de Re Rustica+. S. Reid. Curius. ne ab omnibus eam vitiis videar vindicare. _teaching_). After the close of the war Curius had become +patronus+ of the Samnites. 9. R. 184 B. +provectus sum+ = _I have been carried away_. and they were bringing the customary offering of +clientes+. Curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus Samnites cum attulissent. {5} Ergo in hac vita M'. xi. _Cato_ 2. _Odes_.+ The speaker is Cato the Censor. _De Senectute_.--J. _delight_). de Pyrrho triumphavisset. (6) _Manius Curius Dentatus. 78-79. whose manual of Agriculture. HORACE. abest enim non longe a me. Your tear shall dew my yet warm pyre. Let us go there together. Cf.. --W. Thrice in utmost need sent forth. decedunt+ = _where the honey does not give way to (is not inferior to) that of Hymettus_.' --Wickham. +viridi Venafro+ = _with the green (olive-groves of) Venafrum_ (N. near the city. let me spend the close of my life at Tibur (Tivoli). --Gow. +dulce pellitis ovibus+ = _dear to the skin-clad_ (+pellitis+) _sheep_.] D47 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. _Odes_.. +Baca+ = _the olive_.. HORACE.. 16. the noblest of berries. emphatic guiding words. ibi tu calentem Debita sparges lacrima favillam Vatis amici. 10-11. 24) = _Septimius and Horace_. my dear friend who would accompany me to the ends of the earth. 13. 22-24. +paupertas+ = _frugality_.. +te mecum+ (21) . +ibi+ (22) = _Tarentum_. flows into the Gulf of Tarentum.. +Subject. 15-16. 12. +ubi non . +Fertili+ = _who makes the vines fertile_. 22. 14-15..43. 9-end. not _poverty_ (= _egestas_). Ille te mecum locus et beatae Postulant arces. vi. a hill and valley near Tarentum. then at Tarentum. vatis amici. +unde+ = _from this place_.' --Macaulay. Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet Iuppiter brumas et amicus Aulon Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis Invidet uvis. `Hurrah! for Manius Curius The bravest son of Rome.+ `Septimius. +Aulon+ = (_the grapes of_) _Aulon_. i.C. or if not there. 21. 19. an exile from Sparta. from Tibur. +ibi tu . (7) _In Praise of Tarentum. 43-44.. +Phalantho+.+ `There when life shall end. 708 B. Thrice drawn in triumph home. +Ille+ (13) ._ Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae. [Linenotes: 9. of Campania). ubi non Hymetto Mella decedunt viridique certat Baca Venafro. 12 16 20 24 .e. founded Tarentum. +apto cum lare+ = _with its cottage home to match_ (+apto+). --Gow. so clad to keep their fleeces clean. +Galaesi flumen+.. +ille+ (21) . 18. and live there till I die. 10. Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes Angulus ridēt. Dulce pellītis ovibus Galaesi Flumen et regnata petam Laconi Rura Phalantho.. +tu amici+ (22. II. Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis._' Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem. +Lari+ = Lake Larius (= _Como_). Marios. Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen.. Augustus spent more than a year in reducing and settling the East (+imbellem Indum+) whose forces had been wielded by Antony. memorem. +verutos+ = armed with the _verutum_ (or _veru_ = lit. magna parens frugum. . the theme of the _Aeneid_.Your bard and friend. of Milan. +tibi res . Haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla Ostendit venis atque auro plurima fluxit. 159. magna parens frugum. . +res artis+. Scipiadas duros bello. 168. a _javelin_. +Scipiadas+. .C. . fontes+ = _for thee I enter on themes of ancient glory and skill_ (i. 1.. of Verona. 172-173.' --Conington. 174-175. Saturnia tellus. . _Georg. in agriculture) _and dare to unseal_ (+recludere+) _the sacred springs_. teque. +fremitu marino+ = _with roar as of the sea_.] +Reference. +Rome now ruled supreme over the whole of Italy from Ariminum in the North to the Sicilian Straits. Milo with his garrison of Epirots marched out of Tarentum with all the honours of war. In 272 B. +maxime Caesar+ = Augustus.+ Polybius. Adsuetumque malo Ligurem. quodque alluit infra? Anne lacus tantos? Te. quod supra. N. Qui nunc extremis Asiae iam victor in oris Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum. et te.e. `_Salve. in allusion to Saturn's reign in Latium in the age of gold. a _spit_). _Scīpĭōnēs_. of the _Georgics_. 170. W. +mare quod supra alluit+ = the _mare superum_ = the Adriatic. sanctos ausus recludere fontes. Lari maxime. +Saturnia tellus+. Marsos pubemque Sabellam. VERGIL. Fluminaque antiquos subterlabentia muros. 160. Volscosque verutos Extulit: haec Decios.C. 155 160 165 170 175 . Greek patronymic form = Lat. +adsuetum malo+ = _trained in hardship_. Magna virum: tibi res antiquae laudis et artis Ingredior. 155-176.+ D48 THE PRAISE OF ITALY. Magna virum. +res laudis+. 31 B. maxime Caesar. An mare. Salve._ ii. 173. +Volscosque verutos+ = _and the Volscian spearmen (light infantry)_. x. After Actium. Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens Benace marino? . magnosque Camillos. [Linenotes: 158. Haec genus acre virum. --Mackail. +Benace+ = Lake Benacus (= _Garda_). --Sidgwick. Saturnia tellus.. +mare quod infra alluit+ = the _mare inferum_ = the Tuscan or Tyrrhenian (TurῥhnόV = Tuscan) sea. . Sistet. 857. the _Georgics_. 264-202 B. victor at Zama. magne Cato. Consul 282 and 278 B. caesis insignis Achivis.' VERGIL. serentem? Quo fessum rapitis. G. _Aen. +Cosse+ = Cornelius Cossus. (Elsewhere = _bellum_. five times Consul. `Aspice. duo fulmina belli.. 428 B.) 858.). [Linenotes: 836. . because Hesiod (author of _Works and Days_ to which Vergil is much indebted) was born at Ascra.C. Dictator after Cannae.] 840 845 855 . The Sword of Rome. i.) Scipio Africanus Maior. 255 B. +magno . . +Gracchi genus+. Took Syracuse 212 B. From the Annals of Ennius (239-169 B.. Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. 844. +Fabricium+. Fabii? Tu Maximus ille es. victorque viros supereminet omnes! Hic rem Romanam. S. e.C. 202 B. True to his word.C.C. (ii. destroyed Carthage.. near Helicon. crushed Perseus (= +Aeaciden+ l. 846. +Ille+ = L. won Spolia Opima a second time. Scipiadas. . 839) at Pydna.) the two great Tribunes. 168 B. 146 B. vel te sulco.C. victor at Ecnomus. 836-846. Ipsumque Aeaciden.' .+ Notice the antithesis and alliteration (assonance). Serrane. 212 B. . aut geminos. . Cunctator. C1 _The Vision of Anchises.) T. eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem.) Scipio Africanus Minor. 855. +Sistet.. 256 B. often quoted. Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis Ingreditur. in Boeotia.) Tib. destroyed Corinth. +Maximus+ = Q. +Scipiadas+ = (i.C. twice Consul 215. relinquat? Quis Gracchi genus. in 2nd Punic War..e. --S.C. +Serrane+ = Regulus. tumultu+ = _when a great upheaving shakes it_. tells us) is specially used of a rising in Italy or in Gaul.. aut te. in war with Pyrrhus. +Marcellus+. +Tumultus+ (as Cic. genus armipotentis Achilli._ `Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho Victor aget currum. 855-859. 845. templa et temerata Minervae. (ii. Ultus avos Troiae. +Ascraeum carmen+ = _the song of Ascra_. (i. --Page. Sempronius Gracchus. 838. a prisoner. The Shield of Rome. +Ille+ = L. .] CONTEST WITH CARTHAGE. Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas. Tiberius and Gaius.176. as it was close to Italy. parvoque potentem Fabricium._ vi. 842. Mummius Achaicus.C. cladem Libyae.C. 146 B.g.C. Quis te. Cosse. 841. (iii. Proof against bribes.--Rome's Heroes. distinguished in Spain.C..C. . Aemilius Paullus. 843. sternet. Fabius M. tacitum. magno turbante tumultu. 22. corium in tenuissimas partes secari iubet atque ita maius loci spatium. (See Murray's Classical Atlas. murdered Sychaeus. 264-241 B. cognita sororis fuga. aegre precibus matris deorumque minis victus quievit. from _bos_. . JUSTINUS. 5. adj. quam petierat. Fr. of Rome_. later. +Pygmalion+. qui corio bovis tegi posset. reficere posset. _The Foundation of Carthage. 21-22._ i. in active sense. _Hist. in quo fessos longa navigatione socios. _Kirjath-Arba_ (Hebron). --Ihne. urbi auspicatam sedem dedit. In primis fundamentis caput bubulum inventum est. i.C. +peregrinorum+ = _of strangers_. 418-438. +velut instar c. quod auspicium fructuosae quidem. {20} bellicosum potentemque populum futurum significans. [Linenotes: 1. ii. _Aen.C. . sedesque ibi statuentibus ex frequentia hominum velut instar civitatis effectum. 14. cp. xviii. husband of Elissa (Dido). corrupted from Phoen. 4. cum impio bello fugientem persequi pararet. quoad proficisceretur. prob. occupat: unde {10} postea ei loco Byrsae nomen fuit. Dein empto loco. 264-241 B. +mutuarum rerum commercio+ = _barter_. _pilgrim_.. qui spe lucri multa hospitibus venalia inferebant.' Verg. C3 FIRST PUNIC WAR._ Pygmalion. the Citadel quarter. cf. statuto annuo vectigali pro solo urbis. where the poet `sums up in lines like bars of gold the hero-roll of the Eternal City. .+The Vision of Anchises+ is the imperishable record of the national life.e. 17. and _Hannibal_ (= Hanniel) = _the grace of Baal_. pp. . +sinum+ = Gulf of Tunis. _Bozra_ (= a _fort_).+ Bosworth Smith.C. est. 3-21. +per + ager+. Confluentibus deinde vicinis locorum.+ = _as if the semblance of a state_. +References. +Byrsae+. Cf. . Tunc ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentibus gentibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta. . C2 FIRST PUNIC WAR. sed laboriosae perpetuoque servae urbis fuit. vol. Ibi quoque equi caput repertum. _pèlerin_. Itaque Elissa delata in Africae sinum incolas eius loci adventu peregrinorum mutuarumque rerum commercio {5} gaudentes in amicitiam sollicitat.' --Myers. --Post. as if from bύrsa = a _hide_. 11. _Carthage and the Carthaginians_. +auspicatam+ = _auspicious_. and _Aen. propter quod in alium locum urbs translata. 336-368. +bubulum+ = _of an ox_.) 5. 878 B. Itaque consentientibus omnibus Carthago {15} conditur. `instar montis equus. King of Tyre. ._ iv. So _Carthage_ = _Kirjath (city)_.] +Parallel Passages.+ Verg. Atilius Regulus.. Iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum. concludere+. redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. 430-436. nisi 420 425 430 435 .. Milton. Aut onera accipiunt venientum. aut cum līquentia mella Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas.. 507-8. scaenis decora alta futuris. i._ Iamque ascendebant collem. ut. Cf. circ. as often. qui plurimus urbi Imminet adversasque aspectat desuper arces. _A Roman Martyr. 878 B. 425. aut agmine facto Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent: Fervet opus. 433. and not of what was appropriate to heroic times._ iv. when the sun with Taurus rides. 422. Pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco. 424. _Aen. quorum iam moenia surgunt!' Aeneas ait. +magalia+ = _huts_. Hic portus alii effodiunt. dependent on the idea of _eagerness_ or _striving_ in +instant+. +līquentia+ = _liquid_. +Ignavum . hinc lata theatris Fundamenta locant alii. optare . --S. Instant ardentes Tyrii pars ducere muros Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa. 435._ i. +ducere . dep. _Aen. 162-169.. arcent+ = _drive the drones... Lost_.. cum gentis adultos Educunt fetus._ M. from +līquor+. Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. Notice the order. 437. --Sidgwick. Pour forth their populous youth about the hive. Cf.. immanesque columnas Rupibus excidunt. iuratus missus est ad senatum. a Carthaginian (Phoenician) word. 264-241 B. +plurimus+ = _in huge mass_. --Page. Vergil is thinking. Miratur molem Aeneas. `The want of a city is the key-note of the _Aeneid_. cum consul iterum in Africa ex insidiis captus esset duce Xanthippo Lacedaemonio. 421. +Stipant+ = _pack_.C. Country before Expediency. 419-438. [Linenotes: 419. Cf. _Par. et fastigia suspicit urbis. This simile is a reproduction of _Georg.. magalia quondam.C. the notion of _pushing_ and _tightness_ being given in the very sound of the heavy overhanging spondees in this line. Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura Exercet sub sole labor. Elsewhere Vergil uses +lĭquens+ from +lĭqueo+. +strata viarum+ = _stratas vias_ = _the paved roads_. 426. 423._ i. `O fortunati.] C4 FIRST PUNIC WAR. moliri ._Aeneas views the Building of Carthage. with the predicate +imminet+. subvolvere .--S.' 432.. a slothful herd. of Roman institutions. μέgaron. VERGIL.' --Conington. 768: `As bees In springtime. from the enclosure_. _fecit_) = `_But. `+At stulte+' (sc. ne' ¡ else aread [_advised_]. +etiamne+ (sc. in pugna ipsa ad Liparas insulas commissa naves hostium comprehendit. 31-36 (he makes no mention of the embassy of Regulus)... ipse Carthaginem {15} rediit neque eum caritas patriae retinuit nec suorum. . 17. easque partim cepit.. 13-end. girt by friends that mourn' him. +sententiam .C. _De Officiis_. utilitatis {5} speciem videbat. 99. it may he said.] +Parallel Passages. apud Poenos afficiebatur.. he acted like a fool. _First Roman Naval Victory near Mylae. _Ep. `et victus sum.' Sic poenam crucis effugit. Pliny.' inquit. esse domui suae cum uxore. partim demersit. +consul. quas corvos vocabant. if_ .. Itaque quid fecit? In senatum venit. communem fortunae bellicae iudicantem tenere consularis dignitatis {10} gradum. cum videret eos multum mari valere. 13. ._ III. [Linenotes: 1. et ad memoriam victoriae columna .. .C. recusavit+ = _declined to give his own opinion on the case_. . utile esse. 21. quam calamitatem accepisset in bello. _Od. sped Into illustrious banishment. 6. cum liberis. Hor. i.redditi essent Poenis captivi nobiles quidam. 12.' Quo modo stulte? etiamne. . quas ante pugnam hostes {5} valde deriserant. `At stulte.. ._' 19. when he was defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. qui non modo non censuerit captivos remittendos.+ Regulus was Consul 261 and 256 B. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas. .C. id cuiquam {20} civi utile esse? CICERO.--Holden. Omnibus ut pugnaret succlamantibus: {10} `Feci. primo Punico bello a Romanis dux contra Carthaginienses missus. Duilius autem victor primum triumphum maritimum Romae egit. . A. _stulte fecit_) = _What. • tῇ pόlei oὐk €sti blaberὸn oὐdὲ tὸn polίthn blάptei = that which is not harmful (blaberόn = +inutile+) to the State is not harmful to the citizen.. and Proconsul in Africa 255 B. et ex senatu quaesivit quid faceret. captivi retenti sunt. and espec. 100.+ Cf. 2 (interesting letter on the death of Regulus). He nerved the Fathers' weak intent. 260 B.+ Polybius. nam hac poena dux. 13. verum etiam dissuaserit. si reipublicae conducebat? potest autem.C. Duilius. rediret ipse Carthaginem. quod inutile reipublicae sit. +speciem+ = the _specious (plausible) appearance (semblance)_. +iure iurando+ (sc. mandata exposuit. Is cum Romam venisset. C5 FIRST PUNIC WAR. ut res declarat. how did he act like a fool._ vii. _dato_) = _by the oath sworn to his enemies_. His. 264-241 B. sed eam. re male gesta. instituit.' --C._ C. `With counsel thus.] 20. And. falsam iudicavit: quae erat talis: manere in patria. . classem magis validam quam decoram aedificavit. iii. non esse se senatorem. et manus ferreas. sententiam ne diceret recusavit: quam diu iure iurando hostium teneretur. +potest autem . v. Dux classis Punicae Carthaginem fugit. one down fall. quoniam esse nollent? Qui risus. _allowed_._ _Rashness of Claudius. _De Senectute_. monstrari. § 44. S. monstra. A broad movable ladder. {15} (_Adapted_) Cf.' . classe devicta. +corvos+ = _crows_ (the kόrakeV of Polybius). Reid. the defender of Agrigentum 262 B. mergi eos in aquam iussit. _granted_.. the iron hook at the upper end of the ladder penetrated the deck of an enemy's ship. 249 B. boarding-bridges. Quid? Collega eius Iunius {15} eodem bello nonne but one. _Unique honour conferred on Duilius. and he I swear by kirke and bower He would overcome them every If once his beames they do C6 FIRS PUNIC WAR. Quod si ea ficta credimus licentia fabularum. i. and held in position by a rope. {20} CICERO. N._ C.+ Cicero is wrong: more probably the honour was conferred on Duilius by a vote of the Comitia Tributa. Mopsum. Duilium. qui Poenos classe primus devicerat. quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumpserat: tantum licentiae dabat gloria. R. delectabatur cereo funali et tibicine.[28] i. When the rope was let go.C.] [Footnote 28: The +funale+ was a torch composed of twigs twisted into a rope (+funis+) and dipped in pitch or oil. and hall.] B. of these Islands. fastened to the foremast. +Dux+.e. _Carthaginian Victory off Drepana. Helenum. [Linenotes: 18. -. prodigia dicuntur.] +References. sumpserat. I. portendi.J. +dabat+ = _excused_. 6. 7-10. +cereo funali+.+ Polybius. Calchantem. Mylae was on a promontory S. [Linenotes: 4. 18-19. multas ipsi lacrimas.C. cum cavea literati pulli non pascerentur. xiii. portenta. of Sicily.rostrata in foro posita est.C. 22. +nullo exemplo+ = _without any precedent_. ne domesticis quidem exemplis docti numen deorum conprobabimus? Nihil nos P.e. 264-241 B. ut biberent. qui {10} etiam per iocum deos irridens. quos tamen augures ne ipsae quidem fabulae adscivissent. Lord Howard says:-`Were twenty shippes. Tiresiam. redeuntem a cena senem saepe videbam puer. S. i.. kόrakeV.E. si res omnino repudiaret. lit. {5} Amphiaraum. 8. +ad Liparas insulas+ = Aeoliae Insulae (Lipari Islands). Hannibal. magnam populo Romano cladem attulit.E._ Praedictiones vero et praesensiones rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant nisi hominibus ea ostendi. for a description of the _corvi_. _torchlight_. +sibi . 19. Sir Andrew Barton (Percy's _Reliques_). praedici? Ex quo illa ostenta. --J. FLORUS. Claudi bello Punico primo temeritas movebit. xviii. +paci serviendum+ = _to devote himself to (obtaining) peace_. 3. 2 says that `Claudius was overthrown. _Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae. +Helenus+. 9. Lutatio. in apposition to +ea+: poetical construction. corner of Sicily._ A. 5. consul 249 B. quod {5} patriam. the seer of Argos. exhaustam sumptibus. lit. Ille.C..C.. +statuerunt belli facere finem.+ Florus ii. +Amphiaraum+. _etc. +ostenta . +apud insulas Aegates+. the prophet who accompanied the Argonauts. +donicum+ (= _donec_). between Drepana and Lilybaeum (Marsala). ut statim mente agitaret. diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intellegebat.' etc. This disaster and the destruction of the fleet of Junius crowned the series of misfortunes which befell the Romans in the year 249 B. J. the most dismal time of the whole war. son of Priam. eamque rem arbitrio permiserunt Hamilcaris.. between Eryx and Lilybaeum). 264-241 B. Passaro) the same year. i. Pulcher (son of Appius Claudius. A seer of the _Iliad_ and the _Aeneid_. 4.+ P.' --Ihne. etc. the blind Censor) defeated by Adherbal off Drepana (N. +prodigium+ for _prodicium_ = _pro_ + Ö_dic-_ deik. `_at the time of day when ----_' . CICERO. but by the gods themselves. cum auspiciis non paruisset? Itaque Claudius a populo condemnatus est. 5. 15. 241 B.tempestate classem amisit. not by the enemy. C7 FIRST PUNIC WAR. One of the Seven against Thebes. +Mopsum+. Coast of Sicily. [Linenotes: 1. 6. whose auspices he had despised. NEPOS. si paulum modo res essent refectae.= _point out_.' `_monstra_. bellum renovare Romanosque armis persequi. dicuntur+ = _are called in Latin_ `_ostenta_. --Walford. Cl._ _Peace with Carthage.' +¨  Defeat off Drepana. Claudi temeritas. His fleet was destroyed by a storm off Pachynus (C. +P. tamen paci serviendum putavit. = _all those stories about Mopsus_.] +Parallel Passage. off the W. etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate. _Hamilcar_. the blind prophet of Thebes. and the inexperience of Claudius and of his crews. Iunius necem sibi ipse conscivit. 7-8. Deorum_. {10} CORN. +Iunius._. 3. _De Nat. consule Romanorum.C. Interim Carthaginienses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. +Mopsum+. the Goat Islands.C.W. Pullus. consisting mainly of landsmen who knew nothing of the sea. II. superati statuerunt belli facere finem. 10.+ This victory led to the close of the First Punic War.+ `The reason of the defeat lay in the superiority of the Carthaginian admiral and seamen. [Linenotes: 3. donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent.+ L. +Tiresiam+. sed ita. C. 6-7. me scripturum. 653-657. _Great Importance of the Second Punic War. just as Aeneas sees carved the tale of Troy. Nam neque validiores opibus ullae inter se civitates gentesque contulerunt {5} arma. +ductor+ = Hannibal. SILIUS ITALICUS. --R. vi. +stagnosi Literni. with _validiores_.+ Polybius called the war of which Hannibal was the life and soul the `Hannibalian War. Poenis. N. +Hannibale duce. 684-688. quae unquam gesta sint.10.+ Polybius. 654. [Linenotes: 3. +virtute vicissent+ = _they (the Romans) should have conquered by (superior) prowess_. not to make war upon Hiero of Syracuse.] +Parallel Passage. Possessor pelagi pronaque Lutatius aura Captivas puppes ad litora victor agebat. Romanis indignantibus quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma. caps. Odiis etiam prope {10} maioribus certarunt quam viribus. _Romanis Poenisque_._ In parte operis mei licet mihi praefari bellum maxime omnium memorabile. . +Terms of Peace. . 218-202 B.+ Town and River on the coast of Campania. The River flows through a marsh = Literna palus. quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere. [Linenotes: 653-654. 59-63. and to pay 2200 talents in twenty years. Silius (who closely imitates Vergil) makes Hannibal view the sculptured memorials of the First Punic War. of Cumae. quod superbe avareque crederent imperitatum victis esse. et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese. et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit. 445-493. . qui vicerunt. varia splendentia cernit Pictura belli patribus monumenta prioris Exhausti: nam porticibus signata manebant. neque his ipsis tantum unquam virium aut roboris fuit. .' 6. Verg. i. sed expertas primo Punico conferebant bello. +virium aut roboris+ = _offensive or defensive strength_. Quis inerat longus rerum et spectabilis ordo. to give up all Roman prisoners without ransom. +Sicily the first Roman Province.+ C8 SECOND PUNIC WAR. 655 685 . ut propius periculum fuerint. Addiderant geminas medio consurgere fluctu Aegates: lacerae circum fragmenta videres Classis et effusos fluitare in gurgite Poenos. +his ipsis+. . .+ Carthage engaged to evacuate Sicily.] B. Hic dum stagnosi spectat templumque domosque Literni ductor. _Aen. 654-657. sc. . A._ i. after Cannae. 1.' inquit. cum. and raised the war indemnity by 1200 talents.+ For Hannibal's Oath. Iam tenet Italiam. +expertas+ = _tested_.g. . 216 B. Anulus. +Importance of the War. tactis sacris. for supremacy or destruction. et saevas curre per Alpes. 13. Donec Bithyno libeat vigilare tyranno. Pyrenaeum Transilit.' --Ihne.' --Ihne. Non gladii. 218-202 B. {20} LIVY. se. 9. exercitum eo traiecturus sacrificaret. C9 SECOND PUNIC WAR. [Linenotes: 16. Additur imperiis Hispania. sc. I. +superbe avareque. +ultro inferrent arma+ = _should presume to attack_. Opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque: Diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto.) Rome availed herself of the distress of Carthage to extort the cession of Sardinia. 12.. --Dimsdale. 241-237 B. perfecto Africo bello.+ `When the war of the mercenaries broke out in Africa (241-238 B. nisi Poeno milite portas Frangimus et media vexillum pono Subura. It was to decide whether the Graeco-Roman civilisation of the West or the Semitic (Carthaginian) civilisation of the East was to be established in Europe._' Expende Hannibalem: quot libras in duce summo Invenies? . in a passive sense. pueriliter blandientem patri Hamilcari.8. altaribus admotum. and to determine its history for all future time.C. e. Finem animae.] +Parallel Passage.C. `nihil est. quae res humanas miscuit olim.C. between Carthage and her mutinous mercenaries. +ut propius . non saxa dabunt. sed ille Cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor. ut duceretur in Hispaniam. 147 151 155 160 165 . xxi. Cum Gaetula ducem portaret belua luscum! Exitus ergo quis est? O gloria! vincitur idem Nempe et in exilium praeceps fugit. Livy xxxv. 17. _The Oath of the Boy Hannibal. iure iurando adactum. `_The paths of glory lead but to the grave. --D.e.C. demens. Ut pueris placeas et declamatio fias. Hannibalem annorum ferme {15} novem. +perfecto Africo bello+. tamen ultra pergere tendit: `Actum. 19. cum primum posset. i. . atque ibi magnus Mirandusque cliens sedet ad praetoria regis. hostem fore populo Romano. . nec tela.+ `It was a struggle for existence. +Poenis+.' O qualis facies et quali digna tabella. vicerunt+.] B._ Fama est etiam. _indignantibus_.. +blandientem+ = _coaxingly entreating_. nihil sancti. how ridiculous a picture it would have made. aged 76. 218-202 B. i. that that earth. dead and turned to clay. nulla religio. 166. 7. 156. ea neque molli strato neque silentio accersita. Itaque haud facile discerneres._ xii. and then to Prusias of Bithynia. +media Subura+. invenies+ = _if you lay_ (lit. and become the subject of their speeches_. Caloris ac frigoris patientia par. lit. quieti datum. Vestitus nihil inter aequales excellens. fias+ = _to suit the taste of schoolboys. 167. non voluptate modus finitus. cf. Ov. perfidia plus quam Punica. +Expende .C. nihil veri. while marching through the country flooded by the Arno. --Hardy. 217 B. [Linenotes: 2.. in the heart of Rome. [Linenotes: 147-148.e. cf. ultimus conserto proelio excedebat. Plurimum audaciae ad pericula capessenda. i. quod gerendis rebus superesset. The Subura was one of the busiest and most populous quarters of Rome.+ Hannibal took poison which he carried about in a ring (+anulus+) 183 B. neque milites alio duce plus confidere aut audere. +anulus.C. utrum imperatori an exercitui carior esset. `worthy of what a picture' i. nullum ius iurandum. Shak. i. cibi potionisque {10} desiderio naturali.] +For the thought+. _Character of Hannibal. . 232: Imperious Caesar. plurimum consilii inter ipsa pericula erat. Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: O. 158.. nullus deum metus. `more easily handled'. vigiliarum somnique nec die nec nocte discriminata tempora: id. multi saepe militari sagulo opertum humi iacentem {15} inter custodias stationesque militum conspexerunt.. 615: Iam cinis est: et de tam magno restat Achille Nescio quid parvam quod non bene compleat urnam. LIVY. 147-167. Has tantas viri virtutes {20} ingentia vitia aequabant. parendum atque imperandum. Cf. +ut . first to Antiochus of Syria. Nullo labore aut corpus fatigari aut animus vinci poterat. 4. 160. inhumana crudelitas.JUVENAL._ Nunquam ingenium idem ad res diversissimas.C. our _handy_. +ad pericula capessenda+ = _in incurring peril_. `weigh') _Hannibal in the scale. _Sat... princeps in proelium ibat. +habilius+ = _better adapted_. ubi quid fortiter ac strenue agendum {5} esset.e. arma atque equi conspiciebantur. neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere malle. Equitum peditumque idem longe primus erat. --Duff. habilius fuit._ x.e.. tabella+ = _what a sight and how fit for caricature!_ lit. _Met. which kept the world in awe Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw! C10 SECOND PUNIC WAR. +in exilium+. xxi.. Ham. how many pounds will you find in the greatest of commanders?_ --Duff. +luscum+ = _one-eyed_. +O qualis facies . V. Hannibal lost an eye from disease. 157. + Polybius says that many of his alleged cruelties were to be set down to his namesake H. ut in suspecto loco..+ `This does not seem to have been anything worse than a consummate adroitness in laying traps for his enemies.] +SAGUNTUM+ (Murviedro = muri veteres) in Hispania Tarraconensis (about 20 miles S. 8. +nec quicquam . ubi plurimum periculi ac timoris ostendebatur... no conscience.. +sagulo+ = _in his military cloak_: diminutive of _sagum_.' --I¨¦ . Cf. Ut vero Hannibal ipse. --Capes. adversum femur tragula graviter ictus cecidit. +postquam . 21-23. ibi vi maiore obsistebant. i. dum murum incautius subit. pati+ = _they allowed those engaged on the works no sort of safety_. ut non multum abesset..e. ita+ = lit. et iuventus delecta. 15. Et turris ingens imminebat. reviled. 41 of Scipio Africanus Minor--Sallust _Cat. they did not hesitate to blacken his memory by the most revolting accusations. +Effectum+ (verbal noun in _us_) = _the completion of the work_..e. adversus eum vineas agere instituit. +perfidia plus quam Punica. _dis-crimen_. deinde iam non pro moenibus modo atque turri tela micare.e. no force binding (_re + ligare_) or restraining from wrong-doing. 21._ Angulus muri erat in planiorem patentioremque quam cetera circa vallem vergens. quin opera ac vineae desererentur.. per quas aries moenibus admoveri posset.+ Livy xxvi. lit.' 23.. +nulla religio+ = _no scruples_. coeptis succedebat. C11 SECOND PUNIC WAR.C. +quam cetera+ (sc. the most deadly poison of their hatred they poured upon Hannibal. quibus tumultuariis certaminibus {15} haud ferme plures Saguntini cadebant quam Poeni. _loca_) +circa+ = _than the neighbouring country_.12. i. 18. {5} postquam ad effectum operis ventum est.' --Church and Brodribb. 4-5. +discriminata+ = _regulated_. and persecuted Carthage. Monomachus. so_.. +ut in suspecto loco+ = _as (was natural) in a suspected_ (i. `Bitterly as the Romans hated. {10} Ac primo missilibus summovere hostem nec quicquam satis tutum munientibus pati. --Dimsdale. weak) _spot_. lit. _although . of Valencia) was supposed to have been founded by Greek .] +Parallel Passages. +adversum femur+ = _in the front of the thigh_. cf. [Linenotes: 2.e. 218-202 B. Sed ut locus procul muro satis aequus agendis vineis fuit. ventum est+ = _when they came to attack the wall in earnest_. xxi. tanta circa fuga ac trepidatio fuit. +ut . _as . sed ad erumpendum etiam in stationes operaque hostium animus erat. _dis-cerno_. et murus._ 6.. the bringing up of the ram. not (even) moderate safety. 22-26 (important). `divided off'. supra ceterae modum altitudinis emunitus erat. `Perfidious Albion. +inhumana crudelitas. _The Siege of Saguntum. +accersita+ (= _arcessita_) = _wooed_.C. 14. yet . ita haudquaquam prospere.. --D. {20} LIVY. i. 219 B. 7._ 5 of Catiline--Polybius ix. 11-12.. _ Hannibalem Coelius scribit. Et late umectat terras spumante veneno: Tantus. After an eight months' siege and a heroic defence.. _De Divinatione_. also Juv. illum autem id diutius facere non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse: tum visam belluam vastam et immanem. terrasque urgentia membra Quo ferat et quosnam populos deposcat hiatu. it was taken by storm 219 B. _Phars._ xv. Scitatur. visum esse in somnis a Iove in deorum concilium vocari._ Hoc trepidus monstro .200 205 210 . tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret. but really because he was unwilling to leave a strong city in his rear.D. which contained a valuable account of the Second Punic War. Livy `temperare oculis nequivisse = he could not restrain his eyes. CICERO. Cf. 113-14. L. 1808 A.). quacunque incederet. Quantus per campos populatis montibus actus Contorquet silvas squalenti tergore serpens. magnaeque ruinae Idaei generis. omnia arbusta. C12 SECOND PUNIC WAR. +cupiditate+ = _from curiosity_... pestis. characteristic of Spanish towns. and wished to obtain funds. 24. and the siege of Saragossa. lacrimosaque fata sequuntur. cum cepisset Saguntum. Cf. +Coelius+. perdomitis decurrens Alpibus atro 198. Iovem imperasse ut Italiae bellum inferret..C. [Linenotes: 1. Hannibal attacked the city ostensibly on the ground of its having molested subject-allies of Carthage. Livy borrows largely from his narrative._ iii. +visam belluam ..' 8-11.C. circumplicatam serpentibus. i. Cui gelidis almae Cyllenes editus antris: `Bella vides optata tibi: te maxima bella.] B.. pervertere+ = _he thought he saw a monster overthrowing_. _The Dream of Hannibal. 49. Coelius Antipater (a contemporary of C. caedesque virum. virgulta. quo cum venisset. tecta {10} pervertere.C. i. non potuisse.' 8. te moto turbida caelo Tempestas. Rome made an alliance with Saguntum and Hasdrubal was informed of the fact. +id .. 7. Te strages nemorum. ducemque ei unum e concilio datum: quo illum utentem cum exercitu progredi {5} coepisse. Gracchus 123 B. _Sat. _Nec pavet hic populus (Massilia) pro libertate subire Obsessum Poeno gessit quod Marte Saguntum. In 226 B. Livy `cura ingeni humani = with the natural curiosity of the human mind. 218-202 B.C.. 349-50.colonists from Zacynthos (Zante).+ Cf. A.e._ LUCAN. ardua quae sit. wrote Annales. _The Interpretation--Vastitatem esse Italiae. Ibi urgentes inter se cedentibus extremis ab aqua trepidationis aliquantum {20} edebant. .] . --Dimsdale. pluribus validis retinaculis parte superiore ripae religatam pontis in modum humo iniecta constraverunt. 209. `Easily moved' (_ago_). tantoque fragore Eruta convulsis prosternes oppida muris. certe variat memoria actae rei. +hiatu+ = _with its wide-open mouth_. _paulatim_. +in altum+ = _into mid stream_. 14. 218-202 B. tum elephanti per stabilem ratem tamquam viam praegredientibus feminis acti ubi in minorem applicatam transgressi sunt. where Hermes is said to have been born: hence styled _Cyllenius_. +donec .. rei+ = _the accounts of what was done differ_. donec continenti velut ponte agerentur. Ita {15} primis expositis alii deinde repetiti ac traiecti sunt. +parte superiore . donec quietem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset.. agerentur+ = _So long as they were being driven on what seemed a bridge connected with the land. the highest point in the Peloponnesus. . Ratem unam ducentos longam pedes quinquaginta latam a terra in amnem porrexerunt. 22. 7. iii. Ceterum magis constat ratibus traiectos esse elephantos. ne {5} secunda aqua deferretur. to the bank at a point higher up stream. xxi. Passage of the Elephants. {10} huic copulata est. 198-213. quibus leviter annexa erat. Nihil sane trepidabant. of the Sea. Polybius iii.. {25} LIVY. Cyllene (Zyria). --D. [Linenotes: 202. 21-22.' SILIUS ITALICUS. vinculis ab actuariis aliquot navibus ad alteram ripam pertrahitur. i. [Linenotes: 2. _donec--fecisset_ ll. --D. lit. _alii alios_.+ Livy xxi.] +Parallel Passage. _sensim_. 203. and post-Augustian. but _agerentur_ may give the reason of _nihil trepidabant_. sed pondere ipso stabilis deiectis rectoribus quaerendis pedetemptim vadis in terram evasere. 9. +variat . Excidere etiam saevientes quidam in flumen.Involves bello Italiam.e. quam. Cf. 24. lit. primus erat pavor. poet. pontis+ = _fastened to the upper part of the bank_. +ab actuariis+ = _by some light craft_. +tergore = tergo+. 19. C13 SECOND PUNIC WAR. ad traiciendum flumen apta.. .e. Cf. and B. 28._ --C. +pedetemptim+ = _step by step_. ut beluae audacter velut per solum ingrederentur. 17-18. Altera ratis aeque lata. _From the Pyrenees to the Rhone. extemplo resolutis. +quaerendis pedetemptim vadis+ = _feeling their way into shallow water_. +Cyllenes+. on the borders of Arcadia and Achaia._ Elephantorum traiciendorum varia consilia fuisse credo. longa pedes centum.. +inter se+ = _one on another_.. cum soluta ab ceteris rate in altum raperentur. Mt.C. and cf. +per solum+ = _on firm ground_. `stretching out the feet' (_pes + tendo_). _Agebantur_ would be more usual. 47. usu. i. .'s soldiers dreaded the Romans (victorious in the 1st Punic War). {20} aut itineris finem sperent campum interiacentem Tiberi ac moenibus Romanis. 218-202 B. where the Tiber makes a wide curve.e. quod inceptum moretur? Cepisse quondam Gallos ea. lines 155. quae adiri posse Poenus desperet. . at the Passage of the Rhone. . N.).e.+ Livy says that H. +Cepisse Gallos.e. --D.+ `He does not intend in them to reproduce the substance of words actually spoken.W._ Itaque Hannibal. 7. of the Boii (Insubrian Gauls). quid laboris exhaustum esse! {15} Romam.. C14 SECOND PUNIC WAR.' --Mackail. 116. i. i. caput orbis terrarum. +Eos ipsos legatos+. Both Polybius and Livy thought that elephants could not swim. quinam pectora semper impavida repens terror invaserit. +advenas Italiae cultores+ = _foreign settlers in Italy_. sed advenas Italiae cultores has ipsas Alpes ingentibus saepe agminibus cum {10} liberis ac coniugibus migrantium modo tuto transmisisse. 20. . 18. long settled in Gallia Cisalpina (round Mediolanum = Milan). +campum+. quid per octo menses periculi. for Rome was not yet mistress even of all Italy (e. For the thought cf. or even to imitate the tone of the time in which the speech is laid. 11. 7. petentibus quicquam adeo asperum atque arduum videri. Hannibal encourages his Soldiers. +migrantium modo+ = _as immigrants_. +varie . _advenas_ = adj. +genti .C. 46.. the Campus Martius.+ Polybius. Alpes quidem habitari.. +castigando adhortandoque+. versat+ = _works on their minds by different methods_.] [[Selection C9. 9. ll. 16. LIVY.+ A rhetorical exaggeration. i. Militi quidem armato nihil secum praeter instrumenta belli portanti quid invium aut inexsuperabile esse? Saguntum ut caperetur. Proinde aut cederent animo atque virtute genti per eos dies totiens ab se victae. 218-202 B. {5} gignere atque alere animantes. quos cernant. pervias fauces esse exercitibus. 21. of Rome.C. but still more the exaggerated and unknown terrors of the Alps. +repens terror.g. legatos non pinnis sublime elatos Alpes transgressos. [Linenotes: 2-3. e. _From the Rhone to Italy. advocata contione varie militum versat animos castigando adhortandoque: mirari se. 4-5._ . here.--Dimsdale. He uses them as a vivid and dramatic method of portraying character and motive. coli. 156]] +The Speeches of Livy. 30. p. iii.+Reference. +Romam caput orbis. 8. postquam ipsi sententia stetit pergere ire atque Italiam petere. the Boii not subdued until 191 B. _From the Rhone to Italy.+ The Gauls sacked Rome 390 B.C. Ne maiores quidem eorum indigenas. xxi.g. The Descent of the Alps. C15 SECOND PUNIC WAR. victae+.C. Eos ipsos. ut non iumenta solum sed elephanti etiam deduci possent. the Little St. . Polybius does not mention this. Deinde Numidas equites ad eliciendam Semproni credulitatem adequitare vallo eius {5} iussit. si quid est pabuli.. nuda enim fere cacumina sunt.e. i. . Inde ad rupem muniendam. i. _The Battle at the R. arboribus circa immanibus deiectis detruncatisque struem ingentem lignorum faciunt. cum et vis venti apta faciendo igni {10} coorta esset. per quam unam via esse poterat. 6. after H. +molliuntque . Tandem nequiquam iumentis atque hominibus fatigatis castra in iugo posita. _Munire_ (cf. 218-202 B. +Tandem . et quies {20} muniendo fessis hominibus data.+ Polybius says that the precipice at the side of the road (leaving only a narrow ledge) extended for about 1000 ft. 11-12. Inferiora valles apricosque quosdam colles habent rivosque prope silvas et iam humano cultu digniora loca.C. medio amne interfluente.e. Quadriduum circa rupem consumptum {15} iumentis prope fame absumptis. C16 SECOND PUNIC WAR. Trebia. 3-4. iii. the soldiers' regular drink of vinegar and water. cleared of branches. 9. abruptus erat.. _moenia_) = lit. +infuso aceto.Natura locus iam ante praeceps recenti lapsu terrae in pedum mille admodum altitudinem abruptus erat. milites ducti. _in length_. `lopped off'). cum caedendum esset saxum. _Anfractus_. et. 13-14. (lit. saevissima hieme Magonem et electos in insidiis posuit. 36. 171-179. cum ad Trebiam in conspectu haberet Semproni Longi consulis castra. which the _posca_. 4. obruunt nives.C. LIVY. i. +in iugo+. [Linenotes: 2-3. Ihne. 37. caused by a landslip or avalanche. clivos+ = _relieve the steepness of the descent by gently-sloping zigzag paths_. Triduo inde ad planum descensum iam et locis mollioribus et accolarum ingeniis.+ At a short distance from the summit of the Pass (prob. _in depth_. aegerrime ad id ipsum loco purgato: tantum nivis fodiendum atque {5} egerendum fuit. . Livy in mistake converts this into 1000 ft. +detruncatis+ = _trimmed_.'s attempt to pass by a side-way over a glacier failed. quibus praeceperat. Hannibal widened the narrow ledge of road by making a sort of terrace. 218 B. eamque. 54-56.+ Polybius.+ Limestone rock might be softened by vinegar. ut ad primum nostrorum incursum per nota refugerent vada.. would supply.e. Ita torridam incendio rupem ferro pandunt. Bernard) Hannibal finds his passage barred by a break in the road.. fatigatis+. +ad rupem muniendam+ = _to cut a way through the rock_. succendunt ardentiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt.. Ibi iumenta in pabulum missa.] +References. Hos consul et . from _ambi + frango_. +in pedum . A. on the higher level where the road was broken away. xxi. +Context..' `to build. i.' So _munire viam_ = _to make a road_._ Hannibal. `to wall. molliuntque anfractibus modicis clivos. ii. 218-202 B. i. in his fortified camp on the W. 580 SILIUS ITALICUS.C.adortus temere et secutus ieiunum exercitum in maximo frigore transitu fluminis rigefecit: mox torpore et inedia adfectis Hannibal suum militem {10} opposuit. Poenus ubi. quem ad id ignibus oleoque et cibo foverat. iv. FRONTINUS.. Sempronius Longus. clausum lacu ac montibus et .. which it joins 2 miles W. 217 B. xxi. 8-9. +nec defuit . Nec niti lentoque datur convellere limo Mersa pedum penitus vestigia: labe tenaci Haerent devincti gressus. 576. resolutaque ripa Implicat aut caeca prosternit fraude paludis. Tum Trebia infausto nova proelia gurgite fessis Incohat. ad ripas.+ The Romans kept their ground with the utmost courage till Mago burst out from his ambush and attacked them in rear._ Et iam. 570 Palantes agit. ab tergo ac super {5} caput _haud[29] detectae_ insidiae. postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmen coepit. quod ex adverso erat. 187-191. or left bank of the Trebia. _The River bars the Retreat.. of Placentia (Piacenza). +oleoque+. C17 SECOND PUNIC WAR. fluvioque immergere certat.. +castra. miserabile! Poenus Impellens trepidos. 577. 2. +ieiunum . dispersis Romana per agmina signis. rigefecit+. +soli frustrata+ = _prevented from reaching firm ground_.. of the Padus. 5. Sempronius _made stiff_ (+rigefecit+) with wading breast-high across the icy river his men _faint with hunger_ (+ieiunum+). 575 Infidaque soli frustrata voragine sorbet. makes Juno the devoted ally of Hannibal._ (1) Flaminius cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum pervenisset. id tantum hostium. effected a junction with his colleague. Haurit subsidens fugientum corpora tellus. 579. caederet. _Strategemata_. 570-580.C. ii. [Linenotes: 574. 52-56. +precibus . _ut mollirent artus_ = _to make their limbs supple_. conspexit..e. a small tributary S. Livy.+ Ti. [Linenotes: 1. 23. Scipio. i. +lento+ = _sticky_. +resoluta+ = _crumbling_. in his imitation of Vergil. ac precibus Iunonis suscitat undas. 12-13. with his army from Sicily. _The Battle of Lake Trasimene. undas. quin terga hostium in hoc ordinatus caederet.] B. inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustiis superatis. +ad Trebiam+.+ The poet. nec defuit partibus Mago. id quod petierat.e. 11. Ihne.] +References+. + At the N. quod orta ex lacu nebula campo quam montibus densior sederat. et ante in frontem lateraque pugnari coeptum est. At the E. signum omnibus dat simul invadendi. instruit. and his cavalry at the entrance to the pass on the W.. Consul 223 B. +Flaminius+ (Gaius). Qui ubi. ut[30] in re trepida.. vertente se quoque ad dissonos {20} clamores.C. 13. quam satis instrueretur acies aut expediri arma stringique gladii possent. et. Alii fugientes pugnantium globo illati {10} haerebant. opprimerenturque quidam onerati magis iis {5} quam tecti. adhortatur ac stare ac pugnare iubet. (b) and p. +pandi+ (= _se pandere_) = _to deploy_. ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus. --D.. end of the plain the mountains again close down upon the lake. Romanus clamore prius undique orto.C. _The Battle of Lake Trasimene. 42. conquered the Insubrian Gauls. the chief of the popular party at Rome. `This word expresses the whole blame attaching to Flaminius. tantumque aberat.circumfusum suis copiis habuit hostem.. +prius quam satis cerneret+ = _before he could clearly distinguish anything_.' --Dimsdale. +ut in re trepida+ = _considering the confusion of the moment_.. 2. 218-202 B. impavidus turbatos ordines.iii and Selection D24]] [Linenotes: 1. ut tempus locusque patitur. Consul perculsis omnibus ipse satis. posted his light-armed troops behind the crests of the hills which bounded the plain on the N. end of the Lake the mountains of Cortona come right down to the lake.C.] +The Scene of the Battle. Consul (a second time) 217 B. to cut off the Roman retreat. quacunque adire audirique potest. 5. Connected Picenum with Rome by the Via Flaminia. Censor 220 B. {25} LIVY. and it is great. 4. defeated and killed at Trasimene.C. 4. qua cuique proximum fuit. eo magis Romanis subita atque improvisa {10} res fuit. C18 SECOND PUNIC WAR. se circumventum {15} esse sensit. --D. ut sua signa atque ordines et locum noscerent. 83 line 1. alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat fugientium . conspecta+ = _were sufficiently visible to each other_. 15. 19. decucurrerunt. the pass expands and forms between the mountains and the lake a narrow plain from ½ to 1½ miles in width and about 4 miles in length. 217 B. p. agminaque hostium ex pluribus collibus ipsa inter se satis conspecta eoque magis pariter decucurrerant. Ad gemitus vulneratorum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos _strepentium_[31] paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum.] [[Demonstration IV. xxii._ (2) Ceterum prae strepitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imperium accipi poterat. but a little further E. quam satis cerneret.C. [Footnote 29: Var. iii.W. +inexplorato+ = _without reconnoitring_. Here Hannibal encamped with his Africans and Spaniards. +ipsa . _decepere_. lect.] [Footnote 30: For this qualifying use of _ut_ cf. and became entangled with it_. 5. qui multarum urbium Italiae magnas partes prostravit. post signa alia pugnaret acies. --Jebb. _of middle-aged men_. +non illa . 18-19. . 10.agmen.e. 217 B. fors conglobabat et animus suus {20} cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat. namque agmine denso Primores iuvenum. pp. ii. ubi in omnes partes nequiquam impetus capti. non illa ordinata per principes hastatosque ac triarios. Acri 645 Nomen erat gentile viro. +ab tergo+.' Pariter tunc undique fusis 655 Obruitur telis. lect. 5. 14.. C19 SECOND PUNIC WAR. Livy refers to the old mode of formation (said to have been introduced by Camillus) of i._ vol. i.. . Ihne. _of young men_. [Footnote 31: Var. 8-9.. i. xxii.. fusisque catervis Boiorum quondam patriis. +principes+.] +References:+ Polybius. +mixtos . _of men at their prime_. ut eum motum terrae. laeva ob discrimina Martis 660 . apparuitque nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis {15} spem esse. tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam et nova de integro exorta pugna est. i. triarios+ = _not in that well-known_ (+illa+) _mode of fighting_ (sc. Ultrix hora vocat. inquit. `Tune. clamores+ = _the mingled shouts of noisy triumph_ (+strepentium+) _or dismay_. 650 Corporis an tanti manet de vulnere sanguis. haerebant+ = _rushed upon a knot_ (+globo+) _of combatants. 82-84. --Dimsdale. +pugnantium . 218-202 B. +triarii+. +pugna+) _arranged according to_. nec ut pro signis antesignani. +a fronte+. Advolat ora ferus mentemque Ducarius. {25} LIVY. by Hannibal's African and Spanish infantry. noscensque superbi Victoris vultus. most were cut down in their full marching equipment. +onerati:+ i. a fronte et ab tergo hostium acies claudebant. 204-10.e._ (3) _The Death of Flaminius.C. antiqua gerebat Vulnera barbaricae mentis. Deinde..C. _The Battle of Lake Trasimene. +hastati+.. fortibus umbris Hoc mactare caput: nostros hic curribus egit Insistens victos alta ad Capitolia patres. et ab lateribus montes ac lacus. Nec pugna perempto Ulterior ductore fuit. +ad arma capienda aptandaque+ = _to seize and put on for the battle their arms_. Nec vos poeniteat. iii. nemo pugnantium senserit. by Hannibal's cavalry and the Gauls. _Hist. tantusque fuit ardor animorum.] [Linenotes: 4. maximus ille Boiorum terror? libet hoc cognoscere telo._ Dumque ea commemorat densosque obit obvius hostes. iii. nimboque mente per auras Contectus nulli dextra iactare reliquit Flaminium cecidisse sua. _terrentium_ = of those causing fear.e. . adeo intentus pugnae animus. populares. . 6. note. in his previous life. when some veterans screened it with their shields. he had served his country well. Carvilio collega quiescente.. nec senectus mores mutaverat. Ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret. _sinister_. .Infensi superis dextrisque. de quo praeclare familiaris noster Ennius: _Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. l. iii. super ocius omnes Membra ducis stratosque artus certamine magno Telaque corporaque et non fausto Marte cruentas Iniecere manus. 84. texere virum. et cernere Poenum Victorem plus morte rati. as Consul and as Censor. Erat enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas. lit. senem adulescens ita dilexi. Est in manibus laudatio.g. quoad potuit. Cf. 646. +mānet+ = _will flow_. Hic et bella gerebat ut adulescens. 2.] [[Selection C17. Flaminio tribuno plebis. . 124. Livy says more simply `He (Ducarius) was trying to despoil the corpse. +Ducarius+--Livy..' Cf. Polyb. clari viri et consularis. 665 [Linenotes: 644. +Character of Flaminius.+--Livy.C. . +populares+ = _fellow-countrymen_. Multa in eo viro praeclara {15} cognovi.' 660. after Flaminius' vain attempt to rally and form his men. Polybius) respecting him need not be shared by a modern historian. quam eum legimus. 658-666. ut aequalem.' Arnold. _Hist. sed nihil admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem fili tulit. _emanate_. `on the left side. sed intus {20} domique praestantior. 110. and his consequent resolve to atone for his fault (_inexplorato_[32] _angustiis superatis_) with his life. and if the defile of Trasimene witnessed his rashness.+ `The party feelings which have so coloured the language of the ancient writers (e. . i. C20 SECOND PUNIC WAR. +Dum . hostes+. but. _Quintus Fabus Maximus Cunctator. iii. Sic densi caedis acervo Ceu tumulo. Flaminius was indeed an unequal antagonist to Hannibal. 218-202 B. _civis_. cum plane grandis esset. v. SILIUS ITALICUS. restitit agrum Picentem et Gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti. C. Maximum._ Ego Q. but of Romans usu._ 10 Nec vero in armis praestantior quam in toga. 644-666. it also contains his honourable grave. ªinexploratoº]] +Parallel Passages. Sp. Noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem. 652. xxii. `an Insubrian (Lombard) trooper.] [Footnote 32: See p. eum qui Tarentum recepit.' 651. Livy. quem philosophum non contemnimus? Nec vero ille in luce modo atque in oculis civium magnus. . . +laeva+ = _unfavourable_. qui consul iterum.e. et Hannibalem {5} iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat. Rome_. CICERO, _De Senectute_, §§ 10-12. [Linenotes: 1. +Ego+, i.e. M. Porcius Cato, the famous Censor of 184 B.C. +eum qui Tarentum recepit.+ Tarentum was betrayed to Hannibal 212 B.C. and _recovered_ by Fabius 209 B.C. 2-3. +Erat ... gravitas+ = _that hero possessed dignity tempered by courtesy_. --J. S. R. +condita+ (_condio_) = lit. _seasoned_. 5. +grandis+, sc. _natu_. He was consul for a first time in 233 B.C. 6. +iuveniliter.+ Hannibal was 29 when he crossed the Alps. +exsultantem+ = _wildly roaming_, of a horse galloping at will. 7. +noster Ennius+, circ. 239-169 B.C., famous espec. for his Annales in Hexameter verse. He was the first Latin writer to use this metre. 9. +Noenum+ (_ne + oinum_ = _not one thing_) = _non_. Cf. _nihil_ = _ne + hilum_ = not a whit, nothing. 12-14. Flaminius, when tribune 232 B.C., by a vote of the Comitia Tributa (i.e. by a _plebiscitum_) and against the expressed wish of the Senate (_contra senatus auctoritatem_) carried an agrarian law for the division of public land in Picenum amongst Roman citizens. 18. +laudatio+, sc. _funebris_, the funeral speech. 19-20. +in luce ... civium+ = _in public and under the gaze of his fellow-countrymen_. --J. S. R.] +References.+ Polybius, iii. 89, 90; Livy, xxii. 12; Plutarch, _Fabius_, vi. C21 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. _Fabius and his Master of the Horse, 217 B.C._ Ita per variam fortunam diei maiore parte exacta cum in castra reditum esset, Minucius convocatis militibus `Saepe ego' inquit `audivi, milites, eum primum esse virum, qui ipse consulat, quid in rem sit, secundum eum, qui bene monenti oboediat; qui {5} nec ipse consulere nec alteri parere sciat, eum extremi ingenii esse. Nobis quoniam prima animi ingeniique negata sors est, secundam ac mediam teneamus et, dum imperare discimus, parere prudenti in animum inducamus. Castra cum Fabio iungamus; ad praetorium {10} eius signa cum tulerimus, ubi ego eum parentem appellavero, quod beneficio erga nos ac maiestate eius dignum est, vos, milites, eos, quorum vos modo arma ac dexterae texerunt, patronos salutabitis, et, si nihil aliud, gratorum certe nobis {15} animorum gloriam dies hic dederit.' Signo dato conclamatur inde, ut colligantur vasa. Profecti et agmine incedentes ad dictatoris castra in admirationem et ipsum et omnes, qui circa erant, converterunt. {20} LIVY, xxii. 29, 30. +Context.+ Fabius' policy of `masterly inactivity' had become so unpopular at Rome that the command of the army was divided between Fabius and Minucius, who risked a battle, and was only saved from a destruction as complete as that of the Trebia by the timely aid of Fabius. +Minucius publicly and fully atones for his rashness.+ [Linenotes: 4. +consulat+ = _can give counsel_--so _consulere_ l. 6. 6-7. +extremi ingenii+ = _has the meanest capacity_. gen. of quality. 7-8. +prima ... sors est+ = _the highest rank in the scale of spirit and intellect_. --Dimsdale. 14. +patronos+ = _as the authors of your freedom_. +Patronus+ = legal title used by a freed slave (_libertus_) of his former master. The soldiers of Minucius are to think of themselves as _liberti_, owing their freedom to those of Fabius, who are thus their +patroni+. 17. +ut colligantur vasa+, i.e. _impedimenta_. Cf. _signa movere_.] +Fabius Cunctator.+ `Fabius had to create a new army, to accustom it to war, and to inspire it with courage. He did this skilfully and persistently, and thus he rendered the most essential service that any general could at that time render to the State. It was probably at this time that the Senate voted him a crown of grass (_corona graminea_), the highest distinction which was awarded to a general who had saved a besieged town.' --Ihne. C22 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. CANNAE, 218 B.C. (1) _The Destruction of the Roman Infantry._ Sub equestris finem certaminis coorta est peditum pugna, primo et viribus et animis par, dum constabant ordines Gallis Hispanisque; tandem Romani, diu ac saepe conisi, obliqua fronte acieque densa impulere hostium cuneum nimis tenuem eoque parum {5} validum a cetera prominentem acie. Impulsis deinde ac trepide referentibus pedem institere ac tenore uno per praeceps pavore fugientium agmen in mediam primum aciem illati, postremo nullo resistente ad subsidia Afrorum pervenerunt, qui utrimque reductis {10} alis constiterant media, qua Galli Hispanique steterant, aliquantum prominente acie. Qui cuneus ut pulsus aequavit frontem primum, dein cedendo etiam sinum in medio dedit, Afri circa iam cornua fecerant irruentibusque incaute in medium Romanis circumdedere {15} alas; mox cornua extendendo clausere et ab tergo hostis. Hinc Romani, defuncti nequiquam proelio uno, omissis Gallis Hispanisque, quorum terga ceciderant, adversus Afros integram pugnam ineunt non tantum eo iniquam, quod inclusi adversus {20} circumfusos, sed etiam quod fessi cum recentibus ac vegetis pugnabant. LIVY, xxii. 47. [Linenotes: 1. +Sub ... certaminis+, i.e. _at the close of_ (+sub+) the first stage in the battle, in which the Roman cavalry were defeated. 2-3. +constabant ... Hispanisque.+ These formed Hannibal's centre, the _convex_ of his semicircular formation of his infantry, with the African troops on the horns of the semicircle to the right and left, but at some distance behind. 4. +obliqua fronte+, perh. = _concave_, so as to surround _the projecting part of the enemy's line_ (+a cetera prominentem acie+). 5. +cuneum:+ here = the _convex_ formation of the Gauls and Spaniards. 8-9. +in mediam aciem+ = _the centre of the line_, i.e. of the Gauls and Spaniards, who were intended to engage with the Romans first. 10. +subsidia+ = _reserves_, i.e. the Africans, on the right and left. 14-16. +Afri circa ... alas.+ Hannibal's formation is now reversed.[33] The horns (+cornua+) of the semicircle (the Africans) are now advanced, and _outflanked_ (+circumdedere alas+) the Romans, who rushed heedlessly _into the intervening space_ (+in medium+, i.e. the _concave_ part of H.'s line formed by the retirement of the Gauls and Spaniards). 21-22. +recentibus ac vegetis+ = _fresh in body and mind_.] [Footnote 33: i.e. the Africans now formed the horns of a _crescent_ in relation to their centre, while it formed the _concave_ part of the crescent. --D.] +Results of the Battle.+ Hannibal becomes master of Magna Graecia, and the Romans lose (including 23,000 taken prisoners) about 70,000 men. C23 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. CANNAE, 216 B.C. (2) `_Paulus animae magnae prodigus._' C¦. Lentulus tribunus militum cum praetervehens equo sedentem in saxo cruore oppletum consulem vidisset, `L. Aemili' inquit, `quem unum insontem culpae cladis hodiernae dei respicere debent, cape hunc equum, dum et tibi virium aliquid superest, {5} et comes ego te tollere possum ac protegere. Ne funestam hanc pugnam morte consulis feceris; etiam sine hoc lacrimarum satis luctusque est.' Ad ea consul: `Tu quidem, Cn. Corneli, macte virtute esto; sed cave frustra miserando exiguum tempus e {10} manibus hostium evadendi absumas. Abi, nuntia publice patribus, urbem Romanam muniant ac, priusquam victor hostis advenit, praesidiis firment; privatim Q. Fabio L. Aemilium praeceptorum eius memorem et vixisse adhuc et mori. Memet in hac {15} strage militum meorum patere exspirare, ne aut reus iterum e consulatu sim aut accusator oollegae existam, ut alieno crimine innocentiam meam protegam.' Haec eos agentes prius turba fugientium civium, deinde hostes oppressere; consulem ignorantes, {20} quis esset, obruere telis, Lentulum inter tumultum arripuit equus. Tum undique effuse fugiunt. LIVY, xxii. 49. [Linenotes: 1. +praetervehens equo+ = _riding by_. +praetervehor+ used here as a deponent. --Dimsdale. 2. +oppletum+ (= _perfusum_) = _covered_ (lit. _filled up_), or _drenched_. 4. +respicere+ = _to look on with favour_. --D. 9. +macte virtute esto+ = lit. _go on and prosper in your courage_. +mactus+ = i. _magis + auctus_ = _increased_, _glorified_, or more prob. ii. = old partic. of obsolete _mago_ (= _augeo_), from Öμak e.g. in μάk-ar. Vocative used as nominative. 14. +praeceptorum.+ His self-sacrifice was not in vain. The tactics of Fabius were again adopted after his death. 15. +et vixisse adhuc et mori+ = _died as he had ever lived_. --D. 17. +reus iterum e consulatu+ = _a second time to stand on my defence in consequence of my consulship_, i.e. on a charge that grew out of his acts as Consul (219 B.C.) with M. Livius Salinator of misappropriation of the spoils at the close of the Illyrian War. 18-19. +ut ... protegam.+ The two Consuls had the chief command of the army on alternate days. Varro was in command at Cannae.] `The overthrow of Cannae was so complete that every other nation but the Romans would have given up the idea of further resistance.' --Ihne. C24 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. CANNAE, 216 B.C. (3) A. _Maharbal urges Hannibal to march on Rome._ Hannibali victori cum ceteri circumfusi gratularentur suaderentque, ut tanto perfunctus bello diei quod reliquum esset noctisque insequentis quietem et ipse sibi sumeret et fessis daret militibus, Maharbal praefectus equitum, minime cessandum ratus, `Immo {5} ut, quid hac pugna sit actum, scias, die quinto' inquit `victor in Capitolio epulaberis. Sequere: cum equite, ut prius venisse quam venturum sciant, praecedam.' H©¦¦¥©¥ nimis laeta res est visa maiorque, quam ut eam statim capere animo posset. Itaque voluntatem {10} se laudare Maharbalis ait; ad consilium pensandum temporis opus esse. Tum Maharbal: `Non omnia nimirum eidem di dedere; vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis.' Mora eius diei satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi atque imperio. {15} LIVY, xxii. 51. [Linenotes: 2-4. +diei ... sumeret+ = _he should take what remained of that day and the following night for rest_. --Church and Brodribb. 8. +venisse+, sc. +te+, suggested by +sequere+. --Dimsdale. 9. +res+ = _the idea_, i.e. of such a rapid termination to the war. --D. Hannibal was too far off (11 days' march) to take Rome by storm. Its population contained as many soldiers as his army, and the city was strongly fortified by its situation and by art.] B. _Scipio forbids the Nobles to abandon Italy._ Post Cannensem cladem perculsis ita Romanorum animis, ut pars magna reliquiarum nobilissimis auctoribus deserendae Italiae iniret consilium, P. Scipio adulescens admodum impetu facto, in eo ipso in quo talia agitabantur coetu pronuntiavit manu se {20} sua interfecturum, nisi qui iurasset non esse sibi mentem destituendae rei publicae: cumque ipse se primus religione tali obligasset, stricto gladio mortem uni ex proximis minatus, nisi acciperet sacramentum, illum metu, ceteros etiam exemplo coegit ad iurandum. {25} FRONTINUS, _Strat._ iv. 7. 39. [Linenote: 18. +P. Scipio adulescens+, i.e. P. Corn. Scipio Africanns Maior, _fatalis dux huiusce belli_, the predestined champion in this war.] +Parallel Passage.+ Livy, xxii. 53, and cf. Livy, v. 50-55, where Camillus dissuades the commons from migrating to Veii. C25 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. A. _Rome's Heroes._ Regulum et Scauros animaeque magnae Prodigum Paulum superante Poeno Gratus insigni referam Camena Fabriciumque. Hunc et incomptis Curium capillis Utilem bello tulit et Camillum Saeva paupertas et avitus apto Cum lare fundus. Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo Fama Marcelli; micat inter omnes Iulium sidus velut inter ignes Luna minores. HORACE, _Odes_, I. xii. 37-48. [Linenotes: 37. +Scauros+[34] (= +Scaurum+) = _such men as Scaurus_. Censor, 100 B.C. 40. +Fabricium+, who despised the bribes of Pyrrhus. Censor 275 B.C. See p. 101, Fabricius the Just. [[Selection D42]] 43-44. +apto cum lare+ = _with homestead to match_. --Gow.] [Footnote 34: Cf. in French, _Les Vergiles_.] B. _The Dream of Propertius._ Visus eram molli recubans Heliconis in umbra, Bellerophontei qua fluit umor equi, Reges, Alba, tuos et regum facta tuorum, Tantum operis, nervis hiscere posse meis; Parvaque tam magnis admoram fontibus ora, Unde pater sitiens Ennius ante bibit, Et cecini Curios fratres et Horatia pila, Regiaque Aemilia vecta tropaea rate, Victricesque moras Fabii pugnamque sinistram Cannensem et versos ad pia vota deos, Hannibalemque Lares Romana sede fugantes, Anseris et tutum voce fuisse Iovem. PROPERTIUS, III. (IV.) iii. (ii.) 1-12. +Subject:+--Propertius had tremblingly touched the mighty fount with his lips (l. 5): he dreamed that he essayed, in consequence, to follow the example of Ennius. [Linenotes: 2. i.e. the Spring of Pirene near Corinth, where Pegasus was caught by Bellerophon. Its waters possessed inspiring properties. 4. +nervis ... meis+ = _that I had strength to gasp forth_. --Ramsay. 7. +Curios+ = _Curiatios_. +Horatia pila+: see pp. 67-68. [[Selections D8, D9]] 8. +Aemilia+, i.e. of L. Aemilius Paullus (son of the hero of Cannae), victor at Pydna 168 B.C. over Perseus of Macedon. 10. +versos ... deos+, i.e. the solemn ordinances decreed by Fabius, Dictator after Trasimene, to which the gods _turned a ready ear_ 40 44 48 4 8 12 Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi. (or _tribunal_). aetas+ = _we an impious generation whose blood is foredoomed_ (i.C.+ In 216 B. ducique ante lictorem {15} in castra est iussus. ut hunc triumphum de cive vestro spectetis._ (1) A.+ After the Revolt of Capua. +Context. tum iniectae catenae.e. exornate urbem diemque adventus eius consecrate. +novis rebus infidelis+ = _faithless to revolution_. 1-10. videntibus vobis nulli Campanorum secundus vinctus ad mortem {20} rapior. Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit. +Iovem+. Campani. As the result of Cannae she aspired to dominion over Italy. 216-211 B.] B. 84. 19.. +Aemula virtus Capuae.C. _Iovis Capitolini templum_.C. +Spartacus acer+. contionabundus incessit ad circumfusam undique multitudinem vociferans: `Habetis libertatem. the richest and most powerful city in Italy. 218-202 B. Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum.(+versos+). Aemula nec virtus Capuae nec Spartacus acer Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox. +impia .e.' LIVY. [Linenotes: 5. 4 8 . the whole population. luce clara. _The Revolt of Capua. 6.] [[Selection D25]] C26 SECOND PUNIC WAR. there is a curse on us) _shall destroy_ (Rome). with the exception of Decius Magius and his son.C. i._ Egressus curia Hannibal in templo magistratuum consedit. [Linenotes: 11. leader of the Servile War. because they assisted in betraying Catiline's plot 63 B. _Decius Magius defies Hannibal. Quoad capite aperto est ductus.. _Capua aspires to rival Rome._ xvi.C.--Wickham. +fuisse+. 12. Capua was._ Altera iam teritur bellis civilibus aetas. +in templo magistratuum+ = _on the magistrates' bench_. _Epod. 10. HORACE. xxiii. after Rome. See p. Quid violentius capta Capua fieret? Ite obviam Hannibali. Qui cum manente ferocia animi negaret lege foederis id cogi posse. 9. Nec fera caerulea domuit Germania pube Parentibusque abominatus Hannibal: Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas. poured out to meet him. dependent on +cecini+ l. Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus. comprehendique Decium Magium atque ante pedes destitutum causam dicere iussit. 73-71 B. when Hannibal made a public entry into the city. quam petistis: foro medio. _ ii. FLORUS. De urbe agroque reliqua consultatio fuit.C. +agrum . ubi mox et ipse et exercitus ardor elanguit adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam Hannibali Cannas fuisse. 4. +delendam. quibusdam delendam censentibus urbem praevalidam. +negaret .'_ Cm victoria Hannibal posset uti. posse+ = _urged that by the terms of the treaty_ (i. trecenti ferme nobiles Campani in carcerem conditi..' 7-8. 216-211 B.. Ceterum praesens utilitas vicit. Si quidem invictum Alpibus. _`Capua..12. [Linenotes: 2. 18. `The _Nomen Latinum_ were the members of the old Latin league whose rights were reduced in 338 B. _The Revolt of Capua. one of the few Capuan nobles faithful to Rome.+ Cf. between the Capuans and H. on a small bay west of Naples and opposite Puteoli. in Italia esse. alii per sociorum Latini nominis urbes in custodias {10} dati variis casibus interierunt.C.' it is said. as the subsequent history of the war sufficiently demonstrates. +tepentes fontibus Baiae+. Cato's _Delenda est Carthago_. 19.' --Mackail. urbs servata est. +Decium Magium+. Verg. +Campaniam Tarentumque+.' --Rawlins. ut esset aliqua aratorum sedes. which includes all the Italian allies.e. _Georg..+ Ihne says: `Whatever may have been the pleasures and indulgences of Hannibal's troops in Capua. 211 B. 14-15. --Church and Brodribb. once the two most fertile districts in Italy. indomitum armis Campani--quis {5} crederet?--soles et tepentes fontibus Baiae subegerunt.C. 13. xxvi.. 224-5: `Such is the tilth of wealthy Capua and the coast that borders the Vesuvian ridge. quem {15} omni fertilitate terrae satis constabat primum in Italia esse. +Capuam ._ Ad septuaginta principes senatus interfecti. propinquam.] B. Urbi frequentandae multitudo incolarum libertinorumque et institorum opificumque retenta. Cf. [Linenotes: 10. after the Latin War. vi. +institorum+ = _pedlars or dealers_.] C27 SECOND PUNIC WAR.) _this could not be insisted on_. frui maluit relictaque Roma Campaniam Tarentumque peragrare. +frequentandae+ = _for the purpose of peopling_. 218-202 B.C. fuisse.+ Cf. their military qualities cannot have suffered by them._ (2) A. 21-22. our `commercial . nam propter agrum. +sociorum Latini nominis+ = _sociorum_ +ac+ _Latini nominis_.. ager omnis et tecta publica populi Romani facta. 16. `became Hannibal's Cannae. _The Punishment of Rebel Capua. {20} LIVY. multitudo alia civium Campanorum venum data. inimicam. II. abounded in warm mineral springs. 15-17.  . deinde equites. of Capua. --Church and Brodribb. .] C28 SECOND PUNIC WAR. thus gaining time to inform Marcellus. favoured Rome) delayed the decision. . cum duabus circa portis P.. lit.' --R. the greatest. 7. as elsewhere.+ `It was the merit of Marcellus that he saved Nola from being taken. gesta est+ = _a great victory. . satis fidens.C. si cunctantibus {10} instaret. +si cunctantibus instaret+ = _if he met hesitation with prompt action_. patefacta repente porta Marcellus signa canere clamoremque tolli ac pedites primum. [Linenotes: 3-5. who . when the other Campanian towns revolted to Hannibal. ministeria+ = _to their several posts_. +Ingens . _if he pressed upon those hesitating_. non vinci enim ab Hannibale tunc diffcilius fuit quam postea vincere. perhaps throughout the war.. Satis terroris tumultusque in aciem mediam intulerant. 16. Lit. _that remains sitting_ (+re + sedeo+). was achieved that day_.travellers'. was first of all astonished that_. i. partem militum in castra remittit iussos propere apparatum omnem oppugnandae urbis in primam aciem afferre. _Marcellus at Nola.. Marcellus immediately hastened to Nola. +Context._ Ad tres portas in hostes versas Marcellus tripertito exercitum instruxit. 8. quod nec exercitus Romanus {5} porta egrederetur nec armatus quisquam in muris essent.. his _communications_ (+colloquia+) with the Carthaginian party in Nola. prodita colloquia esse. +Hannibali . +Marcellus at Nola. .. ad multum diei in acie stanti primo miraculo esse. Aurelius in cornua hostium erupere. quanto {15} maximo possent impetu. 218-202 B. --Church and Brodribb. metuque resides factos. even after Cannae. +publica . of the danger of a revolt. 216 B. 19-21.' --Ihne. and it was with difficulty that the nobles (who here. . 12. facta+ = _confiscated_. and occupied the town with a strong garrison. Ita instructi intra portas stabant. Dum in sua quisque ministeria discursu trepidat ad prima signa succeditque ad muros acies. S.. an important town in Campania.. It remained faithful to the Romans. 10. tumultum aliquem in urbe plebem moturam. Valerius Flaccus et C. `This _ager publicus_ was leased by the censors to farmers (_aratores_) who paid rent (_vectigal_) for it. who was then stationed at Casilinum. xxiii. had his troops under arms till a late hour. +resĭdes+ = _inactive_. 20. Hannibali sub signis.C. LIVY. id quod per aliquot dies fecerat. +colloquia esse+. +in sua .E. primo miraculo esse+ = _Hannibal. .e.. Ratus deinde. Ingens victoria eo die res ac nescio an maxima illo bello gesta {20} est.] +Nola+.+ The plebs in Nola (as in Capua) was in favour of joining Hannibal... in hostem erumpere iubet. 7. in qua et gymnasium amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae: coliturque ea pars et habitatur frequentissime. King of Syracuse. From 263 B. +Insula+.. i.. mari disiuncta angusto. indices. ii.C. ita. qua praetores uti solent.C29 SECOND PUNIC WAR.C. quae appellatur Insula. 415-413 B. 9.+ Freeman's _History of Sicily_. _In Verrem_. 218-202 B._ Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum urbium pulcherrimamque omnium saepe audistis. quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum antiquum fuit. amplissima est curia. Tertia est urbs. +theatrum est maximum+. 4. capable of holding 25. the city consisted only of Ortygia and Achradina. the only part now inhabited. the narrow channel between Ortygia (= Insula) and the mainland which connected the two harbours. quae Hieronis regis fuit. 14. tum ex omni aditu vel terra vel mari praeclaro ad aspectum: et portus habet prope in aedificatione {5} aspectuque urbis inclusos: qui cum diversos inter se aditus habeant. cui nomen Achradina est: in qua forum maximum. in exitu coniunguntur et confluunt. with a harbour detached from them (e. 270-216 B. templumque egregium Iovis Olympii. [Linenotes: 5-6. At the time of the famous siege of Syracuse by the Athenians. distinguished by his military ability and the wise policy of his reign. the port of Rome).C.e. 117-119. Est. pulcherrimae porticus. inclusos+. C30 SECOND PUNIC WAR. because many ancient cities were built at some distance from the sea.g. quae.e. Ea tanta est urbs. {25} CICERO. ponte rursum adiungitur et continetur. Insula: quae duobus portubus cincta. as at Athens. ut dicitur: nam et situ est cum munito. 12.000 people. +in exitu+ = _at their outlet_. ornatissimum prytaneum. {20} Tycha nominata est. Neapolis nominatur: quam ad summam theatrum est maximum. of Ortygia._ . 16. Ortygia. +prytaneum+ = _town-hall_ (prutaneῖon = _the presidents' hall_). Altera autem est urbs {15} Syracusis. quam dixi. i. 18. though sometimes joined by long walls. +prope .C. the mainland N. +Achradina+. in utriusque portus ostium aditumque proiecta est: in qua domus est. Quarta autem est urbs. _Engineering Skill of Archimedes.. _Cicero's Description of Syracuse.C.] +Reference. 218-202 B. quae quia postrema coaedificata est. Ostia. the faithful friend and ally of Rome. +disiuncta+ = _separated from the rest_ (+dis+--). 25. a special feature of Syracuse. Eorum coniunctione pars oppidi. till his death. ut ex {10} quattuor urbibus maximis constare dicatur: quarum una est ea. the Theatre alone remains. Of all the buildings described by Cicero as existing in Neapolis. +Hieronis regis+.. illacrimasse dicitur partim gaudio tantae perpetratae rei. +cubitalibus+ (_cubitum_) = _a cubit long_. etiam si recta reciderat. +proras+) +iniecta+ = _on their bows was dropped_ . partim vetusta gloria urbis. 16._ Marcellus ut moenia ingressus ex superioribus locis urbem omnium ferme ilia tempestate pulcherrimam subiectam oculis vidit. his whole family was murdered.C. In eas. quo interiores ictibus tormentorum essent. praeter ceteros Hiero cum recentissimae memoriae rex. Atheniensium classes demersae et duo {5} ingentes exercitus cum duobus clarissimis ducibus deleti occurrebant et tot bella cum Carthaginiensibus tanto cum discrimine gesta. `This is incorrect. +adversus . +cavum+ = noun) _about 1½ feet square_. xxiv..' --Rawlins. murum ab imo ad summum crebris cubitalibus fere cavis aperuit. LIVY. _when (the grappling-iron) swung back_ (+recelleret+) _to the ground by a heavyweight of lead_. tum ante .. [Linenotes: 1. 10-12. in {10} eas tollenone super murum eminente ferrea manus. tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque. 7.. +remissa+ (sc. 8. Archimedis unica arte. to oppose the elaborate naval attack by Marcellus on the seaward defences of Achradina. 218-202 B. and the supreme power in Syracuse fell into the hands of the two brothers. firmae catenae illigata.e. Sed ea quoque pars eodem omni apparatu tormehtorum instructa {20} erat Hieronis impensis curaque per multos annos. dein remissa subito velut ex muro cadentem navem cum {15} ingenti trepidatione nautarum ita undae affligebat. postremo.. propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris petebat telis. ut totis viribus terra aggrederentur. supported at the centre of gravity by a strong fixed fulcrum. C31 SECOND PUNIC WAR. Quae propius quaedam subibant naves. per quae cava pars sagittis pars scorpionibus modicis ex occulto petebant hostem. +scorpionibus+ = _crossbows_ or _manuballistae_. cum iniecta prorae esset gravique libramento plumbi recelleret ad solum.+ Soon after the death of Hiero in 216 B. Ita maritima oppugnatio est elusa omnisque spes eo versa.. +cum (ferrea manus) gravique . ut sui vulnere intacti tela {5} in hostem ingererent. _Marcellus laments over Syracuse. Hippocrates and Epicydes. i. +cubitalibus fere cavis+ = _with holes_ (fr. Hannibal's agents.. 34. essent+ = _so as to be too close in to be hit by_ (+intertores ictibus+) _the engines_. 10.. +ferrea manus+) = _the grappling-hook was (then) suddenly let go_. ut. but the other (_inland_) end of the lever which was brought down to the ground. This is more probable. apparatum+. +in eas+ (sc. about 3 inches. Polybius has a _palm_ long. 12-13. suspensa prora navem in puppim statuebat. +ita undae affligebat+ = _was dashed with such violence on the disturbed water_ (+undae+). it was not the grappling-iron.Adversus hunc navalem apparatum Archimedes variae magnitudinis tormenta in muria disposuit. quae procul erant... aliquantum aquae acciperet.C. naves saxa ingenti pondere emittebat. ad solum+ = lit. 11. +tollenone+ = _from a swing beam_. +quo interiores . 15.] +Cause of the War. +tot tam . at Himera. [Linenotes: 1-2. iam illa momento horae arsura omnia et ad cineres reditura. quibus obviis ab iugo ipso consurgendum erat. _The Death of Marcellus.] +The Treatment of Syracuse.C.. _absolute rulers.C. i. intentum formis. . 24. C32 SECOND PUNIC WAR. e. interfectum. LIVY. ab ignaro milite.g. The art-treasures of Syracuse were sent to Rome. 208 B. xxv.omnia.. Syracusan deserters who kept up communication with the republican (pro-Roman) party in Syracuse.. donec integri consules hortando ipsique ex parte pugnando rem sustinebant. qui ab tergo intercluderent viam. quas in pulvere descripserat. ut neque evadere possent in iugum occupatum ab hoste nec receptum ab tergo circumventi haberent. despots_. ut alloquio leni impellerent hostes ad dedendam urbem. +formis+ = _diagrams_. regesque+. 22. 16. which he had taken by a night attack.C. sed postquam vulneratos ambo consules.e. +ex superioribus locis+. 270-216 B. Lamachus.g. when the Syracusans were celebrating a three days' festival of Artemis. from the heights of Epipolae. priusquam signa Achradinam admoveret. quam circumiere. a precedent afterwards followed. Demonstration VI. 6. ni coepta ab Etruscis fuga pavorem ceteris {15} iniecisset. 218-202 B. extrahi tamen diutius certamen potuisset. 406 B. Ea cum universa occurrerent animo subiretque cogitatio. e. quae virtus ei fortunaque {10} sua dederat. sed si quos vagos pabuli aut lignorum causa longius a castris progressos possent excipere. Cf.C. +tyranni+. with reference rather to the _irregular way_ in which the power was gained. page 54. quantum {20} pavor captae urbis in discursu diripientium militum ciere poterat. 480 B. Non ante apparuere. 7-8. i. . King of Syracuse.C. +tot bella .g. on the same day as Salamis.+ It would have been the undying glory of Marcellus if. Dionysius the Elder. signum dat. 8-9. et propinquis etiam inquisitis honori praesidioque {25} nomen ac memoriam eius fuisse. tum et ipsi--perpauci autem supererant--cum Crispino consule duobus iaculis . he had shielded the unhappy city from further miseries. +ducibus+. e. quis esset.. inde in collem aperta undique et conspecta ferebat via. aegre id Marcellum tulisse sepulturaeque curam habitam.C. multa avaritiae foeda exempla ederentur. Cum multa irae.._ Exiguum campi ante castra erat. Numidis speculator. ut {5} pariter ab suis quisque latebris exorerentur. +qui . Hiero II.. . Non tamen omisere pugnam deserti ab Etruscis Fregellani. {15} qui intra praesidia Romana fuerant. Tum undique omnes exorti et clamore sublato impetum fecere. beneficiis in populum Romanum insignis. Archimeden memoriae proditum est in tanto tumultu. 485 B. 24. on obtaining possession.e. gesta+... 31. nequaquam in spem tantae rei positus. Cum in ea valle {10} consules essent. 8.e. praemittit Syracusanos. the friend and ally of Rome. Gelo. i.. +sepulturae+. Demosthenes. than the way in which it _was exercised_.. fuerant+. Achradina diripienda militi data est. Marcellum etiam transfixum lancea prolabentem ex equo moribundum {20} videre. Eurymedon. xxvi.--S. 4-5. a firm intrepid patriot. Fregellae. i. quam {10} in Capitolium iret.. quibus freta tunc civitas aetati haudquaquam maturae tantam rerum molem tantumque imperium permisit.. sed arte quoque quadam ab iuventa in ostentationem earum compositus.C. seu consulto seu temere vulgatae opinioni fidem apud quosdam fecit. After the attempt to retake Locri (S.ieto et Marcello adolescente saucio et ipso effugerunt. +Context+. Hannibal hoped to bring on a decisive action. pleraque apud multitudinem aut _ut_ per nocturnas visa species aut velut divinitus mente monita agens. 3-5. Multa alia {15} eiusdem generis. [Linenotes: 2-3. +in ostentationem earum compositus+ = _he made a study_ (+compositus+) _of displaying them_. Hic mos. ingressusque aedem consideret et plerumque solus in secreto ibi tempus tereret. agens+ = _in most of his dealings_ (+pleraque . +valle+ = _a hollow_.] +Character of Marcellus+. --S. had posted here in ambush some Numidian horsemen. alia vera. _those to whom it was necessary to rise in a mass confronting the enemy_ +obviis+) _from the hill itself did not show themselves until a detachment had made their way round_ (+circumiere+). +Non ante ._ Fuit enim Scipio non veris tantum virtutibus mirabilis. Marcellus and his colleague Crispinus faced H.C.e. A wooded hill lay between the two camps: H. 16. --Stephenson. +Fregellani+. ex quo togam virilem sumpsit. a depression on the Roman side of the hill. 218-202 B. C33 SECOND PUNIC WAR. near Venusia in Apulia. circumiere+ = _those who were to spring on the enemy_ (lit. but Marcellus adopted Fabian tactics. alia assimulata. Ad hoc iam inde ab initio praeparans animos. `He was a brave soldier. +Numidis speculator+. xxvii. colonised 328 B. LIVY. stirpis eum divinae virum esse. on the Via Latina between Rome and Campania. of Bruttium) was frustrated by Hannibal. but as a general no match for Hannibal. and an unflinching enemy of the enemies of Rome. --R. Marcellus was Consul for a fifth time in 208 B. +si quos possent excipere+ = _on the chance of their being able to intercept_. implying artificiality. 27.E.C. quem per omnem vitam servabat. sive ut imperia consiliaque velut sorte oraculi missa sine cunctatione exsequerentur.. a town of the Volsci. sive et ipse capti {5} quadam superstitione animi. 19. [Linenotes: 2-3. +ipsique ex parte pugnando+ = _taking their share in fighting_. _Character of Scipio Africanus Maior. nullo die prius ullam publicam privatamque rem egit. 17. +pleraque . and himself headed a cavalry reconnaissance to explore the country between the Roman and the Carthaginian camps. 10. LIVY.. 6-8.' --Ihne. admirationis humanae in eo iuvene excesserant modum. 8. +seu consulto seu temere vulgatae+ = _whether designedly or undesignedly spread abroad_. +caedendo . (an abl. et mox {15} caedendo confectis ac distractis. _Scipio takes New Carthage. ubi eae siderent. +foris+. _forth_. 46 (sel. the part enclosed within the four side-walls) of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.C. Publius and Gnaeus Scipio. +ancipitem+ = _double_.C..] +Carthago Nova+ (Carthagena) was founded by Hasdrubal (the uncle of . the two brothers. 7._ Scipio ipse. quam tela in aversos inciderunt et utrimque ancipitem hostem habebant. 16-17. +tantam rerum molem+ = _so stupendous a task_. +aedem+. --Rawlins. pergunt inde. Cf. at the age of 27. {20} quae ingens omnis generis fuit. Quoad dedita arx est. adv. In 212 or 211 B. .C. 17.e. --R. caedes tota urbe passim factae.000 men. ut ei nuntiatum est aestum decedere. Scipio. nec ulli puberum qui obvius fuit parcebatur. son of this P. and possessed a greatness of mind which could not fail to rivet attention. 218-202 B. quod per piscatores Tarraconenses nunc levibus cymbis. +vadis pervagatos stagnum+ = _made their way through the pool by wading_ (+vadis+). sed etiam oculi auresque pugnantium spectantiumque {10} et adhortantium pugnantes. LIVY.. +sorte+ = _by an oracular response_ (which was often written on a little tablet or _lot_. ne iter impediretur.agens+) _with the mob (representing his plans) as inspired_ (+visa+) _by visions in the night or as matters of inspiration_ (+divinitus mente monita+). tum signo dato caedibus finis factus. ut nemo ante ab tergo senserit captam urbem. the _cella_ (_chapel_. eo secum armatos quingentos {5} duxit. et porta intus forisque pariter refringi coepta. 13.] +Character of Scipio. +sors+). ad praedam victores versi. vadis pervagatos stagnum compertum habebat. but by contriving to carry them out. . _without_. nunc. xxvi.+ `He was a man far above the average of his contemporaries. 15. Tunc turbatis defensoribus metu et moenia capta. +humanae+ = _which one has for a mere man_. Scipio. facilem pedibus ad murum transitum dari. 19. _on two opposite sides_. Ubi urbem sine certamine intravere.) [Linenotes: 3. as proconsul in command of a reinforcement of 11. +foras+ = _out through the doors_. _twofold_. +contractum+ = _concentrated (confined)_. quanto maximo cursu poterant. were totally defeated by Hasdrubal and fell at the head of their troops. 210 B. i. ad eam portam. 45. sent to Spain. 13-14. In quod adeo intenti omnium non animi solum fuere. . circa quam omne contractum certamen erat. was in 210 B. 11.' --Ihne. C34 SECOND PUNIC WAR. +intus forisque+ = _both within and without_. +fora+) = _out of doors_.C. form from an obsolete nom. distractis foribus+ = _when the doors were destroyed and broken up by blows_. He differed from the majority of generals by not only daring to conceive bold plans. foribus armati impetum fecerunt. nec abscedere ab signis nec subsistere nisi cibum capientes: diem {25} ac noctem ire. felix pugna.C. of the town fell so much that it was fordable and the bottom was firm. Et hercule per instructa omnia ordinibus virorum mulierumque undique ex agris effusorum. 16-17. C35 SECOND PUNIC WAR. . +Result of its Capture. quieti dare. During ebb-tide the water of the shallow pool W. qua exercitum ducturus erat.. [Linenotes: 1-2. +damnarentur . thus determining the issue of the Spanish War._ Praemissi (nuntii) per agrum Larinatem Marrucinum Frentanum Praetutianum. damnarenturque ipsi votorum. Cf. 15. _Voti reus_ = _bound to my vow_.. bound to fulfilment. 23. Verg. Ipse de toto exercitu civium sociorumque quod roboris erat delegit. and this had been betrayed by fishermen to Scipio. The city is situated on a promontory running out into the sea. quem ad modum nunc solliciti prosequerentur eos. the key of Spain. +faustum+ (for _favostus_. quae pro iis suscepissent. ab se potissimum sumerent. wall and opened the nearest gate from the inside. sumerent+ = _the soldiers were as moderate as they were pressing. who scaled the W. Deos omnes deasque precabantur. the basis of operations against Italy. mille equites. 218-202 B.+ `New Carthage. ut {5} vehiculorum fessis copia esset. He first made a feint attack on the N. on hearing from the captured Numidian horsemen of Hasdrubal's march and plans--to meet Hannibal in Umbria and then to march on Narnia and Rome--with 6000 picked foot and 1000 horse withdrew secretly from his camp before Hannibal at Canusium. ut quae ipsis iumentisque usui essent. etc. Invitare inde pro se quisque et offerre et fatigare {20} precibus. ne quid ultra usum necessarium sumerent. districts lying between Apulia and Umbria..C. in illorum armis dextrisque suam liberorumque suorum salutem ac libertatem repositam esse. ut illis faustum iter. was taken. ita paucos post dies laeti ovantibus victoria obviam irent. protected by an island as by a natural breakwater. votorum+ = _condemned (to pay) their vows_. i. Modestia certare milites. matura {15} ex hostibus victoria esset. and the Carthaginian arsenal. 207 B. and possesses one of the finest harbours in the world. inter vota ac preces et {10} laudes ibant: illos praesidia rei publicae.e.) +Context. vix quod satis ad naturale desiderium corporum esset. Of this Scipio took advantage. . vindices urbis Romanae imperiique appellabant.. wall and then led 500 men across the ford. sex milia peditum.C. ut omnes ex agris urbibusque commeatus paratos militi ad vescendum in viam deferrent. _fav-eo_) = that which is done under the blessing of the gods: +felix+ = that which succeeds in consequence of having this blessing upon it. 43.Hannibal) 243 B. ut.+ Nero.. LIVY. _cum iis_) +. but not given in their geographical order. equos iumentaque alia producerent. benigne omnia cumulata dare. and by a forced march joined his colleague Livius at the Metaurus. _Nero's famous March to the Metaurus. 45 (sel. +Modestia certare+ (sc. +Larinatem+. nihil morari. refusing to take . --Stephenson. xxvii.' --Ihne. But it had a weak side. . ' --I¨¦ . Testis Metaurum flumen et Hasdrubal Devictus et pulcher fugatis Ille dies Latio tenebris. o Roma.e. 11) of the plundering of the Temple of Feronia. +Neronibus+. kalὸV kἀgaqόV.anything_ .. The thought is: `It is true that scions of a good stock must be good in men as well as in animals. possibly with reference to Livy's story (xxvi.--S. Neronibus. 43. 207 B. Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam.g. and. _outrage_). 48. he 32 36 40 44 48 . +rectos+ = _upright_. of the images supposed to have been thrown down by Hannibal.] +Results of the Battle. culpae+ = _faults disfigure_ (+indecorant = dedecorant+) _scions of an honourable stock_ (+bene nata+). Utcumque defecere mores. [Linenotes: 29-36. i. +impio tumultu+ = _by the sacrilegious invasion_ (or _riot_. --W. +ceu flamma per taedas+ = _like fire through a pine-forest_. _Odes_. 36. M. IV.] `Nero showed a resolution and a strategic ability which far surpassed the average qualifications of Roman generals.. Rectique cultus pectora roborant. Qui primus alma risit adorea. and it was on the Metaurus that the Romans conquered Spain.. est in equis patrum Virtus. Claudius Nero (the hero of Metaurus).+ `The war in Italy was to all appearances finished. +fortibus et bonis. Quid debeas. Dirus per urbes Afer ut Italas Ceu flamma per taedas vel Eurus Per Siculas equitavit undas. iv. Indecorant bene nata culpae.+ For the combined epithets cf. _The Metaurus.C. and not set on their pedestals again. When Hannibal recognised the head of his brother Hasdrubal. by zeugma. 37. with +flamma+ and +Eurus+. +Indecorant .' 29. stepsons of Augustus. Post hoc secundis usque laboribus Romana pubes crevit._ Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. but yet _education_ (+doctrina+ = _training_ l. HORACE. and the brothers Drusus and Tiberius (afterwards Emperor). 41. 33) _brings out the innate force_. 29-48.. 46-47. C36 SECOND PUNIC WAR. e. +equitavit+ = _galloped_. neque imbellem feroces Progenerant aquilae columbam. 44. _careered_. Est in iuvencis. used of Hannibal.' --Ihne. 218-202 B. et impio Vastata Poenorum tumultu Fana deos habuere rectos.C. +alma adorea+ = _with kindly (refreshing) success_. 218-202 B.) landed in Africa and won such decisive victories over the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal. and died at sea before he reached Africa. iv. _Hannibal leaves Italy. was personally responsible for the war. and the persistent opponent of Hamilcar Barca and his sons. (Hor. --Rawlins. the leader of the aristocratic (peace) party at Carthage. He took Genoa. the son of Gisco. xxx. dimissa.' inquit. +Hanno+. `Iam non perplexe. 203 B. 6. been despatched from Carthage with considerable reinforcements for H.' Iam hoc ipsum praesagiens animo praeparaverat {15} ante naves.C. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dicitur legatorum verba audisse. hostium terra excedentem. qui vetando supplementum et pecuniam mitti iam pridem trahebant.C. Itaque inutili militum turba praesidii specie in oppida Bruttii agri. and in 203 B.' . 13.+ Mago. +iam pridem trahebant+ = _began long ago to try to pull me back_.+ Scipio (204 B. +ad Magonem. that ii was necessary in 203 B.+ ll. quibus ad Magonem. 6-15. and that he undertook it for selfish and party ends. a nation's name. venerunt. quando alia re non potuit. quod roboris in exercitu erat in Africam transvexit. Vicit ergo Hannibalem non populus Romanus totiens caesus fugatusque. 8. ruina Carthaginis oppressit.] +Hannibal's Speech. H.C. They alleged that H. They died with dying Hasdrubal. to recall both Mago and Hannibal. LIVY. _Od. {20} tam maestum abisse ferunt quam Hannibalem. 20. Ihne says `The whole course of the war is a sufficient refutation of these charges.'s youngest brother. `sed palam revocant. Also that Carthage.' --C. +obtrectatione+ = _by disparagement_.C. fought an indecisive action with the Romans. neque hac deformitate reditus mei tam P.C. Mago was severely wounded. again roused the Gauls against Rome. 70-73). 11.foresaw the doom of Carthage:-`Lost. {5} Postquam edita sunt mandata. sed senatus Carthaginiensis {10} obtrectatione atque invidia. +Iam non perplexe+ = _now in no veiled manner_ (lit._ IV. withheld supplies and reinforcements. Nam ad eum quoque legati ab Carthagine vocantes in Africam eis forte diebus.C. This is purely imaginary and illustrates the bitter hatred of the Romans for H. C37 SECOND PUNIC WAR. unable to prevent the war. quae pauca magis metu quam fide continebantur. had in 205 B. _not obscurely_)._ Nihil certe ultra rei in Italia ab Hannibale gestum. qui domum nostram. 19. Scipio exsultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. lost is all: A nation's hope. Raro quemquam alium. [Linenotes: 3-4. patriam exilii causa relinquentem. +Context. Ad hoc discrimen procedunt postero die duorum {15} opulentissimorum populorum duo longe clarissimi duces. non in unum diem sed in perpetuum._ Ita infecta pace ex colloquio ad suos cum se recepissent. i.] +The Battle of Zama. 202 B. post elephantos lxxx._ (1) _Before the Battle.. _heap up_) _or overthrow_. _decision_. In castra ut est ventum. and the fruitless negotiations for peace. +Roma an Carthago . _Zama. arma expedirent milites animosque ad {5} supremum certamen. ante crastinam noctem scituros. note). while others. multa ante parta decora aut cumulaturi eo die aut eversuri.C. contemplantibus modo suam modo hostium aciem. driven aside by the Roman skirmishers.._ (2) _The Order of Battle. neque enim Africam aut Italiam. 32._ A. simul laeta simul tristia obversabantur. quibus adversa pugnae fortuna fuisset. praemium fore. returning from their pursuit of H. too. duo fortissimi exercitus. Nam neque Romanis effugium ullum patebat in aliena ignotaque terra et Carthagini supremo auxilio effuso adesse videbatur praesens excidium. xxx.+ `Here. quam dei dedissent. 218-202 B. Anceps igitur spes et metus miscebant animos. si felicitas adesset.. qui in prima fronte positi hostium turbarent aciem. 14. and that this empire should be founded by Rome and not by Carthage. 18. +discrimen+ = _decisive point_.' --Ihne. +pensarent vires+ = _they estimated (weighed) their strength_. cum non oculis {20} magis quam ratione pensarent vires. the elephants proved disastrous to their own side.e. 31. sed orbem terrarum victoriae praemium fore. referring to Livy's picturesque account of the personal interview between Scipio and Hannibal. The first Roman line threw H. par {10} periculum praemio. +Ita infecta pace . and in the confusion that ensued Scipio advanced with his second and third lines. and were of no further use. frustra verba praelata renuntiant: armis decernendum esse habendamque eam fortunam. C39 SECOND PUNIC WAR. +aut cumulaturi aut eversuri+ = _either to augment_ (lit. fell upon the enemy's rear and decided the battle.. The combat raged long and fiercely until Scipio's Roman and Numidian cavalry.'s mercenaries back upon their reserves of the second line. +effuso+ = _dispersed_. 202 B.C38 SECOND PUNIC WAR. _Zama.C. Roma an Carthago iura gentibus daret. B. threw H. Hannibal adversus Scipionem. LIVY.'s horse.'s Carthaginian cavalry into such disorder that they were unable to resist the attack of Scipio's horse. auxiliares Gallos et Ligures et Baliares Maurosque posuit. renuntiant+.C. 15. 21. ut neque fugere possent Poenis a tergo . 218-202 B. Some ran down the spaces between the Roman maniples (see +C+ 39.+ `By the victory of Zama it was decided that the states of the ancient world should be welded into one great empire. _defeated_.' --Ihne. [Linenotes: 1-2. 7-10. victores. pronuntiant ambo.C. B. quoniam plerosque eorum ab Italia invitos extraxerat. the manipuli of the three lines could form one unbroken line--he placed them one behind the other. These he placed in his _third_ line. so that. A newly raised force of Carthaginian and Libyan militia. FRONTINUS. in secunda acie collocatis. sed manipulis inter se distantibus spatium dedit. dato his praecepto. {5} at certe fatigarent: tum suis et Macedonibus. {10} +Hannibal's Army. C40 SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR. Equitatum deinde in cornua divisit et dextro Romanis {20} equitibus Laelium. partly Carthaginian. per quod elephanti ab hostibus acti {15} facile transmitti sine perturbatione ordinum possent. and the Spaniards. _Strategemata_.stantibus et hostem oppositi. 16. (1) . in advancing.: +not+ * * * * * * * * * +but+ * * * * * * * * * FORMATION OF EMPIRE BEYOND ITALY. novissimos Italicos constituit. 3. 80 elephants.C. to open the attack. through which the elephants might pass without trampling down or throwing into confusion the infantry battalions. 2. quorum et timebat fidem et segnitiam verebatur. 200-196 B. +Scipio's order of battle. ii.+ Instead of drawing up his manipuli like the black squares of a chessboard--the usual order. consisting of Moors. e. sinistro Numidis Masinissam praeposuit: quae tam prudens ordinatio non dubie causa victoriae fuit. These he placed in his _second_ line. Ligurians. Gauls. Ea ipsa intervalla expeditis velitibus implevit. ut ad impetum elephantorum vel retro vel in latera concederent. si non infestarent. qui iam fessos Romanos integri exciperent.g. 5. Scipio adversus hanc formam robur legionis triplici acie in fronte ordinatum per hastatos et principes et triarios opposuit: nec continuas construxit cohortes. on which he could thoroughly rely. 3. These he placed on his _front_. so as to leave spaces in the lines. like the rounds of a ladder. 4. Mercenaries. ne interluceret acies. These he placed in his _first_ line. These he placed on his _wings_. the Balearic contingent. partly Italian (mostly Bruttians). Carthaginian and Numidian cavalry.+ It consisted broadly of five classes: 1. His veteran army of Italy. The Romans now resolved to make Philip suffer for the trouble he had caused them by interfering in the war with Hannibal. quod phalanx Macedonum. and provoked the first Macedonian War (214-205 B. quae in laeva parte suorum fortuna esset. dum per proclive pulsos insequuntur. and to be sunk to the level of a vassal state.. --Rawlins. semper quidem et alias frequens cum propter spectaculi studium insitum genti. militum._ Isthmiorum statum ludicrum aderat.C. quia iugum. xxxiii. quo certamina omnis generis . quae {5} haud dubie vincebat. tum et ipse acie excessit.' 5. A _casus belli_ was soon found in the Athenian Embassy to Rome (201 B. ut specularetur. +Context. i.] +Cynoscephalae+ (_Dog's Heads_).C. deinde omissis plerique armis capessunt fugam.+ `The Romans lost only 700 men. patiebantur. 10.C. 196 B.) by an attack on Apollonia in Illyria. a low chain of hills between Pherae and Scotussa in Thessaly. ex tempore capto consilio. with some 3500 men. Macedonia to remain an independent state. postquam fugam {20} effusam animadvertit et omnia circa iuga signis atque armis fulgere.C. LIVY. but.) asking for help against Philip. King of Macedon. +loco premebantur+ = _they_ (i. to lose all her foreign possessions. extemplo terga vertere Macedones.e.C. Et ceteri quidem hos pulsos sequebantur. 9. +Terms of Peace+. +signorum+ (= _manipulorum_) = _companies_. [Linenotes: 3-4. terrore primo bestiarum aversi.. tunc ultro territis instabant. Ad hoc loco etiam premebantur. Nullam aciem ab tergo adortus non turbasset._ Non dubia res fuit. _the phalanx_) _began to feel the disadvantage of position_.C._Battle of Cynoscephalae.+ Philip V. +Results of the Battle.+ Ihne says `He seized the favourable opportunity to shape the battle which had begun without plan into a brilliant victory for Rome. unus e tribunis militum. 196 B. nec {10} circumagere se poterat. That was the price paid for a victory which laid the Monarchy of Alexander the Great in the dust. --R. brevi circuitu dextrum cornu hostium aversum invadit. 197 B. deinde. nec hoc.' --Ihne. 13.C. ex quo pugnaverant. and the capture of the port of Oricum in Epirus. cum viginti signorum militibus.e. Philippus cum paucis peditum equitumque primo tumulum altiorem inter ceteros cepit. +in medio caesi+ = _cut down from both sides_. paulo ante pedem referentes. C41 SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR. +unus . qui a fronte. like Carthage.. (2) _Flamininus proclaims the Freedom of Greece. {15} Paulisper in medio caesi. tradiderant hosti ad terga sua circumducto. had made a treaty with Hannibal in 215 B. 200-196 B. ceterum ad communem omnium in tali re trepidationem accessit. relicta ea parte suorum. 16. gravis atque immobilis. suis legibus esse iubet Corinthios. +Isthmiorum statum ludicrum+ = _time fixed_ (+statum+) _for the Isthmian Games_ (celebrated at Corinth every two years).' . 18. per duo diversa maria {5} omnium rerum usus ministrantis humano generi.] +The Freedom of Greece. 7. {15} liberos. visuntur+ = _which makes them go to see contests of every kind of artistic performance_ (+artium+) _and of feats of strength and agility_.' --Ihne. 32. qui praesidio ea tenebant. N. .C. _Battle of Thermopylae. Philippo rege Macedonibusque devictis._ Acilius Glabrio consul adversus Antiochi regis aciem. ut mos est. +concilium is mercatus erat . iam {5} consularis. 11. +Achaeos Phthiotas+ = the Achaeans who inhabited Phthiotis (S. A. LIVY...) [Linenotes: 1. of Thessaly).. Flamininus was a skilful diplomatist. i.. or _mart_. +in mediam aream+ = _into the centre of the open space (of the stadium)_. & W. to Greek views and opinions. C42 WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS OF SYRIA. hoc spe concipere audacis animi fuisse. qui tum. 33 (sel. Thessalos. tuba silentio facto. iniquitatibus loci non irritus tantum. nisi circummissus ab eo Porcius Cato. sed cum iactura qnoque repulsus esset.. --Rawlins.. Quinctius imperator.C. E. tum vero non ad solitos modo usus undique convenerant. 17. tum quia propter opportunitatem loci. Perrhaebos.e. unde sollemni carmine ludicrum indici solet.. for he understood the Greek character. suo labore ac periculo bella gerat pro {20} libertate aliorum.. quam is in Achaia pro angustiis Thermopylarum direxerat.. deiectis iugis Callidromi mentis Aetolis. Locrensesque omnes et insulam Euboeam et Magnetas. and particularly qualified to sift and settle the affairs of Greece.+ = _that gathering was the general rendezvous_ (+mercatus+) _of_ . . of Thessaly. quae sua fortuna esset. Una voce praeconis liberatas omnes Graeciae atque Asiae urbes. super imminentem castris regiis collem a tergo subitus apparuisset: quo facto perturbatis Antiochi copiis utrimque . ii. in mediam aream. qui deinde status futurus Graeciae. quae sua impensa. Phocenses.. _a festival assemblage_ (panήguriV). Esse aliquam in terris gentem. xxxiii. 3-4. et praeco cum tubicine.+ `The Greeks believed with a childlike simplicity that the Romans really cared for their freedom. +Locrensesque omnes+. _trade_. +quo certamina . +Perrhaebos+. +mercatus+ = i. and that they had crossed the sea with no other object than to deliver Greece from a foreign yoke. Ad spectaculum {10} consederant. 19-24. like so many other Romans. Achaeos Phthiotas. ita pronuntiat: `Senatus Romanus et T. 191 B. immunes.artium viriumque et pernicitatis visuntur. tribunus militum a populo factus in exercitu erat. Victory due to Cato. concilium Asiae Graeciaeque is mercatus erat.E. ad effectum adducere et virtutis et fortunae ingentis. Locris. ingentis:+ in these words the Greeks express their astonishment and gratitude at the greatness of the boon conferred upon them. . 191-190 B. sed exspectatione erecti. +Esse aliquam . and was not inaccessible. processit et. _ Hannibal. proditus ab hospite. in 190 B. _Strategemata_. postquam est nuntiatum milites regios in vestibulo esse.C. . 4. . Trium clarissimorum suae cuiusque gentis virorum non tempore magis congruente comparabilis mors videtur esse.' --Ihne. quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent. who accompanied his brother as Chief of Staff.' Exsecratus deinde in caput regnumque {10} Prusiae.C. postico fugere conatus.C. poculum exhausit. Et iam toto cesserat mari. [Linenotes: 14-15. exsul Hannibal. Nam primum omnes non in patrio solo mortui nec sepulti sunt. Antiochus the Great. Lucius Scipio was appointed to carry the war into Asia.irrupere Romani {10} et fusis fugatisque castra ceperunt. Nec magnam nec memorabilem ex inermi proditoque Flamininus victoriam feret. who. `The +Battle of Magnesia+ decided the fate of the Syrian Empire. ad hoc imbre.+ Livy.+ In 192 B. +Et iam toto cesserat mari+. +Context. .. B. 14-18. sed nos imus ulterius.C. die tamen dicta.. incredibile dictu quibus auxiliis. `diuturna cura populum Romanum. Elephantis ad hoc immensae magnitudinis. Domitius. absens citatus. cui frater. Trecenta milia peditum. Primum trepidatio. the port of Pergamum. to come to liberate Greece from the tyranny of Rome. had been snubbed by the Romans. as the result of the decisive defeat. _Battle of Magnesia.W. {25} FLORUS. aderat voluntaria legatione. Hic rex.C. His place was taken by Cn. FRONTINUS. 190 B. Maeandrum {15} ad amnem montemque Sipylum castra ponuntur. `Liberemus. king of Syria. Veneno absumpti Hannibal et Philopoemen. qui subito superfusus mira felicitate Persicos arcus corruperat. ad quam non adfuerat reus. 183 B.' inquit. deinde triumphus fuerunt.+ The battle was fought near Magnesia (N. auro purpura {20} argento et suo ebore fulgentibus aciem utrimque vallaverat. Scipio etsi non exsul neque {20} damnatus. of the Syrian fleet off +Myonnesus+. +Maeandrum . as the battles of +Zama+ and +Cynoscephalae+ had decided the fate of Carthage and Macedonia. xxxvii. accepted the invitation of the Aetolians. quod multo ante praeparatum ad tales habebat casus. et hospitales deos violatae ab eo fidei testes invocans. 15-16. {5} poposcit. quibus copiis. equitum falcatorumque curruum non minor numerus. captus Philopoemen in carcere et in vinculis exspiravit. of Lydia) at the foot of Mt. Scipio Africanus. quam quod nemo eorum satis dignum splendore {15} vitae exitum habuit._ Tum consule Scipione. venenum. an experienced officer. 4. Sed haec omnia praepedita magnitudine sua. mox fuga.. debellari regem placet.C. consederat. Sipylus. ii. +Context. 24. ille modo victor Carthaginis Africanus. fell ill at Elaea..] +Parallel Passage. ponuntur. since the Peace of 196 B. . ut id quoque occursu militum obsaeptum sensit et omnia circa clausa custodiis dispositis esse. i. C43 _Deaths of Three Great Men.+ In 190 B. 39-44. lived.. +Philopoemen+. Porcius Cato. and effected useful democratic reforms. 20-23.C. quae iam tum incipiebat pullulare. _agreeing with_) _date as_. Senex historias scribere instituit. xxxix. +non tempore magis congruente quam+ = _not so much in coincidence of_ (+congruente+. 52 (sel. severe praefuit ei potestati. found for seven years a safe asylum with Prusias. 19). +in edictum. virtutum laude crevit. he was forced to flee from Carthage and took refuge with Antiochus. A multis tentatus non modo nullum detrimentum existimationis fecit. 51.C._' Epitaph of Scipio. `_Ingrata patria. sed. by the tribune Naevius (185 B. written by himself. 3. [Linenotes: 1. lit. _Cato_.._ (1) At Cato. on their entrance upon office. LIVY. _praetura_) at Carthage. usque ad extremam {5} aetatem ab adolescentia. and compelled to drink poison. censor cum L. NEPOS. l. H. Valerio Flacco. 234-149 B. was taken prisoner by Dinocrates.) +Context. his great friend and patron.) of having been bribed by Antiochus to procure for him favourable conditions of peace. [Linenotes: 13-15. qua re luxuria reprimeretur.. imprisoned in a dungeon at Messene (+in carcere+. where _by a voluntary act he consigned both himself and his grave to exile_ (+voluntarium . Valerius Flaccus. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Primus continet res gestas regum populi Romani. Earum sunt libri vii.+ After Zama Hannibal held the highest office (_Suffete_ = L. Too proud to defend himself against such a charge. +Scipio+ was accused. Cato set forth in his edict that he intended . with L. by whom he was introduced to political life. tamen tantum progressum fecit. quod ei fuerit incognitum. 18. However. After Magnesia. --R. his political enemies denounced him to Rome _as making plans for a new war_. iii..] C44 _M. and in 195 B. In omnibus rebus singulari fuit industria: nam {10} et agricola sollers et peritus iuris consultus et magnus imperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. +Censor+.C. and Flamininus the Liberator of Greece undertook the inglorious quest of demanding the surrender of Hannibal. ob quam rem omnes {20} Origines videtur appellasse. 184 B. ii. Quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat. Scipio retired to his country-seat at Liternum.+ The Censors. but the Romans could not be at ease so long as H. setting forth the principles upon which they intended to act.voluntarium non sibimet ipse solum sed etiam funeri suo exsilium indixit. ut non facile reperiri posset neque de Graecis neque de {15} Italicis rebus. rei publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. at the instigation of Cato.C. Circiter annos octoginta. issued a _proclamation_ or _edict_. ne ossa quidem mea habes. king of Bithynia. Nam et in complures nobiles animadvertit et multas res novas in edictum addidit. secundus et tertius unde quaeque civitas orta sit Italica. indixit+). the heroic chief of the Achaean League. quoad vixit. II. +This is not the spirit of Romulus or of Cato. _pull-us_ (our _pullet_). 17-21. Tum spissa ramis laurea fervidos Excludet ictus. Porcius Cato. 4 8 12 16 20 . public magnificence. Oscar Browning. the earliest history in Latin prose. but each time acquitted.' --W. Cf. +magnus imperator+. pῶloV (= _a foal_).. 12.] +Cato the Censor. Privatus illis census erat brevis.+ Their rule was private thrift. 5.' --Ihne. of plants and animals. in the 2nd Punic War.] +octoginta.' --Ihne. and the decisive victory at Thermopylae (191 B.+ This is an exaggeration. Cato cum moribus gessit. Non ita Romuli Praescriptum et intonsi Catonis Auspiciis veterumque norma._ (2) Iam pauca aratro iugera regiae Moles relinquent. xv. Nec fortuitum spernere caespitem Leges sinebant.g. or accounts of the rise and growth of the Italian nation. lit. +probabilis orator+ = _a tolerable.+ `He deserves our highest respect for the defiant and manly spirit that animated him in his untiring contest with the vices of the age.+ `Our palaces and fish-ponds and ornamental gardens are supplanting the cultivation of corn and vines and olives.C. His two great works were his treatise +De Re Rustica+ (or +De Agri Cultura+).+ Seneca says: _Scipio cum hostibus nostris bellum. HORACE.) was mainly due to Cato. Commune magnum: nulla decempedis Metata privatis opacam Porticus excipiebat Arcton. 11. private houses of turf._ 7-9. e. _Odes_. +Argument. the earliest extant work in Latin prose. _pu-er_.C. non destitit. oppida publico Sumptu iubentes et deorum Templa novo decorare saxo. Cato was accused no less than 44 times. 6-7. `It was Cato's great merit that he asserted the rights of his native language for literary prose composition.. increase_. and his +Origines+. +iuris consultus+ = _lawyer_. +pullulare+ = _to spread. C45 _M. public buildings and temples of hewn stone. _to put forth_. acceptable orator_.to use his power for the suppression of luxury. +rei publicae . He was only eighty-five when he died 149 B. undique latius Extenta visentur Lucrino Stagna lacu platanusque caelebs Evincet ulmos: tum violaria et Myrtus et omnis copia narium Spargent olivetis odorem Fertilibus domino priori. +decempedis metata privatis+ = _measured with ten-foot rods for private owners_. quod inter caetratos at phalanges erat. Albinus consularis ducere adversus leucaspidem phalangem iussus.--Wickham. 6. {20} LIVY.+ Livy xxxix. gloria viri. 4. Nam sicut pleraque nova commenta mortalium in verbis vim habent. and he endeavoured without success to bring this old time back. Elephantorum impetum subsecuti sunt socii nominis Latini. 14. C46 THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. non quemadmodum agatur edisseri oportet. _Pydna (Aemilius Paulus). +novo saxo+ = _with fresh-hewn stone_. 20. implevit legio. i. _masses_. ea media acies hostium fuit. sine ullo {15} effectu evanescunt. 13.C.e.' --Ihne. +regiae moles+ = _princely piles_. cum agi. `Cato saw the greatness of Rome in the olden time. unde circa fluvium {10} commissum proclium erat. +ictus+ (sc. 41. et commenta Macedonum nomen tantum sine usu fuerunt. Intervallum.] +Parallel Passages. Cf. A {5} tergo caetratis erat. In dextrum cornu. +Context. atque aciem hostium interrupit. +undique . lit. Lit. 171-168 B. 168 B. son of Philip.C. pepuleruntque laevum cornu. 6. frontem adversus clipeatos habebat: chalcaspides appellabantur. +omnis copia narium+ = _all that is sweet to smell_.e.'s use of _barbatus_. of _huge buildings_. In 174 . 17. In old days the +porticūs+ were always _publicae_. became King of Macedonia on the death of his father in 179 B. 1-2. ita tum elephantorum impetum sustinere non poterant. trained upon it). elephantos inducit et alas sociorum. +moles+. 41. and Prusias of Bithynia. 14-15. 2-4. lacu+ = _and fish-ponds_ (+stagna+) _of wider extent than the L. _Catiline_ 12. +platanus caelebs+ = _the bachelor plane_. +commune+ (= tὸ koinόn) = _the common (public) stock_. et hinc primum fuga Macedonum est orta.. so called because vines were not _wedded to it_ (i. xliv. +census erat brevis+ = _list of property was short_.[Linenotes: 1. and forming marriage alliances with Seleucus of Syria (the successor of Antiochus). +fortuitum caespitem+ = _the chance-cut (handy) turf_. ante omnia aetas._ (1) Movebat imperii maiestas. 10. posing as the Liberator of Greece.--Gow. Sallust.+ Perseus. hewn on purpose. 40. experiendo. 11. lake will be sights to see_ (+visentur+). He did all he could to prepare for the inevitable struggle with Rome by strengthening Macedonia.. --W. _all the fulness of the nostrils_.C. _solis_). Cic. quod maior sexaginta annis iuvenum munia in parte praecipua laboris periculique capessebat. --Gow. Secundam legionem L. 13. +Iam+ = _presently_. +intonsi+ (= _antiqui_) = _old-fashioned_. The point is that formerly trees were stripped to admit the sun to the vines and olives: nowadays the sun is excluded. _ (2) In medio secunda legio immissa dissipavit phalangem. . quacumque data intervalla essent.. _Pydna (Aemilius Paulus). Left Division of phalanx. ruinae modo turbantur. Sicut tum adversus catervatim {10} incurrentes Romanos et interrupta multifariam acie obviam ire cogebantur. LIVY. manus ad eos. with reference to Perseus' contrivances (e. et Romani.. a lateribus. armed with the _large_ round shield. si carptim aggrediendo circumagere immobilem longitudine et gravitate hastam cogas.. +fluctuantem . in aliam foediorem pestem incidebant. 7. though in theory_ (+in verbis+) _they had some importance_ (+vim+) _yet upon trial_ (+experiendo+) _when there is need of action and not of discussion_ (+edisseri+) _how to act_. ad excipiendos sese venire rati. xliv. deinde disiecerunt phalangem. {20} longius in aquam. quae fluctuantem turbarunt primo. Aemilius Paulus (son of the hero who died at Cannae) to the supreme command in Macedonia. vires sunt+ = _first demoralised the phalanx so as to make it waver_. oportet+ = lit. Right Division of phalanx. into the interstices of the phalanx. +leucaspidem+ = _White Shields_. ab tergo caesa est. . retro. by the use of _dummy_ elephants) to prepare his men and horses to make a stand against _real_ elephants. habebat+ (sc. 10. 4-6. 9. ab rectoribus ad litus acti. which was not preserving its usual close order. +caetratos+ = _Targeteers_. suppliciter vitam orabant. (+fluctuantem+). neque ulla evidentior causa victoriae fuit. i.. +clipeatos+ = _Shieldmen_. ut caperent potius quam occiderent. 171-168 B. i.e. qui in classe erant tendentes. Diu phalanx a fronte. Elephanti enim. appointed L. +A tergo .C. qui poterant. +legio prima+) = _the (first) Legion thus took the Targeteers in the rear. 168 B.B. _the contrivances of men. nando repetentes terram. +Romanum+). . 5-7. The Senate. postremo. 13-15. and after fruitless embassies war was declared. the Romans were informed that Perseus was secretly negotiating with Carthage. after three years of unsuccessful warfare (171-168 B.. quidam etiam natantes. . confusa strue implicantur: si vero aut ab latere aut ab tergo aliquid tumultus increpuit. +commenta .+ Perh.. quam quod multa passim proelia erant. .C. 41.C. --Rawlins. nearest to the sea. progressi sunt. Its (aggressive) force. Sed cum hostiliter e scaphis caederentur.. 17. [Linenotes: 1.e. armed with the _small_ round shield. 42. --Rawlins. +in dextrum cornu+ (sc. et cum scaphas concurrere undique ab navibus cernerent. insinuabant ordines suos. . quidam aquam etiam ingressi. immissa+ = _On the centre the second legion charged_ (+immissa+). +commenta Macedonum. so long as it keeps close order and bristles with couched_ (+intentis+) _spears. qui ex hostium manibus elapsi erant. while it faced towards the Shieldmen_. +In medio . is irresistible_ .g. [Linenotes: 4. cuius confertae et intentis horrentes {5} hastis intolerabiles vires sunt.. exeuntes obterebant {25} elidebantque..C. _and then shattered it. 6.). +chalcaspides+ = _Brazen Shields_.] C47 THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. {15} inermes ad mare fugientes. i. sed qua nemo illos nec evadere posse credebat. a onesided worshipper of everything in the best sense of the word. +classe. Sed quem ad modum maxime mortiferi morsus solent esse morientium bestiarum. the son of the conqueror of Hannibal. the ally of Rome. like his contemporary old.(+intolerabiles+). nova perditorum hominum manus quasi ex obruto incendio subita de cineribus flamma prodibat. xv. +ruinae modo+ = _in hopeless confusion_. Rome declared that they would have to leave their city and settle ten miles from the sea. 18. 12.e. Illi alterum sibi portum ab alia urbis parte foderunt. --R. 10.C. {15} iam noctibus nova aliqua moles. [Linenotes: 5. Compulsis {10} in unam arcem hostibus portum quoque mari Romanus obstruxerat. 6. they pierced the narrow strip separating the round naval port (Cothon) from the sea. A pretext was soon found in the war (151 B. +alterum portum+. He Cato. The Carthaginians resolved to die rather than give up the sacred soil of their country. P. C48 a model of the Roman of the best time. 6. the younger son of Aemilius Paulus (of Pydna) and P.) between Carthage and Masinissa. Porcius Cato. inde quasi enata subito classis erupit. Deploratis novissime rebus triginta sex milia virorum se dederunt quod minus credas--duce Hasdrubale. {20} FLORUS.C. cum interim iam diebus. +carptim aggrediendo+ = _by repeated harassing attacks_. 149-146 B. 17.+ An Embassy was sent from Rome in 157 B. Scipio.C. i. iam et tertius murus. lit._ Manilio deinde consule terra marique fervebat obsidio. Though the Carthaginians surrendered all their arms and munitions of war. +Context. Igitur in alium Scipionem conversa respublica finem belli reposcebat. King of Numidia. The Macedonian phalanx had fought its last great battle. Scipio Aemilianus Minor. Corn. 146 B.] +Results of the Battle+. astonished and alarmed at the flourishing condition of Carthage. +profligato+ = _almost finished_.' HIRD PUNIC WAR. Perseus was captured. _wept Africanus adopted by of land for . and his kingdom was divided into four independent parts.). +in alium Scipionem+.C. returned to Rome with the firm conviction that Carthage must be destroyed--_delenda est Carthago_. nec ut fugerent. II. _Destruction of Carthage.e. Quamvis profligato urbis excidio tamen fatale Africae nomen {5} Scipionum videbatur. 11-17 (sel. Among its members was M. cum tamen Byrsa.+ The Roman fleet under Octavius was co-operating with the army. who. sic plus negoti fuit cum semiruta Carthagine quam cum integra. +deploratis+ = _was looked upon as lost_. `He was was not. to inquire into the affairs of Africa. quasi altera civitas resistebat. anxious to at the same time to improve them. nova machina. Operti portus. nudatus est primus et sequens. but --I¨¦ . quod nomen arci fuit. but he was a Conservative preserve old institutions. +Character of Paulus+. The Romans. quo Carthago concidit. and a solemn curse was pronounced against anyone who should ever undertake to build a new town on that spot. si eas perdidissent. quam ab Alete Hippotis filio erat condita.' --Ihne. iuberet praedici conducentibus. _place out_.+ In 149 B. Mummius tam rudis fuit.. i.+ Aletes. 13. as a representative of the intensity of the strength. alter appellatus est Achaicus. +quam .+ `The flames which consumed Miletus . +locaret+ = _he hired_ (lit. i. L. nec {5} quisquam ex novis hominibus prior Mummio cognomen virtute partum vindicavit.' --Ihne. settled in Rome. and patriotism of his race.C. {10} praecellentes ingenio viros. +Panaetium+. gave up_ (lit. {20} VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. Neque enim quisquam hoc Scipione elegantius intervalla negotiorum otio dispunxit semperque aut belli aut pacis serviit artibus: semper inter arma ac studia versatus aut corpus periculis {15} aut animum disciplinis exercuit. +conducentibus+ = _to the contractors_. _give out on contract_).] +The Destruction of Corinth. Mummius Corinthum post annos DCCCCLII. +Africa made a Roman Province. alter Africanus.bitterly_. +Context. an adventurer named Andriscus claimed to be Philip. and mastered Macedonia and part of Thessaly. domi militiaeque secum habuerit. condita.e. son of Hippotes and a descendant of Heracles. He totally defeated the praetor Juventius. determined to break up the Achaean League.C. novas eos reddituros. 20.+ C49 WAR WITH ANDRISCUS AND THE ACHAEANS. endurance. +dispunxit+ = _he devoted. 10.C. and therefore named the city •iὸV KόrinqoV.] `The plough was drawn over the site of destroyed Carthage. but the Greeks were easily defeated (146 B.. [Linenotes: 2-3. 148-146 B. A last desperate struggle for freedom ensued. _marked off_). Mummius Achaicus).C.) by L. +duce Hasdrubale:+ `Hasdrubal seems to have deserved the name of _the last Carthaginian_ in the best sense of the word. Caecilius Metellus. but in 148 B. funditus eruit. _no longer needing the help of Greek troops_. 13. Uterque imperator devictae a se gentis nomine honoratus. his army was routed and himself taken prisoner by Q. ut capta Corintho cum maximorum artificum perfectas manibus tabulas ac statuas in Italiam portandas locaret. ut Polybium Panaetiumque. Diversi imperatoribus mores. diversa fuere studia: quippe Scipio tam elegans liberalium studiorum omnisque doctrinae et auctor et admirator fuit.C. 19. 146 B._ Eodem anno. is said to have taken possession of Corinth by the help of the oracle of Zeus at Dodona. a native of Rhodes and a celebrated Stoic philosopher. _Destruction of Corinth (L. where he became the intimate friend of Laelius and Scipio Africanus Minor. Mummius on the Isthmus. and Corinth itself was plundered and destroyed. the son of Perseus. fixit+. Tandem eum iam Fabius Maximus consul oppresserat.C.C. but `for eight long years Viriathus. +cessisset+ (= _concessisset_) = _had permitted. 149-140 B. 72 B. Qui ex venatore latro. per quattuordecim annos omnia citra ultraque Hiberum et Tagum igni ferroque populatus. +Context. C50 WAR WITH VIRIATHUS IN SPAIN._ Sed tota certaminum moles cum Lusitanis fuit et Numantinis. Hispaniae Romulus. which Rome soon found a pretext for breaking.C. Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus. lit.' --Ihne.] +The War with Viriathus. Cf. ex latrone subito dux atque imperator et.+ `It was sad and disgraceful for the Roman arms.. FLORUS. _The Lusitanian Hannibal. but in a far higher degree for Roman morals. i. defied the armies of Rome. the dawn of a magnificent day of Greek splendour: after the fall of Corinth came the long dark night. Greece placed under the control of the Roman governor of Macedonia+. in 147 B.C.' Ihne. and was compelled to grant an honourable peace.) and Athens (burnt by Xerxes 480 B. It sowed. +trabeis+. xvii. castra etiam praetoria et praesidia aggressus Claudium Unimanum paene ad internecionem {10} exercitus cecidit et insignia trabeis et fascibus nostris quae ceperat in montibus suis tropaea fixit. 13-17 (sel. II. in which both the warlike ability and the moral virtues of the Roman nation appear more deteriorated than even in the war with Viriathus.(destroyed by the Persians 494 B.) a suitable opportunity seemed to present itself to Rome for continuing the interrupted conquest of Spain.C. vir calliditatis acerrimae. _strikers_ (_per + cutio_ = _quatio_). Quippe solis gentium Hispaniae duces contigerunt.. l. i. the seeds of the Numantine War. moreover. Portugal. Tagus = mod._ 10-12. non contentus libertatem suorum defendere. and part of Estremadura and Toledo) were not finally subdued till after the capture of Numantia by Scipio in 133 B.) and before the outbreak of the third Punic War (149 B. Lusitanos Viriathus erexit.' --Ihne. and thereby secured for himself a position in history almost equal to that of Hannibal and Mithridates. +Fabius Maximus consul+. 6. . 11).+ After the defeat of Perseus (168 B.C. far and wide on the Spanish mountains. although a barbarian and of humble origin.C. [Linenotes: 1.. `The captured fasces of the lictors were exhibited. the fate of Sertorius.). with other trophies (e.C. Quippe qui conficiendae rei cupidus. +percussores+ = _assassins_. 17.e. fractum ducem et extrema {15} deditionis agitantem per fraudem et insidias et domesticos percussores aggressus hanc hosti gloriam dedit ut videretur aliter vinci non posse. si fortuna {5} cessisset.e.+ The Lusitani (S. +Macedonia made a Roman Province.) were the signal for the great rising of the people. who allowed himself to be decoyed into an ambush 141 B. sed a successore Popilio violata victoria est. 13. of the R.g.' --Ihne.C. +Claudium Unimanum . +cum Lusitanis. _settled_. +sedit+ = _was decided on_. _join-to_. Unus enim vir Numantinus non fuit qui in catenis duceretur.] +Destruction of Numantia. _Destruction of Numantia. [Linenotes: 2-3. 16. praeda. Luxury and indulgence were rife. until in 134 B. 7. Dedere etiam se volebant. e. 133 B. placuit eruptio. 11-17 (sel.' --Ihne. a duce orantes proelium. summo scelere per amorem. Durius (Douro). ut tamquam viros occideret. ut de pauperrimis. 143-133 B. et cum urgueret {10} fames. encouraged by the successes of the Lusitanians. in μάk-ar = _blessed_.+ C52 _Rome the Invincible. FLORUS. Sic redacto in disciplinam milite a Scipione commissa acies. lit.C. Usu. _mag-nus_. = _a cuirass_.+ `Scipio's first task. took up arms once more._ . Consul after consul failed to take it. sed hoc quoque ruptis equorum cingulis uxores ademere. a Scipione. 11. razed the town to the ground. Their most important town was Numantia. but cf. once more to Roman discipline. quodque nemo visurum se umquam speraverat. II. and cowardice--the most unroman of all vices--had begun to creep in. +Asseruit+ = _it protected_.. nulla: arma ipsa cremaverunt. situated near the sources of the R. +Context. of his own accord. +lorica+ = _a breastwork_._ Tanti esse exercitum quanti imperatorem vere proditum est. {5} si toleranda viris imperarentur. Sic conserta manu plurimi occisi. +Macte+ = _a blessing on_ or _hail to thee_. Scipio Africanus Minor. Novissime maximo duce oppressa civitas nullum de {20} se gaudium hosti reliquit.C51 NUMANTINE WAR.. populum orbis terrarum viribus fultum sua manu aetate tam longa sustinuit. Macte fortissimam et meo iudicio beatissimam in ipsis malis civitatem! Asseruit cum fide socios. novissime consilium fugae sedit. +assero+ (_ad + sero_) = lit.+ Scipio. Itaque deplorato exitu in ultimam rabiem furoremque conversi. the Celtiberians (of Middle Spain). xviii. +Mactus+ prob. the conqueror of Carthage.C. was to accustom the army which he found there. was sent out to Spain to reduce the stubborn city. factum ut fugientes Numantinos quisquam videret.). 18. +Roman Province in Spain. Cum fossa atque lorica quattuorque castris circumdatos fames premeret.C. postremo Rhoecogene duce se suos patriam ferro veneno {15} subiecto igne undique peregerunt. +Sic redacto .+ In 143 B. strongly fortified by nature and by art.g.C. and received the added surname of +Numantinus+. from Öμak. serving as _a screen_. Triumphus fuit tantum de nomine. when he arrived in Spain. ubi non impetrabant. Merses profundo: pulchrior evenit. 53-56. 51-52. iv. 49-68. IV. Cf..+ Echion was one of the five survivors of the Spartoί (sown men). that were cut off. 63. 65. raised_. `Whose story widow' wives shall tell. +multa cum laude+ = _amid loud applause_. _by Roman wives_ or ii. +Merses+ (= +si mersaris+) = _plunge it if you will_. _rich.. as if from the Lernaean serpent. i. +frondis+ with +feraci+. 58.' --W. Gens. +submisere+ = _produced. `This stanza is a _résumé_ of the story of the _Aeneid_. B1 . --W. ENDING IN REVOLUTION 133-44 B. +evenit+ = _it emerges (comes forth)_. 52 56 60 64 68 [Linenotes: 51. 64.C. the saying of Pyrrhus.' HORACE. +ultro+ = _aggressively. 59-60. Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus Nigrae feraci frondis in Algido. _fertilis frugum_. He helped Cadmus to found Thebes. quos opimus Fallere et effugere est triumphus. noble_) _triumph_. 57-60.'] CIIL STRIFE IN ITALY. of the armed warriors which sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Jason at Colchis or by Cadmus at Thebes. recorded by Floras i. luporum praeda rapacium. since so many heads of enemies. of a feat in a wrestling match.e. +illa+). _spolia opima_. `I see that I was born under the constellation of Hercules. Monstrumve submisere Colchi Maius Echioniaeve Thebae. 61-62.e. _Odes_. Cf. --Wickham. AND FOREIGN WARS. +opimus triumphus+ = _a rare_ (lit. Cf. `The idea of this stanza is that their very calamities only gave them fresh heart and vigour. +coniugibus+ = i. i. the holm-oak_ (= _the Roman stock_) _draws fresh power and spirit_. +Echioniae Thebae. the Roman stock. per caedes ab ipso Ducit opes animumque ferro Non Hydra secto corpore firmior Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem. 66-67.' 63-64. _by Carthaginian widows_. Luctere: multa proruet integrum Cum laude victorem geretque Proelia coniugibus loquenda. They rise like the Phoenix from its pyre. quae cremato fortis ab Ilio Iactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra Natosque maturosque patres Pertulit Ausonias ad urbes.Dixitque tandem perfidus Hannibal: `Cervi. +ab ipso . +gens+ (sc. needlessly_. 18. Sectamur ultro. arise upon me afresh out of their own blood. 68. 53.' --W. So Conington. Per damna. ferro+ = _from the very edge of the steel itself. (ii) C. [Linenotes: 1-3. 3-4. for whom equality was claimed. _On the Death of Tiberius Gracchus. coepere. slain with C. +Their political mistake. +triumvirum c. one of the three Commissioners for establishing Colonies of Roman citizens on the _ager publicus_. addiderant+.. Quae res plerumque magnas civitates pessum dedit. their grandfather P. cum Ti.] +The aim of the Gracchi. Nasica privatus. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. singularis et vir et imperator. cf. cum M.C. 10. {5} interdum per equites Romanos. d...e.. quorum maiores Punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant. dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Gaium. by working on Roman jealousy against the Italians. Sed bono vinci satius est quam malo more iniuriam vincere. Sempronius Gracchus (in Spain and Sardinia).' --Ihne. Et sane Gracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit. A.' 5. and in provincial appointments.. 17. SALLUST.C. Gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat._ Nec plus Africanus. 11. 42. et primo Tiberium. B2 CICERO ON THE GRACCHI. and to make the sovereignty of the people.+ `Their object was to reduce the excessive power of the nobility. transferred their judicial power to the Equites. Gracchus by his Agrarian Law tried to counteract the selfish land-grabbing of the ruling class (in excess of the 500 _iugera_ limit of the Licinian Laws. 367 B. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex lubidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit plusque {15} in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Gracchus.+ (i) Tib. and carried the Sempronian Law. _pessum ire_.C. Gracchum interemit.THE GRACCHI. vindicare plebem in libertatem et paucorum celera patefacere coepere. 121 B. and their father Tib. dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo et victos acerbius ulcisci volunt.+. +quorum maiores . i. Gracchus exposed the corrupt Senatorian Courts. to the ground_. Latinum+. . 133 B.' --Ihne. Scipio Africanus Maior. `one of the cornerstones of individual liberty.. modo per socios et nomen Latinum. in exscindenda Numantia rei publicae profuit quam eodem tempore P. nobilitas noxia atque eo perculsa. quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat. the hope of sharing with the nobility in office. +Fulvio Flacco+. a reality. Gracchus. +spes societatis+.g. {10} Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.). They overlooked the necessity of +remodelling the Roman people itself+ by giving the popular assemblies a form which would in reality make them represent the people.+ `Their error consisted in the belief that such a change was possible by returning to the simple forms of the old Comitia. 6. +paucorum scelera .) = _pedis_ + _versum_ = _towards the feet. e. +per socios . tribunum alterum. alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis. _pessum_ (prob. +pessum dedit+ = _has destroyed_. which had become merely nominal. _Jugurtha_. C. Gracchus. e._ 104 _Fuit Tib. Brute.C. sapientia. old abl._De Off. _duos (Gracchos) clarissimos. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (the man of _worth_). `One of the worst measures ever proposed by a well-meaning statesman. a partisan leader of the Senate. _Brut. _Brutus_.] B3 THE JUGURTHINE WAR. patronum aerari esse dices. Scipio Africanus Minor Numantinus. Gracchus.' --Ihne. +Numantia+. ingeniosissimos. _Tusc. cum facta videam? L. amantissimos plebei Romanae viros .. in _de lege agraria_. sed si facias.' Parumne declaravit vir {15} gravis et sapiens lege Sempronia patrimonium publicum dissipari? Lege orationes Gracchi.. +doctus a puero. Gracche. Gracchus as an Orator._ Et quidem C. 48. Piso ille Frugi+ = L. `Nolim' inquit `mea bona. 111-106 B. verbis tamen defendebat aerarium. by which corn was sold to Roman citizens at about half the market price. a convinced and honourable opponent of C. C. so Cic. 125. _On C. +P. +privatus+ = _not in office_.C. Gracchus diligentia matris a puero doctus et Graecis literis eruditus_.g. destroyed by P. cum ea lege frumentum petat.' --Ihne. cum largitiones maximas {5} fecisset et effudisset aerarium. was mainly responsible for their training and education. 3. 133 B. [Linenotes: 8. quam dissuaserit. of _qui_. partem petam. +qui+ = _how_. +L. 20. Animum advertit {10} Gracchus in contione Pisonem stantem: quaerit audiente populo Romano qui sibi constet.] B. ii. +legem frumentariam+. Nasīca+. [Linenotes: 2. which animated their political action._ iii. Noli enim putare quemquam. 12. Cicero speaks very differently of the Gracchi when it suits his purpose. legibus multas esse video partes constitutas_. Quid verba audiam. tibi viritim dividere libeat. [Linenote: 20. Is lege lata consularis ad frumentum accipiendum venerat. § 10. the daughter of the Conqueror of Zama. 76.] C._ i.+ CORNELIA MATER GRACCHORUM (inscribed upon her statue erected by the Roman people). Gracchus. Gracchus. . Disput. pleniorem et uberiorem ad dicendum fuisse._ Sed ecce in manibus vir et praestantissimo ingenio et flagranti studio et doctus a puero. quorum consiliis. _On the Lex Frumentaria of C. Piso ille Frugi semper contra legem frumentariam dixerat. 8-9. `From her they had received that sensitive nature and that sympathy with the weak and suffering. 123 B. 113. benigne habere. galeatum ponit ubique Praesidium attonitis et in omni monte laborat. {20} SALLUST. varius+. Cf. cum paucis amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum facillumum visu insidiantibus.. quae proxuma fuit ante {5} diem colloquio decretum. remotis+. a Marius.. .' --I¨¦ . Eodem {15} Numida cum plerisque necessariis suis inermis. ac statim signo dato undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. tempore et loco constituto. an act of vainglory which estranged Marius from him. . having kept his ground against the best generals of the time. uti dictum erat. . patefecisse+. . Sed nocte ea. as the price of his alliance. Tamen postremo Sullam accersi {10} iubet et ex illius sententia Numidae insidias tendit.+ Sulla is said to have been so proud of this stratagem that he had the scene engraved upon a signet-ring. voltu et oculis pariter atque animo varius: quae scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. who superseded Metellus in the conduct of the Jugurthine War. . and a Sulla. . 16. and father-in-law of Jugurtha. 237 243 245 . accedit. _Jugurtha_. traditur. appointed Quaestor 107 B. coveted the West of Numidia. King of Mauretania. he was deluded by treacherous promises of peace and betrayed by his own ally and father-in-law. Arpinas alius Volscorum in monte solebat Poscere mercedes alieno lassus aratro. in colloquium uti de pace veniretur. the external signs of his irresolution. Nodosam post haec frangebat vertice vitem. (Plutarch. +Iugurtha Sullae . Deinde ubi dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Iugurtham haud procul abesse.+ `Having resisted the whole power of the great Republic for six years. adhibitis amicis ac statim immutata voluntate remotis. 9. +Bocchus+. ἀnagkaῖoi (ἀnάgkh).--the calling and then dismissing his people (+adhibitis .. 106 B. ll._ Postea. by Marius. +necessariis+ (_necesse_) = _friends_. Ceteri obtruncati. Iugurtha Suilae vinctus traditur et ab eo ad Marium deductus est. 7). 9). 3._The Betrayal of Jugurtha. 6. . . against a Metellus. Maurus. +Scilicet+ is here used with the Infinitive +patefecisse+. ignobilis et modo Romae Municipalis eques. B4 A. +accersi+ (= _arcessiri_). 19. Si lentus pigra muniret castra dolabra.C. and the changes of his countenance (+voltu . +Sullam+. modo Iugurthae legatum appellare. Bocchus Sullam modo.._ Hic novus Arpinas. Sed Roma parentem.C. . idem ambobus polliceri. 8. i.e.. and was ready to accept it either from the Romans or from Jugurtha. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. dicitur secum ipse multa agitavisse. 10. ll. . _Arpinum--Birthplace of Cicero and Marius. [Linenotes: 2.)] +Jugurtha. . frequent in Sallust.. _Sulla_. +quae scilicet .. the verbal sense of the word (= _scire_ + _licet_) being prominent. .. Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit. _ +Sūbigit+ (for _sŭbigit_) = _carries aloft_. _Sat. The _v.C. 249. served as a common soldier._ Hic Iovis altisoni subito pinnata satelles Arboris e trunco serpentis saucia morsu Surrigit ipsa feris transfigens unguibus anguem Semianimum et varia graviter cervice micantem. . agrariis legibus inter se dimicaturus? Repulsi igitur. predicting (so the diviners said) that Marius would be seven times Consul. Hanc ubi praepetibus pennis lapsuque volantem Conspexit Marius. exclusique et Gallia et Hispania cum in Italiam demigrarent. Sed nec primum impetum barbarorum Silanus.C. Partibus intonuit caeli pater ipse sinistris: Sic aquilae clarum firmavit Iuppiter omen. divini numinis augur. in every part of Rome. For +dolabra+. 2 B. 247. 6: eὕdei d' ἀnὰ skάptῳ (= skήptrῳ) •iὸV aἰetόV. on each of the seven hills. . armis petere coeperunt. .l. +dolabra+ = half-hatchet for cutting stakes. metaphor from field-sports._ i. +Excipit+ = _faced_ (lit. nec {10} secundum Mallius. _Pyth. i. 101 B. cf.C. 250 [Linenotes: 239. _is ready to receive_). . 4 [Linenotes: 1.e. . +frangebat vertice vitem+ = _he had the vine-switch (rattan) broken on his head_. . 250. exuti castris. . annihilated by Marius and Catulus near Vercellae. 237-239. --D. Pindar. and half-pickaxe for digging the fossa. nec tertium Caepio sustinere potuerunt: omnes fugati. _Dolabella_. cum terras eorum inundasset Oceanus. i. very rare in this sense. misere legatos in castra Silani. which fell into the lap of Marius when a boy.e. 3. with seven young ones in it. The State was no longer free when Augustus received this title. inde ad Senatum {5} petentes ut populus Martius aliquid sibi terrae daret. 248. . the Eagle.Hic tamen et Cimbros et summa pericula rerum Excipit et solus trepidantem protegit urbem. emphatic. Cf. nisi Marius illi saeculo contigisset. +Iovis pinnata satelles+. +in omni monte+.e. . --D. JUVENAL. 244. . always accorded to the new Emperor. . Sed quas daret terras populus Romanus._ viii. +libera+ = _while yet free_. B5 _The Annihilation of the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae. i. +patrem patriae:+ under the Empire the title _pater patriae_ became a formal one. +Cimbros+. Faustaque signa suae laudis reditusque notavit. novas sedes toto orbe quaerebant. Actum erat. quod nequiverant precibus.] Compare Plutarch's story of the eagle's nest.--Duff. _and sleeps on the staff of Zeus his eagle_.] B. 243-250. 102 B. _From a poem by Cicero on his fellow-townsman Marius._ Cimbri et Teutones ab extremis Germaniae profugi. +Surrigit+ (= _surgit_) = _raises up_. Consul et eversa felix moriturus in urbe Poenas ante dabat scelerum.º 70 75 80 .C. Plutarch. founded by Sextius Calvinus 122 B. iii. [Linenotes: 5. the movement of the German races southward was for the present stopped.C.000 (Vell. `Non alios.C. defeated by Cimbri. ea caedes hostium fuit ut victor Romanus cruento flumine non plus aquae biberit quam sanguinis barbarorum. Ep. 15. Ihne.C. Junius Silanus. certe necessitate acta virtus {20} victoriae causa fuit. Cum post Teutonicos victor Libycosque triumphos Exsul limosa Marius caput abdidit ulva. _Hist. dubium. IV. Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant. defeated by Cimbrians at Arausio. 109 B. Mors ipsa refugit Saepe virum. on the Rhone. our _compendium_ = _an abridgement_. says: `The 6th Oct.' Itaque tanto ardore pugnatum est. {25} FLORUS.+ 150.) and 200. proelio oppressit. B6 MARIUS. 14. _Lucullus_ 27. frustraque hosti concessa potestas. Rome was saved. `en. 16. Consultone id egerit imperator an errorem in consilium verterit.' --Ihne.C. et nostris aquarum nulla erat copia. +Silani+ = M. _de republica_. +compendiis+ = _short ways_. Fortuna. the champion of the people. +Actum erat+. vol.+ Propert. `motus tum fata parabant. 1-9 (sel). = Aix.C. 98-105. lxviii.+ Plutarch. Rome_. prioresque Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus {15} adsecutus in loco quem Aquas Sextias vocant. Livy Ep. like the fatal day of the Allia. 41-44. sc.Ille mira statim velocitate occupatis compendiis praevenit hostem. Viderat immensum tenebroso in carcere lumen Terribilesque deos scelerum Mariumque futurum Audieratque pavens: ªFas haec contingere non est Colla tibi: debet multas his legibus aevi Ante suam mortes: vanum depone furorem. Nam flagitante aquam exercitu. Stagna avidi texere soli laxaeque paludes Depositum. 11. lxviii. Sanguinis invisi: primo qui caedis in ictu[35] Deriguit ferrumque manu torpente remisit.). III. 105 B.] +Parallel Passages. `Si viri estis' inquit. A. +caedes hostium.' 12. 157-86 B. 101 B.). v._ Atque aliquis magno quaerens exempla timori.' inquit. +Aquas Sextias+.000 (Liv. 18 miles N. 390 B. of Marseilles.. `By the great victories of Aquae Sextiae and of Vercellae (over the Cimbri. was marked in the calendar as a black day. 23. illic habetis. tuum: mox vincula ferri Exedere senem longusque in carcere paedor. iii. _Marius_. and the saviour of Rome was Marius. +Mallius--Caepio+. +References. pp. on which day the battle was fought. _His Flight from Sulla: Consul for the 7th time. cf. ii. 278-282.. non solum eas quas audistis. Sulla P.E. +References. partim interemit. +in carcere+.e. 16-17 _debet . _Pharsalia_. _Marius_.] B. . There were extensive marshes in the neighbourhood. +Exsul. sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt--eius modi fuerunt. ut non reconciliatione concordiae. unstained with any blood save that of foreign foes. of Latium._ x.' --Ihne. neque hanc urbem conflagrare. _actu_. quid Roma beatius umquam. 45-48. 70.C. vol. protecting him because the gods were angry with Rome. quae non ad delendam.] 85 [Linenotes: 67. sed et has quas vosmetipsi meministis atque vidistis. as a second Romulus or Camillus. quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate reipublicae. _Marius outlived his powers and his reputation.. 3. custodem huius urbis. servate senem.+ Ov. _Sat. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla: ne dici quidem opus est. x. mortes_._ iv. _P. pp. Octavius consul armis ex Urbe collegam suum expulit: omnis his locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit.e._ Etenim recordamini. lumina civitatis {10} exstincta sunt. B7 _Cicero on Civil Strife. 73. +paedor+ = _filth_. Cf. Cum de Teutonico vellet descendere curru? JUVENAL. sed ad commutandam rempublicam {15} pertinebant--non illi nullam esse rempublicam. L. Juv. Ihne. caps. Ep. Sulpicium oppressit: ex Urbe eiecit C. +Fortuna+. 111-12. +exempla timori+ = _precedents to hear out his fears_. 72. i. 276-278. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones. sed in ea quae esset se esse principes.+ 88-7 B. 38-end. +Parallel Passages.' LUCAN. sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint._ Quid illo cive tulisset Natura in terris. at Minturnae. v. Marium. pp.Si libet ulcisci deletae funera gentis. _Marius outlived his fame. 336-7._ `Had he now died. For details see Plut. i. he would have gone down to posterity as one of the greatest men of his people. . Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario: tum vero. Cn. [Footnote 35: Postgate. Cimbri. vol. Si circumducto captivorum agmine et omni Bellorum pompa animam exhalasset opimam. _Marius_. Hunc. 67-85. the _evil_ destiny of Rome. --H. +legibus aevi+ = _the laws that govern time_ = _fatis_. multosque fortes viros partim {5} eiecit ex civitate. 38-40. {20} 280 . iv.+ Plut. --Haskins. caps. S. 82. . Quirites. omnes civiles dissensiones. clarissimis viris interfectis. +P. Octavius+. Cf. Caesar. exemplum proscriptionis invenit. one of Sulla's chief supporters. +lumina civitatis+. i. nisi mox Sullana esset secuta. et utinam ultimus.. The victims of the Sullanian proscriptions. Antonius. Consul 87 B. bought over by Marius. ii._ iii. [Linenotes: 4. Q. Vell. ii. Pat. exstincta sunt+. Cf. distinguished orator. 10. e. the conqueror (with Marius) in the Cimbric War. 22 `Nihil illa victoria fuisset crudelius.CICERO. 11-13. Expelled his colleague Cinna. the brothers L. +Superavit . carried the Leges Sulpiciae. Octavius and L. 9-11.C. Catulus.g.'] +P©¡©. 87-6 B. +Cn. Sulpicium+. 28 `Primus ille (Sulla). and C.C.. Marius Consul for the 7th time. _In Cat. The Reign of Terror.C.e. As Tribunus Plebis 88 B.' 10. the Consuls Cn. 6. Merula. Pat. Vell. the orator M. Murdered in his curule chair. .  . Livius Drusus. By the Sempronian Laws of C. _exclusive judicial rights had been given to the Equites_. . Qui cum senatui priscum restituere cuperet decus et indicia ab equitibus ad {5} eum transferre ordinem ._ Deinde interiectis paucis annis tribunatum iniit M. B8 _Tribunate of M. quae pro senatu moliebatur. similem mei civem habebit res publica? Hunc finem clarissimus iuvenis vitae habuit. as a counterpoise to the power of the Senate.+ Horace. senatum habuit adversarium non intellegentem. vir nobilissimus. and xvi. veluti illiciendae multitudinis causa fieri. . 13-14. sanetissimus. 1-14. This he believed could be accomplished only by the utter annihilation of his opponents. si qua de plebis commodis ab eo agerentur.+ Sulla was not like Marius swayed by feelings of revenge alone. propinqui amicique. _Epodes_ vii. 4-6. . effudit vocem convenientissimam conscientiae suae: ecquandone. +Drusus. His main object was the public good. Gracchus 123 B.C. he aspired to a task which surpassed his strength..+ `Generous and free from all selfishness and meanness. Tum conversus Drusi animus. intuens circumstantium macrentiumque {20} frequentiam. Denique {10} ea fortuna Drusi fuit.' --Ihne. which in his conviction was to be realised by a return to the older institutions of the republic. meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. [Linenotes: 3-4. 91 B. immensa {15} illa et incondita. ad dandam civitatem Italiae: quod cum moliens revertisset e foro. cinctus multitudine in area domus suae cultello percussus. in eis ipsis. The corruption of the Equites (as Judices) .. inquit. but without political experience. eloquentissimus. +The Sullanian Proscriptions. Passages. qui affixus lateri eius relictus est.C. adroitness and knowledge of men. ut minoribus perceptis maiora permitteret. intra paucas horas decessit. quae eum semper comitabatur. ii. Livius Drusus. quando bene incepta male cedebant. but rather a barrier against the rage of over-zealous partisans. ut malefacta collegarum quamvis optime ab ipso cogitatis senatus probaret magis. Sed cum ultimum redderet spiritum. The Proscriptions were not however intended to be an encouragement to indiscriminate murder. _de Oratore_ iii. Qui satis est mensis: laudant hoc numina ruris. v. _Advice of the Sabellian father to his sons. purpura ducit. 1.+ Ihne.] B. 18.' . postquam ille domestico scelere oppressus est. O pueri. 91-88 B. 7._ `Vivite contenti casulis et collibus istis._ vol. +Reference. 14. chief town of Picenum. quam in spem eos cupidine dominationis Drusus erexerat. _Cause and Outbreak of the War at Asculum. eadem fax. Nil vetitum fecisse volet.C. quaecumque est. sc. quae illum cremavit. (1) A._ 56. 10.' B9 HE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR. Quorum ope et auxilio gratae post munus aristae Contingunt homini veteris fastidia quercus. 176-189. Inde iam passim ab omni parte Italiae duce et auctore belli discursante Poppaedio diversa per populos et urbes signa cecinere. _Hist. III. in ipsa quidem ludorum {10} frequentia trucidatis qui tum aderant ab urbe legatis. and had his measures been carried Rome might have been spared the most terrible of her civil wars.+ `The final issue of the war confirmed the justice and the wisdom of the reforms planned by the Gracchi and by Livius Drusus.+ Asculum (Ascoli). but the overbearing pride and self-sufficiency of the Roman citizens proved too strong. the selected Knights to be included in the now attenuated ranks of the Senate. +iustissime.' --Ihne. . `panem quaeramus aratro. +Latinarum+. socios in arma et in expugnationem urbis {5} accendit. `Drusus was the Mirabeau of the social revolution of Rome. {15} FLORUS. quem non pudet alto 185 Per glaciem perone tegi. Florus. peregrina ignotaque nobis Ad scelus atque nefas.). Primum fuit belli consilium ut in Albano monte festo die Latinarum Iulius Caesar et Marcius Philippus consules inter sacra et aras immolarentur. . Hoc fuit impii belli sacramentum. The opening and closing scene of the war. Asculo furor omnis erupit. socii iustissime postularent. iii. the solemn festival conducted by the Consuls on the Alban Mount. 153.] +Parallel Passages. +ad dandam civitatem Italiae. _Feriarum_. quam viribus auxerant. xviii. 3-10 (sel. qui summovet Euros Pellibus inversis.+ The claims of the Italians to the franchise were just and pressing._ Cum ius civitatis. Postquam id nefas proditione discussum est. . and Drusus proposed to transfer the judicial functions to a mixed body of 300 Senators and 300 Knights.' Marsus dicebat et Hernicus olim 180 Vestinusque senex. [Linenotes: 2. pp. +Asculo.+ Cic. and _pro Cluent.was flagrant. (2) A. +Hanc+. Papirius Carbo.e. _Fasti_. 7. _Leucothea_. i. the backbone of Rome's army. Tolenus (Turano) by the Marsian Vettius Scato. 182. 179-188. The Lex Julia of L. +lege+. Cn.e. Liber and Priapus. Pompeius. _Defeat and Death of Rutilius. 187. +Marsus . cum P. of Lake Fucinus) to be the Italian rallying-point.. --Duff. granting the _civitas_ to the Latins and to all the other Italian States not in rebellion._ Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis: si qui {5} foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent. and the seat of a new State.. Julius Caesar 90 B. 91-88 B. 563-566. _Sat. The Federals chose Corfinium (E. _pro Archia_. inter bina castra collocutus est. had weakened the resistance. duce Marsorum. sed ut in eam 566 . . CICERO. _Cicero's first and only Campaign. flumenque Toleni Purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis. [Linenotes: 179. si tum. defeated and slain at the R.C._ xiv. nulla suberat suspicio. {10} consul me praesente. +collibus istis+. Vettio Scatone. cum essem tiro in eius exercitu.g. +pellibus inversis+ = skins with the hair turned inwards. +numina ruris+. memorant dixisse `Rutili? Luce mea Marso consul ab hoste cades. e. the Lex Plautia Papiria of the tribines M. consul 90 B.'] C. _The Lex Plautia Papiria of 89 B. ut eriperent nobis socii civitatem.] B10 THE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR. Rutilius. Hernicus ... in the central mountain range of Italy.. 487-490] [Linenote: 563. 4. [Hallam VI. ._ Hanc tibi.] B.. Non enim.JUVENAL. Plautius Silvanus and C. vi. The Lex Plautia Papiria `scattered among the Italian ranks the seeds of discord and dissolution. mediocre etiam odium.' Exitus accessit verbis. Sabellian peoples noted for their bravery and simplicity. +Rutili+. sc._ Memini colloquia et cum acerrimis hostibus et cum gravissime dissidentibus civibus. in Italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi. i. goddess of the sea and of harbours. necessitate hostem.C. 180-181.' Erat in colloquio aequitas: {15} nullus timor. `Quo properas'.C. Vestinus+. +alto perone+ = a high rustic boot of raw hide. Quem cum Scato salutasset. Ceres. . OVID. `quem te appellem?' inquit: `voluntate hospitem.C. 185-196. cum lex ferebatur. [Linenotes: 5. ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingeni incredibilis. exstincta. _His Character and Bearing.. CORNELIUS SULLA. litteris Graecis et Latinis iuxta atque doctissimi eruditus. the Lentuli and Scipios)._ Igitur Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit. before 81 B. 138-78 B.. [Linenotes: 1. Of these the Sullae were the least known.reciperentur petebant. ioca atque {20} seria cum humillumis agere. quod prava ambitio solet. multarum rerum ac maxumae pecuniae largitor. +ante civilem victoriam+. +Asculi eversione.C.. solertissumus omnium in paucis {15} tempestatibus factus est. xviii. 27. eruditus. B11 L.C. multique dubitavere fortior {10} an felicior esset. FLORUS. pp. ipse ab nullo repetere. numquam super industriam fortuna fuit. _Jug. invitus accipere. . III. v. sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere. _Phil. +litteris Graecis . 14. animo ingenti. consulis aut cuiusquam boni famam laedere. cf.e._ xii. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare. 9. D. however. tantum modo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati. which is far the most important for the State. _Jug. CICERO. +familia .+ The siege was memorable for the desperate patriotism of the besieged under their leader Judacilius. Atque illi.+ Ihne. rudis antea et ignarus belli. and capture of the city.+ Contrast the proud boast of Marius:--`I have learnt no Greek: in the knowledge. 190-220. siege of Saguntum. incertum habeo pudeat an pigeat magis disserere. Nam postea quae fecerit. multis rogantibus aliis per se ipse dare beneficia. uti supra dictum est._ vol. I am a master. +nobilis+. magis id laborare ut illi quam plurimi deberent.e. {5} facundus callidus et amicitia facilis. {25} SALLUST. of a patrician family which had held curule offices..' --Sall. plerosque antevenire. 96. _The battle near Asculum. cupidus voluptatum sed gloriae cupidior: tamen ab negotiis numquam voluptas remorata. Igitur Sulla. i. [Linenote: 20. in operibus in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse neque interim. 2-3. _Hist. 11.+ The Cornelii were a distinguished _gens_ in early times and included 7 patrician families (e.] +Reference. familia prope iam exstincta maiorum ignavia. felicissumo omnium ante civilem victoriam._ 85. i. 1-2._ 95.g. postquam in Africam atque in castra Mari cum equitatu venit._ Strabo vero Pompeius omnia flammis ferroque populatus non prius finem caedium fecit quam Asculi {20} eversione manibus tot exercituum consulum direptarumque urbium dis litaretur. +tutorum+ = (_at the hands_) _of his guardians_. veneno eum appetivere.. venandi {10} studium finxit.+ Mithridates (_Mithras_ = Persian sun-god) `second only to Hannibal in inextinguishable. sed per silvas vagatus. _Sulla_. as also in military genius. Vell. +exercitum.' Ihne.. et corpus ad omnem virtutis patientiam duravit.000 horse. Cf. he had collected a motley force of 250. 4. 3. supra aetatem regente equum Mithridate. sed in campo. 22. disserere.+ Sulla assumed the name Felix on the death of the younger Marius 82 B. JUSTINUS. 88 B. East. +multus adesse+ = _frequently visited_.C. 2.] . vi. ut caelum omne conflagrare videretur. Puer tutorum insidias {5} passus est. and Mommsen.] B. nec inter sodales. 11-12. [Linenotes: 19. quo genitus est. +Huius.+ At the outbreak of the War with Rome. ne inimici. aut equo aut cursu aut viribus contendebat. et eo. Veritus deinde. North and West. cum quibusdam etiam viribus {15} congredi. Nam et eo. A. _His Preparations for Conquest. +Nam postea . Exercitum quoque suum ad parem laboris patientiam cotidiana exercitatione {25} durabat. _Sulla_. Quibus rebus et insidias vitavit. adsuetus feras cursu aut fugere aut persequi. 24._ Ad regni deinde administrationem cum accessisset.+ He subdued all the coast districts of the Euxine. diversis montium regionibus pernoctabat ignaris omnibus. life-long hostility to Rome. quo regnare primum coepit._ 17.' 20. as far as the Hister (Danube). anno. iv. cap. sed de augendo regno cogitavit. 130-63 B. nec in avocationibus. _tueor. +avocationibus+ = _in diversions_ (very rare).' --Merivale. +illi+ more strictly _sibi_--`a negligence not unfrequent.10-11. statim non de regendo. 22. Plut. sed inter aequales. non in convivio.+ Cf.' B12 MIHRIDAES THE GREAT.. Patere. II._ Huius futuram magnitudinem etiam caelestia ostenta praedixerant. 139-142: `One of the most marvellous characters in history.000 foot and 40.C. Cf. pp. quibus esset locis. xxxvii. +multus+ = _saepe_. Plut. 2: `Sulla vir qui neque ad finem victoriae satis laudari neque post victoriam abunde vituperari potest.C. stella cometes per utrumque tempus LXX diebus ita luxit. quo per septem annos neque urbano neque rustico tecto usus est. +fortior an felicior.] For +character of Sulla+ cf. Hieme deinde appetente. xvii. ferro peragerent. Itaque Scythas invictos antea ingenti {20} felicitate perdomuit. 5. [Linenotes: 1. atque ita invictus ipse inexpugnabilem exercitum fecerat. +ad omnem virtutis patientiam+ = _to all manly endurance_. quod veneno non potuerant. qui eum fero equo impositum equitare iacularique cogebant: qui conatus cum eos fefellissent. +de augendo regno. _His Youth and Early Training. C. carried the war into Europe.+ Sulla had about 30. +Historic Parallels. 86 B. in secunda acie phalangem Macedonicam.000 Romans only) against 120.+ It was a great victory. 17. cf. circumeundi hostis causa posuit. 5.+ Alexander.. partly because Sulla had no fleet. but the results were trifling. +falcatas quadrigras. {15} Tum postsignanis qui in secunda acie erant imperavit ut densos numerososque palos firme in terram defigerent. quem in novissimo conlocaverat. cum Sulla instaret et Archelaus equitem opposuisset.C. e.C. and resisted for 25 years the first generals of his time. Peter the Great. ii. FRONTINUS. Romani equites {25} subito emissi averterunt eos consummaverantque victoriam. consecutus est. +Archelaus+ (and his brother Neoptolemus) `trained in the traditions and experience of Greek and Macedonian masters. B14 FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR. but had actually led to a partial disaster.g. use of war elephants. Contra haec Sulla fossas amplae latitudinis utroque latere duxit et capitibus earum castella communiit: qua {10} ratione. united almost the whole Eastern world in an attack on the Republic.000 men (15. in tertia Romanorum more armatos auxiliares.' 2. 88-84 B. {5} levem armaturam in ultimo statuit. intraque eos appropinquantibus quadrigis antesignanorum aciem recepit: tum demum sublato universorum clamore velites et levem armaturam {20} ingerere tela iussit. Quibus factis quadrigae hostium aut implicitae palis aut exterritae clamore telisque in suos conversae sunt turbaveruntque Macedonum structuram: qua cedente. B13 FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR. +pervicaciae+ = _steadfastness_ (_per_ + _vic_. Sullam in fronte ad perturbandum hostem falcatas quadrigas locavit. in utroque deinde latere equitatum. (2) . 41.C.C. Triplicem deinde peditum aciem ordinavit relictis intervallis per quae levem armaturam et equitem.--a Sulla. Brilliant Tactics of Sulla.+ `The war-chariots on this as on other occasions (e. emitteret. and at Zama 202 B. and partly because his political enemies at Rome were bent on crippling him. consecutus est. 23. quorum pervicaciae plurimum fidebat.C. Cf.' --Ihne. (1)?] _The Battle of Chaeronea. at Beneventum 275 B. 3. Hannibal. Cf. cuius amplum numerum habebat.] +Historic Parallel. cum res exegisset. 27.' --Ihne. at Magnesia) had not only proved a failure. _vinco_). [Linenotes: 1. ne circuiretur ab hoste et peditum numero et maxime equitatu superante. 11-12.000.+ `With one blow he overthrew the Roman dominion in Asia. _Strategemata_.+Mithridates.+ Archelaus had 60 of these chariots armed with scythes projecting.g. +qua ratione .+ The Battle of Magnesia 190 B._ Archelaus adversus L. Livy xxxvii. a Lucullus. mixtis fugitivis Italicae gentis. and a Pompeius. 88-84 B. +victoriam. +turbaverunt.. +Piraei portus. 3. oppugnabantur ab amicis et animos extra moenia. 12. . captivos recepit. had made himself master of Athens. because his presence was needed at Rome. Asia omnibusque aliis provinciis. paternis. _Battle of Orchomenus. with his bodyguard of 2000 men and the bribe of Delos and its treasure.C. . as distinguished from the success of a party..' --Ihne.+ This was strongly held by Archelaus. _Peace of Dardanus.' --Ihne. = `The great victory at Orchomenus was the turning-point in the War. End of the First Mithridatic War. Nam oppressi (Athenienses) {5} Mithridatis armis homines miserrimae condicionis cum ab inimicis tenerentur._ Transgressus deinde in Asiam Sulla parentem ad omnia supplicemque Mithridatem invenit. 7. +The terms of peace+ were (i) Restoration of all conquests. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. {15} FRONTINUS. B15 ._ Sulla interim cum Mithridatis praefectis circa Athenas ita dimicavit. +cum . _Capture of Athens and the Piraeus. +ut Athenas reciperet. si quis quaesisset. and was taken only after a most obstinate defence. . Sulla restores the Fight. 86 B. tenerentur. stricto gladio in primam aciem procucurrit appellansque milites dixit. ubi imperatorem reliquissent._ L. id est Ponticis finibus contentum esse iussit.+ The contemptible adventurer Aristion. quas armis occupaverat.+ Sulla reduced the city by starvation. ut et Athenas reciperet et plurimo circa multiplices Piraei portus munitiones labore expleto amplius CC milia hostium interficeret nec minus multa caperet. 23.' Sulla was anxious to secure peace.. responderent pugnantem in Boeotia: cuius rei pudore universi eum secuti sunt. (iii) Indemnity of 3000 talents. in perfugas noxiosque {20} animadvertit. Florus says `Non fregit ea res Ponticos. quem multatum pecunia ac parte navium.A.] B. (ii) Surrender of 80 ships and of all prisoners.C. `No previous general had shown so great a mastery of the art of war and such care and interest for the welfare of the State. [Linenote: 10-15.] +Sulla's Conduct of the War+. ii. ii. [Linenotes: 2. decedere coegit.C. 23. [Linenote: 16-22. 8. ii.] C. Sulla. sed incendit. 85 B. cedentibus iam legionibus exercitui {10} Mithridatico ductu Archelai. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. corpora necessitati servientes intra muros habebant. 84 B. _Strategemata_. _Pharsalia_. i. At Pontius Telesinus. +Pontius Telesinus+. 134-138. gate of Rome near the _Collis_ Quirinalis. Post primam demum horam noctis et Romana acies respiravit et hostium cessit. contractis circiter XL milibus fortissimae pertinacissimaeque in retinendis armis iuventutis Kal. quo circumvolans ordines exercitus sui Telesinus dictitansque adesse Romanis ultimum {15} diem vociferabatur eruendam delendamque urbem.C. 83-82 B. `The issue of the whole war. with the left wing. at least on Italian ground.C. where Sulla totally defeated the Marians. nisi silva. l.. esset excisa. +paene+. was driven back by the Samnites to the walls of Rome.+ Sulla. Telesinus {20} postera die semianimis repertus est. Sulla Felix.E. 135. 82 B. quam eo die._ 135 . dux Samnitium._ A. was decided by the battle of the Colline Gate. quae non maius periculum adiit Hannibalis intra tertium miliarium conspicata castra. Novembribus ita ad portam Collinam cum Sulla {10} dimicavit. +apud Sacriportum+.e. with _mutavit_. victoris magis quam morientis vultum praeferens. +Collina Porta+.' --Ihne. Tum cum. in quam refugere solerent. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS.C. N. vir animi bellique fortissimus penitusque Romano nomini infestissimus. (1) _Battles of Sacriportus and the Colline Gate. +Romana acies respiravit. but Crassus with the right wing was completely victorious. `a kinsman in name and temper of the hero of 321 B.] B16 SECOND CIVIL WAR. castra. adiciens numquam deluturos raptores Italicae libertatis lupos. Iam quot apud Sacri cecidere cadavera Portum Aut Collina tulit stratas quot porta catervas.C. 20. under the younger Marius. paene caput mundi rerumque potestas Mutavit translata locum. 27. ut ad summum discrimen et eum et rempublicam perduceret..] B. near Praeneste. ii.' 12-14. 136. 83-82 B. (2) A.+ `As Hannibal had tried to relieve the closely pressed Capua by a direct attack on Rome. cuius abscisum caput ferro figi gestarique circa Praeneste Sulla iussit. and to him the final victory was due. [Linenotes: 6.SECOND CIVIL WAR. ii. Romanaque Samnis Ultra Caudinas speravit volnera Furcas. +quae . [Linenotes: 134. LUCAN. _Death of the Younger Marius. Pontius Telesinus thought to draw off the besieging army from Praeneste by threatening the Capital.' --Ihne. 137. manus. History will repeat itself. i. .. who had lived through the Marian and Sullan times. +C._ `Sulla quoque immensis accessit cladibus ultor.. +Tum+. +Sulla .+ = _all crimes were not committed for one man's sake_. B17 A. Hisne Salus rerum. to please Sulla. Marius. --Haskins. [Linenotes: 139. _The Sullan Proscriptions.+ `He possessed his father's martial spirit. De quo iuvene quid {5} existimaverit Sulla. Sic maesta senectus Praeteritique memor flebat metuensque futuri. +sic maesta senectus. LUCAN. in promptu est. 146. 82 B.C. _Pharsalia_.] B. but of a cool political calculation. occiso enim demum eo Felicis nomen adsumpsit. i. 141-143.] +The Proscriptions.e..+ `They were the product not of passion or thirst of blood. [Linenotes: 1. qui miro opere fabricati in diversas agrorum partes fuerunt. nimiumque secuta est. . His meruit tumulum medio sibi tollere Campo? Haec rursus patienda manent: hoc ordine belli Ibitur: hic stabit civilibus exitus armis. . courage and unyielding perseverance. . Excessit medicina modum. predicts similar horrors of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. Ille quod exiguum restabat sanguinis urbi Hausit: dumque nimis iam putria membra recidit. . _Sulla appointed Dictator. manus. conatus erumpere. ..C. +non uni . i. --H. . Felix his Sulla vocari.+ Sulla is compared to a surgeon who in too great haste to remove the mortified flesh cuts away the sound flesh also.Tum demum desperatis rebus suis C. VELL.' --Ihne. Qua morbi duxere.. ii.e. . 232. 223-224. 27. a dispositis in id ipsum interemptus est.' --Ihne. 2. +dumque . +per cuniculos+ = _through subterranean passages_.e. 81 B. quod quidem usurpasset iustissime. ultor+ = _Sulla too in his vengeance came to crown these fearful disasters_.. Marius adulescens per cuniculos. Sed fecit sibi quisque nefas: semel omnia victor Iusserat . . ii. Non uni cuncta dabantur.' . +hoc ordine belli ibitur+ = _in this course of war events will move_. cum foramine e terra emersisset. si eundem et vincendi et vivendi finem habuisset._ 139 143 145 221 232 233 . 221-224. 139-148. resolutaque legum Frenis ira ruit.+ An old man. . and the conviction of its inevitable necessity. Tum data libertas odiis. after Sulla's victory at the Colline Gate. . PAT. C.' SUETONIUS. the chief magistrate of Puteoli.. uti appareat populum Romanum usum dictatoris haud metu desiderasse tali quo timuisset potestatem) imperio.+ Titus Ampius Balbus. for it was to be the symbol of the Republic. princeps eius coloniae pecuniam a decurionibus ad refectionem Capitolii promissam cunctantius daret. had kept back money destined for the building of the new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. [Linenotes: 1-2. Sulla's task was of _a general nature and all-comprehensive range_. +cuius honoris . which is _the unlimited duration of office_. 11-12.+ The last real Dictator (M. qui dictaturam deposuerit.' --Ihne. intermissa. _Sulla lays down his Dictatorship. Igitur in dubio est {20} Sullane prior an iracundia Sullae sit extincta.. .C. 3. [Linenotes: 9. 81 B. usus est. ii. was without a liberal education._ Puteolis enim ardens indignatione. [Linenote: 13. nam proximus post annum quam Hannibal Italia excesserat. ut Titus Ampius scribit. 5-8. or (ii) S.. {15} animi concitatione nimia atque immoderato vocis impetu convulso pectore.C. nec senio iam prolapsus. VALERIUS MAXIMUS. utpote sexagesimum ingrediens annum. a Pompeian general. Junius Pera) was appointed after Cannae 216 B. quod Granius.' --Ihne.C. _Death of Sulla. had not profited by the teachings of History. 28.] B18 THE LEGES CORNELIAE. +impotentiae+ = _arrogance_ (lack of self-restraint). ix. eo in immodicae crudelitatis licentiam usus est. 10. The old one was destroyed by fire 83 B. spiritum cruore ac minis mixtum evomuit. +Sullam nescisse litteras+ = (i) S. sed alita miseriis reipublicae inpotentia furens. 8.+ `The Dictator of the first age of the Republic down to the Punic Wars had always a _well-defined special duty to discharge in a given time_._ Nec minoris impotentiae voces propalam edebat. {10} appellationem modo sine corpore ac specie. restored as he fondly hoped by him to its pristine purity. _Divus Iulius_. `It was Sulla's great desire that his name should be recorded on the front of the new temple. and he had the most essential of all monarchical attributes.. Sullam nescisse litteras.] C.] B. 78 B. `Nihil esse rempublicam. +Ampius. 79 B. 77. {5} quo priores ad vindicandum maximis periculis patriam usi erant. +Granius+.C. +imperio quo .Dictator creatus (cuius honoris usurpatio per annos centum et viginti intermissa. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. `washed away'). +eluerentur+ = _had squandered_ (lit. and to the new Senate thus constituted he entrusted the administration of justice. _A Sumptuary Law. _Limitation of the Tribune's Right of Veto._ In ista quidem re vehementer Sullam probo. e. 32. Lepidi_. ii.g. [Linenotes: 5. exutus imperio gloria iure._ Populus Romanus. CICERO.] B. ceteris autem diebus omnibus non amplius tricenos. Gracchus ereptum senatui ad Equites. +servilia alimenta+ = _a slave's allowance of food_.' --Ihne. _Hist. _the legal protection of the people from the abuse of magisterial power_. Sulla ab illis ad Senatum transtulerat. SALLUST. agitandi inops despectusque ne servilia quidem alimenta relicua habet. [Linenote: 12. Idibus. qua cautum est. 3. iii. The transformation of the state into . _vitam sustentandi_) = _without means of livelihood. 9._ L.A. 24. M.] D.] +L  s Corneliae. ii._ 6. +agitandi inops+ (i. legem ad populam tulit. _Restoration of Judicial Functions to the Senators. Sulla filled up the gaps in the Senate from the ranks of the Equites.] C._ Iudicandi munus quod C. 22.. ut Kalendis. Nonis diebusque ludorum et feriis quibusdam {15} sollemnibus sestertios trecenos in cenam insumere ius potestasque esset. cum plerique in patrimoniis amplis eluerentur et familiam pecuniamque suam prandiorum conviviorumque gurgitibus proluissent.+ `Sulla's legislation was an attempt to revive what was dead and gone. AULUS GELLIUS. The time had arrived when the old republican institutions could last no longer. Sulla abolished the largesses of corn. 11. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. Limiting the Expense of the Table. _de Legibus_. [Linenote: 8-10. paullo ante gentium moderator.+ `Sulla limited the office of tribune to the original functions for which it was established. [Linenotes: 2. +iniuriae faciendae+. +auxili ferendi. Sulla dictator. _Abolition of Corn Distributions. by their abuse of the right of veto. Orat. auxili ferendi reliquerit.e. qui tribunis plebis sua lege iniuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit. but was defeated by Q. pessumis servorum. sc. quae sceleri et parricidio suo nomina indidit. quibus labefactis. annuite legibus impositis.+ Sulla restored the judicial functions to the Senate (from the Equites). 24-25. agris+. {25} SALLUST.e. praemia penes paucos intellegerint. Quare igitur tanto agmine atque animis incedit? Quia secundae res mire sunt vitiis obtentui._ Nam praeter satellites commaculatos quis eadem volt? aut quis non omnia mutata praeter victorem? Scilicet milites. +parricidio+ = _treason_. utique iura et iudicia sibimet extorquerent. Aemillus Lepidus+.C.C. +The Sultan Constitution.C.C. neque aliter rempublicam et belli finem ait. 13-14. 9.. accipite otium cum servitio et tradite exemplum posteris ad populum Romanum suimet sanguinis mercede circumveniundum..] +M. divitiae partae sunt! Itaque maxumam mihi fiduciam parit victor exercitus. 77 B. i. _draw a veil over_. nisi forte specie {15} concordiae et pacis. cui {5} per tot volnera et labores nihil praeter tyrannum quaesitum est. praeda civilis acerbissima. 10. M. ius iudiciumque omnium rerum penes se. cum relegati in paludes et {10} silvam contumeliam atque invidiam suam. took up arms against the State. Lepidi_.+ Sulla established 120. [Linenotes: 1. Orat. B19 _Speech of Lepidus against Sulla. maxuma turbamenta reipublicae atque exitia probate. He posed as leader of the democratic party. For +obtentui+ cf.. by the Leges Corneliae 81 B. Catulus at the Milvian Bridge. +iudicia.000 soldiers in military colonies in different parts of Italy. +Quia . (1) _Sertorius and his Fawn. but without Sulla's ability.a monarchy was inevitable. --Holden. 78 B. a disappointed Optimate. obtentui+ = _because prosperity serves in a marvellous manner to cover a man's faults of character_.+ It had as little endurance as that of Cromwell. i.' 7-8. for.' --Ihne. +relegati in paludes. especially of those Italians who had fought against him. tam contemnetur. circumveniundum+ = _for oppressing_ (enslaving) _the people of Rome_. during the consulship of Pompeius and Crassus. quod populi Romani fuit. per arma conditam a maioribus suis. R. 18. egregia scilicet mercede. +nisi . B20 WAR WITH SERTORIUS IN SPAIN. +ad p. `His luck is not so great as he supposes. Sulla's confiscations of estates.C. nisi maneat expulsa agris plebes. jealous of Sulla's power. quorum sanguine Tarulae Scyrtoque. quam formidatus est. +tribuniciam . _Hist. 78-72 B. Nisi forte tribuniciam potestatem evorsum profecti sunt. +Nam+. 16. Consul 78 B... but their roaming adventurous life had unfitted them for agricultural pursuits. and was finally destroyed in 70 B. evorsum+...e... Quae si vobis {20} pax et concordia intelleguntur.C._ . Huic Sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et vivacissimae celeritatis a Lusitano quodam dono data est. Hanc sibi oblatam divinitus, et instinctam Dianae numine colloqui secum, monereque, et docere, quae utilia factu essent, persuadere omnibus instituit: {5} ac, si quid durius videbatur, quod imperandum militibus foret, a cerva sese monitum tum praedicabat. Id cum dixerat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes parebant. Ea cerva quodam die, cum incursio esset hostium nuntiata, festinatione ac tumultu consternata {10} in fugam se proripuit, atque in palude proxima delituit; et postea requisita perisse credita est. Neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam Sertorio nuntiatur. Tum, qui nuntiaverat, iussit tacere: ac, ne cui palam diceret, interminatus est: {15} praecepitque, ut eam postero die repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, immitteret: admissis deinde amicis postridie, visum sibi esse ait in quiete cervam, quae perisset, ad se reverti, et, ut prius consueverat, quod opus esset facto praedicare. {20} Tum servo, quod imperaverat, significat. Cerva emissa in cubiculum Sertorii introrupit; clamor factus et orta admiratio est: eaque hominum barbarorum credulitas Sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit. {25} GELLIUS, _Noctes Atticae_, xv. 22. [Linenotes: 1. +alba+ = a _dull_ white as opp. to +ater+ = _dull_ black. Cf. +candidus+ = _shining_ white as opp. to +niger+ = _shining_ black. 3. +instinctam+ = _fired_, _animated_. 15. +interminatus+ = _he forbade with threats_. +inter + minor+, freq. in Plautus and Terence. 23-25. `Sertorius did not disdain to turn to account the superstition of the ruder Spanish tribes, and to have his plans of war brought to him as commands of Diana by the white fawn of the goddess.' --M.] +Character of Sertorius.+ `He was the only democratic (Marian) officer who knew how to prepare and to conduct war, and the only democratic statesman who opposed the furious doings of his party with statesmanlike energy. His Spanish soldiers called him the new Hannibal, and not merely because he had, like that hero, lost an eye in war. He in reality reminds us of the great Phoenician by his equally cunning and courageous strategy, and by the quickness of his ingenuity in turning to good account his victories and averting the consequences of his defeats.' --M. B21 WAR WITH SERTORIUS IN SPAIN (2) A. _A New Hannibal._ Sertorius, exsul et profugus feralis illius tabulae, vir summae quidem sed calamitosae virtutis, malis suis maria terrasque permiscuit; et iam Africae, iam Balearibus insulis fortunam expertus usque in Oceanum Fortunatasque insulas penetravit consiliis, {5} tandem Hispaniam armavit. Viro cum viris facile convenit. Nec alias magis apparuit Hispani militis vigor quam Romano duce. Quamquam ille non contentus Hispania ad Mithridatem quoque Ponticosque respexit regemque classe iuvit. Et quid futurum {10} fuit satis tanto hosti, cui uno imperatore resistere res Romana non potuit? Additus Metello Gnaeus Pompeius. Hi copias attrivere viri prope tota Hispania persecuti. Diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est; nec tamen prius bello quam suorum scelere {15} et insidiis extinctus est. FLORUS, III. xxii. 2-6. A. [Linenotes: 1. +feralis illius tabulae+ = _from that fatal list_, i.e. Sulla's list of proscribed Marians 82 B.C. 9-10. +ad Mithridatem ... iuvit.+ In 75 B.C. he concluded a formal treaty of alliance with Mithridates, and sent him the propraetor M. Marius to lead his troops. Cf. alliance between Hannibal and Philip. 14-15. +Diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est+, e.g. the defeat of Pompey near Lauro. (For a graphic account of the strategy by which the battle was won see Frontinus, _Strat._ ii. 5.)] B. _The Death of Sertorius._ M. Perpenna praetorius e proscriptis, gentis clarioris quam animi, Sertorium inter cenam Oscae interemit Romanisque certam victoriam, partibus suis excidium, sibi turpissimam mortem pessimo {20} auctoravit facinore. Metellus et Pompeius ex Hispaniis triumphaverunt. VELL. PATERC. ii. 30. [Linenotes: 17. +M. Perpenna praetorius+ (= _ex-praetor_), with the remnant of the army of Lepidus (defeated by Pompey in 77 B.C.) joined Sertorius in Spain. After serving under Sertorius for some years, through jealousy, he brought about his leader's assassination. 21. +auctoravit+ = _he brought about_. More usu. as +auctorari+ = _to hire oneself out for some service_, e.g. of gladiators.] +The Death of Sertorius.+ `So ended one of the greatest men that Rome had hitherto produced--a man who under more fortunate circumstances would perhaps have become the regenerator of his country.' --M. B22 _Character and Early Career of Lucullus._ Magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili ab eo percepta doctrina, quibus temporibus florere in foro maxime potuit, caruit omnino rebus urbanis. Ut enim admodum adolescens, {5} cum fratre pari pietate et industria praedito, paternas inimicitias magna cum gloria est persecutus, in Asiam quaestor profectus, ibi permultos annos admirabili quadam laude provinciae praefuit: deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor: licebat {10} enim celerius legis praemio: post in Africam: inde ad consulatum: quem ita gessit ut diligentiam admirarentur omnes, ingenium cognoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium quae de virtute eius erat, sed {15} etiam gloriam superiorum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, qui adolescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum tempus, Murena bellum in Ponto gerente, in Asiae pace consumpserat. . . . {20} In eodem tanta prudentia fuit in constituendis temperandisque civitatibus, tanta aequitas, ut hodie stet Asia Luculli institutis servandis et quasi vestigiis persequendis. CICERO, _Academica_, ii. 1. [Linenotes: 1-3. +ingenium+, +studium+, +doctrina+, subjects of +caruit+. 3-5. +quibus temporibus ... urbanis+ = _all this was divorced_ (+caruit+, lit. _was cut off from_) _from the business of the capital, at the season when he might have had a specially brilliant career in the forum_. --J. S. Reid. 6. +paternas inimicitias+ = _his father's quarrel_. The first appearance of Lucullus in public life was as the accuser of the Augur Servilius who had procured the banishment of his father. 7-9. +in Asiam ... praefuit+, i.e. as Sulla's quaestor in the first Mithridatic War, 88-84 B.C. and then till 80 B.C. in charge of the province of Asia (= orig. Kingdom of Pergamus, N.W. part of Asia Minor). 11. +legis praemio+ = _owing to a privilege conveyed by statute_. J. S. R. 13-14. +ad Mithridaticum bellum+, i.e. the 3rd M. War, which he carried on for eight years (74-66 B.C.) with great success, until superseded by Pompeius in 66 B.C. 19-20. +Murena ... gerente.+ Lic. Murena, anxious for distinction, provoked the disastrous 2nd Mithridatic War, 83-81 B.C., when by the peremptory orders of Sulla the peace was renewed. 23. +stet ... servandis+ = _persists in maintaining_ (lit. _stands by_) _the ordinances of L._--J. S. R.] +Reference.+ For _Character of Lucullus_, see Mommsen, vol. iv. pp. 337-8. Cf. also Vell. Paterc. ii. 32. B23 A. _A Soldier of Lucullus._ Luculli miles collecta viatica multis Aerumnis, lassus dum noctu stertit, ad assem Perdiderat; post hoc vehemens lupus, et sibi et hosti Iratus pariter, ieiunis dentibus acer, Praesidium regale loco deiecit, ut aiunt, Summe munito et multarum divite rerum. Clarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis, Accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum. Forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor Nescio quod cupiens hortari coepit eundem Verbis, quae timido quoque possent addere mentem: `I, bone, quo virtus tua te vocat, i pede fausto, Grandia laturus meritorum praemia. Quid stas?' Post haec ille catus, quantumvis rusticus, `Ibit, Ibit eo quo vis qui zonam perdidit,' inquit. HORACE, _Ep._ II. ii. 26-40. [Linenotes: 26. +viatica+ = _savings_ (cf. _prize-money_). +viaticum+ = originally _travelling-money_. 28. +vehemens lupus+ = _a very wolf in his fury_. Cf. Vergil's simile for a forlorn hope--`lupi ceu | Raptores.' --Wickham. 32. +donis honestis+ = _gifts of honour_--i.e. the _corona muralis_, 30 35 40 the _mural crown_, such as is worn by the goddess Cybele. 33. +nummum+ (= _nummorum_) = _in hard cash_. 39. +catus+ = _shrewd_, _witty_, a Sabine word, = _acutus_. 39-40. +Ibit ... quo vis+, the original of Juvenal's _ad caelum, iusseris, ibit_. 40. +zonam+ = _purse_. The +zona+ here was a broad belt made double or hollow to carry money in.] B. _The Wealth of Lucullus._ Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, 40 Si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus, `Qui possum tot?' ait; `tamen et quaeram, et quot habebo Mittam': post paulo scribit sibi milia quinque Esse domi chlamydum; partem vel tolleret omnes. 44 HORACE, _Ep._ I. vi. 40-44. +Subject.+ Horace says `I am like Lucullus' soldier--when his pocket was empty he would volunteer for forlorn hopes; when it was full again he would do so no more. It was poverty that made me write verses.' --W. [Linenotes: 40. +Chlamydes.+ The Chlamys was the light short mantle of the Greeks, here wanted for a pageant on the stage. 44. +tolleret.+ The subj. is the praetor or person giving the show. --W.] +Reference.+ For _the magnificence of his Villas_ at Tusculum and near Neapolis, see Cicero _De Fin._ ii. § 107, _De Leg._ iii. § 30, Pliny, _N. H._ ix. 170. B24 WAR WITH SPARTACUS, 73-71 B.C. _Spartacus and his Gladiators._ Spartacus, Crixus, Oenomaus effracto Lentuli ludo cum triginta aut amplius eiusdem fortunae viris erupere Capua; servisque ad vexillum vocatis cum statim decem amplius milia coissent, homines modo effugisse contenti iam et vindicari volebant. {5} Prima sedes velut rabidis beluis mons Vesuvius placuit. Ibi cum obsiderentur a Clodio Glabro, per fauces cavi montis vitineis delapsi vinculis ad imas eius descendere radices et exitu inviso nihil tale opinantis ducis subito impetu castra rapuerunt. Adfluentibus {10} in diem copiis cum iam esset iustus exercitus, e viminibus pecudumque tegumentis inconditos sibi clipeos et ferro ergastulorum recocto gladios ac tela fecerunt, Indo iam consulares quoque aggressus in Appennino Lentuli exercitum percecidit, apud {15} Mutinam Gai Cassi castra delevit. Tandem enim totis imperii viribus contra mirmillonem consurgunt, pudoremque Romanum Marcus Crassus asseruit: a quo pulsi fugatique hostes in extrema Italiae refugerunt. Ibi circa Bruttium angulum clusi cum {20} fugam in Siciliam pararent neque navigia suppeterent ratesque ex trabibus et dolia connexa virgultis rapidissimo freto frustra experirentur, tandem eruptione facta dignam viris obiere mortem, et quod sub gladiatore duce oportuit, sine missione {25} pugnatum est. Spartacus ipse in primo agmine fortissime dimicans quasi imperator occisus est. FLORUS, III. xx. 3-14 (sel.). [Linenotes: 1. +Spartacus+, by birth a Thracian, who had served among the Thracian auxiliaries in the Roman army, had deserted and become a chief of banditti. He was taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. +Crixus+, +Oenomaus+, the slave-names of two Celts. 1-2. +effracto ludo+ = _broke out of the gladiators' school_. 8. +vitineis vinculis+ = _by means of ropes made of vine-branches_. 9. +inviso+ = _unknown_, lit. _unseen_. 13. +ergastulorum+ = _from the slaves' work-houses_. 17. +mirmillonem.+ The Mirmillones were a class of gladiators usually matched with the Thraces or the _retiarii_ (_net-fighters_). 18. +Marcus Crassus+, the Triumvir of 60 B.C. +asseruit+ = _maintained_. Cf. our _assert_. 21. +in Siciliam+, where the slaves had risen in 133 and 104 B.C., and only waited an impulse to break out a third time. 25. +sine missione+ = _without quarter_. Cf. _missio_ = _the discharge_ from service of soldiers and gladiators.] B25 THE THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR, 74-63 B.C. (1) _Lucullus Ponticus._ Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius adventu maximas Mithridatis {5} copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio summis {10} obsidionis periculis liberavit: ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas patefactumque {15} nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset; Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae permultas uno {20} aditu adventuque esse captas; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse: atque haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. {25} CICERO, _pro Lege Manilia_, 20, 21. [Linenotes: 5-6. +maximas ... fuisse.+ M. had 140,000 well-trained men, Roman officers sent by Sertorius, 16,000 cavalry, a war-fleet of 400 ships, and abundance of stores. 7-11. +urbemque ... liberavit.+ The city of Cyzicus stood on the S. side of the island of the same name in the Propontis (Sea of Marmora), close to the shore of Mȳsia, to which it was joined by two bridges. 12-14. +classem ... depressam+, i.e. probably the Battle of Tenedos 73 B.C., in which Marcus Marius and the ablest of the Roman emigrants met their death, and the whole Aegean fleet of Mithridates was annihilated. 15. +multis proeliis+, e.g. of Cabira, 72 B.C.; Tigranocerta, 69 B.C. 18. +Sinopen.+ +Sinope+, on the W. headland of the great bay of which the delta of the R. Halys forms the E. headland, was the birthplace and residence (+domicilia+) of M. 22. +ad alios reges+, e.g. to his son-in-law, Tigranes of Armenia. 23-24. +salvis ... vectigalibus+, i.e. without ruining the provincial by forced contributions and requisitions.] +Reference.+ For _Siege of Cyzicus_, see Mommsen, vol. iv. pp. 326-328; Frontinus, _Strat._ ii. 13. 6. B26 CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, 106-48 B.C. _His Character, and Career to 66 B.C._ Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum, aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae vulgo esistimantur, labor in {5} negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo, quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse {10} victor L. Sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam: testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate explicavit: testis est Africa, quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum sanguine {15} redundavit: testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est: testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit: testis est iterum et saepius Italia, quae {20} cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit, quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum: testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes. {25} CICERO, _pro Lege Manilia_, 29-31. [Linenotes: 10-12. +Testis est Italia ... liberatam.+ In 83 B.C. Pompeius, aged twenty-four, raised three legions in Picenum, gained several advantages over the Marian generals, and was saluted by Sulla as Imperator. 12-14. +testis est Sicilia ... explicavit.+ In 82 B.C. Pompeius, sent as propraetor to Sicily, quickly took possession of the island for Sulla. 14-16. +testis est Africa ... redundavit.+ In 81 B.C. Pompeius defeated at Utica the Marian Ahenobarbus (allied with Hiarbas of Numidia), and was, though _a simple Roman eques_, granted a triumph by Sulla and saluted as +Magnus+. 16-18. +testis est Gallia ... patefactum est.+ In 77 B.C., on his way to Spain as proconsul against Sertorius, he had to cut his way through the Transalpine Gauls, and laid out a new and shorter road over the Cottian Alps. 21. +servili bello.+ On his return from Spain he cut to pieces the scattered remnants of the army of Spartacus. SUETONIUS. hostia:+ if the victim even tugged at the rope when being led to sacrifice. Cum immolanti aufugisset hostia.. cf. Vell. and forcing it to put to sea again. also Napoleon the Great.+ `We may picture him as a man the dignity of whose bodily presence was in due proportion to the greatness of his mental powers. Cf. 18-19. passus est. assumes that the enemy was crippled even by the mere notion of sending for Pompeius. 14. Africa. Prolapsus etiam in egressu navis. ii. it was considered unfortunate. so Cyrus the Younger and Hannibal. 45. nigris vegetisque oculis.. 5 _Sed procul extensum petulans_ (butting) _quatit hostia funem_. _Pompeius_. capite detecto.+ Plutarch. +gubernatorem . 9. valetudine prospera. Juv..21-23. {15} novissime ipse clam noctu parvulum navigium solus obvoluto capite conscendit. Cic.+ `_Quid times? Caesarem vehis!_' was Caesar's famous exhortation to the pilot. Cf. Once more Antonius set sail with 4 legions and 800 horsemen.] +References. (Florus. 29._ Fuisse traditur excelsa statura. inquit. Paterc. and hence a long slack rope was used. Ne religione quidem ulla a quoquam incepto absterritus {20} umquam vel retardatus est. ad Att. terra mater_.. Armorum et equitandi {5} peritissimus. According to Frontinus his words were `_Teneo te. _Divus Iulius_. ore paulo pleniore. teretibus membris. diligentia est_.) 21-22. +incredibili celeritate+. nisi quod tempore extremo repente animo linqui atque etiam per somnum exterreri solebat. . and had shown great skill in baffling it.. and fortunately a strong S. 24. +Cum . of Dyrrachium).) [Linenotes: 4. profectionem adversus Scipionem et Iubam non distulit. verso ad melius omine Teneo te. quas subsequi iusserat. wind carried him safely to the port of Lissus (N.'] +¨  man Caesar.' --Warde Fowler. longissimas vias incredibili celeritate confecit. seu sol seu imber esset. +cessantibusque copiis+ = _and when the troops delayed their coming_. saepius pedibus anteibat. colore candido. laboris ultra fidem patiens erat. 57-59 (sel. A Brundisio Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes hieme transmisit cessantibusque copiis. xii. imminutum est.. +animo linqui+ = _he was subject to fainting-fits_._ viii. quam paene obrutus fluctibus. +capite detecto+. 8. _Ep. In agmine nonnunquam equo. {10} exercitum neque per insidiosa itinera duxit umquam nisi perspeculatus locorum situs.+ Cic. Caesar did not then know that Antonius had himself been attacked at Brundisium by a Pompeian fleet. In obeundis expeditionibus dubium cautior an audentior. 9 _hoc_ tέraV (= prodigy) _horribili vigilantia. +ab hoc . neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est. cum ad accersendas frustra saepe misisset. celeritate. B27 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (1) _The Man Caesar. of money extorted as a bribe. _chamber-servants_. used i. auxiliisque contractis et praefecto regis provincia expulso. Numeratis deinde quinquaginta talentis. +circa Pharmacussam insulam:+ S. 76-75 B. the famous rhetorician. expositus in litore non distulit quin e vestigio classe deducta persequeretur abeuntis. Dolabellam. Vastante regiones proximas Mithridate ne desidere in discrimine sociorum videretur. but unfortunate for us. 8-9. adficeret. after the abortive attempt of Lepidus to make himself master of the state 77 B. Gavio. He nevertheless became one of the greatest orators of his day. _A Roman Citizen maltreated. and according to some accounts._ Composita seditione civili Cornelium Dolabellam consularem et triumphalem repetundarum postulavit. that he never took any pains to collect and preserve his speeches. post-Aug. Very possibly Caesar took this step by the advice of Cicero. prope quadraginta dies cum uno medico et cubicularis duobus. _Caes. 14. +cubicularis+ (_cubiculum_) = lit. 70 B.B28 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (2) _Captured by Pirates. but succeeded in showing that Sulla's senatorial judges were corrupt. mansitque apud eos. ab Rhodio quo pertenderat. circa Pharmacussam insulam a praedonibus captus est.] +Caesar at Rhodes. 4. non sine summa indignatione. absolutoque Rhodum secedere statuit. SUETONIUS. for _de repetundis (pecuniis)_. +Composita seditione civili+. +Repetundarum+ (sc. 10. quibus redimeretur. Huc dum hibernis iam mensibus traicit. second only to Cicero.+ impeached for illegal extortion during his government of Macedonia. Caesar lost his case.W. ii. B29 CICERO PROSECUTES VERRES.e.C. ac redactos in potestatem supplicio. +non sine summa indignatione:+ Plutarch. +e vestigio+ (= _statim_) = _immediately_. +C. +pecunias . of Miletus (= mod. 4. from what we know of his taste and character. 11.C.+ Velleius says that Caesar's ransom was paid out of public funds.' --Warde Fowler.._ gives a picturesque account of his adventures as their prisoner. indices? Aut qua vi . of money extorted by an official and to be returned. _pecuniarum_). et ad declinandam invidiam et ut per otium ac requiem Apollonio Moloni clarissimo tunc dicendi magistro {5} operam daret.C. transiit in Asiam._ Quid ego de P.+ `Caesar. could hardly have found the same delight as Cicero in his studies at Rhodes. +Apollonio Moloni+. i. [Linenotes: 1.. _Divus Iulius_. 7. whose pupil Cicero was both at Rome and at Rhodes. Studies Oratory at Rhodes. It is characteristic of Caesar. quod saepe illis {15} minatus inter iocum fuerat. dicam. nutantes ac dubias civitates {20} retinuit in fide. Nam comites servosque {10} ceteros initio statim ad expediendas pecunias. _Farmako_). dimiserat. Consano municipe. Qui cum consul perquam laudabiliter iurasset se in nullam provinciam ex eo magistratu iturum idque servasset. orbem classibus iam.C. Is non modo hoc non perfecit ut virgarum vim deprecaretur.+ Cicero. Pompei persona totum in se terrarum orbem et per omnia maior cive habebatur. [Linenotes: 1. gave back to the tribunes the power to initiate legislation. Hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera {15} depulsurum. Cn.) took from the tribunes _the right of proposing laws_. 67 B. non latrociniorum. potestas!+ Sulla (Dictator 82-79 B. {20} O nomen dulce libertatis! O ius eximium nostrae civitatis! O lex Porcia legesque Semproniae! O graviter desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae tribunicia potestas! Hucine tandem omnia reciderunt ut civis Romanus in provincia populi Romani.. Verres for his gross misconduct as governor of Sicily. Sed interdum persona ut exemplo {15} nocet. Gabinius tribunus {5} legem tulit. ii. cum interea nullus gemitus._ Converterat Cn.C. quo dolore animi dicam? Quod crimen eius modi est ut.C. sed tamen idem hoc ante biennium in M. {25} in oppido foederatorum. +Leges Semproniae+. nulla vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur.C.C. 5. on the borders of Lucania. quae nulla est. 106-48 B. tametsi enim verissimum esse {5} intellegebam. crux. 197 B. _Civis Romanus sum_. 22. a code of laws passed by C. sed cum imploraret saepius usurparetque nomen civitatis. Sempronius Gracchus.. post biennium A.+ Passed by M. iudices. usurum me illo non putarem. crux. ut cum belli more. non furtivis expeditionibus.C. In 70 B. Quo decreto paene totius terrarum orbis imperium uni viro deferebatur. forbade the execution or scourging of a Roman citizen. +O graviter desiderata . neque cuiusquam ad inflammandos vestros animos eloquentia requiratur. quasdamque etiam Italiae urbis diripuissent. {10} Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Romanus. nisi haec. 73-71 B. Antoni praetura decretum erat. Porcius Cato. cum primum ad me delatum est. Pompeius ad eos opprimendos mitteretur essetque ei imperium aequum in omnibus {10} provinciis cum proconsulibus usque ad quinquagesimum miliarium a mari.C. who had formally accepted the democratic programme. Pompeius. ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fasces et secures haberet deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? CICERO. One of these declared it to be the sole right of the people to decide capital cases. and left them only their original right of Intercessio or veto. ita invidiam auget aut . +Lex Porcia. 62. +Consano municipe+ = _a burgess of Consa_.] +The Orationes In Verrem. 22-24.. piratae terrerent. Quid nunc agam? Rem in medio ponam: quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea.vocis. qua gravitate verborum. tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar. 123 B. cruciatum a corpore deiecturum arbitrabatur. _The Lex Gabinia. _in Verrem_. infelici et aerumnoso comparabatur. inquam. as patronus of the Sicilians. undertook the prosecution of the Senator C. POMPEIUS MAGNUS. B30 CN. qui ubique praedones fuerant. [Linenotes: 3-5. quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes {20} premebantur. Ita tantum bellum. +Qui cum consul . ipse autem. consul with Crassus in 71-70 B. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset. a bold orator. +ut cum belli more . ii. Antonius. son of the orator and father of the triumvir. thought it beneath his dignity to accept a consular province. and the mismanagement of the Senate. Dissuadebant optimates.] +Result. 67 B.. qui ea suo arbitrio aut deposituri aut retenturi videntur {20} et modum in voluntate habent. tam longe lateque dispersum. Pompeius extrema hieme adparavit. POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 34.. which the Sempronian laws (133-123 B. 13-15. {10} missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit... 5. partim capti interfectique sunt. 6-9. decretum erat. the Gabinio-Manilian first converted it from an _opposition_ into a _government_. undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Romani {15} Ciliciam adiunxit: omnes. ut Brundisio profectus est. Africam exploravit. Gabinius+. In spite of his extensive powers. _Pompeius clears the Seas of Pirates. a man ruined in finances and character. but a dexterous negotiator.' The commerce of the whole Mediterranean was in their power. quorum vis non timetur: contra in iis homines extraordinaria reformidant.C. +sed tamen . media aestate confecit. servasset.) had begun. ineunte vere suscepit. Cn. CICERO.. duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confirmata.' --M. M. _pro Lege Manilia_. As the Sempronian laws first constituted the revolutionary party into a _political opposition_. tam diuturnum. caused the expedition to end in failure and disgrace. 35. and a brave soldier. partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. raro enim invidetur eorum honoribus. did excellent service as proconsul of Syria. 31. quam celeriter Cn.+ `The Gabinio-Manilian proposals terminated the struggle between the senate and the popular party.+ `For twenty years the sea had been rendered unsafe by these curses of human society..C. B31 CN. a client of Pompeius. the utter incapacity of Antonius.levat: in Antonio homines aequo animo passi erant. and waited in Rome as a simple citizen until an opportunity should be offered him to play an extraordinary part. 106-48 B. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. [Linenotes: ._ Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire. tantos cursus conficere potuit.+ In 74 B. In 57 B. was entrusted by the Senate with the task of clearing the seas from the corsairs.C.. +A. atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit.C.C.C. diripuissent. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam {5} adiit.+ Pompeius. sed consilia impetu victa sunt. in Sardiniam cum classe venit. commerce resumed its wonted course. for _an attacking fleet of such force_. non esse turpe ab eo vinci. but were completely defeated. `Never since Rome stood had such power been united in the hands of a single man.+ In 66 B..C. 14-18. [Linenotes: . 5-8.+ `In the summer of 67 B. qui post Luculli profectionem magnas novi exercitus vires reparaverat. Forty-nine days (+undequinquagesimo+) after Pompeius had appeared in the Eastern seas. sed discors patri. ut Syria. At rex fusus fugatusque et omnibus exutus copiis Armeniam Tigranenque generum petit.. +undequagesimo . which from its size would ordinarily sail slowly. quem vincere esset nefas. aliae tum primum in eius potestatem redactae.000 fell alive (+partim capti--partim se dediderunt+) into the hands of the victor..+ fig. Finis imperi regi terminatus Armenia. about 10. Simul itaque duos persecutus Pompeius intravit Armeniam. Prior filius Tigranis.. Of the pirates. quae omnis. (2) _Pompeius subdues Mithridates and Tigranes.' --M. frontier of Cilicia).. Cilicia was subdued. redacta in quaestoris potestatem ac publicis descripta litteris._ Pompeius interea memorabile adversus Mithridaten.. sed multato ingenti pecunia. 37. and the war at an end. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. the military administration of Asia as far as Armenia.+ Early in the year (+nondum tempestivo ad navigandum+) Pompeius cleared of pirates the Sicilian. and instead of the former famine abundance prevailed in Italy. munivit.+ and Pompeius fully justified the confidence that was placed in him.' --M. in addition to the extensive powers conferred upon him by the Lex Gabinia 67 B. quas occupaverat.4.C. Syria aliaeque. cuius se societate commissurus foret. By the Lex Manilia Pompeius obtained. upwards of 20..] +This was the first trial of rule centralised in a single hand. neque inhoneste aliquem summitti huic. Servatus regi honos imperi. regem eius temporis. {10} praefatus neminem alium neque Romanum neque ullius gentis virum futurum fuisse.+ The bold Cilician seakings alone ventured to face the Roman fleet in the offing of Coracesium (at the W. three months after the beginning of the campaign. and Sardinian waters. confecit. +ineunte vere . of whom Mommsen says `hardly any other Roman general accomplished so much with so trifling means. bellum gessit. so re-establish the supply of grain from these provinces to Italy. quem fortuna super {15} omnes extulisset. dediderunt. quam Pompeium. `In all about 1300 piratical vessels are said to have been destroyed: besides which the richly filled arsenals and magazines of the buccaneers were burnt. 22. pervenit ad Pompeium: mox ipse supplex et praesens se regnumque dicioni eius permisit.' was superseded by Pompeius. 74-63 B. B32 THE THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR.C..C.' --M. potentissimum. +Context. --Wilkins. +Qui . quae tum primum facta est stipendiaria. Lucullus. African. provinciae ereptae. ii. et aliae restitutae populo {20} Romano. {5} nisi qua Luculli armis erat infractus. sicuti Pompeio moris erat. +tanti belli impetus.000 perished (+interfecti+). dimittere. paid into the Roman treasury. _in aerarium_. Bibulus+. pari {15} festinatione. B33 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (3) A. Lucan ix. 5. litteris.' --M. the daughter of Mithridates. ad triumphum simul consulatumque decessit. Venationes autem ludosque et cum collega et separatim edidit.. when all turned against him. nec dissimularet collega eius Marcus Bibulus evenisse sibi quod Polluci: ut enim geminis fratribus aedes in foro constituta tantum Castoris vocaretur. in Lesser Armenia. quo factum est. Lycus._ Aedilis praeter comitium ac forum basilicasque etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus ad tempus exstructis. retinentes creditores interventu sponsorum removit.C.] +The End of Mithridates. for Crassus was never popular. edictis iam comitiis. non expectato successore. +rex fusus . +quae omnis . [Linenotes: 1. Cf. on S. et ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent. in a grand fair. 63 B.+ 65 B. and Pompeius was absent in the East. bank of R. 7.+ i. a greater than had ever yet withstood the Romans in the indolent East. `In him a great enemy was borne to the tomb. +porticibus:+ these acted as booths. 18.e. which was in fact vacant. _Divus Iulius_. in quibus abundante rerum copia pars apparatus exponeretur. 65 B. +M. +Tigranenque generum petit..C. _Curule Aedile. +Venationes+. and gain the position of its leader._ Ex praetura ulteriorem sortitus Hispaniam. coactus est triumphum. oἰkίa and stoά: _regia_) = _halls_.3-4. sed plura retentis_ | _Intulit_ sc. ita suam Caesarisque munificentiam unius Caesaris {10} dici. as we should say. Here. _Divus Iulius_. here of the combats with wild beasts. where Pompeius afterwards founded Nicopolis.. copiis+.C.+ As curule-aedile Caesar exceeded all previous expenditure.C. SUETONIUS. 2. Sed cum. _Propraetor in Further Spain. {5} ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. he took poison.+ Tigranes had married Cleopatra. 61 B. ac neque more neque iure. i. 10.+ After his defeat at Nicopolis the aged king took refuge in his Northern capital of Panticapaeum (on the Cimmerian Bosporus). {20} ne consulatu excluderetur. +Aedilis. +basilicas+ (basilikή sc. 197 _Immodicas possedit opes.C. 17-19. +Syria made a Roman Province.. ante quam provinciae ornarentur. 59 B.e. . SUETONIUS.] B. pacataque provincia. also Caesar's colleague in his first consulship. profectus est. 4. This was meant to secure the favour of the democracy. ratio eius haberi non posset nisi privatus introisset urbem. +Context.+ In 69 B.C. Caesar was elected to a Quaestorship (the lowest step in the ladder of official life) and discharged his judicial duties in Further Spain with tact and industry. [Linenotes: 13. +retinentes ... removit+ = _freed himself from his creditors, who were for detaining him_, by the help of sureties. Caesar is said to have borrowed from Crassus 830 talents. 14-15. +ante quam provinciae ornarentur:+ a regular phrase used of supplying the newly chosen magistrate with money, arms, attendants, etc. 18. +ratio ... posset+ = _his candidature could not be considered_.] +Propraetor in F. Spain.+ `His governorship enabled him partly to rid himself of his debts partly to lay the foundation for his military repute.' --M. B34 THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, 63 B.C. (1) _Cicero declaims against the Audacity of Catiline._ Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum {5} omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis? Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, {10} ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? O tempora! O mores! Senatus haec intellegit; consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit: fit publici consilii particeps; notat at designat {15} oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. . . . Castra sunt in Italia contra rem publicam in Etruriae faucibus collocata: crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque {20} adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te iam, Catilina, eomprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. {25} CICERO, _in Catilinam_, i. §§ 1, 2, 5. [Linenotes: 1. +Quo usque tandem abutere+ = _how long, pray, will you presume upon?_ Catiline had been declared _hostis patriae_, and yet dared to appear in the Senate. 4. +praesidium Palati+: in the case of any threatening danger the +Mons Palatinus+ was occupied as one of the most important military points in the city. 6-7. +senatus locus+, i.e. the temple of +Jupiter Stator+, on the N. slope of the Palatine, chosen as the safest meeting-place, and near Cicero's house. 17-18. +castra ... collocata+, the camp of Manlius (one of the veteran centurions of Sulla) was planted at Faesulae (Fiesole), a rocky fastness three miles N.E. of Florence. 19. +imperatorem:+ ironical, as though Catiline were the legally appointed general of the Republic.] +In L. Catilinam Oratio i.+ `This splendid oration, in its fiery vigour and mastery of invective, is unsurpassed except by the Second Philippic.' --Cruttwell. +Its effect on Catiline.+ _Tum ille furibundus `quoniam quidem circumventus' inquit `ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina restinguam.'_ Sall. _Catil._ 31. That night Catiline left Rome for the camp of Manlius. B35 THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, 63 B.C. (2) _The End of Catiline._ Sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres, quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos medios cohors praetoria disiecerat, {5} paulo divorsius, sed omnes tamen advorsis volneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in voltu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia neque in {10} proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est. Ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae iuxta pepercerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat; nam strenuissumus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut {15} graviter volneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem {20} exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur. SALLUST, _Bellum Catilinae_, 61. [Linenotes: 5. +cohors praetoria+: a _corps d'饢 _, specially organised as a bodyguard of the general (_praetor_ = _praeitor_, _prae + eo_), dating from the time when the praetores was the older name of the consuls (= _colleagues_). 8. +etiam+ (= _adhuc_) = _still_. Cf. Verg. _Aen._ vi. 485 _etiam currus etiam arma tenentem_. 11. +civis ingenuus+, i.e. a free citizen born of free citizens. 12. +Ita cuncti ... pepercerant+ = _so unsparing had they all been alike of their own and their opponents' lives_. --Pollard. 21. +laetitia+ = joy manifested, +gaudia+ = joy felt. +luctus+ = grief shown by outward signs, e.g. by dress. +maeror+ = grief shown by inward signs, e.g. by tears, or a sad face.] +The Battle of Pistoria+ (Pistoia, N.W. of Faesulae). `Catiline showed on this day that nature had destined him for no ordinary things, and that he knew at once how to command and how to fight as a soldier. At length Petreius, with his bodyguard, broke the centre of the enemy, and then attacked the two wings from within. This decided the day.' --M. +The character of Catiline.+ `He was one of the most wicked men in that wicked age. He possessed in a high degree the qualities which are required in the leader of a band of ruined and desperate men--the faculty of enjoying all pleasures and of bearing all privations, courage, military talent, knowledge of men, indomitable energy.' --M. Cf. Sall. _Catil._ 5. B36 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (4). _Forms the First Triumvirate: Consul, 60-59 B.C._ Hoc igitur consule inter eum et Cn. Pompeium et M. Crassum inita potentiae societas, quae urbi orbique terrarum nec minus diverso quoque tempore ipsis exitiabilis fuit. Hoc consilium sequendi Pompeius causam habuerat, ut tandem acta in {5} transmarinis provinciis, quibus, ut praediximus, multi obtrectabant, per Caesarem confirmarentur consulem, Caesar autem, quod animadvertebat se cedendo Pompei gloriae aucturum suam et invidia communis potentiae in illum relegata confirmaturum {10} vires suas, Crassus, ut quem principatum solus adsequi non poterat, auctoritate Pompei, viribus teneret Caesaris. Adfinitas etiam inter Caesarem Pompeiumque contracta nuptiis, quippe Iuliam, filiam C. Caesaris, Cn. Magnus duxit uxorem. In {15} hoc consulatu Caesar legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebei divideretur, suasore legis Pompeio: ita circiter XX milia civium eo deducta et ius urbis restitutum post annos circiter CLII quam bello Punico ab Romanis Capua in formam praefecturae {20} redacta erat. Bibulus, collega Caesaris, cum actiones eius magis vellet impedire quam posset, maiore parte anni domi se tenuit: quo facto dum augere vult invidiam collegae, auxit potentiam. Tum Caesari decretae in quinquennium Galliae. {25} VELL. PAT. ii. 44. [Linenotes: 1-2. +inter eum ... societas+, the famous First Triumvirate. `It was at first an expedient to secure, as we should say, a working majority for a vigorous democratic policy, but the bitterness of its enemies transformed the coalition itself from an honourable union into the semblance of a three-headed tyranny.' --Warde Fowler. 4-7. The ultra-senatorial party (after Pompeius' great act of renunciation, when he dismissed his victorious veterans in 62 B.C.) had checked and worried Pompeius by refusing to ratify his arrangements in the East, and by criticising and opposing his plans for rewarding his veterans. Thus they deliberately drove him once more into the arms of Caesar and the democracy. 10. +relegata+ = _attributed_, _imputed_, lit. _removed_ (_re_ + _lēgo_). 21. +Bibulus, collega Caesaris:+ cf. Suet. _Divus Iulius_ 20: _Non Bibulo quicquam, nuper sed Caesare factum est: Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._] +Caesar's First Consulship.+ Among his other acts was the famous _Lex Iulia de pecuniis repetundis_ (against official extortion in the provinces), which won strong praise even from Cicero himself. B37 THE GALLIC WAR, 58-50 B.C. (1) `_That day he overcame the Nervii_,' 57 B.C. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis, {5} signifero interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque volneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset; reliquos esse tardiores et nonnullos {10} ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset, scuto ab novissimis {15} militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit; centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. Cuius adventu spe illata militibus ac {20} redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. CAESAR, _de B. G._ ii. 25. +Context.+ The Nervii, the bravest of the Belgae, surprised Caesar's men while at work on their camp. There was no time to think: they took station where they could. The 9th and 10th legions on the left broke and pursued the enemy in front of them, and the two legions in the centre stood firm. But on the right there was a gap, and the Nervii were rapidly surrounding the two legions huddled together here, and the fight threatened every moment to become a second Cannae, +when Caesar restored the fight+. Labienus sent back the victorious 10th, who took the enemy in their rear, and the cavalry completed the victory. [Linenotes: 14-15. +neque ullum ... posset+: the rear guard, the 13th and 14th legions, had not yet come up. 18-19. +signa ... laxare+ = _to charge and_ (thus) _open out the ranks_. 22-23. +operam navare+ = _to do their very best_. +navo+ (orig. _gnavo_; cf. gnώskw) = lit. _to make known_, _to exhibit_.] +The Battle of the Sambre.+ One of the most desperate that Caesar ever fought. The memory of it lived in Caesar's mind so vividly that he seems to fight the battle over again as he describes it, in language for him unusually strong and intense. --W. F. +Result of the Battle+, the submission of North West Gaul. B38 THE GALLIC WAR, 58-50 B.C. (2) _Naval Battle with the Veneti, 56 B.C._ Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostris,--falces praeacutae insertae affixaeque longuriis non absimili forma muralium falcium. His cum funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant comprehensi adductique essent, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. {5} Quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant; ut, cum omnis Gallicis spes in velis armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile {10} superabant atque eo magis, quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. Disiectis, ut diximus, {15} antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi transcendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga {20} salutem petere contenderunt. Ac iam conversis in eam partem navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit ut se ex loco movere non possent. Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna; nam singulas {25} nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur. CAESAR, _de B. G._ iii. 14, 15. +Context.+ In the winter of 57-6 Roman officers, who came to levy requisitions of grain, were detained by the Veneti. Caesar's attack on their coast-towns failed to reduce them to submission: so he determined to wait for his fleet. This he entrusted to Decimus Brutus, an able and devoted officer. At first the Roman galleys were powerless against the high-decked strong sailing-vessels of the Veneti, but +the use of the murales falces, and the opportune calm, enabled Brutus to annihilate their fleet+. [Linenotes: 11-12. +quod ... gerebatur.+ Napoleon (_Caesar_, vol. ii. p. 6) thinks that Caesar was encamped on the heights of Saint Gildas overlooking Quiberon Bay. 23. +malacia+ = _a calm_, but μalakίa = _softness_, L. _mollities_.] +Result of the Victory+--the surrender of the Veneti and of all Brittany. +The earliest historical naval battle fought on the Atlantic Ocean.+--M. B39 THE GALLIC WAR, 58-50 B.C. (3) _Caesar's Bridge across the Rhine, 55 B.C._ Rationem pontis hanc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipedalia paulum ab imo praeacuta, dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis, intervallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat. Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque adegerat--non sublicae {5} modo derecte ad perpendiculum, sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundum naturam fluminis procumberent--eis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat. {10} Haec utraque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum iunctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur; quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis, tanta erat operis firmitudo atque {15} ea rerum natura ut, quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur. Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque consternebantur; ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae {20} pro ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae (4) _Cassivellaunus. +Context. +Context. distinebantur+ = _these two sets were held apart by two-feet timbers laid on above. _de B. equal_ (in thickness) _to the interval left by the fastening of the piles_ (+quantum . _with a pair of ties_ (+fibulis+) _at each end_. 17-18. +Haec . si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis essent a barbaris immissae. --Allen and Greenough. Second Invasion of Britain. Gaul. F. & G.+ The year 55 B. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato. et magno cum periculo nostrorum {10} equitum cum eis confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio. p.' --W. B40 THE GALLIC WAR. --A. . 17. An advance.C. milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis itinera nostra servabat: paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat. maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum. _de B. his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur.C. ut. dimissis amplioribus copiis. but in the Second Invasion (54 B..vim fluminis exciperent. For Plan of Bridge see Allen's _Caesar_.. 54 B._ v. the framework of timber) _were covered over by boards_ (+materia+) _laid lengthwise_. [Linenotes: 5. contexebantur+ = _these_ (i. atque eis regionibus quibus {5} nos iter facturos cognoverat pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat.. tot detrimentis acceptis. +bridged the river+. 103.e. G. +longuriis+ = _with long poles_. and fully established the supremacy of the Roman arms..C. omni deposita spe contentionis. et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur quantum in labore atque itinere {15} legionarii milites efficere poterant. followed them up into their own territories. 11-14. CAESAR. appears to have been marked by a general movement in the migration of the German tribes. G. `With extraordinary speed (in ten days) the bridge was completed.C. vastatis finibus. It was a triumph of engineering and industry. +fistucisque adegerat+ = _and had driven them home_ (+ad+-) _with rammers_. +Haec .+ The First Invasion of Britain (55 B. . crossed the Lower Rhine into N. Caesar drove them back across the Rhine.) Caesar aimed at a partial conquest.. Relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur. 58-50 B.] +The Bridge+ (prob. the Usipetes and Tenctri. 22. neu ponti {25} nocerent._ Cassivellaunus. and knew it to be a refuge for his Celtic enemies and a secret . . {20} CAESAR.C. consisting of two tribes. near Bonn). crowded forward by the more powerful Suevi..) was only a visit of exploration. He had been hearing of Britain ever since he came to Gaul._ iv. 19. legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. distabat+). omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat. et cum equitatus noster liberius praedandi vastandique causa se in agros eiecerat. St. {25} quae sit necesse accidere victis. ipsos interfici.W. hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus deleri posse. (5) _The Gallic uprising. +Commium+. 12.source of their strength. oppida incendi oportere quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta. {10} vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio quoqueversus. Gaul).D. Deserted by his allies. _de B. coniuges in servitutem abstrahi. espec.C. +Context. perh. +hoc proelio+. quo pabulandi causa adire posse videantur. quod equitatu ipsi abundent et quod anni tempore subleventur. except from coins. later _Colonia castrum_ = _Colchester_).. neu Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollendam. who gave Caesar much trouble by his guerilla tactics. B41 THE GALLIC WAR. Praeterea. down to the time of its final conquest by Clodius 51 A... +Contentionis+. i.' CAESAR.C. +Relinquebatur ut+ = _the consequence was that_ . necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere. 19. and put an end to all the hopes of the Germans of breaking through this boundary._ vii. quod quorum in finibus bellum geratur eorum opibus subleventur: Romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut {15} magno cum periculo longius a castris processuros._ Vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis acceptis suos ad concilium convocat. multo illa gravius aestimari debere. Caesar again made a military demonstration across the river. of Calais) and after drifting some way to the N. which Caesar gladly accepted. salutis causa rei familiaris commoda neglegenda. i.e. Some severe fighting followed. made his way to his former landing-place. The division of Sabinus (at Aduatuca. Docet `longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit.+ `What he tells us of the geography and inhabitants of the Island comprises almost all we know. and Caesar was only just in time to relieve Q. quibus amissis bellum geri non possit. G. 14. probably near Romney. of the Trinobantes (chief place _Camulodunum_.E. during his absence in Cisalpine Gaul. 17. Fabian tactics of Vercingetorix. Cicero at Charleroi. Wissant. some twelve miles W. Praeterea. Caesar found the N. Gauls in open revolt. pabulum secari non posse. the storming by Caesar of his fortified camp. of a general engagement with Caesar. Albans. In the winter of 53-2 B. Caesar had made him King of the Atrebates (N. He set sail from the Portus Ittius (mod. 52 B. 18-19. ne {20} suis sint ad detrectandam militiam receptacula.C.+ On his return from Britain. liberos. +defectione civitatum+.+ [Linenotes: 1. neque interesse ipsosne interficiant an impedimentis exuant. and Central .' --W. F. Haec si gravia aut acerba videantur. To prevent all further support to the Gauls from the Germans across the Rhine. Harum ipsis rerum copiam suppetere. +a general uprising of the S. omnibus modis huic rei studendum ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur: id esse {5} facile..e. near Liège) was annihilated by Ambiorix. 58-50 B. till at length Caesar crossed the Thames (apparently between Kingston and Brentford) and +entered the country of Cassivellaunus.] +Caesar In Britain. Cassivellaunus offered his submission. hostes loco et numero._ vii. (6) _Siege of Gergovia. 9. B42 THE GALLIC WAR. the hero of the whole Gallic race+. 6.C. 50.C. in hope of destroying Vercingetorix and ending the war. 52 B. and Caesar.' --M. Proinde abite dum est facultas vosque ad {20} legionem recipite. lit.Gauls took place under the Arvernian Vercingetorix. quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus distinendae causa miserat. +Context. nostri virtute confiderent. Vos data facultate vobis consulite. quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. `Quoniam. Eodem tempore L. +perterruerunt+: this was all the more natural. +hoc spatio quoqueversus. this (right) side is called +latus apertum+. quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt. _hold off_) _the enemy's force_. Petronius dies to save his men. +proposita+ = _offered_ to be captured by the Romans. scarcely yet spring. `meae vitae subvenire conamini.+ With a half-starved army Caesar stormed Avaricum after a most obstinate defence. {10} multis iam volneribus acceptis. but he failed.e. 22. was forced to raise the siege.' inquit. he resolved to try a blockade. cum portas excidere conatus esset. defeated for the first time. _de B. from within. a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans.+ `He adopted a system of warfare similar to that by which Cassivellaunus had saved the Celts of Britain. when no crops could be got off the land.' Ita pugnans post paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit. +oppida incendi:+ only Avaricum (Bourges) was to be spared. _hew down_. duobusque interfectis reliquos a porta paulum submovit. manipularibus suis qui illum secuti erant. Petronius. and then laid siege to the Arvernian capital of Gergovia. eiusdem legionis centurio.C.e. from want of sufficient troops. Fabius centurio quique una murum ascenderant circumventi atque interfecti de muro praecipitabantur.' {15} Simul in niedios hostes irrupit. vestrae quidem certe vitae prospiciam. +ab latere nostris aperto:+ as a soldier carries his shield on the left arm. as at Dyrrachium in 49 B. [Linenotes: 6-7. i. `me una vobiscum servare non possum. CAESAR. Hi similitudine armorum vehementer {5} nostros perterruerunt. [Linenotes: 3. as the Aeduan contingent was only awaiting the result of the blockade. i.. quo+ = _so far in every direction as_. leaving the sword hand free. 4.] +The tactics of Vercingetorix. M. +excidere+ = _to cut away_. +anni tempore+.] . G. 58-50 B. As the town was too strong to be taken by storm. Conantibus auxiliari suis. `Frustra. +A last desperate attack on the town was repulsed+.--Compton._ Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur. to openly join the insurgents. 19. subito sunt Aedui visi ab latere nostris aperto. +manus distinendae causa+ = _for the purpose of diverting_ (+distinendae+. 11-12.' inquit. Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur: {20} cohortes aliae appropinquant. Caesar constructed an inner line of investment and an outer line of defence. +musculos+ (dimin. ut de locis {15} superioribus haec declivia et devexa cemebantur. i. 52 B. This. and descending steeply on all sides but one to the ground. was the weakest point of the whole line. 88. Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis atque omnia temptantur. then threw himself with all his forces into Alesia. the purple or scarlet paludamentum. and turned their retreat into a rout. i. 87. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito (quo insigni in proeliis uti consuerat). of Alesia.+ `The fact was that chiefly owing to the nature of the ground and their own ardour. Labienus. to the N.] +Vercingetorix. CAESAR. Nostri omissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt. +Context. Caesar shook off the enemy with the help of his German cavalry. +ex colore vestitus+._ Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egreditur: crates.C. This famous stronghold consists of a rectangular plateau nearly a mile in length. The Last Fight of Vercingetorix. to be led in triumph five years later. longurios. 2. {10} Caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet. quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit. 84. coactis XI cohortibus. the host (some 250.W. [Linenotes: 1. of _mus_) = _pent-houses_ or _sheds_. quae minime visa pars firma est huc {5} concurritur. to Caesar. musculos. In 1865 a statue was erected on the summit of Alesia. 4.' --W. and was thus able to wear out the besieged and +beat back the relieving host of the Gauls+. reliquaque quae eruptionis causa paraverat profert.+Gergovia+. along the whole length of Caesar's outer line of defence. . turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi iusserat. Vercingetorix allowed his judgment to be overruled. Hostes terga vertunt. _de B. +omnibus locis+. Utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor.e. i. +Caesar's failure.e. 13. Caesar's men were not well in hand. (7) _Siege of Alesia. . 58-50 B. and attacked Caesar's army (now united to the division of Labienus) on the march.+ After his successful defence of Gergovia. hostes proelium committunt. G. fasces. postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant. Romanorum manus tantis munitionibus distinetur nec facile pluribus locis occurrit. and beheaded as a traitor. _where it ran along the slope of Mont Réa_. as the relieving Gauls were quick to see. Accelerat Caesar ut proelio intersit.+ The Celtic officers delivered up V. F. in honour of the heroic .000) of the relieving army of Gauls.e. 4 miles S. . V._ vii. +suos+. fugientibus equites occurrunt: fit magna caedes: pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. of Clermont. and some 1300 feet above the plain through which the Allier flows.C. B43 THE GALLIC WAR. Non caruerunt suspicione oppressi Ciceronis Caesar et Pompeius. 12-13. disertus.C. Pompeius:+ Caesar having in vain tried to win him over abandoned him to his fate. and to place them in the position of _outlaws_.. Clodius. MARCH 58 B. tamen solus petebatur. qui civem Romanum non damnatum interemisset. Ita vir optime {10} meritus de re publica conservatae patriae pretium calamitatem exili tulit.+ When Cicero refused to throw in his lot with the Triumvirs. transisset. 7-8._ Per idem tempus P. Mommsen calls it a judicial murder. tam speciose a senatu restituta est. Pompei cura. cum graves inimicitias cum M. verum ut coepit intenta. interemisset:+ aimed at Cicero for his share in the summary execution of the Catilinarians 63 B. Neque post Numidici exilium ac reditum quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius {20} aut receptus est laetius: cuius domus quam infeste a Clodio disiecta erat.. Caecilius Metellus. ei aqua et igni interdiceretur: cuius verbis etsi non nominabatur Cicero. ii. and Pompeius basely deserted him.C.] B45 .-AUGUST 57 B. i. votisque Italiae ac decretis senatus. +The fall of Alesia decided the fate of Gaul. 18..C. and Caesar was enabled to get rid of the man who persisted in opposing him. +a patribus . +qui . 45. (1) _His Banishment. Undoubtedly the Senate had not the power of sentencing _citizens_ to death. malorum propositorum exsecutor acerrimus. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. superseded by Marius and forced to retire to Rhodes.e. Publius Clodius was (by the aid of Caesar as Pontifex Maximus) hurriedly transferred from a patrician to a plebeian gens.. [Linenotes: 6-7. audax. +Anni Milonis:+ the bravoes of Milo protected from disturbance the voters engaged in sanctioning the decree for the recall of Cicero. i. general against Jugurtha. and then chosen a tribune of the people for the year 58 B. Hoc sibi contraxisse videbatur Cicero. to provide for Pompey's veterans..C.+ B44 CICERO IN EXILE. Cicerone exerceret (quid enim inter tam {5} dissimilis amicum esse poterat?) et a patribus ad plebem transisset. by Caesar's Agrarian Law of 59 B. But Cicero argues that the legal effect of the _Senatus consultum ultimum_ was to _disenfranchise_ Lentulus and his associates. +Numidici+. dignitati patriaeque restitutus est. Q. Clodius was thus enabled to satisfy his private hatred of Cicero. +Non caruerunt . Idem intra {15} biennium sera Cn. legem in tribunatu tulit. 15. quique dicendi neque faciendi ullum nisi quem vellet nosset modum.. homo nobilis. +dividendo agro Campano+. virtute atque actione Anni Milonis tribuni pl. quod inter xx viros dividendo agro Campano esse noluisset.e.C.. 19.Gaul. . compulit. 1. mod. from the various towns en route. 11-12. litteris Quinti. the only one of his family of whose conduct he never complains.' --Impey._ Itaque cum acerrimis nationibus et maximis Germanorum et Helvetiorum proeliis felicissime decertavit: ceteras conterruit.C. [Linenotes: 1._ iv. MARCH 58 B. Ante diem vi Idus Sextiles cognovi.+ Brundisium was founded 244 B._ Pr. Cicero's dearly-loved daughter Tullia. Brundisium veni Nonis Sextilibus: ibi mihi Tulliola mea fuit praesto natali suo ipso die. coloniae.. in foroque et in ipso Capitolio miranda multitudo fuit. +qui casu .. similis et frequentia {20} et plausus me usque ad Capitolium celebravit. kal-έw. se inimicos esse. _In praise of Caesar. 9. +Dyrrachio+ (formerly _Epidamnus_. the Temple of Salus on the Quirinal was near the house of Atticus.g. ad Att. but a man of violent temper.C. a qua plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata. Ad urbem ita veni.C. Nonas Sextiles Dyrrachio sum profectus. Sebastiano_). cf. Proscribed by the Triumvirs. mirifico studio omnium aetatum atque ordinum. by which the Via Appia led to Capua.C. _Cal-endae_): a confidential slave who attended his master in canvassing.-AUGUST 57 B. non liceret aut dissimulare aut negare. and on similar occasions. ornatus+ = _having received attentions from the most respectable men of Brundisium_. Postridie in senatu. a gallant soldier (e. 18. on a peninsula in the Adriatic. a town in Illyria. It was the usual port of landing and departure from and for Brundisium (distant about 100 miles).. . The Via Appia terminated here. perhaps for effect. as legatus to Caesar in Gaul). ut undique ad me cum gratulatione legati convenerint. _Ep. +legati+ = _deputations_. +nomenclatori+ (= lit. senatui gratias egimus. +Tulliola+. Cum venissem ad portam Capenam. followed the line of triumphal procession. and told him the names of the people he met.] B46 CICERO'S RECANTATION. 4-5. cum Brundisii essem. 5. quo lex est lata de nobis. 14. qui mihi obviam non venerit. quibus id ipsum. domuit. qui fuit dies Nonarum Septembr. _one who calls by name_. 13. gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant. praeter eos {15} inimicos. incredibili concursu Italiae legem comitiis {10} centuriatis esse perlatam: inde a Brundisinis honestissimis ornatus iter ita feci. +tuae vicinae Salutis+. 56 B. and his tender and sympathising companion in all his pursuits. +Quinti+ (sc. `Cicero. i. +ad portam Capenam+ (_Porta S.e. _Durazzo_). (2) _His Return. 3. quae {5} res animadversa a multitudine summa Brundisinorum gratulatione celebrata est. +a Brundisinis . CICERO.CICERO IN EXILE. ipso illo die. _Ciceronis_): Cicero's only brother. ut nemo ullius ordinis homo nomenclatori notus fuerit. qui casu idem natalis erat et Brundisinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Salutis. and put to death in 43 B.C.. ) for the allotment of lands in Campania. a political manifesto on behalf of Caesar and Pompeius--the _Recantation_ alluded to in _Ep. i. --W. 17. quin Galliam maxime timendam huic {15} imperio putaret._' Dm Gallos per Caesarem in septentrione debellat._ --W. qui solus et subvehere commeatus et munire poterat a tergo. sed propter vim ac multitudinem gentium illarum numquam est antea cum omnibus dimicatum.. that our Empire extends to the utmost limits of that land. Cicero that he would be held reponsible for any act of hostility on the part of his brother. +Semita+ (_se + mi_ = _go aside_. with the Gauls as a nation. aut certe immanibus et barbaris et bellicosis tenebantur. ad Fam. B47 CARRHAE. _a narrow way_.] +Cicero's Recantation+ (palinῳdίa). aut {10} incognitis. 8. Nunc denique est perfectum. _path. = _to constrain_._ 13-14. The time for the struggle between the Senatorial party (the Optimates) and the Triumvirs. quin frangi domarique cuperet. usu. _meo_. quas nationes. 9 (to Lentulus Spinther). +ut imperi . cogitavit+ = _there never has been a prudent statesman_. {20} CICERO. F. 19-20. F. prius dementat. +Semitam tantum Galliae+ = _it was but a strip of Gaul.C. dum Parthico {5} inhiat auro. Tum in mediam camporum {10} vastitatem eodem duce ductus exercitus. +compulit+ = _checked_. cf. ad Att. weakened by their mutual jealousy.e. aut infidis. nemo sapienter de republica nostra cogitavit iam inde a principio huius imperi. quasque gentes nullae nobis antea litterae. relictus Euphrates. Nec de fortuna queri possumus. and the Conference at Luca restored an understanding between the three regents. and elaborately explained in _Ep.C. and informed Q. Cicero had no choice but to submit. Semitam tantum Galliae tenebamus antea. seemed to have come. Adversis et dis et hominibus cupiditas consulis Crassi. Restitimus semper lacessiti. i. [Linenotes: 3._ i. Accordingly Cicero proposed in a full house to reconsider Caesar's Agrarian Law (of 59 B. dum simulato transfugae cuidam Mazzarae Syro creditur. nulla fama notas fecerat. patres conscripti. Primum enim. Caesar acted with his usual promptness.. ut undique hosti exponeretur. caret solacio clades. Pompeius then crossed to Sardinia.e._ iv. _trames_) = lit. +nullae litterae+ = _no book_.. nemo umquam fuit. 53 B. ipse interim ad orientem grave volnus a Parthis populus Romanus accepit.imperio populi Romani parere assuefecit. 5. 5. +cum omnibus+. undecim strage legionum et ipsius capite multata est. § 33.. Itaque vixdum venerat Carrhas cum undique praefecti regis . while Domitius Ahenobarbus (candidate for next year's Consulship) openly declared his intention to propose Caesar's recall. and delivered in the Senate his oration _de Provinciis Consularibus_. _de Provinciis Consularibus_. {5} nulla vox. ut imperii nostri terrarumque illarum idem esset extremum. et quas regiones. +nemo . (1) `_Quem deus vult perdere. has noster imperator nosterque exercitus et populi Romani arma peragrarunt. ceterae partes a gentibus aut inimicis huic imperio. extremum+. _Pharsalia_. Ipse in colloquium sollicitatus signo dato vivus in hostium manus incidisset. Qualiter undas Qui secat et geminum gracilis mare separat Isthmos Nec patitur conferre fretum: si terra recedat. Plus illa vobis acie quam creditis actum est. Consul with Pompeius in 55 B.. (2) _After the Battle. Paxque fuit non sponte ducum. of Carrhae (Harran. +Primum enim . B48 CARRHAE. Ionium Aegaeo frangat mare: sic. Parthica Romanos solverunt damna furores. not a fourth part returned: 20. +Reliquiae:+ out of 40. Sic miserabili strage deletus exercitus. and cross the great Mesopotamian desert to the Tigris.' [Linenotes: 7-14. nisi tribunis reluctantibus fugam ducis barbari ferro occupassent. in Armeniam Ciliciam Syriamque distractae vix nuntium cladis rettulerunt.000 Roman legionaries._ A. 53 B.. vibrantia.C. 1-10 (sel. Tunc sine mora circumfusi undique equitatus in {15} modum grandinis atque nimborum densa pariter tela fuderunt. III. he set out for his province even before the expiration of his consulship `eager to gather in the treasures of the East in addition to those of the West. ubi saeva Arma ducum dirimens miserando funere Crassus Assyrias Latio maculavit sanguine Carrhas. 100 105 . nam sola futuri Crassus erat belli medius mora. by the side of the Parthian vizier stood prince Abgarus with his Bedouins. +Tunc sine mora .) +Context. Reliquiae infelicis exercitus.+ `The day of Carrhae takes its place side by side with the days of the Allia. i. +Filium ducis:+ his young and brave son Publius. who had crossed the Euphrates. 15-17. xi. Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors. and the Roman system of concentration yielded for the first time to cavalry and distant warfare (the bow). it was arranged to secure the succession of Crassus to the government of Syria.. When at length the enemy offered battle some 30 miles to the S. LUCAN. quo quemque rapuit fuga. who had served with the greatest distinction under Caesar in Gaul..+ The Roman weapons of close combat. in order to make war on the growing strength of the Parthian Empire beyond the Euphrates.+ The Arab prince Abgarus induced Crassus to leave the Euphrates.Silaces et Surenas ostendere signa auro sericisque vexillis vibrantia. exercitus. not far from Edessa).000 fell.000 were taken prisoners. and 10.+ By the conference of the Triumvirs at Luca. Arsacidae: bellum victis civile dedistis.] +Carrhae.C. 20-21.' --M. 98-108. 22. FLORUS. Filium {20} ducis paene in conspectu patris eisdem telis operuerunt. and of Cannae. as bondsmen compelled after the Parthian fashion to render military service (+in armis+. 102. +Anciliorum.. --Haskins.[Linenotes: 98. +Iove+. 465-468. 8). +togae+. 10-11. l. During the last few months of his life. Incolumi Iove et urbe Roma? HORACE. qua admiratione Ciliciae civitatum maximeque Tarsensium. pledges of the immortality of Rome. 51-50 B. connecting Italy and the East. and thus to secure a direct route by sea. 101.) was fought 26 years before this Ode was written (27 B. Antonius carried on a disastrous campaign against Phraates. Nearly 10. et hostium (Pro curia inversique mores!) Consenuit socerorum in armis Sub rege Medo Marsus et Apulus. Quique necem Crassi vindicet. i. Crassus ad Euphraten aquilas natumque suosque Perdidit. _Fasti_. postea . the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs. discors+ = _the short-lived concord endured. 5-12. but in 20 B.º 8 12 468 OVID. quid exsultas?º dixit dea.] B.C.. ultor erit. l.] B49 CICERO. v.. +Temporis . the Roman people. +Nec patitur . non mehercule dici potest. 101) _not to join its waters_. Anciliorum et nominis et togae Oblitus aeternaeque Vestae. the _gens togata_.] C. 10.. _Odes_ III. 467) and prisoners captured at Carrhae.C. fretum+ = _and suffers it_ (+mare+. vi. ªsigna remittes.C. In 36 B. but it was a jarring_ (+discors+) _concord_.C. Caesar was occupied with the preparations for his expedition against the Parthians. +Consenuit:+ Carrhae (53 B. l._ Ipse in Asiam profectus sum Tarso Nonis Ianuariis. [[Hallam VI. Milesne Crassi coniuge barbara Turpis maritus vixit.C. +Isthmos+.000 Roman prisoners were settled by the victors in the oasis of Merv. King of Parthia. GOVERNOR OF CILICIA.e. Jove's temple on the Capitol. i. et leto est ultimus ipse datus. [Linenotes: 8. aeternae Vestae+.e. 397-400]] [Linenote: 3-4. sc. _His humane Administration. Augustus received from the King the Eagles (+signa+. _of Corinth_: Caesar planned to cut it.). ªParthe. 12. ne in hiberna milites reciperent. ut et Graeci et cives Romani. ad Q. quae sex {5} mensibus imperii mei nullas meas acceperat litteras. 49).e. tέqrippa = _statues in chariots drawn by four horses_. Cyprii talenta Attica CC. Cicero governed Asia as Propraetor 62-58 B. Illud autem tempus quotannis ante me fuerat in hoc quaestu. CICERO. for five years also.. tέqrippa prohibeo.C. rare. nulla contumelia auctoritate et cohortatione perfeci. qui haec praedicem de me. +56 B._ --LUCAN. _Nec quemquam iam ferre potest Caesarve priorem Pompeiusve parem. sed fortasse tibi. The +hospites+ = _soldiers or public officials_. +in Asiam+. [Linenotes: 1. numquam hospitem viderat. _Ep. ad Atticum_. nec sum in ulla re alia molestus {15} civitatibus. quibus illi obstupescunt.C._ i. ut etiam fames. Ob haec beneficia. sed verissime loquor--nummus nullus me obtinente erogabatur. to the districts N. F. v. 20-21. see _Ep. +nullas meas .C. Cydnus. qui frumentum compresserant. --T.vero quam Taurum transgressus sum. qua ex {10} insula--non ‚perbolikῶV. mirifica exspectatio Asiae nostrarum dioecesium. 6-7. because it gave him the opportunity of showing the effect of his personal influence. statuas. but were politically attached to Cilicia. never seen a man billeted on them_.' 15.+ His administration seems to have been just. Perifer. 66 B.) CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 21. +mihi optanda fuerit:+ i. magnas pecunias dabant. --Tyrrell. Pompeius made Tarsus the capital of the new province of Cilicia. 1 (Q.. fana. +compresserant+ = _had stowed away_. 9. +fuerat in hoc quaestu+ = _had been devoted to gain in the following fashion_. Iter igitur ita per Asiam feci. of the Taurus range. nulla vi. By the Conference at Luca+ it was arranged:-(i) to give Caesar a new term of five years' government in which to complete his work in Gaul (until March 1. lit. about twelve miles above its mouth. civitates locupletes. 23.] +Cicero as Governor. qua nihil miserius est. viderat+ = _had never received demands_ (+litteras+) _from me. nullo iudicio. mihi optanda {20} fuerit: quacumque iter feci. which belonged geographically to Asia in the Roman sense. i. tu enim me haec facere voluisti. _kept back_. si me amas. considerate and popular. (ii) to give Pompeius the government of the two Spains. +ne in hiberna milites reciperent:+ Mommsen says `A town suffered nearly to the same extent when a Roman army took up winter quarters in it as when an enemy took it by storm. For +Cicero's Ideal of a Roman Governor+. nullos honores mihi nisi verborum decerni sino. --Watson. 8.e. and Crassus that of Syria. quae tum erat in hac mea Asia--messis enim nulla fuerat--. +Tarso+ = on the R. It was further agreed that Pompeius and Crassus should have the . magnum numerum populis pollicerentur. while himself keeping on legal ground.+ But this did not suit Caesar's  ¦ m¥ s. and from 52 onwards the breach between Pompeius and Caesar began to widen. even if he were duly elected Consul in 49. he would have to come in person to Rome. Gaius Marcellus. +Thus Caesar's resignation both of his army and his province could be demanded on March 1.C. Caesar had long foreseen this.C. and as such amenable to prosecution. which relieved him from the necessity of canvassing in person+. from obtaining a fresh provincial governorship until five years from the end of 48. compelled Pompeius to declare war. Pompeius and the Senate combined to alter the whole legal machinery for appointing provincial governors. +Lex Pompeia de iure magistratuum.C. as soon as he appeared in Rome for the consular elections. Caesar's overtures for peace. +There was to be an interval of five years between a consulship and a proconsulship+. 48. He would thus be able to retain his army and government throughout the year 49. and would not be forced to return to Rome until he was safe from prosecution as Consul. When the law was passed in 55. +There would therefore be an interval between the two offices+. +Pompeius seems to have inserted in it+ (doubtless in accordance with a previous promise to Caesar) +a clause prohibiting the discussion of a successor before March 1.+ +50 B. broke up the meeting in anger. +52 B. and utter lawlessness prevailing in Rome +gave Pompeius his opportunity+. 49. 1.. Caesar therefore could not be superseded except by the consuls of 49. when the constant rioting (Clodius v. Milo). During Caesar's long absence from Rome his opponents. and with the two Consuls elected for 49 (Claudius Marcellus and Lentulus Crus) requested Pompeius to put himself at the head of the two legions stationed at Capua and to call the Italian militia to arms. Now Caesar's proconsulship of Gaul was to terminate on March 1. which added a fresh term of five years to his government. Pompeius Sole Consul.+ He had. if he gave up province and army on March 1. the Senate was authorised to appoint any person of consular rank who had not as yet proceeded to a proconsulship.C. with Cato at their head. with the support of Pompeius. with supreme power to meet the crisis. 49. 50+. but as general of a . Caesar might now feel himself safe: he would retain both army and provinces throughout 49. which would prevent Caesar. He would then be merely a private citizen. +Caesar had completely attained the object of devolving the initiative of Civil War on his opponents. 49.+ As the law stood. The presiding Consul. The death of Julia in 54 and of Crassus in 53 had removed the two strongest influences for peace. and Caesar would be exposed to the utmost peril.consulship for 55 B. When the bill became law (as it did in 51) there would be an interval of some years before any consuls would be qualified under it for provinces: and to fill up the governorships during the interval. were waiting their chance to impeach him for numerous acts in his province. and to declare it not as the representative of the legitimate authority. The Senate in their distress caused Pompeius to be nominated sole Consul.+ Caesar let it be known to the Senate through Curio that +he was willing to resign his army and provinces if Pompeius would simultaneously do the same+: and the Senate voted a resolution in this sense by a majority of 370 to 22.+ So things continued until 52 B. But early in 52 +a decree was promulgated. and these would not be able to succeed him (as proconsuls) till Jan. and the consular elections would take place at the earliest in the following summer. +Caesar's canvass for the Consulship. 213-235.C. and Warde Fowler. seu turbidus Auster Impulerat. at this period the frontier town of Italy. _Pharsalia_. +puniceus+ = _dark red_: +Rubicon+. the narrow brook which separated his province from Italy. i. Credidimus fatis. On Jan. prob. +limes+. +temerata+. as if from _ruber_. 49 B.e. utendum est iudice bello.revolutionary minority of the Senate. --_Adapted from Long. Varus. Tunc vires praebebat hiemps atque auxerat undas Tertia iam gravido pluvialis Cynthia cornu Et madidis Euri resolutae flatibus Alpes. Primus in obliquum sonipes opponitur amnem Excepturus aquas. he trod at the same time the path 215 220 225 230 235 . 218. to pass which at the head of an army was high treason to the State. (1) _Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Caesar crossed the Rubicon.C. the third night after the change of moon._ Fonte cadit modico parvisque impellitur undis Puniceus Rubicon cum fervida canduit aestas. seu sponte deum. sequor. Perque imas serpit valles et Gallica certus Limes ab Ausoniis disterminat arva colonis. 1st Caesar's tribune Curio once more presented proposals from Caesar. 225. ut adversam superato gurgite ripam Attigit Hesperiae vetitis et constitit arvis. Suet. the Consuls for 49 B. maestam tenuerunt nubila lucem. it torto Balearis verbere fundae Ocior et missa Parthi post terga sagitta Vicinumque minax invadit Ariminum. +verbere+ = the _thong_. +gravido+ = _surcharged with rain_._ B50 CIVIL WAR.e. _Caesar_. i. not _the_ Alps. LUCAN. On Jan. 29. --W. `Hic' ait `hic pacem temerataque iura relinquo. 216. i. et ignes Solis lucifero fugiebant astra relicto. i. [Linenotes: 214. of the sling (+fundae+). 231.+ On Lentulus Crus and Claudius Marcellus. procul hinc iam foedora sunto. molli tum cetera rumpit Turba vado faciles iam fracti fluminis undas.] +The Passage of the Rubicon. must rest the immediate blame of the Civil War. but Lentulus would not allow them to be considered. which overawed the majority. +Alpes+ = _mountains_. 30). +Context. until the time of Augustus. +Ariminum+ (Rimini).+ `When after nine years' absence he trod once more the soil of his native land. 229. by Pompeius and the senatorial party. the boundary between Gallia Narbonensis and Italy. 7th the _Senatus consultum ultimum_ was decreed. F.e. Mommsen.' Sic fatus noctis tenebris rapit agmina ductor Impiger. which startle us by their marvellous moderation (cf.e. Fortuna. by whom Italy was extended to the R. 219. Caesar. and a state of war declared. Iamque dies primos belli visura tumultus Exoritur. 49-45 B. I. --Haskins.C.. Te. Corfinium (held in force by Domitius for Pompeius) surrendered._ His rebus confectis Caesar.+ After his passage of the Rubicon. in se recusarent atque omnia permisceri mallent. and the captured troops enlisted in his ranks. Pro quibus rebus hortatur ac postulat. qui si improbasset. Brundisium. 15. ipse ad urbem proficiscitur. April 49 B. Iniuriam in eripiendis legionibus praedicat._ i. Docet se nullum extraordinarium honorem appetisse.e. An attempt to blockade Pompeius in Brundisium was skilfully foiled.' --M. crudelitatem et insolentiam in circumscribendis {20} tribunis plebis. B52 CIVIL WAR.of revolution. Tarentum. F. Latum ab x tribunis plebis contradicentibus inimicis.. C. i. cur se uti populi beneficio prohibuisset? Patientiam proponit suam. Hydruntum (Otranto). --Long.C. The Senate was legally summoned by the tribunes Antonius and Cassius. +municipia+. (2) _Caesar defends himself before the Senate.e. Caesar was required to send home a legion he had borrowed of Pompeius. _de B. and to posterity by the result. Catone vero acerrime repugnante et pristina consuetudine dicendi mora dies extrahente. 49-45 B. Caesar quickly made himself master of Italy. cur ferri passus esset? qui si improbasset. but the legions were detained by Pompeius in Italy. ut rem publicam suscipiant atque una secum administrent. condiciones a se latas. and contribute another himself.C. Town after town opened its gates to him.+ All Caesar's acts after the crossing of the Rubicon were entirely unconstitutional. [Linenotes: 2. 19. 32. and +was invited to unite with him in carrying on the government+. in quo iacturam dignitatis atque honoris ipse facturus {15} esset. Coacto senatu iniurias inimicorum commemorat. ut sui ratio absentis haberetur. ostensibly for the Parthian War. +Context. expetita colloquia et denegata commemorat. ut reliquum tempus a labore intermitteretur. qui. he was justified to himself by the past. (3) . milites in proxima municipia deducit. quod omnibus civibus pateret.C.e. --W.C. +ut sui . sed exspectato {5} legitimo tempore consulatus eo fuisse contentum. and the Parthian War was quietly dropped. 49-45 B.] +Caesar in Rome. 10. B51 CIVIL WAR. i. in 50 B. ipso {10} consule Pompeio. quam imperium exercitusque dimittere. Acerbitatem inimicorum docet. allowing him to stand for the consulship in his absence. On the last day of March Caesar arrived at Rome.. Alea iacta est. CAESAR. cum de exercitibus dimittendis ultro postulavisset. i. +iacturam dignitatis+ = sacrifice of prestige. +eripiendis legionibus+. haberetur+. quod ab altero postularent. But when he told the senators that he was prepared to take the government on himself. mox ut stimulis maioribus ardens Rupit amor leges. 169. (4) 170 175 179 196 200 205 . cut them off from their base on the Ebro. +ad montes+. Segres (a tributary of the Ebro) he fought the most brilliant campaign of all his military life.C.. i. 49 B. +Context. 173. Graminei luxere foci. Est miseris renovata fides. Admonet hunc studiis consors puerilibus aetas. sc.e. LUCAN. Postquam spatio languentia nullo Mutua conspicuos habuerunt lumina voltus. [Linenotes: 167. tantum nutu motoque salutant Ense suos. aetas+ = _one is reminded of his friend by the time passed together in boyhood's pursuits_. 178. with the single exception of Massilia. duro concordes caespite mensas Instituunt et permixto libamina Baccho. Caesar outmanúuvred the Pompeians. Et dum multa negant. i. 196-205. Hospitis ille ciet nomen. +Extrahit+ = _whiles away_. 49-45 B. vocat ille propinquum. iv. If this were crushed. qui non agnoverat hostem. Dum quae gesserunt fortia iactant. After severe losses and hardships. Tenuere parumper Ora metu. Pax erat. Deprensum est civile nefas. in amplexus effusas tendere palmas. 175. --H. by a wonderful march.e. Caesar.+ The whole of the western half of the Empire was now in Caesar's power. Quo primum steterint campo. +Dixit+._ Dixit et ad montes tendentem praevenit hostem.] +Result of the Campaign.+ On leaving Rome Caesar set out for Spain to encounter the veteran army of Pompeius under his legati Afranius and Petreius. et miles castris permixtus utrisque Errabat. --H. and forced a surrender on most generous terms. Illic exiguo paulum distantia vallo Castra locant. 167-179. +Rupit leges+ = _burst the bonds of discipline_. qua lancea dextrum Exierit. +Admonet . the rocky hills through which the retreating Pompeians had to pass before they could reach the Ebro valley. _interposito_) +languentia nullo+ = _not failing_ (+languentia+) _owing to the distance_. they were so near they could not fail to recognise one another. of their leaders. audet transcendere vallum Miles. B53 CIVIL WAR. atque omne futurum Crevit amore nefas. +spatio+ (sc. Et fratres natosque sues videre. i. Round Lerida (_Ilerda_) on the R. iunctoque cubili Extrahit insomnes bellorum fabula noctes.e. 200.._The Campaign round Lerida: the Soldiers fraternise. +metu+. outstrips (+praevenit+) them and blocks the way. --Haskins. Caesar. Nec Romanus erat. patresque.C. quod solum fata petebant. he felt he would be free to take the offensive against Pompeius in the East. Caesar entrusted the siege to Trebonius. _de B.e. Brutus with the fleet. e. 24. arma vero omnia reposita contectaque essent. portis se foras erumpunt.e. +turrim latericiam+ = _brick tower_. Caesar. but the arrival of Domitius (whom he had treated so generously at Corfinium) with a fleet caused the Massiliots to change their mind. A Treacherous Sortie. 16. He returned to receive its final submission. He has. +tormenta+ (_torqu + mentum_) = _artillery_. nostris languentibus atque animo remissis. _catapulta_. raptisque a Caesare cunctis Vincitur una mora. Quodque virum toti properans imponere mundo Hos perdit fortuna. Illi sub murum se recipiunt. 388-394. as a tribute `rather to its ancient renown than to any claim it had on himself. ii. +musculum+ = _sapping-shed_. and of the heroic defence of the citizens. 14.C. turris. +non impulsa+ = _not urged by others_. and left the city unharmed. plutei. supported by Dec. Unable to remain himself. Hunc sic distulit {15} ventus. engines for throwing missiles by _twisted_ ropes. +marred by a treacherous sortie under a truce+. i. the shield kept in a leather casing. tormenta flammam conciperent. {10} subito meridiano tempore.' [Linenotes: 389. left us a detailed account of their skill and energy. arripiunt. Nostri repentina fortuna permoti arma. from May to August 49 B. 391. uti uno tempore agger. CAESAR. alii ex castris {20} sese incitant.+ Caesar's appeal to the leading citizens to espouse his cause was at first successful. 17. 49 B._ A.e. C. +plutei+ = _screens_ or _mantlets_ of hurdles covered with raw hides. testudo. quam quem ad modum accidisset animadverti posset. Ita multorum mensium labor hostium perfidia et vi {25} tempestatis puncto temporis interiit. _de Bello Civili_. quod non impulsa nec ipso Strata metu tenuit flagrantis in omnia belli 390 Praecipitem cursum. --H. i._ i._Siege of Massilia. ibique musculum turrimque latericiam libere incendunt. the _ballista_. But cf. quae possunt. Fit in hostes impetus eorum. +raptis+ = _speedily won_. however. 34. interiectisque aliquot diebus. Quantum est quod fata tenentur. sed muro sagittis tormentisque fugientes persequi prohibentur. by Pompeius and his adherents. +Context. 25. [Linenotes: 13.C.] B. +multorum mensium+. Iam satis hoc Graiae memorandum contigit urbi Aeternumque decus. secundo magnoque vento ignem operibus inferunt. +contecta:+ i. At hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt.] .g. cum alius discessisset. dies! LUCAN. iii. et prius haec omnia consumerentur. alius ex diutino labore in ipsis operibus quieti se dedisset. )--a beloved wife and daughter--the personal relation between Pompeius and Caesar was broken up. +momentum+ (= _movi + mentum_) +rerum+ = _that which turned the scale of history_. 799-804.B54 CIVIL WAR. iv. 621-2: _Vendidit hic auro patriam dominumque potentem Imposuit. i. --Haskins. 824. quando non proderit ista silere A quibus omne aevi senium sua fama repellit. _Aen. He won a signal success over Varus (allied with Juba) at Utica.e. +senium+ (_senex_) = _decay_ (of lapse of time).C.e. +prodita iura senatus+. At tibi nos. As tribune Curio played an all-important part in the crisis of 50 B. (5) `_Nothing in his life Became him like the leaving it. Momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum Gallorum captus spoliis et Caesaris auro. postquam Ambitus et luxus et opum metuenda facultas Transverso mentem dubiam torrente tulerunt. Spectandumque tibi bellum civile negatum est. 802. Libycas en nobile corpus Pascit aves nullo contectus Curio busto. --H. [Linenotes: 800. Curio was sent by Caesar to wrest the corn-province of Africa from the Pompeians. --H. fixit leges pretio atque refixit.C. meritae praeconia vitae. 813.. 819._ vi. vitae+ = _such a panegyric_ (+praeconia+) _as thy life deserves_. till his talent induced Caesar to buy him up. hic vendidit urbem.C. Aut cui plus leges deberent recta sequenti. of the right of the senators to appoint governors of the provinces. +tribunicia arce+ = _from the citadel of the tribune_. the inviolability of the office and the right of veto. but allowed himself to be surprised on the plain of the Bagradas. Ius licet in iugulos nostros sibi fecerit ense Sulla potens Mariusque ferox et Cinna cruentus Caesareaeque domus series. 809-end. died sword in hand. when all was lost. As tribune Curio for a time played the part of an independent republican.C. 801._' Quid nunc rostra tibi prosunt turbata forumque Unde tribunicia plebeius signifer arce Arma dabas populis? Quid prodita iura senatus Et gener atque socer bello concurrere iussi? Ante iaces quam dira duces Pharsalia confert.+ In 49 B. i. and. +Context. iuvenis. Haud alium tanta civem tulit indole Roma. +vendidit+: perh.. Perdita nunc urbi nocuerunt saecula. +digna . 49-45 B. +gener atque socer:+ by the early death of Julia (54 B. Digna damus. 812. _Pharsalia_. cui tanta potestas Concessa est? Emere omnes. referred to by Verg. LUCAN._] 800 804 809 810 815 820 . 815-818. 12-15. (7) . [_To face p. [Illustration: DYRRACHIUM.' --W. CAESAR. 49-45 B. _stumbling_. C. causa autem obsidionis haec fere esse consuevit.] +Caesar's lines broken. F. +aut aliqua offensione permotos+ = _or demoralised by some other mishap_ (+offensione+. cotidie enim magnus undique navium numerus conveniebat. 47. and so _failure_).+ Pompeius was informed by Celtic deserters that Caesar had not yet secured by a cross wall the beach between his two chains of entrenchment on his left (200 yards apart). cum illi omnium rerum copia abundarent.C. Sed tamen haec singulari patientia milites ferebant. After a junction with Antonius. tum etiam reliquis rebus. 49-45 B.C._] B56 CIVIL WAR. 6. just as before Alesia. In each case the only safe course was a retreat: in each case the retreat was conducted with admirable skill. _de B. of Dyrrachium. the key of the whole military situation. Nam quicumque alterum obsidere conati sunt.+ In Jan. Caesar now determined to hem him in by a line of circumvallation. Caesar failed from want of a sufficient force. a short distance S. [Linenotes: 2.C. Ipse autem consumptis {15} omnibus longe lateque frumentis summis erat in angustiis._ Erat nova et inusitata belli ratio cum tot castellorum numero tantoque spatio et tantis munitionibus et toto obsidionis genere. cum ipsi numero equitum militumque praestarent. who followed him from Brundisium with reinforcements. perculsos atque infirmos hostes adorti aut proelio superatos {5} aut aliqua offensione permotos continuerunt.C. leaving it possible to land troops from the sea into the unprotected space._ iii. Recordabantur enim eadem se superiore anno in Hispania perpessos labore et patientia maximum bellum confecisse. (6) _Dyrrachium. lit. 216. `Like Wellington at Burgos in 1812. and his lines broken through. neque ullus flare ventus poterat. +Context. Pompeius refused to fight. At tum integras atque incolumes copias Caesar inferiore militum {10} numero continebat. Troops were landed by night: Caesar's outer line of defence was carried. 48 B. Caesar established himself close to Dyrrachium (Durazzo). multo etiam maiorem ad Avaricum maximarum se gentium victores discessisse. where his fleets could bring him supplies.B55 CIVIL WAR.) Caesar set sail from Brundisium and landed safely in Epirus. +tanto spatio+: eventually the whole circuit of circumvallation covered at the least 16 miles: to this was afterwards added. quin aliqua ex parte secundum cursum haberent. ut frumento hostes prohiberent. Pompeius still had undisputed command of the sea. and encamped on a hill close to the sea at Petra. meminerant ad {20} Alesiam magnam se inopiam perpessos. an outer line of defence. (48 B. quae commeatum supportarent. Caesar's line of circumvallation. . 14. +impulit+ = _set in motion_ (lit. +pura venerabilis . --H. --H. 20..] +The Dream of Pompeius. Sedit adhuc Romanus eques: seu fine bonorum Anxia venturis ad tempora laeta refugit. Nam Pompeiani visus sibi sede theatri Innumeram effigiem Romanae cernere plebis._ At nox. +solitas .e. over Africa 79 B. 7-29.--Haskins. [Linenotes: 9. _quies_) = _his repose full of anxiety for the future_. toga+ = _no less worshipful in pure white gown than_ (he would have been) _in that which usually adorns the car of triumph_.. Et quaecumque fugax Sertorius impulit arma.. --H. 10. Cic. the _toga picta_. vii.e. Seu vetito patrias ultra tibi cernere sedes Sic Romam fortuna dedit. near the Campus Martius. nullas tuba verberet aures. 17-18. when only 24. Olim cum iuvenis primique aetata triumphi Post domitas gentes quas torrens ambit Hiberus. plaudente senatu. that he triumphed over Spain. and +adhuc Romanus eques+ (l. _drive forward_). --H. _Ep. LUCAN.. +innumeram+ which belongs to +plebis+ is transferred to +effigiem+. 21-22. si te vel sic tua Roma videret.C. Dream of Pompeius. after the murder of Sertorius. vaticinata+ = _foretelling the opposite of his visions_ i. i.+ Macaulay says `I hardly know an instance of so great an effect produced by means so simple. plebis+ = _the image of the countless Roman people_. Castrorum vigiles. 26. +Innumeram .. Vespere pacato. +Olim . Sive per ambages solitas contraria visis Vaticinata quies magni tulit omina planctus._: _nullus venit_ = _he never came_. pura venerabilis aeque Quam currus ornante toga. 16. 25._The Eve of Pharsalus.C. _Pharsalia_. in dreams. Lucan confuses the two triumphs. +nullas+ = _at all_.. Unde pares somnos populi noctemque beatam? O felix. 19). capable of holding 40. diurna+ = _to-morrow's night of horror haunted by the sad image of the day's events_...e. Attollique suum laetis ad sidera nomen Vocibus. +sic+.000 people. felicis Magno pars ultima vitae.. i.' B57 10 15 20 25 . Ne rumpite somnos. the +planctus+ which was in store for him was foreshadowed. +Pompeiani theatri. Cf.+ Pompeius built the first stone theatre at Rome. 29. Sollicitos vana decepit imagine somnos. Crastina dira quies et imagine maesta diurna Undique funestas acies feret undique bellum. +anxia+ (sc. et plausu cuneos certare sonantes. by the +plausus+ of which he dreamed. Qualis erat populi facies clamorque faventis. +Crastina . i.e. It was not until 71 B. triumphi+. had stationed behind it in reserve 2000 of his best legionaries.. ut Caesaris impetum exciperent neve se loco moverent aciemque eius distrahi paterentur.. leviusque casura pila sperabat in loco retentis militibus.. 37: +Pharsalum+ _coeunt_. (8) _Pompeius ill-advised at Pharsalus. Cf. ut {10} duplicato cursu Caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur. sed augere imperatores debent.E. Triarii {5} fecisse dicebatur. quae studio pugnae incenditur. and this decided the battle. iii. +Context. 218.+ Submission of the East to Caesar._] . propterea quod est quaedam animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus. Here he offered battle. quam si ipsi immissis telis occucurrissent. +Pharsalia+ _late frequentant_. When Caesar's cavalry fell back outnumbered. the Pompeian cavalry wavered and fled. [Illustration: PHARSALUS.000 infantry and 7000 cavalry against Caesar's 22. _de Bello Civili_. [_To face p. neque frustra antiquitus institutum est._ Inter duas acies tantum erat relictum spatii. and encamped on the slope of a hill facing Caesar's position near Pharsalus. 92. Caesar's third line (forming a rear-guard) was now sent forward to support the two front lines. 48 B. to stop reinforcements for Pompeius under Scipio. this reserve ran forward at the charge. (He had been sent with two legions E. Pompeius' father-in-law.C. into Thessaly. idque admonitu C. while the territory of the town was named _Pharsalia_.. simul fore.000 infantry and 1000 cavalry. --+Result.C. +in suis . [Linenotes: 4-5. {15} Hanc non reprimere. where he left his wounded. Taken aback by so unusual an infantry attack. and then marched S.+ Caesar made for Apollonia. +The Battle. {20} CAESAR. where he joined Domitius Calvinus. ut signa undique concinerent clamoremque universi tollerent: quibus rebus et hostes terreri et suos incitari existimaverunt.+ Pompeius had 47. Sed Pompeius suis praedixerat. But Caesar. but using them as spears. not discharging their _pila_. Catull.CIIL WAR.+ The battle was fought near the town of _Pharsalus_. 7. Quod nobis quidem nulla ratione factum a Pompeio videtur. and confidently expected to outflank his enemy's right. Pompeius stationed his cavalry and archers on his left. ut primus excursus visque militum infringeretur aciesque distenderetur atque in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur. +aciem .] +Scene of the Fight. his better judgment overruled by the clamorous Senators in his camp. lxiv. 49-45 B. by the force of its onset. ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque exercitus. paterentur+ = _so as to allow their_ (advancing) _line to become disorganised_ (+distrahi+). foreseeing the defeat of his cavalry. into Macedonia. dispositi+ = _by maintaining their proper distances_.) Pompeius followed Caesar. and driving them against man and horse. +nescire+ = _to ignore_. 49-45 B._ Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi. bis sanguine nostro Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos. in consequence of the dearth of free labour. _Aeneid_. +monimentaque . from the dearth of genuine Roman soldiers. geri+ = lit. _Georg._ i. but on the heads of none_. 717 _quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen_. --H.. Juv.B58 CIVIL WAR. Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila. Tempora signavit leviorum Roma malorum: Hunc voluit nescire diem. 489-497. (9) A. cum finibus illis Agricola. it is impossible to wage_ +civil+ _war_. VERGIL.e. Pharsalia tanti Causa mali. in fulfilment of the terrible warnings at the death of Caesar. _so that during the long time since. Cf.C.. compede fossor_. 409. ne tanto in tempore bellum Iam posset civile geri.. _The Battlefields of Pharsalus and Philippi. Nec fuit indignum superis. 404. 61 _Non possum ferre Quirites_ | _Graecam urbem_ (a Greek Rome). vii. i. 405. Generis quo turba redacta est Humani? Toto populi qui nascimur orbe Nec muros implere viris nec possumus agros. Cf. Cedant feralia nomina Cannae Et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis. sed mundi faece repletam Cladis eo dedimus._ Non aetas haec carpsit edax monimentaque rerum Putria destituit: crimen civile videmus Tot vacuas urbes. vii.. 402. [Linenotes: 397-398. Vincto fossore coluntur Hesperiae segetes. stat tectis putris avitis In nullos ruitura domus. xi. Scilicet et tempus veniet.. 411. 490 400 405 410 495 . +Allia+: 390 B. Cf. [Linenotes: 489. +faece+ = _dregs_. Urbs nos una capit. +Ergo+ = _therefore_.C. _Pharsalus and Cannae compared. 397-411. +vincto fossore+ = _by a chained digger_ (delver). nulloque frequentem Cive suo Romam.. 60. LUCAN. incurvo terram molitus aratro. Juv.] B. +ne tanto . _Pharsalia_. Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes. iii. Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. +in nullos ruitura+ = _ready to fall. Vergil. destituit+ = _and has abandoned to decay the monuments of the past_. _quamvis_ (and yet) _quota portio_ (how small a fraction) _faecis Achaei_? 406-407. --Haskins. 80 _squalidus in magna . C.C. iii.C. ne Pompeius Alexandriam Aegyptunique occuparet. Ptolemy ruled jointly with his sister for three years. Pelusium pervenit. l. sive timore adducti. {20} clam consilio inito. 48 B. (10) _How Pompeius died.] `On the same day (28 Sept. neve eius fortunam despicerent. iis. (11) _Cato's Eulogy on Pompeius. {15} qui propter aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni..'--M._ Pompeius. confecto legationis officio. Ibi casu rex erat Ptolemaeus. ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris Alexandria reciperetur atque illius opibus in {10} calamitate tegeretur. palam liberaliter responderunt eumque ad regem venire iusserunt: ipsi._ . +amici regis+. ad interficiendum Pompeium miserunt. et ibi {25} ab Achilla et Septimio interficitur. 106-48 B. liberius cum militibus regis colloqui coeperant eosque hortari. qui ab eo missi erant. Ab his liberaliter ipse appellatus naviculam parvulam conscendit cum paucis suis. duobusque milibus hominum armatis. Achillas. 51-48 B. Ptolemy's guardian Pothinus. closely pursued by Caesar. deposito adeundae Syriae consilio.C. puer aetate. Sed.+ After the battle of Pharsalus. +Pelusium+.C. While in Cyprus he heard that Antioch (in Syria) had declared for Caesar and that the route to the Parthians was no longer open..C. 5. qui erant ab eo missi. B60 CN. 103. and espec. His tunc cognitis rebus amici regis. 104 (sel. Ad eum Pompeius misit. ut suum officium Pompeio praestarent. 15. e. The two armies were encamped opposite each other when Pompeius landed to seek the help of Ptolemy.) on which he had triumphed over Mithridates (61 B. et L. 21. castraque Cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castris distabant.) +Context. had thoughts of going to Parthia and trying to form alliances there. at Philippi 42 B. +iterum+. CAESAR. POMPEIUS MAGNUS.490. tribunum militum. So he altered his plan and sailed to Egypt. i. 49-45 B. on the E. Cleopatra raised an army in Syria and invaded Egypt. Pompeius.] B59 CIVIL WAR.g.e. et aeris magno pondere ad militarem usum in naves imposito. side of the easternmost mouth of the Nile. quam paucis ante mensibus per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat. singulari hominem audacia. _de Bello Civili_. Achillan. [Linenotes: 4. when he expelled her.+ By his father's will. where a number of his old soldiers served in the Egyptian army. praefectum regium. Septimium.) Pompeius died on the desert sands of the inhospitable Casian shore by the hands of one of his old soldiers (Septimius). +cum sorore Cleopatra. sive despecta eius fortuna. the first time at Pharsalus. the _de facto_ ruler of Egypt. magnis copiis cum sorore Cleopatra {5} bellum gerens. e. Shaksp. +solus+ (sc.. salva Libertate potens.' --M. _Jul. . voluit sibi posse negari. Casta domus luxuque carens corruptaque numquam Fortuna domini. 211. LUCAN.+ `Even in his own age he would have had a clearly defined and respectable position. generosam venit ad umbram Mortis honos. for which he was from the outset destined. 190-217. +cui summa dies . +servire sibi+ = _alone (of the chief men of the State) acting the private citizen when the populace were ready to be his slaves_.. (Mark Antony of Caesar) `He hath brought many captives home to Rome | Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill. . i. . an island near Alexandria. Iuvit sumpta ducem. _had he contented himself with being the general of the Senate_.' --M. et solus plebe parata Privatus servire sibi. One of Lucan's famous _sententiae_ (gnῶμai. `multum maioribus impar Nosse modum iuris sed in hoc tamen utilis aevo. --Haskins. Clarum et venerabile nomen Gentibus. 208. .' --M.C. saxo compressit harenam: Nautaque ne bustum religato fune moveret. +multum . acting unlike Sulla or Caesar. quam si Romana sonarent Rostra ducis laudes. sc. Scire mori sors prima viris sed proxima cogi. . +Intulit+.. Cf. --H. i. victo+ = _whom the day of death met when he was vanquished_. Immodicas possedit opes. rectorque senatus. _in aerarium_. without his having to seek it himself. C. once more to save his country._ III. of _Pharos_ (= Faro). 190 195 200 208 211 215 [Linenotes: 190-191. Cui non ulla fuit iusti reverentia. 198. ix.e. Praetulit arma togae.. erat. 49-45 B. _maxims_). sed pacem armatus amavit._ Tunc ne levis aura retectos Auferret cineres. Et cui quaerendos Pharium scelus obtulit enses! Forsitan in soceri potuisses vivere regno.`Civis obit..' inquit. sed ponere norat. O felix. iuris+ = _far inferior to our ancestors in recognising the due bounds of power_. B61 CIVIL WAR. His Roll of Fame. 209.] +Pompeius. ..+ `Pompeius came forward as the duly installed general of the Senate against the Imperator of the street. _ex proceribus_) . lit. Nil belli iure poposcit.' `Caesar devoted the proceeds of the confiscations (the property of defeated opponents) entirely to the benefit of the State. 193. famous for its lighthouse. 790 . Quaeque dari voluit. 195. cui summa dies fuit obvia victo. iuvit dimissa potestas. ii. +Pharium+ = _Egyptian_. +sed regnantis.' Vocibus his maior. et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi. Sed regnantis. _Pharsalia_. (12) _The Grave of Pompeius. --H. . sed plura retentis Intulit: invasit ferrum. oppidumque defenderent.C. hortatur. Quis capit haec tumulus? Surgit miserabile bustum Non ullis plenum titulis. Metellus. --Jebb. +Non ordine tanto Fastorum+ = _storied with no majestic annals_.e. 821.C.e.. orig. Quod nisi monstratum Romanus transeat hospes.+ Cordus. Quorum cum partem assentire. quod non legat advena rectus. [[Selection B21. i. (13) _Atrox Animus Catonis. 12. . solitumque legi super alta deorum Culmina et exstructos spoliis hostilibus arcus Haud procul est ima Pompei nomen harena. Depressum tumulo. . 813-814. rectus+ = _sunk low upon a tomb. whom Lucan calls _infaustus Magni comes_ (or according to Plutarch Philippus the faithful freedman of Pompeius).. e. . Adde truces Lepidi motus Alpinaque bella Armaque Sertori revocato consule victa. +ter curribus . which the stranger cannot read without stooping_ (+rectus+).g.Inscripsit sacrum semiusto stipite nomen: HIC SITUS EST MAGNUS. after his triumph over Spain 71 B. +pavidos Cilicas maris+ = _the Cilicians scared from the sea_. e._ Complures interim ex fuga Uticam perveniunt. 819. +Depressum . i. l. Quos omnes Cato convocatos una cum trecentis. finds the cast-up body of Pompeius and gives it honourable burial. 49-45 B. +HIC SITUS EST+ = €nqade keῖtai. --Jebb. non ordine tanto Fastorum. qui pecuniam Scipioni ad bellum faciendum contulerant. 809. last note on page. ter curribus actis Contentum patriae multos donasse triumphos.. 808. partem {5} animum mentemque . LUCAN. +truces Lepidi motus. temporary structures of wood. 789-793. but under the Empire built of marble. togam+. he did not claim them when he might have done so. Cf..--Haskins. ut servitia manumitterent..g. of Septimius Severus.. and over Mithridates and the East in 61 B.+ Cf. Adde actus tantos monimentaque maxima rerum. 806 810 815 820 +Subject.C. commercia tuta Gentibus et pavidos Cilicas maris: adde subactam Barbariem gentesque vagas et quidquid in Euro Regnorum Boreaque iacet. ªMetelloº]] 811.C.] B62 CIVIL WAR. page 180. Et currus quos egit eques. 806-822. Die semper ab armis Civilem repetisse togam. viii. page 178.--Schol. the regular inscription on a tombstone... +arcus+ = _triumphal arches_. _Pharsalia_. 46 B. A. Quod si tam sacro dignaris nomine saxum. _Pompeius effecit ut piratae timerent maria quibus ipsi ante grassabantur_ (= they sailed at will). triumphos+ = (tell how) _content with thrice driving the_ (triumphal) _car he made a present to his fatherland of many triumphs_. +dic semper . +revocato consule+. 814-815. 817-818. [Linenotes: 793. _de B. quo superiore tempore usus fuerat. The _Bellum Alexandrinum_ (Caesar's ¤ ¡¥.+ After Pharsalus and the flight of Pompeius. liberis suis L. +Context. vultu atque sermone. atque ita se traiecit. ut in quas quisque partes vellet proficisceretur. we finally part company with Caesar as an author. 88. ferrum intro clam in cubiculum tulit. amplius de ea re agere destitit. commendatis et sine suspicione. ASINIUS POLLIO.perterritam atque in fugam destinatam habere intellexisset. {10} qui tum ei pro quaestore fuerat. Ipse. navesque eis attribuit. cum dormitum isset. ipse suis manibus vulnus crudelissime divellit. et. Qui cum anima nondum exspirata concidisset. Caesari. omnibus rebus diligentissime constitutis. Africo_. atque animo praesenti se interemit. medicus familiaresque continere atque vulnus obligare coepissent. {15} impetu facto in cubiculum ex suspicione. ' --W.C. Hispaniense_ (Munda 45 B. ut facere videretur. The slaughter was terrible: the survivors fled to Utica. homo Virtuti simillimus et per omnia ingenio diis quam hominibus propior.s in Egypt and his settlement of the East 48-47 B.. principe illo familiae Porciae. the _B. sed quia aliter facere non potuerat. [Linenotes: 1. Catone._ A. [Linenote: 1. qui nunquam recte fecit. Hic genitus proavo M. As Dictator he remained in Rome several months. 46). unless it were by Cromwell in 1653-4. omnibus humanis vitiis immunis semper fortunam in sua potestate habuit.). Africum_ (Thapsus 46 B.+ `Caesar left Africa in June 46 B. the famous Censor of 184 B. in which more permanently valuable work was done than was ever achieved in the same space of time. and then in despair died by his own sword.] +After Thapsus. VELL. B63 CIVIL WAR. and by investing Thapsus tempted Scipio (Pompeius' father-in-law) to try to save the city by a battle. The senseless outbreak of the Pompeian party in Spain under Labienus and the two sons of Pompeius took him away from Rome: but the victory of Munda (45 B.). After a delay of fifteen precious months Caesar landed in Africa (Jan. quod haberet iustitiae.C. PATERC. 35. 49-45 B. +Uticam:+ second in importance to Carthage. where Cato in vain tried to organise a defence and to restore order.C.) closed the civil strife. . (14) _Cato Uticensis. but over Gauls and Egyptians. the _B. not over Roman citizens.C. are the work of eyewitnesses and officers of his army. 46 B. Caesar returned to Rome in September. 19. His troops were quickly arranged as at Pharsalus. +animo praesenti+ = _deliberately_. and by a single impetuous charge won a complete victory.C. and celebrated a magnificent triumph. Catone+. +M.).C. cuique id solum visum {5} est rationem habere.C. F. Pharnaces and Juba.C. ii. and six months more of life was all that was left to him. ) [Linenotes: 377. +honesti+ = toῦ kaloῦ. mundo. Hi mores. Huic epulae. _via_. pretiosaque vestis. (5) _Caesar dines with Cicero. 386-387. It is ªhis vain faith and courageº that alone lights up the dark hours of the falling Commonwealth:-`Victrix causa deis placuit. _hairy_) _toga_. F. --H. villa ita completa militibus est. . vacaret. Hirtam membra super Romani more Quiritis Induxisse togam .] B. In commune bonus: nullosque Catonis in actus Subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas. the rest of the world in a quite secondary sense. B64 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. Iustitiae cultor. +secta+ (sc. _Catoni_). Castra 375 380 385 389 . 374-391 (sel.] +Cato Uticensis.. servare modum finemque tenere Naturamque sequi patriaeque impendere vitam Nec sibi sed toti genitum se credere mundo. quid futurum esset postridie. rigidi servator honesti. Dec. Cicero defines +honestum+ as _aut ipsa virtus. 19. 389. lit. haec duri immota Catonis Secta fuit. quippe hominum ƒ„ ƒ„ . 381. 45 B. Intonsos rigidam in frontem descendere canos Passus erat maestamque genis increscere barbam: Uni quippe vacat studiis odiisque carenti Humanum lugere genus . . that he had clear political convictions and acted on them not only with consistency but with justice and humanity. 382-383. mundo... ubi cenaturus ipse Caesar esset. at mihi Barba Cassius subvenit: custodes dedit. it is his part +toti genitum se credere mundo+.+principe+ = _founder_. LUCAN. Ut primum tolli feralia viderat arma. +servare modum .+ Cato's aim is +patriae impendere vitam+.C. Sed cum secundis Saturnalibus ad Philippum vesperi venisset. . as the only true representative of the wise man of the Stoics. _a beaten way_) here = _disciplina_ = _principles_. +uni+ (sc.+ `He was like Caesar alone in this. +patriaeque . . +hirtam togam+ = _a coarse_ (lit. vicisse famem. sed victa Catoni. magnique penates. ii.' --W. 381-383.+ These expressions are Stoic maxims. {5} Sane sum commotus. His devotion to the service of humanity is complete. aut res gesta virtute_. Summovisse hiemem tecto. _Pharsalia_.. ut vix triclinium._ O hospitem mihi tam gravem ἀμetaμέlhton! fuit enim periucunde. Lucan (the nephew of Seneca) depicts the Stoic idea of virtue in the character of Cato. --Haskins. But this humanity includes Rome in the first place. Hospes tamen non is. +rationes+ (sc._ xiii. as host. unctus est. {25} CICERO. Quid quaeris? delectatus est et libenter fuit.). 'w©s Attic salt (+sermone bono+) that flavoured most the food. qui primas partes susceperat. sermone bono et. opipare sane et apparate. i.C._ 15 Praeterea tribus tricliniis accepti oἱ perὶ aὐtὸn valde copiose.+ ἀμetaμέlhton! = _Oh. the step-father of Octavianus. Spoudaῖon oὐdὲn in sermone. eodem ad me. alter e Cascis aversum vulnerat. Puteolis se aiebat unum diem fore. ilicoque Cimber Tillius. molestam+ = _unwelcome. The Dictator proposed a visit.. Ille tertiis Saturnalibus apud Philippum ad h. VII. 44 B.e. toga caput {10} obvolvit. L. simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura . quasi aliquid rogaturus propius accessit. _Ep. and yet I have had no reason to repent of it_ (ἀμetaμέlhton). 18-19.e.in agro. 24-25. conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est. Spoudaῖon oὐdὲn = lit. VIII in balneum.. Inde ambulavit {10} in litore. dixi. condito. Cornelius Balbus. [Linenotes: 1. 52. +Subject. He had spent a night near Puteoli (where Cicero also had a villa) with Philippus. 10. utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti. and Cicero in this memorable letter describes to Atticus what happened.] B65 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. +O hospitem . libenter. i.. as Caesar's offer to dine with Cicero was equivalent to a command. nec id solum.. what a formidable guest to have had. though not disagreeable_. paulum infra iugulum. `Though the cook was good. I suppose_. a native of Gades (Cadiz). accubuit. odiosam mihi.. +Balbo+ = _he was settling accounts with Balbus. non molestam. +odiosam . 14-15._ Assidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt. ad Att. filόloga = _literary chat_. Quid multa? homines visi sumus. cui diceres: `amabo te. villa defensa est. Et edit et bibit ἀdeῶV et iucunde. si quaeri'. Libertis minus lautis servisque nihil defuit: nam lautiores eleganter accepti.' --Jeans. _conferebat_) . renuentique et gestu in aliud tempus differenti ab utroque umero togam apprehendit. _nothing serious_. deinde clamantem: {5} _Ista quidem vis est_.C. 21. sed _bene cocto. Habes hospitium sive …pistaqμeίan. alterum ad Baias. _nothing political_. post h. cum revertere': semel {20} satis est. He was the first enfranchised foreigner who attained to the highest magistracy (Consul 40 B. nec quemquam admisit: rationes opinor cum Balbo. (6) _The Death of Caesar. …pistaqμeίan = _billeting_. filόloga multa. Caesar Cascae brachium arreptum graphio traiecit.. +homines visi sumus+ = _I showed myself a man of taste_.+ We here catch a glimpse of Caesar as he really was. was Caesar's confidential secretary and faithful friend. ' of a bitter and jealous disposition. slew +the one man who saw the truth of things+. nisi quod secundo loco in pectore acceperat. letale ullum {20} repertum est.C. (7) `_There may be many Caesars Ere such another Julius. etsi tradiderunt quidam {15} Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse: Kaὶ sὺ tέknon.deduxit. and at last it was resolved that the deed should be done on the Ides (15th) of March. who. for it did not and could not save Rome from monarchy.)._ 16._'--Cym . there seems to be no authority for attributing the words _Et tu Brute?_ to Caesar. Nec in tot vulneribus.+ After his return from Spain (Sept. ut Antistius medicus existimabat. But during these months the clouds of ill-will were gathering and threatening him on every side. 833 (of Lucretia): [Hallam II. +graphio+ (grafίon = _scriptorium_) = _a writing-style_. Caesar was busy with the reconstruction of the Senate. the most senseless deed that ever was done.' --W. and with other far-reaching projects. +quo honestius caderet+. dependente brachio. haec etiam cura cadentis erat. it was. the completion of his vast buildings in Rome. Shakespeare found them in an earlier play. quo honestius caderet etiam inferiore corporis parte velata. Kaὶ sὺ tέknon. [Linenotes: 8. F. uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito.] +The Murder of Caesar. donec lecticae impositum. diffugientibus cunctis. SUETONIUS. _Divus Iulius_. seems to have been the real instigator.+ `It is the most brutal and the most pathetic scene that profane history has to record. a student of life chiefly in books. A conspiracy was formed. He persuaded Brutus. as Goethe has said. tres servoli domum rettulerunt. +Context. aliquamdiu iacuit. that liberty could only be gained by murder. Atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. B66 GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. Cassius. _Fasti_ ii. The deed was done by a handful of men. Exanimis. of which C. 675] _Tunc quoque iam moriens ne non procumbat honeste Respicit. 45 B. cf. `a lean and hungry man. pursuing a phantom liberty and following the lead of a personal hatred. It was wholly useless. 12. Ovid. 82. at tamen magnas. +muneribus+ (sc. adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat. _Philippica_. ratio. . diligentia. +gladiatoriis+) = _gladiatorial shows_. +regnare meditatus. litterae. cogitatio. memoria.¥¦ .+ For Caesar monarchy meant the liberation of the Empire. epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat: suos praemiis. 45. multos annos regnare meditatus magno labore multis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat. cura. monumentis. Fuit in illo ingenium. A. ii. muneribus. 5. {5} congiariis. CICERO. res bello gesserat quamvis rei publicae calamitosas. [Linenotes: 4. _donis_). 146. Periit sexto et quinquagesimo aetatis anno atque in deorum numerum relatus est. +tantum nomen+ = _not a mere name alone_. his forum. in contrast to Pompeius:--_Stat magni nominis umbra. +temerando parcere ferro+ = _shrink from dyeing his sword_ (in blood)._ -. [Linenotes: 21.g. To this he owed the power of living energetically in the present.' C© s©¡ was the sole creative genius produced by Rome. _Trinkgeld_).g._ 88. {20} stella crinita per septem continuos dies fulsit. +congiariis+ (sc. 145 150 . and so of any largess. instare favori Numinis. +stella crinita+ (= koμήthV). non ore modo decernentium sed et persuasione volgi. Iul. creditumque est animam esse Caesaris in caelum recepti. e. SUET. et hac de causa simulacro eius in vertice additur stella. Sed non in Caesare tantum Nomen erat nec fama ducis. 466-8: _Ille_ (= the sun) _etiam exstincto miseratus Caesare Romam Cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine_ (= gloom) _texit._ C. Acer et indomitus. _Pharsalia_. _Div. Ferre manum et numquam temerando parcere ferro.] B. solusque pudor non vincere bello. then = _wine-money_ (Ger. orig. quo spes quoque ira vocasset. +clementiae specie. amphitheatre. a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est_.Haskins. Whatever he undertook and achieved was pervaded and guided by the cool sobriety which constitutes the most marked peculiarity of his genius. _Georg. and other public works begun (e. Successus urguere suos.--H. quos primos consecrato ei heres Augustus edebat. Verg.] _Apotheosis of Caesar. LUCAN. gaudensque viam fecisse ruina.+monumentis+ = _public buildings_.+ Cic. a _gift of wine_ (a _congius_ = about 6 pints). 6. cf.' --_OVID. Si quidem ludis. sed nescia virtus Stare loco. Impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem. i. himself refutes this ungrateful taunt in his _pro Marcello_: _Recte igitur unus invictus est. the _Curia Iulia_) and planned._ `THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. [Linenotes: 143-144._] `FACTA DUCIS VIVENT. which accordingly moved on in the path that he marked out for it until its sun went down. 143-150. exoriens circa undecimam horam. OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM. and the last produced by the ancient world. 7-8._ iv. Temple of Venus Genetrix. impellens quidquid sibi summa petenti Obstaret. _ Respice. intellectual. Defendi rem publicam adulescens. Etenim si abhinc {10} annos prope viginti hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari.+--`I am no king. after well-nigh two thousand years. Antoni: quibus ortus sis. Gifts such as these could not fail to produce a statesman. +he regulated the destinies of the world for the present and the future+. with always the same dexterity and always the same elasticity busy at work. and of applying his whole genius even to the smallest and most incidental enterprise. 44 B. complaisant towards everyone. MOMMSEN. when already forty years of age. and of the still more deeply decayed Hellenic nation intimately akin to his own+. uti voles: redi cum re publica in gratiam. perfectly pliant and smooth. quaeso. military. +He was monarch. patres conscripti. non {5} deseram senex: contempsi Catilinae gladios. not half as long as Alexander: in the intervals of seven great campaigns. but he never played the king. he retained the deportment of the party-leader. he had proposed to reach his object. The outlines were laid down. it seemed as if he wished io be nothing but the first among his peers. non pertimescam tuos. the master so long as he lived restlessly added stone to stone. Thus he worked and created as never did any man before or after him: and as a worker and creator he still.C. Sed de te tu videris: ego de me ipso profitebor. lives in the memory of the nations--the first and withal unique Imperator Caesar.' Even when absolute lord of Rome. no general has ever collected an army out of unyielding and refractory elements with such decision. which allowed him to stay not more than fifteen months altogether in the capital of his empire. A. aliquando rem publicam. without force of arms. non quibuscum vivas considera: mecum. like Pericles and Gaius Gracchus. . but Caesar. +Caesar as a statesman. and his aim was the +political. reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military support.undisturbed either by recollection or by expectation: to this he owed the capacity of acting at any moment with collected vigour. Caesar ruled as king of Rome for five years and a half. easy and charming in conversation. si repraesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest: ut aliquando dolor populi Romani pariat. M. put himself at the head of an army. never did regent judge his instruments and assign each to the place appropriate for him with so accurate an eye. until.+--No statesman has ever compelled alliances. and thereby the new State was defined for all coming time: the boundless future alone could complete the structure. _Peroration of the Second Philippic. But precisely because the building was an endless one. According to his original plan. quanto verius nunc negabo seni? Mihi vero. Quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerim. B67 CICERO AND ANTONIUS. quod iam diu parturit. +His talent for organisation was marvellous. and moral regeneration of his own deeply decayed nation. and kept them together with such firmness. as Caesar displayed in constraining and upholding his coalitions and his legions. he.+--From early youth Caesar was a statesman in the deepest sense of the term. 46. won now and here_.+ `Such a passage speaks to us with a living impression of unity and directness which we acknowledge without question. laurigeros ageres cum laeta triumphos. +domino+.--alterum. 11. when he fled to Egypt 48 B._ III. ut ita cuique eveniat ut de re publica quisque mereatur. i. [Linenotes: 1._ iv. +adulescens+. _Epig. lxix: _Quid gladium demens_ +Romana+ _stringis_ +in ora+? 6. 8. We admire and ask for nothing more. Roma. Antonius. sc. +quibus ortus sis+: espec. Quem sequitur custos angustae vernula capsae. Ingenio manus est et cervix caesa. +The Peroration. Antoni tamen est peior quam causa Pothini: Hic facinus domino praestitit. i. _Cicero as Orator and Poet. caput. jointly with Cleopatra. Cic. when he was in his 44th year. the famous orator.' --Nettleship.] B68 CICERO._ v. Hoc tibi. 3-4. --Jebb. +Illud caput+ = Pompeius. conspicuae divina Philippica famae.. Eloquio sed uterque perit orator. Ridenda poemata malo Quam te. Illud. `O fortunatam natam me consule Romam': Antoni gladios potuit contemnere._ Par scelus admisit Phariis Antonius armis: Abscidit voltus ensis uterque sacros. _Phil.e.e. si sic Omnia dixisset. 115 4 120 125 .e. Ptolemaeus. Cf. i. +Par Phariis armis+ = _which matches (that committed by) the armed hand of an Egyptian_. _Epig. +sacros+: _consecrated_ to Rome from their public services. B. nec umquam Sanguine causidici maduerunt rostra pusilli. whom Cicero held in great esteem. ut moriens populum Romanum liberum relinquam--hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus dari nihil potest.iam etiam optanda mors est. Pothinus (the guardian of the young king) who planned the murder of Pompeius. +templo+. by order of Antonius. ille sibi. refers to _In Catil. MARTIAL. A._ ii. his grandfather M.C. Duo modo haec {15} opto: unum. utrumque Largus et exundans leto dedit ingenii fons. lxvi. CICERO. 5._ Eloquium ac famam Demosthenis aut Ciceronis Incipit optare et totis Quinquatribus optat Quisquis adhuc uno parcam colit asse Minervam. _On the Murder of Cicero.C. +repraesentari+ = _be realised. in 63 B. King of Egypt. _Concordiae_. +hoc caput+ = Cicero. erat. perfuncto rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi. [Linenotes: 2. cum loquereris. +parcam Minervam+ = _a cheap kind of learning_. as opposed to orator. i. 115. transferred from +asse+ to +Minervam+. _Satires_. used for the transport of books. 5. Quot sunt quotque fuere. +causidici pusilli+ = _of a petty pleader_. [Linenotes: 114-117. they are better as being safer. 124. [Linenotes: 2. and the school year began at the close of it. `in 5 . who can make him wise.C. 121.e. +totis Quinquatribus+. Juvenal himself refutes this argument: _Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori Et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas. i. From Cicero's poem _de suo consulatu_. Gratias tibi maximas Catullus Agit pessimus omnium poeta. and +uno asse+ = _an entrance fee of one_ +as+. Tanto pessimus omnium poeta Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus. inde transversis itineribus in Formianum ut ab Caieta navem {5} conscensurus proficiscitur.' inquit. 122. 114-126. during all the five days of the Quinquatria. an annual feast of Minerva. Marce Tulli. Another line quoted in the 2nd Philippic is _Cedant arma togae. and +parcam+ (= _economical_). Boys at school long to be a Demosthenes or a Cicero. +pessimus omnium poeta:+ the self-depreciation heightens the praise of the last line. regressusque ad superiorem villam._] B. +vernula+ = _a little home-born slave_. i. JUVENAL.e. by order of Antonius. taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit. xlix. March 19-23: it was always a holiday time at schools._ Disertissime Romuli nepotum. quae paulo {10} plus mille passibus a mari abest. Unde aliquoties in altum provectum cum modo venti adversi retulissent. Cicero sub adventum triumvirorum urbe cesserat pro certo habens id quod erat. +Ridenda poemata malo+.] B69 CICERO. 117. CATULLUS.e. _His Death. 43 B. _Cicero as Advocate. concedat laurea laudi_. But Duff says +as+ here = +stips+.Volveris a prima quae proxima. modo ipse iactationem navis caeco volvente fluctu pati non posset. --Merrill. 116. non magis se Antonio eripi quam Caesari Cassium et Brutum posse: primo in Tusculanum fugerat. +Marce Tulli+: the formal address suits the formal expression of thanks to a _patronus_ (= _advocate_). +capsa+ a circular box of beech-wood. the boy's contribution to the goddess of wisdom._ M. x. Quotque post aliis erunt in annis. `moriar. C. and the tragedy of his death was the natural outcome of his splendid failure. ap. eloquentia illuminavit._ A. Antoni. were at once put to death. LIVY. These three allies (about the end of Oct. B70 _In Praise of Cicero. ut auxeris. sc. quod ille paene solus Romanorum animo vidit.' Satis constat servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum. ubi saepe consularis.e. and Cicero gave his life for it. Near this villa Cicero was murdered. and Lepidus. [Linenotes: 3-4. Sen. manebit incolume. 4.+ Cicero's work was over. . 66. Prominenti ex lectica praebentique {15} immotam cervicem caput praecisum est. .e.patria saepe servata. ut si vis afuisset. . still it was a beautiful dream. ubi {20} ille consul. ne immatura quidem mors videri possit. [Linenotes: 1. --Tyrrell. _Fr. This was followed by a proscription of their principal opponents. auctoramentoque funebri ad conservatoris quondam rei publicae tantique consulis irritando necem. +auctoramentoque funebri irritando+ = lit. +in Tusculanum+.] +The Death of Cicero. dumque hoc vel forte vel {10} providentia vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae corpus. i. Rhenus (a tributary of the Padus) near Bononia (Bologna). famam vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti. to his villa at Tusculum. Vivit vivetque per omnem saeculorum memoriam. 43 B. including Cicero (sacrificed to Antonius). to his villa at Formiae. {15} tuum in eum factum exsecrabitur citiusque e mundo genus hominum quam Ciceronis memoria cedet. on the Appian Way. Antonius. +in Formianum+. ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati quod sors iniqua cogeret iussisse.) held their famous meeting on an island in the R. _and by stimulating (provoking) by a fatal reward_ (+auctoramento+) _the death_. in the innermost corner of the beautiful Gulf of Caieta (Gaëta)._ vii. Ita relatum caput ad Antonium iussuque eius inter duas manus in rostris positum. richly adorned with pictures and statues. The restoration of the Commonwealth of the Scipios was but a dream. comitem aevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur. Rh. M. Nec satis stolidae crudelitati militum fuit: manus quoque scripsisse aliquid in Antonium exprobrantes praeciderunt. i. Nihil tamen egisti. egisti mercedem caelestissimi oris et clarissimi capitis abscisi numerando. Vixit tres et sexaginta {25} annos. nihil. Rapuisti tum Ciceroni lucem {5} sollicitam et aetatem senilem et vitam miseriorem te principe quam sub te triumviro mortem. ingenio complexus est. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. inquam. Octavianus. +triumvirorum+. ubi eo ipso anno adversus Antonium quanta nulla umquam humana vox cum admiratione eloquentiae auditus fuerat: vix attollentes prae lacrimis oculos homines intueri trucidati membra civis poterant. at which they constituted themselves a commission of three with absolute powers for five years. Suas. 5. ii. . of whom seventeen. ipse fortunae diu prosperae et in longo tenore felicitatis {20} magnis interim ictus vulneribus.. vir magnus ac memorabilis fuit. +ruina . Sen. he read through a great part of the book.] +Cicero. The boy was frightened.+ `It happened many years after that Augustus once found one of his grandsons with a work of Cicero's in his hands. ap. and said ªThis was a great orator.e. {30} LIVY. then he gave it back to the boy. claiming only that he renders the conclusions of Greek thinkers accessible to his own countrymen. exilio. the restoration of the Commonwealth of the Scipios. et in cuius laudes exsequendas Cicerone laudatore opus fuerit. ruina partium pro quibus steterat. Si quis tamen virtutibus vitia pensaret. _Fr. standing there motionless.] B. and. my child. trahet+. quod a victore {25} inimico nil crudelius passurus erat quam quod eiusdem fortunae compos victo fecisset. i. but Caesar took it from him.10-15. a great orator. +dumque .º'--P.. and a man who loved his country well. quae vere aestimanti minus indigna videri potuit._ [Linenote: 21-22. omnium adversorum nihil ut viro dignum erat tulit praeter mortem. Ingenium et operibus et praemiis operum felix. steterat+. filiae exitu tam tristi tamque acerbo. and hid the book under his gown.. in reference to Cicero's philosophical works. in which Cicero propounds no original scheme of philosophy.. Et quae septenas temperat unda vias.¢©¡c¨. Qua rudis Argoa natat inter saxa columba In faciem prorae pinus adacta novae. Clitumnus ab Umbro Tramite. hic ampla nepotum 8 12 16 20 24 26 39 . Sectaque Persea Phorcidos ora manu. Albanus lacus et foliis Nemorensis abundans. Peliacaeque trabis totum iter ipse legas. Tu licet aspicias caelum omne Atlanta gerentem. 49. Armis apta magis tellus. haec est pulcherrima sedes. Et siqua Ortygii visenda est ora Caystri. Geryonis stabula et luctantum in pulvere signa Herculis Antaeique Hesperidumque choros. movere meo. Hic Anio Tiburne fluis. tantum pietate potentes Stamus: victrices temperat illa manus. quam commoda noxae: Famam. Hic tibi ad eloquium cives. et aeternum Marcius umor opus. Tuque tuo Colchum propellas remige Phasim. tuae non pudet historiae. Tulle. Potaque Pollucis lympha salubris equo. Haec tibi. Omnia Romanae cedent miracula terrae. Natura his posuit. Si te forte iuvant Helles Athamantidos urbes. Nam quantum ferro. Tulle. Roma. B71 LAUS ITALIAE. _Cicero_. parens. quicquid ubique fuit. Hic tibi pro digna gente petendus honos. Nec desiderio. 853 _Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos. Huius pacificis debemus moribus omnes Quod veluti patriis regionibus utitur hospes: Quod sedem mutare licet: quod cernere Thulen Lusus. Huc defensurus morbos Epidaurius hospes Reptavit placido tractu. huc orgia Bacchus Transtulit. .Spes et venturae coniugis aptus amor. 19-22. is thy true abode: here seek a life of honour and a home. †rtux).C. +Ortygii Caystri. near the mouth of the R.e. of the delta of the Nile. 16. +commoda noxae+ = _disposed to harm_. cessurus et ipse Romanis. Verg. 42 +Subject. know that all the sights and marvels of all lands. +temperat septenas vias+ = _moderates its seven channels_. 25. Haec auguriis firmata Sibyllae. an old name for Ephesus. Cayster: the haunt of _quails_ (_Ortygia_. i. Haec est in gremium victos quae sola recepit Humanumque genus communi nomine fovit Matris. _de Consulatu Stilichonis_. Arcanas huc Vesta faces. The Alban and Arician Lakes (+Nemorensis+ = mod. vectumque per undas Insula Paeonium texit Tiberina draconem. 5-26. III. the well Iuturna in the Forum (`the well that springs by Vesta's fane') at which the Dioscuri washed their horses after their hot ride from Lake Regillus. Cf. _Nemi_) are close together. Haec sacris animata Numae: huic fulmina vibrat Iuppiter: hanc tota Tritonia Gorgone velat. Nec terminus unquam Romanae dicionis erit. from West to East. +Marcius umor+.) xxii. PROPERTIUS. potamus Orontem. et Phrygios genetrix turrita leones. iii. et horrendos quondam penetrare recessus: Quod bibimus passim Rhodanum. --Ramsay. Sic male sublimes fregit Spartanus Athenas Atque idem Thebas cecidit. [Linenotes: 8. the aqueduct of Q. 26. are outdone by those of thine own Italy. nexuque pio longinqua revinxit._ 19. A truly famous land! A land ever victorious. 150-173. 15. Quod cuncti gens una sumus. Tullus.+ Ortygia._ vi.e. full of fair lakes and streams. Medoque tulit moderamina Perses: Subiecit Macedo Persen. 24. 41. (IV. 150 155 160 165 170 CLAUDIAN. 39-42. --North Pinder. P. my Tullus. ever merciful. i. +ad eloquium cives+ = _citizens to hear and profit by your eloquence_. the daughter of Phorcus. Nam cetera regna Luxuries vitiis odiisque superbia vertit.] B72 LAUS ROMAE. --N. Here. Sic Medus ademit Assyrio. +Phorcidos ora+ = _the head of Medusa_. _Aen. Marcius Rex. built 145 B. non dominae ritu: civesque vocavit Quos domuit.+ Go where thou wilt. turbatae Palladis arma. concordibus influe terris: Iam mundus te. Cf. Vivitur omnigenis in partibus. capit. whence Juvenal. subiungier uni Imperio. haud secus ac si Cives congenitos concludat moenibus unis Urbs patria atque omnes lare conciliemur avito.+ In a remarkable passage. nisi implicitas societ mens unica gentes. who had a famous temple at Epidaurus (in Argolis). 173. impositis ut mundum frenet habenis? Discordes linguis populos et dissona cultu Regna volens sociare Dens.. _a means of managing_.. variously identified with the Shetlands. Cybele. Paiώn.. ‡rpw.e. Quae motus varios simul et dicione coercet Et terrore premit. Romane. +Quod cuncti .[Linenotes: 153.C. 400 A.. revinxit+ = _and has linked far places in a bond of love_. facit excellentia Romae.D. Certatim squamis serpentum auroque polibant. 164. 168. _contra Symmachum_. Ius fecit commune pares et nomine eodem Nexuit et domitos fraterna in vincla redegit. quae causa tuos. Asclepius (Aesculapius). of the northernmost island known. whence his worship was introduced into Rome to avert a pestilence 293 B.' --CLAUDIAN. sumus+ = _that the whole earth is one people_. ii. +Epidaurius hospes+. Iceland. 585 590 592 608 612 634 640 PRUDENTIUS. Verg._ viii.) views the victorious empire of Rome as preparing the way for the coming of . Connexosque angues ipsamque in pectore divae Gorgona. +Orontem+: the largest river of Syria.. 583-640 (sel.. +genetrix turrita+. _Aen. quis gloria fotibus aucta Sic cluat._ 159. 172. +moderamina+ = _the reins of power_. Christe. uses it of the Syrian people-_Iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes.). Vergil's _ultima Thule_. iii. 171. i. _repo_. quem congrege nexu Pax et Roma tenent: capita haec et culmina rerum Esse iubes. labores In tantum extulerit. 158. En ades omnipotens. 435-8: _Aegidaque horriferam. or Norway. +reptavit placido tractu+ = _came gently gliding on his voyage_. quo corda hominum coniuncta teneret Relligionis amor: nec enim fit copula Christo Digna. the goddess of settled life. +Subject. Vis dicam. i. Cf.e. --For +reptavit+ cf. +hanc tota . 156. and our _creep_. +Thulen:+ cf. velat+ = _she it is above whom Pallas spreads the whole shadow of the aegis_ (+tota Gorgone+). nec Roma tibi sine pace probatur: Et pax ut placeat. --Jebb._ 170. quidquid tractabile moribus esset.] B73 `QUOD CUNCTI GENS UNA SUMUS. Concordique iugo retinacula mollia ferre Constituit. 62. desecto vertentem lumina collo. Prudentius (circ. lit. +nexuque . --Jebb. +Paeonium draconem+ = _the serpent of the healer_. . 635. An ªuniversal peace is struck through sea and land.[36] _The Perils of the Deep. not those of slavery. Quo non arbiter Hadriae Maior. nec timuit praecipitem Africum Decertantem Aquilonibus Nec tristes Hyadas nec rabiem Noti. lucida sidera. +fotibus+ (cf. tollere seu ponere vult freta. as_ +domitos+ _would naturally suggest_. the gifts of false gods. _iugo_) . emphatic. grateful for sacrifices. klέoV. he says. The triumphs of the Romans were not._ A.. qui fragilem truci Commisit pelago ratem Primus. [Linenotes: 584. P. Commerce. Ventorumque regat pater Obstrictis aliis praeter Iapyga. 590-591. and familiarise them with a common yoke. i. +concordibus+ = _now they are in harmony and peace_. +quo+ (sc. and Marriage constitute the world one city and one family. by way of disciplining them for a common Christianity. --N. for _cluo_ (ante and post-class. but were designed by Providence to break down the barriers between the jarring nationalities of the world. +fraterna in vincla+ = _in the bonds of brotherhood. _foveo_) = _cherishings_. Navis.) cf.e. --North Pinder.º and Law. _supports_. quae tibi creditum Debes Vergilium. 609. Quem mortis timuit gradum. finibus Atticis Reddas incolumem precor Et serves animae dimidium meae. _fotum_. +capit+ = _is fit to receive thee_. Sic fratres Helenae. Sic te diva potens Cypri. si tamen impiae 4 8 12 16 20 . hearts once knit together by a common yoke would best be held together by a common faith. Qui vidit mare turbidum et Infames scopulos Acroceraunia? Nequiquam deus abscidit Prudens Oceano dissociabili Terras.Christ. Illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat. 585. +amor+. +sic cluat+ = _is so famed_. post-classical. Art. 634. Thus the way was paved for the coming of Christ by the unity of the empire and the civilisation of the individual subject. Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia.] MISCELLANEOUS PASSAGES PROPEMPTICON VERGILIO. _' B. Iuvenis dubio committitur alto Maecius atque animae partem super aequora nostrae Maiorem transferre parat. Post ignem aetheria domo Subductum macies et nova febrium Terris incubuit cohors Semotique prius tarda necessitas Leti corripuit gradum. quibus audaces amor est servare carinas Saevaque ventosi mulcere pericula ponti.] `_Nought is there for man too high. Proferte benigna Sidera et antemnae gemino considite cornu. _His Prayer is heard. 24 [Footnote 36: A `God-speed' to Vergil's ship. totoque excludite caelo. _A Prayer for his friend's safety. Surgite de vitreis spumosae Doridos antris Baianosque sinus et feta tepentibus undis Litora tranquillo certatim ambite natatu.Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Audax omnia perpeti Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas: Audax Iapeti genus Ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit. . Iliacae longe nimbosa sororis Astra fugate._ B. et lenis non obstrepat unda precanti: Grande tuo rarumque damus. Oebalii fratres. Di. Caelum ipsum petimus stultitia neque Per nostrum patimur scelus Iracunda Iovem ponere fulmina. Nereides. Pinnis non homini datis. profundo Depositum. Neptune._ A. 28 32 36 40 5 10 15 20 . _Od. precor. Dicere quae magni fas sit mihi sidera ponti. iii. . Perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. Vos quoque caeruleum ponti. Sternite molle fretum placidumque advertite votis Concilium._ I. agmen Quis honor ei regni cessit fortuna secundi. Man's audacity. PROPEMPTICON MAECIO CELERI. quam scandere gaudet Nobilis Ausoniae Celer armipotentis alumnus. Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera. Nil mortalibus arduist. vobis pontusque polusque Luceat. Quaerentes ubi celsa ratis. . HORACE. quod maiore corporis sarcina animus eliditur. . Solus agat puppes summasque supernatet undas Assiduus pelago. usu fit facile. II. et inhabilem intentioni ac studiis acrioribus reddit. Quod scelus miseri luent? Scelus est Iason genitor. Audimur. _Ep. . aut pugillaribus. quarum labor spiritum exhaurit. ii. Pereant? mei sunt. Quodlibet ex his elige. `_They needs must die. et minus agilis est. SENECA. Adice nunc. Cursus. Occidant: non sunt mei. et animo locum laxa. 42-53.Et pater. 8. si bene desudaverunt. 1-20. . Primum exercitationes. . Cum tibi feliciter sagina cesserit. ac dirum nefas A me quoque absit. et saltus._' B. vel ille qui corpus in altum levat. mi Lucili. Dandum et aliquod intervallum animo: ita tamen ut non resolvatur. Multa sequuntur incommoda huic deditos curae. . Quis rude et abscissum miseris animantibus aequor Fecit iter solidaeque pios telluris alumnos Expulit in fluctus pelagoque immisit hianti Audax ingenii? nec enim temeraria virtus Illa magis. donec tua turbine nullo Laeta Paraetoniis assignet carbasa ripis. et tempori parcant: cuius praecipua ratio habenda est. . Claudere suspensos oculorum in margine fletus. . mancipia in magisterium recepta. _For those `qui corporis cura mentem obruerunt. Incognitum istud facinus. ac latera firmandi. homines inter oleum et vinum occupati: quibus ad votum dies est actus. vel ille (ut ita dicam) saliaris. Ecce meum timido iam frigore pectus Labitur et nequeo. Stulta est enim.'_ 42 45 50 53 61 65 A. quae corpus et sine mora laxent. vel ille qui in longum mittit. 61-66. Aeolio frangit qui carcere ventos Cui varii flatus omnisque per aequora mundi Spiritus atque hiemes nimbosaque nubila parent._ xv. quamvis movet ominis horror. Bibere et sudare. sed remittatur. vita cardiaci est. Artius obiecto Borean Eurumque Notumque Monte premat: soli Zephyro sit copia caeli. quantum potes circumscribe corpus tuum. STATIUS. SENECA. multum potionis altius ieiuno gutture regesserunt. et minime conveniens litterato viro occupatio exercendi lacertos et dilatandi cervicem. Vocat ipse ratem nautasque morantes Increpat. Neque ego te iubeo semper imminere libro. Crimine et culpa carent. et tori creverint: nec vires unquam opimi bovis. si in locum eius quod effluxit. _Silvae_. Sunt exercitationes et faciles et breves. et cum aliquo pondere manus motae. et maius scelus Medea mater. aut (ut contumeliosius dicam) fullonius. deinde copia ciborum subtilitas animi impeditur. summae gelidum quae Pelion Ossae Iunxit anhelantemque iugis bis pressit Olympum. nec pondus aequabis. Accedunt pessimae notae. Itaque. leviter curare videtur. Dicitur Afrani toga convenisse Menandro. habet hos numeratque poetas Ad nostrum tempus Livi scriptoris ab aevo. et merito. Naevius in manibus non est et mentibus haeret Paene recens? Adeo sanctum est vetus omne poema. Terenti. CRITICISM OF POETS._ II. Quotque aderant vates. Ennius. Iure sodalicio qui mihi iunctus erat. et sapiens et fortis et alter Homerus._ SUETON. _Ep. Quid. titubas? ora quid lacrimae rigant? Variamque nunc huc ira nunc illuc amor Diducit? anceps aestus incertam rapit. Vincere Caecilius gravitate. Quo promissa cadant et somnia Pythagorea. Bassus quoque clarus iambis Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. aufert Pacuvius docti famam senis. rebar adesse deos. _Medea_. puri sermonis amator. Vergilium vidi tantum: nec amara Tibullo 50 55 60 44 48 . i. _vit. Ambigitur quotiens uter utro sit prior. Quaeque nocet serpens. anime. HOR. Comica ut aequato virtus polleret honore Cum Graecis neve hac despectus parte iaceres! Unum hoc maceror ac doleo tibi deesse. 50-62. o dimidiate Menander.Sunt innocentes. Accius alti. CAESAR. Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. Macer. 920._ A. fateor: et frater fuit. _An Estimate of early Roman Dramatists. Terentius arte._ C. SENECA._' B. Plautus ad exemplar Siculi properare Epicharmi. Tu quoque tu in summis. Ter. quae iuvat herba. Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes. Ponticus heroo. Hos ediscit et hos arto stipata theatro Spectat Roma potens. `_Teréntio non símilem dices quémpiam._ _Ovid on his Contemporaries. _ap. Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo. Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures. Ut critici dicunt. Temporis illius colui fovique poetas. Lenibus atque utinam scriptis adiuncta foret vis. Poneris. OVID. 41-56. Úndique omnes vénti erumpunt. Rector in incerto est nec quid fugiatve petatve Invenit: ambiguis ars stupet ipsa malis.Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. saévi existunt trbines. OVID. Grándo mixta imbri largifico sbita praecipitáns cadit. _Tr. PACUVIUS _ap. Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est._ 65-388. Me miserum. 24. Galle. ii._ I. 52 56 Cf. Et gravis effusis decidet imber aquis. Ténebrae conduplicántur. 20 24 28 32 ._ B._ I. Propertius illi. xiv. _Ovid describes a Storm at Sea. noctisque ét nimbum occaecát nigror. _Fast. STORMS BY SEA AND LAND. ix. cui domino pareat. _Am. Inter utrumque fremunt inmani murmure venti: Nescit._ ii. Férvit aestu pélagus. 38-68. 9-30. hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether._ CIC. Quocumque aspicio. Ínterea prope iam óccidente sóle inhorrescít mare._ C. _Rem. _Am. QUINT. quanti montes volvuntur aquarum! Iam iam tacturos sidera summa putes. 85-90. i. nubibus ille minax. X. Flámma inter nubés coruscat. Nunc Zephyrus sero vespere missus adest. _De Div. Fit fuga._ III. _Tr. nihil est nisi pontus et aer. Fluctibus hic tumidus. Hinc tonat. [Hallam II. xv. caélum tonitru cóntremit._ IV. rex patriis astra petebat equis. x. Successor fuit hic tibi. 493-496. sic me coluere minores. 19-32. 369-372] _Thunder and Hail. Quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles! Iam iam tacturas Tartara nigra putes. et removent subeuntia nubila caelum. Nunc sicca gelidus Boreas bacchatur ab Arcto. unda maris. Nam modo purpureo vires capit Eurus ab ortu. Am._ I. OVID. _The passing of Romulus._ A. OVID. Sol fugit. Nunc Notus adversa proelia fronte gerit. Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui: Utque ego maiores. _ 5 10 15 ._ ii. Sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc Ad solam dominam usque pipiabat. Psittace. _Silv. lapsoque reciproca fluctu Descendit._ i. At vobis male sit. Iamque omnis in astra 330 Itque reditque ratis. VAL. _Aen._ viii. Crebra ruina poli caelestia limina laxat. Passer. hos agmine toto Gurges agit. Vorat hos vertex._ iv. Nam mellitus erat suamque norat Ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem. Nec sese a gremio illius movebat. _Theb. linguae. Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum Illuc._ i. quae omnia bella devoratis: Tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis. CATULLUS. dux volucrum. _Lesbia's Sparrow. Et quantumst hominum venustiorum._ A. STAT. Humanae sollers imitator. 328-334. 160-168. 4 _The Lap-dog and its Portrait. Lugete. Quis tua tam subito praeclusit murmura fato? STATIUS._' B. VERG. Quem plus illa oculis suis amabat. Simul in voltus micat undique terror. _Aen. PETS RENOWNED IN SONG. Passer mortuus est meae puellae. unde negant redire quemquam. domini facunda voluptas. iii. FL. deliciae meae puellae. 81-123. Tollitur atque intra Minyas Argoaque vela Styrus adest: vasto rursus desidit hiatu Abrupta revolutus aqua. o Veneres Cupidinesque. Cf. 336-363. malae tenebrae Orci._The Argo in a Gale. _Argon. Vae factum male! vae miselle passer! Tua nunc opera meae puellae Flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli. psittace._ D. `_My Parrot an obtrusive bird. Issam denique pone cum tabella: Aut utramque putabis esse veram. Eupolis atque Cratinus Aristophanesque poetae Atque alii. nisi labor eius amore. HORACE. quamvis uno libro. Multum eo est tersior ac purus magis Horatius. 1-12. Sentit tristitiamque gaudiumque. Issa est passere nequior Catulli. _Am. OVID. Ut suspiria nulla sentiantur. durus componere versus. cix. ut eum non eiusdem modo operis auctoribus. et. ii. CATULL. Issa est blandior omnibus puellis. Collo nixa cubat capitque somnos. versus dictabat stans pede in uno. Ut sit tam similis sibi nec ipsa. Hinc omnis pendet Lucilius. quorum comoedia prisca virorum est. Cum flueret lutulentus. Hanc ne lux rapiat suprema totam. hosce secutus Mutatis tantum pedibus numerisque. Emunctae naris. Ego quantum ab illis tantum ab Horatio dissentio. facetus. 93. sed omnibus poetis praeferre non dubitent. 6. i. erat quod tollere velles. quod malus ac fur. _A Criticism of Lucilius. loqui putabis. in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores. _Sat. Issa est carior Indicis lapillis. X._ ii. Siquis erat dignus describi. si queritur. et abunde salis. Aut utramque putabis esse pictam. 5 10 15 5 10 . (1) A._ I. qui Lucilium _fluere lutulentum et esse aliquid. Nam et eruditio in eo mira et libertas atque inde acerbitas. Satura quidem tota nostra est. Multum et verae gloriae. I. THE ROMAN SATIRISTS. Cf. Hanc tu. Garrulus atque piger scribendi ferre laborem. praecipuus.. Issa est purior osculo columbae. Quod moechus foret aut sicarius aut alioqui Famosus. quod tollere possis_. Ut magnum. In qua tam similem videbis Issam. Picta Publius exprimit tabella. Nam fuit hoc vitiosus: in hora saepe ducentos. multa cum libertate notabant. QUINT. putat.C. Persius meruit._ B. Issa est deliciae catella Publi. iv. MARTIAL. ira. Quidquid agunt homines._Juvenal's Reasons for Writing Satire. tertia iam postremaque nostra. Quae bona. utile. Commoda praeterea patriai prima putare. JUVENAL. Deinde parentum. Si vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis. 26-30. Virtus._ `_The names of men so poor Who could do mighty deeds. honori. Cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo. Frag. Per quem magnus equos Auruncae flexit alumnus. [Transcriber's Note: The omitted line (84) is _Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas_] THE ROMAN SATIRISTS. voluptas. _Sat. _His Subject._ i. _Sat. Contra defensorem hominum morumque bonorum. Albine._ D. id dare. Virtus scire homini rectum._' B. Ex quo Deucalion. turpe. Difficile est saturam non scribere. quod re ipsa debetur._ C. LUCILIUS. quid sit honestum. JUVENAL. votum. Navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit. 19-21. inhonestum. timor. quae mala item. edam._ i. nimbis tollentibus aequor. his bene velle. (2) _Virtue defined. quid inutile. Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa. 81-86. 10 Hos magni facere. Hostem esse atque inimicum hominum morumque malorum. discursus. Cum pars Niliacae plebis. his vivere amicum. quis vivimus rebus potesse: Virtus est homini scire id quo quaeque habeat res. est pretium persolvere verum Quis in versamur. Gaudia. cum verna Canopi Crispinus Tyrias umero revocante lacernas Ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum Nec sufferre queat maioris pondera gemmae. nostri farrago libelli est. 5 Virtus quaerendae finem rei scire modumque: Virtus divitiis pretium persolvere posse: Virtus._ A. 81 83 85 86 19 21 26 30 . _Sat. et aliam picturae faciem ostendebat. Serv. Quod Varro et Suetonius commemorant. Ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni. Teneros tu suscipis annos Socratico. aut versilis erat aut ductilis._ 90 95 30 35 40 A. Sed nudo latere et parvis frons aerea lectis Vile coronati caput ostendebat aselli. 90-99. 30-40. Nemo inter curas et seria duxit habendum Qualis in Oceani fluctu testudo nataret Clarum Troiugenis factura et nobile fulcrum. JUVENAL. Cornutus. Scena autem. _Persius in Praise of his Tutor. Cornute. LIVY. dicens._ 48. 24. SUET. tum fallere sollers Apposita intortos extendit regula mores. Et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat Artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. _ap. Ductilis tunc. 19-25. unde hodieque permansit consuetudo._ C. P. THE THEATRE. _Sat.Cum tremerent autem Fabios durumque Catonem Et Scauros et Fabricium rigidique severos Censoris mores etiam collega timeret. sinu. Georg. quae fiebat. Cum blandi comites totaque inpune Subura Permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo.C. cum tractis tabulatis hac atque illac species picturae nudabatur interior._ B. PERSIUS. . `Versis discedat frontibus': singula singulis complectens sermonibus. Nam scena de lignotantum ad tempus fiebat. cum subito tota machinis quibusdam convertebantur. _Epit. Cornelio Nasica auctore tamquam inutile et nociturum publicis moribus ex senatus consulto destructum est. 151 B._ iii. Apud maiores theatri gradus tantum fuerunt. _Objections to a Permanent Theatre. Cum locatum a censoribus theatrum exstrueretur._ v. _Sat. _Scenic Arrangements. Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit Bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit._ xi. ut componantur pegmata a ludorum theatralium editoribus. populusque aliquamdiu stans ludos spectavit. Tales ergo cibi qualis domus atque supellex. Me tibi supposui. Cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error Deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes. Unde perite utrumque tetigit. Versilis tunc erat. _ 99. Emathiae tutamen opis. Haec tum clarisona pellentes vellera voce Talia divino fuderunt carmine fata. clarissime nato. Accipe. ut equitibus Romanis in theatro quattuordecim gradus proximi adsignarentur._ D. Quae prius in levi fuerant extantia filo: Ante pedes autem candentis mollia lanae Vellera virgati custodibant calathisci._ A. SPINNING. `O decus eximium magnis virtutibus augens. Laneaque aridulis haerebant morsa labellis. 11-16._ C. `Sectus flagellis hic triumviralibus Praeconis ad fastidium Arat Falerni mille fundi iugera Et Appiam mannis terit Sedilibusque magnus in primis eques Othone contempto sedet.' 30 315 320 325 . Laeva colum molli lana retinebat amictum. _The Parcae spin the Web of Fate. _Epod.' HORACE. Namque ibi consessam caveai subter et omnem Scaenai speciem. L. currite fusi. 80 LUCRETIUS. _Epit. patrum coetumque decorum Inficiunt coguntque suo fluitare colore. tum prono in pollice torquens Libratum tereti versabat turbine fusum. LIVY. Roscius Otho tribunus plebis legem tulit. quod laeta tibi pandunt luce sorores._ E. cum magnis intenta theatris Per malos volgata trabesque trementia flutant.C. Veridicum oraclum--sed vos quae fata secuntur Currite ducentes subtemina._The Awnings. _Usurpers of Equestrian Privileges. _The Law of Otho._ iv. Atque ita decerpens aequabat semper opus dens. 75-80. iv. Carmine perfidiae quod post nulla arguet aetas. Et vulgo faciunt id lutea russaque vela 75 Et ferrugina. Dextera tum leviter deducens fila supinis Formabat digitis. 67 B. iii. stamen secernit harundo._ C._ A. 815-20. Inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis Quod digiti expediunt. _Met. 53-60. 19-23. nisi quod levis aura capillos Moverat et tepido manabant lumina fletu. . . Trahit inscius ignes Et stupet et visae correptus imagine formae Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. tectisque superbis Urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum. . studio fallente laborem. Sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes. . Ut in aequore summo 671 10 20 55 60 675 677 706 710 ._ vii. Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes Vidit Abantiades. _Fasti_. (1) _The Approach of the Monster. VERG. Arguto tenues percurrens pectine telas._ vi.CATULLUS. Cf. iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis. Tela iugo vincta est. 311-327. atque inter stamina ductum Percusso paviunt insecti pectine dentes. . . Seu pingebat acu scires a Pallade doctam. Marmoreum ratus esset opus. _The Skill of Arachne. Utraque festinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes Bracchia docta movent. 857-862] ANDROMEDA. quantum Balearica torto Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli. Sic fera dimotis inpulsu pectoris undis Tantum aberat scopulis. 10-14. . OVID. Cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa Arduus in nubes abiit. ._ iv. Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro Sulcat aquas. _Aen. _Met. _The Pastime of Circe._ B. Andromedan poenas immitis iusserat Ammon. Haud mora constituunt diversis partibus ambae Et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas. [III. 220-229. OVID. . Her Contest with Pallas. Proxima Circaeae raduntur litora terrae Dives inaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos Assiduo resonat cantu. . Seu digitis subigebat opus repetitaque longo Vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu Sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum. lxiv. Occupat aversum. Caput eminet undis 715 720 725 730 735 670 675 680 . Iam cautibus invidet ipsis Felicesque vocat. Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu Terga ferae pressit dextroque frementis in armo Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 721-739. I marked thee. Nec bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus Credere. falcato vulnerat ense. vacuo cum vidit in arvo Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem. Nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. teneant quae membra. Deriguit facie. maduere graves adspergine pennae. (2) `_From afar. Nunc laterum costas. a snow-white cross on the dark-green walls of the sea-cliff. visam fera saevit in umbram. Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues. Utque Iovis praepes. nunc qua tenuissima cauda Desinit in piscem. catenas._' --KINGSLEY. nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis. resoluta catenis Incedit virgo. Tandem Gorgonei victorem Persea monstri Felix illa dies redeuntem ad litora duxit. OVID. pretiumque et causa laboris. 706-720. Et postquam poenae causam cognovit ab ipsa. Concitat aerios cursus flentesque parentes Promissu vitae recreat pactusque maritam Ad litus remeat. victorque Medusae Victus in Andromeda est. conspexit scopulum. qui vertice summo Stantibus extat aquis. neu saeva retorqueat ora. non territus ira. unknowing._ iv. Destinat in thalamos per bellum vadere ponti. A. quem turba canum circumsona terret. Ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis. Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras Attollit. Altera si Gorgo veniat. Isque ubi pendentem vidit de rupe puellam. Vixque manu spolium tenuit. operitur ab aequore moto. Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus Ore vomit. Shining. 671-677. _How Perseus won his Bride. modo subdit aquis. Gravidus nam surgere pontus Coeperat. _Met. Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum Inplevere domos. gaudent generumque salutant Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur Cassiope Cepheusque pater. ANDROMEDA. quam non stupefecerat hostis.Umbra viri visa est._ B. Quaque patet. modo more ferocis Versat apri. et longo fugiebant agmine fluctus Impellentis onus monstri. In tantum revolat laxumque per aethera ludit Perseus et ceti subeuntis verberat ora. _The Death of the Monster. _Ovid and his Brother educated at Rome. v. at Venusia. Causa fuit pater his. Perfundit liquido Perseus in marmore corpus Maior et ex undis ad cautes pervolat alto Solvitque haerentem vinclis de rupe puellam Desponsam pugna. 595-615.Scindentis pelagusque movet. et vani crepitant sine vulnere dentes. curaque parentis Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros. _Sat. magni Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti. vi. Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto. Sed quantum illa subit semet iaculata profundo. At mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant. metuit pro vindice tali Suspirans. Ibant octonos refererentes Idibus aeris. HOR. _The School of Flavius. Tandem confossis subsedit belua membris Plena maris summasque iterum remeavit ad undas Et magnum vasto contexit corpore pontum. Nec cedit tamen illa viro. Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori. Tunc quoque terribilis nec virginis ore videnda. MANILIUS.] SCHOOLS. qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere._ B. 16 595 600 605 610 615 75 20 . _Astronomica_. Spectabat pugnam pugnandi causa puella. [Footnote 37: _illa_ = _belua_. Iamque oblita sui. Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo. nupturam dote mariti._ I. animoque magis quam corpore pendet. sed saevit in auras Morsibus. Efflat et in caelum pelagus mergitque volantem Sanguineis undis pontumque extollit in astra. 71-75._ B. Illa[37] subit contra versoque a gurgite frontem Erigit et tortis innitens orbibus alte Emicat ac toto sublimis corpore fertur._ A. Circumsonat aequor Dentibus. 667-583. Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. inque ipso rapidum mare navigat ore. Protinus excolimur teneri. JUV. Dummodo non pereat. Quid tibi nobiscum est.. qua nemo faber. liber. Surgite: iam vendit pueris ientacula pistor. sed incultus. 15-20. IV._ C. Vade. x. lxviii. _Homogeneous Divisions._ II. 222-227. 23. qua nemo sederet. mediae quod noctis ab hora Sedisti._ E. quod domino non licet ire tuo. qui. I. Cf. i._ F. ccxxiii. 1-4. ibis in urbem: Ei mihi. Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus meis morem.OVID. Dummodo non pereat. QUINTIL. _The Schoolmaster's life a hard one. Parve (nec invideo) sine me. MARTIAL. Cristataeque sonant undique lucis aves. MARTIAL. ordinem discendi secundum vires ingeni dabant. 114-7. IX. HOR. _Plagosus Orbilius. _Early School. _Tristia_. lxii. Quot stabant pueri. XIV. JUVENAL. A. x. cum pueros in classes distribuerent. BOOKS. totidem olfecisse lucernas. 69-71. _Ep. ludi scelerate magister. Qui docet obliquo lanam deducere ferro. ii. MARTIAL. vii. Invisum pueris virginibusque caput? Nondum cristati rupere silentia galli: Murmure iam saevo verberibusque tonas. X. et haereret nigro fuligo Maroni. qualem decet exsulis esse: 225 ._ D. cum totus decolor esset Flaccus. _ I. _Silvae_. sine murmure euntes. per quas numerabilis alte Calculus omnis erat. me duce certus eris: Libertum docti Lucensis quaere Secundum Limina post Pacis Palladiumque forum.. . Qui tecum cupis esse meos ubicumque libellos Et comites longae quaeris habere viae. ix. 9-14. . 8 MARTIAL. TIBULLUS. `Quo properas Arethusa?' suis Alpheos ab undis. i. i. _Trist. Nescioquod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur Territaque insisto propioris margine fontis. Lutea sed niveum involvat membrana libellum. Hirsutus sparsis ut videare comis. Pumex et canas tondeat ante comas Summaque praetexat tenuis fastigia chartae Indicet ut nomen littera facta meum. III. quos artat brevibus membrana tabellis: Scrinia da magnis._ I. Nec te purpureo velent vaccinia fuco: Non est conveniens luctibus ille color: Nec titulus minio nec cedro charta notetur. 4 Ne tamen ignores ubi sim venalis et erres Urbe vagus tota. Nec fragili geminae poliantur pumice frontes. B. Lassa revertebar (memini) Stymphalide silva. Hos eme. Felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos: Fortunae memorem te decet esse meae. `_As an eagle pursuing A dove to its ruin Down the streams of the cloudy wind. verbisque meis loca grata saluta: Contingam certe quo licet illa pede. Qui viderit illas De lacrimis factas sentiat esse meis. I. A. xxii. Candida nec nigra cornua fronte geras. 585 589 597 . 4 8 12 16 12 Cf. CATULL. ARETHUSA. Neve liturarum pudeat. C. Atque inter geminas pingantur cornua frontes: Sic etenim comptum mittere oportet opus. quas tu vix ire putares. STATIUS. Vade. Aestus erat. 4-8. magnumque labor geminaverat aestum. IV. xx. liber. OVID._'--SHELLEY.Infelix habitum temporis huius habe. 1-16. me manus una capit. . Perspicuas ad humum. Invenio sine vertice aquas. _Epist. HOR. ii. cucurri. Ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas.' inquam. Sed tolerare diu cursus ego.' Mota dea est spissisque ferens e nubibus unam Me super iniecit. quo me dea texerat. sed enim cognoscit amatas Amnis aquas. Ex modo formosis incumbens nescius undis Errorem blandis tardat imaginibus. Hanc circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato Candida purpureis mixta papaveribus. Saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla.`Quo properas?' iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore. . Usque sub Orchomenon Psophidaque Cyllenenque Maenaliosque sinus gelidumque Erymanthon et Elin Currere sustinui. B. viribus inpar. ut se mihi misceat. 586-641 (sel. undas. sic me ferus ille premebat. quod sumpserat. . 600 604 610 `_Alpheum fama est huc Elidis amnem Occultas egisse vias subter mare. quae me cognomine divae Grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras. placidis ut constitit oris. Delia rupit humum. tuo Siculis confunditur undis. Mollia composita litora fronde tegit. io Arethusa' vocavit. positoque viri. tuae.). In latices mutor. Sic ego currebam. Diana. Et iam praeteritis labentem Athamantidos undis Mysorum scopulis applicuisse ratem. longi patiens erat ille laboris. Quae modo decerpens tenero pueriliter ungui Proposito florem praetulit officio. Bisque locum. . nec me velocior ille. Hic manus heroum. cui saepe dedisti Ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela pharetra. caecisque ego mersa cavernis Advehor Ortygiam. per opertos arbore montes. A. Fessa labore fugae `fer opem. Ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae. OVID. . Sacram sepositi quaerere fontis aquam. . At comes invicti iuvenis processerat ultra. Non poteram. Sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat et ingens Crinales vittas afflabat anhelitus oris. Arethusa. HYLAS Oὕtw μὲn kάllistoV ˆlaV μakάrwn ἀriqμeῖtai. lustrat caligine tectam Amnis et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit. qui nunc Ore._' --VERGIL. . 615 620 625 636 640 20 24 37 40 . Namque ferunt olim Pagasae navalibus Argon Egressam longe Phasidis isse viam. _Met. nisi si timor illa videbat. deprendimur._ v. Sol erat a tergo: vidi praecedere longam Ante pedes umbram. inscius ambit Et bis `io Arethusa. `Armigerae. Per tamen et campos. ore Vertitur in proprias. I. pavent montes. impure. i. velut refugi quem contigit improba Mauri Lancea sanguineus vasto leo murmure fertur. Vel te mihi monstrare oportet piscis qui sit vidulus: Vel quod in mari non natumst neque habet squamas ne feras. volucri ceu pectora tactus asilo Emicuit Calabria taurus per confraga saeptis Obvia quaque ruens. postulas. enunquam piscatorem vidisti. venefice. Cuius ut accensae Hydriades candore puellae Miratae solitos destituere choros. APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. iii.) 44 48 585 590 595 TR. Ille. TR. GR. xx. siquidem quod vas excepisti. Sed tu. 37-48. VALERIUS FLACCUS. _Argonautica_. Quid ais. Heu miserae quibus ille ferae.Tandem haurire parat demissis flumina palmis Innixus dextro plena trahens umero. Immo hercle haud est. 581-597. PLAUTUS. 17-24. Philosophe! 60 TR._ B. Sic furiis accensa gerens Tirynthius ora Fertur et intento decurrit montibus arcu. impudens? Ausu's etiam comparare vidulum cum piscibus? Eadem tandem res videtur? GR. PROPERTIUS. meum potissimumst. Vidulum piscem cepisse aut protulisse ullum in forum? Non enim tu hic quidem occupabis omnes quaestus quos voles: Et vitorem et piscatorem te esse. Rursus Hylan et rursus Hylan per longa reclamat Avia: responsant silvae et vaga certat imago. In manu non est mea: Ubi demisi rete atque hamum. Continuo. tali se concitat ardens In iuga senta fuga: pavet omnis conscia late Silva. 65 . Frangit et absentem vacuis sub dentibus hostem. quidquid haesit extraho Meum quod rete atque bami nancti sunt. Cf. 1224-1239. _The Portmanteau Fish. luctu succensus acerbo Quid struat Alcides tantaque quid apparet ira. nunc notas nemorum procurrit ad umbras. _Argonautica_. quibus incidit usquam Immeritis per lustra viris! volat ordine nullo Cuncta petens. _Litus `Hyla Hyla' omne sonabat. Prolapsum leviter facili traxere liquore: Tum sonitum rapto corpore fecit Hylas._ (TRACHALIO--GRIPUS. nunc ad ripas deiectaque saxis Flumina. _Cicero on Terence. `quantum hic operis fiat poenitet. Scelus. Nullus est. Immost profecto: ego qui sum piscator scio. Aliena ut cures ea quae nil ad te attinent? CH. quin te in fundo conspicer Fodere aut arare aut aliquid ferre. non est. crede inquam mihi: Aut consolando aut consilio aut re iuvero. nisi caves: Fiet tibi puniceum corium. ego ut faciam. plus agas. Mihi sic est usus: tibi ut opus factost. tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi. 58-77. TR. An quoiquamst usus homini. ne verere. iii. 15-34. TERENCE. Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto. _Rudens_. i. Si sumas in illis exercendis. te ut deterream. TR. GR. Verum rare capitur: nullus minus saepe ad terram venit. furcifer.GR. ME. `_Humani nil a me alienum puto. Hoc colore capiuntur pauxilluli: Sunt alii puniceo corio. face. Siquid laborist. quidquid est. Ne retice. Ne lacruma.' dices. fac me ut sciam. Numquam tam mane egredior neque tam vesperi Domum revortor. 30 25 15 70 75 20 CH. Chremes. opino. Quid tu? nunquam audisti antehac vidulum esse piscem? TR. CH.' Quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae. Eheu. 34 _Hautont. quid de te tantum commeruisti? ME. atque istuc. atque atri. postea atrum denuo. CH.) A. CH. Vel me monere hoc vel percontari puta: Rectumst. se ut cruciet? ME._ . magni autem. nollem: sed quid istuc malist? Quaeso. IV. Haec non voluptati tibi esse satis certo scio. `Enim. Quo colorest? GR. Mihi._ I. Denique Nullum remittis tempus neque te respicis. ME. Nil agis: dare verba speras mihi te posse. Scio: Tu hercle. in vidulum piscem te convortes._' (CHREMES--MENEDEMUS. Habet bonorum exemplum. vibrans. PLINY THE YOUNGER. copulatur intorto. Certant inter se. _Terence defends his use of `Contaminatio. ubi visum est._ p._ A. Nam quod rumores distulerunt malivoli Multas contaminasse Graecas. sed sui cuique. non in novissimum digna miratu ave. [Footnote 38: _Contaminatio_ = the _blending_ of the parts of different comedies into one whole--e. sed festivum et expressum. qui solus lecto sermone. qui 20 . plures singulis sunt cantus. quae mihi obvenit. palamque animosa contentio est: victa morte finit saepe vitam. nec iidem omnibus. Ter. spiritu prius deficiente quam captu.B. Ac ne quis dubitet artis esse._ Prol. Conversum expressumque Latina voce Menandrum In medium nobis sedatis vocibus effers. Primum tanta vox tam parvo in corpusculo. Nat. _Hist. an adaptation of Menander's _Andria_ and _Perinthia_. Lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis xv garrulus sine intermissu cantus densante se frondium germine. nunc distinguitur conciso.' SUETON. plenus. the _Andria_ of Terence. Terenti. acutus. dum facit Paucas Latinas: factum id esse hic non negat. emi proxime Corinthium signum. medius. creber. imus. breviterque omnia tam parvulis in faucibus quae tot exquisitis tibiarum tormentis ars hominum excogitavit. summus. extentus. nunc variatur inflexo. tam pertinax spiritus. `Tu quoque._ B. gravis.'_[38] C.] PLINY THE ELDER. _Vit. 81. Quiddam come loquens. _The Song of the Nightingale. modicum quidem. Neque se pigere et deinde facturum autumat. 34.g. cum in ore Stesichori cecinit infantis. infuscatur ex inopinato interdum et secum ipse murmurat._ x. promittitur revocato. 16-21. ut non sit dubium hanc suavitatem praemonstratam efficaci auspicio. atque omnia dulcia miscens. _A Corinthian Statuette. Meditantur iuveniores versusque quos imitentur accipiunt: audit discipula intentione magna et reddit vicibusque reticent. _Hautont. intelligitur emendatae correptio et in docente quaedam reprehensio. et nunc continuo spiritu trahitur in longum. Ex hereditate. quantum ego sapio. deinde in una perfecta musica scientia: modulatus editur sonus. quo exemplo sibi Licere id facere quod illi fecerunt putat. METHODS OF WORK. Utile in primis.) _Importance of Concentration. vis explicandi. ideoque non statim. lata frons._ A. in hac certe perquam exiguum sapio: hoc tamen signum ego quoque intellego. nihil eorum. quasi aemulum scribere lectisque conferre._ B. dignum deo donum. Licebit interdum et notissima eligere. quantum verus color indicat. plura transire. quod apte quantaslibet occupationes curasque distinguit. non dico continuo et longo (id enim perfici nisi in otio non potest). 9 (sel. verum ut in patria nostri celebri loco ponerem. et resumere impetum fractum omissumque. Est enim nudum. quae dixeris. Quaeris. celat._ iii. abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies._ X. sed hoc arguto et brevi. recalescere ex integro. Aes ipsum. si quid obstrepet. 6. Nihil obfuerit. . postremo nova velut membra peracto corpori intexere. iii. non at haberem domi. semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus. quemadmodum in secessu. An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat. si non nulla tu. _Inst. nervi. Poteris et. quae oculis vel auribus incursant. si qua sunt. Emi autem. aut laudes parum ostentat. solicitavit ad emendum. musculi. quamquam tirunculum. rugae etiam ut spirantis apparent: rari et cedentes capilli. Or. ut rem argumentumque teneas. vetus et antiquum. venae. Effingit senem stantem: ossa. ut possint artificum oculos tenere. et certare cum electis. _Ep. PLINY THE YOUNGER. Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda. multa retinere. ad animum perveniet. Intelligentia ex hoc et iudicium adquiritur. alia rescribere. copia figurarum. si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae.fortasse in omni re. QUINTILIAN. Nam si nonnisi refecti. _Helps to Style. Videtur enim dignum templo. vel ex Latino vertere in Graecum: quo genere exercitationis proprietas splendorque verborum. putem te studere oportere. ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus. quo iam diu frueris. nonnisi hilares. Magna gratulatio. _Ep. ac sedulo pensitare quid tu. si cuncta ille melius. Fas est et carmine remitti. magnus pudor. Laboriosum istud et taedio plenum sed difficultate ipsa fructuosum. ac potissimum in Iovis templo. post oblivionem retractare. exile collum. quid ille commodius. quae legeris hactenus. delectare imperitorum. simul quae legentem fefellissent transferentem fugere non possunt. verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus. contracta facies. vel ex Graeco in Latinum. non consequemur. ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio: quam si tota mente in opus ipsum direxeris. nec aut vitia. ita non semper possunt contingere._ vii. PHAEDRUS. nec tamen priora turbare. alia interscribere. nonnisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimaverimus. Quod me. praeterea imitatione optimorum similia inveniendi facultas paratur. et multi praecipiunt. Talia denique omnia. 28. 15 20 25 . nummis. Nudos relinquunt. _Ep. `Omnia bona mea mecum sunt. [Footnote 39: Cf.. Quidam curiosior: `Simonide. 5 10 enatant. Ceteri tabulam suam Portant rogantes victum. Qui. Praedones adsunt.' inquit._De Simonide. `Dixi' inquit `mea Mecum esse cuncta: vos quod habuistis. Hic litterarum quidam studio deditus. Circum ire coepit urbes Asiae nobiles. Homo doctus in se semper divitias habet. Pastor capellae cornu baculo fregerat: Rogare coepit. rapiunt quod quisque extulit._ B._ C.] _Mons Parturiens. Mercede accepta laudem victorum canens. ne se domino proderet . Eratque in terris maxima expectatio. Sed res clamabit ipsa quid deliqueris. Hi zonas. quam petierunt naufragi. 22._ 9. quam tempestas horrida Simul et vetustas medio dissolvit mari. gemitus immanes ciens. familia Hominem exornavit. Revenire in patriam voluit cursu pelagio. `mea sunt cuncta. illi res pretiosas colligunt. Ascendit navem. 23. veste. natus in Chia insula. Simonides. Erat autem. tu ex opibus nil sumis tuis?' `Mecum._ A. extricas nihil. reticebo tamen. Hoc scriptum est tibi. Simondis qui saepe versus legerat Eratque absentis admirator maximus.' --SENECA. Subsidium vitae. iv.' iv. Mons parturibat. At ille murem peperit.'[39] Tunc pauci Quia plures onere degravati perierant. Forte Clazomenae prope Antiqua fuit urbs. Quos casu obvios Simonides ut vidit. qui scripsit egregium melos. 24. perit.' _Appendix_. `Quamvis indigne laesa. Sermone ab ipso cognitum cupidissime Ad se recepit. Quo paupertatem sustineret facilius.. ut aiunt. magna cum minaris. Hoc genere quaestus postquam locuples factus est. _Nihil ita occultum esse quod non reveletur. _The Golden Age. Adnuat et. Ipsae mella dabant quercus. quid cessas? adnuit ille: roga. nec ensem Immiti saevus duxerat arte faber. gemmarum quidquid felicibus Indis Nascitur. Vincula. I. Quos tener e terra divite mittit Arabs. Cf. Non domus ulla fores habuit. tibi quodcumque rogabis. Cf. Hic veniat natalis avis prolemque ministret. Auguror. vir mulierque fave. non ira fuit. Atque satur libo sit madeatque mero. dum tarda senectus Inducat rugas inficiatque comas. 49-54. Non acies._ A. Non domito frenos ore momordit equus. _Ecl. Quam bene Saturno vivebant rege. PERSIUS. vii. Vota cadunt: utinam strepitantibus advolet alis Flavaque coniugio vincula portet Amor. Effusum ventis praebueratque sinum. uxoris fidos optabis amores. Illius puro destillent tempora nardo._ B._ iv. Iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos.TIBULLUS. ultroque ferebant Obvia securis ubera lactis oves. Nec tibi malueris. iii. lingua. 1-4. CATULLUS. Cornute. Dicamus bona verba: venit natalis ad aras: Quisquis ades. lapis. Ludat et ante tuos turba novella pedes. ii. Nunc mare. TIBULL. Nunc Iove sub domino caedes et vulnera semper. lxiv. II. non bella. non fixus in agris Qui regeret certis finibus arva. Cui decorent sanctas mollia serta comas. ii. quae maneant semper. totum quaecumque per orbem Fortis arat valido rusticus arva bove. Urantur pia tura focis. urantur odores. 35-50. I. Ipse suos Genius adsit visurus honores. nunc leti mille repente viae. Eoi qua maris unda rubet. Nec tibi. Nec vagus ignotis repetens compendia terris Presserat externa navita merce ratem. VERGIL. 36 40 44 48 4 8 12 16 20 . _Birthday Wishes. En age. priusquam Tellus in longas est patefacta vias! Nondum caeruleas pinus contempserat undas.. Illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus. saxi deiectae vertice. . ut. non venabulum aut lancea. Ego ille. . alia de parte patentes Transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi Pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt. Saepi cites egi per iuga longa canes. ostroque insignis et auro Stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. It portis iubare exorto delecta iuventus. Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis. Vale. 151-159. quem nosti apros tres. Ipse. At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri Gaudet equo. Ridebis. VERG._ iv. quod contemnas hoc studendi genus. Ipse? inquis. Retia rara. _Ep. 6. _Her._ 130 20 135 155 . Postquam altos ventum in montes atque invia lustra Ecce ferae. si manus vacuas. Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit._ A. Non est._ v. ROMAN DAY. OVID. . caprae Decurrere iugis. plagae. . _The Hunting Party. magna cogitationis incitamenta sunt. iam praeterit illos Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis Optat aprum aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. _Its Duties and Amusements.HUNTING. quam Minervam inerrare. Mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur. _Oenone Paridi. Meditabar aliquid enotabamque. _Aen. Quis tibi monstrabat saltus venatibus aptos Et tegeret catulos qua fera rupe suos? Retia saepe comes maculis distincta tetendi. Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi Poenorum exspectant. _On the delights of hunting with a note-book._ B. . quod venationi datur. Experieris non Dianam magis montibus. ipsumque illud silentium. Proinde cum venabere._ i. licebit auctore me ut panarium et lagunculam sic etiam pugillares feras. lato venabula ferro. PLINY. Ad retia sedebam: erat in proximo. non tamen ut omnino ab inertia mea et quiete discederem._ C. sed stilus et pugillares. et licet rideas. Iam undique silvae et solitudo. et quidem pulcherrimos. . cepi. iamque hos cursu. . plenas tamen ceras reportarem. 17-20. 129-135. Deinde eo dormitum. Cf. HORACE. _The Simple Life. _Sat. vi. i. Sexta quies lassis. How Horace spent his day. ac si Quaestor avus pater atque meus patruusque fuisset. percontor quanti holus ac far. Si quis piorum manibus locus. _Od. unguor olivo. His me consolor victurum suavius. Campana supellex._' A. Non quo fraudatis immundus Natta lucernis. Hora libellorum decima est. _ad Fam. TACITUS. `_Lives of great men all remind us. 110-131. We can make our lives sublime. IV._ III. Fallacem circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum. Tunc admitte iocos: gressu timet ire licenti Ad matutinum nostra Thalia Iovem._ ii._ ix. non cum corpore extinguuntur magnae animae. ii. Haec est Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique. et lapis albus Pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet. fugio campum lusumque trigonem. septima finis erit. Cic. Temperat ambrosias cum tua cura dapes Et bonus aetherio laxatur nectare Caesar Ingentique tenet pocula parca manu. viii. Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum Admonuit. cum patera guttus. Imperat exstructos frangere nona toros. non sollicitus. 20. Cena ministratur pueris tribus. si. meorum. adsisto divinis. nosque domum tuam ab inferno desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem virtutum 110 4 8 12 115 120 125 130 . 14-33. Eupheme. lecto Aut scripto quod me tacitum iuvet. Hoc ego commodius quam tu praeclare senator.A. mihi quod cras Surgendum sit mane. In quintam varies extendit Roma labores. MARTIAL. qui se Voltum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris. obeundus Marsya. post hanc vagor. Milibus atque aliis vivo._ B. Sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris. Pransus non avide quantum interpellet inani Ventre diem durare. domesticus otior._ I. Ad quartam iaceo. Quacunque libido est Incedo solus. _Georg. astat echinus Vilis. Lucr. Exercet raucos tertia causidicos. Prima salutantes atque altera conterit hora. 458-474. Inde domum me Ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum. ut sapientibus placet. Verg. aut ego. Hor. placide quiescas. sed subfusca ac liventia. in aeternitate temporum. cito proveniunt. An Ignorant Connoisseur. sed. forma mentis aeterna. sic mariti memoriam venerari. ut vultus hominum. si natura suppeditet. sic patris. formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur. ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant. Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus. Solum praeter oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta patiens frugum. Caelum crebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum. ut finem atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Dierum spatia ultra nostri orbis mensuram. Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla. eademque utriusque rei causa. Id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim. et `Gaio feliciter!' c£¦c. quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et artem. in fama rerum. _The Climate and Products of Britain.tuarum voces. _Agricola_ 46._ A. quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est._ B. Admiratione te potius et immortalibus laudibus et. nam multos veterum velut inglorios et ignobilis oblivio obruet: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus superstes erit. similitudine colamus: is verus honos. aspici per noctem solis fulgorem. asperitas frigorum abest. infraque caelum et sidera nox cadit. _Agricola_ 12. sed transire affirmant. non quia intercedendum putem imaginibus quae marmore aut aere finguntur. pretium victoriae. sed tuis ipse moribus possis. Quod si nubes non officiunt. manet mansurumque est in animis hominum. Gignit et oceanus margarita. TRIMALCHIO'S SUPPER. quidquid mirati sumus. multus umor terrarum caelique. _Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Plausum post hoc automatum familia dedit. fecundum: tarde mitescunt. ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt. Scilicet extrema et plana terrarum humili umbra non erigunt tenebras. ea coniunctissimi cuiusque pietas. nox clara et extrema Britanniae parte brevis. nec occidere et exsurgere. `quaeris. a quo emo. _The Glass Bowl. Ita ex hac massa fabri sustulerunt. Cum Ilium captum est. unde primum Corinthea nata sint. ex omnibus in unum. and its Maker. omnes statuas aeneas. et argenteas in unum rogum congessit. nec hoc. et argentea corona poculumque in lance accepit Corinthia. qui vera Corinthea habeam.' inquit.©m©v¥¢: nec non cocus potione oneratus est. et fecerunt catilla et paropsides et statuncula. valde bene scio. homo vafer. et aureas. quid est autem Corintheum. Quam cum Agamemnon propius consideraret. `quod dixero: ego malo mihi . `Ignoscetis mihi. 50.' PETRONIUS ARBITER. et eas incendit. ut pro reliqua insolentia diceret sibi vasa Corintho afferri. ait Trimalchio: `Solus sum. quare solus Corinthea vera possideam? Quia scilicet aerarius. et magnus stelio. factae sunt in unum aera miscellanea. Sed ille melius: `Et forsitan. Corinthus vocatur. nisi quis Corinthum habeat? Et ne me putetis nesapium esse.' inquit Trimalchio. Hannibal. nec illud. Sic Corinthea nata sunt._ B.' Es¤ c¢©©m. Cum M. qui fecit phialam vitream. Caesar non pote validius. caricas Cauno advectas vendens. utique. +K. et illam in pavimentum proiecit. ne iret (_cau[e] n[e] eas_ = _do not go_): non fuisse periturum. ut in _Graccis_ et in _triumpis_. si placet. monitum ab eo Crassum. si scitum esset. tanquam vasum aeneum. lxxxiv. qua de re Catulli nobile epigramma est. C. _chenturiones_. nunc autem vilia sunt. _Div. Dicamus. quae non frangebatur. Cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis. 20. i. 5. aurum pro luto haberemus. C_h_ommoda dicebat. Sic maternus avos dixerat atque avia. ut _choronae_._ II. quam expavit. Deinde marceolum de sinu protulit. Hoc facto putabat se solium Iovis tenere. iussit illum Caesar decollari. Admissus ergo Caesarem est cum suo munere. quam aurum. _Cauneas!_ clamitabat.] +H. PRONUNCIATION. quidam in portu. 51. Crassus exercitum Brundisii imponeret. pedis offensio nobis et abruptio corrigiae et sternutamenta erunt observanda. postquam illuc Arrius isset.vitrea.' PETRONIUS ARBITER. Quae si suscipiamus. et phialam otio belle correxit. certe non olunt. Quod si non frangerentur. si quando commoda vellet Dicere. caveret. Erupit brevi tempore nimius usus. postquam illi dixit: ªNumquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum?º Vide modo. quia enim. Postquam negavit.+ III. 84. et insidias Arrius _h_insidias. Ionios fluctus. Diu deinde servatum ne consonantibus (veteres) adspirarent. deinde fecit se porrigere Caesari. Postgate's _How to pronounce Latin_ (Bell & Sons). mallem mihi. sed _H_ionios. si omini paruisset. . Hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures: Audibant eadem haec leviter et leviter. +K+ perspicuum est littera quod vacare possit. QUINT. sic liber avonculus eius. Et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum. Iam non Ionios esse. 40. Cum quantum poterat dixerat _h_insidias.[40] [Footnote 40: For further information see Dr. Nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba. CICERO. Credo. _A Street Cry. CATULLUS.+ I._ ii. Fuit tamen faber. Q. _praechones_ adhuc quibusdam in inscriptionibus maneant. At ille sustulit phialam de terra: collisa erat. sic mater. Non amo te. ME. Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. HOR._ 553-6. II. Cuiusvis hominis est errare._ I._ I._ ii. non amo te. ut aiunt. PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS. CAES. nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. 79. _B. 5. III. Mutare necesse est sonitum quidem supremum. xxi. namque eadem vis in utraque est. sapientiores solent esse. PLAUTUS. JUV. _Ep. 10.Et +Q+. LIVY. Nam quae volumus et credimus libenter. ii._ xii. IV. _Sat. V. 40. _Men. nec possum dicere quare: Hoc tantum possum dicere. _Ep._ ii. Posteriores enim cogitationes. I. +K+ prior an +Q+ siet an +C+. LUCR. Quia qui locus est primitus unde exoritur +C+. Sabidi. TERENTIANUS MAURUS (_circ.D. Dimidium facti qui coepit habet. istic. Quascunque deinceps libeat iugare voces. inquam! Vin' adferri noctuam Quae _tu tu_ usque dicat tibi? Nam nos iam defessi sumus. Refert nihilum. 27. ii. _Phil. Tu tu. quem di diligunt Adulescens moritur. Civ. VII.). 83. VI. CIC. Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt. VIII._ 300 A. Egon' dedi? PE. xxxii. Velut materiam igni praebentes. MARTIAL.+ IV. +U. . similis. vitae_. VERG. VARRO. sed contra audentior ito Quam tua te Fortuna sinet. oris . Non enim flosculos. si scias uti. Omne ignotum pro magnifico. non modo ad percipiendas disciplinas. Sunt lacrimae rerum._ 41. _de Brevit. quo nihil praestantius cognovi plurima expertus studiique iam tum non coacti (sciunt praeceptores). ne videlicet ultra. certos ac deformatos fructus ostenderat. XVI. TERENCE. _Eun. sed probitatis. XIV. celerius occidere festinatam maturitatem: et esse nescio quam quae spes tantas decerpat invidiam. 2._ I. VERG. 95. `_Whom the gods love die young.PLAUT. X. numina mei doloris. _de Re Rust. SYRUS. . Tu ne cede malis. _Bacch. longa ars._ vi._ iii. 36. longa est. Divina natura dedit agros. Prol._ 30. CONSOLATIO. quod non sit dictum prius. . i. XIII. . nostra provehantur. per illos manes. liberalitatis. ars humana aedificavit urbes. 14. quem vult pedere. vocis iucunditas claritasque. 1. sicut prior. II. XI. ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus. Nullumst iam dictum. Stultum facit fortuna._' A. has me in illo vidisse virtutes ingeni. TER. quam homini datum est. . _Aen. iv. XV. per infelicem conscientiam. XII. pietatis. Vita brevis est. sed iam decimum aetatis ingressus annum. Una post haec Quintiliani mei spe ac voluptate nitebar: at poterat sufficere solatio. ii. Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi. Iuro per mala mea. _Agric. SEN. et mentem mortalia tangunt. PUB. 461-2. Quot homines tot sententiae: suus cuique mos._ i. humanitatis. _Phormio_. TAC. IX. Vita. _Aen. quod observatum fere est. Etiam illa fortuita aderant omnia. `Invalidasque tibi tendens._ B. nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent. ave atque vale. heu _non tua_. expressa proprietas omnium litterarum. Post me erat Aegina. si forte eadem res tibi dolorem minuere possit. contra dolores etiam ac metus robur. Cum desiderio veteres renovamus amores 4 8 . Quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem attulerit. Sed haec spes adhuc: illa maiora. iamque _non_ [41]_noster_.suavitas. CATULLUS. [Footnote 42: Cf. cum uno loco tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent? Visne tu te. gravitas. Accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu. palmas. Heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi._ VI. Nam quo ille animo. _Childe Harold_. Nunc tamen interea haec prisco quae more parentum Tradita sunt tristes munera ad inferias. ante me Megara. Servi._ iv.] _Servius Sulpicius to Cicero. Atque in perpetuum. _Ep. Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus Advenio has miseras. ipsum illum alienatae mentis errorem circa solas literas habuit! QUINTILIAN. Ut te postremo donarem munere mortis Et mutam nequiquam alloquerer cinerem. ci. sinistra Corinthus: quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt. _To Calvus on the Death of his Wife._ A. coepi regiones circumcirca prospicere.' VERG. _Inst. constantia. 9. et in utracumque lingua. 5. [42]Ex Asia rediens. frater. cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse natum?' CICERO. 44-5. Or._ iv. ad inferias. volo tibi commemorare. frater. dolore potest. _Catullus at the Grave of his Brother. Quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum. mensium octo valetudinem tulit! ut me in supremis consolatus est! quam etiam deficiens. [Footnote 41: Cf. qua medicorum admiratione. Calve. tanquam ad eam demum natus esset. si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus est. Byron. iv. _G. 498. quorum vita brevior esse debet.] ELEGIES. Si quicquam muteis gratum acceptumve sepulcris Accidere a nostro. cum ab Aegina Megaram versus navigarem. ad Fam._ B. Coepi egomet mecum sic cogitare: `Hem! nos homunculi indignamur. dextra Piraeeus. i. Flebilis indignos.) xi. meum lacrimis urgere sepulcrum: Panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces. 1-4. lemmata sola legas. PROPERTIUS._ C._ I. ._ III. . _Chartae Epistulares. Et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas. meum post fata levamen. _Mors Tibulli. 73-80. Christmas presents which were interchanged at the Saturnalia._ D. docebo. et te.Atque olim amissas flemus amicitias. [Footnote 43: Apophoreta (ἀpofόrhta = to be carried away). _Am.) MARTIALIS APOPHORETA[43] (1). Desine. . tua fama. adice matris: Tota domus coepit nunc onus esse tuum. Te Lepide. Fungere maternis vicibus. OVID. CATULLUS. Tibullus Ardet in exstructo corpus inane rogo. Seu leviter noto seu caro missa sodali Omnes ista solet charta vocare suos. _The Plea of Cornelia to her Husband. Cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges. (sel. Ut. Certe non tanto mors immatura dolori est Quintiliae. ix._ Quo vis cumque loco potes hunc finire libellum: Versibus explicitumst omne duobus opus. _Theca Libraria. mater ploravit Achillem. Memnona si mater. Nunc tibi commendo communia pignora natos: Haec cura et cineri spirat inusta meo. si malueris. Paule. quantum gaudet amore tuo. (V. IV. Condita sunt vestro lumina nostra sinu. pater: illa meorum Omnis erit collo turba ferenda tuo. solve capillos: A nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit! Ille tui vates operis. Obserat umbrosos lurida porta locos._ 4 76 80 . Lemmata si quaeris cur sint adscripta.] _Lectori. Elegia. xcvi. Paule. Oscula cum dederis tua flentibus. Admittam tineas trucesque blattas. Accipe quae nimios vincant umbracula soles: Sit licet et ventus._ X. Arma tribunicium cingere digna latus. militis ante fui. _Titus Livius in membranis.II. facundi carmen iuvenale Properti. Tu nescis? rustice. _Falx. putato Carpere te longas cum Cicerone vias._ I. _Monobyblos Properti. Folle minus laxast et minus arta pila. te tua vela tegent. _Cicero in membranis. Quam brevis immensum cepit membrana Maronem! Ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit. Si comes ista tibi fuerit membrana._ III._ III. redde pilam. _Umbella. Selectos nisi das mihi libellos. Non norat parcos uncta lucerna patres._ VI._ II. folle senes. Cynthia._ IX._ IV._ . _Follis. Ite procul. _Scrinium. tu leviora para. Accepit famam. Sortitus thecam calamis armare memento: Cetera nos dedimus. _Parazonium. _Vergilius in membranis. _Candelabrum Corinthium. iuvenes: mitis mihi convenit aetas: Folle decet pueros ludere. _Pila Paganica. Si me mobilibus scis expulsare sinistris._ VII. Pax me certa ducis placidos curvavit in usus. non minus ipsa dedit. Nomina candelae nobis antiqua dederunt._ V. Militiae decus hoc gratique erit omen honoris. Agricolae nunc sum. Haec quae difficili turget paganica pluma. Sum tua. _Pila Trigonalis._ VIII. _ VII. cum sit tibi cassis et hasta Quare non habeas aegida.IV. Delicias parvae si vis audire catellae Narranti brevis est pagina tota mihi._ V. `Caesar habet. _Catullus. Tantum magna suo debet Verona Catullo._ VIII. Quantum parva suo Mantua Vergilio. _Lucanus._ X._ VI. Quem mea non totum bybliotheca capit. ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum. Quid me corapactam ceris et harundine rides? Quae primum structa est fistula talis erat. Dic mihi. _Sallustius. _Catella Gallicana. Hic erit.' _H ¡c. _Fistula. Pellibus exiguis artatur Livius ingens. virgo ferox. Sunt quidam qui me dicunt non esse poetam: Sed qui me vendit bybliopola putat._ IX. _Minerva argentea. Primus Romana Crispus in historia.  s fictilis. I. o cives. senis Enni imaginis formam: Hic vestrum panxit maxima facta patrum. _Toga. `Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam' Ille facit. Cur? Volito vivas per ora virum. `Immortales mortales si foret fas flere Flerent divae Camenae Naevium poetam. EPITAPHS AND INSCRIPTIONS. Nemo me lacrumis decoret nec funera fletu Faxit. magno qui dedit astra patri. ne sperne sigillum: Non pudet Alciden nomen habere meum. moneo.' _O¦ Ennius_ (by himself). Sum fragilis: sed tu. _On Naevius_ (by himself). Itaque postquam est Orci traditus thesauro Obliti sunt Romai loquier lingua Latina. II.' ._ XI._ XII. `Aspicite. nos te vidisse iacentes. _Tusc. Scena est deserta. Perpetuum mihi ver agit illacrimabilis urna Et commutavi saecula. Nulla mihi veteris perierunt gaudia vitae. hospes. tametsi properas. Mors iuvenem campos misit ad Elysios. III. Et Numeri innumeri simul omnes collacrumarunt. legas. Ut sese aspicias. Hoc volebam nescius ne esses.' DOMITIUS MARSUS. Hic sunt poetae Pacuvi Marci sita Ossa. Vale. 42. EPILOGUE. Šti tῇde Keίμeqa._ 36.' AUSONIUS. non obii._ VI. _Thermopylae. et adde rosis balsama puniceis. Seu meminisse putes omnia. Spartae. `Adulescens.' SIMONIDES _of Ceos_. _Horace. Ludus. _Epit. Exegi monumentum aere perennius Regalique situ pyramidum altius._ V. ac dein Risus. Tibulle. by_ CICERO._ i. Comoedia luget._ A. toῖV keίnwn ῥήμasi peiqόμenoi. Hospes. Dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur.' _O¦ Plautus_ (by himself). IV. 101. `Te quoque Vergilio comitem non aequa. `Sparge mero cineres. ἀggέllein LakedaiμonίoiV. `Postquam est mortem aptus Plautus. `Dic.' _O¦ Tibullus. te hoc saxum rogat. `‰ xeῖn'._O¦ Pacuvius_ (by himself). Ne foret aut elegis molles qui fleret amores Aut caneret forti regia bella pede. _In tumulo hominis felicis._ VII. . Iocusque. deinde quod scriptum est. bene olentis et unguine nardi. sive nihil.' _Transl. xxx. Melpomene. Dicar. _Ovid. Quae prima quoque pagina peracta est. libelle. List of Important Conjunctions II. Iam lector queriturque deficitque. Cum volet. Ore legar populi perque omnia saecula fama. vivam. iam satis est. Ohe. 5 APPENDICES PAGES I. Sic tamquam tibi res peracta non sit._ IV. quae nil nisi corporis huius Ius habet. _Epig. incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi.' MARTIAL. Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875 Astra ferar nomenque erit indelebile nostrum. ohe. libelle. Non omnis moriar._ III._ xv. 871-9. Sume superbiam Quaesitam meritis et mihi Delphica Lauro cinge volens._ C. Nec summa potes in schida teneri. lxxxix. illa dies. non Aquilo impotens Possit diruere aut innumerabilis Annorum series et fuga temporum. _Met. Iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos: Tu procedere adhuc et ire quaeris. iam satis est.Quod non imber edax. qua violens obstrepit Aufidus Et qua pauper aquae Daunus agrestium Regnavit populorum. dum Capitolium Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex. Iam librarius hoc et ipse dicit `Ohe. HORACE. Siquid habent veri vatum praesagia. ex humili potens Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos Deduxisse modos. OVID. comam. quod nec Iovis ira nec ignis Nec poterit ferrum nec edax abolere vetustas. _Martial. 5 10 15 Iamque opus exegi. List of Important Prefixes 274-276 277-281 . multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam: usque ego postera Crescam laude recens._ B. Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris. ohe. _Od. (2) DISJUNCTIVE conjunctions join together the sentence but they _disjoin_ or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed._ He is a little dull: +while+ you are clever. _but_. List of Important Suffixes Groups of Cognate Words How to Think in Latin Short Lives of Roman Authors Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature 282-286 287-288 289-292 293-345 347-363 [Transcriber's Note: In Appendixes I-IV.. most +boldface+ markup has been omitted for readability. _however_.. CO-ORDINATE. _neither . IV. ..... (3) ADVERSATIVE conjunctions _oppose_ two statements to each other. tămen . quŏque ... sĭve (seu) . vērum.. atque .--The statement of one sentence _brings in_ (+infert+) or proves the other. They are generally divided into FIVE classes:-(1) COPULATIVE (_link_) conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning. VII. _accordingly_..... vĕl (vĕ) . ac.. et . or_..III.._ Divide +and+ control. +sed+ in omni vita inconstans.. nĕc (nĕque) ._ We will +either+ conquer +or+ die. (4) INFERENTIAL... ĭgĭtur. _+aut+ vincemus +aut+ moriemur. _Divide +et+ impera. ăt ... In general. and_.. _both .. -que (poet.... -quĕ. _on the other hand_. VI. V. each sentence is grammatically independent of the other. -que . _but_.. _also_...) . _Ille quidem tardior: tu +autem+ ingeniosus. autem. ĭtăque .. or_. while English translations are _italicized_. _therefore_. ĕtĭam. Ergo. aut . et. vĕl ..] APPENDIX I LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS +I..+--These conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical _rank_ (+ordo+). _whether .. that is.. vērō. aut. et.... _and_. Latin words are unmarked. nec (neque) ... nor_. sĕd. _either . +but+ unstable in all your actions.. seu . cētĕrum . .: _Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat. quandō . antĕ .. _until_... _as soon as_. _so that_. celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris: +nam+ multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt. dōnec. Thus in `I will do this. quōmĭnus . Ex.._ (4) CONDITIONAL. _who_ (= ut is .. quod sī . ŭbī̆. si non.. qui ... qui . acie excessit... quămobrem . _if not_. sĭmŭl. dum.. dummŏdo... .. _when_. nam. quīn . _so as not to_._ _Pompeius +ut+ equitatum suum pulsum vidit. ŭt nōn. _after that_.).. Quirites.' the _if_ clause is equivalent to the adverb _conditionally_. prĭus . postquam . _if only_... _but if_.: `_+quamobrem+.. mŏdŏ. quāpropter.... _while_. _in order to_... _as long as_. _that not_.`_Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: +Ergo+ postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret_.._ _+Ne+ ignavum te putemus. _if_. Ex. si mŏdo . cum.. sī. _for_... _that_. _who (of such a kind as to. nĭsī̆ (nī). _lest_. _Discedere +prius+ noluit +quam+ ducem vidisset. _unless_. fortiter pugna.. (5) CAUSAL. quam._ _Dignus erat +qui+ rex fieret.. namque._ (2) CONSECUTIVE introduce a clause expressing a _consequence_ or _result_. sed profecto iustiores nunquam..)_. ĕtĕnim . _if_ you do. ŭt. ŭt . quō ._ _Pauci mihi sunt +quos+ mittam. quam .._ (3) TEMPORAL. nē.' ENNIUS._ _Tam fortis est +ut+ hostes +non+ timeat.... ŭt . ĕnim. _as_.+--These conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds (grammatically) a lower or _subordinate_ position... sĭmŭl atque (ac) . _wherefore_. _Edo +ut+ vivam. SUBORDINATE. _so as to_. _provided that_.. They are generally divided into EIGHT classes:-(1) FINAL introduce a clause expressing a _purpose_. quārē._' +II... _before that_. quŏad . _when_. qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb. _Caesar +utrum+ iure caesus fuerit. _as_.. AB-... lĭcet.. cum . tanquam.. ut. ĕo .. quod . that_._ _Whether_ Caesar was rightfully put to death. _Quae +cum+ ita sint.. cum . ab urbe discedam.. _+Cum+ liber esse posset. _inasmuch as_. vĕlut . quemadmŏdum._ _E corpore +velut+ e carcere._ (7) CAUSAL. _since indeed_. servire maluit. quăsĭ ._ _Never promise +if+ you cannot keep your word. _the more ... _why_...... ut . quamquam . utī. _though_.. dubitari potest.. quandōquĭdem. num . ABS-.. _provided only not_. _Poenas dedit +sicut+ meritus est.._ The soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body..._ (5) COMPARATIVE AND PROPORTIONAL. quo .. _although_.. +an+ nefarie necatus. cūr.. _from_ (of the starting-place) (i) = _separation. quandō . ăn. ĕtĭamsi. proptĕrĕā . ut.. quŏnĭam... quŏd. _because_. etsī. PREPOSITIONS.. _as if_. mŏdo nē) . the more_. _Ne promiseris unquam +nisi+ fidem praestare potes._ ... _just as_. ŭbī̆. +or+ foully murdered... quandō . quippe ..dummŏdo nē (dum nē._ _Socrates accusatus est +quod+ iuventutem corrumperet. _+quo+ difficilius +eo+ praeclarius. tămetsi . A-. APPENDIX II LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES +I. _if_. _for this reason ... evolat animus... sīcut. = _away_.. quĭă...+--In these compounds the Prepositions retain their original adverbial force. _when_. _however much_. _although_. quamlĭbet . ūtrum . _since_. is open to question. quamvīs._ (6) CONCESSIVE. _how_. _whether ..._ (8) INTERROGATIVE (with dependent clauses). _even if_. or_. debellare = _bring a war to an end_. or _off_. accēdere = _approach_. (ii) = _off_.abire = _go away_. = together. from. (i) = _collectively. (ii) = _completely_ (often apparently only pleonastic). devĕnire = _come to_. COR-. _away_. _down to. _at_ (local). = down. antecēdere = _come before_. or thing. place. āvŏcare = _call away_. anteferre = _prefer_._ depŏpŭlari = _lay waste_. = to (of a person. CO-. (ii) = _in addition. abscēdere = _go away_. A-. DE-. CIRCUM = around. circumvĕnire } COM-. as the goal of motion)._ dēcēdere = _depart_. ANTE = before (of place and time). circumdăre = _surround_. and with secondary meaning._ decĭdere = _fall down_. circumdūcere } circumscrībere } literally. adfāri = _speak to_. confirmare = _strengthen_. . (i) = _to_. (ii) = _consumption._ conclāmare = _shout together_. = _cheat_. COL-. _aside. _down off_. (i) = _down_. deflectere = _turn aside_._ absūmere = _take away_._ acquīrere = _get in addition_. CON. _consume_. ăbūti = _use up_. AD-. consectari = _follow persistently_. AC-. deterrēre = _frighten_. (iii) = _completely. commiscēre = _mix together_.(CUM). (i) = _over against_. interfĭcere = _destroy_ (lit. (i) = _between_. along. _before_ (as an obstruction). _into_. intellĕgere = _pick among_.(iv) = _un-_ (negative). _forth. (i) = _through_. IR-. _on. I-._ perrumpere = _break through_. incĭdere = _fall on_. _begin_. _among. OF-. with the idea of _favour_ or _compliance_._ explēre = _fill to the brim_. exposcere = _earnestly ask_. oboedire = _hearken to_. . offendere = _strike against_. E-. PER-. _to the end_._envy_. EF-. despērare = _despair_. OP-. _put between_). (ii) = _intensive_. = out of. OB-. invĭdere = _look at_ (with ill intent). on account of. EX-. _perceive_. (i) = _in_. oblŏqui = _speak against_. on. deesse = _be wanting_. INTER = between. (i) = _out_._ intercēdere = _come between_. perspĭcēre = _look through_. OBS-. implēre = _fill_. (ii) = _throughout_. OC-. (ii) = _breaking a continuity. = against. _blockade_. _all over. O-._ interclūdere = _shut off_. effundere = _pour forth_. _thoroughly. obsĕqui = _follow compliantly_. IN-. (ii) = _towards_._ excēdere = _go out_. = in. EC-. against._ inclūdere = _shut in_. IM-. almost _pleonastic_. incĭpere = _take up_. = through. _smile_. SUF-. (ii) = _metaphorically. SU-. praediscere = _learn beforehand_. _suppress_._ succingere = _gird up_. (iii) = _before others_. under. upon. sustĭnēre = _hold up_._ subvĕnire = _come up to aid of_. forth. PRAE = in front. praeses (sĕdeo) = _guardian_.(ii) = _thoroughly_. (v) = _slightly. perfungi = _go through a duty_. provĭdēre = _look onwards or ahead_. SUP-. _close to. supprĭmere = _press under_. prod-ire = _come forth_. _subject_. PRO-. (ii) = (of time) _before_. = beneath._ subĭcere = _throw under_._ praecellens = _surpassing_. SUB-._ subrīdere = _laugh somewhat_. in front of. _discharge_. superpōnere_ = place upon_ or _over_. _upon_ (of place). (iii) = _to the help of_. (iv) = _secretly._ . (i) = _over_. (i) = (of place) _before_. SUS-. permagnus = _very large_. _to completion. (ii) = _up. _check_. _in comparison_._ perdiscere = _learn thoroughly_._ subdūcere = _withdraw secretly_. SUR-. sublustris = _giving some light_. _greatly. SUM-. (i) = _under. praefĭcere = _put at the head of_. = before. SUPER = over. PROD-. _too soon_. praevĕnire = _outstrip_. _in front_. _ discēdere = _part asunder_. _forget_. amplecti = _fold oneself round_. usually with adjectives. = back. (ii) = _a change or transference. _harmless_. DIR-. diffīdere = _distrust_. _backwards. DIS-. _distinguish_. _depart_.sūperesse = _remain_. dīnŭmĕrare = _count up (singly)_. SEPARABLE PARTICLES. AM-. (iv) = _individually_._ transĭgere = _complete_ a business. AMB-. ἀn-. DI-. on both sides. _pardon_. _embrace_._ transgrĕdi = _step across_. (i) = _asunder_. ambīre = _go around_. _apart. _separately_.(cf. (iii) = _exceedingly. perdere = _destroy_. TRA-. (iii) = _through to the end. perfĭdus = _faithless_. _surrender_. _survive_. (ii) = _un-_ (negative). (i) = _back_. dīmittere = _send in different directions_. TRANS-. which do not appear as Prepositions in Latin. parά) = in a sense of wrong or injury._ differtus = _crammed to bursting_._ . discernere = _separate_. ἀ-) = UN-. DIF-._ trādere = _hand over_. _abound_. ignoscere = _not to know_. = in twain. II. = around. = across. RED-. (i) = _across. RE-. innŏcens = _not guilty_. IN. displĭcēre = _displease_. PER. _canvass_. AN-.(cf. _ rĕvellere = _pluck by the roots_. -ITIUM. } ac-tor auc-tor vic-tor petī-tor ton-sor = = = = = _doer_. -OR. M. _maker_ ¹ Öaug = _increase_. } +Agent+ or +doer+ of an action -TRIX.) TOR (-SOR). (ii. reddere = _give in return_. formed from Öag = _do_. -TIŌ. (iv) = _again. DERIVATION OF NOUNS.+ (i. rĕlinquere = _leave behind_. N. F. SE-._ rĕpugnare = _fight against_. -IA (-IES). ¹ sĕd-ēre = _to sit_. SED-. _conqueror_ ¹ Övic = _conquer_. (vi) = _un-_ (negative). _discover_. -SUS (= -TUS). APPENDIX III LIST OF IMPORTANT SUFFIXES +I. tĭm-or sen-sus sēd-ēs = _fear_ = _feeling_ = _seat_ formed from tĭm-ere = _to fear_. -IŌ. -TIA (-TIES). (ii) = _in response_. = apart.) +Abstract+ Nouns and +Names+ of +Actions+. _behind. -NIA. (iii) = _against_. or _return_. -IUM. rĕflectere = _bend back_. sēcernere = _sift away_. _separate_. _barber_ ¹ Ötem = _cut_.} F. rĕpĕrire = _find again_. -LIUM. sēcēdere = _go aside_.rĕcumbere = _lie down_. sēd-ĭtio = _a going apart_. -TĀS. -NIUM. -CINIUM. -TŪDŌ. } -US. rĕfīgere = _unfix_. -GŌ. _candidate_ ¹ Öpet = _seek_._ rĕfĭcere = _make again_. -DŌ. -ĒS. -TŪS. M. (v) = _intensive action. _repair_. _secession_. . _withdraw_. ¹ sent-ire = _to feel_. _wagon_ ¹ vehere = _to carry_. tristis = _sad_. magnus = _great_.) +Nouns+ denoting +acts+. rīv-ulus fīlĭ-olus mūnus-culum cōdic-illi lĭb-ellus = = = = a _streamlet_ formed from rīvus = a _brook_. -ADES. N. F. formed from quĕri = _to complain_. and used as +Diminutive Nouns+.audāc-ia segnĭt-ies tristĭ-tia lĕg-io sălūtā-tio bŏnĭ-tas sĕnec-tūs magni-tudo cupī-dō vertī-go pĕcū-nia gĕn-us auspĭc-ium = = = = = = = = = = = = = _boldness_ _laziness_ _sadness_ _a collecting_ } _a legion_ } _a greeting_ _goodness_ _age_ _greatness_ _desire_ _a turning_ } _giddiness_ } _money (chattels)_ _race_.. salutare = _to greet_. -ELLUS. nō-men = a _name_ ¹ Ögno = _to know_.) +Adjectives+ expressing +diminution+. bonus = _good_. -ŬLUS. -MENTUM. lĕg-ere = _to collect_. -CRUM. -IS. -ŎLUS. N.) +Patronymics+. ¹ mon-ēre = _to remind_. DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES. -MŌNIA. senex = _old_. _band_ } mŏnŭ-mentum = a _memorial_. -CŬLUS. stā-bulum vĕhĭ-cŭlum sĕpul-crum ărā-trum = = = = _stall_ formed from stare = _to stand_.) Nouns denoting means or instrument. .+ (i. segnis = _lazy_. quĕri-monia = _complaint_. -EIS. gaud-ium = _joy_ lā̆tro-cinium = _robbery_ auxĭ-lium = _help_ (iii. -AS. ag-men = _line of march_ } ¹ agere Öag = _to lead_. -CŬLUM. (ii. -BRUM. _plough_ ¹ arāre = _to plough_. -BŬLUM. -ĪDES. pecus = _cattle_. a _little gift_ ¹ munus = a _gift_. M. vertere = _to turn_. +II. _birth_ an _omen_ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ audax = _bold_. -MEN. (iv. indicating +descent+ or +relationship+. _tomb_ ¹ sepelīre = _to bury_. augēre = _to increase_. Ögen = _to be born_. = a _little book_ ¹ lĭber = a _book_. _writing tablets_ ¹ codex = a _block of wood_. -MŌNIUM. or +means+ and +results of acts+. -ĬDES. latro = _robber_. cupere = _to desire_. F. -TRUM. -EUS. -ILLUS. { avis + spicio gaudēre = _to rejoice_. a _little son_ ¹ filius = a _son_. { auspex = _a soothsayer_. -ERNUS. -ĀLIS. -TĪVUS). cŭp-idus = _eager_ ¹ cupere = _to desire_. . dĭ-urnus = _daily_ ¹ dies = _day_. silv-ester = _woody_ ¹ silva = a _wood_. -URNUS. (iv. -TUS. _bearded_ ¹ barba = a _beard_. on piles_ pălus-ter = _marshy_ ¹ palūs = a _marsh_. patr-ius = _paternal_ ¹ pater = a _father_. (vi. -TĬCUS. -LENS. pŏpŭl-aris = _fellow-countryman_ ¹ populus = a _people_. diū-turnus = _lasting_ ¹ diū = _long_ (time). subterr-aneus = _subterranean_ ¹ sub terrā = _underground_. -ĀTUS. _turreted_ ¹ turris = a _tower_. -AX. _horned_ ¹ cornu = a _horn_.Atlanti-adēs Atlant-idĕs Tȳd-īdēs Cissē-is = = = = _Mercury_ } formed from Atlas. nātūr-ālis = _natural_ ¹ natura = _nature_. or +pertaining to+. -ĀNEUS. ver-nus = _vernal_ ¹ vēr = _spring_. -ESTER (-ESTRIS). sĕr-ēnus = _calm_. vĕtĕr-ānus = _veteran_ ¹ vetus (veter-) = _old_. -LENTUS. fīnĭ-timus = _neighbouring_ ¹ finis = a _boundary_. -TĬMUS. -TURNUS (-TERNUS).) +Adjectives+ meaning +made of+ or +belonging to+. aur-eus = _golden_ formed from aurum = _gold_. -TER (-TRIS).) +Adjectives+ meaning +full of. the _Pleiads_ } _Diomedes_ ¹ Tydeus. _Hecuba_ ¹ Cisseus. _of ¹ serus = _late_. vĭŏ-lentus = _violent_ ¹ vis = _force_. -ŌSUS. subl-icius = _resting ¹ sublica = a _pile_. prone to+. -ŪTUS. -ENSIS. -ŪLIS.) +Adjectives+ meaning +provided with+. -ĪVUS. bĭb-ulus = _thirsty_ ¹ bibere = _to drink_. -EUS. (iii. -ĀNUS. -VUS (-UUS.) +Adjectives+ expressing the action of the Verb as +a quality+ or +tendency+. lac-teus = _milky_ ¹ lac (lacti-) = _milk_. -ŬLUS. form-ōsus = _beautiful_ formed from forma = _beauty_. -ĀRIS. fŏr-ensis = _of the forum_ ¹ forum = _a market-place_. pugn-ax = _pugnacious_ formed from pugnare = _to fight_. pesti-lens = _pestilent_ ¹ pestis = _plague_. -ĪLIS. -ĪNUS. -ĪTUS. fūnes-tus barb-ātus turr-ītus corn-ūtus = = = = _deadly_ formed from funus (funer-) = _death_. -ĒNUS. -ĬDUS. -ĬUS. evening stillness_ dīv-īnus = _divine_ ¹ divus = _god_. (v. dŏmes-ticus = _domestic_ ¹ domus = a _house_. formed from stimulus = _a goad_. _rare_ ¹ eximere _woven_ ¹ texere = = = = _to break_. argent-ārius = _silversmith_. -BUNDUS.+ stĭmŭlo.+ (i. denotes +person employed about+ anything. -ĬUS. ŏv-īle = _sheep-fold_ ¹ ovis = _sheep_. custōdio. -īri = _to toil_ ¹ moles = _mass_. _to know_. following)_.) +From Nouns and Adjectives. -ĒTUM denotes +place where a tree or plant grows+.) nŏc-uus = _hurtful_ cap-tivus = _captive_ ¹ ¹ nocēre = _to hurt_. -ere = _to fear_ ¹ metus = _fear_. capere = _to take_.) +Adjectives originally gerundives. _to weave_. sĕcu-ndus = _second (the } formed from sequi =_to follow_. -ĪLE denotes +stall of an animal+. albeo. -ILIS. _incite_ nŏvo. querc-ētum = _oak-grove_ formed from quercus = _an oak_. denotes +place of+ a thing. DERIVATION OF VERBS. -āre = _to renew_ ¹ novus = _new_. -ere = _to sharpen_ ¹ acus = _needle_. +IV. -BĬLIS. vĭgĭlo. +III. _banker_ -ĀRIUM. -CUNDUS. aer-arium = _treasury_ formed from aes = _copper_. formed from argentum = _silver_. mōlior. _take out_. bŏv-īle = _cattle-stall_ formed from bōs (bŏv-) = _ox_. -TĪLIS. (viii.) +Adjectives+ expressing +passive qualities+ but +occasionally active+. fā-cundus = _eloquent_ ¹ fa-ri = _to speak_. } _favourable_ } mŏrĭ-bundus = _dying_ ¹ mori = _to die_. -ēre = _to be white_ ¹ albus = _white_. frăg-ilis nō-bilis exĭm-ius tex-tilis = = = = _frail_ formed from frangere Öfrag _well known_ ¹ noscere Ögno _choice_. mĕtuo. -īre = _to guard _ ¹ custos (custod-) = _guardian_. (vii. -āre = _to goad_. . -āre = _to watch_ ¹ vigil = _awake_. NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES.(of sand etc.+ -NDUS.+ -ĀRIUS. ăcuo. _a point_. āc-er ăc-erbus ăc-ervus ăc-ies ăc-idus ăc-uo ăc-utus ăc-umen ăc-us = = = = = = = = = _sharp_. _producer_. aug-eo = _increase_. captive. . -TO. _a needle_. quas-so. capacious. ÖAUG = be active. _keen look_. _a heap_. _army in battle array_. aug-mentum = _an increase_. căp-io căp-ax căp-ulus = _take hold of_. -ĕre = _do_ ¹ facio = _do_. aigu). _an auction_ } auc-tor = _a maker_. augment. aug-ustus = _majestic_. -ESSO. (with energy) -TŬRIO (-SŬRIO) denotes +longing or wishing+. _sharpened_. acumen. acerbity (= harshness).+ -SCO denotes the +beginning+ of an action. auc-tio = _a sale by increase of } bids_. APPENDIX IV GROUPS OF RELATED (COGNATE) WORDS ÖAC = sharp. denote +forcible or repeated action+. _harsh_. _cruel_. eager (F. } Fr. author. strong. par-turio. = _handle_. aux-ilium = _aid_. Fr. acute (Fr. āre = _shatter_ ¹ quatio = _shake_. _edge_. = _capacious_. -ăre = _hurl_ formed from iacio = _throw_.) +Verbs from other Verbs. făc-esso. aigre). authority. auction. ē-surio = _to be hungry_ ¹ edo (= _ed-turio_) = _to eat_. acier (= steel). (Third Conjugation. aiguille. ÖCAP = take hold of. iac-to. mītē-sco = _grow mild_ ¹ mītis = _mild_. -īre = { _to bring forth_ formed from pario { _produce_ = _bring forth_. acid. _august_. _help_. auc-toritas = _a producing_. _sharp_. (rarely -SŌ). } _sour_. auxiliary.) lăbā-sco = _begin to totter_ formed from labo = _totter_. _acuteness_. _to sharpen_. _authority_. seize.(ii. -ĬTO. august. English derivative. genitive.= beget. (ex_ +capio) man-cĭp-ium = _property_. 126. ingenuous. _innate quality_. impigre ferebat opem. p. _genitive_. municipal. _clan_. nature. genre). { principal. _of noble birth_. nation. _house_. in-gĕn-iosus = pro-gĕn-ies = gĕn-er = gĕn-ius = indi-gĕn-a gĕn-erōsus gĕn-ĕro gĕn-ĕtivus = = = = na-scor = = gna-scor nā-tūra = _nature_. APPENDIX V HOW TO THINK IN LATIN _Flaminius atones for his rashness. _chief_. emancipate. et ipse. indigenous. gi-gn-o = (= gi-gĕn-o) gĕn-i-tor = gen-s = in-gens = gĕn-us = in-gĕn-ium = in-gĕn-uus = _to beget_. native. genus (Fr. (primus + capio) { prince. gentile. insignemque armis et hostes summa vi petebant et tuebantur cives. _a slave_. } _to be born_. _birth_. accept. _produce_. (pro)genitor. ÖGEN-. _receive_. _a race_. _race_. ingenious. _descendants_. Eum et robora virorum sequebantur.] [[Selection C19]] Tres ferme horas pugnatum est et ubique atrociter. (manus + capio) muni-cĭp-ium = _a free town_. _free-born_. (munia + capio) prin-ceps = _first_. generate._hilt of a sword_. _a father_. ac-cĭp-io = _take to_. nā-tio = _birth_. _of good natural } abilities_. generous. donec Insuber eques (Ducario nomen {5} . _race_. indigenous. _the innate superior } nature_. circa consulem tamen acrior infestiorque pugna est. _native_. become. progenitor. quacunque in parte premi ac laborare senserat suos. _tutelary } (protecting) deity_. _character_. _noble-minded_ _to beget_. _frank_. produce. ÖGNA. exception. _vast_._[44] [Footnote 44: Cf. _of or belonging to } birth_. (ad + capio) ex-cĭp-io = _take up_. _son-in-law_. genius. } _descent_. } _nature_. which follows immediately. +acrior infestiorque pugna est+ = _the battle is more keen and more vehement_. hold them all in your mind. but notice the emphatic position of +suos+. obtruncatoque prius armigero. So you may now try to +think in Latin+. the consul (Flaminius). so far as may be. +premi ac laborare senserat suos+ = _he had seen his men hard pressed and in distress_. consulem lancea transfixit. +et robora virorum sequebantur+ = _both the strongest of his troops followed_. when Flaminius atoned for his rashness by his gallant example and death. . If. nor does the order present any difficulty. You will do well to follow closely this advice of experienced teachers:--`Read every word as if it were the last on the page. spoliare cupientem triarii obiectis scutis arcuere. plainly _consulem_ (i. and you had to turn over without being able to turn back. for no one else has been mentioned. You may know that +robur+ (lit. `En' inquit `hic est' popularibus suis.' 1. and is generally best translated by taking the root-idea of the verb as a subject. that is. 2. Notice the emphatic position of the phrase. If the form of the word gives several possibilities. of extent of time) will be familiar to you.erat) facie quoque noscitans consulem.e. i. Iam ego hanc victimam manibus peremptorum foede civium dabo. 4. +pugnatum est+ = _the battle was fought_. to take the thought in the Latin order. 3. xxii. +circa consulem tamen+ = _around the consul however_.e. _the flower of an army_. 3-4. LIVY. This use of the so-called impersonal passive is very frequent. Flaminius).' Subditisque calcaribus {10} equo per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit. This construction (Acc. This presents no difficulty. +et ipse+ = _and himself_. +Tres ferme horas+ = _for nearly three hours_. Let each word of the Latin suggest some conception gradually adding to and completing the meaning of the writer. `qui legiones nostras cecidit agrosque et urbem est depopulatus. +quacunque in parte+ = _in whatever part_. +eum+ = _him_. Notice the emphatic position of +eum+. +acrior+ and +infestior+ must qualify +pugna+. +et ubique atrociter+ = _and everywhere fiercely_. No other meaning is possible. till something occurs in the progress of the sentence to settle the doubt. qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat. without reference to analysis or the English order. 6. You have seen how Analysis helps you to arrive at the main thought of the sentence. you are obliged to turn back. begin again at the beginning of the sentence and proceed as before. _hard wood_) is often used of _the toughest troops_. and the important part played by the emphatic position of words. however. and you are familiar with the principles that govern the order of words in Latin. The heading and the author will at once suggest the stirring incident in the Battle of Lake Trasimene. You will not attempt to translate this Abl. +insignemque armis+ = _and distinguished by his arms_. but the context shows that _until_ or _at last_ is the right meaning here. _ei nomen erat Ducario_. i. 9-10. of Flaminius). 2). 8-9. _this is the man_. +et hostes summa vi petebant+ = _both the enemy with all their might attacked_.e. but cf. 3). i. page 126. of _caedo_. +qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat+ = _who had thrown himself in the way of him advancing at the charge_. 8. It is. l. to _ei_ understood. +facie quoque noscitans consulem+ = _by his face also_ (i. dat. which immediately follows. line 645]] 7.e. It must be +cecīdit+. said he. perf. 2). 12. +subditisque calcaribus equo+ = _and putting spurs to his horse_. 10-11. which is intransitive. 6. +impigre ferebat opem+ = _actively he bore help_. of _cado_. 11-12. however. +spoliare cupientem+ = (him. +obtruncatoque prius armigero+ = _and first cut down the armour-bearer_ (i. and not _cecĭdit_. for +peremptorum civium+. literally.e. +infesto venienti+ is clearly dative with +obviam+. +eum+ (l. fixes the right meaning. +et+ might. but a moment's thought will remove it. 7-8.4-5. +donec Insuber eques+ = _until an Insubrian trooper_. Ducarius) _wishing to spoil_ (the consul). 13. 13-14. 12-13. = _also_ (cf. perf. 2. as well as by his armour) _recognising the consul_. +per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit+ = _through the closely packed crowd of the enemy he makes his charge_. of course.e. +Mānibus+ cannot = _hands_ (_mănibus_). possible that the trooper's name was Ducario. +consulem lancea transfixit+ = _ran the Consul through with his lance_. 6-7. [[Selection C19. +donec+ may mean _while_. +agrosque et urbem est depopulatus+ = _and laid waste our fields and our city_. +`En' inquit `his est' popularibus suis+ = _See. . Absol. Cf. where +Ducario+ is possess. clearly referring to +consulem+ (l. +qui legiones nostras cecīdit+ = _who slaughtered our legions_. +et tuebantur cives+ = _and his fellow-citizens_ (Romans) _defended_ (him). l. There is a slight difficulty here. to his fellow-countrymen_ (comrades). 5. but the second +et+ which immediately follows determines the meaning _both_. +Iam ego hanc victimam mānibus peremptorum foede civium dabo+ = _now I will give this victim to the shades of our countrymen foully slain_. +et+. +Ducario nomen erat+ = (his) _name was Ducarius_. in appos. +triarii obiectis scutis arcuere+ = _the triarii_ (veterans) _thrusting their shields in the way kept off_. son of the Emperor Valentinian (364-375 A. whenever he saw that his men were hard pressed. A very voluminous writer both in prose and verse. and was afterwards raised to the highest honours of the State (Consul. in place of the more involved structure of the original. but in point of contents and diction it is interesting and valuable. The following version by the late Professor Jebb will serve as a model:-They fought for about three hours. At last a Lombard trooper.). This passage is quite simple. He was trying to despoil the corpse. Verse: Of this we have much: it has little value as poetry. and everywhere with desperation. recognising the person as well as the guise of the consul. 309-392 A.D. 1. At the age of thirty appointed professor of rhetoric in his native University. and he himself. Life.' Putting spurs to his horse. where he closed his days in an honoured literary retirement. He had the toughest troops with him. was indefatigable in coming to the rescue. 1. 378-395 A. he dashed through the thick of the foe. 2. however. using short coordinate sentences. Works. APPENDIX VI SHORT LIVES OF ROMAN AUTHORS DECIMUS MAGNUS AUSONIUS. All that now remains for you to do is to write out a translation in good English. Some of his _Epigrammata_ and _Epitaphia_ are worth preserving. where he became so famous that he was appointed tutor to Gratian. named Ducario. and to grasp the writer's meaning.D. when some veterans screened it with their shields.). Distinguished by his equipment. but it will serve to show you how you may with practice learn to +take the thought in the Latin order+. Then he drove his lance through the consul.] Born at Burdigala (_Bordeaux_). Prose: The only extant specimen is his _Gratiarum Actio_ to Gratianus for the Consulship. Around the consul. First he cut down the armour-bearer. cried out to his people. 2. `Here is the man who cut our legions to pieces and sacked our city--now I will give this victim to the shades of our murdered countrymen. he was a target for the enemy and a rallying-point for the Romans. Theodosius (Emperor of the East. and carefully educated.D.14. 379 A. the fight was peculiarly keen and vehement. each complete in itself. but his claim to . [Sidenote: AUSONIUS.) gave him leave to retire from court to his native country. who had thrown himself in the way of the onset.D. Caesar crosses the Rhine a second time. ¹ 76. Sulla. partly at Rome. He is taken in chains to Rome. ¹ 83. Defeats Gn. First invasion of Britain. the events of each year occupying a separate Book. `In virtue of this poem Ausonius ranks not merely as the last. [Sidenote: CAESAR. ¹ VI.' --Mackail.C. ¹ 53. born July 12th. Munda. Surrender of Vercingetorix. ¹ III. Defeats Scipio. ¹ 60. the friend of Marius. but as the first of French poets.. Pharsalus. to adorn Caesar's triumph. BOOK I. Defeats Pompeius. Dictator a second time. ¹ II. partly in Spain. Caesar. ¹ 46. The Nervii. Fresh risings of the Gauls put down by Labienus and Q. Propraetor in Spain: conquers Lusitanians: amasses wealth.] B. 8). Coalition of Pompeius. Subjugation of Gaul and two invasions of Britain (55 and 54).) and of the South-West (Aquitani). Studies oratory at Rhodes. &c. ¹ V. ¹ 58-50. . Uprising of the Gauls under Vercingetorix. Assassinated in the Senate House on the Ides of March. Incurs enormous debts by his splendid shows. 1. ¹ 54. 102.C. ¹ 49. ¹ 68. Conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Veneti. Served with distinction in Asia. Dictator and Imperator for life. almost exterminated. 58. ¹ 50. 102 (or 100?)-44 B. Consul. B. ¹ 59. Siege and capture of Alesia. and Crassus: First Triumvirate. Marries Cornelia.C. Declared Dictator for ten years. 2. Meeting of Triumvirate at Luca. nephew of Marius. or all but the last. ¹ 45. a beautiful description of the R.+--This work describes Caesar's operations in Gaul. the bravest Belgian tribe. Germany. Curule Aedile. ¹ 48. ¹ 56. Thapsus. daughter of Cinna. ¹ 44. Civil war with Pompeius. ¹ 56. ¹ 65. Pompeius and Labienus. Works. Crosses the Rubicon. and Britain during the years 58-52 B._ viii. Moselle. which is worthy to be compared with Pliny's description of the R.C. The Leges Iuliae. ¹ 52. ¹ IV. GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. of Latin. and Afranius. Clitumnus (_Ep. ¹ 55. Northern Gaul reduced to peace. (1) +THE DE BELLO GALLICO. Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar crosses the Rhine a first time. Begins his political career as Quaestor. Cicero. Important Events in Caesar's Life. Inroad of Germans into Northern Gaul repulsed. Second invasion of Britain. ¹ 81-78.rank as a poet rests on his _Mosella_. The trouble with Pompeius begins. ¹ 57. The Helvetii and Ariovistus the German defeated. ¹ 61. ¹ VII. Dictator a first time. C. see some good history. and as giving the prose groundwork of Vergil's stately and beautiful embroidery in the _Georgics_. Poems. 49. 234-149 B. Life. ¹ III. Style.C. and simplicity. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. B. Works. and his social reforms.C. 2. ¹ 49._ `Caesar's Commentaries are worthy of all praise. Caesar's object was threefold:-(i) To provide materials for professed historians. directness. Caesar follows Pompeius into Illyria.) have been lost. Follows Pompeius to Brundusium and conquers Afranius in Spain. The simplest facts told in the simplest way. _Ars est celare artem. Mommsen. His chief works are:-(1) His treatise +De Re Rustica+ or +De Agri Cultura+ (his only extant work). and interesting `as showing the practical Latin style. MARCUS PORCIUS CATO. Book III. his famous Censorship (184 B.] For his military and political career. ¹ 48. ¹ 51 (added by HIRTIUS). (iii) To vindicate in the eyes of the world his opposition to the Senate and the Government. e. Final subjugation of Gaul. ends abruptly with the words: _Haec initia belli Alexandrini fuerunt. . [Sidenote: CATO. Submission of Varro in Further Spain. Remarkable for brevity. It describes the events of the Civil War during the years 49-48 B. Defeat and death of Curio before Utica.¹ VIII. his Consulship (195 B.C. (3) +OTHER WORKS. in three Books._ BOOK I.g. vol.+--This work.C. (ii) To justify the conquest he describes. is similar in plan to the _De Bello Gallico_. Caesar takes Massilia. 1. The lines of Dyrrachium and the Battle of Pharsalus.). (2) +DE BELLO CIVILI. straightforward. they are unadorned. 3.' --Mackail. every ornament being stripped off as if it were a garment. and elegant. iii.). somewhat in the manner of Hesiod. ¹ II. with the exception of a few brief Letters to Cicero.' --CICERO. &c. The beginning of the Alexandrine War.--A series of terse and pointed directions following one on another.+--All Caesar's other writings (Speeches. _Iam ver egelidos refert tepores . [Sidenote: CATULLUS.C. omnia corrumpet_. was his love for Lesbia (Clodia). _Romae vivimus: illa domus. 116 poems written in various metres and on various subjects. 61). `The event which first revealed the full power of his genius. Epic. illic mea carpitur aetas_ (C. summarises the contents of the seven books. circ. 46). 2. Nepos. as is seen from his having estates at Sirmio:-_Salve. After a life of poetic culture and free social enjoyment he died at the early age of thirty. with the exception of an official journey to Bithynia.. His father was an intimate friend of Caesar. and the first important prose work in Roman literature. 31) and near Tibur: _O funde noster seu Sabine seu Tiburs_ (C. 1. _Am.'--S . where he spent the greater part of his short life.' --Mommsen. Cato struggled all his life against Greek influence in literature and in manners. He was famous for his homely wisdom.' GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS.g. atque ero gaude_ (C. 68). of a family of wealth and position. 84-54 B. Works. ix. Lyric. and which made both the supreme happiness and supreme misery of his life.+--`The oldest historical work written in Latin.(2) +The Origines. Illa mihi sedes.] Born at Verona. Life. which he felt would be fatal to his ideal of a Roman citizen. In a letter to his son Marcus he says _Quandoque ista gens suas litteras dabit. to better his fortunes: cf.C. campi_ (C. which gained him the title of _Sapiens_. Linquantur Phrygii. Elegiac. 3.._ III.' _hedera iuvenilia tempora cinctus_ (Ovid. O venusta Sirmio. _Rem tene: verba sequentur_--`Take care of the sense: the words will take care of themselves. e. `the young Catullus. 44). He went to Rome early. Catulle. 57 B. _Cato_. . `C©¢.©¡. . He received the gifts of the passing hour so happily that to produce pure and lasting poetry it was enough for him to utter in natural words something of the fulness of his heart. few poets in any age or country deserve a kindlier place in the hearts of men than ªthe young Catullus. constantly. He says on every occasion exactly what he wanted to say. and unselfishly be the best title to the love of others. forcible. spontaneous language.' --Sellar. not so much through vividness of imagination as through his singleness of nature.º'--S . If to love warmly.s is one of the great poets of the world. `The most attractive feature in the character of Catullus is the warmth of his affection. in clear. his vivid impressibility. and his keen perception. . ©¡. . ¹ 45. The +Tusculanae Disputationes+: the +De Natura Deorum+: +De Divinatione+: +De Amicitia+: +De Senectute+: +De Officiis+. Praetor. ¹ 91.MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. Serves his first and only campaign under Pompeius Strabo. He commands all moods. ¹ 63. concise and apt. and chief Works. Assumes the _toga virilis_. there he is clear.C. Pompeii (+Pro Lege Manilia+). ¹ 52.+ ¹ 43. Quintilian says of him that his eloquence combined the power of Demosthenes. ¹ 70. Q. Birth of Quintus Cicero. Cicero hailed `pater patriae. ¹ 46. the copiousness of . Octavianus. Important Events in Cicero's Life. The +Brutus+ and +Orator+. ¹ 49. Murder of Cicero. The First Triumvirate (Caesar. ¹ 89. The four speeches +In Catilinam+. Joins Pompeius at Dyrrachium. ¹ 64. Quinctio+. to which he gave increased impression by his fiery delivery. The +Pro Murena+. [Sidenote: CICERO. The four speeches +Post Reditum+. 2. The +Pro Valerio Flacco+. Roscio Amerino+. ¹ 80. ¹ 68. elegant and brilliant. Consul. ¹ 51-50. ¹ 67.+ The Second Triumvirate (Antonius. Delivers his first speech (_causa privata_) +Pro P. Proconsul of Cilicia. (1) +Speeches. ¹ 56. The De Imperio Cn. Writes an heroic poem in praise of Marius. ¹ 69. His strongest point is his style. Birth of his son Marcus. and fragments of about 20 more. Quaestor at Lilybaeum in Sicily.' ¹ 59. ¹ 55. Delivers his first speech (_causa publica_) +Pro S. ¹ 66. ¹ 75-4. Verrem+.' --Teuffel. ¹ 47. Piso Frugi. Is granted a _supplicatio_. Marries Terentia. and Crassus). The +De Finibus+ and +Academics+. ¹ 62. but is most successful in the imitation of conviction and feeling. ¹ 44. ¹ 58-7. The six speeches +In C. and Lepidus). and we know of 33 others delivered by Cicero. +Philippics v-xiv.+--We possess 57 speeches. ¹ 81. The +Pro Caecina+. Pompeius. Cicero in Exile. Marriage of Tullia to C. Studies Rhetoric at Rome under Apollonius Molo of Rhodes. The Lex Gabinia. Becomes reconciled to Caesar. Death of Tullia. ¹ 102. ¹ 79-7. Poem `De consulatu meo. 106. Works. Born at Arpinum. 106-43 B.] B. Studies at Athens and Rhodes. from playful jest to tragic pathos. Date of the earliest extant letter. Birth of Pompeius. The +De Legibus+: the +De Republica+. ¹ 87. +Philippics i-iv. Mucius Scaevola the augur becomes his tutor in civil law. Curule Aedile. ¹ 60. `As a speaker and orator Cicero succeeded in gaining a place beside Demosthenes.' The +Pro Sulla+ and +Pro Archia+. The +Pro Sestio+ and +De Provinciis Consularibus+ (his recantation). perspicuous. 1. The +De Oratore+ and +De temporibus meis+. The +Pro Milone+.C. and of Caesar. but one among many local ancient dialects. 400 A.+--The chief are the _De Republica_ (closed by the _Sommium Sciponis_): the _De Legibus_: the _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_: the _Academics_: _Tusculan Disputations_ with the _De Divinatione_: the _De Senectute_ and _De Amicitia_: _De natura Deorum_. where he lived until. We behold him in his strength and in his weakness--the bold advocate. (4) +Letters. (5) +Poems.] Born probably at Alexandria. the great Vandal general. Before his time Latin prose was. from a wide point of view.C. flor. Life. . The two largest collections of his Letters are the _Epistulae ad Atticum_ (68-43 B.D. (2) +Philosophical Works. who. `The quality which makes them most valuable is that they were not (like the letters of Pliny.. and thus to render the conclusions of Greek thinkers accessible to his own countrymen. he acquired the patronage of Stilicho. the affectionate father. Greek included.+--Besides 774 letters written by Cicero. `and for these I am never at a loss. [Sidenote: CLAUDIAN.+--The fragments we possess show that verse-writing came easily to him. the kind master.Plato.' --Mackail. so finely expressed by Ovid in the line _Est Deus in nobis. `The art of letter-writing suddenly rose in Cicero's hands to its full perfection. we have 90 addressed to him by friends. in the year of the death of Theodosius 395 A. perhaps the most finished example of the Ciceronian style: the _Brutus_ or _De Claris Oratoribus_. As a philosopher Cicero had no pretensions to originality. agitante calescimus illo_.' It was however no small achievement to mould the Latin tongue to be a vehicle for Greek philosophic thought. He found the materials for most of these works in the writings of the Greek philosophers.C. We see in them Cicero as he was. As it left his hands it had become a universal language. These letters are of supreme importance for the history of Cicero's ¢¥m . and Madame de Sévigné) written to be published. `Cicero stands in prose like Vergil in poetry. as the bridge between the ancient and the modern world.) and the _Epistulae ad Familiares_ (62-43 B. for he had not the _divinus afflatus_. as guardian of the young Emperor Honorius. The style of the Letters is colloquial but thoroughly accurate. and Seneca. (3) +Rhetorical treatises.+--The chief are the _De Oratore_ (in 3 Books). CLAUDIUS CLAUDIANUS. and the sweetness of Isocrates. the fond husband. one which had definitely superseded all others.' he writes. the warm-hearted friend. and the _De Officiis_.D. and the _Orator_ (or _De optime Genere Dicendi_). as the type of civilised expression. 1. and yet timid and vacillating statesman. `I have to supply little but the words.' --Tyrrell.' --Mackail. but he never could have been a great poet.). `His faults belong almost as much to the age as to the writer.C. as a witness and herald of his deeds. where he attracted the attention of Cato.' --Coleridge. and accompanied him to Rome.). 2. in 18 books.C. `It was certainly due to Ennius that Roman Tragedy was first raised to that pitch of popular favour which it enjoyed till the age of Cicero. and inveighing against Rufinus and Eutropius. About 600 lines are extant. His son obtained for Ennius the Roman citizenship (184 B. `his three books of the unfinished Rape of Proserpine are among the finest examples of the purely literary epic. 3.) by giving him a grant of land at Potentia in Picenum. especially from Euripides. availing himself of those means of education which at this time were denied to Rome or Latium. forming the transitional link between the Classic and the Gothic mode of thought. Style. qui fuimus ante Rudini. 239-169 B. The chief are:-(1) +Tragedies. Here he lived for some twenty years. In description he is too copious and detailed: his poems abound with long speeches: his parade of varied learning. Rome and Ravenna.] He was born at Rudiae in Calabria (about 19 miles S.C. Here for some fifteen years he lived plainly. Of poems on other subjects. Works. 168 B._ The rest of his life was spent mainly at Rome in cheerful simplicity and active literary work. Works. and making translations of Greek plays for the Roman stage.' --Sellar.C. He remained attached to the Court at Milan. supporting himself by teaching Greek.+--Mainly translations.' --North Pinder. praising his patrons Stilicho (_On the Consulate of Stilicho_) and Honorius (_on the Consulate of Honorius_). QUINTUS ENNIUS. that of culture and education (Greek). _Opici_). 1. Fulvius Nobilior took Ennius with him in his campaign against the Aetolians. then quaestor.' --Mackail. `Claudian is the last of the Latin poets. that of common life (Oscan. a meeting-place of three different languages. 408 A. are just the natural defects of a lettered but uninspired epoch. of Brundisium). [Sidenote: ENNIUS.+--An Epic Hexameter poem. A few fragments only remain. M. 204 B. his partiality for abstruse mythology.was practically ruler of the Western Empire. We next hear of him serving as centurion in Sardinia. cf. 2.D. In 189 B. and so won the friendship of the elder Scipio. . Life.C. In his historical epics he derived his subjects from his own age. and died soon after the downfall of his patron Stilicho. which dealt with the History of Rome from the landing of Aeneas in Italy down to the Third Macedonian War (Pydna. (2) +Annales. _Nos sumus Romani. the rivals of Stilicho. that of military service (Latin). the fame of which should ring out clear through the nations of Italy. the first who brought down from pleasant Helicon a chaplet of unfading leaf.`In his Annals he unfolds a long gallery of national portraits. 88: `Ennium sicut sacros vetustate lucos adoremus. Quintilian. In spite of imperfections and roughness. Lucretius. devotion to the State. For the first time Ennius succeeded in moulding the Latin language to the movement of the Greek hexameter. and to whom Vergil owes so much. not so much with beauty. his _Annals_ remained the foremost and representative Roman poem till Vergil wrote the _Aeneid_. in which the great and ancient oak-trees are invested. whom he influenced.' --Sellar. dignity and sagacity of the Republic.' --S . 3. X. All that was purely personal in them seems merged in the traditional pictures which express only the fortitude. qui primus amoeno Detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam. animated with one sentiment. sacred from their antiquity. as with sacred associations. says of him: _Ennius ut noster cecinit. in quibus grandia et antiqua robora iam non tantam habent speciem quantam religionem: Let us venerate Ennius like the groves.' A¦ later. Style. i. Per gentes Italas honinum quae clara clueret._ `As sang our Ennius. His heroes are men of one common aim--the advancement of Rome. . ] Very little is known of his life. His work is a compilation made from the best authorities.D._ 337 A.+--A brief compendium of Roman History in ten books from the foundation of the city to the accession of Valens. 1. Works. .D. 2. 375 A. Style. Its brevity and practical arrangement made it very popular. His only extant work is his +Breviarium Historiae Romanae. [Sidenote: EUTROPIUS. Life. 120 (or 140?) A.D. circ. (temp.D. Life.. with good judgment and impartiality. FLAIUS EUTROPIUS. 3.©¡. to whom it is inscribed.). FLORUS. and in a simple style. He is said to have held the office of a secretary under Contanstine the Great (_ob.D. and to have served under the Emperor Julian in his ill-fated expedition against the Persians. 1. Hadrian). fl. 364 A. 363 A. a great man as far as greatness was then possible (i.[Sidenote: FLORUS. 2. where. X. Julius (or Annaeus) Florus lived at Rome in the time of Trajan or Hadrian.. in two Books:-Book I.] He was _praetor urbanus_ 70 A. Simple and concise: `he shuns the conceits of the period and goes back to the republican authors. Florus is useful in giving us a short account of events in periods where we have no books of Livy to guide us.C. consisting of historical examples derived chiefly from Sallust. A pretentious and smartly written work abounding in mistakes.' --Cruttwell.D. who subdued by his arms the powerful and warlike tribe of the Silures. and in 75 succeeded Cerealis as governor oi Britain. Caesar.] L.C. Style.' I¦ 97 he was nominated _curator aquarum_. of whom (and especially of Caesar's C£mm ¦¢©¡¥ s) his language strongly reminds us. 3.e.. 753-133 B. lviii.D. vir magnus.D. Works. S. Style. Cf. quantum licebat. Two works of his are extant:-(1) +De Aquis Urbis Romae. a complete and valuable account. and Livy. treats of the good time of Rome. 1. JULIUS FRONTINUS. (2) +Strategemata. soon after the death of Nerva. It was. he distinguished himself by the conquest of the Silures: _sustinuit molem Iulius Frontinus. 3. contradictions. 2. Works. validamque et pugnacem Siturum gentem armis subegit_: `Julius Frontinus was equal to the burden. (the Gracchi). in three books. and misrepresentations of historical truth. Life. 133-29 B. 41-103 A. [Sidenote: FRONTINUS. administrator of the aqueducts of Rome: the closing years of his life were passed in studious retirement at his villa on the Bay of Naples. ¹ II. popular in the Middle Ages on account of its brevity and its rhetorical style. treats of the decline of Rome. . Mart. circ. An Epitome of the Wars of Livy.+--A manual of strategy.+--A treatise on the Roman water-supply. 97 A. (Temple of Janus closed). as Tacitus tells us. however. Little else is known of his life. under the jealous rule of Domitian). published under Trajan. ¹ 46-44. iii. Style. he is a very interesting writer.' AULUS GELLIUS. natural science and antiquities.] B. QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS. where he spent the remaining years of his life in literary pursuits and in the society of a large circle of friends. on the whole. 400 A._ I. Through these he obtained . Augustine. however. in fact. Educated at Rome under the famous _plagosus_ Orbilius. iv. Works.D. ii. and the last that can in any way be called classical. His language is sober but full of archaisms. Served under Brutus as _tribunus militum_: fought at Philippi. His poverty compelled him to write verses. Pardoned by Octavianus and allowed to return to Rome. ¹ 53-46. The work is.] All that is known about his life is gathered from occasional hints in his own writings. 19) tells us: _vetuit exstrui monimentum: sed quibus verbis? `impensa monimenta supervacua est: memoria nostri durabit. 2. _Sat.C.C. which he much affected (he gives._ ix. studying under the most famous teachers. His style shows the defects of an age in which men had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words they used. [Sidenote: GELLIUS. a commonplace book. 3. 1._' --St. and the arrangement of the contents is merely casual. 123-175 A. The +Noctes Atticae+ (so called because it was begun during the long nights of winter in a country house in Attica) in twenty books consists of numerous extracts from Greek and Roman writers on subjects connected with history. At the University of Athens. ¹ 42-39. si vita meruimus_. Life. Born at Venusia (_Venosa_) on the confines of Apulia and Lucania. prob. philology. It is. therefore. no quotations from post-Augustan writers). following the course of his reading of Greek and Latin authors. [Sidenote: HORACE. 65-8 B. `_Vir elegantissimi eloquii et multae ac facundae scientiae. of special value to us from the very numerous quotations from ancient authors preserved by him alone.D. 65. circ. philosophy. and then to have returned to Rome. and strove to hide the triviality of a subject under obscure phrases and florid expression. He seems to have spent his early years at Rome. 1. ¹ 44-42. Pliny (_Ep.As a mark of his unaffected modesty. Important Events in the Life of Horace.. Yet. illustrated by abundant criticisms and discussions. first at Rome and afterwards at Athens. and some _Epodes_. carried them to the highest point of which the foreign Latin tongue was capable. 33. 17. In them we see a poet. +Satires.¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ 38.--These represent his most mature production.' (2) +Satires (Sermones)+ in two Books. 31. the trusted minister of Augustus. To touch on political topics was impossible. Book II+ published. +Epistles. Horace is the most complete exponent of its actual life and movement. and to act on character from within.--Horace's chief model is Lucilius. in four books. (1) +Odes+. of Tivoli). who became his fast friends and introduced him to Maecenas. peregrinantur._ I. 20. Books I-III+ published. (3) +The Epistles (Sermones)+ in two Books. as Petronius says. +Carmen Saeculare+ written at the request of Augustus for the _Ludi Saeculares_. non impediunt foris. +Epistles. Horace employed satire to display his own individuality and his own views on various subjects.' --Sellar. For fullest description see _Epist. ad Pisones_). as Quintilian says. `To teach the true end and wise regulation of life. (Journey to Brundisium described.--The words of Cicero (_pro Archia_ 16) best describe the abiding value of the four Books of the Odes--_Adolescentiam alunt_ (strengthen). _Sat. Style. +Satires. In reading these Satires we all read our own minds and hearts.' --Mackail.) Maecenas bestowed upon him a Sabine farm (about 15 miles N. with a perfection as complete as that of Vergil in the stately and serious manner. 35. adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent. 13. delectant domi. As a poet Horace now stood without a rival. are the motives of the more formal and elaborate epistles. the notice of Varius and Vergil. Died in the same year as his friend and patron Maecenas. The +Ars Poetica+ is a _résumé_ of Greek criticism on the drama. a subtle happiness of expression--`what oft was thought but ne' ¡ so well express'. Book I (his earliest effort) is marred by faults in execution and is often wanting in good taste. Life was still full of vivid interest for him. whom he wished to adapt to the Augustan age. and +Epodes+. the Sapphic and Alcaic. 12. but in Book II `he uses the hexameter to exhibit the semi-dramatic form of easy dialogue. 8. +Odes. `As Vergil is the most idealising exponent of what was of permanent and universal significance in the time. `With the principal lyric metres. with _curiosa felicitas_. pernoctant nobiscum.E. _senectutem oblectant. Book I+ published. Book I+ published. _verbis felicissime audax_--most happily daring in his use of words and endowed. Book IV+ published. and +Ars Poetica+ (_Ep. Works. 3. and +Epodes+ published. Horace had done what Vergil had accomplished with the dactylic hexameter. He is at once the lyrical poet. +Odes. v.' --Mackail. secundas res ornant. 23. but years (_fallentis semita vitae_) had brought the philosophic mind._ I. rusticantur_. Book II+. 3. with heart and imagination responsive to the deeper meaning and lighter . xvi. ] We know nothing positively about him. circ. 3. that he wrote Satires late in life. All the Lives assert that Juvenal was banished to Egypt--Juvenal himself . and the literary critic of the age. It was arranged according to nations. where he entertained his friends in a modest way.] Of Juvenal's life very little is certainly known. JUSTINUS._ Livy). Life. the moralist. and lived into the reign of Antoninus Pius. Thirteen lives of him exist. [Sidenote: JUVENAL. that he had a small farm at Tibur. a town of the Volscians (where perhaps he was born in the reign of Nero). the Nimrod of legend. Teuffel says `Considering his correct mode of thinking and the style of his preface. DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS. 55-138 A. +Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi+. in forty-four Books.' --Sellar. and the satirist. In short. like Herodotus.D. but went for holidays to Aquinum. Style. 1. to indulge in such large digressions that it was regarded by many as a Universal History. [Sidenote: JUSTINUS. From the evidences of the Satires we learn that he lived from early youth at Rome. the circumstances of his life were very similar to those of Martial. He complains frequently and bitterly of his poverty and of the hardships of a dependent's life. Life. and was brought down to about 9 A. which are confused and contradictory in detail. who epitomised Livy. was superintendent of the civic worship paid to Vespasian after his deification. it began with Ninus. The famous inscription at Aquinum--which Duff considers does not refer to the poet but to a wealthy kinsman of his--indicates that he had served in the army as commander of a Dalmatian cohort. with all its branches.D. and. but he allowed himself.D. (_temp.amusements of life. 150 A. who speaks of Juvenal as a very intimate friend.--An abridgment of the Universal History of Pompeius Trogus (_temp.' 2. we should not like to put him much later than Florus. Justinus (as he tells us in his Preface) made it his business to form an attractive reading-book--_breve veluti florum corpusculum feci_ (an anthology)--and his chief merit is that he seems to have been a faithful abbreviator. that he had been in Egypt. that he reached his eightieth year._ Antoninus Pius). though probably he lived in the age of the Antonines. 1. and a house in Rome. as one of the chief men of the town. The title _Historiae Philippicae_ was given to it by Trogus because its main object was to give the history of the Macedonian monarchy. Works. The first nine satires present wonderfully vivid picture of the seamy side of life at Rome at of the first century. about one fourth of the whole number. in the form of letters. Discursus. +Saturae+. The number of Books now extant is 35.' --Duff. and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship. 56-97). Life. and his command of brilliant epigrammatic phrase. Votum. for instance. Juvenal tells us that he takes all life. 85-6. 9 A. however. 2. substance but moral a the end them the different `His chief literary qualities are his power of painting lifelike scenes. But though a courtier he was no flatterer. a comprehensive account in 142 Books of the whole History of Rome from the foundation of the City to the death of Drusus. Gaudia. which are not satires at all. It is probable that he intended to continue his work in 150 Books. in which we find ourselves in a world from that scourged by the satirist. `pre-eminently famous for eloquence and truthfulness. 59 B.--_Sat. nostri est farrago libelli_ (the motley subject of my page). down to the death of Augustus in 14 A.D. Pompeius in such a panegyric that Augustus called him Pompeianus. Nothing.' He returned to his native town before his death. 17 A.-17 A. but we possess summaries (_Periochae_ or _Argumenta_) of nearly the whole work. the point from which Tacitus starts. The .D. for his text: _Quidquid agunt homines. About 30 B. could surpass his picture of the fall of Sejanus (Sat. Little is known of his life. Books I-III (Satires 1-9) are sharply divided both in form and from Books IV-V (Satires 10-16)._ i. Padua was a populous and busy place. at the age of about 75. Ira.D. as seen in his writings. 2. and lived amid scenes of human activity. read side by side with contemporary Letters of Pliny. `Titus Livius. essays. Voluptas.D. We must. all the world. where his literary talents secured the patronage and friendship of Augustus..C. 34).] Livy was born at Patavium (_Padua_) between the years 59 and 57 B. +History of Rome+ (_Ab urbe condita Libri_). TITUS LIVIUS PATAVINUS. [Sidenote: LIVY. seem to suggest that he was of good family. His power of coining phrases is seen in these _sententiae_: _nemo repente fuit turpissimus--expende Hannibalem_: _quot libras in duce summo | invenies_: _maxima debetur puero reverentia_: _mens sana in corpora sano_--which are familiar proverbs among educated men. Works.. he settled at Rome._ iv.C. sixteen.C. and that he died in exile. thus Livy was early trained in eloquence. circ. but his aristocratic sympathies. Works. where opportunities for public speaking were abundant and the public life vigorous. Timor.never alludes to this--for offence given to an actor who was high in favour with the reigning Emperor (Hadrian according to Prof. Hardy).' says Tacitus (_Ann. 1. x. grouped in five Books. extolled Cn. though merely conventional. § 9. by the most loving and most eloquent of her sons. of the Roman Empire and Roman civilisation. . The Purpose of his History. . by aid of what men and by what talents at home and in the field their Empire has been gained and extended_. 3. was the dominion of the world achieved. he asks his readers to consider _what have been the life and habits of the Romans. notably to the Samnites and Hannibal.' --Nettleship. brought into greater prominence the moral causes which contributed to the growth of the Empire. it is he. The first ten books of Livy were being written about the same time as the _Aeneid_. in accordance with a divine dispensation. with no less truth. is carried by him to an even greater complexity and used with a greater daring and freedom. . The periodic structure of Latin prose. both Vergil and Livy had the same patriotic purpose. to nearly the close of the Third Samnite War. He marks the highest point which the enlarged and enriched prose of the Augustan age reached just before it began to fall into decadence. and end with the triumph of Aemilius Paulus after Pydna. and _romanus_ hence signifies in his language all that is noble.' --Mackail. Livy.' says Quintilian (X. more than any other author. `In ancient Rome he sees his ideal realised. Books XXXI-XLV.' --Mackail. so the _Historiae ab Urbe Condita_ might be called.' --M©c ©¥. _Suas. i.. . which had been developed by Cicero. liveliness. 4.C. 21)--delivered.division of the History into decades (sets of ten Books). According to this arrangement the Books now extant are: Books I-X. 101).C. He uses them rather as a vivid and dramatic method of portraying character and motive.' 5. and unjust to her enemies. His imagination never fails to kindle at great actions. . who has impressed the great soldiers and statesmen of the Republic on the imagination of the world. `Everything. and picturesqueness.. `As the title of _Gesta Populi Romani_ was given to the _Aeneid_ on its appearance. He does not affect in them to reproduce the substance of words actually spoken. or even to imitate the colour of the time in which the speech is laid._ VI. however. The Speeches. `The spirit in which he writes History is well illustrated by the Speeches. `is perfectly adapted both to the circumstances and personages introduced. 219-201 B.' --Teuffel. a funeral eulogy--_consummatio totius vitae et quasi funebris laudatio_ (Sen.C.C. 754-293 B. over the grave of the great Republic. `to celebrate the growth. . `As a master of style Livy is in the first rank of historians. set the tone of the whole work. in a way. Style. the narrative of the Second Punic War. In his preface to Book I.. Only by virtue and manliness. is convenient. 201-167 B. describe the Wars in Greece and Macedonia. Books XXI-XXX. These. justice and piety. 168 B. He thus involuntarily appears partial to Rome. His style is characterised by variety. .. -III.C. +Pharsalia I. Nero. `To Lucan's rhetorical instincts and training.+ published. His father migrates with his family to Rome. an epic poem in ten Books. and the influence of the recitations which Juvenal _Sat. venting itself in apostrophes.. Death of Persius. the philosopher and tutor of Nero. ¹ 55. from the beginning of the Civil War down to the point where Caesar is besieged in Alexandria. 49-48 B. ¹ 61. Nero Emperor. Works._ iii. hyperbole (over-drawn description). We see the sacrifice of the whole to the parts. 2. ¹ 63. a marriage of affection. neglect of the matter in an over-studious regard for the manner. devoted to phrase-making and tinsel ornament. For a much-petted.' --H ¥¢. he became a shallow rhetorician. are due the great defects of the _Pharsalia_. Life.] +Important Events in the Life of Lucan. Annaeus Novatus (the Gallio of Acts xviii. The +Pharsalia+ (or _De Bello Civili_). Lucan under Cornutus. 1. an unhappy laboriousness that strains itself to be first-rate for a moment. Born at Corduba (_Cordova_) on the R. 3. Pisonian conspiracy discovered. ¹ 54-68. 12-17). ¹ 40. ANNAEUS LUCANUS. ¹ 57-9. Lucan quaestor: famous as a reciter and pleader. 79-80 _contentus fama iaceat Lucanus in hortis Marmoreis--Lucan may repose in his park adorned with statues and find fame enough_--he brooded over his wrongs.M. At the University of Athens. plunged into such a society as that of Rome in the first century A. ¹ 64. and of Seneca. from jealousy. in an enforced retirement--probably in the stately gardens spoken of by Juvenal vii. ¹ 65. 39. and despairing of any other way of restoration to public life. Puffed up with presumed merits and the applause of the lecture-room and the _salon_. ¹ 60. who begins to hate Seneca. Marries Polla Argentaria. Baetis (_Guadalquivir_). joined the ill-fated conspiracy of Piso. Disgrace of Seneca. the tutor also of Persius. `Rhetoric and Stoic dogma were the staple of his mental training. Lucan compelled to die. Lucan was a nephew of M. episodes and epigrams.D. tells us were so customary and such a nuisance in his day.D. quick-witted youth. digressions. hardly any training could be more mischievous. but leaves the poem second-rate for ever. Style. 39-65 A. but it contains some valuable additional matter and gives a faithful picture of the feeling general among the nobility of the day.+ A. and ready to write and declaim on any subject in verse or prose at the shortest notice.D. ¹ 62. His narrative thus runs parallel to Caesar's De _Bello Civili_. Silenced by Nero. Wins the favour of Nero.' --Heitland. forbids Lucan to publish poems or to recite them. [Sidenote: LUCAN. a self-conscious tone appealing rather to an audience than to a reader. .©¦. '--M©c ©¥. and a too sparing use of elision.¨  general effect of Lucan's verse is one of steady monotony. such as the dream of Pompeius. _In se magna ruunt--Stat magni nominis umbra--Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum_ (a line which rivals Caesar's energy). it contains passages of lofty thought and real beauty. by which Vergil was able to regulate the movement of lines and make sound and sense agree. due to a want of variety in the pauses and in the ending of lines. such as. or the character which Cato gives of Pompeius. `In spite of its immaturity and bad taste the poem compels admiration by its elevation of thought and sustained brilliance of execution. and is full of quotations which have become household words. `After Terence he is the most distinguished and the most important in his literary influence among the friends of Scipio. and indeed is rather a model for orators than poets_. in various metres. 134 B. [Sidenote: LUCILIUS. 90) sums up Lucan in words which suggest at once his chief merits and defects as a poet: _Lucanus ardens et concitatus et sententiis clarissimus et magis oratoribus quam poetis imitandus--Lucan has fire and point. circ. that of familiar poetry.'--M©c ©¥.C. 2. The form of literature which he invented and popularised. 170-103 B. ¨  brief and balanced judgment of Quintilian (_Inst. +Saturae+ in thirty Books.). was one which proved singularly suited to the Latin genius._ X. He speaks of his own works under the name of _Sermones_ (talks)--a name which was retained by his great successor and imitator Horace..C. and that Lucilius served in the cavalry under Scipio in the Numantine war. Velleius tells us that the sister of Lucilius was grandmother to Pompeius. 1. but the peculiar combination of metrical form with wide range of subject and the pedestrian style of ordinary prose received in popular usage the name _Satura_ (mixture).C. Life. and died at Naples (103 B. in Campania. Fragments only are extant. of a well-to-do equestrian family. Lucilius lived on very intimate terms with Scipio Africanus Minor and Laelius. Works. Orat. where he was honoured with a public funeral.] Lucilius was born in the Latin town of Suessa of the Aurunci. is very famous for his maxims. i. GAIUS LUCILIUS. `The chief social vices which Lucilius attacks are those which reappear in the pages of the later satirists. Juvenal says of him (_Sat. _S©¢¡© quidem tota nostra est.. 93._ --Quint. They are the two extremes to which the Roman temperament was most prone: rapacity and meanness in gaining money.' --Sellar. vulgar ostentation and coarse sensuality in using it. in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius._ i. i. 165-7): . X. but by the outward aspect and harmonious plan of nature. 1. not by the rays of the sun or the bright shafts of day. Book I states that the world consists of atoms and void._ 300 B. sed naturae species ratioque. The subiect of his poem prevented him from telling his own history as Catullus. The source of these terrors is traced to the general ignorance of certain facts in Nature--ignorance. Works. of the means by which the world came into existence and is still maintained.C. At line 694 is stated the important doctrine that the evidence of the senses alone is to be believed--_sensus. and this darkness must be dispelled. namely. The poem was left unfinished at his death. of the causes of many natural phenomena.' . and lived apart from the ambitions and follies of his day. Therefore death is nothing to us: _Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum.C. The object of the poem is to deliver men from the fear of death and the terrors of superstition by the new knowledge of Nature: _Hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest Non radii solis neque lucida tela diei Discutiant. and Ovid have done.] Very little is known of his life. the senses on which rests all our belief_. Horace. Quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur. Oct. 2. his conscience is chilled for his offences. Donatus. [Sidenote: LUCRETIUS. therefore. The name Lucretius suggests that he was descended from one of the most ancient patrician houses of Rome. Life._ --S. including the curious doctrine of the _swerve_.). the hearer blushes for shame. LUCRETIUS CARUS. Book II treats of the _motions_ of atoms. 55 B. . of the constitution and condition of our minds and bodies. 99-55 B. in his life of Vergil._ _This terror of the soul. The +De Rerum Natura+. and. and his heart faints for secret sins. lastly.`When old Lucilius seems to draw his sword and growls in burning ire. Thus: Books I and II uphold the principles of the Atomic Theory as held by Epicurus (_fl. Book III shows the nature of mind (_animus_) and life (_anima_) to be material and therefore mortal. but he deliberately chose the life of contemplation. which enables them to combine and makes freedom of will possible: then of their _shapes_ and _arrangement_. tells us that Lucretius died on the day on which Vergil assumed the _toga virilis_. unde omnia credita pendent. circ. famous in the early annals of the Republic.C. and Munro supports the tradition that Cicero both corrected it and superintended its publication. a didactic poem in hexameter verse in six Books. and his contemporaries seldom refer to him. He was evidently a man of wealth and position. 15. _ --Ovid.' --Tennyson. He . 23. concerns us not a jot.' The great truth that matter is not destroyed but only changes its form is very clearly stated by Lucretius. and in its way so perfect. no matter what its weight. as the unused material of the universe. and alliteration) which for poetical ends he has given to his poem. and he describes falling stars. of vegetable and animal life upon it. till that hour My golden work shall stand. falls with equal swiftness. Thus Lucretius recognises that in a vacuum every body. 2. assonance. It concludes with a theory of disease. MARCUS MANILIUS..] Nothing is known of his life. Works. volcanoes. so genial. tempests. which in the later books becomes more smooth and fluent from increased practice. 12 A. his use of archaism. _Lucretius_. _Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti. Professor Tyrrell says: `It is interesting to point to places in which Lucretius or his predecessors had really anticipated modern scientific research.' --Nettleship.g. illustrated by a fine description of the plague at Athens.' --Munro. Life. Book VI describes and accounts for certain natural phenomena--thunderstorms._ --(M. Exitio terras cum dabit una dies. the evolution of man. `Notwithstanding the antique tinge (e. xv. [Sidenote: MANILIUS. aerolites. the circulation of the sap in the vegetable world is known to him. Africa) is probable from the foreign colouring of his language at the outset.Death therefore to us is nothing. and his account (Book V) of the beginnings of life upon the earth. the best judges have always looked upon it as one of the purest models of the Latin idiom in the age of its greatest perfection. and the like. and the advance of human nature from a savage state to the arts and usages of civilisation. 1. Style. of the earth.. so powerful. so bold. and the progress of human society is interesting and valuable.D. That he was not of Roman birth (perhaps a native of N. The poem should rather be called Astrology. fl. as Astronomy is treated only in Book I. _Am. `But till this cosmic order everywhere Shattered into one earthquake in one day Cracks all to pieces . etc. earthquakes.) Book IV gives Lucretius' theory of vision and the nature of dreams and apparitions. `The language of Lucretius. Book V explains the origin of the heavens._ I.. The +Astronomica+ in five Books of hexameter verse. 3. Since the nature of the mind is proved to be mortal. Works. At Rome he for a time found powerful friends in his great countrymen of the house of Seneca (Lucan and Seneca were then at the height of their fame). and Silius Italicus.is proud of being the first writer on this subject in Latin literature.D. the explanation or commentary of the poet. 3. [Sidenote: MARTIAL._ X. _Xenia_ and _Apophoreta_. patronised by Titus and Vespasian. His father gave him a good education. VALERIUS MARTIALIS. `Martial did not create the epigram. also a +Liber Spectaculorum+ on the opening of the grand Flavian amphitheatre (the Coliseum) begun by Vespasian and completed by Titus. Valerius Flaccus. Juvenal. and who mistook for poverty a capacity for spending more than he could get. Style. His complaints of his poverty are incessant. In his introductions to each Book. observation. and at the age of twenty-three (63 A. . 40-102 A. he shows sincere feeling and poetical ability. ciii. the _preface_. What he did was to differentiate the epigram and elaborate it. and in the legends (e. he returned to Bilbilis soon after the accession of Trajan (98 A. and pathos to produce the greatest number of varieties of epigram that the type admits of. rapidis quem Salo cingit aquis. and in his digressions. and from 79 to 96 (_temp. Spain). commonly called the _point_--he employed his vast resources of satire. and.g. consisting of i. but it is probable that Martial was a poor man who contrived to get through a good deal of money.D.D. a town situated on a rocky height overlooking the R. . but he is a writer of real power both in thought and style.) he went to Rome. 3. It is true that he lived throughout the life of a dependent. or description of the occasion of the epigram. After living there for thirty-five years. 1-2. What Martial really stands convicted of on his own showing is . wit.] He was born at Bilbilis in Hispania Tarraconensis (E.D. Life. M. ii. fancy. and numbered among his friends Pliny the Younger. of Perseus and Andromeda) Ovid. . Salo: _Municipes. Style._ 102 A. Quintilian. rousing the curiosity to know what the poet has to say about it. where he died _circ. Augusta mihi quos Bilbilis acri Monte creat. circ. Adhering always to what he considered the true type of the literary epigram.)._ Trajan and Domitian) he received the patronage of the Court. 1. 2. are two collections of inscriptions for presents at the Saturnalia). +Epigrammata+ in fourteen Books (Books XIII and XIV. A close study of Lucretius is obvious from several passages: he often imitates Vergil. He is not a great poet. In earlier life he was one of the circle of Catullus._ --Pliny. Life. chronology.' He was also a friend and contemporary of Cicero. moist hills of the Peligni. situated near Corfinium. and two lives.] Ovid's own writings (espec. a collection of Roman and foreign biographies. his love of nature. who dedicated a collection of poems to him (Catull.C.-18 A._ i.) was one of the chief friends of Atticus. and together with his elder brother received a careful education at Rome. and as sincere as he was witty. +De Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum Gentium+. Padus._ IV. one of the Sabine clans. 100-24 B. He was of an ancient equestrian family. Among his good points are his candour. Works. Of his numerous writings on history. et qui plurimum in scribendo et sltis haberet et fellis. Martial is dead. and grammar we possess only a fragment of his +De Viris Illustribus+ (originally in sixteen Books).) supply nearly all the information we possess regarding his life. Pliny says of him: _Audio Valerium Martialem decessisse et moleste fero. of Rome. _Tr. But his style is clear. _C. Cornelius. Nepos is a most untrustworthy historian. Erat homo ingeniosus. and he did much to make Greek learning popular among his fellow-citizens. 2. circ. from his +De Historicis Latinis+. [Sidenote: NEPOS. nec candoris minus--I hear with regret that V. [Sidenote: OVID. `The greatest epigrammatist of the world.C.D. acutus. Style. and of making literary capital out of other men's vices.' --S¢ ¤¨ ¦s£¦. 1. and lively. x. and after Cicero's death (43 B.C. and his work possesses little independent value.): `To whom am I to give my dainty. Life. new-born little volume? To you. a town in the cold. and spirit: with plenty of wit and gall. acuteness. He was trained for the Bar. He was a man of talent. and the loyalty of his friendships._ iii. and about ninety miles E. PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO. He was born at Sulmo. 3. acer. 21. Of this work there is extant one complete section. and one of its most disagreeable literary characters. 1.' --Merrill.of laughing at that which ought to have roused in him shame and indignation. _Ep. CORNELIUS NEPOS. but in spite of his father's remonstrances preferred poetry . and was thereby enabled to keep aloof from public life and to devote himself to literature and to writing works of an historical nature. He inherited an ample fortune.] Nepos was probably born at Ticinium on the R. 43 B. elegant. and studied also at Athens. those of Atticus and Cato the Younger. an inexhaustible memory. a brilliant wit. and his genuine love of literature and admiration for genius made him the friend of the whole contemporary world of letters. `An easy fortune.' --M©c ©¥.to public life. and an unfailing social tact soon made him a prominent figure in society. (5) +Metamorphoses+. who was probably no real person. Up to his fiftieth year fortune smiled steadily upon Ovid: his works were universally popular. and all exhibit an artificiality both in the substance and the manner of their pleading. Tiberius remained alike inexorable. an imperial edict ordered him to leave Rome on a named day and take up his residence at the small barbarous town of Tomi. but his exile made it impossible for him to complete the work. in three Books. containing versions of legends on transformations (_mutatae formae_) from Chaos down to Caesar's transformation into a star. `The attractiveness of this work lies in its descriptions. It contains much valuable information on Roman customs and some exquisitely told stories (_e._ XV.' --Tyrrell. But towards the end of 8 A. `The Letters 1-14 are thoroughly modern: they express the feelings and speak the language of refined women in a refined age._ _Met. and Ovid died of a broken heart at the ago of sixty. (2) +Heroides+. Siquid habent veri vatum praesagia. Each month has a Book allotted to it. is only partially successful. Augustus proved deaf to all entreaties to recall him. but leaves the impression of being an effort to produce on the reader the effect of a patriotism which the writer did not feel. a poetical calendar of the Roman year. (1) +Amores+. and wrote as the poet of a fashionable.g. a worse taste. in elegiac verse in three Books. (6) +Fasti+. and Ovid probably sketched out Books vii-xii.. e. 877-end. . but only a name around which Ovid grouped his own fancies. In some respects this is his greatest poem: Ovid himself makes for it as strong a claim to immortality as Horace does for his Odes: _Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris. Works.D. in elegiac verse. (3) +Ars Amatoria+. in hexameter verse in fifteen Books. but the attempt to divest it of the character of a dictionary of mythology by interweaving stories. and he enjoyed the favour and patronage of the Emperor himself. feigned to have been written by ladies or chiefs of the heroic age to the absent objects of their love (15-20 are in pairs. The _Mors Psittaci_ is pleasing and the _Mors Tibulli_ is a noble tribute to a brother poet. in elegiac verse in six Books. on the Black Sea. at the extreme outposts of civilisation. nearly all on Corinna. Ore legar populi perque omnia saecula fama. poems in elegiac verse._ the Rape of Proserpine). 2. in the tenth year of his banishment.g. if possible. vivam. pleasure-loving society. while professing to be a recantation of the _Ars Amatoria_. Paris to Helen and Helen to Paris. This is an ironical form of didactic poetry in which Ovid teaches the art of lying quite as much as the art of loving. shows. and are probably spurious). after the fashion of the _Arabian Nights_. (4) +Remedia Amoris+.' --Sellar. twenty letters in elegiac verse. Sat. xiii.] He was born at Volaterrae in Etruria.' --Mackail. `These poems are a melancholy record of flagging vitality and failing powers. 1.+ (i) +Tristia+. is the only real Satire: the other five are declamations or dogmas of the Stoic system (e. who. I. H  was nearly related to Arria. 34-62 A. `ªLisped in numbers. six Satires in hexameter verse. but probably no writer ever borrowed so much and yet left on the mind so decided an impression of . Cornute._ i. but his obligations to Horace are paramount. In the consistent life of Thrasea (the husband of Arria).. like Ovid. (ii) +Epistulae ex Ponto+: similar to the _Tristia_. ii. 2. who remained his close friend to the end of his short life. and to our own poets--from Chaucer to Pope. Style.) touchingly describes his residence with Cornutus.g. [Sidenote: PERSIUS. an excellent son. 16). who was a Cato in justice and more than a Cato in goodness. how large a share of my inmost being is yours. daughter of that `true wife' who taught her husband Paetus how to die (Mart. animae. interspersed with dramatic scenes. Works. my beloved friend. The real importance of Ovid in literature and his gift to posterity lay in the new and vivid life which he imparted to the fables of Greek mythology. `No other classical poet has furnished more ideas than Ovid to the Italian poets and painters of the Renaissance. a man of maidenly modesty. and nephew. Cornutus. Ostendisse iuvat:_ `_My delight is to show you. and the influence of this beloved teacher in moulding his character: _Pars tua sit._'--C. devoted to an attack upon the literary style of the day. Pliny _Epist. The first. tibi.(7) +Poems Written in Exile. praying for pardon or for a place of exile nearer Rome.D._ v. Persius had a noble example to follow. Life. for the numbers came.. in elegiac verse in five Books: letters to Augustus. 3. to Ovid's wife (for whom he had a deep affection) and to friends. It was to Lucilius that Persius owed the impulse that made him a writer of Satire. So during the short span of his life the poet lived and worked. Persius (_Sat. `He was what would be called a plagiarist. and was the son of a Roman knight of wealth and rank. dulcis amice. At twelve years of age Persius was removed to Rome. on right and wrong prayers to the gods). where he placed himself under the guidance of the Stoic Cornutus. brother. of frugal and moderate habits.º' AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS. +Saturae+. ' --N ¢¢. his portraits have an imaginative truth. minutely accurate yet highly ideal.originality. Where he draws from his own experience. which would entitle them to a distinguished place in any portrait gallery. and the ordained position of each individual in the social system. +Satirae+ (or +Satiricon+). the art of skilful driving in the chariot-race of life._ X.D.' --Mackail. He feels that a clear. using the very words of Vergil._ --Quint. No luxury was charming or refined till Petronius had given it his approval. obiit 66 A. As the poet of Stoicism. 18. he showed himself a vigorous and capable administrator. and the conversation on literature and art that goes on at the dinner-table. The chief interest of the _Satiricon_ for us is the glimpse which it affords of everyday manners and conversation under the Empire among all orders of society. `This is the description of a Christmas dinner-party given by a sort of Golden Dustman and his wife. _Inst. PHAEDRUS (_temp. as governor of Bithynia. _Multum et verae gloriae quamvis uno libro Persius meruit. his nights in the duties or pleasures of life: where others toiled for fame he had lounged into it. `Persius is the sole instance among Roman writers of a philosopher whose life was in accordance with the doctrines he professed. [Sidenote: PETRONIUS. who had come into an enormous fortune._ Augustus to Nero).' Petronius anticipated his inevitable fate by committing suicide.' --Cruttwell. xvi. often called. i. everyday manner of speech would not suit a subject over which the gods themselves might hesitate whether to laugh or weep. . Yet. from the highest to the lowest. are conceived in a spirit of the wildest humour. then relapsing into the habit or assuming the mask of vice. _The Supper of Trimalchio_. and afterwards as consul. Life. Orat. he was adopted as +Elegantiae Arbiter+ (_the authority on taste_) into the small circle of Nero's intimate companions. 94. 1. `in sleep. Works. he calls upon a benighted race to acquaint itself with the _causes_ of things: to an inquiry into the purpose of man's being. people of low birth and little education. straightforward. The dinner itself. s¨¥¤.' says Tacitus. `The involved and obscure style of much of his work is the style which his taste leads him to assume for satiric purposes. 19. from its central and most entertaining incident. PETRONIUS ARBITER. `His days were passed. and the jealousy of Tigellinus was roused against a rival and master in the science of pleasure.' --Nettleship. Style. 2. a character-novel.] He is probably the Petronius of whose life and character Tacitus has given us a brilliant sketch in the _Annals_. 3. He was then reduced to working for some years in a corn-mill. He was originally a slave. speak. of free but poor parents. and then he attaches an animal to it. like those of Terence and Publius Syrus. 254-184 B. Life. circ. +Fables+. In the freedom with which he uses.1. Though his comedies are mainly free versions of Greek originals--of Philemon. Of these. and joke like genuine Romans. 2. and there became acquainted with Roman literature. but only 21 (_Fabulae Varronianae_) were.' --Sellar. popular modes of speech. [Sidenote: PHAEDRUS. the writers of the New Comedy 320-250 B. MACCIUS PLAUTUS. and Book V was written in his old age. of whom we know nothing except what may be gathered or inferred from his fables. 1. but lost it by rash investment. After publishing two books of fables he incurred the resentment of Augustus and was imprisoned.' --Tyrrell.--the characters in them act. . who gave him his freedom. He was brought to Rome at an early age. The full title of his work is _Phaedri Augusti liberti fabularum Aesopiarum libri_. universally admitted to be genuine. written in _iambic senarii_.] The Latin Fabulist. and continued to do so until his death. [Sidenote: PLAUTUS. all except one are extant. and he thereby secured the sympatliy of his audience more completely than Terence could ever have done. `The chief interest of the Fables lies in the fact that they form the last survival of the _urbanus sermo_ (the speech of Terence) in Latin poetry. This was due probably to the bold outspokenness of many of his fables. Works. he has no equal among Latin writers.' --Tyrrell. during which time he wrote plays. but his animals have not the lifelike reality of those of the latter. He came to Rome and made a small fortune as a stage-carpenter. He survived the attacks made on him.] Plautus was born in the little Umbrian town of Sarsina. as Varro tells us. Diphilus and Menander. `In point of language his plays form one of the most important documents for the history of the Latin language.C. Works. Life. T. With Phaedrus the animals are mere lay-figures: the moral comes first. +Comedies.+ About 130 plays were current under the name of Plautus.' --Mackail. `Phaedrus constantly plumes himself on his superiority to his model Aesop. in five Books. `Phaedrus is the only important writer during the half-century of literary darkness between the Golden and the Silver Age. 2. possibly in the district of Pieria. without vulgarising. and was born in Thrace. His patron appears to have been Augustus.C. Life. 62-113 A. 1. The account of his death. Vespasian (70-78 A. Under . He had always felt a strong interest in science. both military and civil. witty). GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS. also the birthplace of his celebrated uncle. He was born at Comum (_Como_).D. since he had held the crown within his grasp and had declined to wear it. one of the most distinguished Romans of the day._ ii. alterum elegans urbanum ingeniosum facetum (in good taste.' --Mackail. 2. shameful. [Sidenote: PLINY THE ELDER._ vi. clever. Works. His work has been called the first popular encyclopedia of natural science. i.D._ I. Caecilius and of Plinia. 16).) `It is a priceless storehouse of information on every branch of natural science as known to the ancient world. Cicero's criticism is more just: _Duplex omnino est iocandi genus: unum illiberale petulans flagitiosum obscenum (vulgar. and lingering too near the zone of the eruption was suffocated by the rain of hot ashes. coarse). which took him successively over nearly all the provinces of the Empire. A +Natural History+.). 170-176. 1. spiteful. P. [Sidenote: PLINY THE YOUNGER. made him admiral of the fleet stationed at Misenum.D. the sister of the elder Pliny. Quo genere non modo Plautus noster et Atticorum antiqua comoedia_ (i.] Born at Comum (_Como_) in the middle of the reign of Tiberius. in thirty-seven Books. _Ep. and A. His father died when he was eight years old. civ. Life._ I. with whom he was on terms of close intimacy._ iii.D. gracious.' --Mackail. and never lost his unbounded admiration and respect for his guardian (_Ep. of Aristophanes). It was while here that news was brought him of the memorable eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. _sed etiam philosophorum Socraticorum libri referti sunt_. given by his nephew. in a letter to the historian Tacitus (_Ep. Verginius Rufus.] Pliny the Younger was the son of C. PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS. 1). Pliny the Younger. and he used his military position to secure information that otherwise might have been hard to obtain. 68 A.D. 5. `In his zeal for scientific investigation he set sail for the spot in a man-of-war. 23-79 A. and he was placed under the care of a guardian. is one of the best known passages in the classics. Verginius was not much of a student.For Horace's unfavourable judgment of Plautus see _Epist. but Pliny learned from him high ideals of duty and noble thoughts about the Rome of earlier days.e. C. --_De Off. is Pliny's only extant work. (For his numerous other writings see Pliny the Younger. 270-272. _Plinius Aetatis Suae Doctissimus._ --Gellius. Pliny passed his life in high public employments. and a wide circle of influential friends. 2.' --Mackail. the eminent man of letters. Letters in nine Books.--Pliny.' --C¡¢¢w . the man of principle. Gifted with wealth. `Pliny is an almost perfect type of a refined pagan gentleman. is in his various phases the real subject of the whole collection. Accordingly he began the course of office that led to the Senate and the Consulship. and finally in 111 A.--Pliny.--Pliny. +Epistulae+. These and his +Panegyricus+.D. the patriotic citizen. taste for publicity. in praise of Trajan.--Pliny. In many cases they were written for publication. adopting him in his will. enthusiasm. where he discharged his duties with skill and ability. His service seems to have been terminated only with his death. Pliny could not be content with the career of a simple _eques_. the affectionate husband and humane master.his uncle's watchful care he received the best education Rome could give. and thus can never have the unique and surpassing interest that belongs to those of Cicero. It is on his Letters that Pliny's fame now rests. but they give a varied and interesting picture of the time. its virtues and its weakness. was appointed by Trajan governor of Bithynia. are his only extant works. Works. and studied rhetoric under the great Quintilian. and both in tone and style they are a monument that does him honour. to which is added Pliny's c£¡¡ s¤£¦ ¦c  with Trajan during his governorship of Bithynia. His bachelor uncle on his death in 79 left him his heir. the munificent patron. Pliny. `In the Letters the character of the writer. is throughout unmistakeable. . He entered on a course of training for the Bar. SEXUS PROPERTIUS. _Mox ubi bulla rudi dimissa est aurea collo. Life. Matris et ante deos libera sumpta toga. except what is recorded by himself. Ovid. not far from Perusia. 131-4). but his mother's   £¡¢s secured for him a good education. and most of his other literary contemporaries. 50-15 B. and probably a native of Asisium (_Assisi_). with the remarkable exception of Horace.C. [Sidenote: PROPERTIUS. before he was thirty-five. He died young. . _Cynthia_). 1. published at the age of about twenty. but abandoned it in favour of poetry (IV. i. he lost his family property in the confiscation of lands by the Triumvirs in 42 B. He lived in close intimacy with Vergil._ His earliest poems (Book I.] Of his life little or nothing is known. brought him into notice and gained him admission to the literary circle of Maecenas.. Tum tibi pauca suo de carmine dictat Apollo Et vetat insano verba tonare foro. about 15 B.. circ. Like Vergil and Tibullus. a town on the W. He was an Umbrian by birth. slope of the Apennines.C.C. to whom the sensitive vanity and passionate manner of the young elegiac poet were alike distasteful. to complete which she brought him to Rome. and five syllables. El.2._ `In some respects both Tibullus and Ovid may claim the advantage over Propertius: Tibullus for refined simplicity. four. 4.) judge over a district in Spain. i. 9.) to promote him to some post of honour about the Emperor's person. and of Postgate become IV and V. 12. 22) and events of national interest (El. began his public life as an advocate. 1-9 Book II.. in four Books. and the noblest of his elegiacs. 11. for natural grace and exquisiteness of touch.D. the paean on the great victory at Actium (El. In Book I he ends the pentameter freely with words of three.' --Postgate. Ovid for the technical merits of execution. 18). in I. 6). for smoothness and polish of expression. 410 A.) Books I and II are nearly all poems on Cynthia. xx. 1. and published his collected works 405 A. 2. 64). His later years he devoted to the composition of sacred poetry. (Some editors divide Book II into two Books. AURELIUS PRUDENTIUS CLEMENS. and we find long continuous passages in which there is scarcely any pause: e. +Elegies+. The pentameter. after which date we know no more of his history. instead of being a weaker echo of the hexameter. is the stronger line of the two. and El. for transparency of construction. Et circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato Candida purpureis mixta papaveribus. He was afterwards appointed by Theodosius (379-395 A. 7. besides poems on Cynthia. so that III and IV of the MSS. Book IV contains poems on Roman antiquities (El. Book III contains. 395-423 A. and. . 10).g. The aim of Propertius was to be the Roman Callimachus: +Umbria Romani patria Callimachi+ (IV. 4. the Elegy on Cornelia (El. written at the suggestion of Maecenas. Quam supra nullae pendebant debita curae Roscida desertis poma sub arboribus. The flexibility and elasticity of rhythm of the finest Greek elegiacs he made his own. Works. themes dealing with friendship (El. of Spain. 3. and has a weightier movement. 348-circ. Life. 10-34 Book III. His active and successful discharge of this office induced Theodosius (or Honorius. like so many of the Roman poets.D. 33-37: _Hic erat Arganthi Pege sub vertice montis Grata domus Nymphis umida Thyniasin.] Prudentius (as he tells us in the brief metrical autobiography prefixed to his poems) was born in the N. But in all the higher qualities of a poet Propertius is as much their superior. 11). Style.D.D. The poet struggles to emancipate himself from the thraldom of Cynthia and to accomplish work more worthy of his genius. [Sidenote: PRUDENTIUS. ' --North Pinder. We also have his +Contra Symmachum+ in two Books of indifferent hexameter verse. Life. Among his pupils were numbered Pliny the Younger and the two sons of Flavius Clemens. circ. grand-nephews of Domitian. destined for his successors. and afterwards returned to his native town as a teacher of rhetoric. Mors haec reparatio vitae est_. and his +Peristephanon+ (perὶ stefάnwn _liber_) in praise of Christian martyrs. in twelve Books. and claims the victories of the Christian Stilicho as triumphs alike of Rome and of the Cross. Domitian (81-96 A. where for twenty years he enjoyed the highest reputation as a teacher of eloquence. he was appointed by Vespasian professor of rhetoric.D. _Iam maesta quiesce querella. His best known works are his +Cathemerina+. the two Senecas. `Prudentius has his distinct place and office in the field of Latin literature.' --Mackail. the first teacher who received a regular salary from the imperial exchequer.) conferred upon him an honorary consulship. and Lucan) which played so important a part in the literary history of the first century.2. .D. There he made the acquaintance of the proconsul Galba (68-9). which he devoted to recording for the benefit of posterity his unrivalled experience as a teacher of rhetoric. Nullus sua pignora plangat. starting with him in childhood and leading him on to perfection. 35-95 A. This great work sums up the teaching and criticism of his life. of which the most graceful and pathetic is the _Funeral Hymn_. the _Training of an Orator_. Born at Calagurris.). Works. a small town on the Upper Ebro. Works. and gives us the complete training of an orator. and was brought back by him to Rome in 68 A.g. Thus:-Book I gives a sketch of the elementary training of the child from the time he leaves the nursery. In 79 A. 1. a series of poems on the Christian's day and life.D.D. as the chief author who bridged the gulf between pagan poetry and Christian hymnology. MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS. e. in which he combats Symmachus (Consul 391 A. [Sidenote: QUINTILIAN. Lacrimas suspendite matres. 2. Quintilian rightly attaches the greatest importance to early impressions. he was educated at Rome.. the last champion of the old faith.] Quintilian is the last and perhaps the most distinguished of that school of Spanish writers (Martial.D. and the last ten years of his life were spent in an honoured retirement. +Institutio Oratoria+. `These represent the most substantial addition to Latin lyrical poetry since Horace. in to be Latin brief prose VIII-XI treat of the _manner_ (style) of oratory. whom he mentions in his rapid survey.Book II deals with the general principles and scope of the art of oratory.' --Mackail. Book XII treats of the moral qualifications of a great speaker. `in language so careful and so choice that many of his phrases have remained the final words on the authors. from the cradle upwards. is something which acts on the whole intellectual and moral nature.' --M©c ©¥. The good orator must be a good man. both in and verse. and that its object is the production of the _good man_. `Now that the formal study of the art of rhetoric has ceased to be a part of the higher education these Books have lost their general interest.' --Mackail. Books i. and continues the discussion of the aims and methods of education in its later stages. Books III-VII are occupied with an exhaustive treatment of the _matter_ of oratory. Quintilian gives us a masterly sketch of literature. and are highly technical. the course of an enumeration of the Greek and Latin authors likely most useful to an orator. cap. and expresses with equal plainness the complementary truth that education. In Book X. `Quintilian with admirable clearness insists on the great truth that bad education is responsible for bad life. _Quintiliane. Style. bene scribendo fit ut cito. in the country of the Sabines. for whose instruction he wrote the work.C. Life.C. As tribune of the people in 52 B.. _Nihil in studiis parvum est. Sallust was born 86 B. aged ten. GAIUS SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS. 1. and is intended to be a return to the usages of the best period. xc. II. [Sidenote: SALLUST. vagae moderator summe iuventae. The style of Quintilian is modelled on that of Cicero. 86-35 B._ --Quintilian. he took .] A member of a plebeian family. his excessive use of antithesis) `for ordinary use it would be difficult to name a manner that combines so well the Ciceronian dignity with the rich colour and high finish added to Latin prose by the writers of the earlier empire. In spite of some faults characteristic of the Silver Age (e. 1-2. at Amiternum. whom he is never tired of praising. 3. see Preface to Book VI. togae.g. a boy of great promise.' --Mackail. Gloria Romanae._ _Cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur._ Mart. Quintiliane.C. For the death of his son. _Primus Romana Crispus in Historia_ (Mart.' --Cook. and it is to the leisure and study of these ten years that we owe the works that have made him famous. (2) +Bellum Iugurthinum+ (111-106 B. In 45 he returned to Rome a very rich man.' Quint. His abrupt unperiodic style of writing (rough periods without particles of connexion) has won for Sallust his reputation for brevity.' --Mackail.C. to have been a model for Tacitus is no slight merit. (death of Sulla) to 67 B. _Nec minus noto Sallustius epigrammate incessitur:_ `Et verba antiqui multum furate Catonis. surrounded by pleasure grounds (the famous Gardens of Sallust.) The writing of this monograph involved wide inquiry and much preparation. which in after years emperors preferred to the palace of the Caesars. cxci. He makes use of alliteration. `Sallust aimed at making historical writing a branch of literature. and apparently did good service there. the imaginary speeches and the character portraits. His style is. from Cato the picturesque descriptions of the scenes of historical events and the ethnographical digressions. Style. Works. (3) +Historiae+. `The last of the Ciceronians. After Caesar's death Sallust retired from public life. 2. however. direct. the expression of the writer's character. 29.C.' --Cook. dealing with the events from 78 B. where he narrowly escaped assassination. and shows a partiality for conversational expressions which from a literary point of view are archaic. in five books. Iugurthinae conditor historiae. He felt that nothing had yet been done by any Roman writer which would stand beside Thucydides. in which Sallust writes very largely from direct personal knowledge of men and events. `The style of Sallust is characterised by the use of old words and forms (especially in the speeches).an active part in opposing Milo (Cicero's client) and the Pompeian party in general. Crispe. and built himself a magnificent palace. In 48 B. in the valley between the Quirinal and the Pincius).. and Sallust neglected no means of giving variety to his work.) . he commanded a legion in Illyria without distinction. It was his ambition to supply the want. That could only be done by offering as complete a contrast to the tedious annalist as possible.C. (1) +De Catilinae Coniuratione+ (or _Bellum Catilinae_). and next year Caesar sent him to treat with the mutinous legions in Campania. incisive. for he was appointed in 46 the first governor of the newly formed province of Numidia. extensively employs the Historic Infinitive. a monograph on the famous conspiracy. He afterwards followed Caesar to Africa. Sallust is also in a sense the first of the imperial prose-writers. XIV. and outspoken. From Thucydides he probably borrowed the idea of his introductions. VIII. iii. of which only a few fragments are extant. emphatic.C. 3. _ xv. ANNAEUS SENECA THE YOUNGER. Works. 2.' Seneca resolved to retire. The Emperor. 4 B. 52).D. His connivance at the murder of Agrippina (59 A. After eight years he was recalled (49 A. of which the most important are the +De Ira+ and the +Consolatio+ to his mother Helvia. refused the proffered gift.D.+ Nine are extant. in seven Books. Under his mother Helvia's watchful care he received the best education Rome could give. bent on vengeance. (5) +Tragedies. 1. written in 55-6 A.L. and form the most important and most pleasing of his works.) by the influence of Agrippina (now the wife of Claudius).' --Mackail.C. (2) +De Clementia+. and the death of Burrus (63 A.) was the death-blow to his influence for good. 61-63) has shown his love for Seneca.D.D. may indeed be largely ascribed to Seneca's influence. and Tacitus (_Ann.D. In the year 65. and Seneca knew that his doom was sealed. then a boy of ten. and what sort of Emperor they had to expect. so to speak. circ.D. he was commanded to commit suicide. When Nero became emperor.D. and entreated Nero to receive back the wealth he had so lavishly bestowed. `a blow to Seneca's power. as Tacitus says (_Ann. probably because he was suspected of belonging to the faction of Agrippina.+ 124 letters are extant.] The son of Seneca the Elder. was removed. the prefect of the praetorian guards. Life. by the tribute he pays to the constancy of his death. the famous _quinquennium Neronis_. Seneca.). was born at Corduba (_Cordova_). at the age of seventeen (54 A.-65 A. and appointed tutor to her son Nero. and brought to Rome by his parents at an early age. the famous rhetorician. (3) +De Beneficiis+. His chief works are:-(1) +Dialogorum Libri XII+. in conjunction with his friend Burrus. His life was one of singularly dramatic contrasts and vicissitudes.) was.D. for virtue had not the same strength when one of its champions. Seneca proves that a tyrant's  ¦  ¥¢s are not kindnesses. to show the public what sort of instruction Seneca had given his pupil. but this influence was based on an excessive indulgence of Nero's caprices. and Nero began to lean on worse advisers. on the pretext of complicity in the conspiracy of Piso.) By his father's advice he retired for a time and spent his days in philosophy.. and his successes at the bar awakened the jealousy of Caligula (37-41 A. in Spain. which soon worked out its own punishment. On the accession of Claudius (41-54 A. the mother of Nero. whom he tenderly loved. became practically the administrator of the Empire.) he was banished to Corsica at the instance of the Empress Messalina. and sets forth his views on the giving and receiving of benefits. in spite of all his faults. . addressed to Nero. The only extant Latin tragedies._ xiv. [Sidenote: SENECA. `The mild and enlightened administration of the earlier years of the new reign. derived from plays by Sophocles and Euripides. in three Books. Through the influence of his mother's family he passed into the Senate through the quaestorship. (4) +Epistulae morales ad Lucilium. and had since by an honourable leisure wiped out the blot which stained the activity of his former years. Pliny tells us that Silius had risen by acting as a _delator_ (informer) under Nero.).`As a moral writer Seneca stands deservedly high.D. 1. Life. Though infected with the rhetorical vices of the age his treatises are full of striking and often gorgeous eloquence. _circ. been surpassed. [Sidenote: SILIUS.' M©¡¢¥©. He goes on to say `He had gained much credit by his proconsulship in Asia (under Vespasian. and in their combination of high thought with deep feeling have rarely. `Seneca is a lamentable instance of variance between precept and example. 7) is the chief source of our knowledge of the life of Silius.' --Cruttwell.D.' --Mackail. circ.D. who made him consul 68 A.] A letter of Pliny (iii. if at all. 25-100 A. SILIUS ITALICUS._ 77 A. which Juno immediately withdraws. and of his reverence for his master Vergil. pauper et unus erat. with tasteless pedantry.' According to Martial (xi. closes with Scipio's triumph. on the Second Punic War. an Epic poem in seventeen Books. non minor ipse. and without any inventive or constructive power of his own copies. after the Battle of Zama. tells us of his luxurious and learned retirement in Campania. The +Punica+. who has the effrontery to speak of him as a combined Vergil and Cicero._ 2. and was in the possession of some poor man when Silius bought the plot of ground on which it stood: _Iam prope desertos cineres et sancta Maronis Nomina qui coleret. also. `whose birthday he kept more religiously than his own. Who can help resenting the unreality when at Saguntum Jupiter guides an arrow into Hannibal's body. at Cannae. `He cannot perceive that the divine interventions which are admissible in the quarrel of Aeneas and Turnus are ludicrous when imported into the struggle between Scipio and Hannibal. colit.C. Aeolus yields to the prayer of Juno and blinds the Romans by a whirlwind of dust?'--C¡¢¢w . 49) the tomb of Vergil had been practically forgotten. or when. Silius closely followed the history as told by Livy. Silius optatae succurrere censuit umbrae. Homer and Vergil. 202 B. Works. Silius et vatem. . P.. PAPINIUS STATIUS. 7. _Epist. _Scribebat carmina maiore cura quam ingenio._ Pliny. circ. but it is one of the longest and one of the worst Epic poems ever written. Life. . ¨  _Punica_ is valuable for its historical accuracy.D._ iii. 1. 60-100 A. After his retirement from the service of the Court he devoted the rest of his long life to literary research and compilation. 5).] Statius was born at Naples. Statius had thus access to the Court. `imprinted with the character of the true poet. 4) on Sleep. GAIUS SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS. and from scattered allusions in his own works. for a public recitation of his poem). and acted for a time as tutor to Domitian. on miscellaneous subjects. Works.e. `Its smooth versification. where he was carefully educated and spent the greater part of his life. 5). 75-160 A. and the subsequent history of Thebes to the death of Creon. and published a number of works on a great variety of subjects. and subsequently became one of Hadrian's ¤¡¥v©¢  secretaries (_magister epistularum_). an Epic poem in twelve Books. 2). the marriage song to his brother-poet Arruntius Stella (i. The greatest poet of the Decline. the _Propempticon Maecio Celeri_ (iii.' says Niebuhr. and constituting some of the most graceful productions of Roman literature. and poet of some distinction. which was endeared to him by its associations with Vergil. Suetonius in early life practised as an advocate.] The little we know of his life is chiefly gathered from the Letters of Pliny the Younger. (2) The +Silvae+. The son of an officer of the Thirteenth Legion. circ. rhetorician. and repaid the patronage of Domitian by incessant and shameless flattery.D. the _Epicedion_ (funeral song) on the death of his adopted son (v._ vii. `Genuine poetry.[Sidenote: STATIUS. . 2. These may well be considered his masterpiece. descriptive and lyrical. and there satisfied his real love of nature. but was dismissed from office in 121 A. and sustained elegance made it a sort of canon of poetical technique.' --Mackail. 2.' Am£¦ the best known are the touching poem to his wife Claudia (iii. After the completion of his +Thebais+ he retired to Naples. but early removed to Rome. His father was a scholar.D. Life. [Sidenote: SUETONIUS. laetam cum fecit Statius urbem promisitque diem_ (i. 2). and the short poem (v. 82-4) tells us _Curritur ad vocem iucundam et carmen amicae Thebaidos. in five Books. Works. The Thebaid became very famous: Juvenal (_Sat. Among much tedious rhetoric and cumbrous mythology there is enough imagination and pathos to make the poem interesting and even charming. (1) The +Thebais+. on the strife between the brothers Eteocles and Polynices. copious diction. are occasional poems. so that he became famous as the Varro of the imperial period. 1. which makes it necessary to omit no possible detail that can throw light upon the personality of his subject. and wrote for the stage _mimes_ (farces) which were performed with great applause. His Lives are not works of art: he is simply a gatherer of facts.g._ 400 A. a history of Latin literature up to his day. Horace. from the section +De poetis+.' --Peck. e. a collection made in the early Middle Ages. and much used in schools. Life. and in that respect he resembles Tacitus. We possess 697 lines from his mimes (unconnected and alphabetically arranged). 1.His extant works are: (1) +De Vita Caesarum+. and Caesar is said to have patronised these writers in the hope of elevating their art.C.) in his Latin version of Eusebius' Chronicles are the source from which much of our information as to Latin authors is derived. _Epist. in eight Books (I-VI Julius-Nero. PUBLILIUS SYRUS. Works. and Vitellius. 1. a native of Antioch. `Suetonius is terse. 45 B. The greater part of the section +De grammaticis et rhetoribus+ is extant. as well as the Lives of Terence. and then to leave the reader to his own conclusions. but his style is one of his own creation. and Domitian). 2. honestissimus. and admirable examples of the terse vigour of Roman philosophy. (2) +De Viris Illustribus+. [Sidenote: SYRUS. His chief desire is to present the facts stripped of any comment whatever._ Pliny. +Sententiae+ (_Maxims_). VII Galba. Otho. Titus. VIII Vespasian.D. and fragments of the Life of Pliny the Elder from the section +De historicis+. the Lives of the Twelve Caesars. eruditissimus vir. Extracts made from this work by Jerome (_circ. they are widely known. 54-120 A._ CORNELIUS TACITUS. collected from good sources with considerable care and judgment. _Cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest. This is his most interesting and most valuable work. _Probissimus._ 94. `He follows out with absolute faithfulness his own theory. ad Trai. As proverbs of worldly wisdom. and Lucan (partly). circ. Mime-writing was also practised at this time by the Knight Laberius.] All we know of him is that he was an enfranchised Syrian slave. grouped in such a way as to produce their own effect without the adventitious aid of rhetoric. circ. .' --Peck. Life.D. and there he shows some likeness to Livy. he is deeply interesting. From this date Tacitus seems to have devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits and to have lived to or beyond the end of Trajan's ¡ ¥¦.D. and during these years he may have acquired some personal knowledge of the German peoples. he was absent from Rome. In 100 A. particularly of his career in Britain.D. He studied rhetoric under the best masters (possibly under Quintilian). 2. and from the letters of his friend the younger Pliny. i.D. his earliest extant work. (1) +Dialogus de Oratoribus+. 6). probably in some provincial command. Works. 116 A.D. In the style of this work the influence of Quintilian and Cicero is strongly seen. He was born early in the reign of Nero. when he was a little over forty. 120): _Cum tenues nuper Marius discinxerit Afros. his education. a great reputation as a speaker. and had. He passed through the usual stages of an official career and was appointed _consul suffectus_ under Trajan.[Sidenote: TACITUS. From 89 to 93 A. (2) +De Vita et Moribus Iulii Agricolae liber+._ viii.D. of whom Juvenal says (_Sat._ II. 98 A. an account of the life of his father-in-law. as Pliny tells us (_Epist. and marriage into the distinguished family of Agricola prove that he was a man of wealth and position.. an inquiry into the causes of the decay of oratory. he was associated with Pliny in the prosecution for extortion of Marius Priscus. probably in Rome.] The personal history of Tacitus is known to us only from allusions in his own works.' --   . proconsul of Africa. published shortly after the accession of Trajan. `The Sallustian epoch of Tacitus finds its expression in the _Agricola_ and _Germania_. political career. thoroughly plundered) _the needy Africans_. 98 A._ _Since Marius has so lately stripped to their girdles_ (i.e. `The +Germania+ is an inestimable treasury of facts and generalisations. (4) +Historiae+. the Manners and Customs. is a narrative of the events of the reigns of Galba. in Tacitus' £¤¥¦¥£¦. consisting originally of fourteen Books. Only Books I-IV and the first half of Book V are extant. and give the history of 69 and most of 70 A. `The motive for its publication was apparently the pressing importance. published in 98 or 99. `The style of the _Historiae_ still retains some traces of the influence of Cicero: it has not yet been pressed tight into the short _sententiae_ . Titus. and the Tribes of Germany_.' --S¢s.º and the necessity for vigorous action to secure the safety of the Roman Empire against the dangers with which. Otho.. and Domitian. ¨  _Agricola_ is perhaps the most beautiful biography in ancient literature.D. 69-96 A.D. it was threatened from German strength. of the ªGerman question. and of the general faithfulness of the outline we have no doubt. (3) The +Germania+. Vitellius.' --Stephenson. or _Concerning the Geography. Vespasian. H¥s aim as an historian is best given in his own words: `I hold it the chief office of history to rescue virtue from oblivion. 65).C. In the _Historiae_. 1. is well founded.. by whom he was educated and manumitted.+--All the six plays written and exhibited at Rome by Terence are extant. _Phormio_. ab excessu divi Augusti+. tracing the characteristics of the style of Tacitus to poetic colouring (almost wholly Vergilian) and to the study of brevity and of variety. Six plays had been subjected to the criticism of this informal academy of letters and produced on the stage. PUBLIUS TERENTIUS AFER. _Eunuchus_. in other words. circ. taking from him the name of Publius Terentius the African. The greatest of Roman historians. Claudius. and substance. that the imperial system was a military and not a civil institution. The Scipionic circle believed that the best way to create a national Latin literature was to deviate as little as possible. and XI-XVI.' --Cruttwell. at the early age of twenty-six. The task which awaited Terence was the . and striking. form. `The old criticism. Terentius Lucanus. which needed the help of every sort of variety to stimulate the flagging interest of the reader. when the poet was only eighteen years of age). Nero. `With Terence Roman literature takes a new departure. in spirit. the younger Scipio Africanus.which were its final and most characteristic development. in sixteen Books. and soon he was widely known as making a third in the friendship of Gaius Laelius with the first citizen of the Republic. 14-68 A. 2. Caligula. or.D.] Terence was born probably at Carthage. `the secret of the imperial system was divulged--that an emperor could be made elsewhere than at Rome'. from the works of Greek genius. Works. `A small literary circle of the Roman aristocracy admitted young Terence to their intimate companionship. reached Rome as a slave-boy. and to hold out the reprobation of posterity as a terror to evil words and deeds' (_A¦¦. when Terence undertook a prolonged visit to Greece for the purpose of further study. and passed there into the possession of a rich and educated Senator.. Life [Sidenote: TERENCE.C. but shows in a marked degree the influence of Vergil. They are the _Andria_ (exhibited 166 B.' --F¡¦ ©. as Tacitus himself says. brilliant. P. parts of V and VI. (5) The +Annales. and by his own painful consciousness of the dull monotony and repulsive sadness of great part of his subject.' --Mackail. He died of fever in the next year. 159 B._ iii. +Comedies. _Adelphoe_. the _Heauton Timoroumenos_. _Hecyra_.C. containing the history of the reigns of Tiberius. They may be explained by the fact that he was the most finished pleader of an age which required above all that its orators should be terse. There are extant only Books I-IV. 185-159 B. and a few miles north of Praeneste. o dimidiate Menander. vii.C. Terence is. Much of his inherited property was lost. allusion. Ov. but as _puri sermonis amator_ worthy to be ranked by the side of Caesar himself and the purest Latin authors. and simple feeling. . retained or recovered enough to afford him a modest competence. Neither Greek mythology nor Alexandrine learning had any attractions for his purely Italian genius. quae facta parentis Augeat et circa stet veneranda senem. Altera cura recens. and popular. Life. [Sidenote: TIBULLUS. et merito. sic Delia nomen habebunt. ALBIUS TIBULLUS. e. 1. His language may be limited in range and variety.' --North Pinder. Horace. Books I and II consist mainly of poems addressed to Delia and to Nemesis (cf.' --Sellar. He was not a popular poet. The rest of his short life the poet spent on his ancestral farm at Pedum. amid the country scenes and employments congenial to his nature and habits. 55-6: _At tibi succrescat proles. as Caesar styles him. a _dimidiatus Menander (halved Menander)_: _Tu quoque._ III. together with poems by other members of the literary circle of Messalla. but it is terse. 31-32): _Sic Nemesis longum.complete Hellenising of Roman comedy: accordingly his aim was to give a true picture of Greek life and manners in the purest Latin style. in the sense in which Plautus was popular: he has none of the purely Roman characteristics of Plautus in sentiment. puri sermonis amator. he was a victim to the confiscations of the Triumvirs in 42 B. In 31-30 B. tu in summis. where his father possessed an ample estate. `Tibullus is pre-eminently Roman in his genius and poetry. and was probably born at Pedum._ I. clear.] Tibullus was a Roman _eques_. and Propertius. Poneris. accordingly. circ. simple. none of his extravagance._ A Roman only in language. His constructions are plain and direct. ix. or style.C. and none of his vigour and originality. 54-19 B. like Vergil. Tibullus published in his lifetime two Books of elegiac poems: after his death a third volume was published. +Elegies+. Style. Postgate). containing a few of his own poems.C. _El. however. He. the eminent general and statesman.g. 2._ And to Messalla._ 3. and it is possible that. Works. tender. _Am. Valerius Messalla. a Latin town just at the foot of the Apennines. He is the natural poet of warm. in four Books (or three. in substance and form. he served on the staff of his life-long friend and patron M. altera primus amor. not less distinguished in literature than in politics. _ ._ X. The poem is in part a translation.D. C. 70 A._' --Quint. i. _Quid voveat dulci nutricula maius alumno. Or. Works._ `_In elegy also we rival the Greeks. _Epist.' --Sellar. . 90): _Multum in Valerio Flacco nuper amisimus_. in which he refers to Vespasian's exploits in Britain and to the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. precor._ I. apparently unfinished. in their capacity of tender and self-forgetful love. _Am. Et mundus victus.) `His descriptive power. i. fl. VALERIUS MAXIMUS._ Ovid. 67-8. 59-60. 26 A. tuta requiescite in urna. Qui sapere et fari possit quae sentiat. et cui Gratia. an Hexameter poem in eight Books. Et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo.).] He lived in the reign of Vespasian (70-78 A. his pure diction and correct style have inclined some critics to set Valerius Flaccus above his Greek model.' --Mackail.D. which shows that he must have died _circ. particularly shown in touches of natural scenery.' --Sellar. . _Inst. There are also references to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. ix. .D. 70 A.' --North Pinder. of which Tibullus appears to me the purest and finest representative. The rhetorical treatment of the subject. iv.D. to whom he dedicated his poem. VALERIUS FLACCUS. `Tibullus might be succinctly and perhaps not unjustly described as a Vergil without the genius. fl. in part a free imitation of the Alexandrine epic of Apollonius Rhodius (222-181 B. fama valetudo contingat abunde. non deficiente crumena!_ Horace to Tibullus. is. 8-11._ III.D. cuius mihi tersus atque elegans maxime videtur auctor Tibullus. in Elysia valle Tibullus erit.C. 93. `Tibullus and Vergil are alike in their human affection and their piety. so characteristic of the period of the decline. in their delight in the labours of the field and their sympathy with the herdsman and the objects of his care. . +The Argonautica+. Quintilian is the only Roman writer who mentions him (X. [Sidenote: VALERIUS FLACCUS. 1. too prominent throughout his work. Both his rhythm and language are closely modelled on Vergil.`To Tibullus belongs the distinction of having given artistic perfection to the Roman elegy. _Elegia quoque Graecos provocamus._ 90 A. Life. .D. however. _Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra Restat. _Ossa quieta. 2. and was enabled to live at Rome in peace until his death.1.D.] All that we know of him is that he visited Asia in company with Sextus Pompeius (the friend of Ovid and of Germanicus). When the cause of the Republic was lost Caesar. 2. Of all the works of Varro. which was the nurse of all manly virtues. Works. he had all the qualities of the country gentleman of the best days of the Republic. Book I treats of agriculture. M. written in his eightieth year. `there sufficed a single rough coat and a single under-garment. embracing almost all branches of knowledge and literature. and bore an honourable and energetic part in its doings and sufferings. in his ninetieth year. _De Verecundia_. His style shows all the faults of his age and rhetorical training.] Born at Reate. only two have come down to us: (1) The +De Re Rustica+. 67 B. but there are many gaps in Roman history (e. his work was probably intended to be a commonplace-book for students and teachers of rhetoric. in order to show the native superiority (as he thinks) of Romans to foreigners. as was natural. where he commanded a division of the fleet.. the naval crown. `For me when a boy._ 27-30 A. frank. _circ.' Bold. but was compelled to surrender his forces to Caesar. and is the most important of all the treatises upon ancient agriculture now extant. a horse without a saddle. It was a subject of which he had a thorough practical knowledge. to the constitutional party. Life. In politics he belonged.. 2._ ii. game. 69 B. On account of his personal valour he obtained in the war with the Pirates. TERENTIUS VARRO. who knew Varro's worth. and sarcastic. [Sidenote: VALERIUS MAXIMUS. in three Books.C. and fish. in the Sabine territory. Varro was brought up in the good old-fashioned way. As an historian he is most untrustworthy. in nine Books. +Facta et Dicta Memorabilia+. Book III of poultry. _De Severitate_. and especially to Greeks. Works. Life. After Caesar's death Varro was exposed to the persecution of Antonius. On the outbreak of the Civil War he served as the legatus of Pompeius in command of Further Spain.' he says. Book II of stock-raising. owing to the lost books of Livy) which he helps to supply. 27 B.g. under each of which he gives illustrations from Roman history and from the history of other nations. 1. whose drunken revels and excesses at Varro's villa at Casinum are vividly described by Cicero (_Phil.C. . 116-27 B. 103 sqq.C.g. Each Book is divided into chapters on separate subjects (e.) Through the influence of his many friends Varro obtained the protection of Octavianus. _De Constantia_).C. shoes without stockings. [Sidenote: VARRO. employed him in superintending the collection and arrangement of the great library at Rome designed for public use. in the form of a dialogue. Life. Book II continues the history and ends at the death of Livia 27 A. . and his +Imagines+. improved but not altered by Greek learning. and his father was a Praefectus equitum. the first instance in history of the publication of an illustrated book. of which only V-X have been preserved.C. and an unaffected. `Varro belongs to the genuine type of old Roman.D. chapters 1-8 in our text are occupied with a rapid survey of universal history. Works. The last circumstance of his life that he records is the election to the praetorship of his brother and himself as candidates of Caesar (Tiberius) in 14 A. Tiberius' sterling qualities as a soldier gained him the friendship of many of his officers. partly to an idea of his own that he could write in the manner of Sallust. quantum studiosum verborum Cicero delectat. with portraits. but Varro's notions of etymology are extremely crude. deeply conservative of everything national. [Sidenote: VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. 1. on his mission to the East. VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. The +Historia Romana+ in two Books. Augustine. if not a very intelligent._ --St. Caesar. and Velleius by his energy and ability secured that of Tiberius in return. and even in his style of speech protesting against the innovations of the day. he served under Tiberius in Germany as Praefectus equitum. Chapter 8 breaks off at the rape of the Sabine women.] All we know of him is derived from his own pages. especially of the East and of Greece. the grandson of Augustus. The beginning of Book I is lost.(2) +De Lingua Latina+.' --Cruttwell.C. et sine ulla dubitatione doctissimus. and there is a great gap in the text before we reach in c. 19 B. _Studiosum rerum tantum docet. of seven hundred famous Greeks and Romans.D. `The pretentiousness of his style is partly due to the declining taste of the period.D. Yet Velleius has two real merits: the eye of a trained soldier for character. with his heart fixed in the past. we have much cause to regret the loss of his +Antiquities of Things Human and Divine+. circ. Of his other works._ --Cicero. conversational manner full of endless parentheses. It alternates between a sort of laboured sprightliness and a careless. 9 the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168 B.D. For the next eight years Paterculus served under Tiberius in Pannonia and Dalmatia. the standard work on the religious and secular antiquities of Rome down to the time of Augustus. _Omnium facile acutissimus.C. Chapters 9-13 carry the narrative down to the destruction of Carthage and Corinth in 146 B. He accompanied C. 4 A. These contain much valuable information not found elsewhere.. Two years afterwards. 2. biographical sketches. and was present at the interview with the Parthian king.-31 A. He descended from a distinguished family in Campania. in twenty-five Books. These are closely modelled on Theocritus. 55. Banishment and death of his friend Gallus. ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ 70. and have all the weaknesses of imitative poetry. daughter of Augustus. III. VERGILIUS MARO. 53. so genial.C. Aratus. Book VI+. `The details of his subject Vergil draws mainly from his Greek predecessors. Introduces Horace to Maecenas. written 37-30 B. VI. so bold. 65. but it is to Lucretius he is chiefly indebted.C. +Completed Georgics+ read to Octavianus. Death of Lucretius. Vergil evicted a second time. in four Books. IX+. 19.' --Myers. Birth of Horace. [Sidenote: VERGIL.interest in literature.' --N ¢¢. 27. and is buried at Naples: _Mantua me genuit. +Eclogues VIII+ and +X+. and in its way so perfect. Hesiod. at the suggestion of Maecenas.' --Mackail. 41. 1. Xenophon. V+. `the Home Minister of Augustus.C. is echoed a thousand times in the Georgics. The language of Lucretius. Begins the +Georgics+ at the suggestion of Maecenas. Estates restored by Octavianus through Pollio. duces. Marriage of Marcellus to Julia. Assumes the _Toga Virilis_ at Cremona. and Chief Works. written 42-39 B. 70-19 B. +Aeneid+ begun. Suffers confiscation of his estate. `The Eclogues of Vergil have less of consistency but more of purpose than the Idylls of Theocritus. read to the Imperial family. and perhaps +VI+.. Works.C. 29. 42._ 2. and Nicander. Born at Andes.] B. Journey of Vergil to Greece: is taken ill. Death of Marcellus: +Aeneid. (1) +Bucolica+ (Pastoral Poems). and public patron of art and letters in the interest of the new government. ten +Eclogues+ (selected pieces). 37. 26. dies at Brundusium. Takes refuge in _Siron's_ villa. Important Events in Vergil's Life. 25. Augustus Emperor. P. near Mantua.' --Mackail. 38. Calabri rapuere. Becomes a member of the literary circle of Maecenas. (2) +Georgica+. rura. 23. so powerful. tenet nunc Parthenope: cecini pascua. They are an advocacy of the charm of scenery and the pleasures of the country addressed to a luxurious and artificial society of dwellers in a town. +Eclogues II. Studies philosophy at Rome under the Epicurean Siron. +Eclogue I+. written. +Eclogues IV. 39. 40. Book II of the cultivation of trees. Book III of domestic animals. Book IV of bees (including the Myth of Aristaeus. B££ I treats of agriculture. 315-558). s¨¥¤. ll. . The _purpose of the Georgics_ is to ennoble the annual round of labour in which the rural life was passed and to help the policy of Augustus by inducing the people to go back to the land. `The motto of the Georgics might well be said to be _Ora et labora_.' --y¡¡ . . `¨  Georgics represent the art of Vergil in its matured perfection.. and in mere technical finish are the most perfect work of Latin literature.' --M©c ©¥. _We surpass all other nations_. `In merely technical quality the supremacy of Vergil's art has never been disputed. says Cicero (_De Nat. Romane. _Tu regere imperio populos. and his life the working out of the divine decrees. in twelve Books. Vergilius Maro. Hae tibi erunt artes. Important events and writers in contemporary History and Literature are added. _the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man_. he is beyond doubt the second epic poet of either nation. A fuller outline of the Imperial Period will be given in a later volume._ _Aen. _in holding fast the belief that all things are ordered by a Divine Providence_. NOTE The following Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature are intended to illustrate the passages selected for translation. The names of those Latin authors from whose works passages have been selected are printed in capitals in the Literature Column.' --Tyrrell. APPENDIX VII. . The Latin Hexameter.' --Bacon. 8). `At a verse from the _Aeneid_. in the manner of Homer. Aeneas is the son of a goddess.' --Quint. so Vergil among our own authors will best head the list. X.C. The theme of the _Aeneid_ is the building up of the Roman Empire under this Providence. as Augustus was the centre of the present magnificence of the Roman Empire._ ii.' --Mackail. (3) The +Aeneid+.' --Nettleship. pacisque imponere morem. `As Homer among the Greeks._ vi. written 29-19 B. i. memento. was brought by him to a perfection which made any further development impossible. the sun goes back for us on the dial. Thus `the centre of the mythical background was naturally Aeneas. in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating History. that to the memory of man is known. 85. Deor. our boyhood is recreated. and returns to us for a moment like a visitant from a happy dreamland. The _choice of the subject_ was influenced by the wish of Augustus to establish the legendary tradition of the connection of the gens Iulia with Aeneas through his son Iulus. 851-2. `The chastest poet and royalest.. and by Vergil's own desire to write an epic on the greatness of Rome. D._ 680 Legend of +Horatii+ and +Curiatii+ Cyrene founded 641 Archilochus. _Cloaca Maxima_. PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD I. tyrant of Corinth 625-585 616-578 TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. first maritime colony Periander.C. B. 650 640-616 ANCUS MARTIUS. OTHER NATIONS.C. ---------------------------------------+Foundation of Carthage+ 878 Amos _c. CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE ---------------------------------------B.--REGAL PERIOD._ 760 753 +Foundation of Rome+ Rise of Corinth 745 Isaiah _c. LITERATURE. IV._ 720 753-716 ROMULUS.C. Conquest of Latin Towns Josiah's reformation 625 Jeremiah _c.C.C.-14 A._ 625 _Ostia_. Public Works: the _Circus Maximus_. 753-509 B. Destruction of _Alba_ Destruction of Sennacherib's host 701 Tyrtaeus (Sparta) _c. The The The The Growth of Latin Literature Golden Age of Latin Literature Silver Age of Latin Literature Later Empire 250-80 B.PERIODS OF LATIN LITERATURE.C. ROME. B. 80 B. III._ 700 716-673 NUMA POMPILIUS.D. _Spolia opima_ (1) Captivity of Israel 721 Hesiod _c. ---------------------------------------PART I.D. the law-giver at Athens 621 Alcaeus } Sappho } 600 Solon } +Massilia founded+ 600 . Religious Institutions Carentum founded 708 673-640 TULLUS HOSTILIUS. from 117 A. and Temple of Jupiter Draco. 14-117 A. Roman Senate of 200. II. i. basis of _Comitia Centuriata_. Viminal and Esquiline hills._ 443 507 Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena Ionian Revolt 501-493 Heracleitus 500 498 +Latin War. The Census. _Tribuni Plebis_ Battle of Marathon 490 489 Volscian War (+Coriolanus+) Aristides and Themistocles 490-470 Parmenides 490 486-5 Agrarian Law. ---------------------------------------509 +Two Consuls (Praetors) first appointed+ Darius Hystaspes 521-486 Aeschylus 525-456 _Lex Valeria_ establishes right of appeal Pindar 518-_c. Tyranny leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and abolition of the monarchy Cyrus enters Babylon 538 Theognis 540 Return of Jews under Zerubbabel 536 Pythagoras 530 Expulsion of Peisistratidae 510 Anacreon 530 ---------------------------------------PART II. Captivity of Judah 606-536 Solon at Athens 594 Thales 590 Peisistratus at Athens 560-527 Ezekiel 585 Croesus in Lydia 560-546 Aesop _c. The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal. 509-366 B. Dictator first appointed.+ Miltiades at Athens 493-489 Simonides (Ceos) 490 Battle of _Lake Regillus_ Ionians defeated at Lade 494 494 First Session of the Plebs. Spurius Cassius put to death Xerxes 485-465 Bacchylides 470 477 Destruction of the +Fabii+ at _Cremera_ Thermopylae.C.--EARLY REPUBLIC. Himera 480 ._ 570 534-509 TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS.e.578-534 SERVIUS TULLIUS. Conquest of _Gabii_. Rome of Republican times. Salamis. Mycale 479 Sophocles 496-406 Cincinnatus Dictator Hiero I at Syracuse 478-467 Euripides 480-406 451 +First Decemvirate._ 420 Alcibiades at Athens 424-404 Syracusan Expedition 415-413 Lysias _c. Cleon) 425 _Zeuxis_ } _Parrhasius_} _painters_ _c. Camillus Dictator+ Battle of Aegospotami 405 Aristophanes _c._ 450-385 . resulting in the _Valerio-Horatian_ Laws Athenian defeat at Coronea 447 Empedocles 445 Ezra and Nehemiah _c._ 484-425 450 Second Decemvirate. Algidus_ Plataea (Pausanians). Protagoras) 443 Censors first appointed 439 Spurius Maelius killed 437 War with Etruscans._ 444 445 Military tribunes with consular power appointed Athenian colony to Thurii 444 Era of the Sophists 440 (Gorgias._ 471-402 Sphacteria (Demosthenes. Ten Tables+ Pericles at Athens 469-429 Herodotus _c. Two new Tables._ 445-378 +406-396+ +War with Veii._ 480-411 424 Capua taken by the Samnites Peloponnesian War 431-405 Thucydides _c. +Cossus+ wins _Spolia opima_ (2) War of Corinth and Corcyra 435 Antiphon _c. (+Appius Claudius+) Cimon at Athens 466-449 _Phidias (Parthenon)_ 448 448 Second Secession of the Plebs.Anaxagoras 460 458 War with Aequians--Battle of _Mt. C. 366-266 B.--THE CONQUEST OF ITALY. +Camillus+ _Parens Patriae_ Xenophon _c._ 360 348 _Treaty of Rome with Carthage_ Olynthus taken by Philip 348 Aeschines 389-314 +343-341+ +First Samnite War+ ._ 419-324 Legend of +Manlius Torquatus+ Battle of Mantinea 362 +Ludi Scenici at Rome+ 365 356 C. Wars of Syracuse and Carthage 405-368 Plato 420-348 Isocrates 436-338 376-366 +The Licinian Laws+ Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes) 378-362 Isaeus 420-348 Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra) 371 +First Plebeian Consul+ Death of Epaminondas (Mantinea) 362 First Praetor (Judge) appointed ---------------------------------------PART III. ---------------------------------------361 Second Invasion of the Gauls Dionysius II of Syracuse 368-343 Diogenes (Cynic) _c. Battle of the _Allia_ Artaxerxes II 405-359 Burning of Rome (+Brennus+) Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The _Anabasis_ of Xenophon) 401 +Manlius Capitolinus+._ 430-355 _History based on documents begins_ Socrates condemned 399 Socrates 468-399 389 Rome rebuilt Dionysius I of Syracuse. First Plebeian Dictator Philip of Macedon 359-336 349 War with Gauls.406 Roman soldiers first receive pay Lysander enters Athens 404 Cratinus 449 Critias and Thirty Tyrants 404 Eupolis 429 Democracy restored (Thrasybulus) 403 390 +Invasion of the Gauls+. Marcius Rutilus. Legend of +M. Valerius Corvus+ Dion at Syracuse 357-353 _Praxiteles_ (_sculptor_) _fl. Devotion of +Decius Mus I+. the Stoic _c. Censor. Battle of Chaeronea 338 _Apelles_ (_painter_) 336 Battle of _Mt._ 384-277 295 Battle of _Sentinum_. Devotion of +Decius Mus II+. The Yoke Foundation of Alexandria 332 311 Appius Claudius. Gaurus_ (M. Demetrius Poliorcetes 308-283 Zeno. Pontius)+ Battle of Issus 333 Menander 344-292 321 +Caudine Forks+. The _Via Appia_ Battle of Arbela 331 +311-309+ Etruscan War. Legislative power of Comitia Tributa finally established_ _Political distinction between the Patricians and Plebeians now at an end_ Aetolian League 284-167 Theocritus _fl. Valerius Corvus) Aristotle 384-322 +340-338+ +The Latin War+.Demosthenes 384-322 Battle of _Mt. First Battle at _Lake Vadimo_ Alexander's Successors } Battle of Ipsus (301) } 323-301 305 Battle of _Bovianum_ +298-290+ +Third Samnite War+ Ptolemy I (Soter) 323-285 Euclid _fl._ 300 Agathocles at Syracuse 317-289 Theophrastus _c._ 280 . Vesuvius_ 339 _Leges Publiliae. Supremacy of Comitia Tributa_ +Alexander the Great+ 336-323 +326-304+ +Second Samnite War (C._ 366-264 287 Last Secession of the Plebs Rhodes powerful 300-200 Epicurus 341-270 287 _Lex Hortensia. _ 260 _Columna Rostrata_ 256 Naval victory of +Regulus+ at _Ecnomus_ ---------------------------------------- . 264-202 B. Victory of the phalanx Gauls in Greece 280-278 279 Battle of _Asculum_. _Recognition of Rome as one of the great powers_ _Aratus_ (_astronomer_) _fl._ 270 Second Battle at _Lake Vadimo_ +281-275+ +War with Tarentines and Pyrrhus+ 280 Battle of _Heraclea_. Curius Dentatus+) Pyrrhus returns to Epirus 273 Treaty of Rome with Egypt. General of Achaean League 245 Callimachus _fl.--THE CONTEST WITH CARTHAGE. Surrender of Tarentum 266 +All Italy (south of the Apennines) Roman+ ---------------------------------------PART IV._ 270 272 Pyrrhus killed at Argos. +Fabricius the Just+ Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) 285-247 _Septuagint_ _c. ---------------------------------------+264-241+ +First Punic War+ 263 +Hiero of Syracuse+ joins Rome +Hiero of Syracuse+ 269-219 261 Romans build a fleet 260 Naval victory of +Duilius+ near _Mylae_ Aratus._ 277 278 +Rome and Carthage allied+ 277 Pyrrhus masters nearly all Sicily 275 Battle near _Beneventum_ (+M'.C.283 Renewed Etruscan and Gallic War Achaean League 280-146 Bion and Moschus _fl. Hannibal's oath+ 230-229 Illyrian War.C. B. ---------------------------------------PERIOD I.C._ 240) 241-238 War of Carthage with her Mercenaries +Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province+ (2) Naevius (_fl. 250-80 B. The _Iberus_ (_Ebro_) fixed as the Carthaginian boundary 225-223 Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres) Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta 226-5 Great victory near _Telamon_ 222 Victory over the Insubres at _Clastidium_ Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta 221 +M._ 235) 236-228 +Hamilcar in Spain. ---------------------------------------VERSE. (Queen Teuta) Athens joins Achaean League 229 228 Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games +Roman Embassy to Greece+ 228 +Hasdrubal+ succeeds Hamilcar in Spain _Founds New Carthage_.LATIN LITERATURE. ---------------------------------------PROSE.--THE GROWTH OF LATIN LITERATURE. ---------------------------------------255 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus of Sparta 250 Roman victory at _Panormus_ (Metellus) 249 Carthaginian victory at _Drepana_ (Claudius) 248-241 +Hamilcar Barca+ in Sicily Ptolemy III (Euergetes) 247-222 241 Victory of Lutatius off the _Aegates Insulae_ _Peace with Carthage_ +Sicily made a Roman Province+ (1) Livius Andronicus (_fl. Marcellus+ wins the _spolia opima_ (3) Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps Antiochus the Great (Syria) 224-187 221 +Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain+ . Fabius Maximus. & Cn.219 Hannibal takes _Saguntum_ (ally of Rome) Ptolemy IV (Philopator) 222-205 +218-202+ +Second Punic War+ Philip V (Macedon) 221-179 PLAUTUS (254-184) 218 Hannibal crosses the Alps Battles of the _Ticinus_ and _Trebia_ 217 Battle of _Lake Trasimene_. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal Loss of Spain south of the Ebro Hannibal seizes Tarentum 211-206 +P. Death of +Paulus+ 216-211 +Revolt of Capua+ 215 Marcellus saves Nola First Macedonian War 214-205 214-212 +Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus+ +Death of Archimedes+ 212 212 P. Cornelius Scipio+ (Africanus Maior) in Spain Rome allied with Aetolians 211 210 Scipio surprises New Carthage 208 +Hasdrubal+ (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses the Pyrenees to join Hannibal Philopoemen. Death of +Flaminius+ +Q._ 216) ENNIUS (239-169) 216 Battle of _Cannae_. Dictator+ +Philip allied with Hannibal+ 216 Fabius Pictor (_fl. General of Achaean League 208-183 207 +Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (Nero)+ 204 Scipio goes to Africa: blockades _Utica_ +Peace of Rome with Philip+ 205 203 . --FORMATION OF EMPIRE BEYOND ITALY. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain War of Antiochus and Egypt 172-168 +171-168+ +Third Macedonian War (Perseus)+ 168 Battle of _Pydna_ (+Aemilius Paulus+) Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome. (L. 161) 166-161 TERENCE (185-159) Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome +149-146+ +Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor)+ _Destruction of Carthage_ LUCILIUS (180-103) . 200-183 B. Peace made ---------------------------------------PART V. Scipio and Philopoemen_ 179 T. ---------------------------------------+200-196+ +Second Macedonian War+ 197 Battle of _Cynoscephalae_ (+Flaminius+) 196 _Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece_ 195 Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus Cato (234-149) 200-191 War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls +Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province+ (3) Antiochus in Greece 192 +191-190+ +War with Antiochus of Syria+ 191 Battle of _Thermopylae_ (+Cato+) 190 Battle of _Magnesia_. King of Bithynia 190-183 PACUVIUS (220-132) 184 +Censorship of Cato+ 183 _Deaths of Hannibal.+Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy+ 202 Battle of _Zama_.C. Scipio and Domitius) Hannibal with Prusias. C. ETC. Gracchus (P. Gracchus+ _Roman Colony sent to Carthage_ 123 121 Death of C. the Lusitanian Hero Judaea free from Syrian control (Simon Maccabaeus) 142 143-133 +Numantine War+ 133 _Destruction of Numantia_ (Scipio Africanus Minor) Accius (_c. _Destruction of Corinth_ (+Mummius+) 148 +Macedonia made a Roman Province+ (4) +Illyricum made a Roman Province+ (5) 149-140 War with +Viriathus+. ---------------------------------------133-121 Attempted reforms (_Leges Semproniae_) of the Gracchi 133 Agrarian Law of +Tiberius Gracchus+ John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria 129 Murder of Tib. +Province of Narbonensis+ (10) +Mithridates (Pontus)+ 120-63 Afranius (_fl.--PERIOD OF CIVIL STRIFE IN ITALY._ 170-90) +Roman Province in Spain+ (7) +Achaia made a Roman Province+ (8) 133 Attalus III bequeaths the Kingdom of Pergamum to Rome. King of Numidia +111-106+ +The Jugurthine War (Metellus.148-146 War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans. Marius. Scipio Nasica) First civil bloodshed in Rome 131 _Two plebeian Consuls_ (the first time) 129 Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected) 123-2 +Tribunate of C._ 100) 118 Death of Micipsa. This becomes the +Roman Province of Asia+ (9) ---------------------------------------PART VI. Gaul. 133-44 B. Gracchus Conquest of S. Sulla)+ Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea 112-110 106 . (Sulla)+ 88 Massacre of Romans in Asia 86 Victory at _Chaeronea_.D. Sulla takes Athens Death of Marius 85 Victory at _Orchomenus_ Tigranes at war with Rome 86-85 LUCRETIUS (97-53) 84 _Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates_ +83-82+ . granting the _civitas_ to the Italian States not in rebellion 89 Battle of _Asculum_ +88-86+ +First Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)+ ---------------------------------------PERIOD II. Marius' reign of terror +88-84+ +First Mithridatic War.--THE GOLDEN AGE OF LATIN LITERATURE. _First invasion of Rome by a Roman army_ 87-84 +Cinnan revolution+.Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla 105 The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at _Arausio_ 102 Marius defeats Teutones at _Aquae Sextiae_ 101 Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at _Vercellae_ 100 Marius Consul a sixth time Sulla on the Euphrates 92 91 +Tribunate of M. 80 B.-14 A.C. ---------------------------------------88 Sulla occupies Rome. Livius Drusus+ 91-81 +The Social or Marsic War+ +Tigranes+ (_Armenia_) 95-60 90 _Lex Iulia_. _Sulla Felix_ 83-81 _The Sullan Proscriptions_ Second Mithridatic War (Murena) Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques 81 81-79 Sulla Dictator. Mithridates recovers Pontus Rome interferes in Palestine 65 . Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular with Equites) CATULLUS (84-54) 70 +First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus+ Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution 69 Victory at _Tigranocerta_ (capital of Armenia) NEPOS (100-24) 67 Mutiny of Lucullus' soldiers. Pompeius)+ 72 Victory of _Cabira_ (Pontus).+Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)+ 82 Death of the younger Marius. _Leges Corneliae_ 80 +Cilicia made a Roman Province+ (11) 78 Death of Sulla +78-72+ +War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius)+ Pharisees supreme in Judaea 78 Sisenna (_fl._ 78) 75 Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius 74 +Bithynia made a Roman Province+ (12) _Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome_ 75 VARRO (116-27) 72 Betrayal and murder of Sertorius +73-71+ +War with Spartacus and his gladiators+ 71 Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius) +74-63+ +Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus. C. Hirtius (ob. Catiline's conspiracy crushed Cicero saluted as _Pater Patriae_ 61 Pompeius' great Triumph 60 +First Triumvirate+ (Pompeius. Death of Crassus 52 +Pompeius sole Consul+ till August 1st 51-50 Cicero Governor of Cilicia +49-45+ +Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius)+ 49 Caesar crosses the _Rubicon_ 49 Caesar's successful campaign round _Lerida_ (Spain) .SALLUST (86-34) _Lex Gabinia_. 15. Lucullus superseded by Pompeius Victory of _Nicopolis_ (Armenia). Caesar. _Peace with Tigranes_ CICERO (106-43) 64 +Syria made a Roman Province+ (13) 63 Pompeius takes Jerusalem Death of Mithridates 63 +Cicero Consul+. 16) CAESAR (102-44) 58-57 Cicero's banishment and return A. Crassus) 59 +Caesar's first Consulship+.) +Gaul divided into three Provinces+ (14. Pompeius destroys the Pirates 66 _Lex Manilia_. The _Leges Iuliae_ +58-50+ +Caesar in Gaul+ (in Britain 55 and 54 B. 43) 56 Conference of the Triumvirs at _Luca_ 55 Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus 53 Disaster at _Carrhae_. ) A. 14-117 A. Antonius.-18 A.--THE SILVER AGE.C.D. 4 OVID (43 B.D.C.D. Death of Cato 45 Caesar sole Consul. OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS TIBULLUS (54-19) 23 Death of +Marcellus+ LIVY (59 B. 9 Destruction of army under Varus (Arminius) ---------------------------------------PERIOD III.C.-18 A. Murder of Pompeius 47 Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia 46 Battle of _Thapsus_. ._ 40) VERGIL (70-19) 42 Battle of _Philippi_ (Brutus and Cassius) 31 Battle of _Actium_ (Antonius and Cleopatra) +Egypt a Roman Province+ (17) HORACE (65-8) 27 B. ---------------------------------------43 +Second Triumvirate+ (Lepidus.D.D. Battle of _Munda_ (Spain) PUB.C.49 _Massilia_ surrenders to Caesar 49 Defeat and death of Curio in Africa 48 Caesar's unsuccessful investment of _Dyrrachium_ +Cleopatra+ 69-30 48 Battle of _Pharsalus_. SYRUS (_fl. Octavianus) Herod the Great in Judaea 37-4 Pollio (_fl.) PROPERTIUS (49-15) 20 Parthians restore standards BIRTH OF CHRIST B._ 45) 44 +Murder of Caesar+ ---------------------------------------IMPERIAL PERIOD.-14 A. ---------------------------------------14-37 TIBERIUS 37-41 CALIGULA 41-54 CLAUDIUS Pontius Pilate in Judaea 26-36 V._ 12) 43-51 Conquest of Britain CRUCIFIXION 30 VAL.C. FLACCUS (_ob. OTHO._ 41-103) STATIUS (_ob.) PERSIUS (34-62) 54-68 NERO Rome burnt 64 68-69 GALBA. MAXIMUS (_fl. (23-79) VAL._ 66) LUCAN (39-65) 70-78 VESPASIAN._ 90) 79 Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii) 81-96 DOMITIAN Agricola subdues Britain 78-85 93 Death of +Agricola+ (father-in-law of Tacitus) QUINTILIAN (_c.D._ 20) MANILIUS (_fl._ 95) 98-116 TRAJAN _Greatest extent of Roman Empire_ ._ 35-95) 96-98 NERVA FRONTINUS (_c. (Colosseum built) 79-81 TITUS Titus destroys Jerusalem 70 PLINY I. VITELLIUS PETRONIUS (_ob.-65 A._ 26) PHAEDRUS (_fl. PATERCULUS (_fl._ 30-40) Boadicea in Britain 61 SENECA (4 B. _ 375) CLAUDIAN (_fl._ 137) JUVENAL (_c.D. FROM 117 A._ 379) 395-1453 +Byzantine Empire+ Romans leave Britain 409-420 408-410 +Alaric+ the Goth at Rome (Stilicho) Hengist and Horsa (Kent) 449 EUTROPIUS (_fl._ 55-138) 138-160 ANTONINUS PIUS SUETONIUS (_c._ 75-160) JUSTINUS (_c._ 150) 161-180 MARCUS AURELIUS Wall of Antonine 140 A._ 400) 451 +Attila+ the Hun defeated at Chalons Constantinople taken by Turks 1453 455 +Genseric+ the Vandal at Rome Augustine (354-430) PRUDENTIUS (_fl. GELLIUS (_fl.--THE LATER EMPIRE._ 55-120) PLINY II. ---------------------------------------274-337 CONSTANTINE THE GREAT Council of _Nicaea_ 325 NEMESIANUS (_fl. MAURUS (_c._ 284) TER._ 40-102) 117-138 HADRIAN Hadrian's wall 121 FLORUS (_fl. +Western Empire ends+ Rutilius (_fl._ 300) AUSONIUS (_fl._ 416) INDEX .TACITUS (_c._ 169) ---------------------------------------PERIOD IV._ 404) 476 +Odoacer+ at Rome. (61-113) SILIUS (25-101) MARTIAL (_c. 108-146. 293-296 +Camillus+. capture of Veii. 103 +Asculum+ (Picenum). 156 +Antiochus+. 108. 137. 188. his character. 230. his speech against peace with Pyrrhus. 227-229. 133. the Tomb of Archimedes. 203. studies oratory at Rhodes. 209-224. 82 Analysis. wars between Rome and. 6. the Romans entrapped and sent under the yoke. 226. 196-202. campaigns in Gaul and Britain._ Ablative Absolute. stays migration to Veii. the building of. his engineering skill. 199 +Catiline+. impeaches Verres. causes the murder of Cicero. his conspiracy. the revolt and punishment of. birthplace of Cicero and Marius. 54 +Arpinum+. his character. 81._The numbers refer to pages throughout. his recantation. speech against Catiline. 134 +Carrhae+. 169. 114 +Alban Lake+. 110. 86 +Capua+. 207 +Carthage+. 96 +Chaeronea+. his character. 223 +Caudine Forks+. 103 +Bovianum+. defeated at Chaeronea. consul. governor of Cilicia. 80. 155 +Cassivellaunus+. 204. 109. its rise. life of. his end. 206. 195. captured by pirates. 225. 173 +Archimedes+. life of. 224. personal appearance and physical powers. battle off. war with. submission of. 208. 79 +Alesia+. at Orchomenus. 164 +Archelaus+. . 151. attacked by Cicero. 102 +Aquae Sextiae+. to Caesar. battle of. siege of. outbreak of Social War at. 230. 85. his overthrow. 193. battle of. battle of the. 23. 194 +Cato Major+. 169 +Beneventum+. his banishment and return. battle of. 172. 193. delivers Rome from the Gauls. his death. 232 +Appius Claudius+. first triumvirate. 192. his first and only campaign. curule aedile. 149 +Antonius+. propraetor. 95. dines with Cicero. 47 +Andriscus+. 58 +Aegates Insulae+. 202 +Allia+. battle near. 163 +Asculum+ (Apulia). his death. 205. destruction of. its foundation. 187. help through. 152. 296 +Cato Uticensis+. 172 +Cicero+. battle near. 186. battle of. civil war with Pompeius. 98 +Caesar+. 12. Teutones annihilated at. 29. 231. 105 +Drepana+. 91 +Gergovia+. 44. help through. Curius+. leaves Italy. battle of. M'. help through. Caesar's lines of circumvallation. at Capua. 120-122. the advice of Maharbal. 21. his defeat at Carrhae. his self-sacrifice at battle of Sentinum. his dream and its interpretation. origin of. A. wins _spolia opima_. 30 +Fabii+. 2. . 123. his defiance of Hannibal. 119. Vesuvius. an old-time Roman. 195. 207 +Cremera+ (River). 73 +Cynoscephalae+. 113 +Drusus. 201 +Gracchi+. 129. 206. siege of. M. 167 +Duilius+. 160. 124-126. battle at the. 232. 117. 156 +Coriolanus+ and his mother Veturia. 127. his character. 233. at Cannae. 101 +Flamininus+ proclaims the freedom of Greece. 91 +Cossus. 230. at Lake Trasimene. 130. destruction of. 112 +Dyrrachium+. _opposite_ 216 +Elissa+ (+Dido+). 92 +Decius Mus+ (the younger). his oath. foundress of Carthage. his character. battle off. battle of. 148 +Flaminius+. destruction of. 4. his naval victory near Mylae. 133. 88 French Derivatives. his tribuneship. 274-6 +Corinth+. 126 +Floralia+. and his Master of the Horse. 131. 124-126. 133 +Decius Mus+ (the elder). 118. member of First Triumvirate. 30 +Gaurus+ (Mount). his march from Spain to Italy. 115. 3. 5. 297-300 +Cincinnatus+. plan of. his self-sacrifice at battle of Mt. 113 Cognates. 74 +Claudius Pulcher+. his character. 147 +Dardanus+. 72 +Corvus. 116. The. 45. his death. 3-5 Conjunctions. 267-8 +Colline Gate+. 1. his victory at the Trebia. his defeat at Lake Trasimene. 173 +Decius Magius+. his defeat off Drepana. 29. Cornelius+. life of. hero of Mt. Fabii destroyed at the. 77 +Crassus+. 134. 174 Compound Words. peace of. Valerius+. 2. called from the plough. his death. 144.speech against Antonius. 161 +Hannibal+. Livius+. M. Gaurus. lays siege to Saguntum. 109 English Derivatives. 73 +Fabius Maximus Cunctator+. 128 +Fabricius+ the Just. 99 +Dentatus. 216.  89 +Marcellus+ saves Nola from Hannibal. death of. Nero's march to the. campaign round. The+. 114 +Magnesia+. 196 +Numantia+ destroyed. his victory off the Aegates Insulae. 143 +Nervii. overthrown by Caesar. annihilates Teutones at Aquae Sextiae. use of. 213 +Liciuius+. 214 +Menenius Agrippa+. 154 Period. 163. 143 +Heraclea+. 145. 142. King of Macedon. 154 +Pharsalus+. 156 +Mylae+. 153. 84 +Manilus. 182. Aemilius+. 9. 171. 14 +Metaurus+. his victory at Pydna. 45 . his defeat and death at the Metaurus. battle of. his death. 146. L. siege of. his march to the Metaurus. first plebeian consul. 100 +Horatius Cocles+. 7-9 +Perseus+. his betrayal. 10 +Papirius Cursor+ and his Master of the Horse. 87 +Lucullus+. in Ovid. battle of the. 131 +Manlius Capitolinus+.+. naval battle near. M. 165. 150 Phrases for Latin Prose Composition. his lament over Syracuse. 12 Passive in English for Latin Active. harangues the Plebs. in Ovid. 69 +Mummius Achaicus+ destroys Corinth. 184 +Lutatius+. 171 +Mucius+ (Scaevola). 68 +Jugurtha+. his overthrow. 11. 164. 149 +Maharbal+ urges Hannibal to advance on Rome. his victory over Hasdrubal. his youth and early training. outlived his fame. loss of his right hand. 175 +Massilia+. the. 153. 112 +Nero+. 11 +Paulus L. Cicero on. his overthrow. 217-219. 143 +Mithridates+. character and early career. seven times consul. 13. his preparations for conquest. his defence of the Sublician bridge. 138. 94 Parallelism. death of. 71 Metaphors. surnamed Ponticus. 139 +Marius+. speech against Sulla. 142. plan of. 181. 150 +Hasdrubal+. his wealth. Aemilius+. battle of. use of. 67. 62 Order of words in Latin. 165 +Marius the Younger+. and his son Torquatus. his death. battle of. _opposite_ 218 +Philip+. his fate. 135. how to translate. 27 Parataxis. 147 +Philopoemen+. 178 +Lerida+. 158 +Numa Pompilius+. 162 +Lepidus. King of Macedon. 26 Participles.his overthrow at Zama. position of. 100. 170. 195. 218. defeats Marians at Sacriportus. 177 +Syracuse+. takes New Carthage. and his Fawn. battle of. a help to translation. 14 Suffixes. 173. prevents Nobles from abandoning Italy. 175. 33-34. 131. capture of Athens and the Piraeus. 173. battle of. 149 . victorious at Asculum but routed near Beneventum. destroys Carthage. his death and eulogy. 282-286 +Sulla+. 179. his death. Numantia. his death. different meanings of. the passing of. 169 +Sacriportus+. 175.C. battle of. Cato's eulogy on. 180 +Spartacus+. his character and bearing. 65 +Romulus+. 63 +Tarquinius. 137. 99 +Sertorius+. 118 Scansion and Metre. annihilated at Aquae Sextiae. 135. character and career to 66 B. 222 +Porsenna. 174 +Saguntum+. 61 +Rutilius+. 221. dream on the eve of Pharsalus. 150 +Scipio Minor+. 100. his victory at Zama. Horace in praise of. 217. 22. 277-281 Punctuation a help to translation. concludes peace with Mithridates. battle of. siege of. 41 +Rome+. 11. his character. his grave. his aims.+Pompeius+. 103. coalition with Caesar. 6 +Scipio Major+. 145. 13. 6 +Pydna+. helps to. surnamed Felix. description of. war with. 158 +Sentinum+. 4. Lake+. 141.. ill-advised at Pharsalus. purchase of the Sibylline books. 138 +Tarentum+. his embassy. 183 Style. 172. his career and death. his legislation. 153. 173. defeat and death of. 146. 64 +Teutones+. attack upon Rome. abdication and death. 136. 176. campaign against the pirates and Mithridates. 70 +Regulus+. dictator. 174. 67-69 Prefixes. 106 +Tarquinius Superbus+. his proscriptions. at Gabii. 164 +Thermopylae+. 140. 174. 104 +Regillus. Sextus+. 111 _Res_. 189-191. 4. Lars+. 220. siege and fall of. battle of. 185. 154 +Pyrrhus+. civil war with Caesar. victory at Orchomenus. his brilliant tactics at Chaeronea. defeats the Romans at Heraclea. 209-222. and at battle of the Colline Gate. battle of. line numbers are not used in the explanatory text. LONDON AND ETON. so they were omitted. battle of. Line numbers have been variously handled: All markings of line 1 were omitted. In the Demonstrations. naval battle with. English translations retain their _italic_ markup. In verse passages. D. They are shown here in {braces} within the body text. C. the consequences of her death. 146 PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. line numbers by multiples of 5 were printed in the margin. 202 +Verginia+. * * * * _Format of E-Text_ In Appendixes I-IV. 3-4 +Zama+. 1-5 Vowel changes of Verbs. Internal references using page numbers are supplemented in double brackets as [[Selection C17]] or [[Introduction 6 (2)]]. war with. Gallic rising under. 188 +Vesuvius+. helps to. sentence breaks were marked with || in the body text corresponding to Roman numerals in the margin. In the six Demonstrations. 157 Vocabulary. Where a word was split at line break. but readings never crossed page breaks. _Line Numbers_ Reading passages were printed with marginal line numbers starting from 1 at the top of each page. 200. 5-12 +Trasimene+. 124-126 +Trebia+. which have no linenotes. 80 +Veneti+. A page might contain one or more selections.Translation. or in braces {IV} when the lines were not used. helps to. line numbers were omitted in all prose and in the shorter verse selections. his last fight. 92. 123 +Veii+. battle of. conquest of. 93 +Viriathus+. prosecuted by Cicero. LTD. 197 +Vercingetorix+. the number comes after the complete word. These numerals are shown _between_ paired lines as |IV|. In the Miscellaneous Passages. battle at. lines have been renumbered to match the actual line * * * * * * * * * * . 145. Mount. +boldface+ markup of Latin words and word elements was omitted for readability. 76 +Verres+. In prose passages labeled B. missing] DEMONSTRATIONS I: [Table] .] VI: +cylindro+ = _a cylinder_. missing] II: even although [text unchanged] III: P. in about six places. It has been necessary to alter the text. 701-710 (reading D5B. --Macaulay [mismatched close quote at end] . +mid-+ = _middle_ [+mid-+. ... Cf.] [Footnote 19: Also the birthplace of Marius.] INTRODUCTION Satan exalted sat. _The Hallam Edition of Ovid's Fasti_ This expurgated edition was produced in 1882 for the use of boys at Harrow. and it seemed best not to put the old numbering side by side with the new. _Strat.] LIST OF AUTHORS Livy. 32.. kύlindroV. page 64) is 543-552 in Hallam. [. 265 [265.] [ªpº (for ªpageº) invisible] TRANSLATION PASSAGES D9 Linenote 24.. In some books. 4 [ii. Sulla. 40 . subsidio misit. and renumbered all the lines in text and references. [. except in the Grammatical Appendices.º' [final ' missing] +13. _Errata_ (noted by transcriber) CONTENTS 149 A. Additional Hints. the Hallam number is shown in the same way._ ii.. Frontinus. p. the Praetor. 4.+ [final . . the original line number is shown in double brackets after the cited Hallam number. for . 246. Selections from the Hallam edition of Ovid's _Fasti_ (see below) are numbered from 1 within each passage. Plunged headlong in the tide.numbers as cited in the text... 163. cuts are substantial: ii. For this e-text. Hallam's Preface says: I have cut out all passages unfit for a boy to read. Corn. Any cross-references containing line numbers have been correspondingly changed. [final comma missing] +dimidia+ Ö+med-+.. though very slightly. when the original number was used. (3)...D23B Linenote 20 . [extraneous open quote at `The.. [final . extremum+ [_spelling unchanged: body text has ªimperiiº_] B51 qui si improbasset [_syllable ªimº crossed out by hand: readings of this passage include both ªprobassetº and ªin(im-)probassetº] B63 +Cato Uticensis.' [closing ' missing] C28 +Context. vanum depone furorem.. .... 19) [l. the solemn festival [festvial] B17B SUETONIUS. spectator. i.. Cf. 124] C24B +Parallel Passage.. 77. +ut imperi . for . 2.] [p. [final ..... l.] C31 Linenote 22. . umpire. . l. [final .e. [32] D30 Linenote 11. missing] D33A Linenote 4.+ . Cf. [SEUTONIUS] B36 Linenote 21. `Victrix causa ... .' --W. _Divus Iulius_... the Saxon Chronicle. 23] B6 Audieratque pavens: ªFas haec contingere non est [` for ª] . missing] D43 THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS.+ [printed as if note to (nonexistent) line 24] B46 Linenote 19-20. Catoni.] C27B Linenote 19. +cui+. missing] D24 Linenote 23. F.º [closing º missing] B9A Linenote 7. 124.. [line number missing] C43 Linenote 18.+ The plebs in Nola . . +formis+ . our `commercial travellers.+ [... [closing ) missing] C19 [Footnote 32: See p.. note... [19] B40 +Caesar In Britain. (+in carcere+.. ] Wall of Antonine [_text unchanged_] [Text shown in {braces} is conjectural.] APPENDIXES V LIVY. _Sat. basis of _Com{itia} Centuriata_. ii. [closing ' missing] VI Sallust: His style is. By this text's numbering. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. Postquam negavit. [_text shown as printed: passage quoted is ll. [final . ªNumquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum?º Vide modo.: _Destruction of Carthage_ 148 B..' [_as printed:_ `quod dixero ... si scitum esset. Conquest of _Gabii_. Postquam negavit.: +Macedonia made a Roman Province+ (4) +Illyricum made a Roman Province+ (5) 133 B. iussit illum Caesar decollari.. III. _Medea_ 920. 30-40_] ANDROMEDA (2) B. In the printed book. si scitum esset. quia enim. missing] Tibullus: _Birthday Wishes. _Spolia opima_ {(1)} SERVIUS TULLIUS._ B.. ii. aurum pro luto haberemus. The Census.] MARTIALIS APOPHORETA (2). however [`His style] APPENDIX VII (Chronological Outlines) Carthaginian victory at _Drepana_ [Cathaginian] 149-146 B. [.: +Roman Province in Spain+ (7) +Achaia made a Roman Province+ (8) [Province #6 is missing. xxii.. 42-53. aurum pro luto haberemus.C. 6: `En' inquit `hic . _Silvae_.[opening ` missing] MISCELLANEOUS PASSAGES SENECA... foede civium dabo. `quod dixero . 19-25. iussit illum Caesar decollari.C. (+Ap{pius} Claudius+) . resulting in {the} _Valerio-Horatian_ Laws INDEX . Tyran{ny} leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and aboli{tion} of the monarchy Two new Tables.. 1-20. [_passage is more often numbered 931_] STATIUS. 61-66. IX _Catella Gallicana. 30-40. `Numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum?' Vide modo. [II. missing] Trimalchio's Supper B.C.] ROMULUS. The Servian Wall includes {the} Quirinal . quia enim._ v. Africa (146 BC) should have been #4._ [. the rightmost part of some pages was lost in the gutter.] PERSIUS. Roman Senate of 200. with Macedonia and Illyricum as #5 and #6.. for . zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.txt or 28890-0. Section 1. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook. unless you receive specific permission.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department Digital Library) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. performances and research. especially commercial redistribution. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license. set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license.gutenberg. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works. 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